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|
% \iffalse meta-comment
%
%
% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
% The latest version of this license is in
% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
% version 2003/12/01 or later.
%
% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
%
% The Current Maintainer of the babel system is Javier Bezos
% The current maintainer of Italian language support is Claudio Beccari
%
% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX base distribution is
% given in the file `manifest.bbl. See also `legal.bbl' for additional
% information.
%
% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
% \fi
% \CheckSum{677}
% \iffalse
% Tell the \LaTeX\ system who we are and write an entry on the
% transcript.
%\fi
%\iffalse
%<*filedriver>
\ProvidesFile{italian.dtx}
%</filedriver>
%<code>\ProvidesLanguage{italian}
%<*code>
[2013/11/22 v1.3f Italian support from the babel system]
%</code>
%%
%% Please report errors to: claudio dot beccari at gmail dot com
%%
%
% This file is part of the babel system, it provides the source
% code for the Italian language definition file.
% The original version of this file was written by Maurizio
% Codogno, (mau@beatles.cselt.stet.it).
% The package was completely rewritten by Claudio Beccari, who added
% several features.
%<*filedriver>
\documentclass{ltxdoc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\newcommand*\TeXhax{\TeX hax}
\newcommand*\babel{\textsf{babel}}
\newcommand*\langvar{$\langle \it lang \rangle$}
\newcommand*\note[1]{}
\newcommand*\Lopt[1]{\textsf{#1}}
\newcommand*\file[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\begin{document}
\DocInput{italian.dtx}
\end{document}
%</filedriver>
%\fi
% \GetFileInfo{italian.dtx}
%
% \changes{italian-0.99}{1990/07/11}{First version, from english.doc}
% \changes{italian-1.0}{1991/04/23}{Modified for babel 3.0}
% \changes{italian-1.0a}{1991/05/23}{removed typo}
% \changes{italian-1.0b}{1991/05/29}{Removed bug found by van der Meer}
% \changes{italian-1.0e}{1991/07/15}{Renamed \file{babel.sty} in
% \file{babel.com}}
% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Brought up-to-date with babel 3.2a}
% \changes{italian-1.2}{1994/02/09}{Update for\ LaTeXe}
% \changes{italian-1.2e}{1994/06/26}{Removed the use of \cs{filedate}
% and moved identification after the loading of \file{babel.def}}
% \changes{italian-1.2f}{1995/05/28}{Updated for babel 3.5}
% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/10/10}{Replaced \cs{undefined} with
% \cs{@undefined} and \cs{empty} with \cs{@empty} for consistency
% with \LaTeX, moved the definition of \cs{atcatcode} right to the
% beginning.}
% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/24}{Added \cs{unit}, \cs{ap}, and
% \cs{ped} macros}
% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/01/05}{Added support for etymological
% hyphenation}
% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/02/02}{Completely modified etymological
% hyphenation facility}
% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/05/28}{Added several commands for the
% caporali double quotes and for simplifying the accented vowel input}
% \changes{italian-1.2o}{2000/12/12}{Added \cs{glossaryname}}
% \changes{italian-1.2p}{2002/07/10}{Removed redefinition of
% \cs{add@acc} since its functionality has been introduced into the
% kernel of LaTeX 2001/06/01}
% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Added test for avoiding conflict
% with package units.sty; adjusted caporali functionality, since
% the previous one did not work with the standard (although obsolete)
% slides class file}
% \changes{italian-1.3}{2013/09/29}{Completely changed the Italian
% guillemet functionality in order to simplify their handling}
% \changes{italian-1.3}{2013/09/30}{Eliminated the \emph{traditional} attribute;
% the same functionality is obtained with the declaration \cs{XXIletters}}
% \changes{italian-1.3}{2-13/09/30}{Command \cs{unit} is disabled if packages
% units, SIunits, or siunitx have been loaded; this control is now deferred
% at the end of the preamble, when all packages have already been loaded}
% \changes{italian-1.3a}{2013/10/02}{Eliminated conflict with the amsmath
% package}
% \changes{italian-1.3-d}{2013/11/11}{Corrected the \string" behaviour for
% etymological hyphenation}
% \changes{italian-1.3f}{2013/11/22}{Deleted extra \cs{selectlanguage}\{italian\}}
% \section{The Italian language}
%
% \textbf{Important notice:} This language description file relies on
% functionalities provided by a modern TeX system distribution with
% pdfLaTeX working in extended mode (eTeX commands available); it
% should perform correctly also with XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX; tests have
% been made also with the latter programs, but it was really tested in
% depth with |babel| and pdfLaTeX.
%
% \bigskip
%
% The file \file{\filename}\footnote{The file described in this
% section has version number \fileversion\ and was last revised on
% \filedate. The original author is Maurizio Codogno,
% (\texttt{mau@beatles.cselt.stet.it}). It was initially revised
% by Johannes Braams and then completely rewritten by Claudio Beccari}
% defines all the language-specific macros for the Italian language.
%
% \begin{table}[htb]\centering
% \begin{tabular}{cp{80mm}}
% |"| & inserts a compound word mark where hyphenation is legal;
% it allows etymological hyphenation which is recommended
% for technical terms, chemical names and the like; it
% does not work if the next character is represented with
% a control sequence or is an accented character.\\
% \texttt{\string"\string|}
% & the same as the above without the limitation on
% characters represented with control sequences or accented
% ones.\\
% |""| & inserts open quotes ``.\\ %^^A'' emacs matching
% |"<| & inserts open guillemets.\\
% |">| & inserts closed guillemets.\\
% |"/| & equivalent to |\slash|\\
% |"-| & allows hyphenation in both words connected with a short dash
% (\emph{trattino copulativo}, in Italian)
% \end{tabular}
% \caption{Shortcuts for the Italian language}\label{t:itshrtct}
% \end{table}
%
% The features of this language definition file are the following:
% \begin{enumerate}
% \item The Italian hyphenation is invoked, provided that the Italian
% hyphenation pattern files were loaded when the specific format file
% was built.
% \item The language dependent infix words to be inserted by such
% commands as |\chapter|, |\caption|, |\tableofcontents|,
% etc. are redefined in accordance with the Italian
% typographical practice.
% \item Since Italian can be easily hyphenated and Italian practice
% allows to break a word before the last two letters, hyphenation
% parameters have been set accordingly, but a very high demerit
% value has been set in order to avoid word breaks in the
% penultimate line of a paragraph. Specifically the |\clubpenalty|,
% and the |\widowpenalty| are set to rather high values and
% |\finalhyphendemerits| is set to such a high value that
% hyphenation is strongly discouraged between the last two lines
% of a paragraph.
% \item Some language specific shortcuts have been defined so as to
% allow etymological hyphenation, specifically |"| inserts a
% break point at any word boundary that the typesetter chooses,
% provided it is not followed by an accented letter (very unlikely
% in Italian, where compulsory accents fall only on the last and
% ending vowel of a word, but it may take place with compound words
% that include foreign roots), and \verb="|= when the desired break
% point falls before an accented letter.
