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|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.0.2, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
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<!-- This file documents the installation and use of the programs in Web2c,
an implementation of Donald Knuth's TeX system.
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010-2022 Karl Berry & Olaf Weber.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation -->
<title>Web2c: A TeX implementation</title>
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<p>
Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h1 class="top" id="Web2c">Web2c</h1>
<p>This document describes how to install and use the programs in the Web2c
implementation of the TeX system, especially for Unix systems. It
corresponds to Web2c version 2023, released in
February 2022.
</p>
<div class="element-contents" id="SEC_Contents">
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Installation-1" href="#Installation">2 Installation</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-configure-options-1" href="#configure-options">2.1 <code class="code">configure</code> options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Compile_002dtime-options-1" href="#Compile_002dtime-options">2.2 Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Additional-targets-1" href="#Additional-targets">2.3 Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Trip_002c-trap_002c-and-mptrap_003a-Torture-tests" href="#Triptrap">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Commonalities-1" href="#Commonalities">3 Commonalities</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Option-conventions-1" href="#Option-conventions">3.1 Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Common-options-1" href="#Common-options">3.2 Common options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Path-searching-1" href="#Path-searching">3.3 Path searching</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Output-file-location-1" href="#Output-file-location">3.4 Output file location</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Three-programs_003a-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX" href="#Three-programs">4 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Runtime-options-1" href="#Runtime-options">4.1 Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Initial-and-virgin-1" href="#Initial-and-virgin">4.2 Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Memory-dumps-1" href="#Memory-dumps">4.3 Memory dumps</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Creating-memory-dumps-1" href="#Creating-memory-dumps">4.3.1 Creating memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use-1" href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">4.3.2 Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Hardware-and-memory-dumps-1" href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">4.3.3 Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Editor-invocation-1" href="#Editor-invocation">4.4 Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cinput-filenames-1" href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">4.5 <code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-_005cinput-quoted-filename_003a-_005cinput-_0022some-name_0022" href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename">4.5.1 <code class="code">\input</code> quoted filename: <code class="code">\input "some name"</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cinput-braced-filename_003a-_005cinput_007bsome-name_007d" href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">4.5.2 <code class="code">\input</code> braced filename: <code class="code">\input{some name}</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cinput-filename-caveats-1" href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">4.5.3 <code class="code">\input</code> filename caveats</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-TeX_003a-Typesetting" href="#TeX">5 TeX: Typesetting</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-tex-invocation-1" href="#tex-invocation">5.1 <code class="code">tex</code> invocation</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Initial-TeX-1" href="#Initial-TeX">5.2 Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Formats-1" href="#Formats">5.3 Formats</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Languages-and-hyphenation-1" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">5.4 Languages and hyphenation</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-MLTeX_003a-Multi_002dlingual-TeX" href="#MLTeX">5.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-_005ccharsubdef_003a-Character-substitutions" href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">5.4.1.1 <code class="code">\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005ctracingcharsubdef_003a-Substitution-diagnostics" href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">5.4.1.2 <code class="code">\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-TCX-files_003a-Character-translations" href="#TCX-files">5.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Patgen_003a-Creating-hyphenation-patterns" href="#patgen-invocation">5.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Shell-escapes-1" href="#Shell-escapes">5.5 Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-IPC-and-TeX-1" href="#IPC-and-TeX">5.6 IPC and TeX</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Extended-TeX-engines" href="#TeX-extensions">5.7 Extended TeX engines</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Metafont_003a-Creating-typeface-families" href="#Metafont">6 Metafont: Creating typeface families</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-mf-invocation-1" href="#mf-invocation">6.1 <code class="code">mf</code> invocation</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Initial-Metafont-1" href="#Initial-Metafont">6.2 Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Modes_003a-Device-definitions-for-Metafont" href="#Modes">6.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Online-Metafont-graphics-1" href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">6.4 Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-GFtoDVI_003a-Character-proofs-of-fonts" href="#gftodvi-invocation">6.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-MFT_003a-Prettyprinting-Metafont-source" href="#mft-invocation">6.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-MetaPost_003a-Generating-PostScript" href="#MetaPost">7 MetaPost: Generating PostScript</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-mpost-invocation-1" href="#mpost-invocation">7.1 <code class="code">mpost</code> invocation</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Initial-MetaPost-1" href="#Initial-MetaPost">7.2 Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-DVItoMP_003a-DVI-to-MPX-conversion" href="#dvitomp-invocation">7.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-BibTeX_003a-Bibliographies" href="#BibTeX">8 BibTeX: Bibliographies</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-BibTeX-invocation" href="#bibtex-invocation">8.1 BibTeX invocation</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Basic-BibTeX-style-files-1" href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">8.2 Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-WEB_003a-Literate-programming" href="#WEB">9 WEB: Literate programming</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Tangle_003a-Translate-WEB-to-Pascal" href="#tangle-invocation">9.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Weave_003a-Translate-WEB-to-TeX" href="#weave-invocation">9.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Pooltype_003a-Display-WEB-pool-files" href="#pooltype-invocation">9.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-DVI-utilities-1" href="#DVI-utilities">10 DVI utilities</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-DVIcopy_003a-Canonicalize-virtual-font-references" href="#dvicopy-invocation">10.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-DVItype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-DVI-files" href="#dvitype-invocation">10.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-DVItype-output-example" href="#dvitype-output-example">10.2.1 DVItype output example</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Font-utilities-1" href="#Font-utilities">11 Font utilities</a>
<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
<li><a id="toc-Font-file-formats-1" href="#Font-file-formats">11.1 Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-GFtoPK_003a-Generic-to-packed-font-conversion" href="#gftopk-invocation">11.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-PKtoGF_003a-Packed-to-generic-font-conversion" href="#pktogf-invocation">11.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-PKtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-packed-fonts" href="#pktype-invocation">11.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-GFtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-generic-fonts" href="#gftype-invocation">11.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-TFtoPL_003a-TeX-font-metric-to-property-list-conversion" href="#tftopl-invocation">11.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-PLtoTF_003a-Property-list-to-TeX-font-metric-conversion" href="#pltotf-invocation">11.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-VFtoVP_003a-Virtual-font-to-virtual-property-lists" href="#vftovp-invocation">11.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-VPtoVF_003a-Virtual-property-lists-to-virtual-font" href="#vptovf-invocation">11.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Font-utilities-available-elsewhere-1" href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">11.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Legalisms-1" href="#Legalisms">Appendix A Legalisms</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-References-1" href="#References">Appendix B References</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Introduction">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Web2c</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Introduction-1">1 Introduction</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-introduction"></a>
<p>This manual corresponds to version 2023 of Web2c, released in
February 2022.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-Web2c-implementation-of"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Hobby_002c-John"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter"></a>
<p><em class="dfn">Web2c</em> (also spelled Web2C) is the name of a TeX
implementation, originally for Unix, but now also running under
Windows and other operating systems. By <em class="dfn">TeX implementation</em>,
we mean all of the standard programs developed by the Stanford TeX
project led by Donald E. Knuth: Metafont, DVItype, GFtoDVI,
BibTeX, Tangle, etc., as well as TeX itself. Other programs are
also included: DVIcopy, written by Peter Breitenlohner, MetaPost and
its utilities (derived from Metafont), by John Hobby, and many more.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-translation-from-WEB-to-C"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strategy_002c-overall"></a>
<p>General strategy: Web2c works, as its name implies, by translating the
WEB source in which TeX is written into C source code. Its output is
not self-contained, however; it makes extensive use of many macros and
functions in a library (the <samp class="file">web2c/lib</samp> directory in the sources).
Therefore, it will not work without change on an arbitrary WEB program.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-licensing-terms"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-freedom-of-Web2c"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ice-cream"></a>
<p>Availability: All of Web2c is freely available—“free” both in the
sense of no cost (free ice cream) and of having the source code to
modify and/or redistribute (free speech). See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>, for the practical details of how to obtain Web2c.
</p>
<p>Different parts of the Web2c distribution have different licensing
terms, however, reflecting the different circumstances of their
creation; consult each source file for exact details. The main
practical implication for redistributors of Web2c is that most of the
executables are covered by the GNU General Public License or GNU
Lesser General Public License, and therefore anyone who gets a binary
distribution must also be able to get the sources, as explained by the
terms of the GPL (<a class="url" href="https://gnu.org/licenses/">https://gnu.org/licenses/</a>). The GPL covers the
Web2c executables, including <code class="code">tex</code>, because the Free Software
Foundation sponsored the initial development of the Kpathsea library
that Web2c uses. The basic source files from Stanford, however, have
their own copyright terms or are in the public domain, and are not
covered by the GPL.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-history"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Trickey_002c-Howard"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Curtis_002c-Pavel"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Morgan_002c-Tim"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Berry_002c-Karl"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Weber_002c-Olaf"></a>
<p>History: Tomas Rokicki originated the TeX-to-C system in 1987,
working from the first change files for TeX under Unix, which were
done primarily by Howard Trickey and Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan then
took over development and maintenance for a number of years; the name
changed to Web-to-C somewhere in there. In 1990, Karl Berry became
the maintainer. He made many changes to the original sources, and
started using the shorter name Web2c. In 1997, Olaf Weber took over,
and then in 2006, Karl started taking care of it again. No
significant development or changes have been needed for many years,
though dozens of other people have contributed in many ways; their
names are listed in the <samp class="file">ChangeLog</samp> files.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-teTeX-distribution"></a>
<p>Originally, Web2c was distributed as its own package, alongside the
original web programs from Stanford and other components. It was also
the basis for the teTeX distribution (now discontinued). Around
2004, the packaging focus shifted entirely to the TeX Live
distribution (<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/texlive/">https://tug.org/texlive/</a>), though the same Web2c
is at the heart of the release.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acknowledgements"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Martin_002c-Rick"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Morris_002c-Bob"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Stallman_002c-Richard"></a>
<p>Other acknowledgements by Karl: The University of Massachusetts at Boston
(particularly Rick Martin and Bob Morris) provided computers and ftp
access to me for many years. Richard Stallman at the Free Software
Foundation employed me while I wrote the original path searching library
(for the GNU font utilities). (rms also gave us Emacs, GDB, and GCC,
without which I cannot imagine developing Web2c.) And, of course,
TeX would not exist in the first place without Donald E. Knuth.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reading_002c-additional"></a>
<p>Further reading: See <a class="xref" href="#References">References</a>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Installation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commonalities</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Installation-1">2 Installation</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configuration"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-compilation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-installation"></a>
<p>(A copy of this chapter is in the distribution file <samp class="file">web2c/INSTALL</samp>.)
</p>
<p>Installing Web2c is mostly the same as installing any other
Kpathsea-using program. Therefore, for the basic steps involved,
see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>. (A copy is in the file
<samp class="file">kpathsea/INSTALL</samp>.)
</p>
<p>One peculiarity to Web2c is that the source distribution comes in two
files: <samp class="file">web.tar.gz</samp> and <samp class="file">web2c.tar.gz</samp>. You must retrieve and
unpack them both. (We have two because the former archive contains the
very large and seldom-changing original WEB source files.)
See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpost_002c-reason-for-name-change"></a>
<p>Another peculiarity is the MetaPost program. Although it has been
installed previously as <code class="code">mp</code>, as of Web2c 7.0 the installed name is
now <code class="code">mpost</code>, to avoid conflict with the <code class="code">mp</code> program that does
prettyprinting. This approach was recommended by the MetaPost author,
John Hobby. If you as the TeX administrator wish to make it
available under its shorter name as well, you will have to set up a link
or some such yourself. And of course individual users can do the same.
</p>
<p>For solutions to common installation problems and information on how to
report a bug, see the file <samp class="file">kpathsea/BUGS</samp> (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Bugs">Bugs</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). See also the Web2c home page,
<a class="url" href="http://www.tug.org/web2c">http://www.tug.org/web2c</a>.
</p>
<p>Points worth repeating:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-directory-structure"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-basic-fonts-and-macros"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts_002c-basic"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macros_002c-basic"></a>
Before starting the standard compilation and installation you must
install the basic fonts, macros, and other library files.
See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</li><li>If you do not wish to use the standard file locations, see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Changing-search-paths">Changing
search paths</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</li><li>Some Web2c features are enabled or disabled at <code class="code">configure</code> time,
as described in the first section below.
</li></ul>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#configure-options" accesskey="1"><code class="code">configure</code> options</a></li>
<li><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="2">Compile-time options</a></li>
<li><a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="3">Additional targets</a></li>
<li><a href="#Triptrap" accesskey="4">Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="configure-options">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compile-time options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="configure-options-1">2.1 <code class="code">configure</code> options</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-compile_002dtime-options"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-options"></a>
<p>This section gives pointers to descriptions of the ‘<samp class="samp">--with</samp>’ and
‘<samp class="samp">--enable</samp>’ <code class="code">configure</code> arguments that Web2c accepts. Some are
specific to Web2c, others are generic to all Kpathsea-using programs.
</p>
<p>For a list of all the options <code class="code">configure</code> accepts, run
‘<samp class="samp">configure --help</samp>’. The generic options are listed first, and the
package-specific options come last.
</p>
<p>For a description of the generic options (which mainly allow you to
specify installation directories) and basic <code class="code">configure</code> usage,
see <a data-manual="autoconf" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Invoking-configure">Running <code class="code">configure</code> scripts</a> in <cite class="cite">Autoconf</cite>, a copy is in the file <samp class="file">kpathsea/CONFIGURE</samp>.
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--disable-dump-share</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Do not make fmt/base/mem files sharable across different endian
architectures. See <a class="xref" href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--without-maketexmf-default</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--without-maketexpk-default</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--without-maketextfm-default</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-maketextex-default</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs. See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex
configuration</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>. The defaults are the inverse of
the options, i.e., everything is enabled except <code class="code">mktextex</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--enable-shared</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Build Kpathsea as a shared library. See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Shared-library">Shared library</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-editor=<var class="var">cmd</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Change the default editor invoked by the ‘<samp class="samp">e</samp>’ interactive command.
See <a class="xref" href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-epsfwin</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-hp2627win</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-mftalkwin</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-nextwin</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-regiswin</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-suntoolswin</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-tektronixwin</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-unitermwin</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-x</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-x-toolkit=KIT</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-x11win</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--with-x11</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Define Metafont graphics support; by default, no graphics support is
enabled. See <a class="xref" href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--x-includes=<var class="var">dir</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">--x-libraries=<var class="var">dir</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Define the locations of the X11 include files and libraries; by default,
<code class="code">configure</code> does its best to guess). See <a data-manual="autoconf" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a> in <cite class="cite">Autoconf</cite>. A copy is in <samp class="file">kpathsea/CONFIGURE</samp>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Compile_002dtime-options">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional targets</a>, Previous: <a href="#configure-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">configure</code> options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Compile_002dtime-options-1">2.2 Compile-time options</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-compile_002dtime-options-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0023define-options"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dD-compiler-options"></a>
<p>In addition to the <code class="code">configure</code> options listed in the previous
section, there are a few things that can be affected at compile-time
with C definitions, rather than with <code class="code">configure</code>. Using any of
these is unusual.
</p>
<p>To specify extra compiler flags (‘<samp class="samp">-D<var class="var">name</var></samp>’ in this case), the
simplest thing to do is:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">make XCFLAGS="<var class="var">ccoptions</var>"
</pre></div>
<p>You can also set the <code class="code">CFLAGS</code> environment variable before
running <code class="code">configure</code>. See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#configure-environment">configure environment</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
<p>Anyway, here are the possibilities:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-FIXPT'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-DFIXPT</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-FIXPT'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-DNO_MF_ASM</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-assembly-language-routines"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fraction-routines"></a>
<p>Use the original WEB fixed-point routines for Metafont and MetaPost
arithmetic calculations regarding fractions. By default,
assembly-language routines are used on x86 hardware with GNU C (unless
‘<samp class="samp">NO_MF_ASM</samp>’ is defined), and floating-point routines are used
otherwise.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-IPC_005fDEBUG'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-DIPC_DEBUG</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-IPC_005fDEBUG'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Report on various interprocess communication activities. See <a class="xref" href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Additional-targets">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Triptrap" accesskey="n" rel="next">Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compile-time options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Additional-targets-1">2.3 Additional targets</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-additional-Make-targets"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-targets_002c-additional-Make"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Make-targets_002c-additional"></a>
<p>Web2c has several Make targets besides the standard ones. You can invoke
these either in the top level directory of the source distribution (the
one containing <samp class="file">kpathsea/</samp> and <samp class="file">web2c/</samp>), or in the
<samp class="file">web2c/</samp> directory.
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-c_002dsources-Makefile-target'><span>‘<samp class="samp">c-sources</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-c_002dsources-Makefile-target'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on"></a>
<p>Make only the C files, translated from the Web sources, presumably
because you want to take them to a non-Unix machine.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-formats-Make-target'><span>‘<samp class="samp">formats</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-formats-Make-target'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">install-formats</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-install_002dformats-Make-target"></a>
<p>Make or install all the memory dumps (see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). By
default, the standard plain formats plus <samp class="file">latex.fmt</samp> are made. You
can add other formats by redefining the <code class="code">fmts</code>, <code class="code">bases</code>, and
<code class="code">mems</code> variables. See the top of <samp class="file">web2c/Makefile</samp> for the
possibilities.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-fmts-Make-target'><span>‘<samp class="samp">fmts</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-fmts-Make-target'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">install-fmts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-install_002dfmts-Make-target"></a>
<p>Make or install the TeX <samp class="file">.fmt</samp> files. See <a class="xref" href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-bases-Make-target'><span>‘<samp class="samp">bases</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bases-Make-target'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">install-bases</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-install_002dbases-Make-target"></a>
<p>Make or install the Metafont <samp class="file">.base</samp> files. See <a class="xref" href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-mems-Make-target'><span>‘<samp class="samp">mems</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-mems-Make-target'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">install-mems</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-install_002dmems-Make-target"></a>
<p>Make or install the MetaPost <samp class="file">.mem</samp> files. See <a class="xref" href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-triptrap-Make-target'><span>‘<samp class="samp">triptrap</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-triptrap-Make-target'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">trip</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">trap</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">mptrap</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-trip-Make-target"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-trap-Make-target"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mptrap-Make-target"></a>
<p>To run the torture tests for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost
(respectively). See the next section.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Triptrap">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional targets</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Trip_002c-trap_002c-and-mptrap_003a-Torture-tests">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-trip-test"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-trap-test"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mptrap-test"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-torture-tests"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tripman_002etex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-trapman_002etex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mptrap_002ereadme"></a>
<p>To validate your TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost executables, run
‘<samp class="samp">make triptrap</samp>’. This runs the trip, trap, and mptrap “torture
tests”. See the files <samp class="file">triptrap/tripman.tex</samp>,
<samp class="file">triptrap/trapman.tex</samp>, and <samp class="file">triptrap/mptrap.readme</samp> for
detailed information and background on the tests.
</p>
<p>The differences between your executables’ behavior and the standard
values will show up on your terminal. The usual differences (these are
all acceptable) are:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>string usage and table sizes;
</li><li>glue set ratios;
</li><li>‘<samp class="samp">down4</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">right4</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">y4</samp>’ commands in DVItype output;
</li><li>dates and times.
</li></ul>
<p>Any other differences are trouble. The most common culprit in
the past has been compiler bugs, especially when optimizing.
See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
<p>The files <samp class="file">trip.diffs</samp>, <samp class="file">mftrap.diffs</samp>, and
<samp class="file">mptrap.diffs</samp> in the <samp class="file">triptrap</samp> directory show the standard
diffs against the original output. If you diff your diffs against these
files, you should come up clean. For example
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">make trip >&mytrip.diffs
diff triptrap/trip.diffs mytrip.diffs
</pre></div>
<p>To run the tests separately, use the targets <code class="code">trip</code>, <code class="code">trap</code>,
and <code class="code">mptrap</code>.
</p>
<p>To run simple tests for all the programs as well as the torture tests,
run ‘<samp class="samp">make check</samp>’. You can compare the output to the distributed
file <samp class="file">tests/check.log</samp> if you like.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Commonalities">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Commonalities-1">3 Commonalities</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commonalities"></a>
<p>Many aspects of the TeX system are the same among more than one
program, so we describe those pieces together, here.
</p>
<p>Another kind of commonality is the extensions to TeX that are
available across all the engines; see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-extensions">Extended TeX engines</a>.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Option-conventions" accesskey="1">Option conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#Common-options" accesskey="2">Common options</a></li>
<li><a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="3">Path searching</a></li>
<li><a href="#Output-file-location" accesskey="4">Output file location</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Option-conventions">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Common options</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Option-conventions-1">3.1 Option conventions</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-option-conventions"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conventions-for-options_002c"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-getopt_005flong_005fonly"></a>
<p>To provide a clean and consistent behavior, we chose to have all these
programs use the GNU function <code class="code">getopt_long_only</code> to parse command
lines. However, we do use in a restricted mode, where all the options
have to come before the rest of the arguments.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d-starts-option-names"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002d-starts-option-names"></a>
<p>As a result, you can:
</p><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>use ‘<samp class="samp">-</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">--</samp>’ to start an option name;
</li><li>use any unambiguous abbreviation for an option name;
</li><li>separate option names and values with either ‘<samp class="samp">=</samp>’ or one or more
spaces;
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d-starting-a-filename"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filenames-starting-with-_002d"></a>
use filenames that would otherwise look like options by putting them
after an option ‘<samp class="samp">--</samp>’.
</li></ul>
<p>By convention, non-option arguments, if specified, generally define the
name of an input file, as documented for each program.
</p>
<p>If a particular option with a value is given more than once, it is the
last value that counts.
</p>
<p>For example, the following command line specifies the options
‘<samp class="samp">foo</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">bar</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">verbose</samp>’; gives the value ‘<samp class="samp">baz</samp>’
to the ‘<samp class="samp">abc</samp>’ option, and the value ‘<samp class="samp">xyz</samp>’ to the ‘<samp class="samp">quux</samp>’
option; and specifies the filename <samp class="file">-myfile-</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">-foo --bar -verb -abc=baz -quux karl --quux xyz -- -myfile-
</pre></div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Common-options">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Option-conventions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Option conventions</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Common-options-1">3.2 Common options</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-common-options"></a>
<p>All of these programs accept the standard GNU ‘<samp class="samp">--help</samp>’ and
‘<samp class="samp">--version</samp>’ options, and several programs accept
‘<samp class="samp">--verbose</samp>’. Rather than writing identical descriptions for
every program, they are described here.
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002d_002dhelp-common-option'><span>‘<samp class="samp">--help</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002d_002dhelp-common-option'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-help_002c-online"></a>
<p>Print a usage message listing basic usage and all available options to
standard output, then exit successfully.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002d_002dverbose-common-option'><span>‘<samp class="samp">--verbose</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002d_002dverbose-common-option'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbosity_002c-enabling"></a>
<p>Print progress reports to standard output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002d_002dversion-common-option'><span>‘<samp class="samp">--version</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002d_002dversion-common-option'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-version-number_002c-finding"></a>
<p>Print the version number to standard output, then exit successfully.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of additional options in
common:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dcnf_002dline'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-cnf-line=<var class="var">str</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dcnf_002dline'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Parse <var class="var">str</var> as if it were a line in the <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp>
configuration file, overriding all other settings. See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Path-searching-options">Path
searching options</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-file-line-error</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror"></a>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-no-file-line-error</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-changing-error-messages-style"></a>
<p>Change (or do not change) the way error messages are printed. The
alternate style looks like error messages from many compilers and is
easier to parse for some editors that invoke TeX. This option used
to be called ‘<samp class="samp">-file-line-error-style</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dfmt_003ddumpname'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-fmt=<var class="var">dumpname</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dfmt_003ddumpname'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-base=<var class="var">dumpname</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-mem=<var class="var">dumpname</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dbase_003ddumpname"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dmem_003ddumpname"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dump-file"></a>
<p>Use <var class="var">dumpname</var> instead of the program name or a ‘<samp class="samp">%&</samp>’ line to
determine the name of the memory dump file read (‘<samp class="samp">fmt</samp>’ for TeX,
‘<samp class="samp">base</samp>’ for Metafont, ‘<samp class="samp">mem</samp>’ for MetaPost). See <a class="xref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>. Also sets the program name to <var class="var">dumpname</var> if no
‘<samp class="samp">-progname</samp>’ option was given.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dhalt_002don_002derror'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-halt-on-error</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dhalt_002don_002derror'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stopping-at-the-first-error"></a>
<p>Stop processing and exit when an error occurs, as opposed to the normal
process of trying to recover and continue.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dini'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-ini</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dini'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-program-names_002c-special"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-initial-form_002c-enabling"></a>
<p>Enable the “initial” form of the program (see <a class="pxref" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>). This is implicitly set if the program name is <code class="code">initex</code>
resp. <code class="code">inimf</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dinteraction_003dstring'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-interaction=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dinteraction_003dstring'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interaction-mode"></a>
<p>Set the interaction mode from the command line. The <var class="var">string</var> must
be one of ‘<samp class="samp">batchmode</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">nonstopmode</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">scrollmode</samp>’, or
‘<samp class="samp">errorstopmode</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002djobname_003dstring'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002djobname_003dstring'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-job-name"></a>
<p>Set the job name to <var class="var">string</var>, instead of deriving it from the name
of the input file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003dnumber'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=<var class="var">number</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003dnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-path-searching-debugging"></a>
<p>Set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of <var class="var">number</var>
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Debugging">Debugging</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). You can also specify this in
<code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> environment variable (for all Web2c programs).
(The command line value overrides.) The most useful value is ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’,
to get all available output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002doutput_002ddirectory'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-output-directory=<var class="var">dirname</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002doutput_002ddirectory'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-output-directory_002c-specifying"></a>
<p>Specify the directory <var class="var">dirname</var> to which output files are written.
