path: root/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/dialogl/dialogl.dtx

%%% ====================================================================
%%%  @LaTeX-style-file{
%%%     filename        = "dialogl.dtx",
%%%     version         = "1.99a",
%%%     date            = "2013/01/24",
%%%     author          = "Michael Downes",
%%%     copyright       = "This file is part of the dialogl package, released
%%%                        under the LPPL; see dialogl.ins for details."
%%%     keywords        = "TeX, dialog",
%%%     supported       = "no",
%%%     abstract        = "This file provides macros for writing
%%%       messages and menus on screen, and reading user responses. It
%%%       can be used with LaTeX as a documentstyle option, or in
%%%       other forms of TeX by a standard \input statement.",
%%%  }
%%% ====================================================================
%
% \iffalse
%<*driver>
\input{dia-driv.tex}
%</driver>
% \fi
%
% \section{History}
%    This file, \fn{dialog.sty}, was born out of a utility called
%    \fn{listout.tex} that I wrote for my personal use. The purpose of
%    \fn{listout.tex} was to facilitate printing out plain text
%    files\Dash electronic mail, program source files in various
%    programming languages, and, foremost, \tex/ macro files and log
%    files. An important part of my \tex/ programming practice is to
%    print out a macro file on paper and read it through, marking
%    corrections along the way, then use the marked copy as a script
%    for editing the file. (For one thing, this allows me to analyze
%    and mark corrections while riding the bus to work, or
%    sitting out in the back yard to supervise the kids.) The output I
%    normally desired was two `pages' per sheet of U.S. letter-size
%    paper printed landscape, in order to conserve paper.
%
%    Once created, \fn{listout.tex} quickly became my favorite means
%    of printing out plain text files, not to mention an indispensable
%    tool in my debugging toolbox: I turn on \cw{tracingmacros} and
%    \cw{tracingcommands}, then print out the resulting log file so
%    that I can see several hundred lines of the log at once (by
%    spreading out two or three pages on my desk with 100+ lines per
%    page); then I trace through, cross things out, label other
%    things, draw arrows, and so forth.
%
%    I soon added a filename prompting loop to make it convenient to
%    print multiple files in a single run. In the process of
%    perfecting this simple prompting routine\Dash over two or three
%    years\Dash and adding the ability to optionally specify things like
%    number of columns at run time, eventually I wrote so much
%    dialog-related macro code that it became clear this code should
%    be moved out of \fn{listout.tex} into its own module. The result
%    was \fn{dialog.sty}.
%
%    Before getting into the macro definitions and technical
%    commentary, here are descriptions from the user's
%    perspective of the functions defined in this file.
%
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \section{Message-sending functions}
%
%\begin{usage}
%\mesj{<text>}
%\end{usage}
%    Sends the message verbatim: category 12 for all special
%    characters except braces, tab characters, and carriage returns:
%
%^^V { } ^^I ^^M
%
%    Naturally, the catcode changes are effective only if \cw{mesj} is
%    used directly, not inside a macro argument or definition
%    replacement text.
%
%    Multiple spaces in the argument of \cw{mesj} print as multiple
%    spaces on screen. A tab character produces always eight spaces;
%    `smart' handling of tabs is more complicated than I would care to
%    attempt.
%
%    Line breaks in the argument of \cw{mesj} will produce line breaks
%    on screen. That is, you don't need to enter a special sequence
%    such as \ctrl{J}\qc{\%} to get line breaks. See the technical
%    commentary for \cw{mesjsetup} for details. Even though curly
%    braces are left with their normal catcodes, they can be printed
%    in a message without any problem, if they occur in balanced
%    pairs. If not, the message should be sent using \cw{xmesj}
%    instead of \cw{mesj}.
%
%    Because of its careful handling of the message text, \cw{mesj} is
%    extremely easy to use. The only thing you have to worry about is
%    having properly matched braces. Beyond that, you simply type
%    everything exactly as you want it to appear on screen.
%
%\begin{usage}
%\xmesj{<text>}
%\end{usage}
%    This is like \cw{mesj} but expands embedded control sequences
%    instead of printing them verbatim. All special characters have
%    category 12 except backslash, percent, braces, tab, return, and
%    ampersand:
%
%^^V \ % { } ^^I ^^M &
%
%    The first four have normal \tex/ catcodes to make it possible to
%    use most normal \tex/ commands, and comments, in the message
%    text. \ctrl{I} and \ctrl{M} are catcode 13 and behave as
%    described for \cw{mesj}. The \qc{\&} is a special convenience, an
%    abbreviation for \cw{noexpand}, to use for controlling expansion
%    inside the message text.
%
%    Doubled backslash \cs{\\} in the argument will produce a single
%    category 12 backslash character\Dash thus, \verb'\\xxx' can be used
%    instead of \cw{string}\cw{xxx} or \cw{noexpand}\cw{xxx} (notice
%    that this works even for outer things like \cw{bye} or
%    \cw{newif}). Similarly \cs{\%}, \cs{\{}, \cs{\}} and \cs{\&}
%    produce the corresponding single characters.
%
%    Category 12 space means that you cannot write something like
%
%^^V \ifvmode h\else v\fi rule
%
%    in the argument of \cw{xmesj} without getting a space after the
%    \cw{ifvmode}, \cw{else}, and \cw{fi}.%^^A
%^^A
%\footnote{Well, actually, you could replace each space by
%\qc{\%}\meta{newline} to get rid of it. But that makes the message
%text harder to read for the programmer.}
%^^A
%    Since occasionally this may be troublesome, \cs{\.} is defined
%    inside the argument of \cw{xmesj} to be a `control word
%    terminator': If the expansion of \cw{foo} is \verb'abc', then
%    \verb'\foo\.xyz' produces \verb'abcxyz' on screen (as opposed to
%    \verb'\foo xyz' which would produce \verb'abc xyz'). Thus the
%    above conditional could be written as
%
%^^V \ifvmode\.h\else\.v\fi\.rule
%
%    Even though the catcode changes done by \cw{xmesj} setup have no
%    effect if \cw{xmesj} is used inside an argument or definition
%    replacement text, I find it convenient occasionally to use
%    \cw{xmesj} in those contexts, in order to get other aspects of the
%    \cw{xmesj} setup. For instance, if you need to embed a message
%    that contains a percent sign inside a definition, you can write
%
%^^V \def\foo{...
%^^V   \xmesj{... this is a percent
%^^V     sign: \% (sans backslash) ...}
%^^V ...}
%
%    To further support such uses of \cw{xmesj}, the following changes
%    are also done by \cw{xmesj} setup: the backslash-space control
%    symbol {\tt\bslash\char32} is made equivalent to \cw{space};
%    \cs{\^^J} and \cs{\^^M} are defined to produce a \cw{newlinechar};
%    and active tilde \qc{\~} will produce a category-12 tilde.