% \item some Italian compound words have a connecting short dash (a
% hyphen sign) between them without any space between the component
% words and the short dash; in this situation standard \LaTeX\ allows
% a line break only just after the short dash; this may lead to
% paragraphs with protruding lines or with ugly looking wide inter
% word spaces. If a break point is desired in the second word, one
% may use a |"| sign just after the short dash; but if a line break
% is required in the first word, them the |"-| shortcut comes in handy;
% pay attention though, that if you use an en-dash or an em-dash (both
% should not be used in Italian as compound words connectors, but\...)
% then the |"-| shortcut might impeach the |--| or |---| ligatures, thus
% producing an unacceptable appearance.
% \item The shortcut |""| introduces the raised (English) opening
% double quotes; this shortcut proves its usefulness when one
% reminds that the Italian keyboard misses the backtick key, and
% the backtick on a Windows based platform may be obtained only by
% pressing the \texttt{Alt} key while keying the numerical code
% 0096 in the numeric keypad; very, very annoying!
% \item The shortcuts |"<| and |">| insert the guillemets sometimes
% used also in Italian typography; with the T1 font encoding
% the ligatures |<<| and |>>| should insert such signs directly,
% but not all the virtual fonts that claim to follow the T1 font
% encoding actually contain the guillemets; with the OT1 encoding
% the guillemets are not available and must be faked in some
% way. By using the |"<| and |">| shortcuts (even with the T1
% encoding) the necessary tests are performed and in case the
% guillemets are faked by means of the special LaTeX math symbols.
% At the same time if OpenType fonts are being used with XeLaTeX
% or LuaLaTeX, there are no problems with guillemets.\footnote{At
% the date of writing actually there are some problems with LuaLaTeX,
% in the sense that the real guillemets << and >> work as they
% should, while the \texttt{<{}<} and \texttt{>{}>} ligatures don't;
% the bug is due to the lack of some lines in the features description
% file of OpenType fonts for LuaLaTeX; the bug has already been
% submitted to the LuaTeX Team; is is very likely that when you use
% this Italian language description file, the bug has already been
% corrected.}
% \item Three new specific commands |\unit|, |\ped|, and |\ap| are
% introduced so as to enable the correct composition of technical
% mathematics according to the ISO~31/XI recommendations.
% The definition of |\unit| takes place only at ``begin document''
% so that it is possible to verify if some other similar functionalities
% have already been defined by other packages, such as |units.sty|
% or |siunitx.sty|.
% \item Since in all languages different from English the decimal separator
% according to the ISO regulations \emph{must} be a comma, and since
% no language description file nor the \babel\ package itself provides
% for this functionality, a not so simple intelligent comma definition is
% provided such that at least in mathematics it behaves correctly.
% There are other packages that provide a similar functionality, for
% example |icomma| and |ncccomma|; I believe that my solution is better
% than that provided by both those packages; but, since this
% functionality may be turned on or off at the user will, those
% packages may still be used. By default this functionality is turned
% off, therefore the user should turn it on by means of the
% |\IntelligentComma| command; it can turn it off by means of
% |\NoIntelligentComma|. Please, read subsection~\ref{ssec:comma}
% to see the various situations where a mathematical comma may be
% used and how to overcome the few cases when the macros of this file
% don't behave as expected.
% \item In Italian legal documents it is common to tag list-items
% with the old fashioned 21-letter Italian alphabet, that differs from
% the Latin one by the omission of the letters `j', `k', `w',`x', and
% `y'. This applies for both upper and lower case tags.
% This feature is obtained by using the commands |\XXIletters| and
% |\XXVIletters| that allow to switch back and forth
% between 21- and 26-letter tagging.
% \end{enumerate}
%
% For this language a few shortcuts have been defined,
% table~\ref{t:itshrtct}, some of which are used to overcome
% certain limitations of the Italian keyboard; in
% section~\ref{s:itkbd} there are other comments and hints in order
% to overcome some other keyboard limitations.
%
%\subsection{Acknowlegements}
% It is my pleasure to acknowledge the contributions of Giovanni Dore,
% Davide Liessi, Grazia Messineo, Giuseppe Toscano, who spotted some bugs
% or conflicts with other packages, mainly |amsmath| and |icomma|, and
% with digits hidden inside macros or control sequences representing
% implicit characters. Testing by real users and their feedback is
% essential with open software such as the uncountable contributions
% to the \TeX\ system. Thank you very much.
%
% \StopEventually{%
% \begin{thebibliography}{1}
% \bibitem{CBec} Beccari C., ``Computer Aided Hyphenation for
% Italian and Modern Latin'', \textsf{TUGboat} vol.~13, n.~1,
% pp.~23-33 (1992).
% \bibitem{Becc2} Beccari C., ``Typesetting mathematics for science
% and technology according to ISO\,31/XI'', \textsf{TUGboat}
% vol.~18, n.~1, pp.~39-48 (1997).
% \end{thebibliography}}
%
%\subsection{The commented code}
% The macro |\LdfInit| takes care of preventing that this file is
% loaded more than once, checking the category code of the
% \texttt{@} sign, etc.
% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/11/03}{Now use \cs{LdfInit} to perform
% initial checks}
% \changes{italian-1.2j}{1996/12/29}{Added braces around second arg of
% \cs{LdfInit}}
%\iffalse
%<*code>
%\fi
% \begin{macrocode}
\LdfInit{italian}{captionsitalian}%
% \end{macrocode}
%
% When this file is read as an option, i.e. by the |\usepackage|
% command, \texttt{italian} will be an `unknown' language in which
% case we have to make it known. So we check for the existence of
% |\l@italian| to see whether we have to do something here.
%
% \changes{italian-1.0}{1991/04/23}{Now use \cs{adddialect} if
% language undefined}
% \changes{italian-1.0h}{1991/10/08}{Removed use of \cs{@ifundefined}}
% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Added a warning when no
% hyphenation patterns were loaded.}
% \changes{italian-1.2e}{1994/06/26}{Now use \cs{@nopatterns} to
% produce the warning}
% \begin{macrocode}
\ifx\l@italian\@undefined
\@nopatterns{Italian}%
\adddialect\l@italian0\fi
% \end{macrocode}
%
% The next step consists of defining commands to switch to (and
% from) the Italian language.
%
% \begin{macro}{\captionsitalian}
% The macro |\captionsitalian| defines all strings used
% in the four standard document classes provided with \LaTeX.
% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{Removed \cs{global} definitions}
% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{\cs{pagename} should be
% \cs{headpagename}}
% \changes{italian-1.0d}{1991/07/01}{`contiene' substitued by `Allegati'
% as suggested by Marco Bozzo (\texttt{BOZZO@CERNVM}).}
% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Added \cs{seename}, \cs{alsoname}
% and \cs{prefacename}}
% \changes{italian-1.1}{1993/07/15}{\cs{headpagename} should be
% \cs{pagename}}
% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Changed some of the words
% following suggestions from Claudio Beccari}
% \changes{italian-1.2g}{1995/07/04}{Added \cs{proofname} for
% AMS-\LaTeX}
% \changes{italian-1.2h}{1995/07/27}{Added translation of `Proof'}
% \begin{macrocode}
\addto\captionsitalian{%
\def\prefacename{Prefazione}%
\def\refname{Riferimenti bibliografici}%
\def\abstractname{Sommario}%
\def\bibname{Bibliografia}%
\def\chaptername{Capitolo}%
\def\appendixname{Appendice}%
\def\contentsname{Indice}%
\def\listfigurename{Elenco delle figure}%
\def\listtablename{Elenco delle tabelle}%
\def\indexname{Indice analitico}%
\def\figurename{Figura}%
\def\tablename{Tabella}%
\def\partname{Parte}%
\def\enclname{Allegati}%
\def\ccname{e~p.~c.}%
\def\headtoname{Per}%
\def\pagename{Pag.}%
\def\seename{vedi}%
\def\alsoname{vedi anche}%
\def\proofname{Dimostrazione}%
\def\glossaryname{Glossario}%
}%
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\dateitalian}
% The macro |\dateitalian| redefines the command
% |\today| to produce Italian dates.
% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{Removed \cs{global} definitions}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\dateitalian{%
\def\today{\number\day~\ifcase\month\or
gennaio\or febbraio\or marzo\or aprile\or maggio\or giugno\or
luglio\or agosto\or settembre\or ottobre\or novembre\or
dicembre\fi\space \number\year}}%
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\italianhyphenmins}
% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of left and
% righthyphenmin according to Claudio Beccari's suggestion}
%
% The italian hyphenation patterns can be used with both
% |\lefthyphenmin| and |\righthyphenmin| set to~2.
% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/09/22}{Now use \cs{providehyphenmins} to
% provide a default value}
% \begin{macrocode}
\providehyphenmins{\CurrentOption}{\tw@\tw@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\extrasitalian}
% \begin{macro}{\noextrasitalian}
%
% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of club- and
% widowpenalty}
% Lower the chance that clubs or widows occur.
% \begin{macrocode}
\addto\extrasitalian{%
\babel@savevariable\clubpenalty
\babel@savevariable\widowpenalty
\babel@savevariable\@clubpenalty
\clubpenalty3000\widowpenalty3000\@clubpenalty\clubpenalty}%
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of
% finalhyphendemerits}
%
% Never ever break a word between the last two lines of a paragraph
% in italian texts.
% \begin{macrocode}
\addto\extrasitalian{%
\babel@savevariable\finalhyphendemerits
\finalhyphendemerits50000000}%
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \changes{italian-1.2h}{1995/11/10}{Now give the apostrophe a
% lowercase code}
% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/5}{Changed example ``begl'italiani''
% (obsolete spelling) with another, ``nell'altezza'', that behaves
% the same way}
% In order to enable the hyphenation of words such as
% ``nell'altezza'' we give the \texttt{'} a non-zero lower case
% code. When we do that \TeX\ finds the following hyphenation
% points |nel-l'al-tez-za| instead of none.
% \begin{macrocode}
\addto\extrasitalian{%
\lccode`'=`'}%
\addto\noextrasitalian{%
\lccode`'=0}%
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \changes{italian-1.2v}{2010/01/02}{Support for traditional Italian}
% In some traditional texts, especially of legal nature, enumerations labelled
% with lower or upper case letters use the reduced Latin alphabet that omits
% the so called ``non Italian letters'': j, k, w, x, and y.
%
% \changes{italian-1.2w}{20101/01/03}{Added switching mechanism between normal
% and traditional enumeration labelling}
% \changes{italian-1.3}{2013/09/27}{The |traditional| language attribute has
% been dropped while the commands to switch back and forth from 21- to
% 26-letter alphabet are retained}
% \begin{macro}{\XXIletters}
% \begin{macro}{\XXVIletters}
% At the same time it is considered useful to have the posssibility of
% switching back and forth from the 21-letter tagging and the 26-letter one.
% This requires a counter that keeps the switching status (0 for 21 letters
% and 1 for 26 letters) and commands |\XXIletters| and |\XXVIletters|
% to set the switch. Default is 26 letter tagging.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcount\it@lettering \it@lettering=\@ne
\newcommand*\XXIletters{\it@lettering=\z@}
\newcommand*\XXVIletters{\it@lettering=\@ne}
\let\bbl@alph\@alph \let\bbl@Alph\@Alph
\addto\extrasitalian{\babel@savevariable\it@lettering
\let\@alph\it@alph \let\@Alph\it@Alph}
\addto\noextrasitalian{\let\@alph\bbl@alph\let\@Alph\bbl@Alph}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% To make this feasible it's necessary to redefine the way the \LaTeX\ |\@alph|
% and |\@Alph| work. Let's make the alternate definitions:
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\it@alph#1{%
\ifcase\it@lettering
\ifcase#1\or a\or b\or c\or d\or e\or f\or g\or h\or i\or
l\or m\or n\or o\or p\or q\or r\or s\or t\or u\or v\or
z\else\@ctrerr\fi
\or
\ifcase#1\or a\or b\or c\or d\or e\or f\or g\or h\or i\or
j\or k\or l\or m\or n\or o\or p\or q\or r\or s\or t\or u\or v\or
w\or x\or y\or z\else\@ctrerr\fi
\fi}%
\def\it@Alph#1{%
\ifcase\it@lettering
\ifcase#1\or A\or B\or C\or D\or E\or F\or G\or H\or I\or
L\or M\or N\or O\or P\or Q\or R\or S\or T\or U\or V\or
Z\else\@ctrerr\fi
\or
\ifcase#1\or A\or B\or C\or D\or E\or F\or G\or H\or I\or
J\or K\or L\or M\or N\or O\or P\or Q\or R\or S\or T\or U\or V\or
W\or X\or Y\or Z\else\@ctrerr\fi
\fi}%
% \end{macrocode}
%
% In order to have a complete description, the situation is this:
% \begin{enumerate}
% \item If you want to always use the 21-letter item tagging, simply
% use the |\XXIletters| declaration just after |\begin{document}|
% and this setting remains global (provided, of course, that the
% declaration is defined, therefore that the Italian language is the
% default one); in this way the setting is global while you use
% the Italian language.
% \item The |XXLIletter| command, issued outside any environment sets
% the 26-letter item tagging in a global way; this setting is the default one.
% \item If you specify |\XXIletters| just before entering an
% environment that uses alphabetic tagging, this environment will
% be tagged with the 21-letter alphabet, but this is a local setting,
% because the letter taggingg takes place only from the second level
% of enumeration.
