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+%% greekinf2.ltx --- It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of
+%% all available \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ tools.
+%%
+%% Ioannis C. Dimakos, idimakos@syr.edu, (c) 1996.
+%% Information on fonts, packages, and macros for typesetting
+%% documents with Greek fonts using either \TeX\ or \LaTeX.
+%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\documentclass[11pt]{article}
+\usepackage{verbatim}
+
+\newfont{\mfman}{logo10 at 10pt}
+\newcommand{\MF}{{\mfman META}\-{\mfman FONT}}
+\newcommand{\ynmgt}{\texttt{greektex}}
+\newcommand{\kdgt}{\textsc{Greek}\TeX}
+\newcommand{\ynm}{Yiannis Moschovakis}
+\newcommand{\kd}{Kostis Dryllerakis}
+\newcommand{\yh}{Yannis Haralambous}
+\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
+ T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
+\newcommand{\AmSLaTeX}{$\mathcal{A}$\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{$\mathcal{M}$}\kern-.125em{$\mathcal{S}$}-\LaTeX}
+\newcommand{\OzTeX}{O\kern-.03em z\kern-.15em\TeX}
+\newcommand{\TUGboat}{\emph{TUGboat}}
+
+
+\hyphenation{yan-nis yian-nis ko-stis ha-ra-la-mbous mo-scho-va-kis
+dryl-le-ra-kis}
+
+\begin{document}
+\title{It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of \\
+all available \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ tools}
+
+\author{Ioannis Dimakos\thanks{Address correspondence to: Ioannis
+C.~Dimakos, Syracuse University, Computing and Media Services, 120
+Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244-2390, idimakos@syr.edu. This paper
+does not reflect the views, opinions, or policies of Syracuse
+University or the Department of Computing and Media Services.}}
+
+\date{Aug.\ 28, 1996}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+This summary of Greek \TeX\ tools contains information useful to those
+who want to typeset texts partially or completely in Greek. \TeX\ and
+\LaTeX\ users who want to work with Greek fonts and \MF\ or install a
+complete \TeX/\LaTeX\ system should find this summary informative.
+The present summary replaces and updates the work of Dimitrios
+Filippou of January 29, 1994 with newer information about the latest
+releases of Greek fonts and Greek \TeX\ packages.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\section*{Overview}
+Since Dimitrios Filippou published his \verb|greek.faq| \cite{Filippou}
+detailing the available Greek font families and \TeX\ packages,
+the status of \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ and its Greek variants has changed
+significantly. Among these changes, one should include (in no
+particular order):
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the distribution of new Greek font families, such as Ibykus,
+Malvern, and Melanos;
+\item the distribution of newer releases of the two major Greek \TeX\
+packages: \ynmgt\ by Yiannis N.~Moschovakis, and \kdgt\ by Kostis
+J.~Dryllerakis;
+\item the distribution of \LaTeXe;
+\item the ``standardization'' of font encoding and the inclusion of
+NFSS2 in \LaTeX;
+\item the use of the virtual font-making mechanism for languages based
+on non-latin alphabets;
+\item the introduction of the Babel system for a purely international
+and multi-lingual \LaTeX; and finally,
+\item the on-going work of \yh\ on Omega ($\Omega$), a 16-bit
+extension of the \TeX\ system.
+\end{itemize}
+
+This summary of Greek \TeX\ tools should be a helpful road map through
+the maze of resources on the CTAN (Comprehensive \TeX\ Archive
+Network):\footnote{As of this
+writing, the CTAN consisted of the primary nodes ftp.dante.de in
+Germany and ftp.tex.ac.uk in Great Britain. The North American node,
+ftp.shsu.edu, has since closed; and the main US mirror is currently
+ftp.cdrom.com.}
+
+{\parindent 0pt
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/|\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/babel-package/|\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex/|\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex-fd/|\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/ibygrk/|\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kd/| \\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kelly/| \\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/levy/|\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/yannis/|\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/lgreek/|
+}
+
+Have fun Greek\TeX ing!
