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<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Web2c: A TeX implementation</title>
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<body>
<h1 class="settitle">Web2c: A TeX implementation</h1>
<div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a name="toc_Top" href="#Top">Web2c</a>
<li><a name="toc_Introduction" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
<li><a name="toc_Installation" href="#Installation">2 Installation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#configure-options">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</a>
<li><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">2.2 Compile-time options</a>
<li><a href="#Additional-targets">2.3 Additional targets</a>
<li><a href="#Triptrap">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</a>
<li><a href="#Runtime-options">2.5 Runtime options</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Commonalities" href="#Commonalities">3 Commonalities</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Option-conventions">3.1 Option conventions</a>
<li><a href="#Common-options">3.2 Common options</a>
<li><a href="#Path-searching">3.3 Path searching</a>
<li><a href="#Output-file-location">3.4 Output file location</a>
<li><a href="#Three-programs">3.5 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">3.5.1 Initial and virgin</a>
<li><a href="#Memory-dumps">3.5.2 Memory dumps</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">3.5.2.1 Creating memory dumps</a>
<li><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">3.5.2.2 Determining the memory dump to use</a>
<li><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">3.5.2.3 Hardware and memory dumps</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Editor-invocation">3.5.3 Editor invocation</a>
<li><a href="#_005cinput-filenames">3.5.4 <code>\input</code> filenames</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_TeX" href="#TeX">4 TeX: Typesetting</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tex-invocation">4.1 <code>tex</code> invocation</a>
<li><a href="#Initial-TeX">4.2 Initial TeX</a>
<li><a href="#Formats">4.3 Formats</a>
<li><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">4.4 Languages and hyphenation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#MLTeX">4.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005ccharsubdef">4.4.1.1 <code>\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</a>
<li><a href="#_005ctracingcharsubdef">4.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#TCX-files">4.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</a>
<li><a href="#patgen-invocation">4.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Shell-escapes">4.5 Shell escapes</a>
<li><a href="#IPC-and-TeX">4.6 IPC and TeX</a>
<li><a href="#TeX-extensions">4.7 TeX extensions</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Metafont" href="#Metafont">5 Metafont: Creating typeface families</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#mf-invocation">5.1 <code>mf</code> invocation</a>
<li><a href="#Initial-Metafont">5.2 Initial Metafont</a>
<li><a href="#Modes">5.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a>
<li><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">5.4 Online Metafont graphics</a>
<li><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">5.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a>
<li><a href="#mft-invocation">5.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_MetaPost" href="#MetaPost">6 MetaPost: Creating technical illustrations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#mpost-invocation">6.1 <code>mpost</code> invocation</a>
<li><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">6.2 Initial MetaPost</a>
<li><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">6.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_BibTeX" href="#BibTeX">7 BibTeX: Bibliographies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#bibtex-invocation">7.1 BibTeX invocation</a>
<li><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">7.2 Basic BibTeX style files</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_WEB" href="#WEB">8 WEB: Literate programming</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tangle-invocation">8.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</a>
<li><a href="#weave-invocation">8.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</a>
<li><a href="#pooltype-invocation">8.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_DVI-utilities" href="#DVI-utilities">9 DVI utilities</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">9.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</a>
<li><a href="#dvitype-invocation">9.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#dvitype-output-example">9.2.1 DVItype output example</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Font-utilities" href="#Font-utilities">10 Font utilities</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Font-file-formats">10.1 Font file formats</a>
<li><a href="#gftopk-invocation">10.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a>
<li><a href="#pktogf-invocation">10.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</a>
<li><a href="#pktype-invocation">10.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</a>
<li><a href="#gftype-invocation">10.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a>
<li><a href="#tftopl-invocation">10.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a>
<li><a href="#pltotf-invocation">10.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a>
<li><a href="#vftovp-invocation">10.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a>
<li><a href="#vptovf-invocation">10.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a>
<li><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">10.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Legalisms" href="#Legalisms">Appendix A Legalisms</a>
<li><a name="toc_References" href="#References">Appendix B References</a>
<li><a name="toc_Index" href="#Index">Index</a>
</li></ul>
</div>



<div class="node">
<a name="Top"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dir">(dir)</a>

</div>

<h2 class="unnumbered">Web2c</h2>

<p>This document describes how to install and use the programs in the Web2c
implementation of the TeX system, especially for Unix systems.  It
corresponds to Web2c version 2010, released in
July 2010.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>:                 A brief introduction. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Installation">Installation</a>:                 How to compile and install Web2c. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>:                Option syntax, standard options, memory dumps. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#TeX">TeX</a>:                          Typesetting. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>:                     Typeface design. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>:                     Technical illustrations. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a>:                       Reusable bibliographies. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#WEB">WEB</a>:                          Literate programming. 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>:                DVI expansion. 
<li><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>:               Font format conversion. 
<li><a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a>:                    Blah blah blah. 
<li><a href="#References">References</a>:                   Books and such. 
<li><a href="#Index">Index</a>:                        General index. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="Introduction"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Installation">Installation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Top">Top</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>

<p><a name="index-introduction-1"></a>
This manual corresponds to version 2010 of Web2c, released in
July 2010.

   <p><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-2"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-Web2c-implementation-of-3"></a><a name="index-Hobby_002c-John-4"></a><a name="index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter-5"></a><dfn>Web2c</dfn> is the name of a TeX implementation, originally for Unix,
but now also running under DOS, Amiga, and other operating systems. By
<dfn>TeX implementation</dfn>, we mean all of the standard programs
developed by the Stanford TeX project directed by Donald E. Knuth:
Metafont, DVItype, GFtoDVI, BibTeX, Tangle, etc., as well as TeX
itself. Other programs are also included: DVIcopy, written by Peter
Breitenlohner, MetaPost and its utilities (derived from Metafont), by
John Hobby, etc.

   <p><a name="index-translation-from-WEB-to-C-6"></a><a name="index-strategy_002c-overall-7"></a>General strategy: Web2c works, as its name implies, by translating the
WEB source in which TeX is written into C source code. Its output is
not self-contained, however; it makes extensive use of many macros and
functions in a library (the <samp><span class="file">web2c/lib</span></samp> directory in the sources). 
Therefore, it will not work without change on an arbitrary WEB program.

   <p><a name="index-licensing-terms-8"></a><a name="index-freedom-of-Web2c-9"></a><a name="index-ice-cream-10"></a><a name="index-Henry_002c-Patrick-11"></a>Availability: All of Web2c is freely available&mdash;&ldquo;free&rdquo; both in the
sense of no cost (free ice cream) and of having the source code to
modify and/or redistribute (free speech).  See <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>, for the practical details of how to obtain Web2c.

   <p>Different parts of the Web2c distribution have different licensing
terms, however, reflecting the different circumstances of their
creation; consult each source file for exact details.  The main
practical implication for redistributors of Web2c is that the executables
are covered by the GNU General Public License, and therefore anyone
who gets a binary distribution must also get the sources, as explained
by the terms of the GPL (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Copying">Copying</a>). The
GPL covers the Web2c executables, including <code>tex</code>, because the Free
Software Foundation sponsored the initial development of the Kpathsea
library that Web2c uses.  The basic source files from Stanford, however,
have their own copyright terms or are in the public domain, and are not
covered by the GPL.

   <p><a name="index-history-12"></a><a name="index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas-13"></a><a name="index-Trickey_002c-Howard-14"></a><a name="index-Curtis_002c-Pavel-15"></a><a name="index-Morgan_002c-Tim-16"></a><a name="index-Berry_002c-Karl-17"></a><a name="index-Weber_002c-Olaf-18"></a>History: Tomas Rokicki originated the TeX-to-C system in 1987,
working from the first change files for TeX under Unix, which were
done primarily by Howard Trickey and Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan then took
over development and maintenance for a number of years; the name changed
to Web-to-C somewhere in there.  In 1990, Karl Berry became the
maintainer.  He made many changes to the original sources, and started
using the shorter name Web2c.  In 1997, Olaf Weber took over.  Dozens of
other people have contributed; their names are listed in the
<samp><span class="file">ChangeLog</span></samp> files.

   <p><a name="index-acknowledgements-19"></a><a name="index-Martin_002c-Rick-20"></a><a name="index-Morris_002c-Bob-21"></a><a name="index-Stallman_002c-Richard-22"></a>Other acknowledgements: The University of Massachusetts at Boston
(particularly Rick Martin and Bob Morris) provided computers and ftp
access to me for many years.  Richard Stallman at the Free Software
Foundation employed me while I wrote the original path searching library
(for the GNU font utilities).  (rms also gave us Emacs, GDB, and GCC,
without which I cannot imagine developing Web2c.)  And, of course,
TeX would not exist in the first place without Donald E. Knuth.

   <p><a name="index-reading_002c-additional-23"></a>Further reading: See <a href="#References">References</a>.

<div class="node">
<a name="Installation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">2 Installation</h2>

<p><a name="index-configuration-24"></a><a name="index-compilation-25"></a><a name="index-installation-26"></a>
(A copy of this chapter is in the distribution file <samp><span class="file">web2c/INSTALL</span></samp>.)

   <p>Installing Web2c is mostly the same as installing any other
Kpathsea-using program.  Therefore, for the basic steps involved,
see <a href="kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a>.  (A copy is in the file
<samp><span class="file">kpathsea/INSTALL</span></samp>.)

   <p>One peculiarity to Web2c is that the source distribution comes in two
files: <samp><span class="file">web.tar.gz</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">web2c.tar.gz</span></samp>.  You must retrieve and
unpack them both.  (We have two because the former archive contains the
very large and seldom-changing original WEB source files.) 
See <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>.

   <p><a name="index-mpost_0040r_007b_002c-reason-for-name-change_007d-27"></a>Another peculiarity is the MetaPost program.  Although it has been
installed previously as <code>mp</code>, as of Web2c 7.0 the installed name is
now <code>mpost</code>, to avoid conflict with the <code>mp</code> program that does
prettyprinting.  This approach was recommended by the MetaPost author,
John Hobby.  If you as the TeX administrator wish to make it
available under its shorter name as well, you will have to set up a link
or some such yourself.  And of course individual users can do the same.

   <p>For solutions to common installation problems and information on how to
report a bug, see the file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/BUGS</span></samp> (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Bugs">Bugs</a>).  See also the Web2c home page,
<a href="http://www.tug.org/web2c">http://www.tug.org/web2c</a>.

   <p>Points worth repeating:

     <ul>
<li><a name="index-directory-structure-28"></a><a name="index-basic-fonts-and-macros-29"></a><a name="index-fonts_002c-basic-30"></a><a name="index-macros_002c-basic-31"></a>Before starting the standard compilation and installation you must
install the basic fonts, macros, and other library files. 
See <a href="kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a>.

     <li>If you do not wish to use the standard file locations, see <a href="kpathsea.html#Changing-search-paths">Changing search paths</a>.

     <li>Some Web2c features are enabled or disabled at <code>configure</code> time,
as described in the first section below.

   </ul>

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#configure-options">configure options</a>:            Especially --with and --enable. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a>:         Unusual -D's. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a>: 		Breaking down the task. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a>:                     Running the torture tests. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a>:              Array sizes and the like. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="configure-options"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</h3>

<p><a name="index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime-32"></a><a name="index-compile_002dtime-options-33"></a><a name="index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-_0040r_007boptions_007d-34"></a>This section gives pointers to descriptions of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable</span></samp>&rsquo; <code>configure</code> arguments that Web2c accepts.  Some are
specific to Web2c, others are generic to all Kpathsea-using programs.

   <p>For a list of all the options <code>configure</code> accepts, run
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">configure --help</span></samp>&rsquo;.  The generic options are listed first, and the
package-specific options come last.

   <p>For a description of the generic options (which mainly allow you to
specify installation directories) and basic <code>configure</code> usage,
see <a href="autoconf.html#Invoking-configure">Running <code>configure</code> scripts</a>, a copy is in the file <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/CONFIGURE</span></samp>.

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Do not make fmt/base/mem files sharable across different endian
architectures.  See <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketexmf-default</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketexpk-default</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--without-maketextfm-default</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-maketextex-default</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs.  See <a href="kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.  The defaults are the inverse of
the options, i.e., everything is enabled except <code>mktextex</code>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-shared</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Build Kpathsea as a shared library.  See <a href="kpathsea.html#Shared-library">Shared library</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor=</span><var>cmd</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Change the default editor invoked by the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">e</span></samp>&rsquo; interactive command. 
See <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-epsfwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-hp2627win</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-mftalkwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-nextwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-regiswin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-suntoolswin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-tektronixwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-unitermwin</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x-toolkit=KIT</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11win</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x11</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Define Metafont graphics support; by default, no graphics support is
enabled.  See <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--x-includes=</span><var>dir</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--x-libraries=</span><var>dir</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd>Define the locations of the X11 include files and libraries; by default,
<code>configure</code> does its best to guess).  See <a href="autoconf.html#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a>.  A copy is in <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/CONFIGURE</span></samp>. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Compile-time-options"></a>
<a name="Compile_002dtime-options"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#configure-options">configure options</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">2.2 Compile-time options</h3>

<p><a name="index-compile_002dtime-options-35"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040samp_007b_0023define_007d-options-36"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dD-_0040r_007bcompiler-options_007d-37"></a>In addition to the <code>configure</code> options listed in the previous
section, there are a few things that can be affected at compile-time
with C definitions, rather than with <code>configure</code>.  Using any of
these is unusual.

   <p>To specify extra compiler flags (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-D</span><var>name</var></samp>&rsquo; in this case), the
simplest thing to do is:
<pre class="example">     make XCFLAGS="<var>ccoptions</var>"
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">You can also set the <code>CFLAGS</code> environment variable before
running <code>configure</code>.  See <a href="kpathsea.html#configure-environment">configure environment</a>.

   <p>Anyway, here are the possibilities:

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-DFIXPT</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-DNO_MF_ASM</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-FIXPT-38"></a><a name="index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic-39"></a><a name="index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic-40"></a><a name="index-assembly-language-routines-41"></a><a name="index-fraction-routines-42"></a>Use the original WEB fixed-point routines for Metafont and MetaPost
arithmetic calculations regarding fractions.  By default,
assembly-language routines are used on x86 hardware with GNU C (unless
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">NO_MF_ASM</span></samp>&rsquo; is defined), and floating-point routines are used
otherwise.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-DIPC_DEBUG</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-43"></a>Report on various interprocess communication activities.  See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Additional-targets"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">2.3 Additional targets</h3>

<p><a name="index-additional-Make-targets-44"></a><a name="index-targets_002c-additional-Make-45"></a><a name="index-Make-targets_002c-additional-46"></a>
Web2c has several Make targets besides the standard ones.  You can invoke
these either in the top level directory of the source distribution (the
one containing <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">web2c/</span></samp>), or in the
<samp><span class="file">web2c/</span></samp> directory.

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">c-sources</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-c_002dsources-_0040r_007bMakefile-target_007d-47"></a><a name="index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on-48"></a>Make only the C files, translated from the Web sources, presumably
because you want to take them to a non-Unix machine.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">formats</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">install-formats</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-formats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-49"></a><a name="index-install_002dformats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-50"></a>Make or install all the memory dumps (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  By
default, the standard plain formats plus <samp><span class="file">latex.fmt</span></samp> are made.  You
can add other formats by redefining the <code>fmts</code>, <code>bases</code>, and
<code>mems</code> variables.  See the top of <samp><span class="file">web2c/Makefile</span></samp> for the
possibilities.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">fmts</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">install-fmts</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-fmts-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-51"></a><a name="index-install_002dfmts-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-52"></a>Make or install the TeX <samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bases</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">install-bases</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-bases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-53"></a><a name="index-install_002dbases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-54"></a>
Make or install the Metafont <samp><span class="file">.base</span></samp> files.  See <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mems</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">install-mems</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-mems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-55"></a><a name="index-install_002dmems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-56"></a>Make or install the MetaPost <samp><span class="file">.mem</span></samp> files.  See <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">triptrap</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">trip</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">trap</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mptrap</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-triptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-57"></a><a name="index-trip-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-58"></a><a name="index-trap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-59"></a><a name="index-mptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-60"></a>To run the torture tests for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost
(respectively).  See the next section.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Triptrap"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</h3>

<p><a name="index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat-61"></a><a name="index-trip-test-62"></a><a name="index-trap-test-63"></a><a name="index-mptrap-test-64"></a><a name="index-torture-tests-65"></a>
<a name="index-tripman_002etex-66"></a><a name="index-trapman_002etex-67"></a><a name="index-mptrap_002ereadme-68"></a>To validate your TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost executables, run
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">make triptrap</span></samp>&rsquo;.  This runs the trip, trap, and mptrap &ldquo;torture
tests&rdquo;.  See the files <samp><span class="file">triptrap/tripman.tex</span></samp>,
<samp><span class="file">triptrap/trapman.tex</span></samp>, and <samp><span class="file">triptrap/mptrap.readme</span></samp> for
detailed information and background on the tests.

   <p>The differences between your executables' behavior and the standard
values will show up on your terminal.  The usual differences (these are
all acceptable) are:

     <ul>
<li>string usage and table sizes;
<li>glue set ratios;
<li>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">down4</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">right4</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">y4</span></samp>&rsquo; commands in DVItype output;
<li>dates and times. 
</ul>

<p class="noindent">Any other differences are trouble. The most common culprit in
the past has been compiler bugs, especially when optimizing. 
See <a href="kpathsea.html#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a>.

   <p>The files <samp><span class="file">trip.diffs</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">mftrap.diffs</span></samp>, and
<samp><span class="file">mptrap.diffs</span></samp> in the <samp><span class="file">triptrap</span></samp> directory show the standard
diffs against the original output.  If you diff your diffs against these
files, you should come up clean.  For example
<pre class="example">     make trip &gt;&amp;mytrip.diffs
     diff triptrap/trip.diffs mytrip.diffs
</pre>
   <p>To run the tests separately, use the targets <code>trip</code>, <code>trap</code>,
and <code>mptrap</code>.

   <p>To run simple tests for all the programs as well as the torture tests,
run &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">make check</span></samp>&rsquo;.  You can compare the output to the distributed
file <samp><span class="file">tests/check.log</span></samp> if you like.

<div class="node">
<a name="Runtime-options"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Installation">Installation</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">2.5 Runtime options</h3>

<p><a name="index-runtime-options-69"></a>
<a name="index-configuration-file-values-70"></a><a name="index-array-sizes-71"></a>Besides the configure- and compile-time options described in the
previous sections, you can control a number of parameters (in
particular, array sizes) in the <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> runtime file read by
Kpathsea (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a>).

   <p>Rather than exhaustively listing them here, please see the last section
of the distributed <samp><span class="file">kpathsea/texmf.cnf</span></samp>.  Some of the more
interesting values:

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">main_memory</span></samp>&rsquo;<a name="index-main_005fmemory-72"></a><dd>Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. 
Must remake the format file after changing.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">extra_mem_bot</span></samp>&rsquo;<a name="index-extra_005fmem_005fbot-73"></a><dd><a name="index-boxes_002c-memory-for-74"></a><a name="index-glue_002c-memory-for-75"></a><a name="index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for-76"></a><a name="index-PiC_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-increasing-memory-for-77"></a>Extra space for &ldquo;large&rdquo; TeX data structures: boxes, glue,
breakpoints, et al.  If you use PiCTeX, you may well want to set this.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">font_mem_size</span></samp>&rsquo;<a name="index-font_005fmem_005fsize-78"></a><dd><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-memory-for-79"></a>Words of font info available for TeX; this is approximately the total
size of all TFM files read.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">hash_extra</span></samp>&rsquo;<a name="index-hash_005fextra-80"></a><dd><a name="index-control-sequence-names_002c-space-for-81"></a><a name="index-hash-table_002c-increasing-size-of-82"></a>Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names. 
Approximately 10,000 control sequences can be stored in the main hash
table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
this might not be enough, and thus you will want to set <code>hash_extra</code>.

   </dl>

   <p><a name="index-array-limit_002c-fixed-83"></a><a name="index-swap-space_002c-as-array-limit-84"></a><a name="index-reallocation-of-arrays-85"></a><a name="index-dynamic-array-allocation-86"></a>Of course, ideally all arrays would be dynamically expanded as
necessary, so the only limiting factor would be the amount of swap space
available.  Unfortunately, implementing this is extremely difficult, as
the fixed size of arrays is assumed in many places throughout the source
code.  These runtime limits are a practical compromise between the
compile-time limits in previous versions, and truly dynamic arrays.  (On
the other hand, the Web2c BibTeX implementation does do dynamic
reallocation of some arrays.)

<div class="node">
<a name="Commonalities"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#TeX">TeX</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Installation">Installation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">3 Commonalities</h2>

<p><a name="index-commonalities-87"></a>
Many aspects of the TeX system are the same among more than one
program, so we describe all those pieces together, here.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a>:    -- or -, = or ` ' for values. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>:        --help --version --verbose, and TeX/MF/MP options. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>:        Features of the common path searching library. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a>:  TEXMFOUTPUT allows output in places other than `.'. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a>:        TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a lot in common. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="Option-conventions"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">3.1 Option conventions</h3>

<p><a name="index-option-conventions-88"></a><a name="index-conventions-for-options_002c-89"></a>
<a name="index-getopt_005flong_005fonly-90"></a>To provide a clean and consistent behavior, we chose to have all these
programs use the GNU function <code>getopt_long_only</code> to parse command
lines.  However, we do use in a restricted mode, where all the options
have to come before the rest of the arguments.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_002d-_0040r_007bstarts-option-names_007d-91"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002d-_0040r_007bstarts-option-names_007d-92"></a>As a result, you can:
     <ul>
<li>use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--</span></samp>&rsquo; to start an option name;

     <li>use any unambiguous abbreviation for an option name;

     <li>separate option names and values with either &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">=</span></samp>&rsquo; or one or more
spaces;

     <li><a name="index-g_t_002d-_0040r_007bstarting-a-filename_007d-93"></a><a name="index-filenames-starting-with-_0040samp_007b_002d_007d-94"></a>use filenames that would otherwise look like options by putting them
after an option &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--</span></samp>&rsquo;. 
</ul>

   <p>By convention, non-option arguments, if specified, generally define the
name of an input file, as documented for each program.

   <p>If a particular option with a value is given more than once, it is the
last value that counts.

   <p>For example, the following command line specifies the options
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bar</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;; gives the value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">baz</span></samp>&rsquo;
to the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">abc</span></samp>&rsquo; option, and the value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xyz</span></samp>&rsquo; to the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">quux</span></samp>&rsquo;
option; and specifies the filename <samp><span class="file">-myfile-</span></samp>.

<pre class="example">     -foo --bar -verb -abc=baz -quux karl --quux xyz -- -myfile-
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<a name="Common-options"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">3.2 Common options</h3>

<p><a name="index-common-options-95"></a>All of these programs accept the standard GNU &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; options, and several programs accept
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;.  Rather than writing identical descriptions for
every program, they are described here.

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-96"></a><a name="index-help_002c-online-97"></a>Print a usage message listing basic usage and all available options to
standard output, then exit successfully.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-98"></a><a name="index-verbosity_002c-enabling-99"></a>Print progress reports to standard output.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dversion-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-100"></a><a name="index-version-number_002c-finding-101"></a>Print the version number to standard output, then exit successfully. 
</dl>

   <p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of additional options in
common:

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror-102"></a><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-103"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle-104"></a><a name="index-changing-error-messages-style-105"></a>Change (or do not change) the way error messages are printed. The
alternate style looks like error messages from many compilers and is
easier to parse for some editors that invoke TeX.  This option used
to be called &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-file-line-error-style</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-base=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mem=</span><var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-106"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-107"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-108"></a><a name="index-dump-file-109"></a>Use <var>dumpname</var> instead of the program name or a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo; line to
determine the name of the memory dump file read (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">fmt</span></samp>&rsquo; for TeX,
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">base</span></samp>&rsquo; for Metafont, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mem</span></samp>&rsquo; for MetaPost).  See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>.  Also sets the program name to <var>dumpname</var> if no
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname</span></samp>&rsquo; option was given.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dhalt_002don_002derror-110"></a><a name="index-stopping-at-the-first-error-111"></a>Stop processing and exit when an error occurs, as opposed to the normal
process of trying to recover and continue.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dini-112"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-113"></a><a name="index-initial-form_002c-enabling-114"></a>Enable the &ldquo;initial&rdquo; form of the program (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>).  This is implicitly set if the program name is <code>initex</code>
resp. <code>inimf</code> resp. <code>inimpost</code>, although these variants
are no longer typically installed.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dinteraction_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-115"></a><a name="index-interaction-mode-116"></a>Set the interaction mode from the command line.  The <var>string</var> must
be one of &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">batchmode</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">nonstopmode</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">scrollmode</span></samp>&rsquo;, or
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">errorstopmode</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002djobname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-117"></a><a name="index-job-name-118"></a>Set the job name to <var>string</var>, instead of deriving it from the name
of the input file.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-119"></a><a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-120"></a><a name="index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying-121"></a><a name="index-path-searching-debugging-122"></a>Set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of <var>number</var>
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Debugging">Debugging</a>).  You can also specify this in
<code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> environment variable (for all Web2c programs). 
(The command line value overrides.)  The most useful value is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo;,
to get all available output.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory=</span><var>dirname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-123"></a><a name="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-124"></a>Specify the directory <var>dirname</var> to which output files are written. 
Also look for input files in <var>dirname</var> first, before looking along
the normal search path.  This is useful when you are in some read-only
distribution directory, perhaps on a CD-ROM, and want to TeX some
documentation, for example. 
<!-- FIXME: caveat to -output-directory -->
Note that for input files the &ldquo;search&rdquo; in <var>dirname</var> does
not use the full generality of the search mechanism.  This means that
some files are not found there even though you might expect them to be.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-125"></a><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-126"></a><a name="index-parsing-the-first-line-127"></a>Check or disable checking whether the first line of the main input
file starts with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo;, and parse it if it does.  This line can be
used specify the format and/or a TCX file.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-128"></a><a name="index-binaries_002c-linking-129"></a><a name="index-linking-binaries-130"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-131"></a>Set program (and memory dump) name to <var>string</var>.  This may affect the
search paths and other values used (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a>).  Using this option is equivalent to making a link named
<var>string</var> to the binary and then invoking the binary under that
name.  See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002drecorder-132"></a><a name="index-file-recorder-133"></a>Enable the filename recorder.  This makes the program save a list of the
opened files into a file with (by default) extension &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.fls</span></samp>&rsquo;.  For
Aleph, this option is always on, and the file has extension &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.ofl</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtranslate_002dfile_003d_0040var_007btcxfile_007d-134"></a><a name="index-translation-file-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-specifying-135"></a><a name="index-g_t_002etcx-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-136"></a><a name="index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file-137"></a>Use <var>tcxfile</var> to define which characters are printable and translations
between the internal and external character sets.   Moreover,
<var>tcxfile</var> can be explicitly declared in  the first line of the main
input file &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp; -translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;. 
This is the recommended method for portability reasons. 
See <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002d8bit-138"></a><a name="index-g_t8-bit-clean-139"></a><a name="index-g_t8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying-140"></a>This option specifies that by default all characters should be
considered printable.  If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file</span></samp>&rsquo; was given as well, then the
TCX file may mark characters as non-printable.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-oem</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doem-141"></a><a name="index-using-local-codepage-to-display-messages-142"></a>This option is specific to Windows. When specified, TeX engines will use the
OEM code page rather than the ANSI one to display their messages.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Path-searching"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">3.3 Path searching</h3>

<p><a name="index-path-searching-143"></a>
<a name="index-texmf_002ecnf-144"></a><a name="index-configuration-file-reading-145"></a>All of the Web2c programs, including TeX, which do path searching use
the Kpathsea routines to do so.  The precise names of the environment
and configuration file variables which get searched for particular file
formatted are therefore documented in the Kpathsea manual
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>).  Reading
<samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a>), invoking
<code>mktex...</code> scripts (see <a href="kpathsea.html#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>), and so on are all handled by Kpathsea.