% \item The declarations |\XXIletters| and |\XXVIletters| let you
% switch back and forth between the two kinds of tagging, But this
% kind of tagging, the 21-letter one, is meaningful only in Italian
% and when you change language, letter tagging reverts to the 26-letter
% one.
% \end{enumerate}
%
% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/01/05}{Support for etymological
% hyphenation}
%
% \subsection{Support for etymological hyphenation}
% In Italian such etymological hyphenation is desirable with
% technical terms, chemical names, and the like.
% \subsubsection{Some history}
% In his article on Italian hyphenation \cite{CBec} Beccari pointed
% out that the Italian language gets hyphenated on a phonetic
% basis, although etymological hyphenation is allowed; this is in
% contrast with what happens in Latin, for example, where
% etymological hyphenation is always used. Since the patterns for
% both languages would become too complicated in order to cope with
% etymological hyphenation, in his paper Beccari proposed the
% definition of an active character `|_|' such that it could insert
% a ``soft'' discretionary hyphen at the compound word
% boundary. For several reasons that idea and the specific active
% character proved to be unpractical and was abandoned.
%
% This problem is so important with the majority of the European
% languages, that \babel\ from the very beginning developed
% the tradition of making the |"| character active so as to perform
% several actions that turned useful with every language.
% One of these actions consisted in defining the shortcut \verb="|=,
% that was extensively used in German and in many other languages,
% in order to insert a discretionary hyphen such that hyphenation
% would not be precluded in the rest of the word as it happens with
% the standard \TeX\ command |\-|.
%
% Meanwhile the \texttt{ec} fonts with the double Cork encoding
% (thus formerly called the \texttt{dc} fonts) have become more or
% less standard and are widely used by virtually all Europeans that
% write languages with many special national characters; by so
% doing they avoid the use of the |\accent| primitive which would
% be required with the standard OT1 encoded \texttt{cm} fonts;
% with such OT1 encoded fonts the primitive command |\accent| is such
% that hyphenation becomes almost impossible, in any case strongly
% impeached.
%
% The T1 encoded fonts contain a special character, named
% ``compound word mark'', that occupies slot 23 (or |'27| or |"17|
% in the font scheme and may be input with the sequence |^^W|.
% Up to now, apparently, this special character has never been used
% in a practical way for typesetting languages rich of compound
% words; moreover it has never been inserted in the hyphenation pattern
% files of any language. Beccari modified his pattern file
% \file{ithyph.tex v4.8b} for Italian so as to contain five new
% patterns that involve |^^W|, and he tried to give the
% \babel\ active character |"| a new shortcut definition,
% so as to allow the insertion of the ``compound word mark'' in the
% proper place within any word where two semantic fragments join
% up. With such facility for marking the compound word boundaries,
% etymological hyphenation becomes possible even if the patterns
% know nothing about etymology (but the typesetter hopefully
% does!).
%
% \subsubsection{The current solution}
%
% Even this solution proved to be inconvenient on certain *NIX
% platforms, so Beccari resorted to another approach that uses the
% \babel\ active character |"| and relies on the category
% code of the character that follows |"|.
%
% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/02/02}{Completely new etymological
% hyphenation facility}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\initiate@active@char{"}%
\addto\extrasitalian{\bbl@activate{"}\languageshorthands{italian}}%
% \end{macrocode}
% \begin{macro}{\it@cwm}
% The active character |"| is now defined for language |italian| so
% as to perform different actions in math mode compared to text
% mode; specifically in math mode a double quote is inserted so as
% to produce a double prime sign, while in text mode the temporary
% macro |\it@next| is defined so as to defer any further action
% until the next token category code has been tested.
% \begin{macrocode}
\declare@shorthand{italian}{"}{%
\ifmmode
\def\it@next{''}%
\else
\def\it@next{\futurelet\it@temp\it@cwm}%
\fi
\it@next
}%
% \end{macrocode}
% \begin{macro}{\it@cwm}
% The \cs{it@next} service control sequence is such that upon its
% execution a temporary variable \cs{it@temp} is made equivalent to
% the next token in the input list without actually removing
% it. Such temporary token is then tested by the macro \cs{it@cwm}
% and if it is found to be a letter token (cathode=11), then it introduces a
% compound word separator control sequence \cs{it@allowhyphens}
% whose expansion introduces a discretionary hyphen and an
% unbreakable null space; in case the token is not a letter, then it is
% tested against \verb=|=$_{12}$: if so a compound word separator
% is inserted and the \verb=|= token is removed, otherwise another
% test is performed so as to see if another double quote sign
% follows: in this case a double open quote mark is inserted;
% otherwise two other tests are performed so as to see if
% guillemets have to be inserted, otherwise nothing is done.
% The double quote shortcut for inserting a double open quote sign
% is useful for people who are inputting Italian text by means of
% an Italian keyboard that unfortunately misses the grave or
% backtick key.
% By this shortcut |""| becomes equivalent to |``| for inserting
% raised open high double quotes.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\it@@cwm{\bbl@allowhyphens\discretionary{-}{}{}\bbl@allowhyphens}%
\def\it@@ocap#1{\it@ocap}\def\it@@ccap#1{\it@ccap}%
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@cwm}{\let\it@@next\relax
\ifcat\noexpand\it@temp a%
\def\it@@next{\it@@cwm}%
\else
\if\noexpand\it@temp \string|%
\def\it@@next{\it@@cwm\@gobble}%
\else
\if\noexpand\it@temp \string<%
\def\it@@next{\it@@ocap}%
\else
\if\noexpand\it@temp \string>%
\def\it@@next{\it@@ccap}%
\else
\if\noexpand\it@temp\string/%
\def\it@next{\slash\@gobble}%
\else
\ifx\it@temp"%
\else
\if\noexpand\it@temp\string-%
\def\it@@next{\bbl@allowhyphens-\bbl@allowhyphens
\@gobble}%
\fi
\fi
\fi
\fi
\fi
\fi
\fi
\it@@next}%
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{sloppypar}
% By this definition of |"| if one types |macro"istruzione| the
% possible break points become \textsf{ma-cro-istru-zio-ne}, while
% without the |"| mark they would be \textsf{ma-croi-stru-zio-ne},
% according to the phonetic rules such that the |macro| prefix is
% not taken as a unit.
% A chemical name such as \texttt{des"clor"fenir"amina"cloridrato}
% is breakable as \textsf{des-clor-fe-nir-ami-na-clo-ri-dra-to}
% instead of \textsf{de-sclor-fe-ni-ra-mi-na-\dots}
%
% In other language description files a shortcut is defined so as
% to allow a break point without actually inserting any hyphen
% sign; examples are given such as \mbox{entrada/salida}; actually
% if one wants to allow a breakpoint after the slash, it is much
% clearer to type |\slash| instead of |/| and \LaTeX\ does
% everything by itself; here the shortcut |"/| was introduced to
% stand for |\slash| so that one can type |input"/output| and allow
% a line break after the slash.