%
%    Among other things, this setup makes it easier to obtain
%    newlines and multiple spaces in an embedded message. For example,
%    in the following definition the message will have a line break on
%    screen for each backslash at the end of a line, and the third
%    line will be indented four spaces.
%
%^^V \def\bar{...
%^^V   \xmesj{First line\
%^^V     Second line\
%^^V     \ \ \ \ Indented line\
%^^V     Last line}%
%^^V ...}
%
%    The alternative of defining a separate message function
%    \cw{barfoo} with \cw{f[x]mesj} and calling \cw{barfoo} inside of
%    \cw{bar} would allow more natural entry of the newlines and the
%    multiple spaces, but would be slightly more expensive in string
%    pool and hash table usage.
%
%\begin{usage}
%\promptmesj{<text>}
%\promptxmesj{<text>}
%\end{usage}
%    These are like \cw{mesj}, \cw{xmesj} but use \cw{message} rather
%    than \cw{immediate}\cw{write}\verb'16' internally, thus if the
%    following operation is a \cw{read}, the user will see the cursor
%    on screen at the end of the last line, as may be desired when
%    prompting for a short reply, rather than at the beginning of the
%    next line. The character \qc{\!} is preempted internally for
%    newlinechar, for these two functions only,
%    which means that it cannot be actually printed in
%    the message text. Use of a visible character such as \qc{\!},
%    rather than the normal \cw{newlinechar} \ctrl{J}, is necessary
%    for robustness because of the fact that the \cw{message}
%    primitive was unable to use an `invisible' character (outside the
%    range 32--126) for newlines up until \tex/ version 3.1415, which
%    some users do not yet have (at the time of this writing\Dash July
%    1994).
%
%\begin{usage}
%\storemesj\foo{<text>}
%\storexmesj\foo{<text>}
%\end{usage}
%    These functions are similar to \cw{mesj}, \cw{xmesj} but store the
%    given text in the control sequence \cw{foo} instead of immediately
%    sending the message. Standard \tex/ parameter syntax can be used
%    to make \cw{foo} a function with arguments, e.g. after
%
%^^V \storemesj\foo#1{...#1...}
%
%    then you can later write
%
%^^V \message{\foo{\the\hsize}}
%
%    and get the current value of \cw{hsize} into the middle of the
%    message text. Consequently also in the x-version \cw{storexmesj} a
%    category-12 \qc{\#} character can be obtained with \cs{\#}.
%
%\begin{usage}
%\fmesj\foobar#1#2...{...#1...#2...}
%\end{usage}
%    Defines \cw{foobar} as a function that will take the given
%    arguments, sow them into the message text \verb"{...}", and send
%    the message. In the message text all special characters are
%    category 12 except for braces, \qc{\#}, tab, and carriage return.
%
%    If an unmatched brace or a \qc{\#} must be printed in the message
%    text \cw{fxmesj} must be used instead. (\arg{#} could be used to
%    insert a single category-6 \qc{\#} token into the message text, and
%    \tex/ would print it without an error, but both \cw{message} and
%    \cw{write} would print it as two \arg{#} characters, even though
%    it's only a single token internally.)
%
%\begin{usage}
%\fxmesj\foobar#1#2...{...#1...#2...}
%\end{usage}
%    Combination of \cw{xmesj} and \cw{fmesj}. Defines \cw{foobar} like
%    \cw{fmesj}, but with full expansion of the replacement text and
%    with normal category codes for backslash, percent, braces, and hash
%    \qc{\#}. The control symbols \cs{\\} \cs{\%} \cs{\{} \cs{\}}
%    \cs{\&} and \cs{\.} can be used as in \cw{xmesj}, with also \cs{\#}
%    for printing a \qc{\#} character of category 12.
%
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \section{Reading functions}
%
%\begin{usage}
%\readline{<default>}\answer
%\end{usage}
%    This reads a line of input from the user into the macro
%    \cw{answer}. (The macro name can be anything chosen by the
%    programmer, not just \cw{answer}.) Before reading, all special
%    characters are deactivated, so that the primitive \cw{read} will
%    not choke if the user happens to enter something like \cw{newif}
%    or {\sc control-l} or \qc{\}}. Depending on the operating
%    system, certain characters\Dash e.g., {\sc control-c}, {\sc
%    control-z}, {\sc control-d}, {\sc control-h}\Dash might have
%    special effects instead of being entered into the replacement
%    text of \cw{answer}, regardless of the catcode changes. To
%    take the most obvious example, under most
%    operating systems, typing {\sc control-h} (the Rubout or
%    Backward-Delete key) will delete the previous character from the
%    user's response, instead of entering an \ascii/ character 8
%    into \cw{answer}.
%
%    There is one significant exception from the catcode changes that
%    are done for \cw{readline}: spaces and tabs retain their normal
%    catcode of 10, so that multiple spaces in an answer will be
%    reduced to a single space, and macros with normal space-delimited
%    arguments will work when applied to the answer. (I can't think of
%    any likely scenario where category 12 for spaces would be
%    useful.) Also, the catcode of \ctrl{M} is set to 9 (ignore) so
%    that an empty line\Dash meaning that the user just pressed the
%    carriage return/enter key\Dash will result in an empty \cw{answer}.
%    If the answer is empty, the given default string will be
%    substituted. The default string can be empty.
%
%\begin{usage}
%\xreadline{<default>}\answer
%\end{usage}
%    Like \cw{readline} but the answer is read as executable tokens;
%    the usual catcodes of the \tex/ special characters remain in
%    effect while reading the answer. A few common outer things
%    (\cw{bye}, \cs{\+}, \cw{newif}, \ctrl{L}, among others) are
%    neutralized before the \cw{read} is done, but the user can still
%    cause problems by entering some other outer control sequence or
%    unbalanced braces. I doubt there's any bulletproof solution, if
%    the tokens are to remain executable, short of the usual last
%    resort: reading the answer using \cw{readline}, writing it to a
%    file, then inputting the file.
%
%\begin{usage}
%\readchar{<default>}\answer
%\end{usage}
%    This is like \cw{readline} but it reduces the answer to its first
%    character. \meta{default} is either a single character or empty.
%
%\begin{usage}
%\readChar{<default>}\answer
%\end{usage}
%    This is like \cw{readchar} and also uppercases the answer.
%
%\begin{usage}
%\changecase\uppercase\answer
%\end{usage}
%    The function \cw{changecase} redefines its second argument, which
%    must be a macro, to contain the same text as before, but
%    uppercased or lowercased according to the first argument. Thus
%    \cw{readChar}\verb'{Q}'\cw{answer} is equivalent to
%
%^^V \readchar{q}\answer
%^^V \changecase\uppercase\answer
%
%    It might sometimes be desirable to force lower case before using
%    a file name given by the user, for example.