+
+\section*{Greek Fonts}
+\paragraph{Levy:} \TeX\ users will find the original fonts designed by
+Silvio Levy in:\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/levy/|. These are 8-bit fonts,
+and include roman, slanted, bold, and typewriter typefaces. Levy
+also provided the necessary accents and breathing marks for ancient
+Greek text typesetting, although these are no longer used in modern
+Greek. His work was presented in the \TUGboat\
+\cite{Levy:TB9-1-20}. Levy's fonts have become the basis of subsequent
+work by \yh\ and \kd.
+
+\paragraph{Levy and Murphy:} Recently, Levy and Timothy Murphy
+developed a series of macros that permit the use of the Levy fonts
+with \LaTeX. The package \verb|lgreek| provides a
+\verb|greek| environment for typesetting in Greek and an \verb|english|
+environment for latin character typesetting. The macros of Levy
+and Murphy will convert a typed `s' character to either a printed
+`$\sigma$' or `$\varsigma$' depending on its position in the word. So,
+one does not have to type `c' to obtain the final $\varsigma$. Levy
+and Murphy's macros are available from:\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/lgreek/|
+
+\paragraph{Haralambous:} Haralambous' fonts are also 8-bit fonts,
+although they follow a different encoding scheme. They come in roman,
+slanted, bold, italics (based on the CM math fonts), and small caps.
+Yannis has provided fonts for the ancient Greek numerals qoppa (the
+number 90) and sampi (number 900), as well as the letter digamma (a
+construction very much like the uppercase letter `F', and often
+mistaken for it, but actually two uppercase $\Gamma$ letters one below the
+other). The Haralambous font family includes accents and breathing
+marks for ancient Greek as well as modern Greek. A macro
+\verb|polytoniko| will allow multi-accented text, while the macro
+\verb|monotoniko| switches to modern Greek, one-accented text.
+Haralambous has also created beautiful symbols for use with
+Cypriot Greek, a dialect of Greek much closer to ancient and Byzantine
+Greek. His work on Greek fonts appeared in the \TUGboat\
+\cite{Haralambous:TB10-3-354}. His font collection and the necessary
+macros for use with \LaTeX\ are available from:\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/yannis/|
+
+\paragraph{Hamilton Kelly:} The fonts of Brian Hamilton Kelly differ
+from those of Levy and Haralambous in that they originate from the CM
+math font Greek characters created by Donald Knuth. Hamilton
+Kelly's fonts come in roman, bold, italic, and typewritter typefaces,
+but they lack accents and breathing marks, so they are not suitable
+for use with ancient Greek text. Hamilton Kelly's
+\verb|greek.sty| provides the necessary macros and font loading for
+\LaTeX\ 2.09. This macro file will not run even in compatibility mode
+under the new \LaTeX. His font collection and macros for use with old
+\LaTeX\ are available from:\\
+\verb|CTAN:tex-archive/fonts/greek/kelly/|
+
+\paragraph{Ibykus:} This family of Greek fonts and corresponding
+macros was developed at the University of Washington by Pierre
+MacKay. It also originates from the work of Levy, and features the
+necessary breathing marks and accents for use with ancient Greek text.