% This shortcut works only for the slash, since in Italian such
% constructs are extremely rare.
% \end{sloppypar}
%
% Attention: the expansion of |"| takes place before the actual
% expansion of OT1 or T1 accented sequences such as |\`{a}|;
% therefore this etymological hyphenation facility works as it
% should only when the semantic word fragments \textit{do not
% start} with an accented letter; this in Italian is always
% avoidable, because compulsory accents fall only on the last
% vowel, but it may be necessary to mark a compound word where one
% or more components come from a foreign language and contain
% diacritical marks according to the spelling rules of that
% language. In this case the special shorthand \verb!"|! may be
% used that performs exactly as |"| normally does, except that the
% \verb!|! sign is removed from the token input list:
% \verb!kilo"|{\"o}rsted! gets hyphenated as
% \texttt{ki-lo-\"or-sted}; but also
% \texttt{kilo\string"\string|\"orsted} gets hyphenated correctly
% as \texttt{ki-lo-\"or-sted} The \verb="|= macro is necessary
% because, even with a suitable option specified to the |inputenc|
% package, the letter `\"o' does not have category code 11, as the ASCII
% letters do, because of the intermediate passages that have to be done
% in order to fetch the proper glyph in the output font.
%
% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/05}{Added useful macros for
% fulfilling ISO 31/XI regulations}
%
% \subsection{Facilities required by the ISO 31/XI regulations}
% The ISO 31/XI regulations require that units of measure are
% typeset in upright font in both math and text, and
% that in text mode they are separated from the numerical
% indication of the measure with an unbreakable (thin) space.
% The command |\unit| that was defined for achieving this
% goal happened to conflict with the homonymous command defined by the
% |units.sty| package; we therefore need to test if that package
% has already been loaded so as to avoid conflicts; we assume that
% if the user loads that package, s/he wants to use that package
% facilities and command syntax.
%
% Actually there are around several packages that help to typeset
% units of measure in the proper way; besides |units.sty| there are also
% |SIunits| and |siunitx.sty|; the latter nowadays offers the best
% performances in this domain. Therefore we keep controlling the
% possibility that |units.sty| has been loaded just for backwards
% compatibility, but we must do the same with |SIunits| and |siunitx.sty|.
% In order to avoid the necessity o loading packages in a certain order,
% we delay the test until |\begin{document}|.
%
% The same ISO regulations require also that super and subscripts
% (apices and pedices) are in upright font, \emph{not in math
% italics}, when they represent ``adjectives'' or appositions to
% mathematical or physical variables that do not represent
% countable or measurable entities: for example,
% $V_{\mathrm{max}}$ or $V_{\mathrm{rms}}$ for a maximum or a root
% mean square voltage, compared to $V_i$ or $V_T$ as the $i$-th
% voltage in a set, or a voltage that depends on the thermodynamic
% temperature $T$. See \cite{Becc2} for a complete description of
% the ISO regulations in connection with typesetting.
%
% More rarely it happens to use superscripts that are not
% mathematical variables, such as the notation
% $\mathbf{A}^{\!\mathrm{T}}$ to denote the transpose of matrix
% $\mathbf{A}$; text superscripts are useful also as ordinals or
% in old fashioned abbreviations in text mode; for example the
% feminine ordinal $1^{\mathrm{a}}$ or the old fashioned obsolete
% abbreviation F$^{\mathrm{lli}}$ for \mbox{Fratelli} in company
% names (compare with ``Bros.'' for \underline{bro}ther\underline{s}
% in American English); text subscripts are mostly used in logos.
%
% \begin{macro}{\unit}
% \begin{macro}{\ap}
% \begin{macro}{\ped}
% First we define the new (internal) commands |\bbl@unit|, |\bbl@ap|,
% and |\bbl@ped| as robust ones.
% \changes{italian-1.3}{2013/09/27}{Added testing to avoid conflicts
% with the units.sty and siunitx.sty packages}
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\activate@it@unit{\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@it@unit}[1]{%
\textormath{\,\textup{##1}}{\,\mathrm{##1}}}}
\AtBeginDocument{%
\@ifpackageloaded{units}{}{\@ifpackageloaded{siunitx}{}{%
\@ifpackageloaded{SIunits}{}{%
\activate@it@unit\addto\extrasitalian{%
\babel@save\unit\let\unit\bbl@it@unit}%
}}}\ifcsstring{bbl@main@language}{italian}{\selectlanguage{italian}}{}%
}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@it@ap}[1]{%
\textormath{\textsuperscript{#1}}{^{\mathrm{#1}}}}%
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@it@ped}[1]{%
\textormath{$_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@
\selectfont#1}}$}{_\mathrm{#1}}}%
% \end{macrocode}
% Then we can use |\let| to define the user level commands, but in
% case the macros already have a different meaning before entering
% in Italian mode typesetting, we first memorize their meaning so
% as to restore them on exit.
% \begin{macrocode}
\addto\extrasitalian{%
\babel@save\ap\let\ap\bbl@it@ap
\babel@save\ped\let\ped\bbl@it@ped
}%
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Intelligent comma}\label{ssec:comma}
%
% \begin{macro}{\IntelligentComma}
% \begin{macro}{\NoINtellgentComma}
% This feature is optional, in the sense that it is necessary to issue
% a specific command to activate it; actually it sets a switch and according
% to this switch the functionality is activated or dismissed.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcount\Virgola
\Virgola=\z@
\newcommand*\IntelligentComma{\Virgola=\@ne}
\newcommand*\NoIntelligentComma{\Virgola=\z@}
\addto\extrasitalian{\babel@savevariable\Virgola}
% \end{macrocode}
% In order to have this functionality work properly with pdfLaTeX,
% XeLaTeX, and LuaLaTeX, it is necessary to discover which engine
% is being used, or better, which language handling package is
% being used: |babel| or |polyglossia|? Let us remember that testing
% the actual engine, as it would be possible with package |iftex|,
% does not tell the whole truth, because in the case of LuaLaTeX, that
% is similar to XeLaTeX for what concerns handling of OpenType fonts,
% but it uses the same engine as pdfLaTeX and can use either |babel| or
% |polyglossia|, so this is the real discriminant factor, not the
% typesetting engine.
%
% At the same time we need to perform some tests that require some
% smart control-sequence handling; therefore we call the |etoolbox|
% package that allows us more testing functionality. There are no problems
% with this package that can be invoked also by other ones before or
% after |babel| is called; the |\RequirePackage| mechanism is sufficiently
% smart to avoid reloading the same package more than once. But we
% have to delay this call, because |italian.ldf| is being read while
% processing the options passed to |babel|, and while options are being
% scanned and processed it is forbidden to load packages; we
% delay it at the end of processing the |babel| package itself.