%
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \section{Checking functions}
%
%\begin{usage}
%\checkinteger\reply\tempcount
%\end{usage}
%    To read in and check an answer that is supposed to be an integer,
%    use \cw{readline}{}\cw{reply} and then apply \cw{checkinteger} to
%    the \cw{reply}, supplying a count register, not necessarily named
%    \cw{tempcount}, wherein \cw{checkinteger} will leave the validated
%    integer. If \cw{reply} does not contain a valid integer the
%    returned value will be \verb'-'\cw{maxdimen}.
%
%    At the present time only decimal digits are handled;
%    some valid \tex/ numbers such as \verb'"AB', \verb'`\@',
%    \cw{number}\cw{prevgraf}, or a count register name, will not be
%    recognized by \cw{checkinteger}. There seems to be no bulletproof
%    way to allow these possibilities.
%
%    Tests that hide \cw{checkinteger} under the hood, such as a
%    \cw{nonnegativeinteger} test, are not provided because as often as
%    not the number being prompted for will have to be tested to see if
%    it falls inside a more specific range, such as 0\dash 255 for an
%    8-bit number or 1\dash 31 for a date, and it seems common sense to
%    omit overhead if it would usually be redundant. It's easy enough to
%    define such a test for yourself, if you want one.
%
%\begin{usage}
%\checkdimen\reply\tempdim
%\end{usage}
%    Analog of \cw{checkinteger} for dimension values. If \cw{reply}
%    does not contain a valid dimension the value returned in
%    \cw{tempdim} will be \verb'-'\cw{maxdimen}.
%
%    Only explicit dimensions with decimal digits, optional decimal
%    point and more decimal digits, followed by explicit units
%    \verb'pt' \verb'cm' \verb'in' or whatever are checked for; some
%    valid \tex/ dimensions such as \cw{parindent},
%    \verb'.3'\cw{baselineskip}, or \cw{fontdimen}\verb'5'\cw{font}
%    will not be recognized by \cw{checkdimen}.
%
% \subsection*{What good is all this?}
%    What good is all this stuff, practically speaking?\Dash you may
%    ask. Well, a typical application might be something like: At the
%    beginning of a document, prompt interactively to find out if the
%    user wants to print on A4 or US letter-size paper, or change the
%    top or left margin. Such a query could be done like this:
%
%^^V \promptxmesj{
%^^V Do you want to print on A4 or US letter paper?
%^^V Enter u or U for US letter, anything else for A4: }
%^^V \readChar{A}\reply % default = A4
%^^V \if U\reply \textheight=11in \textwidth=8.5in
%^^V \else \textheight=297mm \textwidth=210mm \fi
%^^V %    Subtract space for 1-inch margins
%^^V \addtolength{\textheight}{-2in}
%^^V \addtolength{\textwidth}{-2in}
%^^V
%^^V \promptxmesj{
%^^V Left margin setting? [Return = keep current value,
%^^V \the\oddsidemargin]: }
%^^V \readline{\the\oddsidemargin}\reply
%^^V \checkdimen\reply{\dimen0}
%^^V \ifdim\dimen0>-\maxdimen
%^^V   \setlength\oddsidemargin{\dimen0}%
%^^V   \xmesj{OK, using new left margin of %
%^^V \the\oddsidemargin.}
%^^V \else
%^^V   \xmesj{Sorry, I don't understand %
%^^V that reply: `\reply'.\
%^^V Using default value: \the\oddsidemargin.}
%^^V \fi
%
%    Although \latex/'s \cw{typeout} and \cw{typein} functions can
%    be used for this same task, they are rather more awkward, and
%    checking the margin value for validity would be quite difficult.
%
% \StopEventually{}
%
% \section{Implementation}
%    Standard package identification:
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*2e>
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesPackage{dialog}[1994/11/08 v0.9y]
%</2e>
%    \end{macrocode}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \section{Preliminaries}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*2e>
\RequirePackage{grabhedr}
%</2e>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    If \fn{grabhedr.sty} is not already loaded, load it now. The
%    \cw{trap.input} function is explained in \fn{grabhedr.doc}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*209>
\csname trap.input\endcsname
\input grabhedr.sty \relax
\fileversiondate{dialog.sty}{0.9y}{1994/11/08}%
%</209>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    The functions \cw{localcatcodes} and \cw{restore\-catcodes} are
%    defined in \fn{grabhedr.sty}. We use them to save and restore
%    catcodes of any special characters needed in this file whose
%    current catcodes might not be what we want them to be. Saving and
%    restoring catcode of at-sign \qc{\@} makes this file work equally
%    well as a \latex/ documentstyle option or as a simple input file in
%    other contexts. The double quote character \qc{\"} might be active
%    for German and other languages. Saving and restoring tilde \qc{\~},
%    hash \qc{\#}, caret \qc{\^}, and left quote \qc{\`} catcodes is
%    normally redundant but reduces the number of assumptions we must
%    rely on. (The following catcodes are assumed: \qc{\\} 0, \qc{\{} 1,
%    \qc{\}} 2, \qc{\%} 14, {\tt a}\dash {\tt z} {\tt A}\dash {\tt Z}
%    11, {\tt 0}\dash {\tt 9} \qc{\.} \qc{\-} 12. Also note that
%    \cw{endlinechar} is assumed to have a non-null value.)
%    \begin{macrocode}
%% The line break is significant here:
\localcatcodes{\@{11}\ {10}\
{5}\~{13}\"{12}\#{6}\^{7}\`{12}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \section{Definitions}
%
% \begin{macro}{\otherchars}
%
%    For deactivating characters with special catcodes during
%    \cw{readline} we use, instead of \cw{dospecials}, a more
%    bulletproof (albeit slower) combination of \cw{otherchars},
%    \cw{controlchars}, and \cw{highchars} that covers all characters in
%    the range 0\dash 255 except letters and digits. Handling the
%    characters above 127 triples the overhead done for each read
%    operation or message definition but seems mandatory for maximum
%    robustness.^^A
%^^A%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \footnote{If you are using \fn{dialog.sty} functions on a slow
% computer, you might want to try setting \cw{highchars} = empty to
% see if that helps the speed.}
%^^A%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%    \cw{otherchars} includes the thirty-three nonalphanumeric visible
%    characters (counting space as visible). It is intended as an
%    executable list like \cw{dospecials} but, as an exercise in
%    memory conservation, it is constructed without the \cw{do}s. For
%    the usual application of changing catcodes, the list can still be
%    executed nicely as shown below. Also, if we arrange to
%    make sure that each character token gets category 12, it's not
%    necessary to use control symbols such as \cs{\%} in place of
%    those few special characters that would otherwise be difficult to
%    place inside of a definition. This avoids a problem that would
%    otherwise arise if we included \cs{\+} in the list and tried to
%    process the list with a typical definition of \cs{do}: \cs{\+} is
%    `outer' in plain \tex/ and would cause an error message when
%    \cw{do} attempted to read it as an argument. (As a matter of fact
%    the catcode changes below show a different way around that
%    problem, but a list of category-12 character tokens is a fun
%    thing to have around anyway.)