Also look for input files in <var class="var">dirname</var> first, before looking along
the normal search path. See <a class="xref" href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-parse-first-line</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"></a>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-no-parse-first-line</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parsing-the-first-line"></a>
<p>Check or disable checking whether the first line of the main input
file starts with ‘<samp class="samp">%&</samp>’, and parse it if it does. This line can be
used specify the format and/or a TCX file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dprogname_003dstring'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-progname=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dprogname_003dstring'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-binaries_002c-linking"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-linking-binaries"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-program-names_002c-special-1"></a>
<p>Set program (and memory dump) name to <var class="var">string</var>. This may affect the
search paths and other values used (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). Using this option is equivalent to making a link named
<var class="var">string</var> to the binary and then invoking the binary under that
name. See <a class="xref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002drecorder'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-recorder</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002drecorder'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file-recorder"></a>
<p>Enable the filename recorder. This makes the program save a list of the
opened files into a file with (by default) extension ‘<samp class="samp">.fls</samp>’. For
Aleph, this option is always on, and the file has extension ‘<samp class="samp">.ofl</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Ordinarily, the ‘<samp class="samp">.fls</samp>’ file is written to the same location as
the ‘<samp class="samp">.log</samp>’ file, for example, respecting
<samp class="option">-output-directory</samp> if it is given (see <a class="pxref" href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a>). However, if TeX processing is done on the command line
(or in response to the ‘<samp class="samp">**</samp>’ prompt), the ‘<samp class="samp">.fls</samp>’ might be
written to the current directory, or include an integer (the current
pid), as in <samp class="file">texput1234.fls</samp>. You can use <samp class="option">-jobname</samp> to
explicitly set the basename.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dtranslate_002dfile_003dtcxfile'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dtranslate_002dfile_003dtcxfile'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-translation-file-for-TeX_002c-specifying"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etcx-character-translation-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file"></a>
<p>Use <var class="var">tcxfile</var> to define which characters are printable and translations
between the internal and external character sets. Moreover,
<var class="var">tcxfile</var> can be explicitly declared in the first line of the main
input file ‘<samp class="samp">%& -translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></samp>’.
This is the recommended method for portability reasons.
See <a class="xref" href="#TCX-files">TCX files: Character translations</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002d8bit'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-8bit</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002d8bit'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-8-bit-clean"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying"></a>
<p>This option specifies that by default all characters should be
considered printable. If ‘<samp class="samp">-translate-file</samp>’ was given as well,
then the TCX file may mark characters as non-printable. This is a
no-op in engines natively supporting Unicode.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Path-searching">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Output-file-location" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output file location</a>, Previous: <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Common options</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Path-searching-1">3.3 Path searching</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-path-searching"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texmf_002ecnf"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configuration-file-reading"></a>
<p>All of the Web2c programs, including TeX, which do path searching use
the Kpathsea routines to do so. The precise names of the environment
and configuration file variables which get searched for particular file
formatted are therefore documented in the Kpathsea manual
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). Reading
<samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>), invoking
<code class="code">mktex…</code> scripts (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>), and so on are all handled by Kpathsea.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-aliases"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-aliases-for-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texfonts_002emap"></a>
<p>The programs which read fonts make use of another Kpathsea feature:
<samp class="file">texfonts.map</samp>, which allows arbitrary aliases for the actual names
of font files; for example, ‘<samp class="samp">Times-Roman</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">ptmr8r.tfm</samp>’.
The distributed (and installed by default) <samp class="file">texfonts.map</samp> includes
aliases for many widely available PostScript fonts by their PostScript
names.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Output-file-location">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Output-file-location-1">3.4 Output file location</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-output-file-location"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002e_002c-used-for-output"></a>
<p>All the programs generally follow the usual convention for output files.
Namely, they are placed in the directory current when the program is
run, regardless of any input file location; or, in a few cases, output
is to standard output.
</p>
<p>For example, if you run ‘<samp class="samp">tex /tmp/foo</samp>’, for example, the output
will be in <samp class="file">./foo.dvi</samp> and <samp class="file">./foo.log</samp>, not
<samp class="file">/tmp/foo.dvi</samp> and <samp class="file">/tmp/foo.log</samp>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002doutput_002ddirectory-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in"></a>
<p>You can use the ‘<samp class="samp">-output-directory</samp>’ option to cause all output
files that would normally be written in the current directory to be
written in the specified directory instead. See <a class="xref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-if-_002e-unwritable"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in-1"></a>
<p>If the current directory is not writable, and ‘<samp class="samp">-output-directory</samp>’
is not specified, the main programs (TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and
BibTeX) make an exception: if the config file or environment
variable value <code class="code">TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set (it is not by default),
output files are written to the directory specified.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-for-reading"></a>
<p><code class="code">TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is also checked for input files, as TeX often
generates files that need to be subsequently read; for input, no
suffixes (such as ‘<samp class="samp">.tex</samp>’) are added by default and no exhaustive
path searching is done, the input name is
simply checked as given.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Three-programs">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX: Typesetting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commonalities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Three-programs_003a-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX">4 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-three-programs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-Metafont_002c-and-MetaPost"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost_002c-TeX_002c-and-Metafont"></a>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of features in common.
Besides the ones here, command-line options and other commonalities
are described in the previous section.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Runtime-options" accesskey="1">Runtime options</a></li>
<li><a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="2">Initial and virgin</a></li>
<li><a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="3">Memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="4">Editor invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Runtime-options">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial and virgin</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Runtime-options-1">4.1 Runtime options</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-runtime-options"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configuration-file-values"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-array-sizes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texmf_002ecnf-1"></a>
<p>Besides the configure- and compile-time options described in the
installation section (see <a class="pxref" href="#Installation">Installation</a>), you can control a number
of parameters in the <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> runtime file read by Kpathsea
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>).
</p>
<p>The main purpose of <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> is to specify search paths, but
array sizes and other options are also set there. Most are rather
obscure. Here are a few of the more interesting values:
</p>
<dl class="vtable">
<dt id='index-main_005fmemory'><span>‘<samp class="samp">main_memory</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-main_005fmemory'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
Must remake the format file after changing.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-extra_005fmem_005fbot'><span>‘<samp class="samp">extra_mem_bot</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-extra_005fmem_005fbot'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-boxes_002c-memory-for"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glue_002c-memory-for"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PiCTeX_002c-increasing-memory-for"></a>
<p>Extra space for “large” TeX data structures (default 0): boxes,
glue, breakpoints, et al. If you use PiCTeX, you may well want to
set this.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-expand_005fdepth'><span>‘<samp class="samp">expand_depth</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-expand_005fdepth'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-recursive-expansion-limit"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion-limit_002c-recursive"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-runtime-stack-overflow"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overflow_002c-of-runtime-stack"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-segmentation-fault"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-SIGSEGV"></a>
<p>Limit on recursive expansion calls before TeX aborts (default
10000). If a TeX program does an unterminated recursive expansion,
TeX will dutifully expand macros until the system’s runtime stack
overflows, typically with a segmentation fault (SIGSEGV). This
parameter was introduced to minimize the chance of that unpleasant
(though not dangerous) crash, instead allowing TeX to quit with a
more informative message.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-libsigsegv-library"></a>
<p>The crash can still happen, though, if the system has an exceptionally
small memory allocation for its stack. There is no quantitative way to
determine the limit, and it does not seem worth implementing
system-dependent heuristics to guess at the number, since it’s highly
improbable that any real TeX code will ever need more than 10000
recursive expansions (it has never happened). For the same reason,
using the libsigsegv library (<a class="url" href="https://gnu.org/s/libsigsegv">https://gnu.org/s/libsigsegv</a>) does
not seem worth the effort.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-texmf_005fcasefold_005fsearch'><span>‘<samp class="samp">texmf_casefold_search</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-texmf_005fcasefold_005fsearch'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Casefolding-search">Casefolding search</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-array-limit_002c-fixed"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-swap-space_002c-as-array-limit"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reallocation-of-arrays"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dynamic-array-allocation"></a>
<p>Ideally all arrays would be dynamically expanded as necessary, so the
only limiting factor would be the amount of swap space available, or
some configurable limit much larger than can currently be supported.
</p>
<p>Unfortunately, implementing this is extremely difficult, as the fixed
size of arrays is assumed in many places throughout the source code.
These runtime limits are a practical compromise between the
compile-time limits in previous versions, and truly dynamic arrays.
(On the other hand, the Web2c BibTeX implementation does do true
dynamic reallocation of some arrays.)
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-modifying-texmf_002ecnf-in-TeX-Live"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-location-of-texmf_002ecnf-in-TeX-Live"></a>
<p>Nowadays there is rarely a reason to modify the values. But if you do
wish to modify <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp>, in TeX Live the best approach is
to put your changes, and only your changes at the top of the TL
installation tree. That is, if the system <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> is
installed in
<samp class="file">/some/path/to/texlive/YYYY/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf</samp> is put
your custom settings in <samp class="file">/some/path/to/texlive/YYY/texmf.cnf</samp>,
where <var class="var">YYYY</var> is the year of installation (if you use that
subdirectory; it’s the default). That way, unrelated changes to the
system <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> can happen with normal updates, without
affecting your local values.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Initial-and-virgin">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="n" rel="next">Memory dumps</a>, Previous: <a href="#Runtime-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Runtime options</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Initial-and-virgin-1">4.2 Initial and virgin</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin"></a>
<p>The TeX and Metafont programs each have two main variants, called
<em class="dfn">initial</em> and <em class="dfn">virgin</em>. MetaPost no longer makes this
distinction.
</p>
<p>The initial form is enabled if:
</p><ol class="enumerate">
<li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dini-1"></a>
the ‘<samp class="samp">-ini</samp>’ option was specified; or
</li><li> the program name is <samp class="file">initex</samp> resp. <samp class="file">inimf</samp>; or
</li><li> the first line of the main input file is ‘<samp class="samp">%&ini</samp>’;
</li></ol>
<p>otherwise, the virgin form is used.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-virgin-programs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-production-use"></a>
<p>The <em class="dfn">virgin</em> form is the one generally invoked for production use.
The first thing it does is read a memory dump (see <a class="pxref" href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a>), and then proceeds on with the main job.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-initial-programs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-initializations_002c-lengthy"></a>
<p>The <em class="dfn">initial</em> form is generally used only to create memory dumps
(see the next section). It starts up more slowly than the virgin form,
because it must do lengthy initializations that are encapsulated in the
memory dump file.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Memory-dumps">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Editor invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial and virgin</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Memory-dumps-1">4.3 Memory dumps</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-memory-dumps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dumping-memory"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps"></a>
<p>In typical use, TeX and Metafont require a large number of
macros to be predefined; therefore, they support <em class="dfn">memory dump</em>
files, which can be read much more efficiently than ordinary source
code.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps" accesskey="1">Creating memory dumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="2">Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps" accesskey="3">Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Creating-memory-dumps">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="n" rel="next">Determining the memory dump to use</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Creating-memory-dumps-1">4.3.1 Creating memory dumps</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-memory-dumps_002c-creating"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-creating-memory-dumps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-writing-memory-dumps"></a>
<p>The programs all create memory dumps in slightly idiosyncratic (thought
substantially similar) way, so we describe the details in separate
sections (references below). The basic idea is to run the initial
version of the program (see <a class="pxref" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), read the source
file to define the macros, and then execute the <code class="code">\dump</code> primitive.
</p>
<p>Also, each program uses a different filename extension for its memory
dumps, since although they are completely analogous they are not
interchangeable (TeX cannot read a Metafont memory dump, for
example).
</p>
<p>Here is a list of filename extensions with references to examples of
creating memory dumps:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt>TeX</dt>
<dd><p>(‘<samp class="samp">.fmt</samp>’) See <a class="xref" href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>Metafont</dt>
<dd><p>(‘<samp class="samp">.base</samp>’) See <a class="xref" href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>When making memory dumps, the programs read environment variables and
configuration files for path searching and other values as usual. If
you are making a new installation and have environment variables
pointing to an old one, for example, you will probably run into
difficulties.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hardware and memory dumps</a>, Previous: <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Creating memory dumps</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use-1">4.3.2 Determining the memory dump to use</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-memory-dump-to-use_002c-determining"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fmt-file_002c-determining"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-base-file_002c-determining"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mem-file_002c-determining"></a>
<p>The virgin form (see <a class="pxref" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>) of each program always
reads a memory dump before processing normal source input. All three
programs determine the memory dump to use in the same way:
</p>
<ol class="enumerate">
<li> If the first non-option command-line argument begins with ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’, the
program uses the remainder of that argument as the memory dump name.
For example, running ‘<samp class="samp">tex \&super</samp>’ reads <samp class="file">super.fmt</samp>. (The
backslash protects the ‘<samp class="samp">&</samp>’ against interpretation by the shell.)
</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dfmt_003dfmt"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dbase_003dbase"></a>
If the ‘<samp class="samp">-fmt</samp>’ resp. ‘<samp class="samp">-base</samp>’ option is
specified, its value is used.
</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dprogname_003dstring-1"></a>
If the ‘<samp class="samp">-progname</samp>’ option is specified, its value is used.
</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0025_0026-magic-number"></a>
If the first line of the main input file (which must be specified on the
command line, not in response to ‘<samp class="samp">**</samp>’) is <code class="code">%&<var class="var">dump</var></code>, and
<var class="var">dump</var> is an existing memory dump of the appropriate type,
<var class="var">dump</var> is used.
<p>The first line of the main input file can also specify which character
translation file is to be used: <code class="code">%&-translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></code>
(see <a class="pxref" href="#TCX-files">TCX files: Character translations</a>).
</p>
<p>These two roles can be combined: <code class="code">%&<var class="var">dump</var>
-translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></code>. If this is done, the name of the dump
must be given first.
</p>
</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-links-to-binaries"></a>
Otherwise, the program uses the program invocation name, most commonly
<samp class="file">tex</samp> resp. <samp class="file">mf</samp>. For example, if <samp class="file">latex</samp> is a link
to <samp class="file">tex</samp>, and the user runs ‘<samp class="samp">latex foo</samp>’, <samp class="file">latex.fmt</samp>
will be used.
</li></ol>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Hardware-and-memory-dumps">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Determining the memory dump to use</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Hardware-and-memory-dumps-1">4.3.3 Hardware and memory dumps</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hardware-and-memory-dumps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-memory-dumps-and-hardware"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sharing-memory-dumps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fmt-files_002c-sharing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-base-files_002c-sharing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mem-files_002c-sharing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LittleEndian-machines"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BigEndian-machines"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-endian-dependencies"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-machine-dependencies"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-architecture-dependencies"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dependencies_002c-hardware"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-32_002dbit-architecture"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-64_002dbit-architecture"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-long-data-type_002c-size-of"></a>
<p>By default, memory dump files are sharable between architectures of
different types; specifically, on machines of different endianness
(see <a data-manual="libc" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Byte-order">Byte order</a> in <cite class="cite">GNU C Library</cite>) and with different word
sizes (4-byte <code class="code">long</code> vs. 8-byte <code class="code">long</code>). This is a
feature of the Web2c implementation, and is not true of all TeX
implementations.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tl_002dcheck_002dfmtshare"></a>
<p>The script <code class="code">tl-check-fmtshare</code> in the TeX Live source tree
(<samp class="file">Master/tlpkg/bin</samp>) provides a relatively easy way to test that
a <samp class="file">.fmt</samp> built on the local host can be loaded by a TeX engine
built on some remote host.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-byte-swapping"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-swapping-bytes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-option"></a>
<p>If you specify ‘<samp class="samp">--disable-dump-share</samp>’ to <code class="code">configure</code>,
however, memory dumps will be endian-dependent. The reason to do this
is speed. To achieve endian-independence, the reading of memory dumps
on LittleEndian architectures, such as PC’s and DEC architectures, is
somewhat slowed (all the multibyte values have to be swapped).
Usually, this is not noticeable, and the advantage of being able to
share memory dumps across all platforms at a site far outweighs the
speed loss. But if you’re trying to squeeze out every possible bit of
performance, you may wish to do this.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-floating_002dpoint-values"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glue-ratio-representations"></a>
<p>TeXnically, even without ‘<samp class="samp">--disable-dump-share</samp>’, sharing of
<samp class="file">.fmt</samp> files cannot be guaranteed to work. Floating-point values
are always written in native format, and hence will generally not be
readable across platforms. Fortunately, TeX uses floating point
only to represent glue ratios, and none of the common formats (plain,
LaTeX, AMSTeX, …) do any glue setting at
<samp class="file">.fmt</samp>-creation time. Metafont does not use floating point in
any dumped value at all.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-memory-dumps_002c-contain-date-and-time"></a>
<p>Incidentally, different memory dump files will never compare equal
byte-for-byte, because the programs dump the current date and time. So
don’t be alarmed by a few bytes difference.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e"></a>
<p>If you don’t know what endianness your machine is, and you’re curious,
here is a little C program to tell you. (The <code class="code">configure</code> script
contains a similar program.) This is from the book <cite class="cite">C: A Reference
Manual</cite>, by Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele
Jr. (see <a class="pxref" href="#References">References</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">main ()
{
/* Are we little or big endian? From Harbison&Steele. */
union
{
long l;
char c[sizeof (long)];
} u;
u.l = 1;
if (u.c[0] == 1)
printf ("LittleEndian\n");
else if (u.c[sizeof (long) - 1] == 1)
printf ("BigEndian\n");
else
printf ("unknownEndian");
exit (u.c[sizeof (long) - 1] == 1);
}
</pre></div>
<p>You can add <code class="code">printf("long %d\n", sizeof(long));</code> to see the size
of the <code class="code">long</code> data type.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Editor-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a>, Previous: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Memory dumps</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Editor-invocation-1">4.4 Editor invocation</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-editor-invoked-at-error"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e-response-at-error-prompt"></a>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost all (by default) stop and ask for user
intervention at an error. If the input came from a file, and the user
responds with <kbd class="kbd">e</kbd> or <kbd class="kbd">E</kbd>, the program invokes an editor.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TEXEDIT"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MFEDIT"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MPEDIT"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003dcmd"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texmf_002ecnf-for-editors"></a>
<p>Specifying ‘<samp class="samp">--with-editor=<var class="var">cmd</var></samp>’ to <code class="code">configure</code> sets the
default editor command string to <var class="var">cmd</var>. The environment
variables/configuration values <code class="code">TEXEDIT</code>, <code class="code">MFEDIT</code>, and
<code class="code">MPEDIT</code> (respectively) override this. If ‘<samp class="samp">--with-editor</samp>’ is
not specified, the default is <code class="code">vi +%d %s</code> on Unix, and an
invocation of the TeXworks editor on Windows. (See
<samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> for the precise values.)
</p>
<p>In this string, ‘<samp class="samp">%d</samp>’ is replaced by the line number of the error,
and ‘<samp class="samp">%s</samp>’ is replaced by the name of the current input file.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cinput-filenames">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Editor invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinput-filenames-1">4.5 <code class="code">\input</code> filenames</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinput-filenames"></a>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost source programs can all read other source
files with the <code class="code">\input</code> (TeX) and <code class="code">input</code> (MF and MP)
primitives:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\input <var class="var">name</var> % in TeX
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002dterminated-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-terminator-for-filenames"></a>
<p>The file <var class="var">name</var> can always be terminated with whitespace; for
Metafont and MetaPost, the statement terminator ‘<samp class="samp">;</samp>’ also works.
(LaTeX and other macro packages provide other interfaces to
<code class="code">\input</code> that allow different notation; here we are concerned only
with the primitive operation.)
</p>
<p>As (allowed) extensions to standard TeX, Web2c also supports
specifying the filename in double quotes (<code class="code">"some name"</code>) and in
braces (<code class="code">{some name}</code>), which is convenient for filenames
containing spaces or other special characters, as described in the
sections below.
</p>
<p>In all cases, space tokens are ignored after the filename is read.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0022-character_002c-ignored-in-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-quote-character_002c-ignored-in-filenames"></a>
<p>Also, double quote (<code class="code">"</code>) characters are ignored within the
filename; there is no way to read files whose names contain a <code class="code">"</code>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-portable-filenames"></a>
<p>However, for maximal portability of your document across systems, use
only the characters ‘<samp class="samp">a</samp>’–‘<samp class="samp">z</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">0</samp>’–‘<samp class="samp">9</samp>’, and at
most one ‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’. Do not use anything but simple filenames, since
directory separators vary among systems; instead, add the necessary
directories to the appropriate search path.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\input</code> quoted filename: <code class="code">\input "some name"</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\input</code> braced filename: <code class="code">\input{some name}</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\input</code> filename caveats</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\input</code> braced filename: <code class="code">\input{some name}</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename_003a-_005cinput-_0022some-name_0022">4.5.1 <code class="code">\input</code> quoted filename: <code class="code">\input "some name"</code></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinput-quoted-filename"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoted-filename-for-_005cinput"></a>
<p>As of Web2c version 7.5.3 (2004), double-quote characters can be used
to include spaces or other special characters. In typical use, the
‘<samp class="samp">"</samp>’ characters surround the entire filename:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\input "filename with spaces"
</pre></div>
<p>Technically, the quote characters can be used inside the name, and
can enclose any characters, as in:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\input filename" "with" "spaces
</pre></div>
<p>One more point. In LaTeX, the quotes are needed inside the braces
of its <code class="code">\input</code> macro, thus:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{a b} % fails
\input{"a b"} % ok
</pre></div>
<p>There is no way to quote the quote character.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\input</code> filename caveats</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\input</code> quoted filename: <code class="code">\input "some name"</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cinput-braced-filename_003a-_005cinput_007bsome-name_007d">4.5.2 <code class="code">\input</code> braced filename: <code class="code">\input{some name}</code></h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinput-braced-_0028grouped_0029-filename"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-braced-filename-for-_005cinput"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-group_002ddelimited-filename-for-_005cinput"></a>
<p>As of Web2c 2020, <code class="code">\input</code> filenames in TeX engines (this does
not apply in Metafont and MetaPost) can also be specified within a
TeX group, typically curly braces. For example:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{filename with spaces}
</pre></div>
<p>As always with TeX, the brace characters are not hardwired; what
counts is the category code: the first token after the <code class="code">\input</code>
must be of catcode 1 (begin group), and it is matched with the
next character of catcode 2 (end group).
</p>
<p>Within the group-delimited filename, braces are treated as normal
characters.
</p>
<p>As with all forms of filenames, following spaces are ignored (after
the end group), and double quote (<code class="code">"</code>) characters are ignored
within the filename.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\input</code> braced filename: <code class="code">\input{some name}</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats-1">4.5.3 <code class="code">\input</code> filename caveats</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinput-filename-caveats"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-caveats-for-_005cinput-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tokenization_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expansion_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multiple-spaces_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tabs_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></a>
<p>The quoting mechanisms just described come into play <em class="emph">after</em>
TeX has tokenized and expanded the input. So, multiple spaces and
tabs will generally be seen as a single space, active characters such
as ‘<samp class="samp">~</samp>’ are expanded first (generally causing an error), and so
on. More examples below.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-meta-characters-in-filenames"></a>
<p>On the other hand, various C library routines and Unix itself use the null
byte (character code zero, ASCII NUL) to terminate strings. So
filenames in Web2c cannot contain nulls, even though TeX itself does
not treat NUL specially.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_007e-expansion-in-filenames"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024-expansion-in-filenames"></a>
<p>Finally, the present Web2c implementation does ‘<samp class="samp">~</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">$</samp>’
expansion on <var class="var">name</var>, unlike Knuth’s original implementation.
Thus:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\input ~jsmith/$foo.bar
</pre></div>
<p>will dereference the environment variable or Kpathsea config file
value ‘<samp class="samp">foo</samp>’ and read that file, extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.bar</samp>’, in
user ‘<samp class="samp">jsmith</samp>’’s home directory. You can also use braces in the
variable expansion, as in ‘<samp class="samp">${foo}bar</samp>’, if you want to follow
the variable name with a letter, numeral, or ‘<samp class="samp">_</samp>’.
</p>
<p>(So another way to get a program to read a filename containing
whitespace is to define an environment variable and dereference it.)
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstring_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"></a>
<p>In all the common TeX formats (plain TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt,
AMSTeX, …), the characters ‘<samp class="samp">~</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">$</samp>’ have special
category codes, so to actually use these in a document you have to
change their catcodes or use <code class="code">\string</code>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="TeX">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="n" rel="next">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a>, Previous: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="TeX_003a-Typesetting">5 TeX: Typesetting</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-description-of"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typesetting"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathematical-typesetting"></a>
<p>TeX is a typesetting system: it was especially designed to handle
complex mathematics, as well as most ordinary text typesetting.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-batch-languages"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-word-processor_002c-not"></a>
<p>TeX is a batch language, like C or Pascal, and not an interactive
“word processor”: you compile a TeX input file into a corresponding
device-independent (DVI) file (and then translate the DVI file to the
commands for a particular output device). This approach has both
considerable disadvantages and considerable advantages. For a complete
description of the TeX language, see <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>
(see <a class="pxref" href="#References">References</a>). Many other books on TeX, introductory and
otherwise, are available.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#tex-invocation" accesskey="1"><code class="code">tex</code> invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="2">Initial TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#Formats" accesskey="3">Formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="4">Languages and hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="5">Shell escapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="6">IPC and TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#TeX-extensions" accesskey="7">Extended TeX engines</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="tex-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX: Typesetting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="tex-invocation-1">5.1 <code class="code">tex</code> invocation</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-invocation"></a>
<p>TeX (usually invoked as <code class="code">tex</code>) formats the given text and
commands, and outputs a corresponding device-independent representation
of the typeset document. This section merely describes the options
available in the Web2c implementation. For a complete description of
the TeX typesetting language, see <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>
(see <a class="pxref" href="#References">References</a>).
</p>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost process the command line (described
here) and determine their memory dump (fmt) file in the same way
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">tex [<var class="var">option</var>]… [<var class="var">texname</var>[.tex]] [<var class="var">tex-commands</var>]
tex [<var class="var">option</var>]… \<var class="var">first-line</var>
tex [<var class="var">option</var>]… &<var class="var">fmt</var> <var class="var">args</var>
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-input-files-found"></a>
<p>TeX searches the usual places for the main input file <var class="var">texname</var>
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>), extending
<var class="var">texname</var> with <samp class="file">.tex</samp> if necessary. To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running the program.
</p>
<p>After <var class="var">texname</var> is read, TeX processes any remaining
<var class="var">tex-commands</var> on the command line as regular TeX input. Also,
if the first non-option argument begins with a TeX escape character
(usually <code class="code">\</code>), TeX processes all non-option command-line
arguments as a line of regular TeX input.