% \begin{macrocode}
\AtEndOfPackage{\RequirePackage{etoolbox}}
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{\virgola}
% \begin{macro}{\virgoladecimale}
% We need two kind of commas, one that is a decimal separator, and
% a second one that is a punctuation mark.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\virgola}{\mathpunct}{letters}{"3B}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\virgoladecimale}{\mathord}{letters}{"3B}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% Then we need a command to set the comma as an active charter only
% in math mode; the special |\mathcode| that classifies an active
% character in math is the exadecimal value |"8000|. But we have
% to set this value only when the current language is not English
% or one of its varieties. We avoid to do anything if at the end of
% the preamble is is found that the |icomma| package has been loaded.
% There is a conflict; so we assume that if the user wants to use the
% |icomma| package, he wants to do it, and does not want to make use
% of the functionality of this language description file.
% \begin{macrocode}
\AtEndOfPackage{%
\AtEndPreamble{\@ifpackageloaded{icomma}{\relax}{%
\@ifpackageloaded{polyglossia}{%
\ifcsstring{xpg@main@language}{english}{\relax}{%
\mathcode`\,=\string"8000}
}{%
\ifcsstring{languagename}{english}{\relax}{%
\mathcode`\,=\string"8000}
}%
}%
}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \changes{italian-1.3a}{2013/10/02}{Repaired the bug of the intelligent
% comma when used within the AMS alignment environments}
%
% Math comma activation is done only after the preamble has
% been completed, that is after the |\begin{document}| statement has been
% completely executed. Now we must give a definition to the active comma:
% probably it is not necessary to pass through in intermediate robust
% command, but certainly it is not wrong to do it.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\it@comma@def{\futurelet\let@token\@@math@comma}%
{\catcode `,=\active \gdef,{\it@comma@def}}%
% \end{macrocode}
% The real work shall be performed by |\it@comma@def|. In facts the
% above macro stores the token that immediately follows |\@@math@comma|
% into a temporary control sequence that behaves as an implicit character
% if that token is a single character, even a space, or behaves as
% an alias of a control sequence otherwise. Actually at the end of the
% preamble this macro shall be |\let| to be an alias for the real
% |\@math@comma|.
%
% Is is important to remark that |\@math@comma| must be a command that
% does not require arguments; this makes it robust when it is followed
% by other characters that may play special r\^oles within the arguments
% of other macros or environments. Matter of fact the first version 1.3
% of this file in version 1.3 did accept an argument; and the result was
% that the active comma would ``eat up'' the |&| in vertical math
% alignments and very nasty errors took place, especially within the
% |amsmath| defined ones. This macro |\@@math@comma| without arguments
% does not do any harm to the AMS environments and the actual intelligent
% comma work shall be executed by other macros.
%
% At this point the situation may become complicated: the comma character
% in the input file may be followed by a real digit, by an analphabetic
% character of category 12 (other character), by an implicit digit, by a
% macro defined to be a digit, by a macro that is not defined to be a
% digit, by a special character (for example a closed brace, an alignment
% command, et cetera); therefore it is necessary to distinguish all these
% situations; remember that an implicit digit cannot be used as a real
% digit, and a macro gets expanded when used with any |\if| clause unless
% it is a |\ifx| one or is prefixed with |noexpand|. The tests that are
% going to be made are therefore of different kinds, according to this
% scheme:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item the |\let@token| is tested against an asterisk to see it it is of
% category 12; this is true if the token is a real digit, or an implicit
% digit, or an analphabetic character;
% \begin{itemize}
% \item an implicit digit is represented by a control sequence; so we
% first check this feature;
% \item if it is a control sequence, we have to test its nature of a
% digit by testing if it represented one of the ten digits;
% \item otherwise it is an analphabetic character.
% \end{itemize}
% \item otherwise the |\let@token| is a special character or a
% macro/command;
% \item a test is made to see if it is a macro; in this case we check
% if has been defined to be a digit,
% \item it is not a macro, it must be some other kind of token for
% example a space or another special character.
% \end{itemize}
% Notice that if the token is a macro, we do not test if it is defined
% to be a single digit or a string made up of more digits and/or other
% charters. If the macro represents one digit the test is correct,
% otherwise funny results may tale place. For this reason it is alway
% better prefix a space before any macro, whatever its definition might
% be; if the macro represents a parameter defined to have a variable
% value in the range 0--9, then it may represent the fraction part of
% a (short) decimal value, and is correct to avoid prefixing it with a
% space; but the user is warned not to make use of numeric strings in
% the definition of parameters, unless he knows what he is doing.
% It may rather use a balanced brace comma grout |{,}| in the input file
% so that the macro will not be considered by the expansion of the
% active comma. For example if |\x| is defined to be the numerical
% string |89|, the source input |$2{,}\c$| wil be correctly typeset
% as 2,89; the input \verb*!$2, \c$! will be typeset as 2,\,89 (with
% an unbreakable thin space after the comma) while |$2,\c$| will be
% typeset as 29,89, obviously incorrectly.
%
% So first we test if the comma must act intelligently; if the counter
% |\Virgola| contains zero, we assume that the comma must always perform
% as a punctuation mark; but if we want to distinguish if it must behave
% as a decimal separator, we have to perform more delicate tests; this
% latter task is demanded to other macros with arguments |\@math@@comma|
% and |\@@math@@comma|. In order to make the various tests robust we
% have to resort to the usual trick of the auxiliary macros |\@firstoftwo|
% and |\@secondoftwo| and various |\expandafter| commands so as to be
% sure that every |\if| clause is correctly exited without leaving any
% trace behind.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\@math@comma{%
\ifnumequal{\Virgola}{\z@}{\virgola}{%
\ifcat\noexpand\let@token*%
\expandafter\@firstoftwo
\else
\expandafter\@secondoftwo
\fi{% \let@token is of category 12
\@math@@comma
}{% test if \let@token is a macro
\ifcat\noexpand\let@token\noexpand\relax
\expandafter\@firstoftwo
\else
\expandafter\@secondoftwo
\fi{% it is a macro macro
\@@math@@comma
}{% it is something else.
\virgola
}
}
}
}
% \end{macrocode}
%
% In particular this macro must test if the argument has category
% code 12, that is ``other character'', not a letter, nor other
% special signs, as |&| for example. In case the category code is
% not 12, the comma must act as a punctuation mark; but if it is,
% it might be a digit, or another character, an asterisk, for example;
% so we have to test its digit nature; the simplest that was found
% to test if a token is a digit, is to test its ASCII code against
% the ASCII codes of `0' (zero) and 9.