+It also includes the digamma character and the numerals qoppa and
+sampi (the numerals appear in lowercase type only). These fonts were
+initially designed to interface with ``Thesaurus Linguae Graecae,'' a
+database of all known literary work written in ancient Greek, and
+\verb|Ibykus|, a Macintosh-based (actually 68000-based) system for
+accessing this database. Unlike all earlier fonts, these fonts accept
+the breathings and accents after the vowel they refer to. The fonts
+and macros for these fonts are available from:\\
+\verb|CTAN:tex-archive/fonts/greek/ibygrk/|
+
+\paragraph{Malvern:} This family of sans serif fonts was designed by
+P.~Damian Cugley. The Greek Malvern fonts (Malvern
+encoding G) are based on the original 8-bit fonts by Levy and the \verb|kd|
+fonts in \kd' \kdgt\ package. So far, these are the only fonts I have
+seen that partially utilize the virtual font-making mechanism and
+come with a wide variety of \verb|.vf| files. The Greek Malvern fonts
+can be used to typeset Greek text with the old multi-accent and
+breathing system or the new one-accent system. Malvern fonts and the
+Malvern G encoding scheme are documented in \verb|maman.tex| and
+\verb|magrman.tex|. Documentation and source code for fonts and
+macros can be found at:\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/malvern/|
+
+\paragraph{Melanos:} Little information is available about this early
+release of the Melanos family of fonts. Compiled by James K.~Tauber,
+this is a simple mono-width sans serif font family, not yet available
+at the CTAN. For more information, refer to
+\verb|fonts-faq/metafont-list|, a list of all available fonts posted
+periodically in \textsc{USENET} newsgroups \verb|comp.text.text| and
+\verb|comp.fonts|. According to the \verb|fonts-faq|, this family of
+fonts also places the breathings and accents after the affected vowel
+instead of before. These fonts are available from:\\
+\verb|ftp://tartarus.uwa.edu.au/pub/jtauber/melanos|. It has been
+almost impossible for me to connect to the \verb|tartarus| host at any
+given time, so I have not been able to verify the presented
+information. Interested users beware!
+
+\section*{Greek \TeX\ Packages}
+There are two major Greek \TeX\
+packages: \ynmgt\ developed by \ynm\ and \kdgt\ developed by \kd.
+Moschovakis' \ynmgt\ works best when installed under DOS or Windows,
+while \kdgt\ should work on all platforms.
+
+\paragraph{\ynm:} The third version of the \ynmgt\ package was
+released jointly by Moschovakis and Spiliotis in 1994. It
+includes Moschovakis' own Greek fonts based on the work of Donald
+Knuth on CM fonts (lower 127 ASCII) and Silvio Levy's gr fonts (upper
+ASCII). They come in roman, slanted, boldface,
+typewriter, italics, and experimental sans serif, caps and small
+caps. Moschovakis and Spiliotis have included a Greek math italic
+font by adding slanted
+Greek to Knuth's CMMI font. \ynmgt\ supports both
+multi-accented, classical Greek text typesetting with the proper
+breathings and iota subscripts when necessary, and uni-accented,
+modern Greek typesetting. \ynmgt\ includes not only the source code
+in \verb|.mf| file format but also the necessary \verb|.tfm| files for
+\TeX\ and \verb|.pk| files for 300dpi printing. Users
+of \ynmgt\ can install English-Greek formats for \TeX, \LaTeX, and
+\AmSLaTeX. However, the \LaTeX\ and \AmSLaTeX\ are based on the old
+\LaTeX 2.09 formats. Moschovakis and Spiliotis have also included
+Greek-English ports of \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex} that provide necessary
+English/Greek bibliographical and indexing capabilities. Above all,
+this release of \ynmgt\ includes upgraded, extended keyboard and VGA
+screen drivers based on the IBM (old) internal encoding scheme (rather
+than the newer ISO 8859-7, ELOT 928). Using these drivers, \ynmgt\ users can
+type (and view) their texts directly in Greek. The designers of
+\ynmgt\ have also added filters that can translate multi-lingual
+(English and Greek combined) files to monolingual English files
+substituting hexadecimal codes for 8-bit characters. This adds a
+certain degree of portability to \ynmgt\ and makes it easy to process
+files created on different platforms. \ynmgt\ can be found at:\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex/|
+
+Although \ynmgt\ does not provide NFSS support, some early
+attempts at defining the necessary \verb|.fd| files for the
+\verb|clgr*| families of fonts have been uploaded to the CTAN and can
+be found at:\\
+ \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex-fd/|
+
+\paragraph{\kd:} The official release of the \kdgt\ package is
+version 3.1, and can be found in the
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kd/| directory. This is a 1992
+release and features formats for a Greek \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ (built
+using \LaTeX\ 2.09). Dryllerakis provides Greek article, letter,
+report, and book style files for use with the packaged Gr\LaTeX. Greek
+hyphenation tables are also provided. \kdgt\ uses the
+fonts of Silvio Levy and come in roman, bold, slanted, and
+typewriter typefaces. There are no ports for \BibTeX\ or
+\textit{MakeIndex} and bibliography handling is a bit messy
+(users may have to manually tweak the resulting \verb|.bbl| file).
