From e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Norbert Preining Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2019 13:46:59 +0900 Subject: Initial commit --- info/greek/greekinf2.ltx | 449 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 449 insertions(+) create mode 100644 info/greek/greekinf2.ltx (limited to 'info/greek/greekinf2.ltx') diff --git a/info/greek/greekinf2.ltx b/info/greek/greekinf2.ltx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a1aa55bdac --- /dev/null +++ b/info/greek/greekinf2.ltx @@ -0,0 +1,449 @@ +%% greekinf2.ltx --- It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of +%% all available \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ tools. +%% +%% Ioannis C. Dimakos, idimakos@syr.edu, (c) 1996. +%% Information on fonts, packages, and macros for typesetting +%% documents with Greek fonts using either \TeX\ or \LaTeX. +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\documentclass[11pt]{article} +\usepackage{verbatim} + +\newfont{\mfman}{logo10 at 10pt} +\newcommand{\MF}{{\mfman META}\-{\mfman FONT}} +\newcommand{\ynmgt}{\texttt{greektex}} +\newcommand{\kdgt}{\textsc{Greek}\TeX} +\newcommand{\ynm}{Yiannis Moschovakis} +\newcommand{\kd}{Kostis Dryllerakis} +\newcommand{\yh}{Yannis Haralambous} +\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em + T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} +\newcommand{\AmSLaTeX}{$\mathcal{A}$\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{$\mathcal{M}$}\kern-.125em{$\mathcal{S}$}-\LaTeX} +\newcommand{\OzTeX}{O\kern-.03em z\kern-.15em\TeX} +\newcommand{\TUGboat}{\emph{TUGboat}} + + +\hyphenation{yan-nis yian-nis ko-stis ha-ra-la-mbous mo-scho-va-kis +dryl-le-ra-kis} + +\begin{document} +\title{It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of \\ +all available \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ tools} + +\author{Ioannis Dimakos\thanks{Address correspondence to: Ioannis +C.~Dimakos, Syracuse University, Computing and Media Services, 120 +Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244-2390, idimakos@syr.edu. This paper +does not reflect the views, opinions, or policies of Syracuse +University or the Department of Computing and Media Services.}} + +\date{Aug.\ 28, 1996} + +\maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +This summary of Greek \TeX\ tools contains information useful to those +who want to typeset texts partially or completely in Greek. \TeX\ and +\LaTeX\ users who want to work with Greek fonts and \MF\ or install a +complete \TeX/\LaTeX\ system should find this summary informative. +The present summary replaces and updates the work of Dimitrios +Filippou of January 29, 1994 with newer information about the latest +releases of Greek fonts and Greek \TeX\ packages. +\end{abstract} + +\section*{Overview} +Since Dimitrios Filippou published his \verb|greek.faq| \cite{Filippou} +detailing the available Greek font families and \TeX\ packages, +the status of \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ and its Greek variants has changed +significantly. Among these changes, one should include (in no +particular order): +\begin{itemize} +\item the distribution of new Greek font families, such as Ibykus, +Malvern, and Melanos; +\item the distribution of newer releases of the two major Greek \TeX\ +packages: \ynmgt\ by Yiannis N.~Moschovakis, and \kdgt\ by Kostis +J.~Dryllerakis; +\item the distribution of \LaTeXe; +\item the ``standardization'' of font encoding and the inclusion of +NFSS2 in \LaTeX; +\item the use of the virtual font-making mechanism for languages based +on non-latin alphabets; +\item the introduction of the Babel system for a purely international +and multi-lingual \LaTeX; and finally, +\item the on-going work of \yh\ on Omega ($\Omega$), a 16-bit +extension of the \TeX\ system. +\end{itemize} + +This summary of Greek \TeX\ tools should be a helpful road map through +the maze of resources on the CTAN (Comprehensive \TeX\ Archive +Network):\footnote{As of this +writing, the CTAN consisted of the primary nodes ftp.dante.de in +Germany and ftp.tex.ac.uk in Great Britain. The North American node, +ftp.shsu.edu, has since closed; and the main US mirror is currently +ftp.cdrom.com.