</p>
<p>If no arguments or options are specified, TeX prompts for an
input file name with ‘<samp class="samp">**</samp>’.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texput"></a>
<p>TeX writes the main DVI output to the file
<samp class="file"><var class="var">basetexname</var>.dvi</samp>, where <var class="var">basetexname</var> is the basename of
<var class="var">texname</var>, or ‘<samp class="samp">texput</samp>’ if no input file was specified. A DVI
file is a device-independent binary representation of your TeX
document. The idea is that after running TeX, you translate the DVI
file using a separate program to the commands for a particular output
device, such as a PostScript printer
(see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>) or an X Window System display
(see xdvi(1)).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-EC-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mktextfM_002c-disabling"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfont-and-dynamic-generation"></a>
<p>TeX also reads TFM files for any fonts you load in your document with
the <code class="code">\font</code> primitive. By default, it runs an external program
named <samp class="file">mktextfm</samp> to create any nonexistent TFM files. You can
disable this at configure-time or runtime (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex
configuration</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). This is enabled mostly for the
sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenout-and-security"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-security_002c-and-_005copenout"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-output-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Trojan-horses-and-TeX-programs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-security_002c-and-output-files"></a>
<p>TeX can write output files, via the <code class="code">\openout</code> primitive; this opens
a security hole vulnerable to Trojan horse attack: an unwitting user could
run a TeX program that overwrites, say, <samp class="file">~/.rhosts</samp>. (MetaPost has
a <code class="code">write</code> primitive with similar implications). To alleviate this and
similar problems the functions <code class="code">kpathsea_out_name_ok</code> and
<code class="code">kpathsea_in_name_ok</code> from the Kpathsea library (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Calling-sequence">Calling
sequence</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>) are used to determine if a given filename
is acceptable to be opened for output or input, depending on the setting of
the configuration variables <code class="code">openout_any</code> and <code class="code">openin_any</code>:
‘<samp class="samp">a</samp>’ (for “any”, the default for <code class="code">openin_any</code>), ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ (for
“restricted”), or ‘<samp class="samp">p</samp>’ (for “paranoid”, the default for
<code class="code">openout_any</code>).
</p>
<p>In any case, all <code class="code">\openout</code> filenames are recorded in the log file,
except those opened on the first line of input, which is processed when
the log file has not yet been opened.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-enc</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-fmt=<var class="var">fmtname</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-halt-on-error</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-ini</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-interaction=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-ipc</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-ipc-start</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=<var class="var">number</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-output-directory</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-progname=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-recorder</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-8bit</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
See <a class="xref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002denc'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-enc</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002denc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode-input"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8-input"></a>
<p>Enable encTeX extensions, such as <code class="code">\mubyte</code>. This can be used
to support the Unicode UTF-8 input encoding, although using an engine
with native Unicode support is more common nowadays.
<a class="url" href="http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html">http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dipc'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-ipc</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dipc'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-ipc-start</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dipc_002dstart"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-option"></a>
<p>With either option, TeX writes its DVI output to a socket as well as
to the usual <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> file. With ‘<samp class="samp">-ipc-start</samp>’, TeX also
opens a server program at the other end to read the output. See <a class="xref" href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>.
</p>
<p>These options are available only if the ‘<samp class="samp">--enable-ipc</samp>’ option was
specified to <code class="code">configure</code> during installation of Web2c.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-mktex=<var class="var">filetype</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-no-mktex=<var class="var">filetype</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></a>
<p>Turn on or off the ‘<samp class="samp">mktex</samp>’ script associated with <var class="var">filetype</var>.
For TeX proper, <var class="var">filetype</var> can only be ‘<samp class="samp">tex</samp>’ and
‘<samp class="samp">tfm</samp>’, but for pdfTeX and luaTeX, it can also be ‘<samp class="samp">pk</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dmltex'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-mltex</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmltex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MLTeX_002c-enabling"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-program-names_002c-special-2"></a>
<p>If we are <code class="code">INITEX</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), enable MLTeX
extensions such as <code class="code">\charsubdef</code>. Implicitly set if the program
name is <code class="code">mltex</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002doutput_002dcomment_003dstring'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-output-comment=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002doutput_002dcomment_003dstring'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-output_005fcomment-for-DVI-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-regression-testing"></a>
<p>Use <var class="var">string</var> as the DVI file comment. Ordinarily, this comment
records the date and time of the TeX run, but if you are doing
regression testing, you may not want the DVI file to have this spurious
difference. This is also taken from the environment variable and
config file value ‘<samp class="samp">output_comment</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dshell_002drestricted'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-shell-escape</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dshell_002drestricted'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dshell_002descape"></a>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-no-shell-escape</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dno_002dshell_002descape"></a>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-shell-restricted</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Enable, or disable, or enable with restrictions the
<code class="code">\write18{<var class="var">shell-command</var>}</code> feature for external executing
shell commands. See <a class="xref" href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002ddisable_002dwrite18'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-enable-write18</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002ddisable_002dwrite18'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002denable_002dwrite18"></a>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-disable-write18</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Synonyms for <samp class="option">-shell-escape</samp> and <samp class="option">-no-shell-escape</samp>, for
compatibility with MiKTeX. (MiKTeX also accepts both pairs of
options.) See <a class="xref" href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-generating-source-specials'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-src-specials</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-generating-source-specials'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-src-specials=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>This option makes TeX output specific source information using
‘<samp class="samp">\special</samp>’ commands in the DVI file. These ‘<samp class="samp">\special</samp>’ track
the current file name and line number.
</p>
<p>Using the first form of this option, the ‘<samp class="samp">\special</samp>’ commands are
inserted automatically.
</p>
<p>In the second form of the option, <var class="var">string</var> is
a comma separated list of the following values: ‘<samp class="samp">cr</samp>’,
‘<samp class="samp">display</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">hbox</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">math</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">par</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">parend</samp>’,
‘<samp class="samp">vbox</samp>’. You can use this list to specify where you want TeX to
output such commands. For example, ‘<samp class="samp">-src-specials=cr,math</samp>’ will
output source information every line and every math formula.
</p>
<p>These commands can be used with the appropriate DVI viewer and text
editor to switch from the current position in the editor to the same
position in the viewer and back from the viewer
to the editor.
</p>
<p>This option works by inserting ‘<samp class="samp">\special</samp>’ commands into the token
stream, and thus in principle these additional tokens can be recovered
or seen by the tricky-enough macros. If you run across a case, let us
know, because this counts as a bug. However, such bugs are very hard
to fix, requiring significant changes to TeX, so please don’t count
on it.
</p>
<p>Redefining ‘<samp class="samp">\special</samp>’ will not affect the functioning of this
option. The commands inserted into the token stream are
hard-coded to always use the ‘<samp class="samp">\special</samp>’ primitive.
</p>
<p>TeX does not pass the trip test when this option is enabled.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Initial-TeX">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Formats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Formats</a>, Previous: <a href="#tex-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">tex</code> invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX: Typesetting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Initial-TeX-1">5.2 Initial TeX</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-initial-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-initial"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002efmt"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fmt-files"></a>
<p>The <em class="dfn">initial</em> form of TeX is invoked by ‘<samp class="samp">tex -ini</samp>’. It
does lengthy initializations avoided by the “virgin” (<code class="code">vir</code>)
form, so as to be capable of dumping ‘<samp class="samp">.fmt</samp>’ files (see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms,
see <a class="pxref" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>.
</p>
<p>For a list of options and other information, see <a class="pxref" href="#tex-invocation"><code class="code">tex</code> invocation</a>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain_002efmt"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tex_002efmt"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-format-files"></a>
<p>Unlike Metafont and MetaPost, many format files are commonly used with
TeX. The standard one implementing the features described in the
<cite class="cite">TeXbook</cite> is ‘<samp class="samp">plain.fmt</samp>’, also known as ‘<samp class="samp">tex.fmt</samp>’
(again, see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). It is created by default during
installation, but you can also do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if an
update to <samp class="file">plain.tex</samp> is issued):
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">tex -ini '\input plain \dump'
</pre></div>
<p>(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.)
Then install the resulting <samp class="file">plain.fmt</samp> in ‘<samp class="samp">$(fmtdir)</samp>’
(<samp class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</samp> by default), and link
<samp class="file">tex.fmt</samp> to it.
</p>
<p>The necessary invocation for generating a format file differs for each
format, so instructions that come with the format should explain. The
top-level <samp class="file">web2c</samp> Makefile has targets for making most common
formats: <code class="t">plain latex amstex texinfo eplain</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#Formats">Formats</a>, for
more details on TeX formats.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Formats">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Languages and hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX: Typesetting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Formats-1">5.3 Formats</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-formats-for-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-format-packages-for"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macro-packages_002c-major-TeX"></a>
<p>TeX <em class="dfn">formats</em> are large collections of macros, often dumped
into a <samp class="file">.fmt</samp> file (see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>) by <code class="code">tex -ini</code>
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>). A number of formats are in reasonably
widespread use, and the Web2c Makefile has targets to make the versions
current at the time of release. You can change which formats are
automatically built by setting the <code class="code">fmts</code> Make variable; by default,
only the ‘<samp class="samp">plain</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">latex</samp>’ formats are made.
</p>
<p>Nowadays, the formats are generally installed and updated as part of a
larger TeX distribution, such as TeX Live
(<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/texlive">https://tug.org/texlive</a>).
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-LaTeX'><span><code class="t">latex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-LaTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The most widely used format. The current release is named
‘LaTeX2e’; new versions are released approximately every six
months, with patches issued as needed. The old release was called
‘LaTeX 2.09’, and is no longer maintained or supported. LaTeX
attempts to provide generic markup instructions, such as
“emphasize”, instead of specific typesetting instructions, such as
“use the 10<span class="dmn">pt</span> Computer Modern italic font”. The LaTeX home
page: <a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org">https://www.latex-project.org</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-ConTeXt'><span><code class="t">context</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-ConTeXt'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>ConTeXt is an independent macro package which has a basic document
structuring approach similar to LaTeX. It also supports creating
interactive PDF files and has integrated MetaPost support, among many
other interesting features. The ConTeXt home page:
<a class="url" href="http://www.pragma-ade.com">http://www.pragma-ade.com</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-AMSTeX'><span><code class="t">amstex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-AMSTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Mathematical-Reviews"></a>
<p>The official typesetting system of the American Mathematical Society.
Like LaTeX, it encourages generic markup commands. The AMS also
provides many LaTeX packages for authors who prefer LaTeX. Taken
together, they are used to produce nearly all AMS publications, e.g.,
<cite class="cite">Mathematical Reviews</cite>. The AMSTeX home page:
<a class="url" href="https://www.ams.org/tex">https://www.ams.org/tex</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-Texinfo'><span><code class="t">texinfo</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-Texinfo'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Info-format"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system"></a>
<p>The documentation system developed and maintained by the Free Software
Foundation for their software manuals. It can be automatically
converted into plain text, a machine-readable on-line format called
‘info’, HTML, etc. The Texinfo home page:
<a class="url" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo">https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-Eplain'><span><code class="t">eplain</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-Eplain'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expanded-plain-format"></a>
<p>The “expanded plain” format provides various common features (e.g.,
symbolic cross-referencing, tables of contents, indexing, citations
using BibTeX), for those authors who prefer to handle their own
high-level formatting. The Eplain home page:
<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/eplain">https://tug.org/eplain</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-SliTeX'><span><code class="t">slitex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-SliTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slides_002c-producing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beamer_002c-package"></a>
<p>An obsolete LaTeX 2.09 format for making slides. It is replaced by
the ‘<samp class="samp">slides</samp>’ document class, although the ‘<samp class="samp">beamer</samp>’ package
is the most commonly method for making slides nowadays. The Beamer
page on CTAN: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Languages-and-hyphenation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell escapes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Formats" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formats</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX: Typesetting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Languages-and-hyphenation-1">5.4 Languages and hyphenation</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-language-support-in-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation-and-languages"></a>
<p>TeX supports most natural languages. See also <a class="ref" href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a>.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="1">MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="2">TCX files: Character translations</a></li>
<li><a href="#patgen-invocation" accesskey="3">Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="MLTeX">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">TCX files: Character translations</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="MLTeX_003a-Multi_002dlingual-TeX">5.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mltex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Multi_002dlingual-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Ferguson_002c-Michael"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Raichle_002c-Bernd"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glyph-substitutions"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs"></a>
<p>Multi-lingual TeX (<code class="code">mltex</code>) is an extension of TeX originally
written by Michael Ferguson and now updated and maintained by Bernd
Raichle. With the advent of Unicode, it has become obsolete, though
it is still supported in Web2c in the event of bugs or compilation
bugs.
</p>
<p>MLTeX allows the use of non-existing glyphs in a font by declaring
glyph substitutions. These are restricted to substitutions of an
accented character glyph, which need not be defined in the current
font, by its appropriate <code class="code">\accent</code> construction using a base and
accent character glyph, which do have to exist in the current font.
This substitution is automatically done behind the scenes, if
necessary, and thus MLTeX additionally supports hyphenation of
words containing an accented character glyph for fonts missing this
glyph (e.g., Computer Modern). Standard TeX suppresses hyphenation
in this case.
</p>
<p>MLTeX works at <samp class="file">.fmt</samp>-creation time: the basic idea is to
specify the ‘<samp class="samp">-mltex</samp>’ option to TeX when you <code class="code">\dump</code> a
format. Then, when you subsequently invoke TeX and read that
<code class="code">.fmt</code> file, the MLTeX features described below will be enabled.
</p>
<p>Generally, you use special macro files to create an MLTeX <code class="code">.fmt</code>
file.
</p>
<p>The sections below describe the two new primitives that MLTeX defines.
Aside from these, MLTeX is completely compatible with standard TeX.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</a></li>
<li><a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccharsubdef">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</a>, Up: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005ccharsubdef_003a-Character-substitutions">5.4.1.1 <code class="code">\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccharsubdef-and-MLTeX"></a>
<p>The most important primitive MLTeX adds is <code class="code">\charsubdef</code>, used
in a way reminiscent of <code class="code">\chardef</code>:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\charsubdef <var class="var">composite</var> [=] <var class="var">accent</var> <var class="var">base</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Each of <var class="var">composite</var>, <var class="var">accent</var>, and <var class="var">base</var> are font glyph
numbers, expressed in the usual TeX syntax: <code class="t">`\e</code> symbolically,
<code class="t">'145</code> for octal, <code class="t">"65</code> for hex, <code class="t">101</code> for decimal.
</p>
<p>MLTeX’s <code class="code">\charsubdef</code> declares how to construct an accented
character glyph (not necessarily existing in the current font) using two
character glyphs (that do exist). Thus it defines whether a character
glyph code, either typed as a single character or using the <code class="code">\char</code>
primitive, will be mapped to a font glyph or to an <code class="code">\accent</code> glyph
construction.
</p>
<p>For example, if you assume glyph code 138
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002dcircumflex"></a>
(decimal) for an e-circumflex
and you are using the Computer Modern fonts, which have the circumflex
accent in position 18 and lowercase ‘e’ in the usual ASCII position 101
decimal, you would use <code class="code">\charsubdef</code> as follows:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\charsubdef 138 = 18 101
</pre></div>
<p>For the plain TeX format to make use of this substitution, you have
to redefine the circumflex accent macro <code class="code">\^</code> in such a way that if
its argument is character ‘e’ the expansion <code class="code">\char138 </code> is used
instead of <code class="code">\accent18 e</code>. Similar <code class="code">\charsubdef</code> declaration
and macro redefinitions have to be done for all other accented
characters.
</p>
<p>To disable a previous <code class="code">\charsubdef <var class="var">c</var></code>, redefine <var class="var">c</var>
as a pair of zeros. For example:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\charsubdef '321 = 0 0 % disable N tilde
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-N-tilde"></a>
<p>(Octal <code class="t">'321</code> is the ISO Latin-1 value for the Spanish N tilde.)
</p>
<p><code class="code">\charsubdef</code> commands should only be given once. Although in
principle you can use <code class="code">\charsubdef</code> at any time, the result is
unspecified. If <code class="code">\charsubdef</code> declarations are changed, usually
either incorrect character dimensions will be used or MLTeX will
output missing character warnings. (The substitution of a
<code class="code">\charsubdef</code> is used by TeX when appending the character node
to the current horizontal list, to compute the width of a horizontal box
when the box gets packed, and when building the <code class="code">\accent</code>
construction at <code class="code">\shipout</code>-time. In summary, the substitution is
accessed often, so changing it is not desirable, nor generally useful.)
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</a>, Up: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef_003a-Substitution-diagnostics">5.4.1.2 <code class="code">\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctracingcharsubdef-and-MLTeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-redefined-character-substitutions"></a>
<p>To help diagnose problems with ‘<samp class="samp">\charsubdef</samp>’, MLTeX provides a
new primitive parameter, <code class="code">\tracingcharsubdef</code>. If positive, every
use of <code class="code">\charsubdef</code> will be reported. This can help track down
when a character is redefined.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctracinglostchars-and-MLTeX"></a>
<p>In addition, if the TeX parameter <code class="code">\tracinglostchars</code> is 100 or
more, the character substitutions actually performed at
<code class="code">\shipout</code>-time will be recorded.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="TCX-files">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#patgen-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</a>, Previous: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="TCX-files_003a-Character-translations">5.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TCX-character-translation-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etcx-character-translation-files-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-translation-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-international-characters"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-8_002dbit-characters"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accented-character"></a>
<p>TCX (TeX character translation) files help TeX support direct
input of 8-bit international characters if fonts containing those
characters are being used. Specifically, they map an input (keyboard)
character code to the internal TeX character code (a superset of
ASCII).
</p>
<p>Of the various proposals for handling more than one input encoding,
TCX files were chosen because they follow Knuth’s original ideas for
the use of the ‘<samp class="samp">xchr</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">xord</samp>’ tables. He ventured that
these would be changed in the WEB source in order to adjust the actual
version to a given environment. It turns out, however, that
recompiling the WEB sources is not as simple a task as Knuth may have
imagined; therefore, TCX files, providing the possibility of changing
of the conversion tables on on-the-fly, have been implemented instead.
</p>
<p>This approach limits the portability of TeX documents, as some
implementations do not support it (or use a different method for
input-internal reencoding). It may also be problematic to determine
the encoding to use for a TeX document of unknown provenance; in
the worst case, failure to do so correctly may result in subtle errors
in the typeset output. But we feel the benefits outweigh these
disadvantages.
</p>
<p>This is entirely independent of the MLTeX extension (see <a class="pxref" href="#MLTeX">MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a>):
whereas a TCX file defines how an input keyboard character is mapped to
TeX’s internal code, MLTeX defines substitutions for a
non-existing character glyph in a font with a <code class="code">\accent</code>
construction made out of two separate character glyphs. TCX files
involve no new primitives; it is not possible to specify
that an input (keyboard) character maps to more than one character.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-WEB2C_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files"></a>
<p>Information on specifying TCX files:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>The best way to specify a TCX file is to list it explicitly in the
first line of the main document:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">%& -translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var>
</pre></div>
</li><li>You can also specify a TCX file to be used on a particular TeX run
with the command-line option ‘<samp class="samp">-translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></samp>’.
</li><li>TCX files are searched for along the <code class="code">WEB2C</code> path.
</li><li>Initial TeX (see <a class="pxref" href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>) ignores TCX files.
</li></ul>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-il1_002dt1_002etcx"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-il2_002dt1_002etcx"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-empty_002etcx"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input"></a>
<p>The Web2c distribution comes with a number of TCX files. Two
important ones are <samp class="file">il1-t1.tcx</samp> and <samp class="file">il2-t1.tcx</samp>, which
support ISO Latin 1 and ISO Latin 2, respectively, with Cork-encoded
fonts (a.k.a. the LaTeX T1 encoding). TCX files for Czech,
Polish, and Slovak are also provided.
</p>
<p>One other notable TCX file is <samp class="file">empty.tcx</samp>, which is, well,
empty. Its purpose is to reset Web2C’s behavior to the default (only
visible ASCII being printable, as described below) when a format was
dumped with another TCX being active—which is in fact the case for
everything but plain TeX in the TeX Live and other distributions.
Thus:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">latex somefile8.tex
⇒ terminal etc. output with 8-bit chars
latex --translate-file=empty.tcx somefile8.tex
⇒ terminal etc. output with ^^ notation
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-syntax-of-TCX-files"></a>
<p>Syntax of TCX files:
</p><ol class="enumerate">
<li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
Line-oriented. Blank lines are ignored.
</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
Whitespace is ignored except as a separator.
</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
Comments start with ‘<samp class="samp">%</samp>’ and continue to the end of the line.
</li><li> Otherwise, a line consists of one or two character codes, optionally
followed by 0 or 1. The last number indicates whether <var class="var">dest</var> is
considered printable.
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">src</var> [<var class="var">dest</var> [<var class="var">prnt</var>]]
</pre></div>
</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
Each character code may be specified in octal with a leading ‘<samp class="samp">0</samp>’,
hexadecimal with a leading ‘<samp class="samp">0x</samp>’, or decimal otherwise. Values must
be between 0 and 255, inclusive (decimal).
</li><li> If the <var class="var">dest</var> code is not specified, it is taken to be the same as
<var class="var">src</var>.
</li><li> If the same <var class="var">src</var> code is specified more than once, it is the last
definition that counts.
</li></ol>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-printable-characters_002c-specifying"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005e_005e-notation_002c-avoiding"></a>
<p>Finally, here’s what happens: when TeX sees an input character with
code <var class="var">src</var>, it 1) changes <var class="var">src</var> to <var class="var">dest</var>; and 2) makes the
<var class="var">dest</var> code “printable”, i.e., printed as-is in diagnostics and the
log file rather than in ‘<samp class="samp">^^</samp>’ notation.
</p>
<p>By default, no characters are translated, and character codes between 32
and 126 inclusive (decimal) are printable.
</p>
<p>Specifying translations for the printable ASCII characters (codes
32–127) will yield unpredictable results. Additionally you shouldn’t
make the following characters printable: <code class="code">^^I</code> (TAB), <code class="code">^^J</code>
(line feed), <code class="code">^^M</code> (carriage return), and <code class="code">^^?</code> (delete),
since TeX uses them in various ways.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-character-code_002c-translating"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating"></a>
<p>Thus, the idea is to specify the input (keyboard) character code for
<var class="var">src</var>, and the output (font) character code for <var class="var">dest</var>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_002d8bit_002e"></a>
<p>By default, only the printable ASCII characters are considered printable
by TeX. If you specify the ‘<samp class="samp">-8bit</samp>’ option, all characters are
considered printable by default. If you specify both the ‘<samp class="samp">-8bit</samp>’
option and a TCX file, then the TCX can set specific characters to be
non-printable.
</p>
<p>Both the specified TCX encoding and whether characters are printable
are saved in the dump files (like <samp class="file">tex.fmt</samp>). So by giving these
options in combination with ‘<samp class="samp">-ini</samp>’, you control the defaults seen
by anyone who uses the resulting dump file.
</p>
<p>When loading a dump, if the ‘<samp class="samp">-8bit</samp>’ option was given, then all
characters become printable by default.
</p>
<p>When loading a dump, if a TCX file was specified, then the TCX data from
the dump is ignored and the data from the file used instead.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="patgen-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TCX files: Character translations</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="Patgen_003a-Creating-hyphenation-patterns">5.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-patgen"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for"></a>
<p>Patgen creates hyphenation patterns from dictionary files for use with
TeX. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">patgen <var class="var">dictionary</var> <var class="var">patterns</var> <var class="var">output</var> <var class="var">translate</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Each argument is a filename. No path searching is done. The output is
written to the file <var class="var">output</var>.
</p>
<p>In addition, Patgen prompts interactively for other values.
</p>
<p>For more information, see <cite class="cite">Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-put-er</cite> by
Frank Liang (see <a class="pxref" href="#References">References</a>), and also the <samp class="file">patgen.web</samp> source file.
</p>
<p>The only options are ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Shell-escapes">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">IPC and TeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Languages and hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX: Typesetting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Shell-escapes-1">5.5 Shell escapes</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-commands-in-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-restricted-shell-escapes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-system-command"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell_005fescape-enabling-in-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite18"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite18-shell-escape-extension"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-system-C-library-function"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texmf_002ecnf-for-shell-escapes"></a>
<p>TeX can execute <em class="dfn">shell escapes</em>, that is, arbitrary shell
commands. Although tremendously useful, this also has obvious
security implications. Therefore, as of TeX Live 2009, a
<em class="dfn">restricted</em> mode for shell escapes is the default mode of
operation, which allows executing only certain commands, as specified
in the <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> configuration file.
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Unrestricted shell escapes are allowed if the option
<samp class="option">--shell-escape</samp> is specified, or if the environment variable
or config file value <code class="code">shell_escape</code> is set to ‘<samp class="samp">t</samp>’ or
‘<samp class="samp">y</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’.
</li><li>Restricted shell escapes are allowed if <code class="code">shell_escape</code> is set to
‘<samp class="samp">p</samp>’. This is the default.
</li><li>Shell escapes are completely disabled if <samp class="option">--no-shell-escape</samp> is
specified, or if <code class="code">shell_escape</code> is set to anything else.
</li></ul>
<p>When enabled, the TeX construct to execute a system command is
<code class="code">\write18{<var class="var">shell-command</var>}</code>; for example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\write18{echo "hello, world"}
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coutput-routine_002c-and-_005cwrite"></a>
<p>From TeX’s point of view, this is a normal <code class="code">\write</code> command,
and is therefore subject to the usual TeX expansions. Also, the
system call either happens during the ‘<samp class="samp">\output</samp>’ routine or right
away, according to the absence or presence of the <code class="code">\immediate</code>
prefix, as usual for <code class="code">\write</code>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exit-status_002c-of-shell-escape"></a>
<p>The <var class="var">shell-command</var> string is passed to the command shell (via the
C library function <code class="code">system</code>). The output of <var class="var">shell-command</var>
is not diverted anywhere, so it will not appear in the log file, or
anywhere but the terminal output. The exit status of the system call
is also not available to TeX.
</p>
<p>In unrestricted mode, the argument is simply passed straight to
<code class="code">system</code> unaltered.
</p>
<p>In restricted mode, ASCII double quote characters (<code class="verb">"</code>) should
always be used in the argument to <code class="code">\write18</code> where quoting of
arguments is needed, as in the example above. This is to achieve some
measure of system independence. On Unix systems, these are replaced
with single quote (<code class="verb">'</code>) characters to avoid insecure further
expansion. Care is also taken on Windows to avoid additional
expansions (from, e.g., <code class="verb">`...`</code>). Mismatched quotation marks
in the command string result in a diagnostic message in the log file;
no execution is performed.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell_005fescape_005fcommands"></a>
<p>After quotation processing, if the first word (delimited by a space or
tab) of the command is in the list specified by the
<code class="code">shell_escape_commands</code> configuration value, the command is
executed. Otherwise it is not. In any case, a message is written to
the log file.