+However, version 3.1 of \kdgt\ includes filters for translating ISO
+standard Greek documents to \kdgt\-compatible form.
+
+For the last few years \kd\ has been working on release 4.0 of his
+\kdgt. An Alpha release is now available for \TeX\ adventurers from:
+\verb|ftp://laotzu.doc.ic.ac.uk/public/tex/|. \kd\ has
+added new hyphenation patterns, and there have been some improvements in
+the fonts, including new numerals (stigma, qoppa and sampi). Users
+can select their own character for marking blocks of Greek texts with
+the \verb|\greekdelims{}| command. \kd\ has also provided NFSS
+compatibility for his family of fonts. However, there is no
+documentation or scripts/utilities and building the Gr\LaTeX\ format
+requires \LaTeX\ 2.09 (this was tested both with a Unix port of
+\LaTeX\ and Andrew Trevorrow's \OzTeX). Recently, David Kastrup
+has created a set of macros, \verb|kdgreek.sty|, for \LaTeX\ users,
+which provide Greek handling through the use of \verb|greektext| and
+\verb|latin| environments, proper font handling, and support for
+8-bit characters for \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex}.
+
+\paragraph{Some comments:} \kdgt\ relies on the Greeklish typing of Greek
+texts, which make it really platform independent and friendlier to use for
+Latin typers and users without Greek keyboard and screen drivers. On the
+other hand, \ynmgt\ users get a feeling of a really Greek \TeX\
+and \LaTeX. Documents created with \kdgt\ are portable amongst
+platforms; documents created with \ynmgt\ cannot claim that. Leo
+J.~Irakliotis has also commented that version 3.0 of \ynmgt\ will not
+process files created in its earlier version 2.0 (cf. comments of
+Irakliotis, \verb|l.irakliotis@ieee.org|, in the
+\verb|ELLHNIKA@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de| discussion list, a
+low-traffic electronic forum of Greek \TeX\ and \MF\ matters).
+\ynmgt\ appears to be a more complete package for PC-oriented users.
+The package includes a complete \LaTeX\ installation and the necessary
+ports of \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex}. On the other hand, \kdgt\
+is still more platform independent and the addition of Kastrup's
+macros should add to its functionality.
+
+\section*{Other Greek Tools}
+There are other Greek-related fonts and packages yet to be made
+public.\footnote{Information in this section comes from
+the original greek.faq by Filippou.} C.~Mylonas and R.~Whitney have
+created their own Greek fonts and written about them in \TUGboat\ in
+1992 \cite{Mylonas:TB13-1-39}. According to Filippou, the Mylonas and
+Whitney fonts contain `the most complete Greek character set' of 360
+characters including macros and hyphenation tables for ancient and
+modern Greek. However, their work is not yet available for purchase
+or even public distribution.
+
+Similarly, \yh\ has released a commercial \TeX\ package,
+\textsc{SCHOLAR}\TeX. It comes with fonts and macros for ancient and
+modern Greek, complete hyphenation tables, as well as fonts for
+several non-Latin alphabet languages, such as Arabic, Persian and so
+on. For more information, you should contact:
+\yh, \verb|yannis@univ-lille1.fr|.