} + +{\parindent 0pt +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/|\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/babel-package/|\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex/|\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex-fd/|\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/ibygrk/|\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kd/| \\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kelly/| \\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/levy/|\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/yannis/|\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/lgreek/| +} + +Have fun Greek\TeX ing! + +\section*{Greek Fonts} +\paragraph{Levy:} \TeX\ users will find the original fonts designed by +Silvio Levy in:\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/levy/|. These are 8-bit fonts, +and include roman, slanted, bold, and typewriter typefaces. Levy +also provided the necessary accents and breathing marks for ancient +Greek text typesetting, although these are no longer used in modern +Greek. His work was presented in the \TUGboat\ +\cite{Levy:TB9-1-20}. Levy's fonts have become the basis of subsequent +work by \yh\ and \kd. + +\paragraph{Levy and Murphy:} Recently, Levy and Timothy Murphy +developed a series of macros that permit the use of the Levy fonts +with \LaTeX. The package \verb|lgreek| provides a +\verb|greek| environment for typesetting in Greek and an \verb|english| +environment for latin character typesetting. The macros of Levy +and Murphy will convert a typed `s' character to either a printed +`$\sigma$' or `$\varsigma$' depending on its position in the word. So, +one does not have to type `c' to obtain the final $\varsigma$. Levy +and Murphy's macros are available from:\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/lgreek/| + +\paragraph{Haralambous:} Haralambous' fonts are also 8-bit fonts, +although they follow a different encoding scheme. They come in roman, +slanted, bold, italics (based on the CM math fonts), and small caps. +Yannis has provided fonts for the ancient Greek numerals qoppa (the +number 90) and sampi (number 900), as well as the letter digamma (a +construction very much like the uppercase letter `F', and often +mistaken for it, but actually two uppercase $\Gamma$ letters one below the +other). The Haralambous font family includes accents and breathing +marks for ancient Greek as well as modern Greek. A macro +\verb|polytoniko| will allow multi-accented text, while the macro +\verb|monotoniko| switches to modern Greek, one-accented text. +Haralambous has also created beautiful symbols for use with +Cypriot Greek, a dialect of Greek much closer to ancient and Byzantine +Greek. His work on Greek fonts appeared in the \TUGboat\ +\cite{Haralambous:TB10-3-354}. His font collection and the necessary +macros for use with \LaTeX\ are available from:\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/yannis/| + +\paragraph{Hamilton Kelly:} The fonts of Brian Hamilton Kelly differ +from those of Levy and Haralambous in that they originate from the CM +math font Greek characters created by Donald Knuth. Hamilton +Kelly's fonts come in roman, bold, italic, and typewritter typefaces, +but they lack accents and breathing marks, so they are not suitable +for use with ancient Greek text. Hamilton Kelly's +\verb|greek.sty| provides the necessary macros and font loading for +\LaTeX\ 2.09. This macro file will not run even in compatibility mode +under the new \LaTeX. His font collection and macros for use with old +\LaTeX\ are available from:\\ +\verb|CTAN:tex-archive/fonts/greek/kelly/| + +\paragraph{Ibykus:} This family of Greek fonts and corresponding +macros was developed at the University of Washington by Pierre +MacKay. It also originates from the work of Levy, and features the +necessary breathing marks and accents for use with ancient Greek text. +It also includes the digamma character and the numerals qoppa and +sampi (the numerals appear in lowercase type only). These fonts were +initially designed to interface with ``Thesaurus Linguae Graecae,'' a +database of all known literary work written in ancient Greek, and +\verb|Ibykus|, a Macintosh-based (actually 68000-based) system for +accessing this database. Unlike all earlier fonts, these fonts accept +the breathings and accents after the vowel they refer to. The fonts +and macros for these fonts are available from:\\ +\verb|CTAN:tex-archive/fonts/greek/ibygrk/| + +\paragraph{Malvern:} This family of sans serif fonts was designed by +P.~Damian Cugley. The Greek Malvern fonts (Malvern +encoding G) are based on the original 8-bit fonts by Levy and the \verb|kd| +fonts in \kd' \kdgt\ package. So far, these are the only fonts I have +seen that partially utilize the virtual font-making mechanism and +come with a wide variety of \verb|.vf| files. The Greek Malvern fonts +can be used to typeset Greek text with the old multi-accent and +breathing system or the new one-accent system. Malvern fonts and the +Malvern G encoding scheme are documented in \verb|maman.tex| and +\verb|magrman.tex|. Documentation and source code for fonts and +macros can be found at:\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/malvern/| + +\paragraph{Melanos:} Little information is available about this early +release of the Melanos family of fonts. Compiled by James K.