   <p><a name="index-font-aliases-146"></a><a name="index-aliases-for-fonts-147"></a><a name="index-texfonts_002emap-148"></a>The programs which read fonts make use of another Kpathsea feature:
<samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp>, which allows arbitrary aliases for the actual names
of font files; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Times-Roman</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ptmr8r.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo;. 
The distributed (and installed by default) <samp><span class="file">texfonts.map</span></samp> includes
aliases for many widely available PostScript fonts by their PostScript
names.

<div class="node">
<a name="Output-file-location"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">3.4 Output file location</h3>

<p><a name="index-output-file-location-149"></a><a name="index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output-150"></a><a name="index-g_t_002e_0040r_007b_002c-used-for-output_007d-151"></a>All the programs generally follow the usual convention for output files. 
Namely, they are placed in the directory current when the program is
run, regardless of any input file location; or, in a few cases, output
is to standard output.

   <p>For example, if you run &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex /tmp/foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, for example, the output
will be in <samp><span class="file">./foo.dvi</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">./foo.log</span></samp>, not
<samp><span class="file">/tmp/foo.dvi</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">/tmp/foo.log</span></samp>.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-152"></a><a name="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-153"></a><a name="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-_0040TeX_007b_007d-in-154"></a>You can use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo; option to cause all output
files that would normally be written in the current directory to be
written in the specified directory instead.  See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.

   <p><a name="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_0040r_007b_002c-used-if-_0040samp_007b_002e_007d-unwritable_007d-155"></a><a name="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-_0040TeX_007b_007d-in-156"></a>If the current directory is not writable, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo;
is not specified, the main programs (TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and
BibTeX) make an exception: if the config file value
<code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set (it is not by default), output files are
written to the directory specified.

   <p><a name="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_0040r_007b_002c-used-for-reading_007d-157"></a><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is also checked for input files, as TeX often
generates files that need to be subsequently read; for input, no
suffixes (such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tex</span></samp>&rsquo;) are added by default, the input name is
simply checked as given.

<div class="node">
<a name="Three-programs"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">3.5 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</h3>

<p><a name="index-three-programs-158"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-Metafont_002c-and-MetaPost-159"></a><a name="index-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-_0040TeX_007b_007d-160"></a><a name="index-MetaPost_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-and-Metafont-161"></a>
TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of features in common. 
Besides the ones here, the common command-line options are described in
the previous section.  The configuration file options that let you
control some array sizes and other features are described in
<a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a>.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>:           Making memory dumps vs. production runs. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>:                 .fmt/.base/.mem files for fast startup. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a>:            The `e' response at errors. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a>:             ~ and $ expansion in TeX/MF/MP. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="Initial-and-virgin"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">3.5.1 Initial and virgin</h4>

<p><a name="index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin-162"></a>The TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost programs each have two main
variants, called <dfn>initial</dfn> and <dfn>virgin</dfn>.  As of Web2c 7, one
executable suffices for both variants, and in fact, the <code>ini...</code>
executables are no longer created.

   <p>The initial form is enabled if:
     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li><a name="index-g_t_002dini-163"></a>the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo; option was specified; or
<li>the program name is <samp><span class="file">initex</span></samp> resp. <samp><span class="file">inimf</span></samp> resp. 
<samp><span class="file">inimpost</span></samp> (these variants are no longer typically installed); or
<li>the first line of the main input file is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%&amp;ini</span></samp>&rsquo;;
        </ol>
otherwise, the virgin form is used.

   <p><a name="index-virgin-programs-164"></a><a name="index-production-use-165"></a>The <dfn>virgin</dfn> form is the one generally invoked for production use. 
The first thing it does is read a memory dump (see <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a>), and then proceeds on with the main job.

   <p><a name="index-initial-programs-166"></a><a name="index-initializations_002c-lengthy-167"></a>The <dfn>initial</dfn> form is generally used only to create memory dumps
(see the next section).  It starts up more slowly than the virgin form,
because it must do lengthy initializations that are encapsulated in the
memory dump file.

<div class="node">
<a name="Memory-dumps"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">3.5.2 Memory dumps</h4>

<p><a name="index-memory-dumps-168"></a>
<a name="index-dumping-memory-169"></a><a name="index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps-170"></a><a name="index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps-171"></a>In typical use, TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost require a large number of
macros to be predefined; therefore, they support <dfn>memory dump</dfn>
files, which can be read much more efficiently than ordinary source
code.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a>
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a>
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="Creating-memory-dumps"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>

</div>

<h5 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.1 Creating memory dumps</h5>

<p><a name="index-memory-dumps_002c-creating-172"></a><a name="index-creating-memory-dumps-173"></a><a name="index-writing-memory-dumps-174"></a>
The programs all create memory dumps in slightly idiosyncratic (thought
substantially similar) way, so we describe the details in separate
sections (references below).  The basic idea is to run the initial
version of the program (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), read the source
file to define the macros, and then execute the <code>\dump</code> primitive.

   <p>Also, each program uses a different filename extension for its memory
dumps, since although they are completely analogous they are not
interchangeable (TeX cannot read a Metafont memory dump, for
example).

   <p>Here is a list of filename extensions with references to examples of
creating memory dumps:

     <dl>
<dt>TeX<dd>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.fmt</span></samp>&rsquo;) See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.

     <br><dt>Metafont<dd>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.base</span></samp>&rsquo;) See <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>.

     <br><dt>MetaPost<dd>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.mem</span></samp>&rsquo;) See <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>. 
</dl>

   <p>When making memory dumps, the programs read environment variables and
configuration files for path searching and other values as usual.  If
you are making a new installation and have environment variables
pointing to an old one, for example, you will probably run into
difficulties.

<div class="node">
<a name="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>

</div>

<h5 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.2 Determining the memory dump to use</h5>

<p><a name="index-memory-dump-to-use_002c-determining-175"></a><a name="index-fmt-file_002c-determining-176"></a><a name="index-base-file_002c-determining-177"></a><a name="index-mem-file_002c-determining-178"></a>
The virgin form (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>) of each program always
reads a memory dump before processing normal source input.  All three
programs determine the memory dump to use in the same way:

     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li>If the first non-option command-line argument begins with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo;, the
program uses the remainder of that argument as the memory dump name. 
For example, running &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex \&amp;super</span></samp>&rsquo; reads <samp><span class="file">super.fmt</span></samp>.  (The
backslash protects the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">&amp;</span></samp>&rsquo; against interpretation by the shell.)

     <li><a name="index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bfmt_007d-179"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bbase_007d-180"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bmem_007d-181"></a>If the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt</span></samp>&rsquo; resp. &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-base</span></samp>&rsquo; resp. &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mem</span></samp>&rsquo; option is
specified, its value is used.

     <li><a name="index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-182"></a>If the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname</span></samp>&rsquo; option is specified, its value is used.

     <li><a name="index-g_t_0025_0026-_0040r_007bmagic-number_007d-183"></a>If the first line of the main input file (which must be specified on the
command line, not in response to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">**</span></samp>&rsquo;) is <code>%&amp;</code><var>dump</var>, and
<var>dump</var> is an existing memory dump of the appropriate type,
<var>dump</var> is used.

     <p>The first line of the main input file can also specify which character
translation file is to be used: <code>%&amp;-translate-file=</code><var>tcxfile</var>
(see <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a>).

     <p>These two roles can be combined: <code>%&amp;</code><var>dump</var><code>
-translate-file=</code><var>tcxfile</var>.  If this is done, the name of the dump
must be given first.

     <li><a name="index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump-184"></a><a name="index-links-to-binaries-185"></a>Otherwise, the program uses the program invocation name, most commonly
<samp><span class="file">tex</span></samp> resp. <samp><span class="file">mf</span></samp> resp. <samp><span class="file">mpost</span></samp>.  For example, if
<samp><span class="file">latex</span></samp> is a link to <samp><span class="file">tex</span></samp>, and the user runs &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">latex
foo</span></samp>&rsquo;, <samp><span class="file">latex.fmt</span></samp> will be used.

        </ol>

<div class="node">
<a name="Hardware-and-memory-dumps"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>

</div>

<h5 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.3 Hardware and memory dumps</h5>

<p><a name="index-hardware-and-memory-dumps-186"></a><a name="index-memory-dumps-and-hardware-187"></a><a name="index-sharing-memory-dumps-188"></a><a name="index-fmt-files_002c-sharing-189"></a><a name="index-base-files_002c-sharing-190"></a><a name="index-mem-files_002c-sharing-191"></a>
<a name="index-LittleEndian-machines-192"></a><a name="index-BigEndian-machines-193"></a><a name="index-endian-dependencies-194"></a><a name="index-machine-dependencies-195"></a><a name="index-architecture-dependencies-196"></a><a name="index-dependencies_002c-hardware-197"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-_0040r_007boption_007d-198"></a>By default, memory dump files are generally sharable between
architectures of different types; specifically, on machines of different
endianness (see <a href="libc.html#Byte-order">Byte order</a>).  (This is a
feature of the Web2c implementation, and is not true of all TeX
implementations.)  If you specify &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>&rsquo; to
<code>configure</code>, however, memory dumps will be endian-dependent.

   <p><a name="index-byte-swapping-199"></a><a name="index-swapping-bytes-200"></a>The reason to do this is speed.  To achieve endian-independence, the
reading of memory dumps on LittleEndian architectures, such as PC's and
DEC architectures, is somewhat slowed (all the multibyte values have to
be swapped).  Usually, this is not noticeable, and the advantage of
being able to share memory dumps across all platforms at a site far
outweighs the speed loss.  But if you're installing Web2c for use on
LittleEndian machines only, perhaps on a PC being used only by you, you
may wish to get maximum speed.

   <p><a name="index-floating_002dpoint-values-201"></a><a name="index-glue-ratio-representations-202"></a>TeXnically, even without &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--disable-dump-share</span></samp>&rsquo;, sharing of
<samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp> files cannot be guaranteed to work.  Floating-point values
are always written in native format, and hence will generally not be
readable across platforms.  Fortunately, TeX uses floating point only
to represent glue ratios, and all common formats (plain, LaTeX,
AMSTeX, <small class="dots">...</small>) do not do any glue setting at <samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp>-creation
time.  Metafont and MetaPost do not use floating point in any dumped
value at all.

   <p><a name="index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps-203"></a><a name="index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps-204"></a><a name="index-memory-dumps_002c-contain-date-and-time-205"></a>Incidentally, different memory dump files will never compare equal
byte-for-byte, because the program always dumps the current date and
time. So don't be alarmed by just a few bytes difference.

   <p><a name="index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e-206"></a><a name="index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e-207"></a>If you don't know what endianness your machine is, and you're curious,
here is a little C program to tell you. (The <code>configure</code> script
contains a similar program.)  This is from the book <cite>C: A Reference
Manual</cite>, by Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele
Jr. (see <a href="#References">References</a>).

<pre class="example">     main ()
     {
       /* Are we little or big endian?  From Harbison&amp;Steele.  */
       union
       {
         long l;
         char c[sizeof (long)];
       } u;
       u.l = 1;
       if (u.c[0] == 1)
         printf ("LittleEndian\n");
       else if (u.c[sizeof (long) - 1] == 1)
         printf ("BigEndian\n");
       else
         printf ("unknownEndian");
     
       exit (u.c[sizeof (long) - 1] == 1);
     }
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<a name="Editor-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">3.5.3 Editor invocation</h4>

<p><a name="index-editor-invoked-at-error-208"></a><a name="index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at-209"></a><a name="index-e-_0040r_007bresponse-at-error-prompt_007d-210"></a>
TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost all (by default) stop and ask for user
intervention at an error.  If the user responds with <kbd>e</kbd> or <kbd>E</kbd>,
the program invokes an editor.

   <p><a name="index-TEXEDIT-211"></a><a name="index-MFEDIT-212"></a><a name="index-MPEDIT-213"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003d_0040var_007bcmd_007d-214"></a>Specifying &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor=</span><var>cmd</var></samp>&rsquo; to <code>configure</code> sets the
default editor command string to <var>cmd</var>.  The environment
variables/configuration values <code>TEXEDIT</code>, <code>MFEDIT</code>, and
<code>MPEDIT</code> (respectively) override this.  If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-editor</span></samp>&rsquo; is
not specified, the default is <code>vi +%d %s</code>.

   <p>In this string, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%d</span></samp>&rsquo; is replaced by the line number of the error,
and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%s</span></samp>&rsquo; is replaced by the name of the current input file.

<div class="node">
<a name="%5cinput-filenames"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cinput-filenames"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">3.5.4 <code>\input</code> filenames</h4>

<p><a name="index-input-filenames-215"></a><a name="index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files-216"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cinput-_0040r_007bfilenames_007d-217"></a>
TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost source programs can all read other source
files with the <code>\input</code> (TeX) and <code>input</code> (MF and MP)
primitives:
<pre class="example">     \input <var>name</var> % in TeX
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-space_002dterminated-filenames-218"></a><a name="index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames-219"></a><a name="index-terminator-for-filenames-220"></a>The file <var>name</var> can always be terminated with whitespace; for
Metafont and MetaPost, the statement terminator &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">;</span></samp>&rsquo; also works. 
(LaTeX and other macro packages provide other interfaces to
<code>\input</code> that allow different notation; here we are concerned only
with the primitive operation.)

   <p>As of Web2c version 7.5.3, double-quote characters can be used to
include spaces or other special cases.  In typical use, the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">"</span></samp>&rsquo;
characters surround the entire filename:
<pre class="example">     \input "filename with spaces"
</pre>
   <p>Technically, the quote characters can be used inside the name, and
can enclose any characters, as in:
<pre class="example">     \input filename" "with" "spaces
</pre>
   <p>One more point.  In LaTeX, the quotes are needed inside the braces, thus
<pre class="example">     \input{a b}    % fails
     \input{"a b"}  % ok
</pre>
   <p>This quoting mechanism comes into play <em>after</em> TeX has
tokenized and expanded the input.  So, multiple spaces and tabs may be
seen as a single space, active characters such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>&rsquo; are
expanded first, and so on.  (See below.)

   <p><a name="index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames-221"></a><a name="index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames-222"></a><a name="index-meta-characters-in-filenames-223"></a>On the other hand, various C library routines and Unix itself use the null
byte (character code zero, ASCII NUL) to terminate strings.  So
filenames in Web2c cannot contain nulls, even though TeX itself does
not treat NUL specially. 
In addition, some older Unix variants do not allow eight-bit characters
(codes 128&ndash;255) in filenames.

   <p><a name="index-portable-filenames-224"></a>For maximal portability of your document across systems, use only the
characters &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>&rsquo;&ndash;&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">z</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo;&ndash;&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">9</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
restrict your filenames to at most eight characters (not including the
extension), and at most a three-character extension.  Do not use
anything but simple filenames, since directory separators vary among
systems; instead, add the necessary directories to the appropriate
search path.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_007e-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-225"></a><a name="index-g_t_0024-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-226"></a>Finally, the present Web2c implementation does &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>&rsquo;
expansion on <var>name</var>, unlike Knuth's original implementation and
older versions of Web2c.  Thus:
<pre class="example">     \input ~jsmith/$foo.bar
</pre>
   <p>will dereference the environment variable or Kpathsea config file value
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; and read that file extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.bar</span></samp>&rsquo; in user
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">jsmith</span></samp>&rsquo;'s home directory.  You can also use braces, as in
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">${foo}bar</span></samp>&rsquo;, if you want to follow the variable name with a letter,
numeral, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">_</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   <p>(So another way to get a program to read a filename containing
whitespace is to define an environment variable and dereference it.)

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cstring-227"></a>In all the common TeX formats (plain TeX, LaTeX, AMSTeX),
the characters &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">~</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>&rsquo; have special category codes, so to
actually use these in a document you have to change their catcodes or
use <code>\string</code>.  (The result is unportable anyway, see the
suggestions above.)  The place where they are most likely to be useful
is when typing interactively.

<div class="node">
<a name="TeX"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">4 TeX: Typesetting</h2>

<p><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-description-of-228"></a><a name="index-typesetting-229"></a><a name="index-mathematical-typesetting-230"></a>
TeX is a typesetting system: it was especially designed to handle
complex mathematics, as well as most ordinary text typesetting.

   <p><a name="index-batch-languages-231"></a><a name="index-word-processor_002c-not-232"></a>TeX is a batch language, like C or Pascal, and not an interactive
&ldquo;word processor&rdquo;: you compile a TeX input file into a corresponding
device-independent (DVI) file (and then translate the DVI file to the
commands for a particular output device).  This approach has both
considerable disadvantages and considerable advantages.  For a complete
description of the TeX language, see <cite>The TeXbook</cite>
(see <a href="#References">References</a>).  Many other books on TeX, introductory and
otherwise, are available.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>:               Invoking TeX. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>:                  Making format files. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Formats">Formats</a>:                      Major TeX macro packages. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a>:    TeX supports many human languages. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>:                DVI output to a socket. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>:                  DVI output to a socket. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a>:               Changes to the TeX language. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="tex-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.1 <code>tex</code> invocation</h3>

<p><a name="index-tex-233"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-invocation-234"></a>
TeX (usually invoked as <code>tex</code>) formats the given text and
commands, and outputs a corresponding device-independent representation
of the typeset document.  This section merely describes the options
available in the Web2c implementation.  For a complete description of
the TeX typesetting language, see <cite>The TeXbook</cite>
(see <a href="#References">References</a>).

   <p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost process the command line (described
here) and determine their memory dump (fmt) file in the same way
(see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  Synopses:

<pre class="example">     tex [<var>option</var>]... [<var>texname</var>[.tex]] [<var>tex-commands</var>]
     tex [<var>option</var>]... \<var>first-line</var>
     tex [<var>option</var>]... &amp;<var>fmt</var> <var>args</var>
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_002etex-235"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-input-files-found-236"></a>TeX searches the usual places for the main input file <var>texname</var>
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>), extending
<var>texname</var> with <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> if necessary.  To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running the program.

   <p>After <var>texname</var> is read, TeX processes any remaining
<var>tex-commands</var> on the command line as regular TeX input.  Also,
if the first non-option argument begins with a TeX escape character
(usually <code>\</code>), TeX processes all non-option command-line
arguments as a line of regular TeX input.

   <p>If no arguments or options are specified, TeX prompts for an
input file name with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">**</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   <p><a name="index-texput-237"></a>TeX writes the main DVI output to the file
<samp><var>basetexname</var><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp>, where <var>basetexname</var> is the basename of
<var>texname</var>, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">texput</span></samp>&rsquo; if no input file was specified.  A DVI
file is a device-independent binary representation of your TeX
document.  The idea is that after running TeX, you translate the DVI
file using a separate program to the commands for a particular output
device, such as a PostScript printer
(see <a href="dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a>) or an X Window System display
(see xdvi(1)).

   <p><a name="index-EC-fonts-238"></a><a name="index-mktextfM_0040r_007b_002c-disabling_007d-239"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfont-_0040r_007band-dynamic-generation_007d-240"></a>TeX also reads TFM files for any fonts you load in your document with
the <code>\font</code> primitive.  By default, it runs an external program
named <samp><span class="file">mktextfm</span></samp> to create any nonexistent TFM files.  You can
disable this at configure-time or runtime (see <a href="kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>).  This is enabled mostly for the
sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005copenout-_0040r_007band-security_007d-241"></a><a name="index-security_002c-and-_0040code_007b_005copenout_007d-242"></a><a name="index-output-files_002c-written-by-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-243"></a><a name="index-Trojan-horses-and-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-244"></a><a name="index-dot-files_002c-written-by-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-245"></a><a name="index-security_002c-and-output-files-246"></a>TeX can write output files, via the <code>\openout</code> primitive; this opens
a security hole vulnerable to Trojan horse attack: an unwitting user could
run a TeX program that overwrites, say, <samp><span class="file">~/.rhosts</span></samp>.  (MetaPost has
a <code>write</code> primitive with similar implications).  To alleviate this and
similar problems the functions <code>kpathsea_out_name_ok</code> and
<code>kpathsea_in_name_ok</code> from the Kpathse library (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>) are used to determine if a given filename
is acceptable to be opened for output or input, depending on the setting of
the configuration variables <code>openout_any</code> and <code>openin_any</code>:
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">a</span></samp>&rsquo; (for &ldquo;any&rdquo;, the default for <code>openin_any</code>), &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">r</span></samp>&rsquo; (for
&ldquo;restricted&rdquo;), or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">p</span></samp>&rsquo; (for &ldquo;paranoid&rdquo;, the default for
<code>openout_any</code>).

   <p>In any case, all <code>\openout</code> filenames are recorded in the log file,
except those opened on the first line of input, which is processed when
the log file has not yet been opened.

   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-enc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. 
See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-enc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002denc-247"></a><a name="index-Unicode-input-248"></a><a name="index-UTF_002d8-input-249"></a>Enable encTeX extensions, such as <code>\mubyte</code>.  This can be used
to support Unicode UTF-8 input encoding.  See
<a href="http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html">http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dipc-250"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dipc_002dstart-251"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-_0040r_007boption_007d-252"></a>With either option, TeX writes its DVI output to a socket as well as
to the usual <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> file.  With &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ipc-start</span></samp>&rsquo;, TeX also
opens a server program at the other end to read the output.  See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>.

     <p>These options are available only if the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-ipc</span></samp>&rsquo; option was
specified to <code>configure</code> during installation of Web2c.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-253"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-254"></a>Turn on or off the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mktex</span></samp>&rsquo; script associated with <var>filetype</var>. 
For TeX proper, <var>filetype</var> can only be &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tfm</span></samp>&rsquo;, but for pdfTeX and luaTeX, it can also be &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mltex</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmltex-255"></a><a name="index-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-enabling-256"></a><a name="index-program-names_002c-special-257"></a>If we are <code>INITEX</code> (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), enable MLTeX
extensions such as <code>\charsubdef</code>.  Implicitly set if the program
name is <code>mltex</code>.  See <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-comment=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002dcomment_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-258"></a><a name="index-output_005fcomment-_0040r_007bfor-DVI-files_007d-259"></a><a name="index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying-260"></a><a name="index-regression-testing-261"></a>Use <var>string</var> as the DVI file comment.  Ordinarily, this comment
records the date and time of the TeX run, but if you are doing
regression testing, you may not want the DVI file to have this spurious
difference.  This is also taken from the environment variable and
config file value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">output_comment</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-shell-escape</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dshell_002descape-262"></a><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-shell-escape</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dshell_002descape-263"></a><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-shell-restricted</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dshell_002drestricted-264"></a>Enable, or disable, or enable with restrictions the
<code>\write18{</code><var>shell-command</var><code>}</code> feature for external executing
shell commands.  See <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-enable-write18</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002denable_002dwrite18-265"></a><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-disable-write18</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ddisable_002dwrite18-266"></a>Synonyms for <samp><span class="option">-shell-escape</span></samp> and <samp><span class="option">-no-shell-escape</span></samp>, for
compatibility with MiKTeX.  (MiKTeX also accepts both pairs of
options.)  See <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-generating-source-specials-267"></a>This option makes TeX output specific source information using
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; commands in the DVI file. These &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; track
the current file name and line number.

     <p>Using the first form of this option, the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; commands are
inserted automatically.

     <p>In the second form of the option, <var>string</var> is
a comma separated list of the following values: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cr</span></samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">display</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">hbox</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">math</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">par</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">parend</span></samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">vbox</span></samp>&rsquo;. You can use this list to specify where you want  TeX to
output such commands. For example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-src-specials=cr,math</span></samp>&rsquo; will
output source information every line and every math formula.

     <p>These commands  can  be used with  the  appropriate DVI viewer and  text
editor to switch from the current position in the editor to the same
position in the viewer and back from the viewer
to the editor.

     <p>This option works by inserting &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; commands into the token
stream, and thus in principle these additional tokens can be recovered
or seen by the tricky-enough macros.  If you run across a case, let us
know, because this counts as a bug.  However, such bugs are very hard
to fix, requiring significant changes to TeX, so please don't count
on it.

     <p>Redefining &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; will not affect the functioning of this
option.  The commands inserted into the token stream are
hard-coded to always use the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\special</span></samp>&rsquo; primitive.

     <p>TeX does not pass the trip test when this option is enabled.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Initial-TeX"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Formats">Formats</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.2 Initial TeX</h3>

<p><a name="index-initial-_0040TeX_007b_007d-268"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-initial-269"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002efmt-270"></a><a name="index-fmt-files-271"></a>The <dfn>initial</dfn> form of TeX is invoked by &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex -ini</span></samp>&rsquo;.  It
does lengthy initializations avoided by the &ldquo;virgin&rdquo; (<code>vir</code>)
form, so as to be capable of dumping &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.fmt</span></samp>&rsquo; files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  For a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms,
see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>.  In past releases, a separate program
<samp><span class="command">initex</span></samp> was installed to invoke the initial form, but this is
no longer the case.