</p>
<p>The <code class="code">shell_escape_commands</code> value is a comma-separated list of
words. Whitespace is significant, and typically should not be
present. The default definition in <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> looks like this,
but with more commands included:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">shell_escape_commands = bibtex,kpsewhich,repstopdf,...
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pipes_002c-reading-and-writing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenin_002c-and-pipes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinput_002c-and-pipes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenout_002c-and-pipes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpdfshellescape"></a>
<p>pdfTeX and luaTeX support reading (via <code class="code">\input</code> and
<code class="code">\openin</code>) and writing (via <code class="code">\openout</code>) from pipes if the
first character is ‘<samp class="samp">|</samp>’. The following command is then treated
exactly the same as the argument to <code class="code">\write18</code>. In these
engines, the primitive variable <code class="code">\pdfshellescape</code> is set to 0 if
shell escapes are disabled, 1 if they are enabled, and 2 if they are
enabled with restrictions.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-web-environments_002c-and-security"></a>
<p>The purpose of this feature is to make it possible for TeX
documents to perform useful external actions in the common case of an
individual user running a known document on his or her own machine.
In such environments as CGI scripts or wikis where the input has to be
considered untrustworthy, shell escapes should be completely disabled.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="IPC-and-TeX">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-extensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Extended TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell escapes</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX: Typesetting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="IPC-and-TeX-1">5.6 IPC and TeX</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-IPC"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sockets"></a>
<p>(If anyone uses this feature and needs documentation, write
<a class="email" href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a>.)
</p>
<p>This functionality is available only if the ‘<samp class="samp">--enable-ipc</samp>’ option
was specified to <code class="code">configure</code> during installation of Web2c
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Installation">Installation</a>).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-1"></a>
<p>If you define <code class="code">IPC_DEBUG</code> before compilation (e.g., with ‘<samp class="samp">make
XCFLAGS=-DIPC_DEBUG</samp>’), TeX will print messages to standard error
about its socket operations. This may be helpful if you are, well,
debugging.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="TeX-extensions">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">IPC and TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX: Typesetting</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Extended-TeX-engines">5.7 Extended TeX engines</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-extensions-to-TeX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-extensions-to"></a>
<p>The base TeX program has been extended in many ways.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross_002dengine-functionality"></a>
<p>There has been a substantial effort to make a set of extended
functionality available across all actively-updated engines, so that
formats, notably LaTeX, can rely on it. A list of this common
extended functionality is in a <cite class="cite">LaTeX News</cite> article,
<a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews31.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews31.pdf</a>.
For engines in TeX Live, the detailed documentation for these
primitives is mostly in the pdfTeX manual
(<a class="url" href="http://pdftex.org">http://pdftex.org</a>).
</p>
<p>In addition, each engine (naturally) has its own particular features,
described in its own manual. Here’s a partial list of the engines.
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-e_002dTeX'><span>e-TeX<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-e_002dTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-primitives_002c-new"></a>
<p>Adds many new primitives, including right-to-left typesetting and more
registers. Now frozen. More info: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/etex">https://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-Aleph'><span>Aleph<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-Aleph'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Omega"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode"></a>
<p>This adds Unicode support, right-to-left typesetting, and more, based
on the Omega engine, with the e-TeX and other extensions. Aleph is
maintained only for serious bug fixes and does not include the common
functionality mentioned above. More info:
<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/aleph">https://ctan.org/pkg/aleph</a>, <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/omega">https://ctan.org/pkg/omega</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-pdfTeX'><span>pdfTeX<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pdfTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PDF"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-micro_002dtypography"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hypertext"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etex-is-pdfTeX"></a>
<p>Can produce PDF as well as DVI files. It also incorporates the
e-TeX extensions, new primitives for hypertext and
micro-typography, reading/writing from pipes, and much more. In
TeX Live, the command <code class="command">etex</code> invokes pdfTeX to make all
these additions available with DVI output. Home page:
<a class="url" href="http://pdftex.org">http://pdftex.org</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-LuaTeX'><span>LuaTeX<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-LuaTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Lua"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8-input_002c-native"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-OpenType-support"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TrueType-support"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-system-fonts_002c-using"></a>
<p>Embeds the Lua programming language (<a class="url" href="http://lua.org">http://lua.org</a>) and opens
up the TeX typesetting engine to control from Lua, starting from
the pdfTeX capabilities as a base. Also natively supports UTF-8
input, the OpenType and TrueType font formats, and use of system
fonts. Home page: <a class="url" href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-XeTeX'><span>XeTeX<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-XeTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></a>
<p>Combines support for Unicode input, the OpenType and TrueType font
formats, and use of system fonts with the capabilities of pdfTeX,
with the exception of the font expansion part of micro-typography.
Home page: <a class="url" href="https://tug.org/xetex">https://tug.org/xetex</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-hiTeX'><span>hiTeX<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-hiTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-HINT-_0028Hint-Is-Not-TeX_0029"></a>
<p>Outputs its own HINT format, which is designed for reading
technical documents on mobile devices. More info:
<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex">https://ctan.org/pkg/hitex</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-pTeX'><span>pTeX<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>upTeX</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-upTeX"></a>
<p>With additional support for Japanese; pTeX was the original engine,
and upTeX has native Unicode support and thus is more useful for
Chinese and Korean. More info: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a>,
<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-epTeX'><span>epTeX<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-epTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>eupTeX</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eupTeX"></a>
<p>Further extends pTeX and upTeX with the e-TeX extensions.
More info: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/eptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/eptex</a>,
<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/euptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/euptex</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Metafont">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="n" rel="next">MetaPost: Generating PostScript</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX: Typesetting</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Metafont_003a-Creating-typeface-families">6 Metafont: Creating typeface families</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typeface-families"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-geometric-designs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shapes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-design"></a>
<p>Metafont is a system for producing shapes; it was designed for producing
complete typeface families, but it can also produce geometric designs,
dingbats, etc. And it has considerable mathematical and
equation-solving capabilities which can be useful entirely on their own.
</p>
<p>Metafont is a batch language, like C or Pascal: you compile a Metafont
program into a corresponding font, rather than interactively drawing
lines or curves. This approach has both considerable disadvantages
(people unfamiliar with conventional programming languages will be
unlikely to find it usable) and considerable advantages (you can make
your design intentions specific and parameterizable). For a complete
description of the Metafont language, see <cite class="cite">The METAFONTbook</cite>
(see <a class="pxref" href="#References">References</a>).
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#mf-invocation" accesskey="1"><code class="code">mf</code> invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="2">Initial Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#Modes" accesskey="3">Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="4">Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="5">GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#mft-invocation" accesskey="6">MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="mf-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="mf-invocation-1">6.1 <code class="code">mf</code> invocation</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mf"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont-invocation"></a>
<p>Metafont (usually invoked as <code class="code">mf</code>) reads character definitions
specified in the Metafont programming language, and outputs the
corresponding font. This section merely describes the options available
in the Web2c implementation. For a complete description of the Metafont
language, see <cite class="cite">The Metafontbook</cite> (see <a class="pxref" href="#References">References</a>).
</p>
<p>Metafont processes its command line and determines its memory dump
(base) file in a way exactly analogous to MetaPost and TeX
(see <a class="pxref" href="#tex-invocation"><code class="code">tex</code> invocation</a>, and see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">mf [<var class="var">option</var>]… [<var class="var">mfname</var>[.mf]] [<var class="var">mf-commands</var>]
mf [<var class="var">option</var>]… \<var class="var">first-line</var>
mf [<var class="var">option</var>]… &<var class="var">base</var> <var class="var">args</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Most commonly, a Metafont invocation looks like this:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">mf '\mode:=<var class="var">mode</var>; mag:=<var class="var">magnification</var>; input <var class="var">mfname</var>'
</pre></div>
<p>(The single quotes avoid unwanted interpretation by the shell.)
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002emf"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont-input-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-EC-fonts-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mktexmf_002c-disabling"></a>
<p>Metafont searches the usual places for the main input file <var class="var">mfname</var>
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>), extending
<var class="var">mfname</var> with <samp class="file">.mf</samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant
paths, set the environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’
before running the program. By default, Metafont runs an external
program named <samp class="file">mktexmf</samp> to create any nonexistent Metafont source
files you input. You can disable this at configure-time or runtime
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). This is mostly
for the sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002ennngf-generic-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mfput"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-GF-output"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont"></a>
<p>Metafont writes the main GF output to the file
<samp class="file"><var class="var">basemfname</var>.<var class="var">nnn</var>gf</samp>, where <var class="var">nnn</var> is the font
resolution in pixels per inch, and <var class="var">basemfname</var> is the basename of
<var class="var">mfname</var>, or ‘<samp class="samp">mfput</samp>’ if no input file was specified. A GF file
contains bitmaps of the actual character shapes. Usually GF files are
converted immediately to PK files with GFtoPK (see <a class="pxref" href="#gftopk-invocation">GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a>), since PK files contain equivalent information, but are
more compact. (Metafont output in GF format rather than PK for only
historical reasons.)
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etfm-output"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont"></a>
<p>Metafont also usually writes a metric file in TFM format to
<samp class="file"><var class="var">basemfname</var>.tfm</samp>. A TFM file contains character dimensions,
kerns, and ligatures, and spacing parameters. TeX reads only this
<code class="t">.tfm</code> file, not the GF file.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mode-needed-to-run-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-proof-mode"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-2602gf"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002e2602gf"></a>
<p>The <var class="var">mode</var> in the example command above is a name referring to a
device definition (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a>); for example, <code class="code">localfont</code> or
<code class="code">ljfour</code>. These device definitions must generally be precompiled
into the base file. If you leave this out, the default is <code class="code">proof</code>
mode, as stated in <cite class="cite">The Metafontbook</cite>, in which Metafont outputs at
a resolution of 2602<span class="dmn">dpi</span>; this is usually not what you want. The
remedy is simply to assign a different mode—<code class="code">localfont</code>, for
example.
</p>
<p>The <var class="var">magnification</var> assignment in the example command above is a
magnification factor; for example, if the device is 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> and you
specify <code class="code">mag:=2</code>, Metafont will produce output at 1200<span class="dmn">dpi</span>.
Very often, the <var class="var">magnification</var> is an expression such as
<code class="code">magstep(.5)</code>, corresponding to a TeX “magstep”, which are
factors of
</p>
<p>After running Metafont, you can use the font in a TeX document as
usual. For example:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\font\myfont = newfont
\myfont Now I am typesetting in my new font (minimum hamburgers).
</pre></div>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-fmt=<var class="var">fmtname</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-halt-on-error</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-ini</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-interaction=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=<var class="var">number</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-output-directory</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-progname=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-recorder</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-8bit</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
See <a class="xref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-mktex=<var class="var">filetype</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-no-mktex=<var class="var">filetype</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"></a>
<p>Turn on or off the ‘<samp class="samp">mktex</samp>’ script associated with <var class="var">filetype</var>.
The only value that makes sense for <var class="var">filetype</var> is ‘<samp class="samp">mf</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Initial-Metafont">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a>, Previous: <a href="#mf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">mf</code> invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Initial-Metafont-1">6.2 Initial Metafont</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-initial-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont_002c-initial"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002ebase"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-base-files"></a>
<p><code class="code">inimf</code> is the “initial” form of Metafont, which does lengthy
initializations avoided by the “virgin” (<code class="code">vir</code>) form, so as to
be capable of dumping ‘<samp class="samp">.base</samp>’ files (see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For
a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms, see <a class="ref" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>.
</p>
<p>For a list of options and other information, see <a class="ref" href="#mf-invocation"><code class="code">mf</code> invocation</a>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain_002ebase"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mf_002ebase"></a>
<p>The only memory dump file commonly used with Metafont is the default
‘<samp class="samp">plain.base</samp>’, also known as ‘<samp class="samp">mf.base</samp>’ (again, see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). It is created by default during installation, but you can also
do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if a Metafont update is issued):
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">mf -ini '\input plain; input modes; dump'
</pre></div>
<p>(The quotes prevent interpretation of the backslashes from the shell.)
Then install the resulting <samp class="file">plain.base</samp> in ‘<samp class="samp">$(basedir)</samp>’
(<samp class="file">/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</samp> by default), and link
<samp class="file">mf.base</samp> to it.
</p>
<p>For an explanation of the additional <samp class="file">modes.mf</samp> file,
see <a class="ref" href="#Modes">Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a>. This file has no counterpart in TeX or MetaPost.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cmmf_002ebase-not-recommended"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cm_002ebase"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cmbase_002emf"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Computer-Modern-macros"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-base-files_002c-plain-only"></a>
<p>In the past, it was sometimes useful to create a base file
<samp class="file">cmmf.base</samp> (a.k.a. <samp class="file">cm.base</samp>), with the Computer Modern
macros also included in the base file. Nowadays, however, the
additional time required to read <samp class="file">cmbase.mf</samp> is exceedingly small,
usually not enough to be worth the administrative hassle of updating the
<samp class="file">cmmf.base</samp> file when you install a new version of <samp class="file">modes.mf</samp>.
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-type-design_002c-personal"></a>
People actually working on a typeface may still find it worthwhile to
create their own base file, of course.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Modes">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Online Metafont graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Modes_003a-Device-definitions-for-Metafont">6.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-modes-file-needed-for-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont"></a>
<p>Running Metafont and creating Metafont base files requires information
that TeX and MetaPost do not: <em class="dfn">mode</em> definitions which specify
device characteristics, so Metafont can properly rasterize the shapes.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-modes_002emf-recommended-modes-file"></a>
<p>When making a base file, a file containing modes for locally-available
devices should be input after <samp class="file">plain.mf</samp>. One commonly used file
is <a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>; it includes all known
definitions.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-small-Metafont-memory-and-modes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mode_005fdef"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mode_005fsetup"></a>
<p>If, however, for some reason you have decreased the memory available in
your Metafont, you may need to copy <samp class="file">modes.mf</samp> and remove the
definitions irrelevant to you (probably most of them) instead of using
it directly. (Or, if you’re a Metafont hacker, maybe you can suggest a
way to redefine <code class="code">mode_def</code> and/or <code class="code">mode_setup</code>; right now, the
amount of memory used is approximately four times the total length of
the <code class="code">mode_def</code> names, and that’s a lot.)
</p>
<p>If you have a device not included in <samp class="file">modes.mf</samp>, please see
comments in that file for how to create the new definition, and please
send the definition to <a class="email" href="mailto:tex-fonts@math.utah.edu">tex-fonts@math.utah.edu</a> to get it included
in the next release of <samp class="file">modes.mf</samp>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-smode-and-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-smode"></a>
<p>Usually, when you run Metafont you must supply the name of a mode that
was dumped in the base file. But you can also define the mode
characteristics dynamically, by invoking Metafont with an assignment to
<code class="code">smode</code> instead of <code class="code">mode</code>, like this:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">mf '\smode:="newmode.mf"; mag:=<var class="var">magnification</var>; input <var class="var">mfname</var>'
</pre></div>
<p>This is most useful when you are working on the definition of a new
mode.
</p>
<p>The <var class="var">magnification</var> and <var class="var">mfname</var> arguments are explained in
<a class="ref" href="#mf-invocation"><code class="code">mf</code> invocation</a>. In the file <samp class="file">newmode.mf</samp>, you should have the
following (with no <code class="code">mode_def</code> or <code class="code">enddef</code>), if you are using
<samp class="file">modes.mf</samp> conventions:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">mode_param (pixels_per_inch, <var class="var">dpi</var>);
mode_param (blacker, <var class="var">b</var>);
mode_param (fillin, <var class="var">f</var>);
mode_param (o_correction, <var class="var">o</var>);
mode_common_setup_;
</pre></div>
<p>(Of course, you should use real numbers for <var class="var">dpi</var>, <var class="var">b</var>, <var class="var">f</var>,
and <var class="var">o</var>.)
</p>
<p>For more information on the use of <code class="code">smode</code>, or if you are not using
<samp class="file">modes.mf</samp>, see page 269 of <cite class="cite">The Metafontbook</cite>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Online-Metafont-graphics">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Online-Metafont-graphics-1">6.4 Online Metafont graphics</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-online-Metafont-graphics"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont-graphics"></a>
<p>The Web2c implementation of Metafont can do online graphics with a
number of devices. (See the Metafont manual for more information about
how to draw on your screen.) By default, no graphics support is
enabled.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MFTERM"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TERM"></a>
<p>Metafont examines the <code class="code">MFTERM</code> environment variable or config file
value at runtime, or the <code class="code">TERM</code> environment variable if
<code class="code">MFTERM</code> is not set, to determine the device support to use.
Naturally, only the devices for which support has been compiled in can
be selected.
</p>
<p>Here is a table of the possibilities, showing the <code class="code">MFTERM</code> value
and the corresponding <code class="code">configure</code> option(s) in parentheses.
</p>
<dl class="vtable">
<dt id='index-epsf'><span><code class="code">epsf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-epsf'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Herberts_002c-Mathias"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002depsfwin"></a>
<p>(‘<samp class="samp">--enable-epsfwin</samp>’) Pseudo-window server for Encapsulated
PostScript (see <samp class="file">web2c/window/epsf.c</samp>). This device produces an
EPS file containing the graphics which would be displayed online on
other devices. The name of the EPS file defaults to metafont.eps but
can be changed by setting the MFEPSF environment variable to the new
filename. Contributed by Mathias Herberts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-hp2627'><span><code class="code">hp2627</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-hp2627'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dhp2627win"></a>
<p>(‘<samp class="samp">--enable-hp2627win</samp>’) HP2627a color graphics terminals.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-mftalk'><span><code class="code">mftalk</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-mftalk'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dmftalkwin"></a>
<p>(‘<samp class="samp">--enable-mftalkwin</samp>’) Generic window server (see
<samp class="file">web2c/window/mftalk.c</samp>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-next'><span><code class="code">next</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-next'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DrawingServant"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dnext"></a>
<p>(‘<samp class="samp">--enable-next</samp>’) NeXT window system. This requires a separate
program, called <code class="code">DrawingServant</code>, available separately. See the
<samp class="file">web2c/window/next.c</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-regis'><span><code class="code">regis</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-regis'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dregiswin"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Regis-graphics-support"></a>
<p>(‘<samp class="samp">--enable-regiswin</samp>’) Regis terminals.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-sun'><span><code class="code">sun</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-sun'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-SunView"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Suntools"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dsuntoolswin"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sun_002dgfx_002ec"></a>
<p>(‘<samp class="samp">--enable-suntoolswin</samp>’) The old Suntools (not any flavor of X)
window system. (You can get the even older SunWindows <code class="code">gfx</code> system
by using <samp class="file">sun-gfx.c</samp>.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-tek'><span><code class="code">tek</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-tek'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Tektronix"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dtektronixwin"></a>
<p>(‘<samp class="samp">--enable-tektronixwin</samp>’) Tektronix terminals.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Poole_002c-Simon"></a>
</dd>
<dt id='index-uniterm'><span><code class="code">uniterm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-uniterm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Tektronix-4014"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dunitermwin"></a>
<p>(‘<samp class="samp">--enable-unitermwin</samp>’) Uniterm, Simon Poole’s emulator of a smart
Tektronix 4014 terminal. This may work with regular Tektronix terminals
as well; it’s faster than the driver ‘<samp class="samp">--enable-tektronixwin</samp>’ selects.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-NO_005fX11WIN"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Xt"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Xlib"></a>
</dd>
<dt id='index-xterm'><span><code class="code">xterm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-xterm'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dwith_002dx"></a>
<p>‘<samp class="samp">--with-x</samp>’ The X window system (version 11).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dwith_002dmf_002dx_002dtoolkit_003dkit"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-toolkits_002c-X"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Xt-support"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Xlib-support"></a>
<p>There are two variants of the X11 support, one that works with the Xt
toolkit, and another that works directly with Xlib. The Xt support is
more efficient and has more functionality, so it is the default. If you
must use the Xlib support, use ‘<samp class="samp">configure --with-x
--with-kf-x-toolkit=no</samp>’.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dmf_002dnowin"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dwindows_002dcapable-Metafont"></a>
<p>Specify ‘<samp class="samp">--disable-mf-nowin</samp>’ in order not to build a separate
non-windows-capable Metafont executable <code class="code">mf-nowin</code> (or
<code class="code">mf-nowin.exe</code>).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-X-resources"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-X-class-name-for-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-name-for-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-geometry-for-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont-geometry"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eXdefaults"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eXresources"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dgeometry_002c-supported-with-Xt"></a>
<p>You cannot specify any of the usual X options (e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">-geometry</samp>’)
on the Metafont command line, but you can specify X resources in your
<samp class="file">~/.Xdefaults</samp> or <samp class="file">~/.Xresources</samp> file. The class name is
<code class="code">Metafont</code>. If you’re using the Xt support, all the usual X toolkit
resources are supported. If you’re using the Xlib support, only the
<code class="code">geometry</code> resource is supported.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DISPLAY"></a>
<p>You specify the X display to which Metafont connects in the
<code class="code">DISPLAY</code> environment variable, as usual.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont-online-support_002c-new-devices"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texmfmp_002ec"></a>
<p>Writing support for a new device is straightforward. Aside from defining
the basic drawing routines that Metafont uses (see <samp class="file">mf.web</samp>), you
only have to add another entry to the tables on the last page of
<samp class="file">web2c/lib/texmfmp.c</samp>. Or you can write an independent program and
use MFtalk (see <samp class="file">web2c/window/mftalk.c</samp>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="gftodvi-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#mft-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</a>, Previous: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Online Metafont graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="GFtoDVI_003a-Character-proofs-of-fonts">6.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-gftodvi"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-proofs-of-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-proofs"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts"></a>
<p>GFtoDVI makes <em class="dfn">proof sheets</em> from a GF bitmap file as output by, for
example, Metafont (see <a class="pxref" href="#Metafont">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a>). This is an indispensable aid for
font designers or Metafont hackers. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">gftodvi [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">gfname</var>[gf]
</pre></div>
<p>The font <var class="var">gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running
the program.
</p>
<p>The suffix ‘<samp class="samp">gf</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
not an extension, no ‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’ precedes it; for instance, <samp class="file">cmr10.600gf</samp>.
</p>
<p>The output filename is the basename of <var class="var">gfname</var> extended with
<samp class="file">.dvi</samp>, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">gftodvi /wherever/foo.600gf</samp>’ creates
<samp class="file">./foo.dvi</samp>.
</p>
<p>The characters from <var class="var">gfname</var> appear one per page in the DVI output,
with labels, titles, and annotations, as specified in Appendix H
(Hardcopy Proofs) of <cite class="cite">The Metafontbook</cite>.
</p>
<p>GFtoDVI uses several fonts besides <var class="var">gfname</var> itself:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-gray-font"></a>
<em class="dfn">gray font</em> (default <samp class="file">gray</samp>): for the pixels that actually make
up the character. Simply using black is not right, since then labels,
key points, and other information could not be shown.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-title-font"></a>
<em class="dfn">title font</em> (default <samp class="file">cmr8</samp>): for the header information at
the top of each output page.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-label-font"></a>
<em class="dfn">label font</em> (default <samp class="file">cmtt10</samp>): for the labels on key points
of the figure.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slant-font"></a>
<em class="dfn">slant font</em> (no default): for diagonal lines, which are otherwise
simulated using horizontal and vertical rules.
</li></ul>
<p>To change the default fonts, you must use <code class="code">special</code> commands in
your Metafont source file, typically via commands like <code class="code">slantfont
slantlj4</code>. There is no default slant font since no one printer is
suitable as a default. You can make your own by copying one of the
existing files, such as
<samp class="file">.../fonts/source/public/misc/slantlj4.mf</samp> and then running
<code class="command">mf</code> on it.
</p>
<p>For testing purposes, you may it useful to run <code class="code">mf-nowin rtest</code>
(hit RETURN when it stops) to get a <samp class="file">gf</samp> file of a thorn glyph.
Or use <code class="command">mf</code> instead of <code class="command">mf-nowin</code> to have the glyph(s)
displayed on the screen. After that, <code class="code">gftodvi rtest.2602gf</code>
should produce <samp class="file">rtest.dvi</samp>, which you process as usual.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003dpoints'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-overflow-label-offset=<var class="var">points</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003dpoints'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overflow-label-offset"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-offset-for-overflow-labels"></a>
<p>Typeset the so-called overflow labels, if any, <var class="var">points</var> TeX
points from the right edge of the character bounding box. The default
is a little over two inches (ten million scaled points, to be precise).
Overflow equations are used to locate coordinates when their actual
position is too crowded with other information.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="mft-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="MFT_003a-Prettyprinting-Metafont-source">6.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mft"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont-source_002c-prettyprinting"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-creating-from-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mftmac_002etex"></a>
<p>MFT translates a Metafont program into a TeX document suitable for
typesetting, with the aid of TeX macros defined in the file
<samp class="file">mftmac.tex</samp>. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">mft [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">mfname</var>[.mf]
</pre></div>
<p>MFT searches the usual places for <var class="var">mfname</var> (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file
formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running
the program. The output goes to the basename of <var class="var">mfname</var> extended
with <samp class="file">.tex</samp>, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">mft /wherever/foo.mf</samp>’ creates
<samp class="file">./foo.tex</samp>.
</p>
<p>Line breaks in the input are carried over into the output; moreover,
blank spaces at the beginning of a line are converted to quads of
indentation in the output. Thus, you have full control over the
indentation and line breaks. Each line of input is translated
independently of the others.
</p>
<p>Further control is allowed via Metafont comments:
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-comments_002c-MFT-control"></a>
</p><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Metafont comments following a single ‘<samp class="samp">%</samp>’ should be valid TeX
input. But Metafont material can be included within vertical bars in a
comment; this will be translated by MFT as if it were regular Metafont
code. For example, a comment like ‘<samp class="samp">% |x2r| is the tip of the bowl</samp>’
will be translated into the TeX ‘<samp class="samp">% $x_{2r}$ is the …</samp>’,
i.e., the ‘<samp class="samp">x2r</samp>’ is treated as an identifier.