+
+\section*{The Greek Babel}
+The \verb|babel| package is a multi-lingual system that extends the
+standard \LaTeX\ document styles in several languages and was initially
+designed and developed by Johannes Braams. \verb|Babel| is documented
+in the \emph{\LaTeX\ Companion} by Goossens, Mittelbach, and Samarin
+\cite{Companion}, the \emph{Guide to \LaTeXe} by Kopka and Daly
+\cite{Kopka:Daly}, and a few \TUGboat\ articles by Braams
+\cite{Braams1,Braams2}.
+
+The latest version (v3.6 beta) of \verb|babel| has support for
+the Greek language. This experimental Greek extension was jointly developed
+by Apostolos Syropoulos and Braams. It utilizes the Levy-based fonts of
+Haralambous and Dryllerakis, and the sans-serif Malvern fonts.
+The entire bundle of fonts can be
+found at: \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/babel-package/| while
+the latest \verb|babel| and a zipped beta version are available
+from:\\
+\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/packages/babel/|
+
+At the moment, neither the bundle of fonts nor the zipped distribution
+of \verb|babel| include the proper Greek hyphenation patterns,
+\verb|hyphen.greek|, which are available though from:\\
+\verb|ftp://obelix.ee.duth.gr/pub/programs/hyphen.greek.gz|.
+
+\section*{Future Directions}
+There have been significant improvements in the development of Greek
+font families. For example, new fonts have been made available
+(Malvern, Ibykus, Melanos---the latter with some uncertainty). In
+addition, both Haralambous and Dryllerakis have improved the classic
+fonts that Silvio Levy created and added ancient Greek numerals
+(qoppa, sampi, stigma). The macros accompanying these font families
+work under \TeX\ and most of them work with \LaTeX\ (see the
+work of Murphy and Levy, and the macros of Malvern and Ibykus).
+
+Complete Greek \TeX\ packages are being developed, but these
+efforts are hampered by their incompatibility with the most recent
+versions of \LaTeX\ and the choice between 7-bit and 8-bit systems.
+The question of Greeklish typing with portability (advocated by
+Dryllerakis) vs.\ 8-bit and other encoding schemes (suggested by
+Moschovakis) seems to divide the Greek \TeX\ community. Although
+filter and conversion utilities come prepackaged in both Greek \TeX\
+installations, typing a Greek document (especially if one wants to add
+bibliographies, indices, and glossaries) may turn into a programming
+nightmare.
+
+The inclusion of the Greek language in the \verb|babel| system is, of
+course, a very positive step in the future of Greek \TeX\ and \LaTeX.
+A final version of Greek \verb|babel| macros is in the making. This project
+has been undertaken by \yh, though no release date is available at the
+moment. This version of \verb|babel| will include Haralambous'
+\textsc{Scholar}\TeX\ fonts. In addition, Syropoulos is working on a
+completely Greek \LaTeX\ guide (typeset using the Greek \verb|babel|, of
+course), the first of its kind, and the Greek Mathematical Association is
+looking to adopt \LaTeX\ for its publications.
+
+Yet another improvement in the area of Greek \TeX, and \TeX\ in
+general, comes again from \yh. He has been busy working on
+Omega, ($\Omega$), a 16-bit, global extension to \TeX\ developed
+jointly by Haralambous and John Plaice \cite{Haralambous:TB15-3-344}.
+The $\Omega$ system uses 16-bit data structures and allows for
+multiple input and output character sets, a variety of encoding
+schemes, and translation from one encoding scheme to the other.
+Thus, the $\Omega$ system allows easy typesetting of non-Latin
+languages, such as Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, and more.
+This system resorts to the use of the virtual font-making mechanism for
+the creation and delivery of the necessary fonts (bypassing the more
+``traditional'' system of \verb|.pk| files). For more information
+contact \yh\ or refer to his paper titled ``$\Omega$, a
+\TeX\ Extension Including Unicode and Featuring Lex-like Filtering
+Processes,'' available from \verb|http://www.ens.fr/omega/|.