   <p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>.

   <p><a name="index-plain_002efmt-272"></a><a name="index-tex_002efmt-273"></a><a name="index-format-files-274"></a>Unlike Metafont and MetaPost, many format files are commonly used with
TeX.  The standard one implementing the features described in the
<cite>TeXbook</cite> is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">plain.fmt</span></samp>&rsquo;, also known as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tex.fmt</span></samp>&rsquo;
(again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  It is created by default during
installation, but you can also do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if an
update to <samp><span class="file">plain.tex</span></samp> is issued):
<pre class="example">     tex -ini '\input plain \dump'
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.) 
Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.fmt</span></samp> in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$(fmtdir)</span></samp>&rsquo;
(<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</span></samp> by default), and link
<samp><span class="file">tex.fmt</span></samp> to it.

   <p>The necessary invocation for generating a format file differs for each
format, so instructions that come with the format should explain.  The
top-level <samp><span class="file">web2c</span></samp> Makefile has targets for making most common
formats: <tt>plain latex amstex texinfo eplain</tt>.  See <a href="#Formats">Formats</a>, for
more details on TeX formats.

<div class="node">
<a name="Formats"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.3 Formats</h3>

<p><a name="index-formats-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-275"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-format-packages-for-276"></a><a name="index-macro-packages_002c-major-_0040TeX_007b_007d-277"></a>
TeX <dfn>formats</dfn> are large collections of macros, often dumped
into a <samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp> file (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>) by <code>tex -ini</code>
(see <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>).  A number of formats are in reasonably
widespread use, and the Web2c Makefile has targets to make the versions
current at the time of release.  You can change which formats are
automatically built by setting the <code>fmts</code> Make variable; by default,
only the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">plain</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">latex</span></samp>&rsquo; formats are made.

   <p>You can get the latest versions of most of these formats from the CTAN
archives in subdirectories of <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/macros</span></samp> (for CTAN info,
see <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).  The archive
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz</a> (also available from CTAN)
contains most of these formats (although perhaps not the absolute latest
version), among other things.

     <dl>
<dt><tt>latex</tt><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-278"></a>The most widely used format.  The current release is named `LaTeX
2e'; new versions are released approximately every six months, with
patches issued as needed.  The old release was called `LaTeX 2.09',
and is no longer maintained or supported.  LaTeX attempts to provide
generic markup instructions, such as &ldquo;emphasize&rdquo;, instead of specific
typesetting instructions, such as &ldquo;use the 10<span class="dmn">pt</span> Computer Modern
italic font&rdquo;.  The LaTeX home page: <a href="http://www.latex-project.org">http://www.latex-project.org</a>.

     <br><dt><tt>context</tt><dd>ConTeXt is an independent macro package which has a basic document
structuring approach similar to LaTeX.  It also supports creating
interactive PDF files and has integrated MetaPost support, among many
other interesting features.  The ConTeXt home page:
<a href="http://www.pragma-ade.com">http://www.pragma-ade.com</a>.

     <br><dt><tt>amstex</tt><dd><a name="index-AMS_0040TeX_007b_007d-279"></a><a name="index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system-280"></a><a name="index-Mathematical-Reviews-281"></a>The official typesetting system of the American Mathematical Society. 
Like LaTeX, it encourages generic markup commands.  The AMS also
provides many LaTeX package for authors who prefer LaTeX.  Taken
together, they are used to produce nearly all AMS publications, e.g.,
<cite>Mathematical Reviews</cite>.  The AMSTeX home page:
<a href="http://www.ams.org/tex">http://www.ams.org/tex</a>.

     <br><dt><tt>texinfo</tt><dd><a name="index-Texinfo-282"></a><a name="index-Info-format-283"></a><a name="index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system-284"></a>The documentation system developed and maintained by the Free Software
Foundation for their software manuals.  It can be automatically
converted into plain text, a machine-readable on-line format called
`info', HTML, etc.  The Texinfo home page:
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo">http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo</a>.

     <br><dt><tt>eplain</tt><dd><a name="index-Eplain-285"></a><a name="index-expanded-plain-format-286"></a>The &ldquo;expanded plain&rdquo; format provides various common features (e.g.,
symbolic cross-referencing, tables of contents, indexing, citations
using BibTeX), for those authors who prefer to handle their own
high-level formatting.  The Eplain home page:
<a href="http://www.tug.org/eplain">http://www.tug.org/eplain</a>.

     <br><dt><tt>slitex</tt><dd><a name="index-Sli_0040TeX_007b_007d-287"></a><a name="index-slides_002c-producing-288"></a>An obsolete LaTeX 2.09 format for making slides.  It is replaced by
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">slides</span></samp>&rsquo; document class, along with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">beamer</span></samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">texpower</span></samp>&rsquo;, and other packages.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Languages-and-hyphenation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Formats">Formats</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.4 Languages and hyphenation</h3>

<p><a name="index-language-support-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-289"></a><a name="index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-290"></a><a name="index-hyphenation-and-languages-291"></a>
TeX supports most natural languages.  See also <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a>.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>:                 Multi-lingual TeX. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a>:     Creating hyphenation patterns. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a>:             Support for different character sets &amp; fonts. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="MLTeX"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">4.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</h4>

<p><a name="index-mltex-292"></a><a name="index-Multi_002dlingual-_0040TeX_007b_007d-293"></a>
<a name="index-Ferguson_002c-Michael-294"></a><a name="index-Raichle_002c-Bernd-295"></a><a name="index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with-296"></a><a name="index-glyph-substitutions-297"></a><a name="index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs-298"></a>Multi-lingual TeX (<code>mltex</code>) is an extension of TeX originally
written by Michael Ferguson and now updated and maintained by Bernd
Raichle.  It allows the use of non-existing glyphs in a font by
declaring glyph substitutions.  These are restricted to substitutions of
an accented character glyph, which need not be defined in the current
font, by its appropriate <code>\accent</code> construction using a base and
accent character glyph, which do have to exist in the current font. 
This substitution is automatically done behind the scenes, if necessary,
and thus MLTeX additionally supports hyphenation of words containing
an accented character glyph for fonts missing this glyph (e.g., Computer
Modern).  Standard TeX suppresses hyphenation in this case.

   <p>MLTeX works at <samp><span class="file">.fmt</span></samp>-creation time: the basic idea is to
specify the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mltex</span></samp>&rsquo; option to TeX when you <code>\dump</code> a
format.  Then, when you subsequently invoke TeX and read that
<code>.fmt</code> file, the MLTeX features described below will be enabled.

   <p>Generally, you use special macro files to create an MLTeX <code>.fmt</code>
file.

   <p>The sections below describe the two new primitives that MLTeX defines. 
Aside from these, MLTeX is completely compatible with standard TeX.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a>:                  Character substitution definitions. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a>:           Tracing substitutions. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="%5ccharsubdef"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ccharsubdef"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>

</div>

<h5 class="subsubsection">4.4.1.1 <code>\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</h5>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccharsubdef-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-299"></a>
The most important primitive MLTeX adds is <code>\charsubdef</code>, used
in a way reminiscent of <code>\chardef</code>:
<pre class="example">     \charsubdef <var>composite</var> [=] <var>accent</var> <var>base</var>
</pre>
   <p>Each of <var>composite</var>, <var>accent</var>, and <var>base</var> are font glyph
numbers, expressed in the usual TeX syntax: <tt>`\e</tt> symbolically,
<tt>'145</tt> for octal, <tt>"65</tt> for hex, <tt>101</tt> for decimal.

   <p>MLTeX's <code>\charsubdef</code> declares how to construct an accented
character glyph (not necessarily existing in the current font) using two
character glyphs (that do exist).  Thus it defines whether a character
glyph code, either typed as a single character or using the <code>\char</code>
primitive, will be mapped to a font glyph or to an <code>\accent</code> glyph
construction.

   <p>For example, if you assume glyph code 138
<a name="index-e_002dcircumflex-300"></a>(decimal) for an e-circumflex
and you are using the Computer Modern fonts, which have the circumflex
accent in position 18 and lowercase `e' in the usual ASCII position 101
decimal, you would use <code>\charsubdef</code> as follows:

<pre class="example">     \charsubdef 138 = 18 101
</pre>
   <p>For the plain TeX format to make use of this substitution, you have
to redefine the circumflex accent macro <code>\^</code> in such a way that if
its argument is character `e' the expansion <code>\char138 </code> is used
instead of <code>\accent18 e</code>.  Similar <code>\charsubdef</code> declaration
and macro redefinitions have to be done for all other accented
characters.

   <p>To disable a previous <code>\charsubdef </code><var>c</var>, redefine <var>c</var>
as a pair of zeros. For example:
<pre class="example">     \charsubdef '321 = 0 0  % disable N tilde
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-N-tilde-301"></a>(Octal <tt>'321</tt> is the ISO Latin-1 value for the Spanish N tilde.)

   <p><code>\charsubdef</code> commands should only be given once.  Although in
principle you can use <code>\charsubdef</code> at any time, the result is
unspecified.  If <code>\charsubdef</code> declarations are changed, usually
either incorrect character dimensions will be used or MLTeX will
output missing character warnings.  (The substitution of a
<code>\charsubdef</code> is used by TeX when appending the character node
to the current horizontal list, to compute the width of a horizontal box
when the box gets packed, and when building the <code>\accent</code>
construction at <code>\shipout</code>-time.  In summary, the substitution is
accessed often, so changing it is not desirable, nor generally useful.)

<div class="node">
<a name="%5ctracingcharsubdef"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>

</div>

<h5 class="subsubsection">4.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</h5>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-302"></a><a name="index-redefined-character-substitutions-303"></a>To help diagnose problems with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\charsubdef</span></samp>&rsquo;, MLTeX provides a
new primitive parameter, <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>.  If positive, every
use of <code>\charsubdef</code> will be reported.  This can help track down
when a character is redefined.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005ctracinglostchars-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-304"></a>In addition, if the TeX parameter <code>\tracinglostchars</code> is 100 or
more, the character substitutions actually performed at
<code>\shipout</code>-time will be recorded.

<div class="node">
<a name="TCX-files"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">4.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</h4>

<p><a name="index-TCX-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-305"></a><a name="index-g_t_002etcx-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-306"></a><a name="index-character-translation-files-307"></a>
<a name="index-international-characters-308"></a><a name="index-g_t8_002dbit-characters-309"></a><a name="index-accented-character-310"></a>TCX (TeX character translation) files help TeX support direct
input of 8-bit international characters if fonts containing those
characters are being used.  Specifically, they map an input (keyboard)
character code to the internal TeX character code (a superset of
ASCII).

   <p>Of the various proposals for handling more than one input encoding,
TCX files were chosen because they follow Knuth's original ideas for
the use of the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xchr</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xord</span></samp>&rsquo; tables.  He ventured that
these would be changed in the WEB source in order to adjust the actual
version to a given environment.  It turns out, however, that
recompiling the WEB sources is not as simple a task as Knuth may have
imagined; therefore, TCX files, providing the possibility of changing
of the conversion tables on on-the-fly, have been implemented instead.

   <p>This approach limits the portability of TeX documents, as some
implementations do not support it (or use a different method for
input-internal reencoding).  It may also be problematic to determine
the encoding to use for a TeX document of unknown provenance; in
the worst case, failure to do so correctly may result in subtle errors
in the typeset output.  But we feel the benefits outweigh these
disadvantages.

   <p>This is entirely independent of the MLTeX extension (see <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>):
whereas a TCX file defines how an input keyboard character is mapped to
TeX's internal code, MLTeX defines substitutions for a
non-existing character glyph in a font with a <code>\accent</code>
construction made out of two separate character glyphs.  TCX files
involve no new primitives; it is not possible to specify
that an input (keyboard) character maps to more than one character.

   <p><a name="index-WEB2C_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files_007d-311"></a>Information on specifying TCX files:

     <ul>
<li>The best way to specify a TCX file is to list it explicitly in the
first line of the main document:
     <pre class="example">          %&amp; -translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var>
</pre>
     <li>You can also specify a TCX file to be used on a particular TeX run
with the command-line option &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;.

     <li>TCX files are searched for along the <code>WEB2C</code> path.

     <li>Initial TeX (see <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>) ignores TCX files. 
</ul>

   <p><a name="index-il1_002dt1_002etcx-312"></a><a name="index-il2_002dt1_002etcx-313"></a><a name="index-empty_002etcx-314"></a><a name="index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input-315"></a><a name="index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input-316"></a>The Web2c distribution comes with a number of TCX files.  Two
important ones are <samp><span class="file">il1-t1.tcx</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">il2-t1.tcx</span></samp>, which
support ISO Latin 1 and ISO Latin 2, respectively, with Cork-encoded
fonts (a.k.a. the LaTeX T1 encoding).  TCX files for Czech,
Polish, and Slovak are also provided.

   <p>One other notable TCX file is <samp><span class="file">empty.tcx</span></samp>, which is, well,
empty.  Its purpose is to reset Web2C's behavior to the default (only
visible ASCII being printable, as described below) when a format was
dumped with another TCX being active&mdash;which is in fact the case for
everything but plain TeX in the TeX Live and other distributions. 
Thus:

<pre class="example">     latex somefile8.tex
     &rArr; terminal etc. output with 8-bit chars
     latex --translate-file=empty.tcx somefile8.tex
     &rArr; terminal etc. output with ^^ notation
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-syntax-of-TCX-files-317"></a>Syntax of TCX files:
     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li><a name="index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files-318"></a>Line-oriented. Blank lines are ignored.

     <li><a name="index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files-319"></a>Whitespace is ignored except as a separator.

     <li><a name="index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files-320"></a>Comments start with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>&rsquo; and continue to the end of the line.

     <li>Otherwise, a line consists of one or two character codes, optionally
followed by 0 or 1.  The last number indicates whether <var>dest</var> is
considered printable.
     <pre class="example">          <var>src</var> [<var>dest</var> [<var>prnt</var>]]
</pre>
     <li><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-321"></a><a name="index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-322"></a><a name="index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-323"></a><a name="index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-324"></a>Each character code may be specified in octal with a leading &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0</span></samp>&rsquo;,
hexadecimal with a leading &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0x</span></samp>&rsquo;, or decimal otherwise. Values must
be between 0 and 255, inclusive (decimal).

     <li>If the <var>dest</var> code is not specified, it is taken to be the same as
<var>src</var>.

     <li>If the same <var>src</var> code is specified more than once, it is the last
definition that counts.
        </ol>

   <p><a name="index-printable-characters_002c-specifying-325"></a><a name="index-g_t_005e_005e-_0040r_007bnotation_002c-avoiding_007d-326"></a>Finally, here's what happens: when TeX sees an input character with
code <var>src</var>, it 1) changes <var>src</var> to <var>dest</var>; and 2) makes the
<var>dest</var> code &ldquo;printable&rdquo;, i.e., printed as-is in diagnostics and the
log file rather than in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">^^</span></samp>&rsquo; notation.

   <p>By default, no characters are translated, and character codes between 32
and 126 inclusive (decimal) are printable.

   <p>Specifying translations for the printable ASCII characters (codes
32&ndash;127) will yield unpredictable results.  Additionally you shouldn't
make the following characters printable: <code>^^I</code> (TAB), <code>^^J</code>
(line feed), <code>^^M</code> (carriage return), and <code>^^?</code> (delete),
since TeX uses them in various ways.

   <p><a name="index-font-character-code_002c-translating-327"></a><a name="index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating-328"></a>Thus, the idea is to specify the input (keyboard) character code for
<var>src</var>, and the output (font) character code for <var>dest</var>.

   <p><a name="index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_0040samp_007b_002d8bit_007d_002e-329"></a>By default, only the printable ASCII characters are considered printable
by TeX.  If you specify the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo; option, all characters are
considered printable by default.  If you specify both the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;
option and a TCX file, then the TCX can set specific characters to be
non-printable.

   <p>Both the specified TCX encoding and whether characters are printable
are saved in the dump files (like <samp><span class="file">tex.fmt</span></samp>).  So by giving these
options in combination with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;, you control the defaults seen
by anyone who uses the resulting dump file.

   <p>When loading a dump, if the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo; option was given, then all
characters become printable by default.

   <p>When loading a dump, if a TCX file was specified, then the TCX data from
the dump is ignored and the data from the file used instead.

<div class="node">
<a name="patgen-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">4.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</h4>

<p><a name="index-patgen-330"></a><a name="index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating-331"></a><a name="index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for-332"></a>
Patgen creates hyphenation patterns from dictionary files for use with
TeX. Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     patgen <var>dictionary</var> <var>patterns</var> <var>output</var> <var>translate</var>
</pre>
   <p>Each argument is a filename. No path searching is done. The output is
written to the file <var>output</var>.

<!-- @table @var -->
<!-- @item dictionary -->
<!-- @cindex dictionary file -->
<!-- @findex \lefthyphemmin -->
<!-- @findex \righthyphenmin -->
<!-- The first line contains the values of @code{}\lefthyphenmin} and -->
<!-- @code{\righthyphenmin} in columns 1-2 and 3-4. Columns 5, 6, and 7 may -->
<!-- optionally contain replacements for the default characters @samp{.}, -->
<!-- @samp{-}, and @samp{*} respectively used in the word lists. -->
<!-- Subsequent lines are either comments (if they start with two identical -->
<!-- characters, e.g., @samp{%%}), or contain the external representation of -->
<!-- the lower case version of a letter, followed by an arbitrary number of -->
<!-- upper case versions, preceded and separated by a delimiter and followed -->
<!-- by two consecutive delimiters. The delimiter may be any character not -->
<!-- occurring in either version. -->
   <p>In addition, Patgen prompts interactively for other values.

   <p>For more information, see <cite>Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-puter</cite> by
Frank Liang (see <a href="#References">References</a>), and also the <samp><span class="file">patgen.web</span></samp> source file.

   <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).

<div class="node">
<a name="Shell-escapes"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.5 Shell escapes</h3>

<p><a name="index-shell-commands-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-333"></a><a name="index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes-334"></a><a name="index-restricted-shell-escapes-335"></a><a name="index-system-command-336"></a><a name="index-shell_005fescape-_0040r_007benabling-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-337"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cimmediate_005cwrite18-338"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cwrite18-_0040r_007bshell-escape-extension_007d-339"></a><a name="index-system-_0040r_007bC-library-function_007d-340"></a>
TeX can execute <dfn>shell escapes</dfn>, that is, arbitrary shell
commands.  Although tremendously useful, this also has obvious
security implications.  Therefore, as of TeX Live 2009, a
<dfn>restricted</dfn> mode for shell escapes is the default mode of
operation, which allows executing only certain commands, as specified
in the <samp><span class="file">texmf.cnf</span></samp> configuration file.

     <ul>
<li>Unrestricted shell escapes are allowed if the option
<samp><span class="option">--shell-escape</span></samp> is specified, or if the environment variable
or config file value <code>shell_escape</code> is set to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">t</span></samp>&rsquo; or
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">y</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <li>Restricted shell escapes are allowed if <code>shell_escape</code> is set to
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">p</span></samp>&rsquo;.  This is the default.

     <li>Shell escapes are completely disabled if <samp><span class="option">--no-shell-escape</span></samp> is
specified, or if <code>shell_escape</code> is set to anything else. 
</ul>

   <p>When enabled, the TeX construct to execute a system command is
<code>\write18{</code><var>shell-command</var><code>}</code>; for example:

<pre class="example">     \write18{echo "hello, world"}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005coutput-_0040r_007broutine_002c-and-_0040code_007b_005cwrite_007d_007d-341"></a>From TeX's point of view, this is a normal <code>\write</code> command,
and is therefore subject to the usual TeX expansions.  Also, the
system call either happens during the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\output</span></samp>&rsquo; routine or right
away, according to the absence or presence of the <code>\immediate</code>
prefix, as usual for <code>\write</code>.

   <p><a name="index-exit-status_002c-of-shell-escape-342"></a>The <var>shell-command</var> string is passed to the command shell (via the
C library function <code>system</code>).  The output of <var>shell-command</var>
is not diverted anywhere, so it will not appear in the log file, or
anywhere but the terminal output.  The exit status of the system call
is also not available to TeX.

   <p>In unrestricted mode, the argument is simply passed straight to
<code>system</code> unaltered.

   <p>In restricted mode, ASCII double quote characters (<tt>"</tt>) should
always be used in the argument to <code>\write18</code> where quoting of
arguments is needed, as in the example above.  This is to achieve some
measure of system independence.  On Unix systems, these are replaced
with single quote (<tt>'</tt>) characters to avoid insecure further
expansion.  Care is also taken on Windows to avoid additional
expansions (from, e.g., <tt>`...`</tt>).  Mismatched quotation marks
in the command string result in a diagnostic message in the log file;
no execution is performed.

   <p><a name="index-shell_005fescape_005fcommands-343"></a>After quotation processing, if the first word (delimited by a space or
tab) of the command is in the list specified by the
<code>shell_escape_commands</code> configuration value, the command is
executed.  Otherwise it is not.  In any case, a message is written to
the log file.

   <p>The <code>shell_escape_commands</code> value is a comma-separated list of
words.  Whitespace is significant, and typically should not be
present.  The default definition looks like this, but with more
commands included:

<pre class="example">     shell_escape_commands = bibtex,dvips,epstopdf,...,tex
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-pipes_002c-reading-and-writing-344"></a><a name="index-g_t_005copenin_0040r_007b_002c-and-pipes_007d-345"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cinput_0040r_007b_002c-and-pipes_007d-346"></a><a name="index-g_t_005copenout_0040r_007b_002c-and-pipes_007d-347"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cpdfshellescape-348"></a>pdfTeX and luaTeX support reading (via <code>\input</code> and
<code>\openin</code>) and writing (via <code>\openout</code>) from pipes if the
first character is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">|</span></samp>&rsquo;.  The following command is then treated
exactly the same as the argument to <code>\write18</code>.  In these
engines, the primitive variable <code>\pdfshellescape</code> is set to 0 if
shell escapes are disabled, 1 if they are enabled, and 2 if they are
enabled with restrictions.

   <p><a name="index-web-environments_002c-and-security-349"></a>The purpose of this feature is to make it possible for TeX
documents to perform useful external actions in the common case of an
individual user running a known document on his or her own machine. 
In such environments as CGI scripts or wikis where the input has to be
considered untrustworthy, shell escapes should be completely disabled.

<div class="node">
<a name="IPC-and-TeX"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.6 IPC and TeX</h3>

<p><a name="index-IPC-350"></a><a name="index-sockets-351"></a>(If anyone uses this feature and needs documentation, write
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a>.)

   <p>This functionality is available only if the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-ipc</span></samp>&rsquo; option
was specified to <code>configure</code> during installation of Web2c
(see <a href="#Installation">Installation</a>).

   <p><a name="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-352"></a>If you define <code>IPC_DEBUG</code> before compilation (e.g., with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">make
XCFLAGS=-DIPC_DEBUG</span></samp>&rsquo;), TeX will print messages to standard error
about its socket operations.  This may be helpful if you are, well,
debugging.

<div class="node">
<a name="TeX-extensions"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#TeX">TeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.7 TeX extensions</h3>

<p><a name="index-extensions-to-_0040TeX_007b_007d-353"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-extensions-to-354"></a>
The base TeX program has been extended in many ways.  Here's a
partial list.

     <dl>
<dt>e-TeX<dd><a name="index-e_002d_0040TeX_007b_007d-355"></a><a name="index-primitives_002c-new-356"></a>Adds many new primitives, including right-to-left typesetting and more
registers.  Now frozen.

     <br><dt>Aleph<dd><a name="index-Aleph-357"></a><a name="index-Unicode-358"></a>This adds Unicode support, right-to-left typesetting, and more.  Omega
was the original program.  Aleph is an updated version with a variety
of bug fixes, and includes e-TeX.  Aleph is not actively maintained.

     <br><dt>pdfTeX<dd><a name="index-pdf_0040TeX_007b_007d-359"></a><a name="index-PDF-360"></a><a name="index-micro_002dtypography-361"></a><a name="index-hypertext-362"></a>Can produce PDF as well as DVI files.  It also incorporates the
e-TeX extensions, new primitives for hypertext and
micro-typography, reading/writing from pipes, and much more.  Home
page: <a href="http://pdftex.org">http://pdftex.org</a>.

     <br><dt>luaTeX<dd><a name="index-lua_0040TeX_007b_007d-363"></a><a name="index-Lua-364"></a>Based on pdfTeX, this also embeds the Lua programming language
(<a href="http://lua.org">http://lua.org</a>) and opens up the TeX typesetting engine to
control from Lua.  Home page: <a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>.

     <br><dt>XeTeX<dd><a name="index-Xe_0040TeX_007b_007d-365"></a><a name="index-Unicode-366"></a>Combines support for Unicode input and OpenType- and system fonts
with the capabilities of pdfTeX. 
Home page: <a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Metafont"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#TeX">TeX</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">5 Metafont: Creating typeface families</h2>

<p><a name="index-Metafont-367"></a><a name="index-typeface-families-368"></a><a name="index-geometric-designs-369"></a><a name="index-shapes-370"></a><a name="index-font-design-371"></a>
Metafont is a system for producing shapes; it was designed for producing
complete typeface families, but it can also produce geometric designs,
dingbats, etc.  And it has considerable mathematical and
equation-solving capabilities which can be useful entirely on their own.

   <p>Metafont is a batch language, like C or Pascal: you compile a Metafont
program into a corresponding font, rather than interactively drawing
lines or curves.  This approach has both considerable disadvantages
(people unfamiliar with conventional programming languages will be
unlikely to find it usable) and considerable advantages (you can make
your design intentions specific and parameterizable).  For a complete
description of the Metafont language, see <cite>The METAFONTbook</cite>
(see <a href="#References">References</a>).

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>:                Invoking Metafont. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>:             Making bases. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Modes">Modes</a>:                        Device definitions for Metafont. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>:     Seeing MF output online. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a>:           Making proofsheets for fonts. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a>:               Prettyprinting Metafont sources. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="mf-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>mf</code> invocation</h3>

<p><a name="index-mf-372"></a><a name="index-Metafont-invocation-373"></a>
Metafont (usually invoked as <code>mf</code>) reads character definitions
specified in the Metafont programming language, and outputs the
corresponding font.  This section merely describes the options available
in the Web2c implementation.  For a complete description of the Metafont
language, see <cite>The Metafontbook</cite> (see <a href="#References">References</a>).