</li><li>‘<samp class="samp">%%</samp>’ indicates that the remainder of an input line should be copied
verbatim to the output. This is typically used to introduce additional
TeX material at the beginning or an MFT job, e.g. code to modify the
standard layout or the formatting macros defined in <samp class="file">mftmac.tex</samp>,
or to add a line saying ‘<samp class="samp">%%\bye</samp>’ at the end of the job. (MFT
doesn’t add this automatically in order to allow processing several
files produces by MFT in the same TeX job.)
</li><li>‘<samp class="samp">%%% <var class="var">token1</var> <var class="var">other-tokens</var></samp>’
introduces a change in MFT’s formatting rules; all the <var class="var">other-tokens</var>
will henceforth be translated according to the current conventions for
<var class="var">token1</var>. The tokens must be symbolic (i.e., not
numeric or string tokens). For example, the input line
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">%%% addto fill draw filldraw
</pre></div>
<p>says to format the ‘<samp class="samp">fill</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">draw</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">filldraw</samp>’
operations of plain Metafont just like the primitive token ‘<samp class="samp">addto</samp>’,
i.e., in boldface type. Without such reformatting commands, MFT would
treat ‘<samp class="samp">fill</samp>’ like an ordinary tag or variable name. In fact, you
need a ‘<samp class="samp">%%%</samp>’ command even to get parentheses to act like
delimiters.
</p>
</li><li>‘<samp class="samp">%%%%</samp>’ introduces an MFT comment, i.e., MFT ignores the remainder
of such a line.
</li><li>Five or more ‘<samp class="samp">%</samp>’ signs should not be used.
</li></ul>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1"></a>
<p>(The above description was edited from <samp class="file">mft.web</samp>, written by
D.E. Knuth<!-- /@w -->.)
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dchange_003dchfile'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-change=<var class="var">chfile</var>[.ch]</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dchange_003dchfile'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-change-files_002c-and-MFT"></a>
<p>Apply the change file <var class="var">chfile</var> as with Tangle and Weave
(see <a class="pxref" href="#WEB">WEB: Literate programming</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dstyle_003dmftfile'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-style=<var class="var">mftfile</var>[.mft]</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dstyle_003dmftfile'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-style-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain_002emft"></a>
<p>Read <var class="var">mftfile</var> before anything else; a MFT style file typically
contains only MFT directives as described above. The default style file
is named <samp class="file">plain.mft</samp>, which defines this properly for programs
using plain Metafont. The MFT files is searched along the
<code class="code">MFTINPUTS</code> path; see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cmbase_002emft"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002emft"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Computer-Modern-Typefaces_002c-production-of"></a>
<p>Other examples of MFT style files are <samp class="file">cmbase.mft</samp>, which defines
formatting rules for the macros defined in <samp class="file">cm.base</samp>, and
<samp class="file">e.mft</samp>, which was used in the production of Knuth’s Volume <!-- /@w -->E,
<cite class="cite">Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting"></a>
<p>Using an appropriate MFT style file, it is also possible to configure
MFT for typesetting MetaPost sources. However, MFT does not search
the usual places for MetaPost input files.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>If you use eight-bit characters in the input file, they are
passed on verbatim to the TeX output file; it is up to you to
configure TeX to print these properly.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="MetaPost">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">BibTeX: Bibliographies</a>, Previous: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="MetaPost_003a-Generating-PostScript">7 MetaPost: Generating PostScript</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript-meets-Metafont"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont-meets-PostScript"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-technical-illustrations_002c-creating"></a>
<p>MetaPost is a picture-drawing language similar to Metafont
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Metafont">Metafont: Creating typeface families</a>), but instead of outputting bitmaps in a “font”, it
outputs PostScript commands. It’s primarily intended for creating
technical illustrations, but can also be used to create PostScript or
OpenType fonts (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/metatype1">https://ctan.org/pkg/metatype1</a>).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-troff_002c-supported-in-MetaPost"></a>
<p>MetaPost also provides for arbitrary integration of text and graphics in
a natural way, using any typesetter (TeX and Troff are both
supported) and a number of other subsidiary programs, described below.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#mpost-invocation" accesskey="1"><code class="code">mpost</code> invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="2">Initial MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="#dvitomp-invocation" accesskey="3">DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="mpost-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial MetaPost</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost: Generating PostScript</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="mpost-invocation-1">7.1 <code class="code">mpost</code> invocation</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpost"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost-invocation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpman_002epdf"></a>
<p>MetaPost (installed as <code class="code">mpost</code>) reads a series of pictures
specified in the MetaPost programming language, and outputs
corresponding PostScript code. This section merely describes the
options available in the Web2c implementation. For a complete
description of the MetaPost language, see AT&T technical report
CSTR-162, generally available in <samp class="file"><var class="var">texmf</var>/doc/metapost/</samp>,
where <var class="var">texmf</var> is the root of TeX directory structure.
The MetaPost home page: <a class="url" href="https://tug.org/metapost">https://tug.org/metapost</a>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpgraph_002epdf"></a>
<p>Also, a standard MetaPost package for drawing graphs is documented in
AT&T technical report CSTR-164, available as the file <samp class="file">mpgraph.ps</samp>,
generally stored alongside <samp class="file">mpman.ps</samp>.
</p>
<p>MetaPost processes its command line and determines its memory dump
(mem) file in a way analogous to Metafont and TeX (see <a class="pxref" href="#tex-invocation"><code class="code">tex</code> invocation</a>, and see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>).
Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">mpost [<var class="var">option</var>]… [<var class="var">mpname</var>[.mp]] [<var class="var">mp-commands</var>]
mpost [<var class="var">option</var>]… \<var class="var">first-line</var>
mpost [<var class="var">option</var>]… &<var class="var">mem</var> <var class="var">args</var>
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002emp"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost-input-files"></a>
<p>MetaPost searches the usual places for the main input file <var class="var">mpname</var>
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>), extending
<var class="var">mpname</var> with <samp class="file">.mp</samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant
paths, set the environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’
before running the program.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beginfig"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002ennn-PostScript-figures"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etfm-output-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpout"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript-output"></a>
<p>MetaPost writes its PostScript output to a series of files
<samp class="file"><var class="var">basempname</var>.<var class="var">nnn</var></samp> (or perhaps
<samp class="file"><var class="var">basempname</var>.ps</samp>, very occasionally
<samp class="file"><var class="var">basempname</var>.tfm</samp>), where <var class="var">nnn</var> are the figure numbers
specified in the input, typically to the <code class="code">beginfig</code> macro, and
<var class="var">basempname</var> is the basename of <var class="var">mpname</var>, or ‘<samp class="samp">mpout</samp>’ if no
input file was specified. MetaPost uses the ‘<samp class="samp">.ps</samp>’ extension when
the figure number is out of range, e.g., if you say <code class="code">beginfig(-1)</code>.
</p>
<p>You can use the output files as figures in a TeX document just as
with any other PostScript figures. For example, with this TeX command:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">\special{psfile="<var class="var">filename</var>"}
</pre></div>
<p>or by using <samp class="file">epsf.tex</samp> (see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#EPSF-macros">EPSF macros</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-btex-for-MetaPost-labels"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etex-for-MetaPost-labels"></a>
<p>The MetaPost construct
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">btex … <var class="var">tex-input</var> … etex
</pre></div>
<p>generates a MetaPost picture expression corresponding to
<var class="var">tex-input</var>.
</p>
<p>The construct
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">verbatimtex … <var class="var">tex-input</var> … etex
</pre></div>
<p>simply passes the <var class="var">tex-input</var> through to
TeX. For example, if you are using LaTeX, your MetaPost input file
must start with a <code class="code">verbatimtex</code> block that gives the necessary
<code class="code">\documentclass</code> (or <code class="code">\documentstyle</code>)
<code class="code">\begin{document}</code> command. You will also need to set the
environment variable <code class="code">TEX</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">latex</samp>’.
</p>
<p><var class="var">tex-input</var> need not be specifically TeX input; it could also be
Troff. In that case, you will need the ‘<samp class="samp">-m pictures</samp>’ Troff macro
package (unfortunately absent from many Troff implementations), or an
equivalent such as the ‘<samp class="samp">-m pspic</samp>’ macros from GNU groff described
in grops(1).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Computer-Modern-fonts_002c-and-Troff"></a>
<p>Naturally, you must use fonts that are supported by the typesetter;
specifically, you’ll probably want to use standard PostScript fonts with
Troff. And only the TeX system understands Computer Modern or other
Metafont fonts; you can also use PostScript fonts with TeX, of course.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mproof_002etex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels"></a>
<p>MetaPost-generated PostScript figures which do use Computer Modern fonts
for labels cannot be directly previewed or printed. Instead, you must
include them in a TeX document and run the resulting DVI file through
Dvips to arrange for the downloading of the required fonts (see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Fonts-in-figures">Fonts
in figures</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>). To help with this, the MetaPost
distribution provides a small TeX file <samp class="file">mproof.tex</samp> which is
typically called as:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">tex mproof <var class="var">mp-output-files</var>... ; dvips mproof -o
</pre></div>
<p>The resulting file <samp class="file">mproof.ps</samp> can then be printed or previewed.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prologues_002c-and-EPSF-output"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-psfonts_002emap_002c-read-by-MetaPost"></a>
<p>To generate EPSF files, set the internal MetaPost variable
<code class="code">prologues</code> positive. To make the output files self-contained, use
only standard PostScript fonts. MetaPost reads the same
<samp class="file">psfonts.map</samp> file as Dvips, to determine PostScript fonts that
need to be downloaded (see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#psfonts_002emap">psfonts.map</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PDF_002c-and-_002emps-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002emps-files-and-PDF"></a>
<p>It is possible for pdfTeX to read MetaPost output directly; this is
in contrast to general EPSF files, which have to be converted for use
with PDF output. The easiest way is to name the MetaPost output files
with the <code class="code">.mps</code> extension. Then the LaTeX
<code class="code">\includegraphics</code> command, for example, will be able to read
them, even when outputting PDF.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-security_002c-and-write"></a>
<p>MetaPost can write output files, via the <code class="code">write</code> primitive; this
opens a security hole. See <a class="xref" href="#tex-invocation"><code class="code">tex</code> invocation</a>.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-[no]-file-line-error</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-fmt=<var class="var">fmtname</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-halt-on-error</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-ini</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-interaction=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-kpathsea-debug=<var class="var">number</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-[no]parse-first-line</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-output-directory</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-progname=<var class="var">string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-recorder</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-8bit</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>These options are common to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
See <a class="xref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dT'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-T</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dT'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-troff</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dtroff"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prologues"></a>
<p>Set the <code class="code">prologues</code> internal variable to <code class="code">1</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dtex_003dtexprogram'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-tex=<var class="var">texprogram</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dtex_003dtexprogram'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>When this option is given, the program <var class="var">texprogram</var> is used to
typeset the labels.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Initial-MetaPost">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</a>, Previous: <a href="#mpost-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">mpost</code> invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost: Generating PostScript</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Initial-MetaPost-1">7.2 Initial MetaPost</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-initial-MetaPost"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost_002c-initial"></a>
<p>As of MetaPost 1.504 (TeX Live 2011), MetaPost no longer dumps
<samp class="file">.mem</samp> files (see <a class="pxref" href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>) and does not distinguish
virgin and initial forms (see <a class="pxref" href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>). Instead, the
“initial” file name is read in its source form—that is,
<samp class="file">mpost.mp</samp> when the program is invoked as <code class="command">mpost</code>.
</p>
<p>For a list of options and other information, see <a class="ref" href="#mpost-invocation"><code class="code">mpost</code> invocation</a>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mfplain"></a>
<p>MetaPost provides a format with all the features of plain Metafont,
called <samp class="file">mfplain</samp>. You can use that in the same way; just run
<code class="command">mfplain</code> instead of <code class="command">mpost</code>. This lets you directly
process Metafont source files with MetaPost, producing character
proofs (one file for each character) similar to those produced with
Metafont in proof mode and GFtoDVI (see <a class="pxref" href="#gftodvi-invocation">GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="dvitomp-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial MetaPost</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost: Generating PostScript</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="DVItoMP_003a-DVI-to-MPX-conversion">7.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvitomp"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files"></a>
<p>DVItoMP converts DVI files into low-level MetaPost commands in a
so-called MPX file. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">dvitomp <var class="var">dvifile</var>[.dvi] [<var class="var">mpxfile</var>[.mpx]]
</pre></div>
<p>If <var class="var">mpxfile</var> is not specified, the output goes to the basename of
<var class="var">dvifile</var> extended with <samp class="file">.mpx</samp>, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">dvitomp
/wherever/foo.dvi</samp>’ creates <samp class="file">./foo.mpx</samp>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP"></a>
<p>DVItoMP supports Dvips-style color specials, such as ‘<samp class="samp">color push
<var class="var">name</var></samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">color pop</samp>’, outputting them as <code class="code">withcolor</code>
MetaPost commands.
</p>
<p>The only options are ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="BibTeX">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="n" rel="next">WEB: Literate programming</a>, Previous: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MetaPost: Generating PostScript</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="BibTeX_003a-Bibliographies">8 BibTeX: Bibliographies</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibliographies_002c-creating"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BibTeX"></a>
<p>BibTeX automates much of the job of typesetting bibliographies, and
makes bibliography entries reusable in many different contexts.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#bibtex-invocation" accesskey="1">BibTeX invocation</a></li>
<li><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files" accesskey="2">Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="bibtex-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic BibTeX style files</a>, Up: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">BibTeX: Bibliographies</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="BibTeX-invocation">8.1 BibTeX invocation</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibtex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002ebbl-bibliography-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eaux-cross_002dreference-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002ebib-bibliography-databases"></a>
<p>BibTeX creates a printable bibliography (<samp class="file">.bbl</samp>) file from
references in a <samp class="file">.aux</samp> file, generally written by TeX or
LaTeX. The <samp class="file">.bbl</samp> file is then incorporated on a subsequent
run. The basic bibliographic information comes from <samp class="file">.bib</samp> files,
and a BibTeX style (<samp class="file">.bst</samp>) file controls the precise contents
of the <samp class="file">.bbl</samp> file. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">bibtex [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">auxfile</var>[.aux]
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eblg-BibTeX-log-file"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-log-file_002c-BibTeX"></a>
<p>The output goes to the basename of <var class="var">auxfile</var> extended with
<samp class="file">.bbl</samp>; for example, ‘<samp class="samp">bibtex /wherever/foo.aux</samp>’ creates
<samp class="file">./foo.bbl</samp>. BibTeX also writes a log file to the basename of
<var class="var">auxfile</var> extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.blg</samp>’.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliography"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TEXBIB_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BIBINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BSTINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bst-files"></a>
<p>The names of the <samp class="file">.bib</samp> and <samp class="file">.bst</samp> files are specified in the
<samp class="file">.aux</samp> file as well, via the <samp class="file">\bibliography</samp> and
<samp class="file">\bibliographystyle</samp> (La)TeX macros. BibTeX searches for
<samp class="file">.bib</samp> files using the <code class="code">BIBINPUTS</code> and <code class="code">TEXBIB</code> paths,
and for <samp class="file">.bst</samp> files using <code class="code">BSTINPUTS</code> (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file
formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). It does no path searching for
<samp class="file">.aux</samp> files.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dterse'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-terse</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dterse'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-terse-output"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbose-BibTeX-output_002c-suppressing"></a>
<p>Suppress the program banner and progress reports normally output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003dn'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-min-crossrefs=<var class="var">n</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003dn'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced"></a>
<p>If at least <var class="var">n</var> (2 by default) bibliography entries refer to another
entry <var class="var">e</var> via their <code class="code">crossref</code> field, include <var class="var">e</var> in the
<code class="t">.bbl</code> file, even if it was not explicitly referenced in the <code class="t">.aux</code>
file. For example, <var class="var">e</var> might be a conference proceedings as a whole,
with the cross-referencing entries being individual articles published
in the proceedings.
</p>
<p>If you want to avoid these automatic inclusions altogether, make
<var class="var">n</var> a sufficiently large number, and be sure to remove any
previous <code class="t">.aux</code> and <code class="t">.bbl</code> files. Otherwise the option may
appear to have no effect, since BibTeX will have added the citation
for <var class="var">e</var> to the <code class="t">.aux</code>, and nothing will remove it.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>See also:
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-btxdoc_002etex'><span><samp class="file">btxdoc.tex</samp><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-btxdoc_002etex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Basic LaTeXable documentation for general BibTeX users.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-btxhak_002etex'><span><samp class="file">btxhak.tex</samp><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-btxhak_002etex'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-style-design_002c-for-BibTeX"></a>
<p>LaTeXable documentation for style designers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-btxdoc_002ebib'><span><samp class="file">btxdoc.bib</samp><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-btxdoc_002ebib'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>BibTeX database file for the two above documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-xampl_002ebib'><span><samp class="file">xampl.bib</samp><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-xampl_002ebib'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Example database file with all the standard entry types.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu'><span><samp class="file"><a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/</a></samp><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BibTeX-collection"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TUGboat-bibliography"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-bibliographies-for"></a>
<p>A very large <samp class="file">.bib</samp> and <samp class="file">.bst</samp> collection, including
references for all the standard TeX books and a complete bibliography
for TUGboat.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Basic-BibTeX-style-files">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#bibtex-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BibTeX invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">BibTeX: Bibliographies</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Basic-BibTeX-style-files-1">8.2 Basic BibTeX style files</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-basic-BibTeX-style-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BibTeX-style-files"></a>
<p>Here are descriptions of the four standard and four semi-standard basic
BibTeX styles. <samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/biblio/bibtex</samp> contains these and
many more (for CTAN info, see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>).
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-plain_002ebst'><span><code class="code">plain</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-plain_002ebst'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sorts entries alphabetically, with numeric labels. Generally formatted
according to van Leunen’s <cite class="cite">A Handbook for Scholars</cite>. The other
style files listed here are based on <code class="code">plain</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-abbrv_002ebst'><span><code class="code">abbrv</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-abbrv_002ebst'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>First names, month names, and journal names are abbreviated.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-acm_002ebst'><span><code class="code">acm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-acm_002ebst'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Names are printed in small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-alpha_002ebst'><span><code class="code">alpha</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-alpha_002ebst'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Alphanumeric labels, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">Knu66</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-apalike_002ebst'><span><code class="code">apalike</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-apalike_002ebst'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>No labels at all; instead, the year appears in parentheses after the author.
Use this in conjunction with <samp class="file">apalike.tex</samp> (plain TeX) or
<samp class="file">apalike.sty</samp> (LaTeX), which also changes the citations in the
text to be ‘<samp class="samp">(<var class="var">author</var>, <var class="var">year</var>)</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-ieeetr_002ebst'><span><code class="code">ieeetr</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-ieeetr_002ebst'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Numeric labels, entries in citation order, <small class="sc">IEEE</small> abbreviations,
article titles in quotes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-siam_002ebst'><span><code class="code">siam</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-siam_002ebst'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Numeric labels, alphabetic order, <cite class="cite">Math. Reviews</cite>
abbreviations, names in small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-unsrt_002ebst'><span><code class="code">unsrt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-unsrt_002ebst'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Lists entries in citation order, i.e., unsorted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">btxbst.doc</code></dt>
<dd><p>The template file and documentation for the standard styles.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="WEB">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="n" rel="next">DVI utilities</a>, Previous: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BibTeX: Bibliographies</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="WEB_003a-Literate-programming">9 WEB: Literate programming</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-WEB"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-literate-programming"></a>
<p><em class="dfn">WEB</em> languages allow you to write a single source file that can
produce both a compilable program and a well-formatted document
describing the program in as much detail as you wish to prepare.
Writing in this kind of dual-purpose language is called <em class="dfn">literate
programming</em>. (The Usenet newsgroup <samp class="file">comp.programming.literate</samp>
is devoted to this subject.)
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-webman_002etex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Spiderweb"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Cweb"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CWEB"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Awk_002c-WEB-for"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Ada_002c-WEB-for"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Troff_002c-WEB-for"></a>
<p>WEB-like languages have been implemented with many pairs of base
languages: Cweb provides C and Troff (see <a class="pxref" href="#References">References</a>); CWEB provides
C and TeX (<samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/web/c_cpp/cweb</samp>); Spiderweb provides C,
C++, Awk, Ada, many others, and TeX
(<samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/web/spiderweb</samp>); and, of course, the original WEB
provides Pascal and TeX, the implementation languages for the
original TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and related programs to come from
the TeX project at Stanford.
</p>
<p>The original WEB language is documented in the file <samp class="file">webman.tex</samp>,
which is included in the <a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz</a> archive
(and available in many other places, of course).
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#tangle-invocation" accesskey="1">Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="2">Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#pooltype-invocation" accesskey="3">Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="tangle-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB: Literate programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Tangle_003a-Translate-WEB-to-Pascal">9.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tangle"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling"></a>
<p>Tangle creates a compilable Pascal program from a WEB source file
(see <a class="pxref" href="#WEB">WEB: Literate programming</a>). Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">tangle [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">webfile</var>[.web] [<var class="var">changefile</var>[.ch]]
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle"></a>
<p>The Pascal output is written to the basename of <var class="var">webfile</var> extended
with ‘<samp class="samp">.p</samp>’; for example, ‘<samp class="samp">tangle /wherever/foo.web</samp>’ creates
<samp class="file">./foo.p</samp>. Tangle applies <var class="var">changefile</var> to <var class="var">webfile</var> before
writing the output; by default, there is no change file.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pool-file_002c-writing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-string-pool_002c-writing"></a>
<p>If the program makes use of the WEB string facility, Tangle writes the
string pool to the basename of <var class="var">webfile</var> extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.pool</samp>’.
</p>
<p>The Pascal output is packed into lines of 72 characters or less, with
the only concession to readability being the termination of lines at
semicolons when this can be done conveniently.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">--help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">--version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dlength_003dnumber'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-length=<var class="var">number</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dlength_003dnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-identifier-length"></a>
<p>The number of characters that are considered significant in an
identifier. Whether underline characters are counted depends on the
‘<samp class="samp">-underline</samp>’ option. The default value is 32, the original tangle
used 7, but this proved too restrictive for use by Web2c.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dlowercase'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-lowercase</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dlowercase'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-mixedcase</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-uppercase</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dmixedcase"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002duppercase"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-identifier-case"></a>
<p>These options specify the case of identifiers in the output of tangle.
If ‘<samp class="samp">-uppercase</samp>’ (‘<samp class="samp">-lowercase</samp>’) is specified, tangle will
convert all identifiers to uppercase (lowercase). The default is
‘<samp class="samp">-mixedcase</samp>’, which specifies that the case will not be changed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dunderline'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-underline</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dunderline'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-identifiers-with-underlines"></a>
<p>When this option is given, tangle does not strip underline characters
from identifiers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dloose'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-loose</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dloose'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">-strict</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002dstrict"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-identifier-collisions"></a>
<p>These options specify how strict tangle must be when checking
identifiers for equality. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">-loose</samp>’, which means
that tangle will follow the rules set by the case-smashing and underline
options above. If ‘<samp class="samp">-strict</samp>’ is set, then identifiers will always
be stripped of underlines and converted to uppercase before checking
whether they collide.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="weave-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#pooltype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</a>, Previous: <a href="#tangle-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB: Literate programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Weave_003a-Translate-WEB-to-TeX">9.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-weave"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX_002c-creating-from-WEB"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs"></a>
<p>Weave creates a TeX document from a WEB source file (see <a class="pxref" href="#WEB">WEB: Literate programming</a>),
assuming various macros defined in <samp class="file">webmac.tex</samp>. It takes care of
typographic details such as page layout, indentation, and italicizing
identifiers. It also automatically gathers and outputs extensive
cross-reference information. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">weave [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">webfile</var>[.web] [<var class="var">changefile</var>[.ch]]
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-change-files_002c-and-Weave"></a>
<p>The output is to the basename of <var class="var">webfile</var> extended with
‘<samp class="samp">.tex</samp>’; for example, ‘<samp class="samp">weave /wherever/foo.web</samp>’ creates
<samp class="file">./foo.tex</samp>. Weave applies <var class="var">changefile</var> to <var class="var">webfile</var>
before writing the output; by default, there is no change file.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dx'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-x</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dx'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CONTENTS_002etex"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-webmac_002etex"></a>
<p>Omit the cross-reference information: the index, the list of WEB module
names, and the table of contents (an empty <samp class="file">CONTENTS.tex</samp> file will
still be written when the Weave output file is processed by TeX using
the default <samp class="file">webmac.tex</samp>, though).
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Conventionally, WEB programmers should define the TeX <code class="code">\title</code>
macro at the beginning of the source file. Also, to get output of only
changed modules, one can say <code class="code">\let\maybe=\iffalse</code> (usually as the
first change in the change file).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="pooltype-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB: Literate programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Pooltype_003a-Display-WEB-pool-files">9.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pooltype"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-type-programs_002c-pool"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-string-numbers_002c-displaying"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying"></a>
<p>Pooltype shows the so-called <em class="dfn">string number</em> of each string in a WEB
pool file (see <a class="pxref" href="#WEB">WEB: Literate programming</a>), as output by Tangle (see <a class="pxref" href="#tangle-invocation">Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</a>), including the first 256 strings corresponding to the
possible input characters. Pooltype primarily serves as an example of
WEB conventions to implementors of the TeX system. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">pooltype [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">poolfile</var>[.pool]
</pre></div>
<p>No path searching is done for <var class="var">poolfile</var>. Output is to standard
output.
</p>
<p>The only options are ‘<samp class="samp">--help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">--version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
</p>
<p>As an example of the output, here is the (edited) output for <samp class="file">tex.pool</samp>:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">0: "^^@"
1: "^^A"
…
255: "^^ff"
256: "pool size"
…
1314: "Using character substitution: "
(23617 characters in all.)
</pre></div>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-representation-of-strings"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-string-representation"></a>
<p>In Metafont and MetaPost, the first 256 characters are actually
represented as single bytes (i.e., themselves), not in the ‘<samp class="samp">^^</samp>’
notation. Consider Pooltype as showing the results after conversion for
output.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="DVI-utilities">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font utilities</a>, Previous: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WEB: Literate programming</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="DVI-utilities-1">10 DVI utilities</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DVI-utilities"></a>
<p>TeX outputs a file in <em class="dfn">DVI</em> (DeVice Independent) format as a
compact representation of the original document. DVI files can be
translated to meet the requirements of a real physical device, such as
PostScript printers (see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>), PCL
printers (see dvilj(1)), and X displays (see xdvi(1)). In fact, DVI
translators are available for virtually all common devices: see
<samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/dviware</samp> (for CTAN info, see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>).