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\begingroup
%    \end{macrocode}
%    First we start a group to localize \cw{catcode} changes. Then we
%    change all relevant catcodes to 12 except for backslash, open
%    brace, and close brace, which can be handled by judicious
%    application of \cw{escapechar}, \cw{string}, \cw{edef}, and
%    \cw{xdef}. By defining \cw{do} in a slightly backward way, so that
%    it doesn't take an argument, we don't need to worry about the
%    presence of \cs{\+} in the list of control symbols. Notice the
%    absence of \cs{\`} from the list of control symbols; it was already
%    catcoded to 12 in the \cw{localcatcodes} declaration at the
%    beginning of this file\Dash otherwise it would be troublesome to
%    make the definition of \cw{do} bulletproof (consider the
%    possibilities that \qc{\`} might have catcode 0, 5, 9, or 14).
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\do{12 \catcode`}
\catcode`\~\do\!\do\@\do\#\do\$\do\^\do\&
\do\*\do\(\do\)\do\-\do\_\do\=\do\[\do\]
\do\;\do\:\do\'\do\"\do\<\do\>\do\,\do\.
\do\/\do\?\do\|12\relax
%    \end{macrocode}
%    To handle backslash and braces, we define \cs{\\},
%    \cs{\{}, and \cs{\}} to produce the corresponding category-12
%    character tokens. Setting \cw{escapechar} to $-1$ means that
%    \cw{string} will omit the leading backslash that it would
%    otherwise produce when applied to a control sequence.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\escapechar -1
\edef\\{\string\\}
\edef\{{\string\{}\edef\}{\string\}}
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Space and percent are done last. Then, with almost all the
%    special characters now category 12, it's rather easy to define
%    \cw{otherchars}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\catcode`\ =12\catcode`\%=12
\xdef\otherchars
{ !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?[\\]^_`\{|\}~}
\endgroup %              ^     ^  ^
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\controlchars}
%
%    \cw{controlchars} is another list for the control characters
%    \ascii/ 0\dash 31 and 127. The construction of this list is similar
%    to the construction of \cw{otherchars}. We need to turn off
%    \cw{endlinechar} because the catcode of \ctrl{M} is going to be
%    changed. The \ctrl{L} inside the \cw{gdef} is not a problem (as it
%    might have been, due to the usual outerness of \ctrl{L}) because
%    the catcode is changed from 13 to 12 before that point.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\begingroup
\endlinechar = -1
\def\do{12 \catcode`}
\catcode`\^^@\do\^^A\do\^^B\do\^^C
\do\^^D\do\^^E\do\^^F\do\^^G\do\^^H\do\^^I
\do\^^J\do\^^K\do\^^L\do\^^M\do\^^N\do\^^O
\do\^^P\do\^^Q\do\^^R\do\^^S\do\^^T\do\^^U
\do\^^V\do\^^W\do\^^X\do\^^Y\do\^^Z\do\^^[
\do\^^\\do\^^]\do\^^^\do\^^_\do\^^? 12\relax
%
\gdef\controlchars{^^@^^A^^B^^C^^D^^E^^F^^G
  ^^H^^I^^J^^K^^L^^M^^N^^O^^P^^Q^^R^^S^^T
  ^^U^^V^^W^^X^^Y^^Z^^[^^\^^]^^^^^_^^?}
\endgroup
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\highchars}
%    And finally, the list \cw{highchars} contains characters
%    128\dash 255, the ones that have the eighth bit set.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\begingroup
\def\do{12 \catcode`}
\catcode`\^^80\do\^^81\do\^^82\do\^^83\do\^^84
\do\^^85\do\^^86\do\^^87\do\^^88\do\^^89\do\^^8a
\do\^^8b\do\^^8c\do\^^8d\do\^^8e\do\^^8f
\do\^^90\do\^^91\do\^^92\do\^^93\do\^^94\do\^^95
%    \end{macrocode}
%\verbdots\iffalse
\do\^^96\do\^^97\do\^^98\do\^^99\do\^^9a\do\^^9b
\do\^^9c\do\^^9d\do\^^9e\do\^^9f
\do\^^a0\do\^^a1\do\^^a2\do\^^a3\do\^^a4\do\^^a5
\do\^^a6\do\^^a7\do\^^a8\do\^^a9\do\^^aa\do\^^ab
\do\^^ac\do\^^ad\do\^^ae\do\^^af
\do\^^b0\do\^^b1\do\^^b2\do\^^b3\do\^^b4\do\^^b5
\do\^^b6\do\^^b7\do\^^b8\do\^^b9\do\^^ba\do\^^bb
\do\^^bc\do\^^bd\do\^^be\do\^^bf
\do\^^c0\do\^^c1\do\^^c2\do\^^c3\do\^^c4\do\^^c5
\do\^^c6\do\^^c7\do\^^c8\do\^^c9\do\^^ca\do\^^cb
\do\^^cc\do\^^cd\do\^^ce\do\^^cf
\do\^^d0\do\^^d1\do\^^d2\do\^^d3\do\^^d4\do\^^d5
\do\^^d6\do\^^d7\do\^^d8\do\^^d9\do\^^da\do\^^db
\do\^^dc\do\^^dd\do\^^de\do\^^df
\do\^^e0\do\^^e1\do\^^e2\do\^^e3\do\^^e4\do\^^e5
\do\^^e6\do\^^e7\do\^^e8\do\^^e9\do\^^ea\do\^^eb
\do\^^ec\do\^^ed\do\^^ee\do\^^ef
\do\^^f0\do\^^f1\do\^^f2\do\^^f3\do\^^f4\do\^^f5
\do\^^f6\do\^^f7\do\^^f8\do\^^f9\do\^^fa\do\^^fb
%\fi
%    \begin{macrocode}
\do\^^fc\do\^^fd\do\^^fe\do\^^ff 12\relax
%
\gdef\highchars{%
^^80^^81^^82^^83^^84^^85^^86^^87^^88%
^^89^^8a^^8b^^8c^^8d^^8e^^8f%
^^90^^91^^92^^93^^94^^95^^96^^97^^98%
%    \end{macrocode}
%\verbdots\iffalse
^^99^^9a^^9b^^9c^^9d^^9e^^9f%
^^a0^^a1^^a2^^a3^^a4^^a5^^a6^^a7^^a8%
^^a9^^aa^^ab^^ac^^ad^^ae^^af%
^^b0^^b1^^b2^^b3^^b4^^b5^^b6^^b7^^b8%
^^b9^^ba^^bb^^bc^^bd^^be^^bf%
^^c0^^c1^^c2^^c3^^c4^^c5^^c6^^c7^^c8%
^^c9^^ca^^cb^^cc^^cd^^ce^^cf%
^^d0^^d1^^d2^^d3^^d4^^d5^^d6^^d7^^d8%
^^d9^^da^^db^^dc^^dd^^de^^df%
^^e0^^e1^^e2^^e3^^e4^^e5^^e6^^e7^^e8%
^^e9^^ea^^eb^^ec^^ed^^ee^^ef%
^^f0^^f1^^f2^^f3^^f4^^f5^^f6^^f7^^f8%
%\fi
%    \begin{macrocode}
^^f9^^fa^^fb^^fc^^fd^^fe^^ff}
\endgroup
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\actively}
%
%    The function \cw{actively} makes a given character active and
%    carries out the assignment given as the first argument. The
%    assignment can be embedded in the replacement text of a macro
%    definition without requiring any special setup to produce an active
%    character in the replacement text. The argument should be a control
%    symbol, e.g. \cw{@} or \cs{\#} or \cs{\^^M}, rather than a single
%    character. (Except that \qc{\+} is safer than \cs{\+} in
%    \plaintex/.) If the assignment is a definition (\cw{def},
%    \cw{edef}, \cw{gdef}, \cw{xdef}) it is allowed to take arguments in
%    the normal \tex/ way. Prefixes such as \cw{global}, \cw{long}, or
%    \cw{outer} must go inside the first argument rather than before
%    \cw{actively}.