~Tauber, +this is a simple mono-width sans serif font family, not yet available +at the CTAN. For more information, refer to +\verb|fonts-faq/metafont-list|, a list of all available fonts posted +periodically in \textsc{USENET} newsgroups \verb|comp.text.text| and +\verb|comp.fonts|. According to the \verb|fonts-faq|, this family of +fonts also places the breathings and accents after the affected vowel +instead of before. These fonts are available from:\\ +\verb|ftp://tartarus.uwa.edu.au/pub/jtauber/melanos|. It has been +almost impossible for me to connect to the \verb|tartarus| host at any +given time, so I have not been able to verify the presented +information. Interested users beware! + +\section*{Greek \TeX\ Packages} +There are two major Greek \TeX\ +packages: \ynmgt\ developed by \ynm\ and \kdgt\ developed by \kd. +Moschovakis' \ynmgt\ works best when installed under DOS or Windows, +while \kdgt\ should work on all platforms. + +\paragraph{\ynm:} The third version of the \ynmgt\ package was +released jointly by Moschovakis and Spiliotis in 1994. It +includes Moschovakis' own Greek fonts based on the work of Donald +Knuth on CM fonts (lower 127 ASCII) and Silvio Levy's gr fonts (upper +ASCII). They come in roman, slanted, boldface, +typewriter, italics, and experimental sans serif, caps and small +caps. Moschovakis and Spiliotis have included a Greek math italic +font by adding slanted +Greek to Knuth's CMMI font. \ynmgt\ supports both +multi-accented, classical Greek text typesetting with the proper +breathings and iota subscripts when necessary, and uni-accented, +modern Greek typesetting. \ynmgt\ includes not only the source code +in \verb|.mf| file format but also the necessary \verb|.tfm| files for +\TeX\ and \verb|.pk| files for 300dpi printing. Users +of \ynmgt\ can install English-Greek formats for \TeX, \LaTeX, and +\AmSLaTeX. However, the \LaTeX\ and \AmSLaTeX\ are based on the old +\LaTeX 2.09 formats. Moschovakis and Spiliotis have also included +Greek-English ports of \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex} that provide necessary +English/Greek bibliographical and indexing capabilities. Above all, +this release of \ynmgt\ includes upgraded, extended keyboard and VGA +screen drivers based on the IBM (old) internal encoding scheme (rather +than the newer ISO 8859-7, ELOT 928). Using these drivers, \ynmgt\ users can +type (and view) their texts directly in Greek. The designers of +\ynmgt\ have also added filters that can translate multi-lingual +(English and Greek combined) files to monolingual English files +substituting hexadecimal codes for 8-bit characters. This adds a +certain degree of portability to \ynmgt\ and makes it easy to process +files created on different platforms. \ynmgt\ can be found at:\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex/| + +Although \ynmgt\ does not provide NFSS support, some early +attempts at defining the necessary \verb|.fd| files for the +\verb|clgr*| families of fonts have been uploaded to the CTAN and can +be found at:\\ + \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex-fd/| + +\paragraph{\kd:} The official release of the \kdgt\ package is +version 3.1, and can be found in the +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kd/| directory. This is a 1992 +release and features formats for a Greek \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ (built +using \LaTeX\ 2.09). Dryllerakis provides Greek article, letter, +report, and book style files for use with the packaged Gr\LaTeX. Greek +hyphenation tables are also provided. \kdgt\ uses the +fonts of Silvio Levy and come in roman, bold, slanted, and +typewriter typefaces. There are no ports for \BibTeX\ or +\textit{MakeIndex} and bibliography handling is a bit messy +(users may have to manually tweak the resulting \verb|.bbl| file). +However, version 3.1 of \kdgt\ includes filters for translating ISO +standard Greek documents to \kdgt\-compatible form. + +For the last few years \kd\ has been working on release 4.0 of his +\kdgt. An Alpha release is now available for \TeX\ adventurers from: +\verb|ftp://laotzu.doc.ic.ac.uk/public/tex/|. \kd\ has +added new hyphenation patterns, and there have been some improvements in +the fonts, including new numerals (stigma, qoppa and sampi). Users +can select their own character for marking blocks of Greek texts with +the \verb|\greekdelims{}| command. \kd\ has also provided NFSS +compatibility for his family of fonts. However, there is no +documentation or scripts/utilities and building the Gr\LaTeX\ format +requires \LaTeX\ 2.09 (this was tested both with a Unix port of +\LaTeX\ and Andrew Trevorrow's \OzTeX). Recently, David Kastrup +has created a set of macros, \verb|kdgreek.sty|, for \LaTeX\ users, +which provide Greek handling through the use of \verb|greektext| and +\verb|latin| environments, proper font handling, and support for +8-bit characters for \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex}. + +\paragraph{Some comments:} \kdgt\ relies on the Greeklish typing of Greek +texts, which make it really platform independent and friendlier to use for +Latin typers and users without Greek keyboard and screen drivers. On the +other hand, \ynmgt\ users get a feeling of a really Greek \TeX\ +and \LaTeX. Documents created with \kdgt\ are portable amongst +platforms; documents created with \ynmgt\ cannot claim that. Leo +J.~Irakliotis has also commented that version 3.0 of \ynmgt\ will not +process files created in its earlier version 2.0 (cf. comments of +Irakliotis, \verb|l.irakliotis@ieee.org|, in the +\verb|ELLHNIKA@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de| discussion list, a +low-traffic electronic forum of Greek \TeX\ and \MF\ matters). +\ynmgt\ appears to be a more complete package for PC-oriented users. +The package includes a complete \LaTeX\ installation and the necessary +ports of \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex}. On the other hand, \kdgt\ +is still more platform independent and the addition of Kastrup's +macros should add to its functionality. + +\section*{Other Greek Tools} +There are other Greek-related fonts and packages yet to be made +public.\footnote{Information in this section comes from +the original greek.faq by Filippou.} C.~Mylonas and R.~Whitney have +created their own Greek fonts and written about them in \TUGboat\ in +1992 \cite{Mylonas:TB13-1-39}. According to Filippou, the Mylonas and +Whitney fonts contain `the most complete Greek character set' of 360 +characters including macros and hyphenation tables for ancient and +modern Greek. However, their work is not yet available for purchase +or even public distribution. + +Similarly, \yh\ has released a commercial \TeX\ package, +\textsc{SCHOLAR}\TeX. It comes with fonts and macros for ancient and +modern Greek, complete hyphenation tables, as well as fonts for +several non-Latin alphabet languages, such as Arabic, Persian and so +on. For more information, you should contact: +\yh, \verb|yannis@univ-lille1.fr|. + +\section*{The Greek Babel} +The \verb|babel| package is a multi-lingual system that extends the +standard \LaTeX\ document styles in several languages and was initially +designed and developed by Johannes Braams. \verb|Babel| is documented +in the \emph{\LaTeX\ Companion} by Goossens, Mittelbach, and Samarin +\cite{Companion}, the \emph{Guide to \LaTeXe} by Kopka and Daly +\cite{Kopka:Daly}, and a few \TUGboat\ articles by Braams +\cite{Braams1,Braams2}. + +The latest version (v3.6 beta) of \verb|babel| has support for +the Greek language. This experimental Greek extension was jointly developed +by Apostolos Syropoulos and Braams. It utilizes the Levy-based fonts of +Haralambous and Dryllerakis, and the sans-serif Malvern fonts. +The entire bundle of fonts can be +found at: \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/babel-package/| while +the latest \verb|babel| and a zipped beta version are available +from:\\ +\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/packages/babel/| + +At the moment, neither the bundle of fonts nor the zipped distribution +of \verb|babel| include the proper Greek hyphenation patterns, +\verb|hyphen.greek|, which are available though from:\\ +\verb|ftp://obelix.ee.duth.gr/pub/programs/hyphen.greek.gz|. + +\section*{Future Directions} +There have been significant improvements in the development of Greek +font families. For example, new fonts have been made available +(Malvern, Ibykus, Melanos---the latter with some uncertainty). In +addition, both Haralambous and Dryllerakis have improved the classic +fonts that Silvio Levy created and added ancient Greek numerals +(qoppa, sampi, stigma). The macros accompanying these font families +work under \TeX\ and most of them work with \LaTeX\ (see the +work of Murphy and Levy, and the macros of Malvern and Ibykus). + +Complete Greek \TeX\ packages are being developed, but these +efforts are hampered by their incompatibility with the most recent +versions of \LaTeX\ and the choice between 7-bit and 8-bit systems. +The question of Greeklish typing with portability (advocated by +Dryllerakis) vs.