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvitype_002eweb"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DVI-format-definition"></a>
<p>For the precise definition of the DVI file format, see (for example) the
source file <samp class="file">web2c/dvitype.web</samp>.
</p>
<p>The DVI-processing programs in the Web2c distribution are not device
drivers; they perform generic utility functions.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#dvicopy-invocation" accesskey="1">DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</a></li>
<li><a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="2">DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="dvicopy-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</a>, Up: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">DVI utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="DVIcopy_003a-Canonicalize-virtual-font-references">10.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvicopy"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding"></a>
<p>DVIcopy reads a DVI file, expands any references to virtual fonts
(see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>) to base fonts, and writes the
resulting DVI file. Thus you can use virtual fonts even if your DVI
processor does not support them, by passing the documents through
DVIcopy first. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">dvicopy [<var class="var">option</var>]… [<var class="var">indvi</var>[.dvi] [<var class="var">outdvi</var>[.dvi]]]
</pre></div>
<p>DVIcopy reads standard input if <var class="var">indvi</var> is not specified, and writes
standard output if <var class="var">outdvi</var> is not specified.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-magnification=<var class="var">integer</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-magnification"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmag"></a>
<p>Override existing magnification in <var class="var">indvi</var> with <var class="var">integer</var>; 1000
specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX’s
<code class="code">\mag</code> parameter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-max-pages=<var class="var">n</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Process <var class="var">n</var> pages; default is one million.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-page-start=<var class="var">page-spec</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-page"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page_002c-starting"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccountn"></a>
<p>Start at the first page matching <var class="var">page-spec</var>, which is one or more
(signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX’s
<code class="code">\count0…9</code> parameters at <code class="code">\shipout</code> time; ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’
matches anything. Examples: ‘<samp class="samp">3</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">1.*.-4</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="dvitype-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</a>, Up: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">DVI utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="DVItype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-DVI-files">10.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvitype-DVI-validation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-type-programs_002c-DVI"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files"></a>
<p>DVItype translates a DeVice Independent (DVI) file (as output by TeX,
for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves
as a DVI-validating program, i.e., if DVItype can read a file, it’s
correct. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">dvitype [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">dvifile</var>[.dvi]
</pre></div>
<p>DVItype does not read any bitmap files, but it does read TFM files for
fonts referenced in <var class="var">dvifile</var>. The usual places are searched
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running the program.
</p>
<p>Output goes to standard output.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002ddpi_003dreal'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-dpi=<var class="var">real</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002ddpi_003dreal'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do pixel movement calculations at <var class="var">real</var> pixels per inch; default
300.0.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-magnification=<var class="var">integer</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-magnification-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmag-1"></a>
<p>Override existing magnification in <var class="var">indvi</var> with <var class="var">integer</var>; 1000
specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX’s
<code class="code">\mag</code> parameter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-max-pages=<var class="var">n</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Process <var class="var">n</var> pages; default is one million.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002doutput_002dlevel_003dn'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-output-level=<var class="var">n</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002doutput_002dlevel_003dn'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Verbosity level of output, from 0 to 4 (default 4):
</p><ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>0: Global document information only.
</li><li>1: Most DVI commands included, and typeset characters summarized.
</li><li>2: Character and movement commands explicitly included.
</li><li>3: DVI stack and current position calculations included.
</li><li>4: Same information as level 3, but DVItype does random positioning
in the file, reading the DVI postamble first.
</li></ul>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-page-start=<var class="var">page-spec</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-page-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page_002c-starting-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccountn-1"></a>
<p>Start at the first page matching <var class="var">page-spec</var>, which is one or more
(signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX’s
<code class="code">\count0…9</code> parameters at <code class="code">\shipout</code> time; ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’
matches anything. Examples: ‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">5.*.-9</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dshow_002dopcodes'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-show-opcodes</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dshow_002dopcodes'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-debugging-DVI-utilities"></a>
<p>Show numeric opcode values (in decimal) for DVI commands, in braces
after the command name. This can help in debugging DVI utilities. We
use decimal because in the DVI format documentation (in
<samp class="file">dvitype.web</samp>, among others) the opcodes are shown in decimal.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#dvitype-output-example" accesskey="1">DVItype output example</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="dvitype-output-example">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Up: <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="u" rel="up">DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection" id="DVItype-output-example">10.2.1 DVItype output example</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvitype-output-example"></a>
<p>As an example of the output from DVItype (see section above), here is
its (abridged) translation of the <samp class="file">story.dvi</samp> resulting from
running the example in <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>, with
‘<samp class="samp">-output-level=4</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-show-opcodes</samp>’ on.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">…
Options selected:
Starting page = *
Maximum number of pages = 1000000
Output level = 4 (the works)
Resolution = 300.00000000 pixels per inch
numerator/denominator=25400000/473628672
magnification=1000; 0.00006334 pixels per DVI unit
' TeX output 1992.05.17:0844'
Postamble starts at byte 564.
maxv=43725786, maxh=30785863, maxstackdepth=3, totalpages=1
Font 33: cmsl10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
Font 23: cmbx10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
Font 0: cmr10---loaded at size 655360 DVI units
42: beginning of page 1
87: push {141}
level 0:(h=0,v=0,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=0)
88: down3 -917504 {159} v:=0-917504=-917504, vv:=-58
92: pop {142}
…
104: putrule {137} height 26214, width 30785863 (2x1950 pixels)
113: down3 5185936 {159} v:=655360+5185936=5841296, vv:=370
117: push {141}
level 1:(h=0,v=5841296,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=370)
118: right4 12265425 {146} h:=0+12265425=12265425, hh:=777
[ ]
123: fntdef1 23 {243}: cmbx10
145: fntnum23 {194} current font is cmbx10
146: setchar65 h:=12265425+569796=12835221, hh:=813
147: w3 251220 {150} h:=12835221+251220=13086441, hh:=829
151: setchar83 h:=13086441+418700=13505141, hh:=856
…
164: setchar82 h:=17448202+565245=18013447, hh:=1142
165: x0 -62805 {152} h:=18013447-62805=17950642, hh:=1138
166: setchar89 h:=17950642+569796=18520438, hh:=1174
[A SHORT STORY]
167: pop {142}
level 1:(h=0,v=5841296,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=370)
…
550: pop {142}
level 0:(h=0,v=42152922,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2670)
551: down3 1572864 {159} v:=42152922+1572864=43725786, vv:=2770
555: push {141}
level 0:(h=0,v=43725786,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2770)
556: right4 15229091 {146} h:=0+15229091=15229091, hh:=965
561: setchar49 h:=15229091+327681=15556772, hh:=986
[ 1]
562: pop {142}
level 0:(h=0,v=43725786,w=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,hh=0,vv=2770)
563: eop {140}
</pre></div>
<p>Explanation:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>The DVItype options are recorded at the beginning, followed by
global information about the document, including fonts used.
</li><li>Each DVI command is preceded by its byte position in the file
(‘<samp class="samp">42:</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">87:</samp>’, …), and (because of the
‘<samp class="samp">-show-opcodes</samp>’) followed by its decimal opcode value in braces
(‘<samp class="samp">{141}</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">{142}</samp>’, …).
</li><li>The ‘<samp class="samp">level</samp>’ lines record information about the DVI stack; ‘<samp class="samp">h</samp>’
and ‘<samp class="samp">v</samp>’ define the current position in DVI units, while ‘<samp class="samp">hh</samp>’
and ‘<samp class="samp">vv</samp>’ are the same in pixels.
</li><li>Text sequences are summarized in brackets, as in ‘<samp class="samp">[A SHORT
STORY]</samp>’ and the ‘<samp class="samp">[ 1]</samp>’.
</li></ul>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Font-utilities">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Legalisms" accesskey="n" rel="next">Legalisms</a>, Previous: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DVI utilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Font-utilities-1">11 Font utilities</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-utilities"></a>
<p>The Web2c programs described here convert between various TeX-related
font formats; the first section below briefly describes the
formats. GFtoPK is the only one that is routinely used, as Metafont
outputs GF format, but it’s most efficient for device drivers to use PK.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pktype_002eweb"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-gftype_002eweb"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PK-format-definition"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-GF-format-definition"></a>
<p>The precise definitions of the PK, GF, TFM, PL, VF, and VPL formats
mentioned below are in the source files that read them;
<samp class="file">pktype.web</samp>, <samp class="file">gftype.web</samp>, <samp class="file">tftopl.web</samp>, etc.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Font-file-formats" accesskey="1">Font file formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="2">GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="3">PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="4">PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="5">GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a></li>
<li><a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="6">TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="7">PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="8">VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a></li>
<li><a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="9">VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a></li>
<li><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Font-file-formats">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Font-file-formats-1">11.1 Font file formats</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-file-formats"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file-formats-for-fonts"></a>
<p>For another perspective on this, see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Font-concepts">Font concepts</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>.
</p>
<p>Font files come in several varieties, with suffixes like:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">.tfm .*pk .*gf .*pxl<span class="r"> (obsolete)</span> .pl .mf .vf .vpl
</pre></div>
<p>Each represents a file format.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TFM-files_002c-explained"></a>
<p>A TFM (TeX font metric) file is a compact binary file that contains
information about each character in a font, about combinations of
characters within that font, and about the font as a whole. The font
metric information contained in TFM files is device-independent units is
used by TeX to do typesetting. Unlike the bitmap (raster) fonts
described below, TFM font files contain no information about the shapes
of characters. They describe rectangular areas and combinations
thereof, but not what will eventually be printed in those areas.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaling-of-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-optical-font-scaling"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-geometric-font-scaling"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling"></a>
<p>Since TeX does scaling calculations, one TFM file serves for all
magnifications of a given typeface. On the other hand, the best printed
results are obtained when magnified (or reduced fonts) are not produced
geometrically (as done by PostScript, for example) but rather optically,
with each size a separate design (as done with Computer Modern and the
EC fonts, for example); then a separate TFM file is needed for each
size.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DVI-files_002c-explained"></a>
<p>At any rate, TeX produces a DVI (DeVice Independent) file from your
source document. In order to print DVI files on real devices, you need
font files defining digitized character shapes and other data. Then
previewers and printer-driver programs can translate your DVI files into
something usable by your monitor or printer. Bitmap fonts come with
suffixes such as ‘<samp class="samp">.600pk</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">.600gf</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">.3000pxl</samp>’, where
the ‘<samp class="samp">600</samp>’ is the horizontal dots-per-inch resolution at which the
font was produced, and the ‘<samp class="samp">pk</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">gf</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">pxl</samp>’
indicates the font format. Outline fonts in PostScript Type 1 format
have suffixes such as ‘<samp class="samp">.pfa</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">.pfb</samp>’.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PXL-files_002c-explained"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PK-files_002c-explained"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-GF-files_002c-explained"></a>
<p>Fonts in pk (packed) format are in the tightly packed raster format that
is pretty much the standard today. They take up less space than fonts
in the gf (generic font) format that Metafont generates, and far less
space than fonts in pxl format. Fonts in pxl format take up gross
amounts of disk space and permit only 128 characters. They are
obsolete.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PL-files_002c-explained"></a>
<p>Font files with the ‘<samp class="samp">.pl</samp>’ (property list) suffix are the plain text
(human-readable) analog of the binary ‘<samp class="samp">.tfm</samp>’ files.
The TFtoPL and PLtoTF programs convert between the two formats
(see <a class="pxref" href="#tftopl-invocation">TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a> and <a class="ref" href="#pltotf-invocation">PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a>).
</p>
<p>Font files with the ‘<samp class="samp">.mf</samp>’ suffix are in Metafont source format.
These are the files used by Metafont to generate rastered fonts for
specific typefaces at specific magnifications for the specific
resolution and type of mapping used by your device.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-virtualfonts_002etxt"></a>
<p>The suffix ‘<samp class="samp">.vf</samp>’ identifies “virtual font” files, for which
‘<samp class="samp">.vpl</samp>’ is the human-readable analog. See See <a class="xref" href="#vftovp-invocation">VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a>,
and <a class="ref" href="#vptovf-invocation">VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a>. For further discussion of virtual fonts,
see <samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/doc/virtual-fonts.knuth</samp>,
<samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/help/virtualfonts.txt</samp>, and <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MacKay_002c-Pierre"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth"></a>
<p>(This section is based on documentation in the original Unix TeX
distribution by Pierre MacKay and Elizabeth Tachikawa.)
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="gftopk-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-file-formats" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font file formats</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="GFtoPK_003a-Generic-to-packed-font-conversion">11.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-gftopk"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK"></a>
<p>GFtoPK converts a generic font (GF) file output by, for example,
Metafont (see <a class="pxref" href="#mf-invocation"><code class="code">mf</code> invocation</a>) to a packed font (PK) file. PK files
are considerably smaller than the corresponding gf files, so they are
generally the bitmap font format of choice. Some DVI-processing
programs, notably Dvips, only support PK files and not GF files.
Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">gftopk [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">gfname</var>.<var class="var">dpi</var>[gf] [<var class="var">pkfile</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>The font <var class="var">gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running
the program.
</p>
<p>The suffix ‘<samp class="samp">gf</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
not an extension; no ‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’ precedes it: for instance,
<samp class="file">cmr10.600gf</samp>.
</p>
<p>If <var class="var">pkfile</var> is not specified, the output is written to the basename
of ‘<samp class="samp"><var class="var">gfname</var>.<var class="var">dpi</var>pk</samp>’, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">gftopk
/wherever/cmr10.600gf</samp>’ creates <samp class="file">./cmr10.600pk</samp>.
</p>
<p>The only options are ‘<samp class="samp">--verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">--help</samp>’, and
‘<samp class="samp">--version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="pktogf-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="PKtoGF_003a-Packed-to-generic-font-conversion">11.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pktogf"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF"></a>
<p>PKtoGF converts a packed font (PK) file to a generic font (GF) file.
Since PK format is much more compact than GF format, the most likely
reason to do this is to run GFtype (see <a class="pxref" href="#gftype-invocation">GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a>) on the
result, so you can see the bitmap images. Also, a few old utility
programs do not support PK format. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">pktogf [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">pkname</var>.<var class="var">dpi</var>[pk] [<var class="var">gffile</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>The font <var class="var">pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running
the program.
</p>
<p>The suffix ‘<samp class="samp">pk</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
not an extension; no ‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’ precedes it: for instance,
<samp class="file">cmr10.600pk</samp>.
</p>
<p>If <var class="var">gffile</var> is not specified, the output is written to the basename
of ‘<samp class="samp"><var class="var">pkname</var>.<var class="var">dpi</var>gf</samp>’, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">pktogf
/wherever/cmr10.600pk</samp>’ creates <samp class="file">./cmr10.600gf</samp>.
</p>
<p>The only options are ‘<samp class="samp">--verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">--help</samp>’, and
‘<samp class="samp">--version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="pktype-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="PKtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-packed-fonts">11.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pktype-PK-validation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-type-programs_002c-PK"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-validation_002c-of-PK-files"></a>
<p>PKtype translates a packed font (PK) bitmap file (as output by GFtoPK,
for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves
as a PK-validating program, i.e., if PKtype can read a file, it’s
correct. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">pktype <var class="var">pkname</var>.<var class="var">dpi</var>[pk]
</pre></div>
<p>The font <var class="var">pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running
the program.
</p>
<p>The suffix ‘<samp class="samp">pk</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
not an extension; no ‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’ precedes it: for instance, <samp class="file">cmr10.600pk</samp>.
</p>
<p>The translation is written to standard output.
</p>
<p>The only options are ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
</p>
<p>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) translation of the
letter ‘K’ in ‘<samp class="samp">cmr10</samp>’, as rendered at 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> with the mode
‘<samp class="samp">ljfour</samp>’ from <a class="url" href="modes.mf">modes.mf</a> (available from
<samp class="file">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</samp>).
</p>
<div class="example smallexample">
<pre class="example-preformatted">955: Flag byte = 184 Character = 75 Packet length = 174
Dynamic packing variable = 11
TFM width = 815562 dx = 4259840
Height = 57 Width = 57 X-offset = -3 Y-offset = 56
[2]23(16)17(8)9(25)11(13)7(27)7(16)7(28)4(18)7(28)2(20)7(27)…
…
(14)9(24)12(5)[2]23(13)21
</pre></div>
<p>Explanation:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-byte-position'><span>‘<samp class="samp">955</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-byte-position'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The byte position in the file where this character starts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-flag-byte'><span>‘<samp class="samp">Flag byte</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-flag-byte'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">Dynamic packing variable</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dynamic-packing-variable"></a>
<p>Related to the packing for this character; see the source code.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output'><span>‘<samp class="samp">Character</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The character code, in decimal.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-packet-length'><span>‘<samp class="samp">Packet length</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-packet-length'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The total length of this character definition, in bytes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-TFM-width-of-characters'><span>‘<samp class="samp">TFM width</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-TFM-width-of-characters'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-device_002dindependent-width"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent"></a>
<p>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
times the ratio of the true width to the font’s design size.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-horizontal-escapement'><span>‘<samp class="samp">dx</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-horizontal-escapement'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-escapement_002c-horizontal"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaled-pixels"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dx-horizontal-escapement"></a>
<p>The device-dependent width, in <em class="dfn">scaled pixels</em>, i.e., units of
horizontal pixels times 2^16.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-height_002c-in-pixels'><span>‘<samp class="samp">Height</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-height_002c-in-pixels'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">Width</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pixel-height"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pixel-width"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-width_002c-in-pixels"></a>
<p>The bitmap height and width, in pixels.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-x-offset'><span>‘<samp class="samp">X-offset</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-x-offset'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">Y-offset</samp>’</dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-y-offset"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-origin"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reference-pixel"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-side-bearings"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-side-bearing"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-side-bearing"></a>
<p>Horizontal and vertical offset from the upper left pixel to the
reference (origin) pixel for this character, in pixels (right and down
are positive). The <em class="dfn">reference pixel</em> is the pixel that occupies the
unit square in Metafont; the Metafont reference point is the lower left
hand corner of this pixel. Put another way, the x-offset is the negative
of the left side bearing; the right side bearing is the horizontal
escapement minus the bitmap width plus the x-offset.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps'><span>‘<samp class="samp">[2]23(16)…</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-repeated-rows"></a>
<p>Finally, run lengths of black pixels alternate with parenthesized run
lengths of white pixels, and brackets indicate a repeated row.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="gftype-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a>, Previous: <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="GFtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-generic-fonts">11.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-gftype-GF-validation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-type-programs_002c-GF"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-validation_002c-of-GF-files"></a>
<p>GFtype translates a generic font (GF) bitmap file (as output by
Metafont, for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It
also serves as a GF-validating program, i.e., if GFtype can read a file,
it’s correct. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">gftype [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">gfname</var>.<var class="var">dpi</var>[gf]
</pre></div>
<p>The font <var class="var">gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running
the program.
</p>
<p>The suffix ‘<samp class="samp">gf</samp>’ is supplied if not already present. This suffix is
not an extension; no ‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’ precedes it: for instance, <samp class="file">cmr10.600gf</samp>.
</p>
<p>The translation is written to standard output.
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following options, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dimages'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-images</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dimages'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Show the characters’ bitmaps using asterisks and spaces.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-_002dmnemonics'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-mnemonics</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dmnemonics'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Translate all commands in the GF file.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) translation of the
letter ‘K’ in ‘<samp class="samp">cmr10</samp>’, as rendered at 600<span class="dmn">dpi</span> with the mode
‘<samp class="samp">ljfour</samp>’ from <samp class="file">modes.mf</samp> (available from
<a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>), with both ‘<samp class="samp">-mnemonics</samp>’ and
‘<samp class="samp">-images</samp>’ enabled.
</p>
<p>GFtype outputs the information about a character in two places: a main
definition and a one-line summary at the end. We show both. Here is the
main definition:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">2033: beginning of char 75: 3<=m<=60 0<=n<=56
(initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20
2043: newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20
2047: newrow 0 (n=54) paint 24(12)20
2051: newrow 0 (n=53) paint 24(12)20
2055: newrow 7 (n=52) paint 10(21)13
2059: newrow 8 (n=51) paint 8(23)9
…
2249: newrow 8 (n=5) paint 8(23)11
2253: newrow 7 (n=4) paint 10(22)12
2257: newrow 0 (n=3) paint 24(11)22
2261: newrow 0 (n=2) paint 24(11)22
2265: newrow 0 (n=1) paint 24(11)22
2269: newrow 0 (n=0) paint 24(11)22
2273: eoc
</pre><div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted">.<--This pixel's lower left corner is at (3,57) in METAFONT coordinates
************************ ********************
************************ ********************
************************ ********************
************************ ********************
********** *************
******** *********
…
******** ***********
********** ************
************************ **********************
************************ **********************
************************ **********************
************************ **********************
.<--This pixel's upper left corner is at (3,0) in METAFONT coordinates
</pre></div></div>
<p>Explanation:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-byte-position-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">2033</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-byte-position-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">2043</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">…</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>The byte position in the file where each GF command starts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output'><span>‘<samp class="samp">beginning of char 75</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The character code, in decimal.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-left-side-bearing-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">3<=m<=60 0<=n<=56</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-left-side-bearing-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-side-bearing-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-side-bearings-1"></a>
<p>The character’s bitmap lies between 3 and 60 (inclusive) horizontally,
and between 0 and 56 (inclusive) vertically. (<em class="math">m</em> is a column
position and <em class="math">n</em> is a row position.) Thus, 3 is the left side
bearing. The right side bearing is the horizontal escapement (given
below) minus the maximum <em class="math">m</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">(initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The first row of pixels: 0 white pixels, 24 black pixels, 12 white
pixels, etc.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-newrow-GF-command'><span>‘<samp class="samp">newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-newrow-GF-command'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The second row of pixels, with zero leading white pixels on the row.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-eoc-GF-command'><span>‘<samp class="samp">eoc</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-eoc-GF-command'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The end of the main character definition.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Here is the GF postamble information that GFtype outputs at the end:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">Character 75: dx 4259840 (65), width 815562 (64.57289), loc 2033
</pre></div>
<p>Explanation:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt id='index-horizontal-escapement-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">dx</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-horizontal-escapement-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-escapement"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-escapement_002c-vertical"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaled-pixels-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dx-horizontal-escapement-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dy-vertical-escapement"></a>
<p>The device-dependent width, in <em class="dfn">scaled pixels</em>, i.e., units of
horizontal pixels times 2^16. The ‘<samp class="samp">(65)</samp>’ is simply the same number
rounded. If the vertical escapement is nonzero, it would appear here as
a ‘<samp class="samp">dy</samp>’ value.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id='index-TFM-width-of-characters-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">width</samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-TFM-width-of-characters-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-device_002dindependent-width-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-1"></a>
<p>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
times the ratio of the true width to the font’s design size. The
‘<samp class="samp">64.57289</samp>’ is the same number converted to pixels.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp class="samp">loc</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>The byte position in the file where this character starts.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="tftopl-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a>, Previous: <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="TFtoPL_003a-TeX-font-metric-to-property-list-conversion">11.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tftopl"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to"></a>
<p>TFtoPL translates a TeX font metric (TFM, see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric
files</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>) file (as output by Metafont, for example) to
<em class="dfn">property list format</em> (a list of parenthesized items describing the
font) that humans can edit or read. This program is mostly used by
people debugging TeX implementations, writing font utilities, etc.
Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">tftopl [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">tfmname</var>[.tfm] [<var class="var">plfile</var>[.pl]]
</pre></div>
<p>The font <var class="var">tfmname</var> (extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.tfm</samp>’ if necessary) is
searched for in the usual places (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running
the program.
</p>
<p>If <var class="var">plfile</var> (which is extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.pl</samp>’ if necessary) is not
specified, the property list file is written to standard output. The
property list file can be converted back to TFM format by the companion
program TFtoPL (see the next section).
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-charcode-format=<var class="var">type</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var class="var">type</var>: either
‘<samp class="samp">octal</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">ascii</samp>’. Default is ‘<samp class="samp">ascii</samp>’ for letters and
digits, octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font’s coding
scheme starts with ‘<samp class="samp">TeX math sy</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">TeX math ex</samp>’, all
character codes are output in octal.
</p>
<p>In ‘<samp class="samp">ascii</samp>’ format, character codes that correspond to graphic
characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a
‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ followed by the single character: ‘<samp class="samp">C K</samp>’, for example. In
octal format, character codes are output as the letter ‘<samp class="samp">O</samp>’ followed
by octal digits, as in ‘<samp class="samp">O 113</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">K</samp>’.
</p>
<p>‘<samp class="samp">octal</samp>’ format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely
confusing.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-property-list-format"></a>
<p>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) property list
translation of <samp class="file">cmr10.tfm</samp>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">(FAMILY CMR)
(FACE O 352)
(CODINGSCHEME TEX TEXT)
(DESIGNSIZE R 10.0)
(COMMENT DESIGNSIZE IS IN POINTS)
(COMMENT OTHER SIZES ARE MULTIPLES OF DESIGNSIZE)
(CHECKSUM O 11374260171)
(FONTDIMEN
(SLANT R 0.0)
(SPACE R 0.333334)
(STRETCH R 0.166667)
(SHRINK R 0.111112)
(XHEIGHT R 0.430555)
(QUAD R 1.000003)
(EXTRASPACE R 0.111112)
)
(LIGTABLE
…
(LABEL C f)
(LIG C i O 14)
(LIG C f O 13)
(LIG C l O 15)
(KRN O 47 R 0.077779)
(KRN O 77 R 0.077779)
(KRN O 41 R 0.077779)
(KRN O 51 R 0.077779)
(KRN O 135 R 0.077779)
(STOP)
…
)
…
(CHARACTER C f
(CHARWD R 0.305557)
(CHARHT R 0.694445)
(CHARIC R 0.077779)
(COMMENT
(LIG C i O 14)
(LIG C f O 13)
(LIG C l O 15)
(KRN O 47 R 0.077779)
(KRN O 77 R 0.077779)
…
)
)
…
</pre></div>
<p>As you can see, the general format is a list of parenthesized
<em class="dfn">properties</em>, nested where necessary.