%
%    Usage:
%\begin{usage}
%\actively\def\?{<replacement text>}
%\actively\def\%#1#2{<replacement text>}
%\actively{\global\let}\^^@=\space
%\end{usage}
%    One place where this function can be put to good use is in
%    making \ctrl{M} active in order to get special action at the end
%    of each line of input. The usual way of going about this would be
%    to write
%
%^^V \def\par{something}\obeylines
%
%    \noindent which is a puzzling construction to the \tex/ novice
%    who doesn't know what \cw{obeylines} does with \cw{par}. The same
%    effect could be gotten a little more transparently with
%
%^^V \actively\def\^^M{something}
%
%    In the definition of \cw{actively} we use the unique properties
%    of \cw{lowercase} to create an active character with the right
%    character code, overlapping with a \cw{begingroup} \cw{endgroup}
%    structure that localizes the necessary lc-code change.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\actively#1#2{\catcode`#2\active
  \begingroup \lccode`\~=`#2\relax
  \lowercase{\endgroup#1~}}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% \begin{macro}{\mesjsetup}
%
%    The \cw{mesjsetup} function starts a group to localize catcode
%    changes. The group will be closed eventually by a separate
%    function that does the actual sending or stores the message text
%    for later retrieval.
%
%    We want to change the catcode of each character in the three
%    lists \cw{otherchars}, \cw{controlchars}, and \cw{highchars} to
%    12. After giving \cw{do} a recursive definition, we apply it to
%    each of the three lists, adding a suitable element at the end of
%    the list to make the recursion stop there. This allows
%    leaving out the \cw{do} tokens from the character lists, without
%    incurring the cost of an if test at each recursion step.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\mesjsetup{\begingroup \count@=12
  \def\do##1{\catcode`##1\count@ \do}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The abbreviation \cw{xp@} = \cw{expandafter} is from
%    \fn{grabhedr.sty}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \xp@\do\otherchars{a11 \@gobbletwo}%
  \xp@\do\controlchars{a11 \@gobbletwo}%
  \xp@\do\highchars{a11 \@gobbletwo}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Make the tab character produce eight spaces:
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \actively\edef\^^I{ \space\space\space
    \space\space\space\space}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The convenient treatment of newlines in the argument of \cw{mesj}
%    (every line break produces a line break on screen) is achieved by
%    making the \ctrl{M} character active and defining it to produce a
%    category-12 \ctrl{J} character. Although for \cw{mesj} it would
%    have sufficed to make \ctrl{M} category 12 and locally set
%    \cw{newlinechar} = \ctrl{M} while sending the message, it turns out
%    to be useful for other functions to have the \ctrl{M} character
%    active, so that it can be remapped to an arbitrary function for
%    handling new lines (e.g., perhaps adding extra spaces at the
%    beginning of each line). And if \cw{mesj} treats \ctrl{M} the same,
%    we can arrange for it to share the setup routines needed for the
%    other functions.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \endlinechar=`\^^M\actively\let\^^M=\relax
  \catcode`\{=1 \catcode`\}=2 }
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\sendmesj}
%
%    In \cw{sendmesj} we go to a little extra trouble to make sure
%    \ctrl{M} produces a newline character, no matter what the value of
%    \cw{newlinechar} might be in the surrounding environment. The
%    impending \cw{endgroup} will restore \cw{newlinechar} to its
%    previous value. One reason for using \ctrl{J} (instead of, say,
%    \ctrl{M} directly) is to allow e.g. \cw{mesj}\verb'{xxx^^Jxxxx}' to
%    be written inside a definition, as is sometimes convenient. This
%    would be difficult with \ctrl{M} instead of \ctrl{J} because of
%    catcodes.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\sendmesj{\newlinechar`\^^J%
  \actively\def\^^M{^^J}%
  \immediate\write\sixt@@n{\mesjtext}\endgroup}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\mesj}
%
%    Given the support functions defined above, the definition of
%    \cw{mesj} is easy: Use \cw{mesjsetup} to clear all special
%    catcodes, then set up \cw{sendmesj} to be triggered by the next
%    assignment, then read the following balanced-braces group into
%    \cw{mesjtext}. As soon as the definition is completed, \tex/ will
%    execute \cw{sendmesj}, which will send the text and close the
%    group that was started in \cw{mesjsetup} to localize the catcode
%    changes.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\mesj{\mesjsetup \afterassignment\sendmesj
  \def\mesjtext}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\sendprompt}
%
%    The \cw{sendprompt} function is just like \cw{sendmesj} except
%    that it uses \cw{message} instead of \cw{write}, as might be
%    desired when prompting for user input, so that the on-screen
%    cursor stays on the same line as the prompt instead of hopping
%    down to the beginning of the next line. In order for newlines to
%    work with \cw{message} we must use a visible character instead of
%    \ctrl{J}. When everyone has \tex/ version 3.1415 or later this
%    will no longer be true. The choice of \qc{\!} might be construed
%    (if you wish) as editorial comment that \qc{\!} should not be
%    shouted at the user in a prompt.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\sendprompt{%
  \newlinechar`\!\relax \actively\def\^^M{!}%
  \message{\mesjtext}\endgroup}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\promptmesj}
%
%    This function is like \cw{mesj} but uses \cw{sendprompt} instead of
%    \cw{sendmesj}.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\promptmesj{\mesjsetup
  \afterassignment\sendprompt \def\mesjtext}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\storemesj}
%
%    Arg \arg{1} of \cw{storemesj} is the control sequence under which
%    the message text is to be stored.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\storemesj#1{\mesjsetup
  \catcode`\#=6 % to allow arguments if needed
  \afterassignment\endgroup
  \long\gdef#1}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\fmesj}
%
%    While \cw{storemesj}\cw{foo}\verb"{...}" is more or less the
%    same as \cw{def}\cw{foo}\verb"{...}" with special catcode
%    changes, \cw{fmesj}\cw{foo}\verb"{...}" corresponds to
%    \cw{def}\cw{foo}\qc{\{}\cw{mesj}\verb"{...}}", that is, after
%    \cw{fmesj}\cw{foo} the function \cw{foo} can be executed directly
%    to send the message. Thus \cw{storemesj} is typically used for
%    storing pieces of messages, while \cw{fmesj} is used for storing
%    entire messages.