% The typesetting engines give the backtick, |`|, the property that
% when a number is required, it yields the ASCII code if the following
% token in an explicit character or a macro argument; this is why we
% can't use the temporary implicit token we just tested, but we must
% examine the first non blank token that follows the |\@math@@comma|
% macro. Only if the token is a digit, we use the decimal comma,
% otherwise the punctuation mark. This is therefore the definition of
% the |\@math@@comma| macro which is not that simple, although the testing
% macros have clear meanings:
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\@math@@comma[1]{% argument is certainly of category 12
\ifcsundef{\expandafter\@gobble\string #1}{% test if it is a real digit
\ifnumless{`#1}{`0}{\virgola}%
{\ifnumgreater{`#1}{`9}{\virgola}%
{\virgoladecimale}}%
}{% it's an implicit character of category 12
\let\@tempVirgola\virgola
\@tfor\@tempCifra:=0123456789\do{%
\expandafter\if\@tempCifra#1\let\@tempVirgola\virgoladecimale
\@break@tfor\fi}\@tempVirgola
}#1}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\@@math@@comma[1]{% argument is a macro
\let\@tempVirgola\virgola
\@tfor\@tempCifra:=0123456789\do{%
\if\@tempCifra#1\let\@tempVirgola\virgoladecimale
\@break@tfor\fi}\@tempVirgola#1
}
% \end{macrocode}
% The service macros |\ifcsundef|, |\ifnumless|, and |\ifnumgreater| are
% provided by the |etoolbox| package, that shall be read at most at the
% end of the |babel| package processing; therefore we must delay the code
% at ``end preamble'' time, since only at that time
% it will be known if the main language is English, or any other one.
% This is why we have to perform such a baroque definition as the
% following one:
% \begin{macrocode}
\AtEndOfPackage{\AtEndPreamble{\let\@@math@comma\@math@comma}}
% \end{macrocode}
% This intelligent comma definition is pretty intelligent, but it requires
% some kind of information from the context; this context does not
% give enough bits of information to this `intelligence' in just one case:
% when the comma plays the r\^ole of a serial separator in expressions
% such as $i=1, 2, 3,\dots,\infty$, entered as
% \verb*?$i=1, 2, 3,\dots,\infty$?. In this case and only in this
% case the comma must be followed by an explicit space; should this space
% be absent the macro takes the following non blank token as a digit,
% and since it actually is a digit, it would use the decimal comma, which
% would be wrong. The control sequences |\dots| and |\infty| are
% tested to see if they are undefined, and since they are defined and
% do not represent digits, the macro inserts a punctuation mark,
% instead of a decimal separator.
%
% Notice that this macro may appear to be inconsistent with the contents
% of a language description file. I don't agree: matter of facts even
% math is part of typesetting a text in a certain language.
% Does this set of macros influence other language description files?
% May be, but I think that the clever use of macros |\IntelligentComma|
% and |\NoIntellingentComma| may solve any interference; they allow to
% use the proper mark even if the Italian language is not the main
% language, the important point is to turn the switch on and/or off.
% By default it is off, so there should not be any interference even
% with legacy documents typeset in Italian.
%
% Notice that there are other packages that contain facilities for
% using the decimal comma as the correct decimal separator; for
% example |SIunitx| defines a command |\num| that not only correctly
% spaces the decimal separator, but also can change the input glyph
% with another one, so that it is possible to copy and paste numbers
% from texts in English (with the decimal point) and paste them
% into the argument of the |\num| macro in an Italian document where
% the decimal point is changed automatically into a decimal comma. Of
% course |SIunitx| does much more than that; if it's being loaded,
% then the default |\NoIntelligentComma| declaration disables the
% functionality defined in this language description file and the
% user can do what he desires with the many functionalities of that
% package.
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Accents}\label{s:itkbd}
% Most of the other language description files introduce a number
% of shortcuts for inserting accents and other language specific
% diacritical marks in a more comfortable way compared with the
% lengthy standard \TeX\ conventions. When an Italian keyboard is
% being used on a Windows based platform, it exhibits such
% limitations that up to now no convenient shortcuts have been
% developed; the reason lies in the fact that the Italian keyboard
% lacks the grave accent (also known as ``backtick''), which is
% compulsory on all accented vowels, but, on the
% opposite, it carries the keys with all the accented lowercase
% vowels; the keyboard lacks also the tie |~| (tilde) key, while
% the curly braces require pressing three keys simultaneously.
%
% The best solution Italians have found so far is to use a smart
% editor that accepts shortcut definitions such that, for example,
% by striking |"(| one gets directly |{| on the screen and the same
% sign is saved into the \file{.tex} file; the same smart editor
% should be capable of translating the accented characters into the
% standard \TeX\ sequences when writing a file to disk (for the
% sake of file portability), and to transform the standard \TeX\
% sequences into the corresponding signs when loading a \file{.tex}
% file from disk to memory. Such smart editors do exist and can be
% downloaded from the \textsc{ctan} archives.
%
% \changes{italian-1.2p}{2002/07/10}{Removed redefinition of \cs{add@acc} since its
% functionality has been introduced into the kernel of LaTeX 2001/06/01}
%
% For what concerns the missing backtick key,
% which is used also for inputting the open quotes, it must be
% noticed that the shortcut |""| described above completely solves
% the problem for \textit{double} raised open quotes; according to
% the traditions of particular publishing houses, since there are
% no compulsory regulations on the matter, the guillemets
% may be used; in this case the T1 font encoding solves the problem
% by means of its built in ligatures |<<| and |>>|; such ligatures
% are also available when using OpenType fonts with XeLaTeX and
% LuaLaTeX, provided they are loaded with the option
% \texttt{Ligatures = TeX}. But\dots
%
% \subsection{\emph{Caporali} or French double quotes}
% Although the T1 font encoding ligatures solve the problem, there
% are some circumstances where even the T1 font encoding cannot be
% used, either because the author\slash typesetter wants to use the
% OT1 encoding, or because s/he uses a font set that does
% not comply completely with the T1 font encoding; some virtual
% fonts, for example, are supposed to implement the double Cork
% font encoding but actually miss some glyphs; one such virtual
% font set is given by the \texttt{ae} virtual fonts, because they
% are supposed to implement such double font encoding by using
% virtual fonts that map the |CM| fonts to a T1 font scheme; the
% type~1 PostScript version of the |CM| fonts do exist, therefore
% one believes to be able of using them with pdfLaTeX; but since
% the |CM| fonts do not contain the guillemets, neither the |AM|
% ones do.
% Since guillemets (in Italian \emph{caporali}) do not exist in
% any OT1 encoded \texttt{cm} Latin font, their glyphs must be
% substituted with something else that fakes them.
%
% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Redefined the caporali machinery
% so as to avoid incompatibilities with the slides class, as there
% are no Cyrillic slides fonts as there are for Latin script}
% \changes{italian-1.3}{2013/09/30}{The slide font fix up is not any
% more necessary with the new caporal handling method.}
%
% In the previous versions of this language description file the
% absent guillemets were faked with other fonts, by taking example
% from the solution the French had found for their language
% description file; they would get suitable guillemets from the
% cyrillic fonts; This solution was good in most cases, except when
% the ``slides fonts'' were used, because there is no Cyryllic slide
% font around.