   <p>Metafont processes its command line and determines its memory dump
(base) file in a way exactly analogous to MetaPost and TeX
(see <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>, and see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  Synopses:

<pre class="example">     mf [<var>option</var>]... [<var>mfname</var>[.mf]] [<var>mf-commands</var>]
     mf [<var>option</var>]... \<var>first-line</var>
     mf [<var>option</var>]... &amp;<var>base</var> <var>args</var>
</pre>
   <p>Most commonly, a Metafont invocation looks like this:
<pre class="example">     mf '\mode:=<var>mode</var>; mag:=<var>magnification</var>; input <var>mfname</var>'
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">(The single quotes avoid unwanted interpretation by the shell.)

   <p><a name="index-g_t_002emf-374"></a><a name="index-Metafont-input-files-375"></a><a name="index-EC-fonts-376"></a><a name="index-mktexmf_0040r_007b_002c-disabling_007d-377"></a>Metafont searches the usual places for the main input file <var>mfname</var>
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>), extending
<var>mfname</var> with <samp><span class="file">.mf</span></samp> if necessary.  To see all the relevant
paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo;
before running the program.  By default, Metafont runs an external
program named <samp><span class="file">mktexmf</span></samp> to create any nonexistent Metafont source
files you input.  You can disable this at configure-time or runtime
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>).  This is mostly
for the sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_002e_0040var_007bnnn_007dgf-_0040r_007bgeneric-fonts_007d-378"></a><a name="index-mfput-379"></a><a name="index-GF-output-380"></a><a name="index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont-381"></a><a name="index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont-382"></a>Metafont writes the main GF output to the file
<samp><var>basemfname</var><span class="file">.</span><var>nnn</var><span class="file">gf</span></samp>, where <var>nnn</var> is the font
resolution in pixels per inch, and <var>basemfname</var> is the basename of
<var>mfname</var>, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mfput</span></samp>&rsquo; if no input file was specified.  A GF file
contains bitmaps of the actual character shapes.  Usually GF files are
converted immediately to PK files with GFtoPK (see <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a>), since PK files contain equivalent information, but are
more compact.  (Metafont output in GF format rather than PK for only
historical reasons.)

   <p><a name="index-g_t_002etfm-_0040r_007boutput_007d-383"></a><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont-384"></a>Metafont also usually writes a metric file in TFM format to
<samp><var>basemfname</var><span class="file">.tfm</span></samp>.  A TFM file contains character dimensions,
kerns, and ligatures, and spacing parameters.  TeX reads only this
<tt>.tfm</tt> file, not the GF file.

   <p><a name="index-mode-needed-to-run-Metafont-385"></a><a name="index-proof-_0040r_007bmode_007d-386"></a><a name="index-g_t2602gf-387"></a><a name="index-g_t_002e2602gf-388"></a>The <var>mode</var> in the example command above is a name referring to a
device definition (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); for example, <code>localfont</code> or
<code>ljfour</code>.  These device definitions must generally be precompiled
into the base file.  If you leave this out, the default is <code>proof</code>
mode, as stated in <cite>The Metafontbook</cite>, in which Metafont outputs at
a resolution of 2602<span class="dmn">dpi</span>; this is usually not what you want.  The
remedy is simply to assign a different mode&mdash;<code>localfont</code>, for
example.

   <p>The <var>magnification</var> assignment in the example command above is a
magnification factor; for example, if the device is 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> and you
specify <code>mag:=2</code>, Metafont will produce output at 1200<span class="dmn">dpi</span>. 
Very often, the <var>magnification</var> is an expression such as
<code>magstep(.5)</code>, corresponding to a TeX &ldquo;magstep&rdquo;, which are
factors of

   <p>After running Metafont, you can use the font in a TeX document as
usual.  For example:
<pre class="example">     \font\myfont = newfont
     \myfont Now I am typesetting in my new font (minimum hamburgers).
</pre>
   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. 
See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-no-mktex=</span><var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-389"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-390"></a>Turn on or off the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mktex</span></samp>&rsquo; script associated with <var>filetype</var>. 
The only value that makes sense for <var>filetype</var> is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mf</span></samp>&rsquo;. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Initial-Metafont"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Modes">Modes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.2 Initial Metafont</h3>

<p><a name="index-initial-Metafont-391"></a><a name="index-Metafont_002c-initial-392"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002ebase-393"></a><a name="index-base-files-394"></a><code>inimf</code> is the &ldquo;initial&rdquo; form of Metafont, which does lengthy
initializations avoided by the &ldquo;virgin&rdquo; (<code>vir</code>) form, so as to
be capable of dumping &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.base</span></samp>&rsquo; files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  For
a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms, see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>.  In past releases, a separate program <samp><span class="command">inimf</span></samp> was
installed to invoke the initial form, but this is no longer the case.

   <p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>.

   <p><a name="index-plain_002ebase-395"></a><a name="index-mf_002ebase-396"></a>The only memory dump file commonly used with Metafont is the default
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">plain.base</span></samp>&rsquo;, also known as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mf.base</span></samp>&rsquo; (again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  It is created by default during installation, but you can also
do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if a Metafont update is issued):
<pre class="example">     mf -ini '\input plain; input modes; dump'
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.) 
Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.base</span></samp> in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$(basedir)</span></samp>&rsquo;
(<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</span></samp> by default), and link
<samp><span class="file">mf.base</span></samp> to it.

   <p>For an explanation of the additional <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp> file,
see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>.  This file has no counterpart in TeX or MetaPost.

   <p><a name="index-cmmf_002ebase-_0040r_007bnot-recommended_007d-397"></a><a name="index-cm_002ebase-398"></a><a name="index-cmbase_002emf-399"></a><a name="index-Computer-Modern-macros-400"></a><a name="index-base-files_002c-plain-only-401"></a>In the past, it was sometimes useful to create a base file
<samp><span class="file">cmmf.base</span></samp> (a.k.a. <samp><span class="file">cm.base</span></samp>), with the Computer Modern
macros also included in the base file.  Nowadays, however, the
additional time required to read <samp><span class="file">cmbase.mf</span></samp> is exceedingly small,
usually not enough to be worth the administrative hassle of updating the
<samp><span class="file">cmmf.base</span></samp> file when you install a new version of <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp>. 
<a name="index-type-design_002c-personal-402"></a>People actually working on a typeface may still find it worthwhile to
create their own base file, of course.

<div class="node">
<a name="Modes"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</h3>

<p><a name="index-modes-file-needed-for-Metafont-403"></a><a name="index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions-404"></a><a name="index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont-405"></a><a name="index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont-406"></a>Running Metafont and creating Metafont base files requires information
that TeX and MetaPost do not: <dfn>mode</dfn> definitions which specify
device characteristics, so Metafont can properly rasterize the shapes.

   <p><a name="index-modes_002emf-_0040r_007brecommended-modes-file_007d-407"></a>When making a base file, a file containing modes for locally-available
devices should be input after <samp><span class="file">plain.mf</span></samp>.  One commonly used file
is <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>; it includes all known
definitions.

   <p><a name="index-small-Metafont-memory-and-modes-408"></a><a name="index-mode_005fdef-409"></a><a name="index-mode_005fsetup-410"></a>If, however, for some reason you have decreased the memory available in
your Metafont, you may need to copy <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp> and remove the
definitions irrelevant to you (probably most of them) instead of using
it directly.  (Or, if you're a Metafont hacker, maybe you can suggest a
way to redefine <code>mode_def</code> and/or <code>mode_setup</code>; right now, the
amount of memory used is approximately four times the total length of
the <code>mode_def</code> names, and that's a lot.)

   <p>If you have a device not included in <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp>, please see
comments in that file for how to create the new definition, and please
send the definition to <a href="mailto:tex-fonts@math.utah.edu">tex-fonts@math.utah.edu</a> to get it included
in the next release of <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp>.

   <p><a name="index-smode-_0040r_007band-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition_007d-411"></a><a name="index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-_0040code_007bsmode_007d-412"></a>Usually, when you run Metafont you must supply the name of a mode that
was dumped in the base file.  But you can also define the mode
characteristics dynamically, by invoking Metafont with an assignment to
<code>smode</code> instead of <code>mode</code>, like this:
<pre class="example">     mf '\smode:="newmode.mf"; mag:=<var>magnification</var>; input <var>mfname</var>'
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">This is most useful when you are working on the definition of a new
mode.

   <p>The <var>magnification</var> and <var>mfname</var> arguments are explained in
<a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>.  In the file <samp><span class="file">newmode.mf</span></samp>, you should have the
following (with no <code>mode_def</code> or <code>enddef</code>), if you are using
<samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp> conventions:
<pre class="example">     mode_param (pixels_per_inch, <var>dpi</var>);
     mode_param (blacker, <var>b</var>);
     mode_param (fillin, <var>f</var>);
     mode_param (o_correction, <var>o</var>);
     mode_common_setup_;
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">(Of course, you should use real numbers for <var>dpi</var>, <var>b</var>, <var>f</var>,
and <var>o</var>.)

   <p>For more information on the use of <code>smode</code>, or if you are not using
<samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp>, see page 269 of <cite>The Metafontbook</cite>.

<div class="node">
<a name="Online-Metafont-graphics"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Modes">Modes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.4 Online Metafont graphics</h3>

<p><a name="index-online-Metafont-graphics-413"></a><a name="index-Metafont-graphics-414"></a>
The Web2c implementation of Metafont can do online graphics with a
number of devices. (See the Metafont manual for more information about
how to draw on your screen.)  By default, no graphics support is
enabled.

   <p><a name="index-MFTERM-415"></a><a name="index-TERM-416"></a>Metafont examines the <code>MFTERM</code> environment variable or config file
value at runtime, or the <code>TERM</code> environment variable if
<code>MFTERM</code> is not set, to determine the device support to use. 
Naturally, only the devices for which support has been compiled in can
be selected.

   <p>Here is a table of the possibilities, showing the <code>MFTERM</code> value
and the corresponding <code>configure</code> option(s) in parentheses.

     <dl>
<dt><code>epsf</code><a name="index-epsf-417"></a><dd><a name="index-Herberts_002c-Mathias-418"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002depsfwin-419"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-epsfwin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Pseudo-window server for Encapsulated
PostScript (see <samp><span class="file">web2c/window/epsf.c</span></samp>). This device produces an
EPS file containing the graphics which would be displayed online on
other devices. The name of the EPS file defaults to metafont.eps but
can be changed by setting the MFEPSF environment variable to the new
filename.  Contributed by Mathias Herberts.

     <br><dt><code>hp2627</code><a name="index-hp2627-420"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dhp2627win-421"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-hp2627win</span></samp>&rsquo;) HP2627a color graphics terminals.

     <br><dt><code>mftalk</code><a name="index-mftalk-422"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dmftalkwin-423"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-mftalkwin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Generic window server (see
<samp><span class="file">web2c/window/mftalk.c</span></samp>).

     <br><dt><code>next</code><a name="index-next-424"></a><dd><a name="index-DrawingServant-425"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dnext-426"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-next</span></samp>&rsquo;) NeXT window system. This requires a separate
program, called <code>DrawingServant</code>, available separately. See the
<samp><span class="file">web2c/window/next.c</span></samp>.

     <br><dt><code>regis</code><a name="index-regis-427"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dregiswin-428"></a><a name="index-Regis-graphics-support-429"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-regiswin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Regis terminals.

     <br><dt><code>sun</code><a name="index-sun-430"></a><dd><a name="index-SunView-431"></a><a name="index-Suntools-432"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dsuntoolswin-433"></a><a name="index-sun_002dgfx_002ec-434"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-suntoolswin</span></samp>&rsquo;) The old Suntools (not any flavor of X)
window system. (You can get the even older SunWindows <code>gfx</code> system
by using <samp><span class="file">sun-gfx.c</span></samp>.)

     <br><dt><code>tek</code><a name="index-tek-435"></a><dd><a name="index-Tektronix-436"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dtektronixwin-437"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-tektronixwin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Tektronix terminals.

     <p><a name="index-Poole_002c-Simon-438"></a><br><dt><code>uniterm</code><a name="index-uniterm-439"></a><dd><a name="index-Tektronix-4014-440"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dunitermwin-441"></a>(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-unitermwin</span></samp>&rsquo;) Uniterm, Simon Poole's emulator of a smart
Tektronix 4014 terminal.  This may work with regular Tektronix terminals
as well; it's faster than the driver &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--enable-tektronixwin</span></samp>&rsquo; selects.

     <p><a name="index-NO_005fX11WIN-442"></a><a name="index-Xt-443"></a><a name="index-Xlib-444"></a><br><dt><code>xterm</code><a name="index-xterm-445"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx-446"></a>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--with-x</span></samp>&rsquo; The X window system (version 11).

     <p><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dmf_002dx_002dtoolkit_003d_0040var_007bkit_007d-447"></a><a name="index-toolkits_002c-X-448"></a><a name="index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont-449"></a><a name="index-Xt-support-450"></a><a name="index-Xlib-support-451"></a>There are two variants of the X11 support, one that works with the Xt
toolkit, and another that works directly with Xlib. The Xt support is
more efficient and has more functionality, so it is the default. If you
must use the Xlib support, use &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">configure --with-x
--with-kf-x-toolkit=no</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <p><a name="index-g_t_002d_002ddisable_002dmf_002dnowin-452"></a><a name="index-non_002dwindows_002dcapable-Metafont-453"></a>Specify &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--disable-mf-nowin</span></samp>&rsquo; in order not to build a separate
non-windows-capable Metafont executable <code>mf-nowin</code> (or
<code>mf-nowin.exe</code>).

     <p><a name="index-X-resources-454"></a><a name="index-X-class-name-for-Metafont-455"></a><a name="index-class-name-for-Metafont-456"></a><a name="index-geometry-for-Metafont-457"></a><a name="index-Metafont-geometry-458"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eXdefaults-459"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eXresources-460"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dgeometry_0040r_007b_002c-supported-with-Xt_007d-461"></a>You cannot specify any of the usual X options (e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-geometry</span></samp>&rsquo;)
on the Metafont command line, but you can specify X resources in your
<samp><span class="file">~/.Xdefaults</span></samp> or <samp><span class="file">~/.Xresources</span></samp> file. The class name is
<code>Metafont</code>. If you're using the Xt support, all the usual X toolkit
resources are supported.  If you're using the Xlib support, only the
<code>geometry</code> resource is supported.

     <p><a name="index-DISPLAY-462"></a>You specify the X display to which Metafont connects in the
<code>DISPLAY</code> environment variable, as usual.

   </dl>

   <p><a name="index-Metafont-online-support_002c-new-devices-463"></a><a name="index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont-464"></a><a name="index-texmfmp_002ec-465"></a>Writing support for a new device is straightforward. Aside from defining
the basic drawing routines that Metafont uses (see <samp><span class="file">mf.web</span></samp>), you
only have to add another entry to the tables on the last page of
<samp><span class="file">web2c/lib/texmfmp.c</span></samp>.  Or you can write an independent program and
use MFtalk (see <samp><span class="file">web2c/window/mftalk.c</span></samp>).

<div class="node">
<a name="gftodvi-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</h3>

<p><a name="index-gftodvi-466"></a><a name="index-character-proofs-of-fonts-467"></a><a name="index-font-proofs-468"></a><a name="index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts-469"></a>
GFtoDVI makes <dfn>proof sheets</dfn> from a GF bitmap file as output by, for
example, Metafont (see <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>).  This is an indispensable aid for
font designers or Metafont hackers.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     gftodvi [<var>option</var>]... <var>gfname</var>[gf]
</pre>
   <p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>).  To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.

   <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present.  This suffix is
not an extension, no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it; for instance, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.

   <p>The output filename is the basename of <var>gfname</var> extended with
<samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp>, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gftodvi /wherever/foo.600gf</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.dvi</span></samp>.

   <p>The characters from <var>gfname</var> appear one per page in the DVI output,
with labels, titles, and annotations, as specified in Appendix H
(Hardcopy Proofs) of <cite>The Metafontbook</cite>.

   <p>GFtoDVI uses several fonts besides <var>gfname</var> itself:

     <ul>
<li><a name="index-gray-font-470"></a><dfn>gray font</dfn> (default <samp><span class="file">gray</span></samp>): for the pixels that actually make
up the character.  Simply using black is not right, since then labels,
key points, and other information could not be shown.

     <li><a name="index-title-font-471"></a><dfn>title font</dfn> (default <samp><span class="file">cmr8</span></samp>): for the header information at
the top of each output page.

     <li><a name="index-label-font-472"></a><dfn>label font</dfn> (default <samp><span class="file">cmtt10</span></samp>): for the labels on key points
of the figure.

     <li><a name="index-slant-font-473"></a><dfn>slant font</dfn> (no default): for diagonal lines, which are otherwise
simulated using horizontal and vertical rules. 
</ul>

   <p>To change the default fonts, you must use <code>special</code> commands in
your Metafont source file, typically via commands like <code>slantfont
slantlj4</code>.  There is no default slant font since no one printer is
suitable as a default.  You can make your own by copying one of the
existing files, such as
<samp><span class="file">.../fonts/source/public/misc/slantlj4.mf</span></samp> and then running
<samp><span class="command">mf</span></samp> on it.

   <p>For testing purposes, you may it useful to run <code>mf rtest</code> (hit
RETURN when it stops) to get a <samp><span class="file">gf</span></samp> file of a thorn glyph.  Or
use <samp><span class="command">mfw</span></samp> instead of <samp><span class="command">mf</span></samp> to have the glyph(s)
displayed on the screen.  After that, <code>gftodvi rtest.2602gf</code>
should produce <samp><span class="file">rtest.dvi</span></samp>, which you process as usual.

   <p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-overflow-label-offset=</span><var>points</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003d_0040var_007bpoints_007d-474"></a><a name="index-overflow-label-offset-475"></a><a name="index-offset-for-overflow-labels-476"></a>Typeset the so-called overflow labels, if any, <var>points</var> TeX
points from the right edge of the character bounding box.  The default
is a little over two inches (ten million scaled points, to be precise). 
Overflow equations are used to locate coordinates when their actual
position is too crowded with other information. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="mft-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</h3>

<p><a name="index-mft-477"></a><a name="index-Metafont-source_002c-prettyprinting-478"></a><a name="index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source-479"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-Metafont-480"></a>
<a name="index-mftmac_002etex-481"></a>MFT translates a Metafont program into a TeX document suitable for
typesetting, with the aid of TeX macros defined in the file
<samp><span class="file">mftmac.tex</span></samp>.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     mft [<var>option</var>]... <var>mfname</var>[.mf]
</pre>
   <p>MFT searches the usual places for <var>mfname</var> (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>).  To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.  The output goes to the basename of <var>mfname</var> extended
with <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp>, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mft /wherever/foo.mf</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.tex</span></samp>.

   <p>Line breaks in the input are carried over into the output; moreover,
blank spaces at the beginning of a line are converted to quads of
indentation in the output. Thus, you have full control over the
indentation and line breaks. Each line of input is translated
independently of the others.

   <p>Further control is allowed via Metafont comments:
<a name="index-comments_002c-MFT-control-482"></a>
     <ul>
<li>Metafont comments following a single &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>&rsquo; should be valid TeX
input.  But Metafont material can be included within vertical bars in a
comment; this will be translated by MFT as if it were regular Metafont
code.  For example, a comment like &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">% |x2r| is the tip of the bowl</span></samp>&rsquo;
will be translated into the TeX &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">% $x_{2r}$ is the ...</span></samp>&rsquo;,
i.e., the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">x2r</span></samp>&rsquo; is treated as an identifier.

     <li>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%</span></samp>&rsquo; indicates that the remainder of an input line should be copied
verbatim to the output.  This is typically used to introduce additional
TeX material at the beginning or an MFT job, e.g. code to modify the
standard layout or the formatting macros defined in <samp><span class="file">mftmac.tex</span></samp>,
or to add a line saying &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%\bye</span></samp>&rsquo; at the end of the job.  (MFT
doesn't add this automatically in order to allow processing several
files produces by MFT in the same TeX job.)

     <li>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%% </span><var>token1</var> <var>other-tokens</var></samp>&rsquo;
introduces a change in MFT's formatting rules; all the <var>other-tokens</var>
will henceforth be translated according to the current conventions for
<var>token1</var>. The tokens must be symbolic (i.e., not
numeric or string tokens). For example, the input line
     <pre class="example">          %%% addto fill draw filldraw
</pre>
     <p class="noindent">says to format the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">fill</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">draw</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">filldraw</span></samp>&rsquo;
operations of plain Metafont just like the primitive token &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">addto</span></samp>&rsquo;,
i.e., in boldface type.  Without such reformatting commands, MFT would
treat &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">fill</span></samp>&rsquo; like an ordinary tag or variable name.  In fact, you
need a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%%</span></samp>&rsquo; command even to get parentheses to act like
delimiters.

     <li>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%%%%</span></samp>&rsquo; introduces an MFT comment, i.e., MFT ignores the remainder
of such a line.

     <li>Five or more &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">%</span></samp>&rsquo; signs should not be used. 
</ul>

   <p><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-483"></a>(The above description was edited from <samp><span class="file">mft.web</span></samp>, written by
D.E.&nbsp;Knuth<!-- /@w -->.)

   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-change=</span><var>chfile</var><span class="samp">[.ch]</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dchange_003d_0040var_007bchfile_007d-484"></a><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-MFT-485"></a>Apply the change file <var>chfile</var> as with Tangle and Weave
(see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>).

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-style=</span><var>mftfile</var><span class="samp">[.mft]</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dstyle_003d_0040var_007bmftfile_007d-486"></a><a name="index-style-files-487"></a><a name="index-plain_002emft-488"></a>Read <var>mftfile</var> before anything else; a MFT style file typically
contains only MFT directives as described above.  The default style file
is named <samp><span class="file">plain.mft</span></samp>, which defines this properly for programs
using plain Metafont.  The MFT files is searched along the
<code>MFTINPUTS</code> path; see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>.

     <p><a name="index-cmbase_002emft-489"></a><a name="index-e_002emft-490"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040cite_007bComputer-Modern-Typefaces_007d_002c-production-of-491"></a>Other examples of MFT style files are <samp><span class="file">cmbase.mft</span></samp>, which defines
formatting rules for the macros defined in <samp><span class="file">cm.base</span></samp>, and
<samp><span class="file">e.mft</span></samp>, which was used in the production of Knuth's Volume&nbsp;<!-- /@w -->E,
<cite>Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>.

     <p><a name="index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting-492"></a>Using an appropriate MFT style file, it is also possible to configure
MFT for typesetting MetaPost sources.  However, MFT does not search
the usual places for MetaPost input files. 
</dl>

   <p>If you use eight-bit characters in the input file, they are
passed on verbatim to the TeX output file; it is up to you to
configure TeX to print these properly.

<div class="node">
<a name="MetaPost"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">6 MetaPost: Creating technical illustrations</h2>

<p><a name="index-MetaPost-493"></a><a name="index-PostScript-meets-Metafont-494"></a><a name="index-Metafont-meets-PostScript-495"></a>MetaPost is a picture-drawing language similar to Metafont
(see <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>), but instead of outputting bitmaps in a &ldquo;font&rdquo;, it
outputs PostScript commands.  It's primarily intended for creating
technical illustrations.

   <p>MetaPost also provides for arbitrary integration of text and graphics in
a natural way, using any typesetter (TeX and Troff are both
supported) and a number of other subsidiary programs, described below.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a>:             Invoking MetaPost. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>:             Making mems. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a>:           DVI-to-MPX translation. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="mpost-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>mpost</code> invocation</h3>

<p><a name="index-mpost-496"></a><a name="index-MetaPost-invocation-497"></a>
<a name="index-mpman_002eps-498"></a>MetaPost (installed as <code>mpost</code>) reads a series of pictures
specified in the MetaPost programming language, and outputs
corresponding PostScript code.  This section merely describes the
options available in the Web2c implementation.  For a complete
description of the MetaPost language, see AT&amp;T technical report
CSTR-162, generally available in <samp><var>texmf</var><span class="file">/doc/metapost/</span></samp>,
where <var>texmf</var> is the root of TeX directory structure.  See
also:
     <ul>
<li><a href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/MetaPost.html">http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/MetaPost.html</a> (the
      MetaPost author's home page);
<li><a href="http://tug.org/metapost">http://tug.org/metapost</a> (papers, packages, and
      related information). 
</ul>

   <p><a name="index-mpgraph_002eps-499"></a>Also, a standard MetaPost package for drawing graphs is documented in
AT&amp;T technical report CSTR-164, available as the file <samp><span class="file">mpgraph.ps</span></samp>,
generally stored alongside <samp><span class="file">mpman.ps</span></samp>.

   <p>MetaPost processes its command line and determines its memory dump (mem)
file in a way exactly analogous to Metafont and TeX (see <a href="#tex-invocation"><code>tex</code> invocation</a>, and see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). 
Synopses:

<pre class="example">     mpost [<var>option</var>]... [<var>mpname</var>[.mp]] [<var>mp-commands</var>]
     mpost [<var>option</var>]... \<var>first-line</var>
     mpost [<var>option</var>]... &amp;<var>mem</var> <var>args</var>
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_002emp-500"></a><a name="index-MetaPost-input-files-501"></a>MetaPost searches the usual places for the main input file <var>mpname</var>
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>), extending
<var>mpname</var> with <samp><span class="file">.mp</span></samp> if necessary.  To see all the relevant
paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo;
before running the program.

   <p><a name="index-beginfig-502"></a><a name="index-g_t_002e_0040var_007bnnn_007d-_0040r_007bPostScript-figures_007d-503"></a><a name="index-g_t_002etfm-_0040r_007boutput_007d-504"></a><a name="index-mpout-505"></a><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost-506"></a><a name="index-PostScript-output-507"></a>MetaPost writes its PostScript output to a series of files
<samp><var>basempname</var><span class="file">.</span><var>nnn</var></samp> (or perhaps
<samp><var>basempname</var><span class="file">.ps</span></samp>, very occasionally
<samp><var>basempname</var><span class="file">.tfm</span></samp>), where <var>nnn</var> are the figure numbers
specified in the input, typically to the <code>beginfig</code> macro, and
<var>basempname</var> is the basename of <var>mpname</var>, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mpout</span></samp>&rsquo; if no
input file was specified.  MetaPost uses the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.ps</span></samp>&rsquo; extension when
the figure number is out of range, e.g., if you say <code>beginfig(-1)</code>.