%
%    To read the parameter text \arg{2}, we use the peculiar
%    \verb'#{' feature of \tex/ to read everything up to the opening
%    brace.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\fmesj#1#2#{\mesjsetup
  \catcode`\#=6 % restore to normal
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The parameter text \arg{2} must be stored in a token register
%    rather than a macro to avoid problems with \qc{\#} characters.
%    The \cw{long} prefix is just to admit the (unlikely) possibility
%    of using \cw{fmesj} to define something such as an error message
%    saying `You can't use \arg{1} here' where one of the
%    possibilities for \arg{1} is \cw{string}\cw{par}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \toks@{\long\gdef#1#2}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Define \cw{@tempa} to put together the first two arguments and
%    [pseudo]argument \arg{3} and make the definition of \arg{1}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \def\@tempa{%
    \edef\@tempa{%
      \the\toks@{%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    The abbreviation \cw{nx@} = \cw{noexpand} is from
%    \fn{grabhedr.sty}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \begingroup\def\nx@\mesjtext{\the\toks2 }%
        \nx@\sendmesj}%
    }%
    \@tempa
    \endgroup % Turn off the \mesjsetup catcodes
  }%
  \afterassignment\@tempa
  \toks2=}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\xmesjsetup}
%
%    \cw{xmesjsetup} is like \cw{mesjsetup} except it prepares to allow
%    control sequence tokens and normal comments in the message text.
%    For \tex/nicians' convenience certain other features are
%    thrown in.
%
%    Here, unlike the setup for \cw{xreadline}, I don't bother to
%    remove the outerness of \cw{bye}, \cw{newif}, etc., because I
%    presume the arguments of \cw{xmesj}, \cw{fxmesj},
%    \cw{storexmesj}, \cw{fxmenu}, etc.\ are more likely to be written
%    by a \tex/nician than by an average end user, whereas
%    \cw{xreadline} is designed to handle arbitrary input from
%    arbitrary users.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\xmesjsetup{\mesjsetup
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Throw in pseudo braces just in case we are inside an \cw{halign}
%    with \cs{\\} let equal to \cw{cr} at the time when \cw{xmesjsetup}
%    is called. (As might happen in \amstex/.)
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \iffalse{\fi
  \catcode`\\=0 \catcode`\%=14
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Define {\def~{\spacefactor1500 \space}%
%    \cs{\%}~\cs{\\}~\cs{\{}~\cs{\}}~\cs{\&}} to produce the
%    corresponding single characters, category 12. The \cw{lowercase}
%    trick here allows these definitions to be nonglobal.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \begingroup \lccode`\0=`\\\lccode`\1=`\{%
  \lccode`\2=`\}\lccode`\3=`\%%
  \lowercase{\endgroup \def\\{0}\def\{{1}%
    \def\}{2}\def\%{3}}%
  \iffalse}\fi
  \edef\&{\string &}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Let \qc{\&} \qc{\=} \cw{noexpand} for expansion control inside the
%    argument text; let active \ctrl{M} \qc{\=} \cw{relax} so that
%    newlines will remain inert during the expansion.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \actively\let\&=\noexpand
  \actively\let\^^M=\relax
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Define \cs{\.} to be a noop, for terminating a control word when
%    it is followed by letters and no space is wanted.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \def\.{}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Support for use of \cw{xmesj} inside a definition replacement
%    text or macro argument: control-space
%    \verb*"\ " = \cw{space}, tilde \qc{\~} prints as itself,
%    \cs{\^^M} (i.e., a lone backslash at the end of a line) will
%    produce a newline, also \cs{\^^J}, while finally \cw{par} \qc{\=}
%    blank line translates to two newlines.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \def\ { }\edef~{\string ~}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Define \cs{\^^M} to produce an active \ctrl{M} character, which (we
%    hope) will be suitably defined to produce a newline or whatever.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \begingroup \lccode`\~=`\^^M%
    \lowercase{\endgroup \def\^^M{~}}%
  \let\^^J\^^M \def\par{\^^M\^^M}%
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\xmesj}
%
%    \cw{xmesj} uses \cw{xmesjsetup} and \cw{edef}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\xmesj{\xmesjsetup \afterassignment\sendmesj
  \edef\mesjtext}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\promptxmesj}
%
%    \cw{promptxmesj} is analogous to \cw{promptmesj}, but with
%    expansion.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\promptxmesj{\xmesjsetup
  \afterassignment\sendprompt \edef\mesjtext}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\storexmesj}
%
%    And \cw{storexmesj} is like \cw{storemesj}, with expansion. Since
%    we allow arguments for the function being defined, we also must
%    define \cs{\#} to produce a single category-12 \qc{\#} character so
%    that there will be a way to print \qc{\#} in the message text.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\storexmesj#1#2#{\xmesjsetup
  \catcode`\#=6 % to allow arguments if needed
  \edef\#{\string##}%
  \afterassignment\endgroup
  \long\xdef#1#2}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\fxmesj}
%
%    And \cw{fxmesj} is the expansive analog of \cw{fmesj}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\fxmesj#1#2#{\xmesjsetup
  \catcode`\#=6 % restore to normal
  \edef\#{\string##}%
  \toks@{\long\xdef#1#2}%
  \def\@tempa{%
    \edef\@tempa{%
      \the\toks@{\begingroup
      \def\nx@\nx@\nx@\mesjtext{\the\toks\tw@}%
      \nx@\nx@\nx@\sendmesj}}%
    \@tempa % execute the constructed xdef
    \endgroup % restore normal catcodes
  }%
  \afterassignment\@tempa
  \toks\tw@=}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \section{Reading functions}
%
% \begin{macro}{\readline}
%    The \cw{readline} function gets one line of input from the user.