+
+\section*{Additional Information Sources}
+Additional information may be requested from the following sources:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the \textsc{Usenet} newsgroups \texttt{comp.text.tex} and
+\texttt{comp.fonts};
+
+\item the discussion list
+\verb|ELLHNIKA@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de|. To subscribe to
+\verb|ELLHNIKA|, send an e-mail message to:\\
+\verb|listserv@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de| with the command:\\
+\verb|SUBscribe ELLHNIKA Your_first_name Your_last_name|;
+
+\item the discussion list \verb|METAFONT@ens.fr|, an electronic forum for
+matters related to \MF\ in general. To subscribe to \verb|METAFONT|,
+send an e-mail message to:\\
+\verb|listman@ens.fr| with the command:\\
+\verb|subscribe METAFONT Your_first_name Your_last_name|;
+
+\item Finally, a Greek \TeX\ users group is currently being formed. This
+forum aims to unite \TeX\ users who utilize Greek fonts and macros, and to
+provide a milieu for discussing Greek \TeX\ matters. This effort is
+organized by Syropoulos in Xanthi, Greece.
+\end{itemize}
+\bigskip
+
+
+\subsubsection*{Acknowledgement}
+I would like to acknowledge the following individuals for
+their helpful comments and suggestions in earlier drafts of this
+paper:\\
+Apostolos Syropoulos, \verb|apostolo@obelix.ee.duth.gr|,\\
+Thomas R.~Scavo, \verb|trscavo@syr.edu|,\\
+David Kastrup, \verb|dak@neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bohum.de|,\\
+\yh, \verb|yannis@univ-lille1.fr|,\\
+Leo J.~Irakliotis, \verb|l.iraklio@ieee.org|,\\
+Georgios Melikidis, \verb|melikid@mail.uni-muenster.de|.
+\clearpage
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{1}
+
+\bibitem{Braams1}
+J.~Braams. Babel, a multilingual style-option system for user with
+{\LaTeX}'s standard doc styles. \emph{TUGboat}, 12(2):291--301, 1992.
+
+\bibitem{Braams2}
+J.~Braams. An update on the \textsf{babel} system. \emph{TUGboat},
+14(1):60--61, 1993.
+
+\bibitem{Filippou}
+D.~Filippou. Typesetting greek texts by \TeX\ and \LaTeX: A summary
+of all tools available. \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/help/greek.faq|, 1994.
+
+\bibitem{Companion}
+M.~Goossens, F.~Mittelbach, and A.~Samarin. \emph{The \LaTeX\
+Companion}. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, rev. edition, 1994.
+
+\bibitem{Haralambous:TB15-3-344}
+Y.~Haralambous and J.~Plaice. First applications of $\Omega$: Adobe
+Poetica, Arabic, Greek, Khmer. \emph{TUGboat}, 15(3):344--352, 1994.
+
+\bibitem{Haralambous:TB10-3-354}
+Y.~Haralambous and K.~Thull. Typesetting modern Greek with 128
+character codes. \emph{TUGboat}, 10(3):354--359, 1989.
+
+\bibitem{Kopka:Daly}
+H.~Kopka and P.~W. Daly. \emph{A guide to \LaTeXe: Document
+preparation for beginners and advanced users}. Addison-Wesley,
+Reading, Massachusetts, 2nd edition, 1995.
+
+\bibitem{Levy:TB9-1-20}
+S.~Levy. Using Greek fonts with \TeX. \emph{TUGboat}, 9(1):20--24, 1988.
+
+\bibitem{Mylonas:TB13-1-39}
+C.~Mylonas and R.~Whitney. Modern Greek with adjunct fonts.
+\emph{TUGboat}, 13(1):39--50, 1992.
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\end{document}
+