   <p>You can use the output files as figures in a TeX document just as
with any other PostScript figures. For example, with this TeX command:
<pre class="example">     \special{psfile="<var>filename</var>"}
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">or by using <samp><span class="file">epsf.tex</span></samp> (see <a href="dvips.html#EPSF-macros">EPSF macros</a>).

   <p><a name="index-btex-_0040r_007bfor-MetaPost-labels_007d-508"></a><a name="index-etex-_0040r_007bfor-MetaPost-labels_007d-509"></a>The MetaPost construct
<pre class="example">     btex ... <var>tex-input</var> ... etex
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">generates a MetaPost picture expression corresponding to
<var>tex-input</var>.

   <p>The construct
<pre class="example">     verbatimtex ... <var>tex-input</var> ... etex
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">simply passes the <var>tex-input</var> through to
TeX. For example, if you are using LaTeX, your MetaPost input file
must start with a <code>verbatimtex</code> block that gives the necessary
<code>\documentclass</code> (or <code>\documentstyle</code>)
<code>\begin{document}</code> command.  You will also need to set the
enviroment variable <code>TEX</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">latex</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   <p><var>tex-input</var> need not be specifically TeX input; it could also be
Troff.  In that case, you will need the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-m pictures</span></samp>&rsquo; Troff macro
package (unfortunately absent from many Troff implementations), or an
equivalent such as the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-m pspic</span></samp>&rsquo; macros from GNU groff described
in grops(1).

   <p><a name="index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff-510"></a><a name="index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost-511"></a><a name="index-Computer-Modern-fonts_002c-and-Troff-512"></a>Naturally, you must use fonts that are supported by the typesetter;
specifically, you'll probably want to use standard PostScript fonts with
Troff.  And only the TeX system understands Computer Modern or other
Metafont fonts; you can also use PostScript fonts with TeX, of course.

   <p><a name="index-mproof_002etex-513"></a><a name="index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels-514"></a><a name="index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels-515"></a>MetaPost-generated PostScript figures which do use Computer Modern fonts
for labels cannot be directly previewed or printed.  Instead, you must
include them in a TeX document and run the resulting DVI file through
Dvips to arrange for the downloading of the required fonts (see <a href="dvips.html#Fonts-in-figures">Fonts in figures</a>).  To help with this, the MetaPost
distribution provides a small TeX file <samp><span class="file">mproof.tex</span></samp> which is
typically called as:
<pre class="example">     tex mproof <var>mp-output-files</var>... ; dvips mproof -o
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">The resulting file <samp><span class="file">mproof.ps</span></samp> can then be printed or previewed.

   <p><a name="index-prologues_0040r_007b_002c-and-EPSF-output_007d-516"></a><a name="index-psfonts_002emap_0040r_007b_002c-read-by-MetaPost_007d-517"></a>To generate EPSF files, set the internal MetaPost variable
<code>prologues</code> positive.  To make the output files self-contained, use
only standard PostScript fonts.  MetaPost reads the same
<samp><span class="file">psfonts.map</span></samp> file as Dvips, to determine PostScript fonts that
need to be downloaded (see <a href="dvips.html#psfonts_002emap">psfonts.map</a>).

   <p><a name="index-PDF_002c-and-_0040code_007b_002emps_007d-files-518"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002emps_007d-files-and-PDF-519"></a>It is posible for pdfTeX to read MetaPost output directly; this is
in contrast to general EPSF files, which have to be converted for use
with PDF output.  The easiest way is to name the MetaPost output files
with the <code>.mps</code> extension.  Then the LaTeX
<code>\includegraphics</code> command, for example, will be able to read
them, even when outputting PDF.

   <p><a name="index-security_002c-and-_0040code_007bwrite_007d-520"></a>MetaPost can write output files, via the <code>write</code> primitive; this
opens a security hole.  See <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>.

   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-fmt=</span><var>fmtname</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-halt-on-error</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-ini</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-interaction=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-jobname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-directory</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-progname=</span><var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-recorder</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-translate-file=</span><var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost. 
See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-T</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-troff</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dT-521"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dtroff-522"></a><a name="index-prologues-523"></a>Set the <code>prologues</code> internal variable to <code>1</code>.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-tex=</span><var>texprogram</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dtex_003d_0040var_007btexprogram_007d-524"></a>When this option is given, the program <var>texprogram</var> is used to
typeset the labels.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Initial-MetaPost"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">6.2 Initial MetaPost</h3>

<p><a name="index-initial-MetaPost-525"></a><a name="index-MetaPost_002c-initial-526"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002emem-527"></a><a name="index-mem-files-528"></a><code>inimpost</code> is the &ldquo;initial&rdquo; form of MetaPost, which does
lengthy initializations avoided by the &ldquo;virgin&rdquo; (<code>vir</code>) form,
so as to be capable of dumping <samp><span class="file">.mem</span></samp> files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  For a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms, see
<a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>.  In past releases, a separate program
<samp><span class="command">inimpost</span></samp> was installed for the initial form, but this is no
longer the case.

   <p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a>.

   <p><a name="index-plain_002emem-529"></a><a name="index-mpost_002emem-530"></a><a name="index-mem-files_002c-plain-only-531"></a>The principal memory dump file used with MetaPost is the default,
<samp><span class="file">plain.mem</span></samp>, also known as <samp><span class="file">mpost.mem</span></samp> (again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).  It is created by default during installation, but you can
also do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if a <samp><span class="file">plain.mp</span></samp> update is
issued):
<pre class="example">     mpost -ini '\input plain dump'
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.) 
Then install the resulting <samp><span class="file">plain.mem</span></samp> in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">$(memdir)</span></samp>&rsquo;
(<samp><span class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</span></samp> by default), and link
<samp><span class="file">mpost.mem</span></samp> to it.

   <p><a name="index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost-532"></a><a name="index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost-533"></a><a name="index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility-534"></a><a name="index-mfplain_002emem-535"></a>MetaPost also provides a mem file with all the features of plain
Metafont, called <samp><span class="file">mfplain.mem</span></samp>.  You can create that in the same
way; just replace &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">plain</span></samp>&rsquo; in the above command with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">mfplain</span></samp>&rsquo;. 
<samp><span class="file">mfplain.mem</span></samp> file lets you directly process Metafont source files
with MetaPost, producing character proofs (one file for each character)
similar to those produced with Metafont in proof mode and GFtoDVI
(see <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a>).

   <p><a name="index-metafun_002emp-536"></a><a name="index-MetaFun_002c-enhanced-MetaPost-537"></a><a name="index-Pragma-ADE-538"></a>Another MetaPost mem file, named MetaFun, provides many advanced
features.  It was developed and maintained by Pragma ADE.  The home
page for MetaFun, other MetaPost-related things, and lots more from
Pragma: <a href="http://www.pragma-ade.com/">http://www.pragma-ade.com/</a>.

<div class="node">
<a name="dvitomp-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">6.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</h3>

<p><a name="index-dvitomp-539"></a><a name="index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX-540"></a><a name="index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files-541"></a>
DVItoMP converts DVI files into low-level MetaPost commands in a
so-called MPX file.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     dvitomp <var>dvifile</var>[.dvi] [<var>mpxfile</var>[.mpx]]
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">If <var>mpxfile</var> is not specified, the output goes to the basename of
<var>dvifile</var> extended with <samp><span class="file">.mpx</span></samp>, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dvitomp
/wherever/foo.dvi</span></samp>&rsquo; creates <samp><span class="file">./foo.mpx</span></samp>.

   <p><a name="index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP-542"></a>DVItoMP supports Dvips-style color specials, such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">color push
</span><var>name</var></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">color pop</span></samp>&rsquo;, outputting them as <code>withcolor</code>
MetaPost commands.

   <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).

<div class="node">
<a name="BibTeX"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#WEB">WEB</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">7 BibTeX: Bibliographies</h2>

<p><a name="index-bibliographies_002c-creating-543"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-544"></a>
BibTeX automates much of the job of typesetting bibliographies, and
makes bibliography entries reusable in many different contexts.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a>:     The standard and semi-standard styles. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="bibtex-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">7.1 BibTeX invocation</h3>

<p><a name="index-bibtex-545"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_002ebbl-_0040r_007bbibliography-files_007d-546"></a><a name="index-g_t_002eaux-_0040r_007bcross_002dreference-files_007d-547"></a><a name="index-g_t_002ebib-_0040r_007bbibliography-databases_007d-548"></a>BibTeX creates a printable bibliography (<samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp>) file from
references in a <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file, generally written by TeX or
LaTeX.  The <samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp> file is then incorporated on a subsequent
run.  The basic bibliographic information comes from <samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> files,
and a BibTeX style (<samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp>) file controls the precise contents
of the <samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp> file.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     bibtex [<var>option</var>]... <var>auxfile</var>[.aux]
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_002eblg-_0040r_007bBib_0040TeX_007b_007d-log-file_007d-549"></a><a name="index-log-file_002c-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-550"></a>The output goes to the basename of <var>auxfile</var> extended with
<samp><span class="file">.bbl</span></samp>; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">bibtex /wherever/foo.aux</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.bbl</span></samp>.  BibTeX also writes a log file to the basename of
<var>auxfile</var> extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.blg</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliography-551"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-552"></a><a name="index-TEXBIB_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-553"></a><a name="index-BIBINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-554"></a><a name="index-BSTINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bst-files_007d-555"></a>The names of the <samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp> files are specified in the
<samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file as well, via the <samp><span class="file">\bibliography</span></samp> and
<samp><span class="file">\bibliographystyle</span></samp> (La)TeX macros.  BibTeX searches for
<samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> files using the <code>BIBINPUTS</code> and <code>TEXBIB</code> paths,
and for <samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp> files using <code>BSTINPUTS</code> (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>).  It does no path searching for
<samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> files.

   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-terse</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dterse-556"></a><a name="index-terse-output-557"></a><a name="index-verbose-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-output_002c-suppressing-558"></a>Suppress the program banner and progress reports normally output.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-min-crossrefs=</span><var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-559"></a><a name="index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items-560"></a><a name="index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced-561"></a>If at least <var>n</var> (2 by default) bibliography entries refer to another
entry <var>e</var> via their <code>crossref</code> field, include <var>e</var> in the
<tt>.bbl</tt> file, even if it was not explicitly referenced in the <tt>.aux</tt>
file. For example, <var>e</var> might be a conference proceedings as a whole,
with the cross-referencing entries being individual articles published
in the proceedings.  In some circumstances, you may want to avoid these
automatic inclusions altogether; to do this, make <var>n</var> a sufficiently
large number. 
</dl>

   <p>See also:
     <dl>
<dt><samp><span class="file">btxdoc.tex</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxdoc_002etex-562"></a>Basic LaTeXable documentation for general BibTeX users.

     <br><dt><samp><span class="file">btxhak.tex</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxhak_002etex-563"></a><a name="index-style-design_002c-for-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-564"></a>LaTeXable documentation for style designers.

     <br><dt><samp><span class="file">btxdoc.bib</span></samp><dd><a name="index-btxdoc_002ebib-565"></a>BibTeX database file for the two above documents.

     <br><dt><samp><span class="file">xampl.bib</span></samp><dd><a name="index-xampl_002ebib-566"></a>Example database file with all the standard entry types.

     <br><dt><samp><span class="file"><a href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/</a></span></samp><dd><a name="index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu-567"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-collection-568"></a><a name="index-TUGboat-bibliography-569"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-bibliographies-for-570"></a>A very large <samp><span class="file">.bib</span></samp> and <samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp> collection, including
references for all the standard TeX books and a complete bibliography
for TUGboat. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="Basic-BibTeX-style-files"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">7.2 Basic BibTeX style files</h3>

<p><a name="index-basic-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-571"></a><a name="index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-572"></a>
Here are descriptions of the four standard and four semi-standard basic
BibTeX styles.  <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/biblio/bibtex</span></samp> contains these and
many more (for CTAN info, see <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).

     <dl>
<dt><code>plain</code><dd><a name="index-plain_002ebst-573"></a>Sorts entries alphabetically, with numeric labels.  Generally formatted
according to van Leunen's <cite>A Handbook for Scholars</cite>.  The other
style files listed here are based on <code>plain</code>.

     <br><dt><code>abbrv</code><dd><a name="index-abbrv_002ebst-574"></a>First names, month names, and journal names are abbreviated.

     <br><dt><code>acm</code><dd><a name="index-acm_002ebst-575"></a>Names are printed in small caps.

     <br><dt><code>alpha</code><dd><a name="index-alpha_002ebst-576"></a>Alphanumeric labels, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Knu66</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>apalike</code><dd><a name="index-apalike_002ebst-577"></a>No labels at all; instead, the year appears in parentheses after the author. 
Use this in conjunction with <samp><span class="file">apalike.tex</span></samp> (plain TeX) or
<samp><span class="file">apalike.sty</span></samp> (LaTeX), which also changes the citations in the
text to be &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">(</span><var>author</var><span class="samp">, </span><var>year</var><span class="samp">)</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>ieeetr</code><dd><a name="index-ieeetr_002ebst-578"></a>Numeric labels, entries in citation order, <span class="sc">ieee</span> abbreviations,
article titles in quotes.

     <br><dt><code>siam</code><dd><a name="index-siam_002ebst-579"></a>Numeric labels, alphabetic order, <cite>Math. Reviews</cite>
abbreviations, names in small caps.

     <br><dt><code>unsrt</code><dd><a name="index-unsrt_002ebst-580"></a>Lists entries in citation order, i.e., unsorted.

     <br><dt><code>btxbst.doc</code><dd>The template file and documentation for the standard styles.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="WEB"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">8 WEB: Literate programming</h2>

<p><a name="index-WEB-581"></a><a name="index-literate-programming-582"></a>
<dfn>WEB</dfn> languages allow you to write a single source file that can
produce both a compilable program and a well-formatted document
describing the program in as much detail as you wish to prepare. 
Writing in this kind of dual-purpose language is called <dfn>literate
programming</dfn>.  (The Usenet newsgroup <samp><span class="file">comp.programming.literate</span></samp>
is devoted to this subject.)

   <p><a name="index-webman_002etex-583"></a><a name="index-Spiderweb-584"></a><a name="index-Cweb-585"></a><a name="index-CWEB-586"></a><a name="index-Awk_002c-WEB-for-587"></a><a name="index-Ada_002c-WEB-for-588"></a><a name="index-Troff_002c-WEB-for-589"></a>WEB-like languages have been implemented with many pairs of base
languages: Cweb provides C and Troff (see <a href="#References">References</a>); CWEB provides
C and TeX (<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/web/c_cpp/cweb</span></samp>); Spiderweb provides C,
C++, Awk, Ada, many others, and TeX
(<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/web/spiderweb</span></samp>); and, of course, the original WEB
provides Pascal and TeX, the implementation languages for the
original TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and related programs to come from
the TeX project at Stanford.

   <p>The original WEB language is documented in the file <samp><span class="file">webman.tex</span></samp>,
which is included in the <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz</a> archive
(and available in many other places, of course).

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a>
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a>
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="tangle-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#WEB">WEB</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</h3>

<p><a name="index-tangle-590"></a><a name="index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB-591"></a><a name="index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling-592"></a>
Tangle creates a compilable Pascal program from a WEB source file
(see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>).  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     tangle [<var>option</var>]... <var>webfile</var>[.web] [<var>changefile</var>[.ch]]
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle-593"></a>The Pascal output is written to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended
with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.p</span></samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">tangle /wherever/foo.web</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.p</span></samp>.  Tangle applies <var>changefile</var> to <var>webfile</var> before
writing the output; by default, there is no change file.

   <p><a name="index-pool-file_002c-writing-594"></a><a name="index-string-pool_002c-writing-595"></a>If the program makes use of the WEB string facility, Tangle writes the
string pool to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pool</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   <p>The Pascal output is packed into lines of 72 characters or less, with
the only concession to readability being the termination of lines at
semicolons when this can be done conveniently.

   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-length=</span><var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dlength_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-596"></a><a name="index-identifier-length-597"></a>The number of characters that are considered significant in an
identifier.  Whether underline characters are counted depends on the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-underline</span></samp>&rsquo; option.  The default value is 32, the original tangle
used 7, but this proved too restrictive for use by Web2c.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-lowercase</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mixedcase</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-uppercase</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dlowercase-598"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dmixedcase-599"></a><a name="index-g_t_002duppercase-600"></a><a name="index-identifier-case-601"></a>These options specify the case of identifiers in the output of tangle. 
If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-uppercase</span></samp>&rsquo; (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-lowercase</span></samp>&rsquo;) is specified, tangle will
convert all identfiers to uppercase (lowercase).  The default is
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mixedcase</span></samp>&rsquo;, which specifies that the case will not be changed.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-underline</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dunderline-602"></a><a name="index-identifiers-with-underlines-603"></a>When this option is given, tangle does not strip underline characters
from identifiers.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-loose</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-strict</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dloose-604"></a><a name="index-g_t_002dstrict-605"></a><a name="index-identifier-collisions-606"></a>These options specify how strict tangle must be when checking
identifiers for equality.  The default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-loose</span></samp>&rsquo;, which means
that tangle will follow the rules set by the case-smashing and underline
options above.  If &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-strict</span></samp>&rsquo; is set, then identifiers will always
be stripped of underlines and converted to uppercase before checking
whether they collide.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="weave-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#WEB">WEB</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</h3>

<p><a name="index-weave-607"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-WEB-608"></a><a name="index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting-609"></a><a name="index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs-610"></a>
Weave creates a TeX document from a WEB source file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>),
assuming various macros defined in <samp><span class="file">webmac.tex</span></samp>.   It takes care of
typographic details such as page layout, indentation, and italicizing
identifiers.  It also automatically gathers and outputs extensive
cross-reference information.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     weave [<var>option</var>]... <var>webfile</var>[.web] [<var>changefile</var>[.ch]]
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-change-files_002c-and-Weave-611"></a>The output is to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tex</span></samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">weave /wherever/foo.web</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./foo.tex</span></samp>.  Weave applies <var>changefile</var> to <var>webfile</var>
before writing the output; by default, there is no change file.

   <p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-x</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dx-612"></a><a name="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting-613"></a><a name="index-CONTENTS_002etex-614"></a><a name="index-webmac_002etex-615"></a>Omit the cross-reference information: the index, the list of WEB module
names, and the table of contents (an empty <samp><span class="file">CONTENTS.tex</span></samp> file will
still be written when the Weave output file is processed by TeX using
the default <samp><span class="file">webmac.tex</span></samp>, though). 
</dl>

   <p>Conventionally, WEB programmers should define the TeX <code>\title</code>
macro at the beginning of the source file.  Also, to get output of only
changed modules, one can say <code>\let\maybe=\iffalse</code> (usually as the
first change in the change file).

<div class="node">
<a name="pooltype-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#WEB">WEB</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</h3>

<p><a name="index-pooltype-616"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-pool-617"></a><a name="index-string-numbers_002c-displaying-618"></a><a name="index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying-619"></a>
Pooltype shows the so-called <dfn>string number</dfn> of each string in a WEB
pool file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>), as output by Tangle (see <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a>), including the first 256 strings corresponding to the
possible input characters.  Pooltype primarily serves as an example of
WEB conventions to implementors of the TeX system.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     pooltype [<var>option</var>]... <var>poolfile</var>[.pool]
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">No path searching is done for <var>poolfile</var>.  Output is to standard
output.

   <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).

   <p>As an example of the output, here is the (edited) output for <samp><span class="file">tex.pool</span></samp>:
<pre class="example">     0: "^^@"
     1: "^^A"
     ...
     255: "^^ff"
     256: "pool size"
     ...
     1314: "Using character substitution: "
     (23617 characters in all.)
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-representation-of-strings-620"></a><a name="index-string-representation-621"></a>In Metafont and MetaPost, the first 256 characters are actually
represented as single bytes (i.e., themselves), not in the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">^^</span></samp>&rsquo;
notation.  Consider Pooltype as showing the results after conversion for
output.

<div class="node">
<a name="DVI-utilities"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#WEB">WEB</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">9 DVI utilities</h2>

<p><a name="index-DVI-utilities-622"></a>
TeX outputs a file in <dfn>DVI</dfn> (DeVice Independent) format as a
compact representation of the original document.  DVI files can be
translated to meet the requirements of a real physical device, such as
PostScript printers (see <a href="dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a>), PCL
printers (see dvilj(1)), and X displays (see xdvi(1)).  In fact, DVI
translators are available for virtually all common devices: see
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/dviware</span></samp> (for CTAN info, see <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).

   <p><a name="index-dvitype_002eweb-623"></a><a name="index-DVI-format-definition-624"></a>For the precise definition of the DVI file format, see (for example) the
source file <samp><span class="file">web2c/dvitype.web</span></samp>.

   <p>The DVI-processing programs in the Web2c distribution are not device
drivers; they perform generic utility functions.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a>:           Expand virtual fonts. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a>:           DVI to human-readable text. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="dvicopy-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">9.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</h3>

<p><a name="index-dvicopy-625"></a><a name="index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding-626"></a>
DVIcopy reads a DVI file, expands any references to virtual fonts
(see <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>) to base fonts, and writes the
resulting DVI file.  Thus you can use virtual fonts even if your DVI
processor does not support them, by passing the documents through
DVIcopy first.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     dvicopy [<var>option</var>]... [<var>indvi</var>[.dvi] [<var>outdvi</var>[.dvi]]]
</pre>
   <p>DVIcopy reads standard input if <var>indvi</var> is not specified, and writes
standard output if <var>outdvi</var> is not specified.

   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-magnification=</span><var>integer</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-627"></a><a name="index-magnification-628"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmag-629"></a>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000
specifies no magnification.  This is equivalent to setting TeX's
<code>\mag</code> parameter.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-max-pages=</span><var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-630"></a>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-page-start=</span><var>page-spec</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-631"></a><a name="index-starting-page-632"></a><a name="index-page_002c-starting-633"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-634"></a>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more
(signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX's
<code>\count0...9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo;
matches anything.  Examples: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">3</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1.*.-4</span></samp>&rsquo;. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="dvitype-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">9.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</h3>

<p><a name="index-dvitype-_0040r_007bDVI-validation_007d-635"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text-636"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-637"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-638"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-DVI-639"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files-640"></a>
DVItype translates a DeVice Independent (DVI) file (as output by TeX,
for example) to a plain text file that humans can read.  It also serves
as a DVI-validating program, i.e., if DVItype can read a file, it's
correct.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     dvitype [<var>option</var>]... <var>dvifile</var>[.dvi]
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">DVItype does not read any bitmap files, but it does read TFM files for
fonts referenced in <var>dvifile</var>.  The usual places are searched
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>).  To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running the program.

   <p>Output goes to standard output.

   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-dpi=</span><var>real</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002ddpi_003d_0040var_007breal_007d-641"></a>Do pixel movement calculations at <var>real</var> pixels per inch; default
300.0.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-magnification=</span><var>integer</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-642"></a><a name="index-magnification-643"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmag-644"></a>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000
specifies no magnification.  This is equivalent to setting TeX's
<code>\mag</code> parameter.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-max-pages=</span><var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-645"></a>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-level=</span><var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002doutput_002dlevel_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-646"></a>Verbosity level of output, from 0 to 4 (default 4):
          <ul>
<li>0: Global document information only. 
<li>1: Most DVI commands included, and typeset characters summarized. 
<li>2: Character and movement commands explicitly included. 
<li>3: DVI stack and current position calculations included. 
<li>4: Same information as level 3, but DVItype does random positioning
in the file, reading the DVI postamble first. 
</ul>

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-page-start=</span><var>page-spec</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-647"></a><a name="index-starting-page-648"></a><a name="index-page_002c-starting-649"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-650"></a>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more
(signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX's
<code>\count0...9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo;
matches anything.  Examples: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">5.*.-9</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dshow_002dopcodes-651"></a><a name="index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI-652"></a><a name="index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing-653"></a><a name="index-debugging-DVI-utilities-654"></a>Show numeric opcode values (in decimal) for DVI commands, in braces
after the command name. This can help in debugging DVI utilities.  We
use decimal because in the DVI format documentation (in
<samp><span class="file">dvitype.web</span></samp>, among others) the opcodes are shown in decimal. 
</dl>

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#dvitype-output-example">dvitype output example</a>
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="dvitype-output-example"></a>
<p><hr>
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">9.2.1 DVItype output example</h4>

<p><a name="index-dvitype-output-example-655"></a>As an example of the output from DVItype (see section above), here is
its (abridged) translation of the <samp><span class="file">story.dvi</span></samp> resulting from
running the example in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>, with
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-output-level=4</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>&rsquo; on.

<pre class="example">     ...
     Options selected:
       Starting page = *
       Maximum number of pages = 1000000
       Output level = 4 (the works)
       Resolution = 300.00000000 pixels per inch
     numerator/denominator=25400000/473628672
     magnification=1000;       0.00006334 pixels per DVI unit
     ' TeX output 1992.05.17:0844'
     Postamble starts at byte 564.
     maxv=43725786, maxh=30785863, maxstackdepth=3, totalpages=1
     Font 33: cmsl10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
     Font 23: cmbx10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
     Font 0: cmr10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
     
     42: beginning of page 1
     87: push {141}
     level 0:(h=0,v=0,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=0)
     88: down3 -917504 {159} v:=0-917504=-917504, vv:=-58
     92: pop {142}
     ...
     104: putrule {137} height 26214, width 30785863 (2x1950 pixels)
     113: down3 5185936 {159} v:=655360+5185936=5841296, vv:=370
     117: push {141}
     level 1:(h=0,v=5841296,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=370)
     118: right4 12265425 {146} h:=0+12265425=12265425, hh:=777
     [ ]
     123: fntdef1 23 {243}: cmbx10
     145: fntnum23 {194} current font is cmbx10
     146: setchar65 h:=12265425+569796=12835221, hh:=813
     147: w3 251220 {150} h:=12835221+251220=13086441, hh:=829
     151: setchar83 h:=13086441+418700=13505141, hh:=856
     ...
     164: setchar82 h:=17448202+565245=18013447, hh:=1142
     165: x0 -62805 {152} h:=18013447-62805=17950642, hh:=1138
     166: setchar89 h:=17950642+569796=18520438, hh:=1174
     [A SHORT STORY]
     167: pop {142}
     level 1:(h=0,v=5841296,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=370)
     ...
     550: pop {142}
     level 0:(h=0,v=42152922,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2670)
     551: down3 1572864 {159} v:=42152922+1572864=43725786, vv:=2770
     555: push {141}
     level 0:(h=0,v=43725786,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2770)
     556: right4 15229091 {146} h:=0+15229091=15229091, hh:=965
     561: setchar49 h:=15229091+327681=15556772, hh:=986
     [ 1]
     562: pop {142}
     level 0:(h=0,v=43725786,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2770)
     563: eop {140}
</pre>
   <p>Explanation:

     <ul>
<li>The DVItype options are recorded at the beginning, followed by
global information about the document, including fonts used.