%    Arguments are: \arg{1} default to be used if the user response is
%    empty (i.e., if the user just pressed the return/enter key),
%    \arg{2} macro to receive the input.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\readline#1#2{%
  \begingroup \count@ 12 %
  \def\do##1{\catcode`##1\count@ \do}%
  \xp@\do\otherchars{a11 \@gobbletwo}%
  \xp@\do\controlchars{a11 \@gobbletwo}%
  \xp@\do\highchars{a11 \@gobbletwo}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Make spaces and tabs normal instead of category 12.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \catcode`\ =10 \catcode`\^^I=10 %
  \catcode`\^^M=9 % ignore
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Reset end-of-line char to normal, just in case.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \endlinechar`\^^M
%    \end{macrocode}
%    We go to a little trouble to avoid \cw{gdef}-ing \arg{2}, in order
%    to prevent save stack buildup if the user of \cw{readline} carries
%    on unaware doing local redefinitions of \arg{2} after the initial
%    read.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \read\m@ne to#2%
  \edef#2{\def\nx@#2{#2}}%
  \xp@\endgroup #2%
  \ifx\@empty#2\def#2{#1}\fi
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\xreadline}
%
%    \cw{xreadline} is like \cw{readline} except that it leaves almost
%    all catcodes unchanged so that the return value is executable
%    tokens instead of strictly character tokens of category 11 or 12.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\xreadline#1#2{%
  \begingroup
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Render some outer control sequences innocuous.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \xp@\let\csname bye\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname newif\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname newcount\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname newdimen\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname newskip\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname newmuskip\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname newtoks\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname newbox\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname newinsert\endcsname\relax
    \xp@\let\csname +\endcsname\relax
    \actively\let\^^L\relax
  \catcode`\^^M=9 % ignore
  \endlinechar`\^^M% reset to normal
  \read\m@ne to#2%
  \toks@\xp@{#2}%
  \edef\@tempa{\def\nx@#2{\the\toks@}}%
  \xp@\endgroup \@tempa
  \ifx\@empty#2\def#2{#1}\fi
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\readchar}
%
%    \cw{readchar} reduces the user response to a single character.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\readchar#1#2{%
  \readline{#1}#2%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    If the user's response and the default response are both empty,
%    we need something after \arg{1} to keep \cw{@car} from running
%    away, so we add an empty pair of braces.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \edef#2{\xp@\@car#2#1{}\@nil}%
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\readChar}
%
%    \cw{readChar} reduces the user response to a single uppercase
%    character. (This is useful to simplify testing the response
%    later with \cw{if}.)
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\readChar#1#2{%
  \readline{#1}#2%
  \changecase\uppercase#2%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Reduce \arg{2} to its first character, or the first character of
%    \arg{1}, if \arg{2} is empty. The extra braces \verb'{}' are to
%    prevent a runaway argument error from \cw{@car} if \arg{2} and
%    \arg{1} are both empty.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \edef#2{\xp@\@car #2#1{}\@nil}%
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\changecase}
%    The function \cw{changecase} uppercases or lowercases the
%    replacement text of its second argument, which
%    must be a macro. The first argument should be \cw{uppercase} or
%    \cw{lowercase}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\changecase#1#2{\@casetoks\xp@{#2}%
  \edef#2{#1{\def\nx@#2{\the\@casetoks}}}#2}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@casetoks}
%    We allocate a token register just for the use of \cw{changecase}
%    because it might be used at a low level internally where we don't
%    want to interfere with other uses of the scratch token registers
%    0\dash 9.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\newtoks\@casetoks
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%    A common task in reading user input is to verify, when an answer
%    of a certain kind was requested, that the response has indeed the
%    desired form\Dash for example, if a nonnegative integer is required
%    for subsequent processing, it behooves us to verify that we have
%    a nonnegative integer in hand before doing anything that might
%    lead to inconvenient error messages. However, it's not easy to
%    decide how best to handle such verification. One possibility
%    might be to have a function
%
%^^V \readnonnegativeinteger\foo
%
%    to do all the work of going out and fetching a number from the
%    user and leaving it in the macro \cw{foo}. Another possibility
%    would be to read the response using \cw{readline} and then apply
%    a separate function that can be used in combination with \cw{if},
%    for example
%
%^^V   \readline{}\reply
%^^V   \if\validnumber\reply ... \else ... \fi
%
%    For maximum flexibility, a slightly lower-level approach is
%    chosen here. The target syntax is
%
%^^V   \readline{}\reply
%^^V   \checkinteger\reply\tempcount
%
%    where \cw{tempcount} will be set to \verb'-'\cw{maxdimen} if
%    \cw{reply} does {\em not\/} contain a valid integer. (Negative
%    integers are allowed, as long as they are greater than
%    \verb'-'\cw{maxdimen}.)  Then the function that calls
%    \cw{checkinteger} is free to make additional checks on the range
%    of the reply and give error messages tailored to the
%    circumstances. And the handling of an empty \cw{reply} can be
%    arbitrarily customized, something that would tend to be
%    inconvenient for the first method mentioned.
%
%    The first and second approaches can be built on top of the third
%    if desired, e.g.\ (for the second approach)
%
%^^V \def\validnumber#1{TT\fi
%^^V   \checkinteger#1\tempcount%
%^^V   \ifnum\tempcount>-\maxdimen }
%
%    The curious \verb'TT\fi'\verbdots\cw{ifnum} construction is from
%    \TeXhax{} 1989, no.~20 and no.~38 (a suggestion of D. E. Knuth in
%    reply to a query by S. von Bechtolsheim).
%
% \begin{macro}{\checkinteger}
%
%    The arguments of \cw{checkinteger}'s are: \arg{2}, a count register
%    to hold the result; \arg{1}, a macro holding zero or more arbitrary
%    characters of category 11 or 12.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\checkinteger#1#2{\let\scansign@\@empty
  \def\scanresult@{#2}%
  \xp@\scanint#1x\endscan}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\scanint}
%
%    To validate a number, the function \cw{scanint} must first scan
%    away leading \qc{\+} or \qc{\-} signs (keeping track in
%    \cw{scansign@}), then look at the first token after that: if it's
%    a digit, fine, scan that digit and any succeeding digits into the
%    given count register (\cw{scanresult@}), ending with \cw{endscan}
%    to get rid of any following garbage tokens that might just
%    possibly show up.
%
%    Typical usage of \cw{scanint} includes initializing \cw{scansign@}
%    to empty, as in the definition of \cw{checkinteger}.
%\begin{usage}
%\let\scansign@\@empty
%\def\scanresult@{\tempcount}%
%\xp@\scanint\reply x\endscan
%\end{usage}
%    Assumption: \cw{reply} is either empty or contains only category
%    11 or 12 characters (which it will if you used \cw{readline}!). If
%    a separate check is done earlier to trap the case where \cw{reply}
%    is empty\Dash for example, by using a nonempty default for
%    \cw{readline}\Dash then the \verb'x' before \cw{endscan} is
%    superfluous.
%
%    Arg \arg{1} = next character from the string being tested.
%    The test whether \arg{1} is a decimal digit is similar in spirit
%    to the test \verb'\if!#1!' to see if an argument is empty
%    (\TB, Appendix~D, p.~376).
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\scanint#1{%
  \ifodd 0#11 %
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Is \arg{1} a decimal digit? If so read all digits into
%    \cw{scanresult@} with the sign prefix.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \def\@tempa{\afterassignment\endscan
      \scanresult@=\scansign@#1}%
  \else
    \if -#1\relax
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Here we flipflop the sign; watch closely.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \edef\scansign@{%
        \ifx\@empty\scansign@ -\fi}%
      \def\@tempa{\scanint}%
    \else
%    \end{macrocode}
%    A plus sign can just be ignored.