\ 8-bit and other encoding schemes (suggested by +Moschovakis) seems to divide the Greek \TeX\ community. Although +filter and conversion utilities come prepackaged in both Greek \TeX\ +installations, typing a Greek document (especially if one wants to add +bibliographies, indices, and glossaries) may turn into a programming +nightmare. + +The inclusion of the Greek language in the \verb|babel| system is, of +course, a very positive step in the future of Greek \TeX\ and \LaTeX. +A final version of Greek \verb|babel| macros is in the making. This project +has been undertaken by \yh, though no release date is available at the +moment. This version of \verb|babel| will include Haralambous' +\textsc{Scholar}\TeX\ fonts. In addition, Syropoulos is working on a +completely Greek \LaTeX\ guide (typeset using the Greek \verb|babel|, of +course), the first of its kind, and the Greek Mathematical Association is +looking to adopt \LaTeX\ for its publications. + +Yet another improvement in the area of Greek \TeX, and \TeX\ in +general, comes again from \yh. He has been busy working on +Omega, ($\Omega$), a 16-bit, global extension to \TeX\ developed +jointly by Haralambous and John Plaice \cite{Haralambous:TB15-3-344}. +The $\Omega$ system uses 16-bit data structures and allows for +multiple input and output character sets, a variety of encoding +schemes, and translation from one encoding scheme to the other. +Thus, the $\Omega$ system allows easy typesetting of non-Latin +languages, such as Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, and more. +This system resorts to the use of the virtual font-making mechanism for +the creation and delivery of the necessary fonts (bypassing the more +``traditional'' system of \verb|.pk| files). For more information +contact \yh\ or refer to his paper titled ``$\Omega$, a +\TeX\ Extension Including Unicode and Featuring Lex-like Filtering +Processes,'' available from \verb|http://www.ens.fr/omega/|. + +\section*{Additional Information Sources} +Additional information may be requested from the following sources: +\begin{itemize} +\item the \textsc{Usenet} newsgroups \texttt{comp.text.tex} and +\texttt{comp.fonts}; + +\item the discussion list +\verb|ELLHNIKA@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de|. To subscribe to +\verb|ELLHNIKA|, send an e-mail message to:\\ +\verb|listserv@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de| with the command:\\ +\verb|SUBscribe ELLHNIKA Your_first_name Your_last_name|; + +\item the discussion list \verb|METAFONT@ens.fr|, an electronic forum for +matters related to \MF\ in general. To subscribe to \verb|METAFONT|, +send an e-mail message to:\\ +\verb|listman@ens.fr| with the command:\\ +\verb|subscribe METAFONT Your_first_name Your_last_name|; + +\item Finally, a Greek \TeX\ users group is currently being formed. This +forum aims to unite \TeX\ users who utilize Greek fonts and macros, and to +provide a milieu for discussing Greek \TeX\ matters. This effort is +organized by Syropoulos in Xanthi, Greece. +\end{itemize} +\bigskip + + +\subsubsection*{Acknowledgement} +I would like to acknowledge the following individuals for +their helpful comments and suggestions in earlier drafts of this +paper:\\ +Apostolos Syropoulos, \verb|apostolo@obelix.ee.duth.gr|,\\ +Thomas R.~Scavo, \verb|trscavo@syr.edu|,\\ +David Kastrup, \verb|dak@neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bohum.de|,\\ +\yh, \verb|yannis@univ-lille1.fr|,\\ +Leo J.~Irakliotis, \verb|l.iraklio@ieee.org|,\\ +Georgios Melikidis, \verb|melikid@mail.uni-muenster.de|. +\clearpage + +\begin{thebibliography}{1} + +\bibitem{Braams1} +J.~Braams. Babel, a multilingual style-option system for user with +{\LaTeX}'s standard doc styles. \emph{TUGboat}, 12(2):291--301, 1992. + +\bibitem{Braams2} +J.~Braams. An update on the \textsf{babel} system. \emph{TUGboat}, +14(1):60--61, 1993. + +\bibitem{Filippou} +D.~Filippou. Typesetting greek texts by \TeX\ and \LaTeX: A summary +of all tools available. \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/help/greek.faq|, 1994. + +\bibitem{Companion} +M.~Goossens, F.~Mittelbach, and A.~Samarin. \emph{The \LaTeX\ +Companion}. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, rev. edition, 1994. + +\bibitem{Haralambous:TB15-3-344} +Y.~Haralambous and J.~Plaice. First applications of $\Omega$: Adobe +Poetica, Arabic, Greek, Khmer. \emph{TUGboat}, 15(3):344--352, 1994. + +\bibitem{Haralambous:TB10-3-354} +Y.~Haralambous and K.~Thull. Typesetting modern Greek with 128 +character codes. \emph{TUGboat}, 10(3):354--359, 1989. + +\bibitem{Kopka:Daly} +H.~Kopka and P.~W. Daly. \emph{A guide to \LaTeXe: Document +preparation for beginners and advanced users}. Addison-Wesley, +Reading, Massachusetts, 2nd edition, 1995. + +\bibitem{Levy:TB9-1-20} +S.~Levy. Using Greek fonts with \TeX. \emph{TUGboat}, 9(1):20--24, 1988. + +\bibitem{Mylonas:TB13-1-39} +C.~Mylonas and R.~Whitney. Modern Greek with adjunct fonts. +\emph{TUGboat}, 13(1):39--50, 1992. + +\end{thebibliography} + +\end{document} + -- cgit v1.2.3