     <li>Each DVI command is preceded by its byte position in the file
(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">42:</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">87:</span></samp>&rsquo;, <small class="dots">...</small>), and (because of the
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-show-opcodes</span></samp>&rsquo;) followed by its decimal opcode value in braces
(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">{141}</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">{142}</span></samp>&rsquo;, <small class="dots">...</small>).

     <li>The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">level</span></samp>&rsquo; lines record information about the DVI stack; &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">h</span></samp>&rsquo;
and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">v</span></samp>&rsquo; define the current position in DVI units, while &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">hh</span></samp>&rsquo;
and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">vv</span></samp>&rsquo; are the same in pixels.

     <li>Text sequences are summarized in brackets, as in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[A SHORT
STORY]</span></samp>&rsquo; and the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[ 1]</span></samp>&rsquo;. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="Font-utilities"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">10 Font utilities</h2>

<p><a name="index-font-utilities-656"></a>
The Web2c programs described here convert between various TeX-related
font formats; the first section below briefly describes the
formats. GFtoPK is the only one that is routinely used, as Metafont
outputs GF format, but it's most efficient for device drivers to use PK.

   <p><a name="index-pktype_002eweb-657"></a><a name="index-gftype_002eweb-658"></a><a name="index-PK-format-definition-659"></a><a name="index-GF-format-definition-660"></a>The precise definitions of the PK, GF, TFM, PL, VF, and VPL formats
mentioned below are in the source files that read them;
<samp><span class="file">pktype.web</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">gftype.web</span></samp>, <samp><span class="file">tftopl.web</span></samp>, etc.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a>:        Explanations of GF, PK, TFM, VF, ... 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a>:        GF -&gt; PK (compact)
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a>:        PK -&gt; GF (expand). 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a>:        PK -&gt; human-readable text. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a>:        GF -&gt; human-readable text. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a>:        TFM -&gt; PL (for editing TFM). 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a>:        PL -&gt; TFM (make editing results usable). 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a>:        VF -&gt; VPL (tftopl for virtual fonts). 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a>:        VPL -&gt; VF (pltotf for virtual fonts). 
<li><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a>:  Type 1, BDF, editors, etc. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="Font-file-formats"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.1 Font file formats</h3>

<p><a name="index-font-file-formats-661"></a><a name="index-file-formats-for-fonts-662"></a>
(For another perspective on this, see <a href="dvips.html#Font-concepts">Font concepts</a>).

   <p>Font files come in several varieties, with suffixes like:
<pre class="example">     .tfm  .*pk  .*gf  .*pxl<span class="roman"> (obsolete)</span>  .pl  .mf  .vf  .vpl
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">Each represents a file format.

   <p><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-explained-663"></a>A TFM (TeX font metric) file is a compact binary file that contains
information about each character in a font, about combinations of
characters within that font, and about the font as a whole.  The font
metric information contained in TFM files is device-independent units is
used by TeX to do typesetting.  Unlike the bitmap (raster) fonts
described below, TFM font files contain no information about the shapes
of characters.  They describe rectangular areas and combinations
thereof, but not what will eventually be printed in those areas.

   <p><a name="index-scaling-of-fonts-664"></a><a name="index-optical-font-scaling-665"></a><a name="index-geometric-font-scaling-666"></a><a name="index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling-667"></a>Since TeX does scaling calculations, one TFM file serves for all
magnifications of a given typeface.  On the other hand, the best printed
results are obtained when magnified (or reduced fonts) are not produced
geometrically (as done by PostScript, for example) but rather optically,
with each size a separate design (as done with Computer Modern and the
EC fonts, for example); then a separate TFM file is needed for each
size.

   <p><a name="index-DVI-files_002c-explained-668"></a>At any rate, TeX produces a DVI (DeVice Independent) file from your
source document.  In order to print DVI files on real devices, you need
font files defining digitized character shapes and other data.  Then
previewers and printer-driver programs can translate your DVI files into
something usable by your monitor or printer.  Bitmap fonts come with
suffixes such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.600pk</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.600gf</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.3000pxl</span></samp>&rsquo;, where
the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">600</span></samp>&rsquo; is the horizontal dots-per-inch resolution at which the
font was produced, and the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pxl</span></samp>&rsquo;
indicates the font format.  Outline fonts in PostScript Type 1 format
have suffixes such as &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pfa</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pfb</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   <p><a name="index-PXL-files_002c-explained-669"></a><a name="index-PK-files_002c-explained-670"></a><a name="index-GF-files_002c-explained-671"></a>Fonts in pk (packed) format are in the tightly packed raster format that
is pretty much the standard today.  They take up less space than fonts
in the gf (generic font) format that Metafont generates, and far less
space than fonts in pxl format.  Fonts in pxl format take up gross
amounts of disk space and permit only 128 characters.  They are
obsolete.

   <p><a name="index-PL-files_002c-explained-672"></a>Font files with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pl</span></samp>&rsquo; (property list) suffix are the plain text
(human-readable) analog of the binary &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo; files. 
The TFtoPL and PLtoTF programs convert between the two formats
(see <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a> and <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a>).

   <p>Font files with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.mf</span></samp>&rsquo; suffix are in Metafont source format. 
These are the files used by Metafont to generate rastered fonts for
specific typefaces at specific magnifications for the specific
resolution and type of mapping used by your device.

   <p><a name="index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth-673"></a><a name="index-virtualfonts_002etxt-674"></a>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo; identifies &ldquo;virtual font&rdquo; files, for which
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vpl</span></samp>&rsquo; is the human-readable analog.  See See <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a>,
and <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a>.  For further discussion of virtual fonts,
see <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/doc/virtual-fonts.knuth</span></samp>,
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/help/virtualfonts.txt</span></samp>, and <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>.

   <p><a name="index-MacKay_002c-Pierre-675"></a><a name="index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth-676"></a>(This section is based on documentation in the original Unix TeX
distribution by Pierre MacKay and Elizabeth Tachikawa.)

<div class="node">
<a name="gftopk-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</h3>

<p><a name="index-gftopk-677"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK-678"></a><a name="index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to-679"></a><a name="index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK-680"></a>
GFtoPK converts a generic font (GF) file output by, for example,
Metafont (see <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>) to a packed font (PK) file.  PK files
are considerably smaller than the corresponding gf files, so they are
generally the bitmap font format of choice.  Some DVI-processing
programs, notably Dvips, only support PK files and not GF files. 
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     gftopk [<var>option</var>]... <var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[gf] [<var>pkfile</var>]
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>).  To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.

   <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present.  This suffix is
not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance,
<samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.

   <p>If <var>pkfile</var> is not specified, the output is written to the basename
of &lsquo;<samp><var>gfname</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>dpi</var><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo;, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gftopk
/wherever/cmr10.600gf</span></samp>&rsquo; creates <samp><span class="file">./cmr10.600pk</span></samp>.

   <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).

<div class="node">
<a name="pktogf-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</h3>

<p><a name="index-pktogf-681"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF-682"></a><a name="index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to-683"></a><a name="index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF-684"></a>
PKtoGF converts a packed font (PK) file to a generic font (GF) file. 
Since PK format is much more compact than GF format, the most likely
reason to do this is to run GFtype (see <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a>) on the
result, so you can see the bitmap images.  Also, a few old utility
programs do not support PK format.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     pktogf [<var>option</var>]... <var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[pk] [<var>gffile</var>]
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>).  To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.

   <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present.  This suffix is
not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance,
<samp><span class="file">cmr10.600pk</span></samp>.

   <p>If <var>gffile</var> is not specified, the output is written to the basename
of &lsquo;<samp><var>pkname</var><span class="samp">.</span><var>dpi</var><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo;, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pktogf
/wherever/cmr10.600pk</span></samp>&rsquo; creates <samp><span class="file">./cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.

   <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">--version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).

<div class="node">
<a name="pktype-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</h3>

<p><a name="index-pktype-_0040r_007bPK-validation_007d-685"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text-686"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to-687"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to-688"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-PK-689"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-PK-files-690"></a>
PKtype translates a packed font (PK) bitmap file (as output by GFtoPK,
for example) to a plain text file that humans can read.  It also serves
as a PK-validating program, i.e., if PKtype can read a file, it's
correct.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     pktype <var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[pk]
</pre>
   <p>The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>).  To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.

   <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pk</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present.  This suffix is
not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600pk</span></samp>.

   <p>The translation is written to standard output.

   <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo;
(see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).

   <p>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) translation of the
letter `K' in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>&rsquo;, as rendered at 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> with the mode
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ljfour</span></samp>&rsquo; from <a href="modes.mf">modes.mf</a> (available from
<samp><span class="file">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</span></samp>).

<pre class="smallexample">     955:  Flag byte = 184  Character = 75  Packet length = 174
       Dynamic packing variable = 11
       TFM width = 815562  dx = 4259840
       Height = 57  Width = 57  X-offset = -3  Y-offset = 56
       [2]23(16)17(8)9(25)11(13)7(27)7(16)7(28)4(18)7(28)2(20)7(27)...
       ...
       (14)9(24)12(5)[2]23(13)21
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">Explanation:

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">955</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-byte-position-691"></a>The byte position in the file where this character starts.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Flag byte</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Dynamic packing variable</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-flag-byte-692"></a><a name="index-dynamic-packing-variable-693"></a>Related to the packing for this character; see the source code.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Character</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output-694"></a>The character code, in decimal.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Packet length</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-packet-length-695"></a>The total length of this character definition, in bytes.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TFM width</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-TFM-width-of-characters-696"></a><a name="index-device_002dindependent-width-697"></a><a name="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-698"></a>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character.  It is 2^24
times the ratio of the true width to the font's design size.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dx</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-horizontal-escapement-699"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-700"></a><a name="index-scaled-pixels-701"></a><a name="index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-702"></a>The device-dependent width, in <dfn>scaled pixels</dfn>, i.e., units of
horizontal pixels times 2^16.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Height</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Width</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-height_002c-in-pixels-703"></a><a name="index-pixel-height-704"></a><a name="index-pixel-width-705"></a><a name="index-width_002c-in-pixels-706"></a>The bitmap height and width, in pixels.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">X-offset</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Y-offset</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-x-offset-707"></a><a name="index-y-offset-708"></a><a name="index-origin-709"></a><a name="index-reference-pixel-710"></a><a name="index-side-bearings-711"></a><a name="index-left-side-bearing-712"></a><a name="index-right-side-bearing-713"></a>Horizontal and vertical offset from the upper left pixel to the
reference (origin) pixel for this character, in pixels (right and down
are positive).  The <dfn>reference pixel</dfn> is the pixel that occupies the
unit square in Metafont; the Metafont reference point is the lower left
hand corner of this pixel. Put another way, the x-offset is the negative
of the left side bearing; the right side bearing is the horizontal
escapement minus the bitmap width plus the x-offset.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">[2]23(16)...</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-714"></a><a name="index-repeated-rows-715"></a>Finally, run lengths of black pixels alternate with parenthesized run
lengths of white pixels, and brackets indicate a repeated row. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="gftype-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</h3>

<p><a name="index-gftype-_0040r_007bGF-validation_007d-716"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text-717"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to-718"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to-719"></a><a name="index-type-programs_002c-GF-720"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-GF-files-721"></a>
GFtype translates a generic font (GF) bitmap file (as output by
Metafont, for example) to a plain text file that humans can read.  It
also serves as a GF-validating program, i.e., if GFtype can read a file,
it's correct.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     gftype [<var>option</var>]... <var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[gf]
</pre>
   <p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>).  To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.

   <p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">gf</span></samp>&rsquo; is supplied if not already present.  This suffix is
not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance, <samp><span class="file">cmr10.600gf</span></samp>.

   <p>The translation is written to standard output.

   <p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-images</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dimages-722"></a>Show the characters' bitmaps using asterisks and spaces.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mnemonics</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dmnemonics-723"></a>Translate all commands in the GF file. 
</dl>

   <p>As an example of the output, here is the (abrdiged) translation of the
letter `K' in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">cmr10</span></samp>&rsquo;, as rendered at 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> with the mode
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ljfour</span></samp>&rsquo; from <samp><span class="file">modes.mf</span></samp> (available from
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>), with both &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-mnemonics</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-images</span></samp>&rsquo; enabled.

   <p>GFtype outputs the information about a character in two places: a main
definition and a one-line summary at the end. We show both.  Here is the
main definition:

<pre class="example">     2033: beginning of char 75: 3&lt;=m&lt;=60 0&lt;=n&lt;=56
     (initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20
     2043: newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20
     2047: newrow 0 (n=54) paint 24(12)20
     2051: newrow 0 (n=53) paint 24(12)20
     2055: newrow 7 (n=52) paint 10(21)13
     2059: newrow 8 (n=51) paint 8(23)9
     ...
     2249: newrow 8 (n=5) paint 8(23)11
     2253: newrow 7 (n=4) paint 10(22)12
     2257: newrow 0 (n=3) paint 24(11)22
     2261: newrow 0 (n=2) paint 24(11)22
     2265: newrow 0 (n=1) paint 24(11)22
     2269: newrow 0 (n=0) paint 24(11)22
     2273: eoc
     .&lt;--This pixel's lower left corner is at (3,57) in METAFONT coordinates
     ************************            ********************
     ************************            ********************
     ************************            ********************
     ************************            ********************
            **********                     *************
             ********                       *********
     ...
             ********                       ***********
            **********                      ************
     ************************           **********************
     ************************           **********************
     ************************           **********************
     ************************           **********************
     .&lt;--This pixel's upper left corner is at (3,0) in METAFONT coordinates
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">Explanation:

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">2033</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">2043</span></samp>&rsquo;<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">...</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-byte-position-724"></a>The byte position in the file where each GF command starts.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">beginning of char 75</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output-725"></a>The character code, in decimal.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">3&lt;=m&lt;=60 0&lt;=n&lt;=56</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-left-side-bearing-726"></a><a name="index-right-side-bearing-727"></a><a name="index-side-bearings-728"></a>The character's bitmap lies between 3 and 60 (inclusive) horizontally,
and between 0 and 56 (inclusive) vertically. (m is a column
position and n is a row position.)  Thus, 3 is the left side
bearing.  The right side bearing is the horizontal escapement (given
below) minus the maximum m.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">(initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-729"></a>The first row of pixels: 0 white pixels, 24 black pixels, 12 white
pixels, etc.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-newrow-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-730"></a>The second row of pixels, with zero leading white pixels on the row.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">eoc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-eoc-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-731"></a>The end of the main character definition.

   </dl>

   <p>Here is the GF postamble information that GFtype outputs at the end:

<pre class="example">     Character 75: dx 4259840 (65), width 815562 (64.57289), loc 2033
</pre>
   <p>Explanation:

     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dx</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-horizontal-escapement-732"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-733"></a><a name="index-vertical-escapement-734"></a><a name="index-escapement_002c-vertical-735"></a><a name="index-scaled-pixels-736"></a><a name="index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-737"></a><a name="index-dy-_0040r_007bvertical-escapement_007d-738"></a>The device-dependent width, in <dfn>scaled pixels</dfn>, i.e., units of
horizontal pixels times 2^16.  The &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">(65)</span></samp>&rsquo; is simply the same number
rounded.  If the vertical escapement is nonzero, it would appear here as
a &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">dy</span></samp>&rsquo; value.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">width</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-TFM-width-of-characters-739"></a><a name="index-device_002dindependent-width-740"></a><a name="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-741"></a>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character.  It is 2^24
times the ratio of the true width to the font's design size.  The
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">64.57289</span></samp>&rsquo; is the same number converted to pixels.

     <br><dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">loc</span></samp>&rsquo;<dd>The byte position in the file where this character starts.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="tftopl-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</h3>

<p><a name="index-tftopl-742"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list-743"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files-744"></a><a name="index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to-745"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-746"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-747"></a>
TFtoPL translates a TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>) file (as output by Metafont, for example) to
<dfn>property list format</dfn> (a list of parenthesized items describing the
font) that humans can edit or read.  This program is mostly used by
people debugging TeX implementations, writing font utilities, etc. 
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     tftopl [<var>option</var>]... <var>tfmname</var>[.tfm] [<var>plfile</var>[.pl]]
</pre>
   <p>The font <var>tfmname</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is
searched for in the usual places (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>).  To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.

   <p>If <var>plfile</var> (which is extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.pl</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is not
specified, the property list file is written to standard output.  The
property list file can be converted back to TFM format by the companion
program TFtoPL (see the next section).

   <p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-charcode-format=</span><var>type</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-748"></a>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo;.  Default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo; for letters and
digits, octal for all other characters.  Exception: if the font's coding
scheme starts with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX math sy</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX math ex</span></samp>&rsquo;, all
character codes are output in octal.

     <p>In &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo; format, character codes that correspond to graphic
characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>&rsquo; followed by the single character: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C K</span></samp>&rsquo;, for example.  In
octal format, character codes are output as the letter &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O</span></samp>&rsquo; followed
by octal digits, as in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O 113</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">K</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <p>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>&rsquo; format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely
confusing. 
</dl>

   <p><a name="index-property-list-format-749"></a>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) property list
translation of <samp><span class="file">cmr10.tfm</span></samp>:

<pre class="example">     (FAMILY CMR)
     (FACE O 352)
     (CODINGSCHEME TEX TEXT)
     (DESIGNSIZE R 10.0)
     (COMMENT DESIGNSIZE IS IN POINTS)
     (COMMENT OTHER SIZES ARE MULTIPLES OF DESIGNSIZE)
     (CHECKSUM O 11374260171)
     (FONTDIMEN
        (SLANT R 0.0)
        (SPACE R 0.333334)
        (STRETCH R 0.166667)
        (SHRINK R 0.111112)
        (XHEIGHT R 0.430555)
        (QUAD R 1.000003)
        (EXTRASPACE R 0.111112)
        )
     (LIGTABLE
        ...
        (LABEL C f)
        (LIG C i O 14)
        (LIG C f O 13)
        (LIG C l O 15)
        (KRN O 47 R 0.077779)
        (KRN O 77 R 0.077779)
        (KRN O 41 R 0.077779)
        (KRN O 51 R 0.077779)
        (KRN O 135 R 0.077779)
        (STOP)
        ...
        )
     ...
     (CHARACTER C f
        (CHARWD R 0.305557)
        (CHARHT R 0.694445)
        (CHARIC R 0.077779)
        (COMMENT
           (LIG C i O 14)
           (LIG C f O 13)
           (LIG C l O 15)
           (KRN O 47 R 0.077779)
           (KRN O 77 R 0.077779)
           ...
           )
        )
     ...
</pre>
   <p>As you can see, the general format is a list of parenthesized
<dfn>properties</dfn>, nested where necessary.

     <ul>
<li><a name="index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-750"></a><a name="index-FACE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-751"></a><a name="index-headerbyte-_0040r_007binformation_007d-752"></a>The first few items (<code>FAMILY</code>, <code>FACE</code>, and so on) are
the so-called <dfn>headerbyte</dfn> information from Metafont, giving general
information about the font.

     <li><a name="index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-753"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfontdimen-754"></a>The <code>FONTDIMEN</code> property defines the TeX <code>\fontdimen</code>
values.

     <li><a name="index-LIGTABLE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-755"></a><a name="index-LABEL-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-756"></a><a name="index-LIG-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-757"></a><a name="index-KRN-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-758"></a><a name="index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files-759"></a><a name="index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files-760"></a><a name="index-design_002dsize-units-761"></a>The <code>LIGTABLE</code> property defines the ligature and kerning table. 
<code>LIG</code> properties define ligatures: in the example above, an
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">f</span></samp>&rsquo; (in the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">LABEL</span></samp>&rsquo;) followed by an &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">i</span></samp>&rsquo; is a ligature,
i.e., a typesetting program like TeX replaces those two consecutive
characters by the character at position octal '014 in the current
font&mdash;presumably the `fi' ligature.  <code>KRN</code> properties define
kerns: if an &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">f</span></samp>&rsquo; is followed by character octal '047 (an
apostrophe), TeX inserts a small amount of space between them:
0.077779 times the design size the font was loaded at (about
three-quarters of a printer's point by default in this case, or .001
inches).

     <li><a name="index-CHARACTER-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-762"></a><a name="index-CHARWD-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-763"></a><a name="index-CHARHT-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-764"></a><a name="index-CHARDP-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-765"></a><a name="index-CHARIC-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-766"></a>The <code>CHARACTER</code> property defines the dimensions of a character: its
width, height, depth, and italic correction, also in design-size units,
as explained in the previous item.  For our example `f', the depth is
zero, so that property is omitted.  TFtoPL also inserts any kerns and
ligatures for this character as a comment.

   </ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="pltotf-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</h3>

<p><a name="index-pltotf-767"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM-768"></a><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-769"></a><a name="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-770"></a>
PLtoTF translates a property list file (as output by TFtoPL, for
example) to TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>)
format.  It's much easier for both programs and humans to create the
(plain text) property list files and let PLtoTF take care of creating
the binary TFM equivalent than to output TFM files directly.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     pltotf [<var>option</var>]... <var>plfile</var>[.pl] [<var>tfmfile</var>[.tfm]]
</pre>
   <p>If <var>tfmfile</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is
not specified, the TFM file is written to the basename of
&lsquo;<samp><var>plfile</var><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo;, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">pltotf /wherever/cmr10.pl</span></samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp><span class="file">./cmr10.tfm</span></samp>.  (Since TFM files are binary, writing to standard
output by default is undesirable.)

   <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).

   <p>For an example of property list format, see the previous section.

<div class="node">
<a name="vftovp-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</h3>

<p><a name="index-vftovp-771"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL-772"></a><a name="index-validation_002c-of-VF-files-773"></a><a name="index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual-774"></a><a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to-775"></a><a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to-776"></a>
VFtoVP translates a virtual font metric (VF, see <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>) file and its accompanying TeX font metric (TFM,
see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>) file (as output by VPtoVF, for
example) to <dfn>virtual property list format</dfn> (a list of parenthesized
items describing the virtual font) that humans can edit or read.  This
program is mostly used by people debugging virtual font utilities. 
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     vftovp [<var>option</var>]... <var>vfname</var>[.vf] [<var>tfmname</var>[.tfm] [<var>vplfile</var>[.vpl]]]
</pre>
   <p>The fonts <var>vfname</var> and <var>tfmname</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tfm</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) are searched for in the usual places
(see <a href="kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>).  To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-1</span></samp>&rsquo; before running the program.  If <var>tfmname</var> is not
specified, <var>vfname</var> (without a trailing &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo;) is used.

   <p>If <var>vplfile</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vpl</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is
not specified, the property list file is written to standard output. 
The property list file can be converted back to VF and TFM format by the
companion program VFtoVP (see the next section).

   <p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
     <dl>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-charcode-format=</span><var>type</var></samp>&rsquo;<dd><a name="index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-777"></a>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo;.  Default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo; for letters and
digits, octal for all other characters.  Exception: if the font's coding
scheme starts with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX math sy</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">TeX math ex</span></samp>&rsquo;, all
character codes are output in octal.

     <p>In &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">ascii</span></samp>&rsquo; format, character codes that correspond to graphic
characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>&rsquo; followed by the single character: &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">C K</span></samp>&rsquo;, for example.  In
octal format, character codes are output as the letter &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O</span></samp>&rsquo; followed
by octal digits, as in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">O 113</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">K</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <p>&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">octal</span></samp>&rsquo; format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely
confusing. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<a name="vptovf-invocation"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</h3>

<p><a name="index-vptovf-778"></a><a name="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF-779"></a><a name="index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-780"></a><a name="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-781"></a>
VPtoVF translates a virtual property list file (as output by VFtoVP, for
example) to virtual font (VF, see <a href="dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a>) and
TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a>) files. 
It's much easier for both programs and humans to create the (plain text)
property list files and let VPtoVF take care of creating the binary VF
and TFM equivalents than to output them directly.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     vptovf [<var>option</var>]... <var>vplfile</var>[.vpl] [<var>vffile</var>[.vf] [<var>tfmfile</var>[.tfm]]]
</pre>
   <p>If <var>vffile</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is not
specified, the VF output is written to the basename of
&lsquo;<samp><var>vplfile</var><span class="samp">.vf</span></samp>&rsquo;; similarly for <var>tfmfile</var>.  For example,
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">vptovf /wherever/ptmr.vpl</span></samp>&rsquo; creates <samp><span class="file">./ptmr.vf</span></samp> and
<samp><span class="file">./ptmr.tfm</span></samp>.

   <p>The only options are &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-verbose</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-help</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-version</span></samp>&rsquo;
(see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).

<div class="node">
<a name="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</h3>

<p><a name="index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c-782"></a>
The Web2c complement of font utilities merely implements a few basic
conversions.  Many other more sophisticated font utilities exist; most
are in <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities</span></samp> (for CTAN info,
see <a href="kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).  Here are some of the most
commonly-requested items:

     <ul>
<li><a name="index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion-783"></a><a name="index-afm2tfm-784"></a><a name="index-afmtopl-785"></a>AFM (Adobe font metric) to TFM conversion: see <a href="dvips.html#Invoking-afm2tfm">Invoking afm2tfm</a>, and <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities/afmtopl</span></samp>.

     <li><a name="index-X-bitmap-fonts-786"></a><a name="index-BDF-and-GF-conversion-787"></a>BDF (the X bitmap format) conversion:
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz</a>.

     <li><a name="index-metatype1-788"></a><a name="index-Latin-Modern-789"></a>Creating fonts using MetaPost: MetaType1. 
<a href="ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1">ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1</a>.  This is used to create
the excellent Latin Modern font family (<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/lm</span></samp>),
which extends Computer Modern to a vast repertoire of scripts.

     <li><a name="index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts-790"></a><a name="index-xbfe_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-791"></a><a name="index-xfed_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-792"></a><a name="index-xfedor_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-793"></a><a name="index-gftopxl-794"></a><a name="index-chtopx-795"></a><a name="index-pxtoch-796"></a>Editing of bitmap fonts: Xbfe from the GNU font utilities mentioned
below; the X BDF-editing programs available from
<a href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z</a> and
<a href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z</a>; and finally, if your
fonts have only 128 characters, you can use the old <code>gftopxl</code>,
<code>pxtoch</code>, and <code>chtopx</code> programs from
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web</a>.