%    \begin{macrocode}
      \if +#1\relax
        \def\@tempa{\scanint}%
      \else % not a valid number
        \def\@tempa{%
          \scanresult@=-\maxdimen\endscan}%
  \fi\fi\fi
  \@tempa
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\endscan}
%    The \cw{endscan} function just gobbles any remaining garbage. It
%    uses its own name as the argument delimiter.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\endscan#1\endscan{}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\dimenfirstpart}
% \begin{macro}{\dimentoks}
%    \cw{dimenfirstpart}, a count register, receives the digits, if
%    any, preceding the decimal point. \cw{dimentoks}, a token
%    register, receives any digits after the decimal point.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\newcount\dimenfirstpart
\newtoks\dimentoks
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\scandimen}
%
%    \cw{scandimen} is similar to \cw{scanint} but has to call some
%    auxiliary functions to scan the various subcomponents of a
%    dimension (leading digits, decimal point, fractional part, and
%    units, with optional {\tt true}, in addition to the sign). The
%    minimum requirements of \tex/'s syntax for dimensions are a digit
%    or decimal point \qc{\+} the units; all the other components are
%    optional (\TB, Exercise~10.3, p.~58).
%
%    When scanning for the digits of a fractional part, we can't throw
%    away leading zeros; therefore we don't read the fractional part
%    into a count register as we did for the digits before the decimal
%    point; instead we read the digits one by one and store them in
%    \cw{dimentoks}.
%
%    The function that calls \cw{scandimen} should initialize
%    \cw{scansign@} to \cw{@empty}, \cw{dimenfirstpart} to \cw{z@},
%    \cw{dimentoks} to empty \verb'{}', and \cw{dimentrue@} to
%    \cw{@empty}.
%
%    Test values: {\tt 0pt}, {\tt 1.1in}, {\tt -2cm}, {\tt .3mm}, {\tt
%    0.4dd}, {\tt 5.cc}, {\tt.10000000009pc}, \cw{hsize}, {\tt em}.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\scandimen#1{%
  \ifodd 0#11
    \def\@tempa{\def\@tempa{\scandimenb}%
      \afterassignment\@tempa
      \dimenfirstpart#1}%
  \else
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    The following test resolves to true if \arg{1} is either a period
%    or a comma (both recognized by \tex/ as decimal point
%    characters).
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \if \if,#1.\else#1\fi.%
      \def\@tempa{\scandimenc}%
    \else
      \if -#1% then flipflop the sign
        \edef\scansign@{%
          \ifx\@empty\scansign@ -\fi}%
        \def\@tempa{\scandimen}%
      \else
        \if +#1% then ignore it
          \def\@tempa{\scandimen}%
        \else % not a valid dimen
          \def\@tempa{%
            \scanresult@=-\maxdimen\endscan}%
  \fi\fi\fi\fi
  \@tempa
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\scandimenb}
%
%    Scan for an optional decimal point.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\scandimenb#1{%
  \if \if,#1.\else#1\fi.%
    \def\@tempa{\scandimenc}%
  \else
%    \end{macrocode}
%    If the decimal point is absent, we need to put back \arg{2} and
%    rescan it to see if it is the first letter of the units.
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \def\@tempa{\scanunitsa#1}%
  \fi
  \@tempa
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\scandimenc}
%
%    Scan for the fractional part: digits after the decimal point.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\scandimenc#1{%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    If \arg{1} is a digit, add it to \cw{dimentoks}.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \ifodd 0#11 \dimentoks\xp@{%
      \the\dimentoks#1}%
    \def\@tempa{\scandimenc}%
  \else
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Otherwise rescan \arg{1}, presumably the first letter of the
%    units.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \def\@tempa{\scanunitsa#1}%
  \fi
  \@tempa
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\scanunitsa}
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\scanunitsa#1\endscan{%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Check for \verb'true' qualifier.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \def\@tempa##1true##2##3\@tempa{##2}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%    The peculiar nature of \cw{lowercase} is evident here as we are
%    able to apply it to only the test part of the conditional without
%    running into brace-matching problems. (Compare the braces in this
%    example to something like \cw{message}\qc{\{}\cw{iffalse}
%    \verb"A}"\cw{else} \verb"B}"\cw{fi}.)
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \lowercase{%
    \xp@\ifx\xp@\end
    \@tempa#1true\end\@tempa
  }%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    No \verb'true' was found:
%    \begin{macrocode}
    \let\dimentrue@\@empty
    \def\@tempa{\scanunitsb#1\endscan}%
  \else
    \def\dimentrue@{true}%
    \def\@tempa##1true##2\@tempa{%
      \def\@tempa{##1}%
      \ifx\@tempa\@empty
        \def\@tempa{\scanunitsb##2\endscan}%
      \else
        \def\@tempa{\scanunitsb xx\endscan}%
      \fi}%
    \@tempa#1\@tempa
  \fi
  \@tempa
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\scanunitsb}
%
%    Scan for the name of the units and complete the assignment of the
%    scanned value to \cw{scanresult@}. Notice that, because of the way
%    \cw{scanunitsb} picks up \arg{1} and \arg{2} as macro arguments,
%    \verb"p t" is allowed as a variation of \verb"pt". Eliminating
%    this permissiveness doesn't seem worth the speed penalty
%    that would be incurred in \cw{scanunitsb}.
%
%    The method for detecting a valid units string is to define the
%    scratch function \cw{@tempa} to apply \tex/'s parameter-matching
%    abilities to a special string that will yield a boolean value
%    of true if and only if the given string is a valid \tex/ unit.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\scanunitsb#1#2{%
  \def\@tempa##1#1#2##2##3\@nil{##2}%
  \def\@tempb##1{T\@tempa
    pcTptTcmTccTemTexTinTmmTddTspT##1F\@nil}%
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Force lowercase just in case the units were entered with
%    uppercase letters (accepted by \tex/, so we had better accept
%    uppercase also).
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \lowercase{%
  \if\@tempb{#1#2}%
  }%
   \scanresult@=\scansign@
     \number\dimenfirstpart.\the\dimentoks
     \dimentrue@#1#2\relax
  \else
    \scanresult@=-\maxdimen
  \fi
%    \end{macrocode}
%    Call \cw{endscan} to gobble garbage tokens, if any.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  \endscan
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\checkdimen}
%
%    Argument \arg{2} must be a dimen register; \arg{1} is expected to
%    be a macro holding zero or more arbitrary characters of category 11
%    or 12.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\def\checkdimen#1#2{%
  \let\scansign@\@empty \def\scanresult@{#2}%
  \let\dimentrue@\@empty
  \dimenfirstpart\z@ \dimentoks{}%
  \xp@\scandimen#1xx\endscan
}
%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%    Finish up.
%    \begin{macrocode}
\restorecatcodes
\endinput
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \CheckSum{858}
% \Finale