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-FAMILY-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-FACE-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-headerbyte-information"></a>
The first few items (<code class="code">FAMILY</code>, <code class="code">FACE</code>, and so on) are
the so-called <em class="dfn">headerbyte</em> information from Metafont, giving general
information about the font.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-FAMILY-property-1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfontdimen"></a>
The <code class="code">FONTDIMEN</code> property defines the TeX <code class="code">\fontdimen</code>
values.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LIGTABLE-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LABEL-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LIG-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-KRN-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-design_002dsize-units"></a>
The <code class="code">LIGTABLE</code> property defines the ligature and kerning table.
<code class="code">LIG</code> properties define ligatures: in the example above, an
‘<samp class="samp">f</samp>’ (in the ‘<samp class="samp">LABEL</samp>’) followed by an ‘<samp class="samp">i</samp>’ is a ligature,
i.e., a typesetting program like TeX replaces those two consecutive
characters by the character at position octal ’014 in the current
font—presumably the ‘fi’ ligature. <code class="code">KRN</code> properties define
kerns: if an ‘<samp class="samp">f</samp>’ is followed by character octal ’047 (an
apostrophe), TeX inserts a small amount of space between them:
0.077779 times the design size the font was loaded at (about
three-quarters of a printer’s point by default in this case, or .001
inches).
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CHARACTER-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CHARWD-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CHARHT-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CHARDP-property"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CHARIC-property"></a>
The <code class="code">CHARACTER</code> property defines the dimensions of a character: its
width, height, depth, and italic correction, also in design-size units,
as explained in the previous item. For our example ‘f’, the depth is
zero, so that property is omitted. TFtoPL also inserts any kerns and
ligatures for this character as a comment.
</li></ul>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="pltotf-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a>, Previous: <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="PLtoTF_003a-Property-list-to-TeX-font-metric-conversion">11.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pltotf"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></a>
<p>PLtoTF translates a property list file (as output by TFtoPL, for
example) to TeX font metric (TFM, see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>)
format. It’s much easier for both programs and humans to create the
(plain text) property list files and let PLtoTF take care of creating
the binary TFM equivalent than to output TFM files directly. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">pltotf [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">plfile</var>[.pl] [<var class="var">tfmfile</var>[.tfm]]
</pre></div>
<p>If <var class="var">tfmfile</var> (extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.tfm</samp>’ if necessary) is
not specified, the TFM file is written to the basename of
‘<samp class="samp"><var class="var">plfile</var>.tfm</samp>’, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">pltotf /wherever/cmr10.pl</samp>’ creates
<samp class="file">./cmr10.tfm</samp>. (Since TFM files are binary, writing to standard
output by default is undesirable.)
</p>
<p>The only options are ‘<samp class="samp">-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’, and
‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
</p>
<p>For an example of property list format, see the previous section.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="vftovp-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a>, Previous: <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="VFtoVP_003a-Virtual-font-to-virtual-property-lists">11.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vftovp"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-validation_002c-of-VF-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to"></a>
<p>VFtoVP translates a virtual font metric (VF, see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual
fonts</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>) file and its accompanying TeX font metric (TFM,
see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>) file (as output by VPtoVF, for
example) to <em class="dfn">virtual property list format</em> (a list of parenthesized
items describing the virtual font) that humans can edit or read. This
program is mostly used by people debugging virtual font utilities.
Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">vftovp [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">vfname</var>[.vf] [<var class="var">tfmname</var>[.tfm] [<var class="var">vplfile</var>[.vpl]]]
</pre></div>
<p>The fonts <var class="var">vfname</var> and <var class="var">tfmname</var> (extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.vf</samp>’ and
‘<samp class="samp">.tfm</samp>’ if necessary) are searched for in the usual places
(see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code class="code">KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
‘<samp class="samp">-1</samp>’ before running the program. If <var class="var">tfmname</var> is not
specified, <var class="var">vfname</var> (without a trailing ‘<samp class="samp">.vf</samp>’) is used.
</p>
<p>If <var class="var">vplfile</var> (extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.vpl</samp>’ if necessary) is
not specified, the property list file is written to standard output.
The property list file can be converted back to VF and TFM format by the
companion program VFtoVP (see the next section).
</p>
<p>The program accepts the following option, as well as the standard
‘<samp class="samp">-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl class="table">
<dt id='index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype-1'><span>‘<samp class="samp">-charcode-format=<var class="var">type</var></samp>’<a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype-1'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var class="var">type</var>: either
‘<samp class="samp">octal</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">ascii</samp>’. Default is ‘<samp class="samp">ascii</samp>’ for letters and
digits, octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font’s coding
scheme starts with ‘<samp class="samp">TeX math sy</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">TeX math ex</samp>’, all
character codes are output in octal.
</p>
<p>In ‘<samp class="samp">ascii</samp>’ format, character codes that correspond to graphic
characters, except for left and right parentheses, are output as a
‘<samp class="samp">C</samp>’ followed by the single character: ‘<samp class="samp">C K</samp>’, for example. In
octal format, character codes are output as the letter ‘<samp class="samp">O</samp>’ followed
by octal digits, as in ‘<samp class="samp">O 113</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">K</samp>’.
</p>
<p>‘<samp class="samp">octal</samp>’ format is useful for symbol and other non-alphabetic fonts,
where using ASCII characters for the character codes is merely
confusing.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="vptovf-invocation">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font utilities available elsewhere</a>, Previous: <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="VPtoVF_003a-Virtual-property-lists-to-virtual-font">11.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vptovf"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-1"></a>
<p>VPtoVF translates a virtual property list file (as output by VFtoVP, for
example) to virtual font (VF, see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>) and
TeX font metric (TFM, see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>) files.
It’s much easier for both programs and humans to create the (plain text)
property list files and let VPtoVF take care of creating the binary VF
and TFM equivalents than to output them directly. Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">vptovf [<var class="var">option</var>]… <var class="var">vplfile</var>[.vpl] [<var class="var">vffile</var>[.vf] [<var class="var">tfmfile</var>[.tfm]]]
</pre></div>
<p>If <var class="var">vffile</var> (extended with ‘<samp class="samp">.vf</samp>’ if necessary) is not
specified, the VF output is written to the basename of
‘<samp class="samp"><var class="var">vplfile</var>.vf</samp>’; similarly for <var class="var">tfmfile</var>. For example,
‘<samp class="samp">vptovf /wherever/ptmr.vpl</samp>’ creates <samp class="file">./ptmr.vf</samp> and
<samp class="file">./ptmr.tfm</samp>.
</p>
<p>The only options are ‘<samp class="samp">-verbose</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">-help</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">-version</samp>’
(see <a class="pxref" href="#Common-options">Common options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h3 class="section" id="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere-1">11.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c"></a>
<p>The Web2c complement of font utilities merely implements a few basic
conversions. Many other more sophisticated font utilities exist; most
are in <samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities</samp> (for CTAN info,
see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). Here are some of the most
commonly-requested items:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-afm2tfm"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-afmtopl"></a>
AFM (Adobe font metric) to TFM conversion: see <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Invoking-afm2tfm">Invoking afm2tfm</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>, and <samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities/afmtopl</samp>.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-X-bitmap-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BDF-and-GF-conversion"></a>
BDF (the X bitmap format) conversion:
<a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz</a>.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-metatype1"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Latin-Modern"></a>
Creating fonts using MetaPost: MetaType1.
<a class="url" href="ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1">ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1</a>. This is used to create
the excellent Latin Modern font family (<samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/fonts/lm</samp>),
which extends Computer Modern to a vast repertoire of scripts.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xbfe_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xfed_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xfedor_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-gftopxl"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-chtopx"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pxtoch"></a>
Editing of bitmap fonts: Xbfe from the GNU font utilities mentioned
below; the X BDF-editing programs available from
<a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z</a> and
<a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z</a>; and finally, if your
fonts have only 128 characters, you can use the old <code class="code">gftopxl</code>,
<code class="code">pxtoch</code>, and <code class="code">chtopx</code> programs from
<a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web</a>.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontforge"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pfaedit"></a>
Editing of outline fonts: FontForge, <a class="url" href="fontforge.sourceforge.net">fontforge.sourceforge.net</a>.
This is a very elaborate program with support for many outline formats
(Type 1, OpenType, TrueType, …), and many advanced font
editing features.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-gsftopk"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ps2pk"></a>
PK bitmaps from PostScript outline fonts: gsftopk from the ‘<samp class="samp">xdvi</samp>’
distribution. Alternatively, <code class="code">ps2pk</code>, from
<samp class="file"><var class="var">CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities/ps2pk</samp>.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Type-1-conversion"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion"></a>
PostScript Type 1 font format conversion (i.e., between PFA and PFB
formats): <a class="url" href="https://www.lcdf.org/type">https://www.lcdf.org/type</a>.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-autotrace"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-potrace"></a>
Tracing bitmaps to fitted outlines: Autotrace
(<a class="url" href="http://autotrace.sourceforge.net">http://autotrace.sourceforge.net</a>), Potrace
(<a class="url" href="http://potrace.sourceforge.net">http://potrace.sourceforge.net</a>). For Metafont fonts, either of
the two programs <code class="code">mftrace</code>
(<a class="url" href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace">http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace</a>) or <code class="code">textrace</code>
(<a class="url" href="http://textrace.sourceforge.net">http://textrace.sourceforge.net</a>) make the job easier.
</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-virtual-font-creation"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontinst_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts"></a>
Virtual font creation: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/fontinst">https://ctan.org/pkg/fontinst</a>.
</li></ul>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix-level-extent" id="Legalisms">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#References" accesskey="n" rel="next">References</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font utilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="appendix" id="Legalisms-1">Appendix A Legalisms</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-legalisms"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-copyright-notices"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-permissions_002c-legal"></a>
<p>In general, each file has its own copyright notice stating the copying
permissions for that file. Following is a summary.
</p>
<p>The Stanford TeX programs and Web2c system itself are in the public
domain (<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/texlive/copying.html">https://tug.org/texlive/copying.html</a>). The sources may
be copied verbatim, or used as the starting point of new software
under different names; however, per the wishes of the authors, they
should be modified only through a <samp class="file">.ch</samp> file, but this is in the
nature of a development request rather than a legal requirement.
</p>
<p>MLTeX, pdfTeX, LuaTeX, XeTeX, and all the other derived
engines have used various license terms for their additions to the
base code, often the GPL (see <a class="url" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/#GPL">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/#GPL</a>)
or (for example) the file <samp class="file">web2c/pdftexdir/COPYINGv2</samp>. They also
mostly make use of additional libraries with their own (compatible)
terms. Please see each program’s sources.
</p>
<p>The Kpathsea library is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public
License (see <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Introduction">Introduction</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>). Therefore, the
<em class="emph">binaries</em> resulting from a standard Web2c compilation are also
covered by the LGPL; so if you (re)distribute the binaries, you must
also (offer to) distribute the complete source that went into those
binaries. See <a class="url" href="https://gnu.org/licenses/#LGPL">https://gnu.org/licenses/#LGPL</a> or the file
<samp class="file">kpathsea/COPYING.LESSERv2</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="appendix-level-extent" id="References">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Legalisms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Legalisms</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="appendix" id="References-1">Appendix B References</h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-references"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibliography"></a>
<ol class="enumerate">
<li> Kpathsea: See <a data-manual="kpathsea" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite class="cite">Kpathsea</cite>.
</li><li> Dvips and Afm2tfm: See <a data-manual="dvips" href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite class="cite">Dvips</cite>.
</li><li> The TeX Users Group: <a class="url" href="https://tug.org">https://tug.org</a>. For an introduction
to the TeX system, see <a class="url" href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a>.
</li><li> TUGboat, the principal journal for the TeX world:
<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat">https://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.
</li><li> TeX and computer typesetting in general:<br>
<a class="url" href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook1.bib">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook1.bib</a>.
</li><li> For a bibliography of formal articles and technical reports on the
TeX project, see the books <cite class="cite">TeX: The Program</cite> or
<cite class="cite">Metafont: The Program</cite> cited below.
</li><li> [Bil87]
Neenie Billawala.
Write-white printing engines and tuning fonts with Metafont.
<cite class="cite">TUGboat</cite>, 8(1):29–32, April 1987.
<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb08-1/tb17billawala.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb08-1/tb17billawala.pdf</a>.
</li><li> [Hob89]
John D. Hobby.
A Metafont-like system with PS output.
<cite class="cite">TUGboat</cite>, 10(4):505–512, December 1989.
<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/metapost">https://tug.org/metapost</a>.
</li><li> [Hob92]
John D. Hobby.
A User’s Manual for MetaPost.
Technical Report CSTR-162, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1992.
</li><li> [Hob93]
John D. Hobby.
Drawing Graphs with MetaPost.
Technical Report CSTR-164, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1993.
</li><li> [HS91]
Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele Jr.
<cite class="cite">C—A Reference Manual</cite>.
Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA, third edition, 1991.
An authoritative reference to the C programming language, and a good
companion to Kernighan and Ritchie.
</li><li> [KL93]
Donald E. Knuth and Silvio Levy.
<cite class="cite">The CWEB System of Structured Documentation, Version 3.0</cite>.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1993.
<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cweb">https://ctan.org/pkg/cweb</a>.
</li><li> [Knu84]
Donald E. Knuth.
A torture test for TeX.
Report No. STAN-CS-84-1027, Stanford University, Department of Computer
Science, 1984.
</li><li> [Knu86a]
Donald E. Knuth.
A Torture Test for METAFONT.
Report No. STAN-CS-86-1095, Stanford University, Department of Computer
Science, 1986.
</li><li> [Knu86b]
Donald E. Knuth.
<cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>, volume A of <cite class="cite">Computers and Typesetting</cite>.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
</li><li> [Knu86c]
Donald E. Knuth.
<cite class="cite">TeX: The Program</cite>, volume B of <cite class="cite">Computers and Typesetting</cite>.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
</li><li> [Knu86d]
Donald E. Knuth.
<cite class="cite">The METAFONTbook</cite>, volume C of <cite class="cite">Computers and Typesetting</cite>.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
</li><li> [Knu86e]
Donald E. Knuth.
<cite class="cite">METAFONT: The Program</cite>, volume D of <cite class="cite">Computers and
Typesetting</cite>.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
</li><li> [Knu86f]
Donald E. Knuth.
<cite class="cite">Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>, volume E of <cite class="cite">Computers and
Typesetting</cite>.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
</li><li> [Knu89]
Donald E. Knuth.
The errors of TeX.
<cite class="cite">Software—Practice and Experience</cite>, 19(7):607–681, July
1989.
This is an updated version of Knuth:1988:ET.
</li><li> [Knu90]
Donald Knuth.
Virtual Fonts: More Fun for Grand Wizards.
<cite class="cite">TUGboat</cite>, 11(1):13–23, April 1990.
<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb11-1/tb27knut.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb11-1/tb27knut.pdf</a>.
</li><li> [Knu92]
Donald E. Knuth.
<cite class="cite">Literate Programming</cite>.
CSLI Lecture Notes Number 27. Stanford University Center for the Study of
Language and Information, Stanford, CA, USA, 1992.
</li><li> [Lam94]
Leslie Lamport.
<cite class="cite">LaTeX: A Document Preparation System: User’s Guide and Reference
Manual</cite>.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, second edition, 1994.
Reprinted with corrections, 1996.
</li><li> [Lia83]
Franklin Mark Liang.
Word hy-phen-a-tion by com-put-er.
Technical Report STAN-CS-83-977, Stanford University, August 1983.
<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/docs/liang/liang-thesis.pdf">https://tug.org/docs/liang/liang-thesis.pdf</a>.
</li><li> [Mac91]
Pierre A. MacKay.
Looking at the pixels: Quality control for 300 dpi laser printer fonts,
especially Metafonts.
In Robert A. Morris and Jacques Andre, editors, <cite class="cite">Raster Imaging and
Digital Typography II—Papers from the second RIDT meeting, held in
Boston, Oct. 14–16, 1991</cite>, pages 205–215, New York, 1991. Cambridge
University Press.
</li></ol>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="unnumbered-level-extent" id="Index">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Web2c</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<h2 class="unnumbered" id="Index-1">Index</h2>
<div class="printindex cp-printindex">
<table class="cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>"</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>%</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>.</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>2</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>3</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>6</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>8</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>\</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>^</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>~</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="cp-entries-printindex" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th class="sections-header-printindex"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">"</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0022-character_002c-ignored-in-filenames"><code class="code">"</code> character, ignored in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">#</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0023define-options">‘<samp class="samp">#define</samp>’ options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024-expansion-in-filenames"><code>$ <span class="r">expansion in filenames</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">%</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0025_0026-magic-number"><code>%& <span class="r">magic number</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d-starting-a-filename"><code>- <span class="r">starting a filename</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d-starts-option-names"><code>- <span class="r">starts option names</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002d-starts-option-names"><code>-- <span class="r">starts option names</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-option"><code>--disable-dump-share configure <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dmf_002dnowin"><code>--disable-mf-nowin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002depsfwin"><code>--enable-epsfwin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dhp2627win"><code>--enable-hp2627win</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-option"><code>--enable-ipc configure <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dmftalkwin"><code>--enable-mftalkwin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dnext"><code>--enable-next</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dregiswin"><code>--enable-regiswin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dsuntoolswin"><code>--enable-suntoolswin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dtektronixwin"><code>--enable-tektronixwin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dunitermwin"><code>--enable-unitermwin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-common-option"><code>--help <span class="r">common option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dverbose-common-option"><code>--verbose <span class="r">common option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-common-option"><code>--version <span class="r">common option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003dcmd"><code>--with-editor=<var class="var">cmd</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwith_002dmf_002dx_002dtoolkit_003dkit"><code>--with-mf-x-toolkit=<var class="var">kit</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwith_002dx"><code>--with-x</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d8bit"><code>-8bit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dbase_003dbase"><code>-base=<var class="var">base</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dbase_003ddumpname"><code>-base=<var class="var">dumpname</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dchange_003dchfile"><code>-change=<var class="var">chfile</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype"><code>-charcode-format=<var class="var">type</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype-1"><code>-charcode-format=<var class="var">type</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dcnf_002dline"><code>-cnf-line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dD-compiler-options"><code>-D <span class="r">compiler options</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002ddisable_002dwrite18"><code>-disable-write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002ddpi_003dreal"><code>-dpi=<var class="var">real</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002denable_002dwrite18"><code>-enable-write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002denc"><code>-enc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror"><code>-file-line-error</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle"><code>-file-line-error-style</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dfmt_003ddumpname"><code>-fmt=<var class="var">dumpname</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dfmt_003dfmt"><code>-fmt=<var class="var">fmt</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dgeometry_002c-supported-with-Xt"><code>-geometry<span class="r">, supported with Xt</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dhalt_002don_002derror"><code>-halt-on-error</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dimages"><code>-images</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dini"><code>-ini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dini-1"><code>-ini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dinteraction_003dstring"><code>-interaction=<var class="var">string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dipc"><code>-ipc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dipc_002dstart"><code>-ipc-start</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002djobname_003dstring"><code>-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003dnumber"><code>-kpathsea-debug=<var class="var">number</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dlength_003dnumber"><code>-length=<var class="var">number</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dloose"><code>-loose</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dlowercase"><code>-lowercase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger"><code>-magnification=<var class="var">integer</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger-1"><code>-magnification=<var class="var">integer</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn"><code>-max-pages=<var class="var">n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn-1"><code>-max-pages=<var class="var">n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmem_003ddumpname"><code>-mem=<var class="var">dumpname</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003dn"><code>-min-crossrefs=<var class="var">n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmixedcase"><code>-mixedcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype"><code>-mktex=<var class="var">filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"><code>-mktex=<var class="var">filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmltex"><code>-mltex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dmnemonics"><code>-mnemonics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror"><code>-no-file-line-error</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"><code>-no-mktex=<var class="var">filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"><code>-no-mktex=<var class="var">filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"><code>-no-parse-first-line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dno_002dshell_002descape"><code>-no-shell-escape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002doutput_002dcomment_003dstring"><code>-output-comment=<var class="var">string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002doutput_002ddirectory"><code>-output-directory</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002doutput_002ddirectory-1"><code>-output-directory</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002doutput_002dlevel_003dn"><code>-output-level=<var class="var">n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003dpoints"><code>-overflow-label-offset=<var class="var">points</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec"><code>-page-start=<var class="var">page-spec</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec-1"><code>-page-start=<var class="var">page-spec</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"><code>-parse-first-line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dprogname_003dstring"><code>-progname=<var class="var">string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dprogname_003dstring-1"><code>-progname=<var class="var">string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002drecorder"><code>-recorder</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dshell_002descape"><code>-shell-escape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dshell_002drestricted"><code>-shell-restricted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dshow_002dopcodes"><code>-show-opcodes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dstrict"><code>-strict</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dstyle_003dmftfile"><code>-style=<var class="var">mftfile</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dT"><code>-T</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dterse"><code>-terse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dtex_003dtexprogram"><code>-tex=<var class="var">texprogram</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dtranslate_002dfile_003dtcxfile"><code>-translate-file=<var class="var">tcxfile</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dtroff"><code>-troff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dunderline"><code>-underline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002duppercase"><code>-uppercase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002dx"><code>-x</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002e_002c-used-for-output"><code>.<span class="r">, used for output</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002e2602gf"><code>.2602gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-cross_002dreference-files"><code>.aux <span class="r">cross-reference files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002ebase"><code>.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002ebbl-bibliography-files"><code>.bbl <span class="r">bibliography files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002ebib-bibliography-databases"><code>.bib <span class="r">bibliography databases</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eblg-BibTeX-log-file"><code>.blg <span class="r">BibTeX log file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002efmt"><code>.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002emf"><code>.mf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002emp"><code>.mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002emps-files-and-PDF"><code class="code">.mps</code> files and PDF</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002ennn-PostScript-figures"><code>.<var class="var">nnn</var> <span class="r">PostScript figures</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002ennngf-generic-fonts"><code>.<var class="var">nnn</var>gf <span class="r">generic fonts</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etcx-character-translation-files"><code>.tcx <span class="r">character translation files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etcx-character-translation-files-1"><code>.tcx <span class="r">character translation files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etex"><code>.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etfm-output"><code>.tfm <span class="r">output</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etfm-output-1"><code>.tfm <span class="r">output</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eXdefaults"><code>.Xdefaults</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eXresources"><code>.Xresources</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">2</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-2602gf"><code>2602gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">3</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-32_002dbit-architecture">32-bit architecture</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">6</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-64_002dbit-architecture">64-bit architecture</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">8</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-8-bit-clean">8 bit clean</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying"><code>8 bit clean output, specifying</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-8_002dbit-characters">8-bit characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccharsubdef-and-MLTeX"><code>\charsubdef <span class="r">and MLTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccountn"><code>\count<var class="var">n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccountn-1"><code>\count<var class="var">n</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfont-and-dynamic-generation"><code>\font <span class="r">and dynamic generation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen"><code>\fontdimen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite18"><code>\immediate\write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput-braced-_0028grouped_0029-filename"><code class="code">\input</code> braced (grouped) filename</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">\input braced filename</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput-filename-caveats"><code class="code">\input</code> filename caveats</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput-filenames"><code>\input <span class="r">filenames</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput-quoted-filename"><code class="code">\input</code> quoted filename</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename">\input quoted filename</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput_002c-and-pipes"><code>\input<span class="r">, and pipes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmag"><code>\mag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmag-1"><code>\mag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenin_002c-and-pipes"><code>\openin<span class="r">, and pipes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenout-and-security"><code>\openout <span class="r">and security</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenout_002c-and-pipes"><code>\openout<span class="r">, and pipes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coutput-routine_002c-and-_005cwrite"><code>\output <span class="r">routine, and <code class="code">\write</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfshellescape"><code>\pdfshellescape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstring_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames"><code>\string<span class="r">, and <code class="code">\input filenames</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctracingcharsubdef-and-MLTeX"><code>\tracingcharsubdef <span class="r">and MLTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctracinglostchars-and-MLTeX"><code>\tracinglostchars <span class="r">and MLTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18-shell-escape-extension"><code>\write18 <span class="r">shell escape extension</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e_005e-notation_002c-avoiding"><code>^^ <span class="r">notation, avoiding</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007e-expansion-in-filenames"><code>~ <span class="r">expansion in filenames</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abbrv_002ebst"><code>abbrv.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accented-character">accented character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with">accents, hyphenating words with</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acknowledgements">acknowledgements</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acm_002ebst"><code>acm.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Ada_002c-WEB-for">Ada, WEB for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-additional-Make-targets">additional Make targets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion">AFM to TFM conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-afm2tfm"><code>afm2tfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-afmtopl"><code>afmtopl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Aleph">Aleph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aliases-for-fonts">aliases for fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alpha_002ebst"><code>alpha.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system">American Mathematical Society, typesetting system</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-AMSTeX">AMSTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-apalike_002ebst"><code>apalike.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-architecture-dependencies">architecture dependencies</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-limit_002c-fixed">array limit, fixed</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-sizes">array sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-assembly-language-routines">assembly language routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-autotrace"><code>autotrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Awk_002c-WEB-for">Awk, WEB for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-base-file_002c-determining">base file, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-base-files">base files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions">base files, need mode definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-base-files_002c-plain-only">base files, plain only</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-base-files_002c-sharing">base files, sharing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bases-Make-target"><code>bases <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-basic-BibTeX-style-files">basic BibTeX style files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-basic-fonts-and-macros">basic fonts and macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-batch-languages">batch languages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BDF-and-GF-conversion">BDF and GF conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer_002c-package"><code>beamer<span class="r">, package</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginfig"><code>beginfig</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl">Berry, Karl</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"><code>BIBINPUTS<span class="r">, search path for bib files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliographies_002c-creating">bibliographies, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography">bibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#References">References</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced">bibliography items, cross-referenced</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibtex"><code>bibtex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BibTeX">BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX">BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BibTeX-collection">BibTeX collection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BibTeX-style-files">BibTeX style files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BigEndian-machines">BigEndian machines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-binaries_002c-linking">binaries, linking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files">blank lines, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boxes_002c-memory-for">boxes, memory for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-braced-filename-for-_005cinput">braced filename for <code class="code">\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">\input braced filename</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for">breakpoints, memory for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter">Breitenlohner, Peter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bst-files"><code>BSTINPUTS<span class="r">, search path for bst files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-btex-for-MetaPost-labels"><code>btex <span class="r">for MetaPost labels</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-btxdoc_002ebib"><code>btxdoc.bib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-btxdoc_002etex"><code>btxdoc.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-btxhak_002etex"><code>btxhak.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-byte-position">byte position</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-byte-position-1">byte position</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-byte-swapping">byte swapping</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-c_002dsources-Makefile-target"><code>c-sources <span class="r">Makefile target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caveats-for-_005cinput-filenames">caveats for <code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-MFT">change files, and MFT</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle">change files, and Tangle</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Weave">change files, and Weave</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-changing-error-messages-style">changing error messages style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output">character codes, in GFtype output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output">character codes, in PKtype output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-proofs-of-fonts">character proofs of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CHARACTER-property"><code>CHARACTER <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-translation-files">character translation files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CHARDP-property"><code>CHARDP <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CHARHT-property"><code>CHARHT <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CHARIC-property"><code>CHARIC <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CHARWD-property"><code>CHARWD <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chtopx"><code>chtopx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-name-for-Metafont">class name for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm_002ebase"><code>cm.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cmbase_002emf"><code>cmbase.mf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cmbase_002emft"><code>cmbase.mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cmmf_002ebase-not-recommended"><code>cmmf.base <span class="r">not recommended</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP">color, in DVItoMP</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files">comments, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comments_002c-MFT-control">comments, MFT control</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-common-options">common options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commonalities">commonalities</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commonalities">Commonalities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-compilation">compilation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-compile_002dtime-options">compile-time options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-compile_002dtime-options-1">compile-time options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Computer-Modern-fonts_002c-and-Troff">Computer Modern fonts, and Troff</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Computer-Modern-macros">Computer Modern macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Computer-Modern-Typefaces_002c-production-of"><cite class="cite">Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>, production of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration">configuration</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration-file-reading">configuration file reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration-file-values">configuration file values</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime">configuration, compile-time</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-options"><code>configure --with/--enable <span class="r">options</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#configure-options">configure options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CONTENTS_002etex"><code>CONTENTS.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ConTeXt">ConTeXt</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conventions-for-options_002c">conventions for options,</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text">conversion, DVI to plain text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK">conversion, GF to PK</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text">conversion, GF to plain text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF">conversion, PK to GF</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text">conversion, PK to plain text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM">conversion, property list to TFM</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF">conversion, property list to VF</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list">conversion, TFM to property list</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL">conversion, VF to VPL</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copyright-notices">copyright notices</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input">Cork encoding and ISO input</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-memory-dumps">creating memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross_002dengine-functionality">cross-engine functionality</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items">cross-referenced bibliography items</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting">cross-references, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output">current directory, used for output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Curtis_002c-Pavel">Curtis, Pavel</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Cweb">Cweb</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CWEB">CWEB</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps">date and time, in memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-debugging-DVI-utilities">debugging DVI utilities</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying">debugging flags, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">decimal character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dependencies_002c-hardware">dependencies, hardware</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-design_002dsize-units">design-size units</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont">device definitions, for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width">device-independent width</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-device_002dindependent-width-1">device-independent width</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-directory-structure">directory structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DISPLAY"><code>DISPLAY</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs">dot files, written by TeX programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-quote-character_002c-ignored-in-filenames">double quote character, ignored in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels">downloading of fonts for MetaPost labels</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DrawingServant"><code>DrawingServant</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dump-file">dump file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dumping-memory">dumping memory</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying">DVI comment, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX">DVI files, converting to MPX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DVI-files_002c-explained">DVI files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DVI-format-definition">DVI format definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing">DVI opcodes, showing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvicopy"><code>dvicopy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvitomp"><code>dvitomp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvitype-DVI-validation"><code>dvitype <span class="r">DVI validation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvitype-output-example">dvitype output example</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-output-example">dvitype output example</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvitype_002eweb"><code>dvitype.