     <li><a name="index-fontforge-797"></a><a name="index-pfaedit-798"></a>Editing of outline fonts: FontForge, <a href="fontforge.sourceforge.net">fontforge.sourceforge.net</a>. 
This is a very elaborate program with support for many outline formats
(Type&nbsp;1, OpenType, TrueType, <small class="dots">...</small>), and many advanced font
editing features.

     <li><a name="index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript-799"></a><a name="index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps-800"></a><a name="index-gsftopk-801"></a><a name="index-ps2pk-802"></a>PK bitmaps from PostScript outline fonts: gsftopk from the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">xdvi</span></samp>&rsquo;
distribution.  Alternatively, <code>ps2pk</code>, from
<samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities/ps2pk</span></samp>.

     <li><a name="index-Type-1-conversion-803"></a><a name="index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion-804"></a><a name="index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion-805"></a>PostScript Type 1 font format conversion (i.e., between PFA and PFB
formats): <a href="http://www.lcdf.org/type">http://www.lcdf.org/type</a>.

     <li><a name="index-scanned-images-of-fonts-806"></a><a name="index-typeface-specimen-sheets-807"></a><a name="index-fontutils-808"></a>Scanned image conversion: the (aging) GNU font utilities convert type
specimen images to Metafont, PostScript, etc.:
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/fontutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/fontutils/</a>.

     <li><a name="index-autotrace-809"></a><a name="index-potrace-810"></a>Tracing bitmaps to fitted outlines: Autotrace
(<a href="http://autotrace.sourceforge.net">http://autotrace.sourceforge.net</a>), Potrace
(<a href="http://potrace.sourceforge.net">http://potrace.sourceforge.net</a>).  For Metafont fonts, either of
the two programs <code>mftrace</code>
(<a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace">http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace</a>) or <code>textrace</code>
(<a href="http://textrace.sourceforge.net">http://textrace.sourceforge.net</a>) make the job easier.

     <li><a name="index-virtual-font-creation-811"></a><a name="index-fontinst_0040r_007b_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts_007d-812"></a>Virtual font creation: <samp><var>CTAN:</var><span class="file">/fonts/utilities/fontinst</span></samp>. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<a name="Legalisms"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#References">References</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Legalisms</h2>

<p><a name="index-legalisms-813"></a><a name="index-copyright-notices-814"></a><a name="index-permissions_002c-legal-815"></a>
In general, each file has its own copyright notice stating the copying
permissions for that file.  Following is a summary.

   <p>The Web2c system itself and most of the original WEB source files are
public domain.

   <p><samp><span class="file">tex.web</span></samp>, the MLTeX code, <samp><span class="file">mf.web</span></samp>, and <samp><span class="file">bibtex.web</span></samp>,
are copyrighted by their authors.  They may be copied verbatim, but may
be modified only through a <samp><span class="file">.ch</span></samp> file.

   <p>MetaPost-related files, including <samp><span class="file">mp.web</span></samp> itself, are copyrighted
under X-like terms; the precise notice is included below.

   <p>Finally, the Kpathsea library is covered by the GNU Lesser General
Public License (see <a href="kpathsea.html#Introduction">Introduction</a>).  Therefore,
the <em>binaries</em> resulting from a standard Web2c compilation are also
covered by the LGPL; so if you (re)distribute the binaries, you must
also (offer to) distribute the complete source that went into those
binaries.  See the file <samp><span class="file">LGPL</span></samp> for complete details on the LGPL.

   <p>The following notice must be included by the terms of the MetaPost
copyright.

   <blockquote>
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that the copyright notice and this permission notice and warranty
disclaimer appear in supporting documentation, and that the names of
AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories or any of its entities not be used in advertising
or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
specific, written prior permission.

   <p>AT&amp;T disclaims all warranties with regard to this software, including
all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness.  In no event
shall AT&amp;T be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages
or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits,
whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action,
arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of this
software. 
</blockquote>

<div class="node">
<a name="References"></a>
<p><hr>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Index">Index</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="appendix">Appendix B References</h2>

<p><a name="index-references-816"></a><a name="index-bibliography-817"></a>
     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li>Kpathsea: See <a href="kpathsea.html#Top">Introduction</a>.

     <li>Dvips and Afm2tfm: See <a href="dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a>.

     <li>The TeX Users Group: <a href="http://www.tug.org">http://www.tug.org</a>.  For an introduction
to the TeX system, see <a href="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</a>.

     <li>TUGboat: <a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.

     <li>TeX and computer typesetting in general:<br>
<a href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook1.bib">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook1.bib</a>.

     <li>For a bibliography of formal articles and technical reports on the
TeX project, see the books <cite>TeX: The Program</cite> or
<cite>Metafont: The Program</cite> cited below.

     <!-- begin{thebibliography}{Knu86d} -->
     <li>[Bil87]
Neenie Billawala. 
Write-white printing engines and tuning fonts with Metafont. 
<cite>TUGboat</cite>, 8(1):29&ndash;32, April 1987.

     <li>[GMS94]
Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin. 
<cite>The LaTeX Companion</cite>. 
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1994.

     <li>[Hob89]
John D. Hobby. 
A Metafont-like system with PS output. 
<cite>TUGboat</cite>, 10(4):505&ndash;512, December 1989.

     <li>[Hob92]
John D. Hobby. 
A User's Manual for MetaPost. 
Technical Report CSTR-162, AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories, 1992.

     <li>[Hob93]
John D. Hobby. 
Drawing Graphs with MetaPost. 
Technical Report CSTR-164, AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories, 1993.

     <li>[HS91]
Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele Jr. 
<cite>C&mdash;A Reference Manual</cite>. 
Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA, third edition, 1991. 
An authoritative reference to the C programming language, and a good
  companion to Kernighan and Ritchie.

     <li>[KL93]
Donald E. Knuth and Silvio Levy. 
<cite>The CWEB System of Structured Documentation, Version 3.0</cite>. 
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1993.

     <li>[Knu84]
Donald E. Knuth. 
A torture test for TeX. 
Report No. STAN-CS-84-1027, Stanford University, Department of Computer
  Science, 1984.

     <li>[Knu86a]
Donald E. Knuth. 
A Torture Test for METAFONT. 
Report No. STAN-CS-86-1095, Stanford University, Department of Computer
  Science, 1986.

     <li>[Knu86b]
Donald E. Knuth. 
<cite>The TeXbook</cite>, volume A of <cite>Computers and Typesetting</cite>. 
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

     <li>[Knu86c]
Donald E. Knuth. 
<cite>TeX: The Program</cite>, volume B of <cite>Computers and Typesetting</cite>. 
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

     <li>[Knu86d]
Donald E. Knuth. 
<cite>The METAFONTbook</cite>, volume C of <cite>Computers and Typesetting</cite>. 
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

     <li>[Knu86e]
Donald E. Knuth. 
<cite>METAFONT: The Program</cite>, volume D of <cite>Computers and
  Typesetting</cite>. 
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

     <li>[Knu86f]
Donald E. Knuth. 
<cite>Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>, volume E of <cite>Computers and
  Typesetting</cite>. 
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

     <li>[Knu89]
Donald E. Knuth. 
The errors of TeX. 
<cite>Software&mdash;Practice and Experience</cite>, 19(7):607&ndash;681, July
  1989. 
This is an updated version of Knuth:1988:ET.

     <li>[Knu90]
Donald Knuth. 
Virtual Fonts: More Fun for Grand Wizards. 
<cite>TUGboat</cite>, 11(1):13&ndash;23, April 1990.

     <li>[Knu92]
Donald E. Knuth. 
<cite>Literate Programming</cite>. 
CSLI Lecture Notes Number 27. Stanford University Center for the Study of
  Language and Information, Stanford, CA, USA, 1992.

     <li>[Lam94]
Leslie Lamport. 
<cite>LaTeX: A Document Preparation System: User's Guide and Reference
  Manual</cite>. 
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, second edition, 1994. 
Reprinted with corrections in 1996.

     <li>[Lia83]
Franklin Mark Liang. 
Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-pu-ter. 
Technical Report STAN-CS-83-977, Stanford University, August 1983.

     <li>[Mac91]
Pierre A. MacKay. 
Looking at the pixels: Quality control for 300 dpi laser printer fonts,
  especially Metafonts. 
In Robert A. Morris and Jacques Andre, editors, <cite>Raster Imaging and
  Digital Typography II&mdash;Papers from the second RIDT meeting, held in
  Boston, Oct. 14&ndash;16, 1991</cite>, pages 205&ndash;215, New York, 1991. Cambridge
  University Press.

     <li>[Spi89]
Michael D. Spivak. 
<cite>LAMSTeX, The Synthesis</cite>. 
The TeXplorators Corporation, 3701 W. Alabama, Suite 450-273, Houston, TX
  77027, USA, 1989.

     <li>[Spi90]
Michael D. Spivak. 
<cite>The Joy of TeX&mdash;A Gourmet Guide to Typesetting with the
  AMSTeX macro package</cite>. 
American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, USA, 2nd revised edition, 1990.

     <!-- end{thebibliography} -->
        </ol>

<div class="node">
<a name="Index"></a>
<p><hr>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#References">References</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>