%
% This might seem a negligible ``feature'' because the modern classes
% or extension modules to produce slides mostly avoid the ``old'' fonts
% for slides created by Leslie Lamport when he made available to the
% TeX community the macro package LaTeX.
%
% Since I designed renewed slide fonts extending those
% created by Leslie Lamport to the T1 encoding, the Text Companion
% fonts, and the most frequent ``regular'' and AMS math fonts with the same
% graphic style and excellent legibility (LXfonts), I thought that
% this feature is not so negligible. It's true that nowadays nobody
% should use the old OT1 encoding when typesetting in any language,
% English included, because independently form the document main
% language, it is very frequent to quote passages in other languages,
% or to type foreign proper names of persons or places; nevertheless
% having in mind a minimum of backwards compatibility and hoping
% that the deliberate use of OT1 encoding (still necessary to typeset
% mathematics) is being abandoned, I decided to simplify the previous
% handling of guillemets.
%
% Therefore here I will test at ``begin document'' only if the OT1
% encoding is the default one, while if the T1 encoding is the default
% one, that the font collection |AE| is not being used; should
% it be the case, I will substitute the guillemets with the LaTeX
% special symbols reduced to script size, and I will not try to fake
% the guillemets with better solutions; evidently if OpenType fonts
% are being used, nothing is done; so the tests that follow concern
% only typesetting old documents or the lack of a wiser choice of fonts
% and their encodings; an info message is issued and output to the
% |.log| file.
%
% \begin{macro}{\LtxSymbCaporali}
% \begin{macro}{\it@ocap}
% \begin{macro}{\it@ccap}
% First the macro |\LtxSymvCaporali| is defined so as to assign a
% default definition of the faked guillemets: each one of these macro sets
% actually redefines the control sequences |\it@ocap| and |\it@ccap| that
% are the ones effectively activated by the shortcuts |"<| and |">|.
% By default the caporali glyphs are taken from T1-encoded fonts; at
% the end of the preamble some tests are performed to control if the
% default fonts contain such glyphs, and in case a different font is chosen.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\LtxSymbCaporali{%
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}{\mbox{%
\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont(\kern-0.20em(}%
\ignorespaces}%
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
\mbox{%
\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont)\kern-0.20em)}}%
}%
\def\T@unoCaporali{\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}{<<\ignorespaces}%
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi>>}}%
\T@unoCaporali
% \end{macrocode}
% Nevertheless a macro for choosing where to get glyphs for real guillemets
% is offered; the syntax is the following:
% \begin {flushleft}
% |\CaporaliFrom|\marg{encoding}\marg{family}\marg{open guill. slot}%
% \marg{close guill. slot}
% \end{flushleft}
% where \meta{encoding} and \meta{family} identify the font family
% name of that particular encoding from which to get the missing
% guillemets; \meta{open guill. slot} and \meta{close guill. slot}
% are the (preferably) decimal slot addresses of the opening and
% closing guillemets the user wants to use. For example if the
% T1-encoded Latin Modern fonts are desired, the specific command
% should be
% \begin {flushleft}
% |\CaporaliFrom{T1}{lmr}{19}{20}|
% \end{flushleft}
% These user choices might be necessary for assuring the correct
% typesetting
% with fonts that contain the required glyphs and are available
% also in PostScript form so as to use them directly with {pdfLaTeX},
% for example.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\CaporaliFrom#1#2#3#4{%
\DeclareFontEncoding{#1}{}{}%
\DeclareTextCommand{\it@ocap}{T1}{%
{\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#3\ignorespaces}}%
\DeclareTextCommand{\it@ccap}{T1}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi%
{\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#4}}%
\DeclareTextCommand{\it@ocap}{OT1}{%
{\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#3\ignorespaces}}%
\DeclareTextCommand{\it@ccap}{OT1}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi%
{\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#4}}}
% \end{macrocode}
% Notice that the above macro is strictly tied to the T1 encoding;
% it won't do anything if the default encoding is not the T1 one.
% Therefore if the |AE| font collection is being used it would be
% good idea to issue the command shown above as an example in order
% to get the proper guillemets\footnote{Actually the \texttt{AE}
% fonts should not be used at all; the same results, more or less
% are obtained by using the Latin Modern ones, that are not virtual
% fonts and contain the whole T1 font scheme. Nevertheless the faked
% glyphs are not so bad, so the solution I restored from old versions
% of they language description file i acceptable}.
% Then we set a boolean variable and test the default family;
% if such family has a name that starts with the letters ``ae''
% then we have no built in guillemets; of course if the AE font family is chosen
% after the \babel\ package is loaded, the test does not perform as required.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\get@ae#1#2#3!{\def\bbl@ae{#1#2}}%
\def\@ifT@one@noCap{\expandafter\get@ae\f@family!%
\def\bbl@temp{ae}\ifx\bbl@ae\bbl@temp\expandafter\@firstoftwo\else
\expandafter\@secondoftwo\fi}%
% \end{macrocode}
% Now we can set some real settings; first we start by testing
% the encoding; if the encoding is OT1 we set the faked caporali
% with LaTeX symbols and issue a warning; then we test if the font
% family is the AE one we set again the faked caporali and issue
% another warning\footnote{Notice the it is impossible to check
% if the slots 19 and 20 of the AE fonts are defined by means of
% the eTeX macro \texttt{\char92iffontchar}, because they are
% actually defined as black squares!}; otherwise we set the commands
% valid for the T1 encoding, that work well also with the TeX
% Ligatures of the OpenType fonts.
% \begin{macrocode}
\AtBeginDocument{\normalfont\def\bbl@temp{OT1}%
\ifx\cf@encoding\bbl@temp
\LtxSymbCaporali
\GenericWarning{italian.ldf\space}{%
File italian.ldf warning: \MessageBreak\space\space\space
With OT1 encoding guillemets are poorly faked\MessageBreak
\space\space\space
Use T1 encoding\MessageBreak\space\space\space
or specify a font with command \string\CaporaliFrom\MessageBreak
\space\space\space
See the documentation concerning the babel-italian typesetting
\MessageBreak\space\space}%
\else
\ifx\cf@encoding\bbl@t@one
\@ifT@one@noCap{%
\LtxSymbCaporali
\GenericWarning{italian.ldf\space}{%
File italian.ldf warning: \MessageBreak\space\space\space
The AE font collection does not contain the guillemets
\MessageBreak\space\space\space
Use the Latin Modern font collection instead
\MessageBreak\space}
}%
{\T@unoCaporali}\fi
\fi
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Finishing commands}
% The macro |\ldf@finish| takes care of looking for a
% configuration file, setting the main language to be switched on
% at |\begin{document}| and resetting the category code of
% \texttt{@} to its original value.
% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/11/03}{Now use \cs{ldf@finish} to wrap
% up}
% \begin{macrocode}
\ldf@finish{italian}%
% \end{macrocode}
%\iffalse
%</code>
%\fi
%
% \Finale
%%
%% \CharacterTable
%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
%%
\endinput
|