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#DVI-utilities">DVI utilities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dx-horizontal-escapement">dx <span class="r">horizontal escapement</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dx-horizontal-escapement-1">dx <span class="r">horizontal escapement</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dy-vertical-escapement">dy <span class="r">vertical escapement</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dynamic-array-allocation">dynamic array allocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-smode">dynamic Metafont mode definitions with <code class="code">smode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dynamic-packing-variable">dynamic packing variable</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e-response-at-error-prompt"><code>e <span class="r">response at error prompt</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002dcircumflex">e-circumflex</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002emft"><code>e.mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EC-fonts">EC fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EC-fonts-1">EC fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts">editing of bitmap fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-editor-invoked-at-error">editor invoked at error</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames">eight-bit characters in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-empty_002etcx"><code>empty.tcx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-endian-dependencies">endian dependencies</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eoc-GF-command"><code>eoc <span class="r">GF command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Eplain">Eplain</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-epsf"><code>epsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-epTeX">epTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at">errors, editor invoked at</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal">escapement, horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-escapement_002c-horizontal-1">escapement, horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-escapement_002c-vertical">escapement, vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etex-for-MetaPost-labels"><code>etex <span class="r">for MetaPost labels</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etex-is-pdfTeX"><code>etex <span class="r">is pdfTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eupTeX">eupTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin">executables, shared initial and virgin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exit-status_002c-of-shell-escape">exit status, of shell escape</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expanded-plain-format">expanded plain format</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expand_005fdepth"><code>expand_depth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion-limit_002c-recursive">expansion limit, recursive</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames">expansion, and <code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-extensions-to-TeX">extensions to TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-extra_005fmem_005fbot"><code>extra_mem_bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FACE-property"><code>FACE <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FAMILY-property"><code>FAMILY <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FAMILY-property-1"><code>FAMILY <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Ferguson_002c-Michael">Ferguson, Michael</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file-formats-for-fonts">file formats for fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file-recorder">file recorder</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files">filename conventions, in input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filenames-starting-with-_002d">filenames starting with ‘<samp class="samp">-</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file">first line of the main input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic">fixed-point arithmetic</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-FIXPT"><code>FIXPT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flag-byte">flag byte</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic">floating-point arithmetic</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-floating_002dpoint-values">floating-point values</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fmt-file_002c-determining">fmt file, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fmt-files">fmt files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fmt-files_002c-sharing">fmt files, sharing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fmts-Make-target"><code>fmts <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-aliases">font aliases</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-character-code_002c-translating">font character code, translating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-design">font design</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels">font downloading for MetaPost labels</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-file-formats">font file formats</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-proofs">font proofs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-utilities">font utilities</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c">font utilities, non-Web2c</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontforge"><code>fontforge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontinst_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts"><code>fontinst<span class="r">, for creating virtual fonts</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-basic">fonts, basic</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format-files">format files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formats-for-TeX">formats for TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formats-Make-target"><code>formats <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fraction-routines">fraction routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system">Free Software Foundation documentation system</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-freedom-of-Web2c">freedom of Web2c</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu"><code>ftp.math.utah.edu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-generating-source-specials">generating source specials</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometric-designs">geometric designs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometric-font-scaling">geometric font scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometry-for-Metafont">geometry for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-getopt_005flong_005fonly"><code>getopt_long_only</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-explained">GF files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont">GF files, output by Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GF-format-definition">GF format definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GF-output">GF output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to">GF, converting PK to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK">GF, converting to PK</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-gftodvi"><code>gftodvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-gftopk"><code>gftopk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-gftopxl"><code>gftopxl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-gftype-GF-validation"><code>gftype <span class="r">GF validation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-gftype_002eweb"><code>gftype.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-ratio-representations">glue ratio representations</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue_002c-memory-for">glue, memory for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glyph-substitutions">glyph substitutions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-gray-font">gray font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_002ddelimited-filename-for-_005cinput">group-delimited filename for <code class="code">\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-braced-filename">\input braced filename</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat">Gruff, Billy Goat</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-gsftopk"><code>gsftopk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e">Harbison, Samuel P.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hardware-and-memory-dumps">hardware and memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-headerbyte-information"><code>headerbyte <span class="r">information</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-height_002c-in-pixels">height, in pixels</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-help_002c-online">help, online</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Herberts_002c-Mathias">Herberts, Mathias</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">hex character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-HINT-_0028Hint-Is-Not-TeX_0029">HINT (Hint Is Not TeX)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-history">history</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hiTeX">hiTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Hobby_002c-John">Hobby, John</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement">horizontal escapement</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-escapement-1">horizontal escapement</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hp2627"><code>hp2627</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-TeX">human languages, supported in TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to">human-readable text, converting DVI to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to">human-readable text, converting GF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to">human-readable text, converting PK to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to">human-readable text, converting TFM to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to">human-readable text, converting VF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hypertext">hypertext</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation-and-languages">hyphenation and languages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating">hyphenation patterns, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ice-cream">ice cream</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-identifier-case">identifier case</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-identifier-collisions">identifier collisions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-identifier-length">identifier length</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-identifiers-with-underlines">identifiers with underlines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ieeetr_002ebst"><code>ieeetr.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-il1_002dt1_002etcx"><code>il1-t1.tcx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-il2_002dt1_002etcx"><code>il2-t1.tcx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Info-format">Info format</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-initial-form_002c-enabling">initial form, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-initial-Metafont">initial Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-initial-MetaPost">initial MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-initial-programs">initial programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-initial-TeX">initial TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-initializations_002c-lengthy">initializations, lengthy</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input-filenames">input filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-install_002dbases-Make-target"><code>install-bases <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-install_002dfmts-Make-target"><code>install-fmts <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-install_002dformats-Make-target"><code>install-formats <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-install_002dmems-Make-target"><code>install-mems <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_002d8bit_002e">interaction between TCX files and ‘<samp class="samp">-8bit</samp>’.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interaction-mode">interaction mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-international-characters">international characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-introduction">introduction</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-IPC">IPC</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG-1"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-job-name">job name</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files">kerning table, in TFM files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating">keyboard character code, translating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-KRN-property"><code>KRN <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-label-font">label font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LABEL-property"><code>LABEL <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-language-support-in-TeX">language support in TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for">languages, hyphenation rules for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX">LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Latin-Modern">Latin Modern</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-side-bearing">left side bearing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-side-bearing-1">left side bearing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-legalisms">legalisms</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-libsigsegv-library"><code>libsigsegv <span class="r">library</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-licensing-terms">licensing terms</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LIG-property"><code>LIG <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files">ligature table, in TFM files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LIGTABLE-property"><code>LIGTABLE <span class="r">property</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-linking-binaries">linking binaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-links-to-binaries">links to binaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-literate-programming">literate programming</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LittleEndian-machines">LittleEndian machines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-location-of-texmf_002ecnf-in-TeX-Live">location of <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> in TeX Live</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-BibTeX">log file, BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-long-data-type_002c-size-of"><code class="code">long</code> data type, size of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lua">Lua</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-machine-dependencies">machine dependencies</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-1">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MacKay_002c-Pierre">MacKay, Pierre</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macro-packages_002c-major-TeX">macro packages, major TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macros_002c-basic">macros, basic</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps">macros, predefining in memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-magnification">magnification</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-magnification-1">magnification</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-main_005fmemory"><code>main_memory</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Make-targets_002c-additional">Make targets, additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Martin_002c-Rick">Martin, Rick</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Mathematical-Reviews">Mathematical Reviews</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathematical-typesetting">mathematical typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mem-file_002c-determining">mem file, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mem-files_002c-sharing">mem files, sharing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-memory-dump-to-use_002c-determining">memory dump to use, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-memory-dumps">memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-memory-dumps-and-hardware">memory dumps and hardware</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-memory-dumps_002c-contain-date-and-time">memory dumps, contain date and time</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-memory-dumps_002c-creating">memory dumps, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mems-Make-target"><code>mems <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-meta-characters-in-filenames">meta characters in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont">Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont-geometry">Metafont geometry</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont-graphics">Metafont graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont-input-files">Metafont input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont-invocation">Metafont invocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont-meets-PostScript">Metafont meets PostScript</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont-online-support_002c-new-devices">Metafont online support, new devices</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont-source_002c-prettyprinting">Metafont source, prettyprinting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost">Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-initial">Metafont, initial</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX">Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost">MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility">MetaPost and plain Metafont compatibility</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost-input-files">MetaPost input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost-invocation">MetaPost invocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting">MetaPost source, prettyprinting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost_002c-initial">MetaPost, initial</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost_002c-TeX_002c-and-Metafont">MetaPost, TeX, and Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-metatype1"><code>metatype1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mf"><code>mf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mf_002ebase"><code>mf.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MFEDIT"><code>MFEDIT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mfplain"><code>mfplain</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mfput"><code>mfput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mft"><code>mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mftalk"><code>mftalk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MFTERM"><code>MFTERM</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mftmac_002etex"><code>mftmac.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-micro_002dtypography">micro-typography</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mktexmf_002c-disabling"><code>mktexmf<span class="r">, disabling</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mktextfM_002c-disabling"><code>mktextfM<span class="r">, disabling</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mltex"><code>mltex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MLTeX_002c-enabling">MLTeX, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mode-needed-to-run-Metafont">mode needed to run Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-modes-file-needed-for-Metafont">modes file needed for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-modes_002emf-recommended-modes-file"><code>modes.mf <span class="r">recommended modes file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mode_005fdef"><code>mode_def</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mode_005fsetup"><code>mode_setup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-modifying-texmf_002ecnf-in-TeX-Live">modifying <samp class="file">texmf.cnf</samp> in TeX Live</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Morgan_002c-Tim">Morgan, Tim</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Morris_002c-Bob">Morris, Bob</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MPEDIT"><code>MPEDIT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpgraph_002epdf"><code>mpgraph.pdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpman_002epdf"><code>mpman.pdf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpost"><code>mpost</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpost_002c-reason-for-name-change"><code>mpost<span class="r">, reason for name change</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Installation">Installation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpout"><code>mpout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mproof_002etex"><code>mproof.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mptrap-Make-target"><code>mptrap <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mptrap-test">mptrap test</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mptrap_002ereadme"><code>mptrap.readme</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files">MPX files, converting from DVI files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Multi_002dlingual-TeX">Multi-lingual TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiple-spaces_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames">multiple spaces, and <code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-N-tilde">N tilde</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont">new graphics support for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-newrow-GF-command"><code>newrow <span class="r">GF command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-next"><code>next</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on">non-Unix system, compiling on</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dwindows_002dcapable-Metafont">non-windows-capable Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-NO_005fX11WIN"><code>NO_X11WIN</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames">NUL, not allowed in filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">octal character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-offset-for-overflow-labels">offset for overflow labels</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Omega">Omega</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-online-Metafont-graphics">online Metafont graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI">opcodes, showing DVI</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OpenType-support">OpenType support</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-optical-font-scaling">optical font scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-option-conventions">option conventions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-origin">origin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output-directory_002c-specifying">output directory, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output-directory_002c-specifying-1">output directory, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output-file-location">output file location</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs">output files, written by TeX programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output_005fcomment-for-DVI-files"><code>output_comment <span class="r">for DVI files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overflow-label-offset">overflow label offset</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overflow_002c-of-runtime-stack">overflow, of runtime stack</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-packet-length">packet length</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_002c-starting">page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-1">page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parsing-the-first-line">parsing the first line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB">Pascal, creating from WEB</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-patgen"><code>patgen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-path-searching">path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-path-searching-debugging">path searching debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PDF">PDF</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PDF_002c-and-_002emps-files">PDF, and <code class="code">.mps</code> files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-permissions_002c-legal">permissions, legal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion">PFA and PFB conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pfaedit"><code>pfaedit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PiCTeX_002c-increasing-memory-for">PiCTeX, increasing memory for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pipes_002c-reading-and-writing">pipes, reading and writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pixel-height">pixel height</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pixel-width">pixel width</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript">PK bitmaps from PostScript</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-explained">PK files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont">PK files, not output by Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PK-format-definition">PK format definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to">PK, converting GF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftopk-invocation">gftopk invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF">PK, converting to GF</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pktogf"><code>pktogf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktogf-invocation">pktogf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pktype-PK-validation"><code>pktype <span class="r">PK validation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pktype_002eweb"><code>pktype.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PL-files_002c-explained">PL files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost">plain Metafont, compatibility in MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to">plain text, converting DVI to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to">plain text, converting GF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to">plain text, converting PK to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to">plain text, converting TFM to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to">plain text, converting VF to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain_002ebase"><code>plain.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain_002ebst"><code>plain.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain_002efmt"><code>plain.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plain_002emft"><code>plain.mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pltotf"><code>pltotf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pool-file_002c-writing">pool file, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Poole_002c-Simon">Poole, Simon</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pooltype"><code>pooltype</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-portable-filenames">portable filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff">PostScript fonts, and Troff</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-meets-Metafont">PostScript meets Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-output">PostScript output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps">PostScript to PK bitmaps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion">PostScript Type 1 font conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling">PostScript, and font scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-potrace"><code>potrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps">predefined macros and memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source">prettyprinting Metafont source</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs">prettyprinting WEB programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-primitives_002c-new">primitives, new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-printable-characters_002c-specifying">printable characters, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont">printer characteristics, for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-production-use">production use</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump">program name, determines memory dump</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-program-names_002c-special">program names, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-program-names_002c-special-1">program names, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-program-names_002c-special-2">program names, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prologues"><code>prologues</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prologues_002c-and-EPSF-output"><code>prologues<span class="r">, and EPSF output</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-proof-mode"><code>proof <span class="r">mode</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts">proof sheets, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-property-list-format">property list format</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to">property list, converting TFM to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual">property list, converting VF to virtual</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ps2pk"><code>ps2pk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-psfonts_002emap_002c-read-by-MetaPost"><code>psfonts.map<span class="r">, read by MetaPost</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pTeX">pTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PXL-files_002c-explained">PXL files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pxtoch"><code>pxtoch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-filename-for-_005cinput">quoted filename for <code class="code">\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-quoted-filename">\input quoted filename</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Raichle_002c-Bernd">Raichle, Bernd</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reading_002c-additional">reading, additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in">readonly directory, running TeX in</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in-1">readonly directory, running TeX in</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reallocation-of-arrays">reallocation of arrays</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-recursive-expansion-limit">recursive expansion limit</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefined-character-substitutions">redefined character substitutions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reference-pixel">reference pixel</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-references">references</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#References">References</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-regis"><code>regis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Regis-graphics-support">Regis graphics support</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-regression-testing">regression testing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-repeated-rows">repeated rows</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-representation-of-strings">representation of strings</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-escapes">restricted shell escapes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-side-bearing">right side bearing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-side-bearing-1">right side bearing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas">Rokicki, Tomas</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps">run length encoded bitmaps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-1">run length encoded bitmaps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-runtime-options">runtime options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-runtime-stack-overflow">runtime stack overflow</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaled-pixels">scaled pixels</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-1">scaled pixels</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling-of-fonts">scaling of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-security_002c-and-output-files">security, and output files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes">security, and shell escapes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-security_002c-and-write">security, and <code class="code">write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-security_002c-and-_005copenout">security, and <code class="code">\openout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-segmentation-fault">segmentation fault</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shapes">shapes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sharing-memory-dumps">sharing memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-commands-in-TeX">shell commands in TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_005fescape-enabling-in-TeX"><code>shell_escape <span class="r">enabling in TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell_005fescape_005fcommands"><code>shell_escape_commands</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siam_002ebst"><code>siam.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-side-bearings">side bearings</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-side-bearings-1">side bearings</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SIGSEGV"><code>SIGSEGV</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slant-font">slant font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slides_002c-producing">slides, producing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SliTeX">SliTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-small-Metafont-memory-and-modes">small Metafont memory and modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-smode-and-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition"><code>smode <span class="r">and dynamic Metafont mode definition</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sockets">sockets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002dterminated-filenames">space-terminated filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Spiderweb">Spiderweb</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Stallman_002c-Richard">Stallman, Richard</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-page">starting page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-page-1">starting page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e">Steele Jr., Guy L.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stopping-at-the-first-error">stopping at the first error</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strategy_002c-overall">strategy, overall</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-string-numbers_002c-displaying">string numbers, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-string-pool_002c-writing">string pool, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-string-representation">string representation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-style-design_002c-for-BibTeX">style design, for BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-style-files">style files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs">substitutions of font glyphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sun"><code>sun</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sun_002dgfx_002ec"><code>sun-gfx.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Suntools">Suntools</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SunView">SunView</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-swap-space_002c-as-array-limit">swap space, as array limit</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-swapping-bytes">swapping bytes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-syntax-of-TCX-files">syntax of TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-C-library-function"><code>system <span class="r">C library function</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-command">system command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-fonts_002c-using">system fonts, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input">T1 encoding and ISO input</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabs_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames">tabs, and <code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth">Tachikawa, Elizabeth</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tangle"><code>tangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-targets_002c-additional-Make">targets, additional Make</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TCX-character-translation-files"><code>TCX <span class="r">character translation files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-technical-illustrations_002c-creating">technical illustrations, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tek"><code>tek</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Tektronix">Tektronix</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Tektronix-4014">Tektronix 4014</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TERM"><code>TERM</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminator-for-filenames">terminator for filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terse-output">terse output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-teTeX-distribution">teTeX distribution</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tex"><code>tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-bibliographies-for">TeX, bibliographies for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-creating-from-Metafont">TeX, creating from Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-creating-from-WEB">TeX, creating from WEB</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-description-of">TeX, description of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-extensions-to">TeX, extensions to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-format-packages-for">TeX, format packages for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-initial">TeX, initial</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-input-files-found">TeX, input files found</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-invocation">TeX, invocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-Metafont_002c-and-MetaPost">TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX_002c-Web2c-implementation-of">TeX, Web2c implementation of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tex_002efmt"><code>tex.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TEXBIB_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"><code>TEXBIB<span class="r">, search path for bib files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TEXEDIT"><code>TEXEDIT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texfonts_002emap"><code>texfonts.map</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Texinfo">Texinfo</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Formats">Formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf"><code>texmf.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-1"><code>texmf.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-for-editors"><code>texmf.cnf <span class="r">for editors</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-for-shell-escapes"><code>texmf.cnf <span class="r">for shell escapes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texmfmp_002ec"><code>texmfmp.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-for-reading"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT<span class="r">, used for reading</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-if-_002e-unwritable"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT<span class="r">, used if ‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’ unwritable</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texmf_005fcasefold_005fsearch"><code>texmf_casefold_search</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texput"><code>texput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to">TFM files, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-explained">TFM files, explained</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont">TFM files, output by Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost">TFM files, output by MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters">TFM width of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TFM-width-of-characters-1">TFM width of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tftopl"><code>tftopl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-three-programs">three programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Three-programs">Three programs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps">time and date, in memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-font">title font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tl_002dcheck_002dfmtshare"><code>tl-check-fmtshare</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tokenization_002c-and-_005cinput-filenames">tokenization, and <code class="code">\input</code> filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filename-caveats">\input filename caveats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-toolkits_002c-X">toolkits, X</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-torture-tests">torture tests</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-translation-file-for-TeX_002c-specifying">translation file for TeX, specifying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-translation-from-WEB-to-C">translation from WEB to C</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trap-Make-target"><code>trap <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trap-test">trap test</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trapman_002etex"><code>trapman.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Trickey_002c-Howard">Trickey, Howard</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trip-Make-target"><code>trip <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trip-test">trip test</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tripman_002etex"><code>tripman.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-triptrap-Make-target"><code>triptrap <span class="r">Make target</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost">Troff, and MetaPost</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-troff_002c-supported-in-MetaPost"><code>troff<span class="r">, supported in MetaPost</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#MetaPost">MetaPost</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Troff_002c-WEB-for">Troff, WEB for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Trojan-horses-and-TeX-programs">Trojan horses and TeX programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TrueType-support">TrueType support</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TUGboat-bibliography">TUGboat bibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Type-1-conversion">Type 1 conversion</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-design_002c-personal">type design, personal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-DVI">type programs, DVI</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-GF">type programs, GF</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-PK">type programs, PK</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-programs_002c-pool">type programs, pool</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typeface-families">typeface families</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typesetting">typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode-input">Unicode input</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uniterm"><code>uniterm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unsrt_002ebst"><code>unsrt.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-upTeX">upTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8-input">UTF-8 input</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8-input_002c-native">UTF-8 input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files">validation, of DVI files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-GF-files">validation, of GF files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-PK-files">validation, of PK files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files">validation, of TFM files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-VF-files">validation, of VF files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbose-BibTeX-output_002c-suppressing">verbose BibTeX output, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbosity_002c-enabling">verbosity, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-version-number_002c-finding">version number, finding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-escapement">vertical escapement</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to">VF files, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vftovp"><code>vftovp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-virgin-programs">virgin programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-virtual-font-creation">virtual font creation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding">virtual fonts, expanding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth"><code>virtual-fonts.knuth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-virtualfonts_002etxt"><code>virtualfonts.txt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vptovf"><code>vptovf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-weave"><code>weave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-WEB">WEB</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-web-environments_002c-and-security">web environments, and security</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying">WEB pool files, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling">WEB programs, compiling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting">WEB programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-WEB2C_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files"><code>WEB2C<span class="r">, search path for TCX files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Weber_002c-Olaf">Weber, Olaf</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-webmac_002etex"><code>webmac.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-webman_002etex"><code>webman.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files">whitespace, in TCX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames">whitespace-terminated filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent">width, device-independent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-1">width, device-independent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-width_002c-in-pixels">width, in pixels</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-word-processor_002c-not">word processor, not</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-memory-dumps">writing memory dumps</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-X-bitmap-fonts">X bitmap fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-X-class-name-for-Metafont">X class name for Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-x-offset">x offset</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-X-resources">X resources</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont">X toolkits and Metafont</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xampl_002ebib"><code>xampl.bib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xbfe_002c-bitmap-font-editor"><code>xbfe<span class="r">, bitmap font editor</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xfed_002c-bitmap-font-editor"><code>xfed<span class="r">, bitmap font editor</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xfedor_002c-bitmap-font-editor"><code>xfedor<span class="r">, bitmap font editor</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Xlib"><code>Xlib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Xlib-support">Xlib support</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Xt"><code>Xt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Xt-support">Xt support</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xterm"><code>xterm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-y-offset">y offset</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>"</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>%</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>.</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>2</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>3</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>6</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>8</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>\</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>^</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>~</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
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