<ul class="index-cp" compact>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040samp_007b_0023define_007d-options-36">&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">#define</span></samp>&rsquo; options</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0024-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-226"><code>$ </code><span class="roman">expansion in filenames</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0025_0026-_0040r_007bmagic-number_007d-183"><code>%&amp; </code><span class="roman">magic number</span></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d-_0040r_007bstarting-a-filename_007d-93"><code>- </code><span class="roman">starting a filename</span></a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d-_0040r_007bstarts-option-names_007d-91"><code>- </code><span class="roman">starts option names</span></a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002d-_0040r_007bstarts-option-names_007d-92"><code>-- </code><span class="roman">starts option names</span></a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-_0040r_007boption_007d-198"><code>--disable-dump-share configure </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddisable_002dmf_002dnowin-452"><code>--disable-mf-nowin</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002depsfwin-419"><code>--enable-epsfwin</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dhp2627win-421"><code>--enable-hp2627win</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-_0040r_007boption_007d-252"><code>--enable-ipc configure </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dmftalkwin-423"><code>--enable-mftalkwin</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dnext-426"><code>--enable-next</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dregiswin-428"><code>--enable-regiswin</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dsuntoolswin-433"><code>--enable-suntoolswin</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dtektronixwin-437"><code>--enable-tektronixwin</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002denable_002dunitermwin-441"><code>--enable-unitermwin</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-96"><code>--help </code><span class="roman">common option</span></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dverbose-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-98"><code>--verbose </code><span class="roman">common option</span></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dversion-_0040r_007bcommon-option_007d-100"><code>--version </code><span class="roman">common option</span></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003d_0040var_007bcmd_007d-214"><code>--with-editor=</code><var>cmd</var></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dmf_002dx_002dtoolkit_003d_0040var_007bkit_007d-447"><code>--with-mf-x-toolkit=</code><var>kit</var></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dx-446"><code>--with-x</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d8bit-138"><code>-8bit</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bbase_007d-180"><code>-base=</code><var>base</var></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dbase_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-107"><code>-base=</code><var>dumpname</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dchange_003d_0040var_007bchfile_007d-484"><code>-change=</code><var>chfile</var></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-777"><code>-charcode-format=</code><var>type</var></a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dcharcode_002dformat_003d_0040var_007btype_007d-748"><code>-charcode-format=</code><var>type</var></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dD-_0040r_007bcompiler-options_007d-37"><code>-D </code><span class="roman">compiler options</span></a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ddisable_002dwrite18-266"><code>-disable-write18</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ddpi_003d_0040var_007breal_007d-641"><code>-dpi=</code><var>real</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002denable_002dwrite18-265"><code>-enable-write18</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002denc-247"><code>-enc</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror-102"><code>-file-line-error</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle-104"><code>-file-line-error-style</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-106"><code>-fmt=</code><var>dumpname</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dfmt_003d_0040var_007bfmt_007d-179"><code>-fmt=</code><var>fmt</var></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dgeometry_0040r_007b_002c-supported-with-Xt_007d-461"><code>-geometry</code><span class="roman">, supported with Xt</span></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dhalt_002don_002derror-110"><code>-halt-on-error</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dimages-722"><code>-images</code></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dini-163"><code>-ini</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dini-112"><code>-ini</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dinteraction_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-115"><code>-interaction=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dipc-250"><code>-ipc</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dipc_002dstart-251"><code>-ipc-start</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002djobname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-117"><code>-jobname=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-119"><code>-kpathsea-debug=</code><var>number</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dlength_003d_0040var_007bnumber_007d-596"><code>-length=</code><var>number</var></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dloose-604"><code>-loose</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dlowercase-598"><code>-lowercase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-642"><code>-magnification=</code><var>integer</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmagnification_003d_0040var_007binteger_007d-627"><code>-magnification=</code><var>integer</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-645"><code>-max-pages=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmax_002dpages_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-630"><code>-max-pages=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bdumpname_007d-108"><code>-mem=</code><var>dumpname</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmem_003d_0040var_007bmem_007d-181"><code>-mem=</code><var>mem</var></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-559"><code>-min-crossrefs=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmixedcase-599"><code>-mixedcase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-389"><code>-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-253"><code>-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmltex-255"><code>-mltex</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dmnemonics-723"><code>-mnemonics</code></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-103"><code>-no-file-line-error</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-390"><code>-no-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dmktex_003d_0040var_007bfiletype_007d-254"><code>-no-mktex=</code><var>filetype</var></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-126"><code>-no-parse-first-line</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dno_002dshell_002descape-263"><code>-no-shell-escape</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doem-141"><code>-oem</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002dcomment_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-258"><code>-output-comment=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-152"><code>-output-directory</code></a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002ddirectory-123"><code>-output-directory</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doutput_002dlevel_003d_0040var_007bn_007d-646"><code>-output-level=</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003d_0040var_007bpoints_007d-474"><code>-overflow-label-offset=</code><var>points</var></a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-647"><code>-page-start=</code><var>page-spec</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dpage_002dstart_003d_0040var_007bpage_002dspec_007d-631"><code>-page-start=</code><var>page-spec</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline-125"><code>-parse-first-line</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-182"><code>-progname=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dprogname_003d_0040var_007bstring_007d-128"><code>-progname=</code><var>string</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002drecorder-132"><code>-recorder</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dshell_002descape-262"><code>-shell-escape</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dshell_002drestricted-264"><code>-shell-restricted</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dshow_002dopcodes-651"><code>-show-opcodes</code></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dstrict-605"><code>-strict</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dstyle_003d_0040var_007bmftfile_007d-486"><code>-style=</code><var>mftfile</var></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dT-521"><code>-T</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dterse-556"><code>-terse</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtex_003d_0040var_007btexprogram_007d-524"><code>-tex=</code><var>texprogram</var></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtranslate_002dfile_003d_0040var_007btcxfile_007d-134"><code>-translate-file=</code><var>tcxfile</var></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dtroff-522"><code>-troff</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dunderline-602"><code>-underline</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002duppercase-600"><code>-uppercase</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dx-612"><code>-x</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e_0040r_007b_002c-used-for-output_007d-151"><code>.</code><span class="roman">, used for output</span></a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e2602gf-388"><code>.2602gf</code></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eaux-_0040r_007bcross_002dreference-files_007d-547"><code>.aux </code><span class="roman">cross-reference files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebase-393"><code>.base</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebbl-_0040r_007bbibliography-files_007d-546"><code>.bbl </code><span class="roman">bibliography files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ebib-_0040r_007bbibliography-databases_007d-548"><code>.bib </code><span class="roman">bibliography databases</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eblg-_0040r_007bBib_0040TeX_007b_007d-log-file_007d-549"><code>.blg </code><span class="roman">BibTeX log file</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002efmt-270"><code>.fmt</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emem-527"><code>.mem</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emf-374"><code>.mf</code></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002emp-500"><code>.mp</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007b_002emps_007d-files-and-PDF-519"><code>.mps</code> files and PDF</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e_0040var_007bnnn_007d-_0040r_007bPostScript-figures_007d-503"><code>.</code><var>nnn</var> <span class="roman">PostScript figures</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e_0040var_007bnnn_007dgf-_0040r_007bgeneric-fonts_007d-378"><code>.</code><var>nnn</var><code>gf </code><span class="roman">generic fonts</span></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002etcx-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-306"><code>.tcx </code><span class="roman">character translation files</span></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002etcx-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-136"><code>.tcx </code><span class="roman">character translation files</span></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002etex-235"><code>.tex</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002etfm-_0040r_007boutput_007d-504"><code>.tfm </code><span class="roman">output</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002etfm-_0040r_007boutput_007d-383"><code>.tfm </code><span class="roman">output</span></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eXdefaults-459"><code>.Xdefaults</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002eXresources-460"><code>.Xresources</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t2602gf-387"><code>2602gf</code></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t8-bit-clean-139">8 bit clean</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying-140"><code>8 bit clean output, specifying</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t8_002dbit-characters-309">8-bit characters</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliography-551"><code>\bibliography</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-552"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccharsubdef-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-299"><code>\charsubdef </code><span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-650"><code>\count</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccount_0040var_007bn_007d-634"><code>\count</code><var>n</var></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfont-_0040r_007band-dynamic-generation_007d-240"><code>\font </code><span class="roman">and dynamic generation</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontdimen-754"><code>\fontdimen</code></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cimmediate_005cwrite18-338"><code>\immediate\write18</code></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinput-_0040r_007bfilenames_007d-217"><code>\input </code><span class="roman">filenames</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinput_0040r_007b_002c-and-pipes_007d-346"><code>\input</code><span class="roman">, and pipes</span></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmag-644"><code>\mag</code></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmag-629"><code>\mag</code></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005copenin_0040r_007b_002c-and-pipes_007d-345"><code>\openin</code><span class="roman">, and pipes</span></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005copenout-_0040r_007band-security_007d-241"><code>\openout </code><span class="roman">and security</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005copenout_0040r_007b_002c-and-pipes_007d-347"><code>\openout</code><span class="roman">, and pipes</span></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coutput-_0040r_007broutine_002c-and-_0040code_007b_005cwrite_007d_007d-341"><code>\output </code><span class="roman">routine, and </span><code>\write</code></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpdfshellescape-348"><code>\pdfshellescape</code></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstring-227"><code>\string</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-302"><code>\tracingcharsubdef </code><span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctracinglostchars-_0040r_007band-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-304"><code>\tracinglostchars </code><span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwrite18-_0040r_007bshell-escape-extension_007d-339"><code>\write18 </code><span class="roman">shell escape extension</span></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e_005e-_0040r_007bnotation_002c-avoiding_007d-326"><code>^^ </code><span class="roman">notation, avoiding</span></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040cite_007bComputer-Modern-Typefaces_007d_002c-production-of-491"><cite>Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>, production of</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-abbrv_002ebst-574"><code>abbrv.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-accented-character-310">accented character</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with-296">accents, hyphenating words with</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-acknowledgements-19">acknowledgements</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-acm_002ebst-575"><code>acm.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Ada_002c-WEB-for-588">Ada, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-additional-Make-targets-44">additional Make targets</a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion-783">AFM to TFM conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-afm2tfm-784"><code>afm2tfm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-afmtopl-785"><code>afmtopl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Aleph-357">Aleph</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-aliases-for-fonts-147">aliases for fonts</a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-alpha_002ebst-576"><code>alpha.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system-280">American Mathematical Society, typesetting system</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-AMS_0040TeX_007b_007d-279">AMSTeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-apalike_002ebst-577"><code>apalike.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-architecture-dependencies-196">architecture dependencies</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-array-limit_002c-fixed-83">array limit, fixed</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-array-sizes-71">array sizes</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-assembly-language-routines-41">assembly language routines</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-autotrace-809"><code>autotrace</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Awk_002c-WEB-for-587">Awk, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-file_002c-determining-177">base file, determining</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-files-394">base files</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions-404">base files, need mode definitions</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-files_002c-plain-only-401">base files, plain only</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-base-files_002c-sharing-190">base files, sharing</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-53"><code>bases </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-basic-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-571">basic BibTeX style files</a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-basic-fonts-and-macros-29">basic fonts and macros</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-batch-languages-231">batch languages</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BDF-and-GF-conversion-787">BDF and GF conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-beginfig-502"><code>beginfig</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl-17">Berry, Karl</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-554"><code>BIBINPUTS</code><span class="roman">, search path for bib files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bibliographies_002c-creating-543">bibliographies, creating</a>: <a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bibliography-817">bibliography</a>: <a href="#References">References</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced-561">bibliography items, cross-referenced</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bibtex-545"><code>bibtex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-544">BibTeX</a>: <a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-collection-568">BibTeX collection</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-style-files-572">BibTeX style files</a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BigEndian-machines-193">BigEndian machines</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-binaries_002c-linking-129">binaries, linking</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files-318">blank lines, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-boxes_002c-memory-for-74">boxes, memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for-76">breakpoints, memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter-5">Breitenlohner, Peter</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bst-files_007d-555"><code>BSTINPUTS</code><span class="roman">, search path for bst files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-btex-_0040r_007bfor-MetaPost-labels_007d-508"><code>btex </code><span class="roman">for MetaPost labels</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-btxdoc_002ebib-565"><code>btxdoc.bib</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-btxdoc_002etex-562"><code>btxdoc.tex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-btxhak_002etex-563"><code>btxhak.tex</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-byte-position-724">byte position</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-byte-position-691">byte position</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-byte-swapping-199">byte swapping</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-c_002dsources-_0040r_007bMakefile-target_007d-47"><code>c-sources </code><span class="roman">Makefile target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-MFT-485">change files, and MFT</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle-593">change files, and Tangle</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Weave-611">change files, and Weave</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-changing-error-messages-style-105">changing error messages style</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output-725">character codes, in GFtype output</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output-694">character codes, in PKtype output</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-321">character codes, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-character-proofs-of-fonts-467">character proofs of fonts</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CHARACTER-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-762"><code>CHARACTER </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-character-translation-files-307">character translation files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CHARDP-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-765"><code>CHARDP </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CHARHT-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-764"><code>CHARHT </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CHARIC-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-766"><code>CHARIC </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CHARWD-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-763"><code>CHARWD </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-chtopx-795"><code>chtopx</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-class-name-for-Metafont-456">class name for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cm_002ebase-398"><code>cm.base</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cmbase_002emf-399"><code>cmbase.mf</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cmbase_002emft-489"><code>cmbase.mft</code></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cmmf_002ebase-_0040r_007bnot-recommended_007d-397"><code>cmmf.base </code><span class="roman">not recommended</span></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP-542">color, in DVItoMP</a>: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files-320">comments, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comments_002c-MFT-control-482">comments, MFT control</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-common-options-95">common options</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-commonalities-87">commonalities</a>: <a href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compilation-25">compilation</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compile_002dtime-options-35">compile-time options</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-compile_002dtime-options-33">compile-time options</a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Computer-Modern-fonts_002c-and-Troff-512">Computer Modern fonts, and Troff</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Computer-Modern-macros-400">Computer Modern macros</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-24">configuration</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-file-reading-145">configuration file reading</a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration-file-values-70">configuration file values</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime-32">configuration, compile-time</a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-_0040r_007boptions_007d-34"><code>configure --with/--enable </code><span class="roman">options</span></a>: <a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CONTENTS_002etex-614"><code>CONTENTS.tex</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-control-sequence-names_002c-space-for-81">control sequence names, space for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conventions-for-options_002c-89">conventions for options,</a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text-636">conversion, DVI to plain text</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK-678">conversion, GF to PK</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text-717">conversion, GF to plain text</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF-682">conversion, PK to GF</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text-686">conversion, PK to plain text</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM-768">conversion, property list to TFM</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF-779">conversion, property list to VF</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list-743">conversion, TFM to property list</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL-772">conversion, VF to VPL</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-copyright-notices-814">copyright notices</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input-315">Cork encoding and ISO input</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-creating-memory-dumps-173">creating memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items-560">cross-referenced bibliography items</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting-613">cross-references, omitting</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output-150">current directory, used for output</a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Curtis_002c-Pavel-15">Curtis, Pavel</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-CWEB-586">CWEB</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Cweb-585">Cweb</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps-203">date and time, in memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debugging-DVI-utilities-654">debugging DVI utilities</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying-121">debugging flags, specifying</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-324">decimal character codes, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dependencies_002c-hardware-197">dependencies, hardware</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-design_002dsize-units-761">design-size units</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont-405">device definitions, for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width-740">device-independent width</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width-697">device-independent width</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directory-structure-28">directory structure</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DISPLAY-462"><code>DISPLAY</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dot-files_002c-written-by-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-245">dot files, written by TeX programs</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels-514">downloading of fonts for MetaPost labels</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DrawingServant-425"><code>DrawingServant</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dump-file-109">dump file</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dumping-memory-169">dumping memory</a>: <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying-260">DVI comment, specifying</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX-540">DVI files, converting to MPX</a>: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-explained-668">DVI files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-format-definition-624">DVI format definition</a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing-653">DVI opcodes, showing</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DVI-utilities-622">DVI utilities</a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dvicopy-625"><code>dvicopy</code></a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dvitomp-539"><code>dvitomp</code></a>: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dvitype-_0040r_007bDVI-validation_007d-635"><code>dvitype </code><span class="roman">DVI validation</span></a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dvitype-output-example-655">dvitype output example</a>: <a href="#dvitype-output-example">dvitype output example</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dvitype_002eweb-623"><code>dvitype.web</code></a>: <a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-737">dx <span class="roman">horizontal escapement</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dx-_0040r_007bhorizontal-escapement_007d-702">dx <span class="roman">horizontal escapement</span></a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dy-_0040r_007bvertical-escapement_007d-738">dy <span class="roman">vertical escapement</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dynamic-array-allocation-86">dynamic array allocation</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-_0040code_007bsmode_007d-412">dynamic Metafont mode definitions with <code>smode</code></a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dynamic-packing-variable-693">dynamic packing variable</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e-_0040r_007bresponse-at-error-prompt_007d-210"><code>e </code><span class="roman">response at error prompt</span></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e_002dcircumflex-300">e-circumflex</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e_002d_0040TeX_007b_007d-355">e-TeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e_002emft-490"><code>e.mft</code></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-EC-fonts-376">EC fonts</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-EC-fonts-238">EC fonts</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts-790">editing of bitmap fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-editor-invoked-at-error-208">editor invoked at error</a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames-222">eight-bit characters in filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-empty_002etcx-314"><code>empty.tcx</code></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-endian-dependencies-194">endian dependencies</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-eoc-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-731"><code>eoc </code><span class="roman">GF command</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Eplain-285">Eplain</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-epsf-417"><code>epsf</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at-209">errors, editor invoked at</a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal-733">escapement, horizontal</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal-700">escapement, horizontal</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-escapement_002c-vertical-735">escapement, vertical</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-etex-_0040r_007bfor-MetaPost-labels_007d-509"><code>etex </code><span class="roman">for MetaPost labels</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin-162">executables, shared initial and virgin</a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-exit-status_002c-of-shell-escape-342">exit status, of shell escape</a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-expanded-plain-format-286">expanded plain format</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-extensions-to-_0040TeX_007b_007d-353">extensions to TeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-extra_005fmem_005fbot-73"><code>extra_mem_bot</code></a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FACE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-751"><code>FACE </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FAMILY-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-750"><code>FAMILY </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Ferguson_002c-Michael-294">Ferguson, Michael</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-formats-for-fonts-662">file formats for fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-recorder-133">file recorder</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files-216">filename conventions, in input files</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filenames-starting-with-_0040samp_007b_002d_007d-94">filenames starting with &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-</span></samp>&rsquo;</a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file-137">first line of the main input file</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic-39">fixed-point arithmetic</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-FIXPT-38"><code>FIXPT</code></a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-flag-byte-692">flag byte</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic-40">floating-point arithmetic</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-floating_002dpoint-values-201">floating-point values</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fmt-file_002c-determining-176">fmt file, determining</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fmt-files-271">fmt files</a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fmt-files_002c-sharing-189">fmt files, sharing</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fmts-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-51"><code>fmts </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-aliases-146">font aliases</a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-character-code_002c-translating-327">font character code, translating</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-design-371">font design</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels-515">font downloading for MetaPost labels</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-file-formats-661">font file formats</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-proofs-468">font proofs</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-utilities-656">font utilities</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c-782">font utilities, non-Web2c</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font_005fmem_005fsize-78"><code>font_mem_size</code></a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fontforge-797"><code>fontforge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fontinst_0040r_007b_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts_007d-812"><code>fontinst</code><span class="roman">, for creating virtual fonts</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fonts_002c-basic-30">fonts, basic</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fontutils-808"><code>fontutils</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-format-files-274">format files</a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-formats-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d-275">formats for TeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-formats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-49"><code>formats </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fraction-routines-42">fraction routines</a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system-284">Free Software Foundation documentation system</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-freedom-of-Web2c-9">freedom of Web2c</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu-567"><code>ftp.math.utah.edu</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-generating-source-specials-267">generating source specials</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-geometric-designs-369">geometric designs</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-geometric-font-scaling-666">geometric font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-geometry-for-Metafont-457">geometry for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-getopt_005flong_005fonly-90"><code>getopt_long_only</code></a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-explained-671">GF files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont-381">GF files, output by Metafont</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GF-format-definition-660">GF format definition</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GF-output-380">GF output</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to-683">GF, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK-680">GF, converting to PK</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gftodvi-466"><code>gftodvi</code></a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gftopk-677"><code>gftopk</code></a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gftopxl-794"><code>gftopxl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gftype-_0040r_007bGF-validation_007d-716"><code>gftype </code><span class="roman">GF validation</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gftype_002eweb-658"><code>gftype.web</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glue-ratio-representations-202">glue ratio representations</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glue_002c-memory-for-75">glue, memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glyph-substitutions-297">glyph substitutions</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gray-font-470">gray font</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat-61">Gruff, Billy Goat</a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-gsftopk-801"><code>gsftopk</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e-206">Harbison, Samuel P.</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hardware-and-memory-dumps-186">hardware and memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hash-table_002c-increasing-size-of-82">hash table, increasing size of</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hash_005fextra-80"><code>hash_extra</code></a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-headerbyte-_0040r_007binformation_007d-752"><code>headerbyte </code><span class="roman">information</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-height_002c-in-pixels-703">height, in pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-help_002c-online-97">help, online</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Henry_002c-Patrick-11">Henry, Patrick</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Herberts_002c-Mathias-418">Herberts, Mathias</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-323">hex character codes, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-history-12">history</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Hobby_002c-John-4">Hobby, John</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement-732">horizontal escapement</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement-699">horizontal escapement</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hp2627-420"><code>hp2627</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-290">human languages, supported in TeX</a>: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-638">human-readable text, converting DVI to</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to-719">human-readable text, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to-688">human-readable text, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-746">human-readable text, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to-775">human-readable text, converting VF to</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hypertext-362">hypertext</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hyphenation-and-languages-291">hyphenation and languages</a>: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating-331">hyphenation patterns, creating</a>: <a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ice-cream-10">ice cream</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-identifier-case-601">identifier case</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-identifier-collisions-606">identifier collisions</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-identifier-length-597">identifier length</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-identifiers-with-underlines-603">identifiers with underlines</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ieeetr_002ebst-578"><code>ieeetr.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-il1_002dt1_002etcx-312"><code>il1-t1.tcx</code></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-il2_002dt1_002etcx-313"><code>il2-t1.tcx</code></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Info-format-283">Info format</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-initial-form_002c-enabling-114">initial form, enabling</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-initial-Metafont-391">initial Metafont</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-initial-MetaPost-525">initial MetaPost</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-initial-programs-166">initial programs</a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-initial-_0040TeX_007b_007d-268">initial TeX</a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-initializations_002c-lengthy-167">initializations, lengthy</a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-input-filenames-215">input filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-install_002dbases-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-54"><code>install-bases </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-install_002dfmts-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-52"><code>install-fmts </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-install_002dformats-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-50"><code>install-formats </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-install_002dmems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-56"><code>install-mems </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-installation-26">installation</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_0040samp_007b_002d8bit_007d_002e-329">interaction between TCX files and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">-8bit</span></samp>&rsquo;.</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-interaction-mode-116">interaction mode</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-international-characters-308">international characters</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-introduction-1">introduction</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-IPC-350">IPC</a>: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG-352"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG-43"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-job-name-118">job name</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files-760">kerning table, in TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating-328">keyboard character code, translating</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-483">Knuth, Donald E.</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-2">Knuth, Donald E.</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-120"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-KRN-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-758"><code>KRN </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-label-font-472">label font</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LABEL-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-756"><code>LABEL </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-language-support-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-289">language support in TeX</a>: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for-332">languages, hyphenation rules for</a>: <a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-278">LaTeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Latin-Modern-789">Latin Modern</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-left-side-bearing-726">left side bearing</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-left-side-bearing-712">left side bearing</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-legalisms-813">legalisms</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-licensing-terms-8">licensing terms</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LIG-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-757"><code>LIG </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files-759">ligature table, in TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LIGTABLE-_0040r_007bproperty_007d-755"><code>LIGTABLE </code><span class="roman">property</span></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-linking-binaries-130">linking binaries</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-links-to-binaries-185">links to binaries</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-literate-programming-582">literate programming</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-LittleEndian-machines-192">LittleEndian machines</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-log-file_002c-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-550">log file, BibTeX</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Lua-364">Lua</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lua_0040TeX_007b_007d-363">luaTeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-machine-dependencies-195">machine dependencies</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-781">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-770">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MacKay_002c-Pierre-675">MacKay, Pierre</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-macro-packages_002c-major-_0040TeX_007b_007d-277">macro packages, major TeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-macros_002c-basic-31">macros, basic</a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps-170">macros, predefining in memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-magnification-643">magnification</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-magnification-628">magnification</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-main_005fmemory-72"><code>main_memory</code></a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Make-targets_002c-additional-46">Make targets, additional</a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Martin_002c-Rick-20">Martin, Rick</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Mathematical-Reviews-281">Mathematical Reviews</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mathematical-typesetting-230">mathematical typesetting</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mem-file_002c-determining-178">mem file, determining</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mem-files-528">mem files</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mem-files_002c-plain-only-531">mem files, plain only</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mem-files_002c-sharing-191">mem files, sharing</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-memory-dump-to-use_002c-determining-175">memory dump to use, determining</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-memory-dumps-168">memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-memory-dumps-and-hardware-187">memory dumps and hardware</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-memory-dumps_002c-contain-date-and-time-205">memory dumps, contain date and time</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-memory-dumps_002c-creating-172">memory dumps, creating</a>: <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mems-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-55"><code>mems </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-meta-characters-in-filenames-223">meta characters in filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-367">Metafont</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-geometry-458">Metafont geometry</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-graphics-414">Metafont graphics</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-input-files-375">Metafont input files</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-invocation-373">Metafont invocation</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-meets-PostScript-495">Metafont meets PostScript</a>: <a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-online-support_002c-new-devices-463">Metafont online support, new devices</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont-source_002c-prettyprinting-478">Metafont source, prettyprinting</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost-532">Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-initial-392">Metafont, initial</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-_0040TeX_007b_007d-160">Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>: <a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaFun_002c-enhanced-MetaPost-537">MetaFun, enhanced MetaPost</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-metafun_002emp-536"><code>metafun.mp</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-493">MetaPost</a>: <a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility-534">MetaPost and plain Metafont compatibility</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-input-files-501">MetaPost input files</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-invocation-497">MetaPost invocation</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting-492">MetaPost source, prettyprinting</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost_002c-initial-526">MetaPost, initial</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MetaPost_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-and-Metafont-161">MetaPost, TeX, and Metafont</a>: <a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-metatype1-788"><code>metatype1</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mf-372"><code>mf</code></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mf_002ebase-396"><code>mf.base</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MFEDIT-212"><code>MFEDIT</code></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mfplain_002emem-535"><code>mfplain.mem</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mfput-379"><code>mfput</code></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mft-477"><code>mft</code></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mftalk-422"><code>mftalk</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MFTERM-415"><code>MFTERM</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mftmac_002etex-481"><code>mftmac.tex</code></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-micro_002dtypography-361">micro-typography</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktexmf_0040r_007b_002c-disabling_007d-377"><code>mktexmf</code><span class="roman">, disabling</span></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mktextfM_0040r_007b_002c-disabling_007d-239"><code>mktextfM</code><span class="roman">, disabling</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mltex-292"><code>mltex</code></a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ML_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-enabling-256">MLTeX, enabling</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mode-needed-to-run-Metafont-385">mode needed to run Metafont</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mode_005fdef-409"><code>mode_def</code></a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mode_005fsetup-410"><code>mode_setup</code></a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-modes-file-needed-for-Metafont-403">modes file needed for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-modes_002emf-_0040r_007brecommended-modes-file_007d-407"><code>modes.mf </code><span class="roman">recommended modes file</span></a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Morgan_002c-Tim-16">Morgan, Tim</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Morris_002c-Bob-21">Morris, Bob</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPEDIT-213"><code>MPEDIT</code></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpgraph_002eps-499"><code>mpgraph.ps</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpman_002eps-498"><code>mpman.ps</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpost-496"><code>mpost</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpost_0040r_007b_002c-reason-for-name-change_007d-27"><code>mpost</code><span class="roman">, reason for name change</span></a>: <a href="#Installation">Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpost_002emem-530"><code>mpost.mem</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mpout-505"><code>mpout</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mproof_002etex-513"><code>mproof.tex</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-60"><code>mptrap </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mptrap-test-64">mptrap test</a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mptrap_002ereadme-68"><code>mptrap.readme</code></a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files-541">MPX files, converting from DVI files</a>: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Multi_002dlingual-_0040TeX_007b_007d-293">Multi-lingual TeX</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-N-tilde-301">N tilde</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont-464">new graphics support for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-newrow-_0040r_007bGF-command_007d-730"><code>newrow </code><span class="roman">GF command</span></a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-next-424"><code>next</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NO_005fX11WIN-442"><code>NO_X11WIN</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on-48">non-Unix system, compiling on</a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-non_002dwindows_002dcapable-Metafont-453">non-windows-capable Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames-221">NUL, not allowed in filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files-322">octal character codes, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-offset-for-overflow-labels-476">offset for overflow labels</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-online-Metafont-graphics-413">online Metafont graphics</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI-652">opcodes, showing DVI</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-optical-font-scaling-665">optical font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-option-conventions-88">option conventions</a>: <a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-origin-709">origin</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output-directory_002c-specifying-153">output directory, specifying</a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output-directory_002c-specifying-124">output directory, specifying</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output-file-location-149">output file location</a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output-files_002c-written-by-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-243">output files, written by TeX programs</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-output_005fcomment-_0040r_007bfor-DVI-files_007d-259"><code>output_comment </code><span class="roman">for DVI files</span></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-overflow-label-offset-475">overflow label offset</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-packet-length-695">packet length</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-649">page, starting</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-633">page, starting</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-parsing-the-first-line-127">parsing the first line</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB-591">Pascal, creating from WEB</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-patgen-330"><code>patgen</code></a>: <a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-searching-143">path searching</a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-searching-debugging-122">path searching debugging</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PDF-360">PDF</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PDF_002c-and-_0040code_007b_002emps_007d-files-518">PDF, and <code>.mps</code> files</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pdf_0040TeX_007b_007d-359">pdfTeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-permissions_002c-legal-815">permissions, legal</a>: <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion-804">PFA and PFB conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pfaedit-798"><code>pfaedit</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PiC_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-increasing-memory-for-77">PiCTeX, increasing memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pipes_002c-reading-and-writing-344">pipes, reading and writing</a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pixel-height-704">pixel height</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pixel-width-705">pixel width</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript-799">PK bitmaps from PostScript</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-explained-670">PK files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont-382">PK files, not output by Metafont</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PK-format-definition-659">PK format definition</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to-679">PK, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF-684">PK, converting to GF</a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pktogf-681"><code>pktogf</code></a>: <a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pktype-_0040r_007bPK-validation_007d-685"><code>pktype </code><span class="roman">PK validation</span></a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pktype_002eweb-657"><code>pktype.web</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PL-files_002c-explained-672">PL files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost-533">plain Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to-637">plain text, converting DVI to</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to-718">plain text, converting GF to</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to-687">plain text, converting PK to</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to-747">plain text, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to-776">plain text, converting VF to</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002ebase-395"><code>plain.base</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002ebst-573"><code>plain.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002efmt-272"><code>plain.fmt</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002emem-529"><code>plain.mem</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-plain_002emft-488"><code>plain.mft</code></a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pltotf-767"><code>pltotf</code></a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pool-file_002c-writing-594">pool file, writing</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Poole_002c-Simon-438">Poole, Simon</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pooltype-616"><code>pooltype</code></a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-portable-filenames-224">portable filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff-510">PostScript fonts, and Troff</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-meets-Metafont-494">PostScript meets Metafont</a>: <a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-output-507">PostScript output</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps-800">PostScript to PK bitmaps</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion-805">PostScript Type 1 font conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling-667">PostScript, and font scaling</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-potrace-810"><code>potrace</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Pragma-ADE-538">Pragma ADE</a>: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps-171">predefined macros and memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source-479">prettyprinting Metafont source</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs-610">prettyprinting WEB programs</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-primitives_002c-new-356">primitives, new</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-printable-characters_002c-specifying-325">printable characters, specifying</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont-406">printer characteristics, for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-production-use-165">production use</a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump-184">program name, determines memory dump</a>: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-program-names_002c-special-257">program names, special</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-program-names_002c-special-113">program names, special</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prologues-523"><code>prologues</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prologues_0040r_007b_002c-and-EPSF-output_007d-516"><code>prologues</code><span class="roman">, and EPSF output</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-proof-_0040r_007bmode_007d-386"><code>proof </code><span class="roman">mode</span></a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts-469">proof sheets, of fonts</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-property-list-format-749">property list format</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to-745">property list, converting TFM to</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual-774">property list, converting VF to virtual</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ps2pk-802"><code>ps2pk</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-psfonts_002emap_0040r_007b_002c-read-by-MetaPost_007d-517"><code>psfonts.map</code><span class="roman">, read by MetaPost</span></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-PXL-files_002c-explained-669">PXL files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pxtoch-796"><code>pxtoch</code></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Raichle_002c-Bernd-295">Raichle, Bernd</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-reading_002c-additional-23">reading, additional</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-readonly-directory_002c-running-_0040TeX_007b_007d-in-154">readonly directory, running TeX in</a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-reallocation-of-arrays-85">reallocation of arrays</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-redefined-character-substitutions-303">redefined character substitutions</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-reference-pixel-710">reference pixel</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-references-816">references</a>: <a href="#References">References</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-regis-427"><code>regis</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Regis-graphics-support-429">Regis graphics support</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-regression-testing-261">regression testing</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-repeated-rows-715">repeated rows</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-representation-of-strings-620">representation of strings</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-restricted-shell-escapes-335">restricted shell escapes</a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-right-side-bearing-727">right side bearing</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-right-side-bearing-713">right side bearing</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas-13">Rokicki, Tomas</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-729">run length encoded bitmaps</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-714">run length encoded bitmaps</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-runtime-options-69">runtime options</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-736">scaled pixels</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-701">scaled pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scaling-of-fonts-664">scaling of fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scanned-images-of-fonts-806">scanned images of fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-security_002c-and-_0040code_007b_005copenout_007d-242">security, and <code>\openout</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-security_002c-and-output-files-246">security, and output files</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes-334">security, and shell escapes</a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-security_002c-and-_0040code_007bwrite_007d-520">security, and <code>write</code></a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shapes-370">shapes</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sharing-memory-dumps-188">sharing memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell-commands-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d-333">shell commands in TeX</a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell_005fescape-_0040r_007benabling-in-_0040TeX_007b_007d_007d-337"><code>shell_escape </code><span class="roman">enabling in TeX</span></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell_005fescape_005fcommands-343"><code>shell_escape_commands</code></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-siam_002ebst-579"><code>siam.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-side-bearings-728">side bearings</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-side-bearings-711">side bearings</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-slant-font-473">slant font</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-slides_002c-producing-288">slides, producing</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Sli_0040TeX_007b_007d-287">SliTeX</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-small-Metafont-memory-and-modes-408">small Metafont memory and modes</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-smode-_0040r_007band-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition_007d-411"><code>smode </code><span class="roman">and dynamic Metafont mode definition</span></a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sockets-351">sockets</a>: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-space_002dterminated-filenames-218">space-terminated filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Spiderweb-584">Spiderweb</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Stallman_002c-Richard-22">Stallman, Richard</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-starting-page-648">starting page</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-starting-page-632">starting page</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e-207">Steele Jr., Guy L.</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-stopping-at-the-first-error-111">stopping at the first error</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-strategy_002c-overall-7">strategy, overall</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-string-numbers_002c-displaying-618">string numbers, displaying</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-string-pool_002c-writing-595">string pool, writing</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-string-representation-621">string representation</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-style-design_002c-for-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-564">style design, for BibTeX</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-style-files-487">style files</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs-298">substitutions of font glyphs</a>: <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sun-430"><code>sun</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sun_002dgfx_002ec-434"><code>sun-gfx.c</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Suntools-432">Suntools</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-SunView-431">SunView</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-swap-space_002c-as-array-limit-84">swap space, as array limit</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-swapping-bytes-200">swapping bytes</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-syntax-of-TCX-files-317">syntax of TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-system-_0040r_007bC-library-function_007d-340"><code>system </code><span class="roman">C library function</span></a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-system-command-336">system command</a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input-316">T1 encoding and ISO input</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth-676">Tachikawa, Elizabeth</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tangle-590"><code>tangle</code></a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-targets_002c-additional-Make-45">targets, additional Make</a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TCX-_0040r_007bcharacter-translation-files_007d-305"><code>TCX </code><span class="roman">character translation files</span></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tek-435"><code>tek</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Tektronix-436">Tektronix</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Tektronix-4014-440">Tektronix 4014</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TERM-416"><code>TERM</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-terminator-for-filenames-220">terminator for filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-terse-output-557">terse output</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex-233"><code>tex</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-bibliographies-for-570">TeX, bibliographies for</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-Metafont-480">TeX, creating from Metafont</a>: <a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-creating-from-WEB-608">TeX, creating from WEB</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-description-of-228">TeX, description of</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-extensions-to-354">TeX, extensions to</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-format-packages-for-276">TeX, format packages for</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-initial-269">TeX, initial</a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-input-files-found-236">TeX, input files found</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-invocation-234">TeX, invocation</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-Metafont_002c-and-MetaPost-159">TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost</a>: <a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-Web2c-implementation-of-3">TeX, Web2c implementation of</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tex_002efmt-273"><code>tex.fmt</code></a>: <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXBIB_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-bib-files_007d-553"><code>TEXBIB</code><span class="roman">, search path for bib files</span></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXEDIT-211"><code>TEXEDIT</code></a>: <a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texfonts_002emap-148"><code>texfonts.map</code></a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Texinfo-282">Texinfo</a>: <a href="#Formats">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-144"><code>texmf.cnf</code></a>: <a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texmfmp_002ec-465"><code>texmfmp.c</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT_0040r_007b_002c-used-for-reading_007d-157"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code><span class="roman">, used for reading</span></a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT_0040r_007b_002c-used-if-_0040samp_007b_002e_007d-unwritable_007d-155"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code><span class="roman">, used if &lsquo;</span><samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp><span class="roman">&rsquo; unwritable</span></a>: <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-texput-237"><code>texput</code></a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-769">TFM files, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-explained-663">TFM files, explained</a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-memory-for-79">TFM files, memory for</a>: <a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont-384">TFM files, output by Metafont</a>: <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost-506">TFM files, output by MetaPost</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters-739">TFM width of characters</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters-696">TFM width of characters</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tftopl-742"><code>tftopl</code></a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-three-programs-158">three programs</a>: <a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps-204">time and date, in memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-title-font-471">title font</a>: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-toolkits_002c-X-448">toolkits, X</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-torture-tests-65">torture tests</a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-translation-file-for-_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-specifying-135">translation file for TeX, specifying</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-translation-from-WEB-to-C-6">translation from WEB to C</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-59"><code>trap </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trap-test-63">trap test</a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trapman_002etex-67"><code>trapman.tex</code></a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Trickey_002c-Howard-14">Trickey, Howard</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trip-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-58"><code>trip </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-trip-test-62">trip test</a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tripman_002etex-66"><code>tripman.tex</code></a>: <a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-triptrap-_0040r_007bMake-target_007d-57"><code>triptrap </code><span class="roman">Make target</span></a>: <a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost-511">Troff, and MetaPost</a>: <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Troff_002c-WEB-for-589">Troff, WEB for</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Trojan-horses-and-_0040TeX_007b_007d-programs-244">Trojan horses and TeX programs</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-TUGboat-bibliography-569">TUGboat bibliography</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Type-1-conversion-803">Type 1 conversion</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-type-design_002c-personal-402">type design, personal</a>: <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-DVI-639">type programs, DVI</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-GF-720">type programs, GF</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-PK-689">type programs, PK</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-pool-617">type programs, pool</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typeface-families-368">typeface families</a>: <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typeface-specimen-sheets-807">typeface specimen sheets</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typesetting-229">typesetting</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Unicode-358">Unicode</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Unicode-input-248">Unicode input</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-uniterm-439"><code>uniterm</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unsrt_002ebst-580"><code>unsrt.bst</code></a>: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-using-local-codepage-to-display-messages-142">using local codepage to display messages</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-UTF_002d8-input-249">UTF-8 input</a>: <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files-640">validation, of DVI files</a>: <a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-GF-files-721">validation, of GF files</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-PK-files-690">validation, of PK files</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files-744">validation, of TFM files</a>: <a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-VF-files-773">validation, of VF files</a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-verbose-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-output_002c-suppressing-558">verbose BibTeX output, suppressing</a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-verbosity_002c-enabling-99">verbosity, enabling</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-version-number_002c-finding-101">version number, finding</a>: <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vertical-escapement-734">vertical escapement</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to-780">VF files, converting property lists to</a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vftovp-771"><code>vftovp</code></a>: <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-virgin-programs-164">virgin programs</a>: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-virtual-font-creation-811">virtual font creation</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding-626">virtual fonts, expanding</a>: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth-673"><code>virtual-fonts.knuth</code></a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-virtualfonts_002etxt-674"><code>virtualfonts.txt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vptovf-778"><code>vptovf</code></a>: <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-weave-607"><code>weave</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-WEB-581">WEB</a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-web-environments_002c-and-security-349">web environments, and security</a>: <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying-619">WEB pool files, displaying</a>: <a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling-592">WEB programs, compiling</a>: <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting-609">WEB programs, typesetting</a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-WEB2C_0040r_007b_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files_007d-311"><code>WEB2C</code><span class="roman">, search path for TCX files</span></a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Weber_002c-Olaf-18">Weber, Olaf</a>: <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-webmac_002etex-615"><code>webmac.tex</code></a>: <a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-webman_002etex-583"><code>webman.tex</code></a>: <a href="#WEB">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files-319">whitespace, in TCX files</a>: <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames-219">whitespace-terminated filenames</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-741">width, device-independent</a>: <a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-698">width, device-independent</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-width_002c-in-pixels-706">width, in pixels</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-word-processor_002c-not-232">word processor, not</a>: <a href="#TeX">TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-writing-memory-dumps-174">writing memory dumps</a>: <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-bitmap-fonts-786">X bitmap fonts</a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-class-name-for-Metafont-455">X class name for Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-x-offset-707">x offset</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-resources-454">X resources</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont-449">X toolkits and Metafont</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-xampl_002ebib-566"><code>xampl.bib</code></a>: <a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-xbfe_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-791"><code>xbfe</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xe_0040TeX_007b_007d-365">XeTeX</a>: <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-xfed_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-792"><code>xfed</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-xfedor_0040r_007b_002c-bitmap-font-editor_007d-793"><code>xfedor</code><span class="roman">, bitmap font editor</span></a>: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xlib-444"><code>Xlib</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xlib-support-451">Xlib support</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xt-443"><code>Xt</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Xt-support-450">Xt support</a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-xterm-445"><code>xterm</code></a>: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-y-offset-708">y offset</a>: <a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-_0040r_007bexpansion-in-filenames_007d-225"><code>~ </code><span class="roman">expansion in filenames</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></li>
   </ul></body></html>
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-11-16 06:39:46 +0000