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<!DOCTYPE html> 
<html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US" > 
<head>
   <title>The TeX Live Guide—2024 </title> 
<meta  charset="utf-8" /> 
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<meta name="src" content="texlive-en.tex" /> 
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   <div class="maketitle">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
                                                                                      

<h2 class="titleHead">The TeX Live Guide—2024 </h2>
          <div class="author" ><span 
class="ec-lmr-12x-x-120">Karl Berry, editor</span>
<br /> <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12x-x-120">https://tug.org/texlive/</span></a> </div><br />
<div class="date" ><span 
class="ec-lmr-12x-x-120">24 March 2024</span></div>
   </div>
   <h3 class="likesectionHead"><a 
 id="x1-1000"></a>Contents</h3>
   <div class="tableofcontents">
   <span class="sectionToc" >1 <a 
href="#x1-20001" id="QQ2-1-2">Introduction</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >1.1 <a 
href="#x1-30001.1" id="QQ2-1-3">TeX Live and the TeX Collection</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >1.2 <a 
href="#x1-40001.2" id="QQ2-1-4">Operating system support</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >1.3 <a 
href="#x1-50001.3" id="QQ2-1-5">Basic installation of TeX Live</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >1.4 <a 
href="#x1-60001.4" id="QQ2-1-6">Security considerations</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >1.5 <a 
href="#x1-70001.5" id="QQ2-1-7">Getting help</a></span>
<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >2 <a 
href="#x1-80002" id="QQ2-1-8">Overview of TeX Live</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >2.1 <a 
href="#x1-90002.1" id="QQ2-1-9">The TeX Collection: TeX Live, MacTeX, MiKTeX, CTAN</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >2.2 <a 
href="#x1-100002.2" id="QQ2-1-10">Top level TeX Live directories</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >2.3 <a 
href="#x1-110002.3" id="QQ2-1-11">Overview of the predefined texmf trees</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >2.4 <a 
href="#x1-120002.4" id="QQ2-1-12">Extensions to TeX</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >2.5 <a 
href="#x1-130002.5" id="QQ2-1-13">Other notable programs in TeX Live</a></span>
<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >3 <a 
href="#x1-140003" id="QQ2-1-14">Installation</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1 <a 
href="#x1-150003.1" id="QQ2-1-15">Starting the installer</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.1 <a 
href="#x1-160003.1.1" id="QQ2-1-17">Unix</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.2 <a 
href="#x1-170003.1.2" id="QQ2-1-18">macOS</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.3 <a 
href="#x1-180003.1.3" id="QQ2-1-19">Windows</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.4 <a 
href="#x1-190003.1.4" id="QQ2-1-23">Cygwin</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.5 <a 
href="#x1-200003.1.5" id="QQ2-1-24">The text installer</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.6 <a 
href="#x1-210003.1.6" id="QQ2-1-25">The graphical installer</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.2 <a 
href="#x1-220003.2" id="QQ2-1-26">Running the installer</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.1 <a 
href="#x1-230003.2.1" id="QQ2-1-27">Binary systems menu (Unix only)</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.2 <a 
href="#x1-240003.2.2" id="QQ2-1-29">Selecting what is to be installed</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.3 <a 
href="#x1-250003.2.3" id="QQ2-1-32">Directories</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.4 <a 
href="#x1-260003.2.4" id="QQ2-1-33">Options</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.3 <a 
href="#x1-270003.3" id="QQ2-1-35">Command-line install-tl options</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.3.1 <a 
href="#x1-280003.3.1" id="QQ2-1-36">The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-repository </span>option</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.4 <a 
href="#x1-290003.4" id="QQ2-1-37">Post-install actions</a></span>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.1 <a 
href="#x1-300003.4.1" id="QQ2-1-38">Environment variables for Unix</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.2 <a 
href="#x1-310003.4.2" id="QQ2-1-39">Environment variables: Global configuration</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.3 <a 
href="#x1-320003.4.3" id="QQ2-1-40">Internet updates after DVD installation</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.4 <a 
href="#x1-330003.4.4" id="QQ2-1-41">System font configuration for XeTeX and LuaTeX</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.5 <a 
href="#x1-340003.4.5" id="QQ2-1-42">ConTeXt LMTX and MKIV</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.6 <a 
href="#x1-350003.4.6" id="QQ2-1-43">Integrating local and personal macros</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.7 <a 
href="#x1-360003.4.7" id="QQ2-1-44">Integrating third-party fonts</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.5 <a 
href="#x1-370003.5" id="QQ2-1-45">Testing the installation</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.6 <a 
href="#x1-380003.6" id="QQ2-1-46">Uninstalling TeX Live</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.7 <a 
href="#x1-390003.7" id="QQ2-1-47">Links for additional downloadable software</a></span>
<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >4 <a 
href="#x1-400004" id="QQ2-1-48">Specialized installations</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >4.1 <a 
href="#x1-410004.1" id="QQ2-1-49">Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >4.2 <a 
href="#x1-420004.2" id="QQ2-1-50">Portable (USB) installations</a></span>
<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >5 <a 
href="#x1-430005" id="QQ2-1-51"><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>: Managing your installation</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1 <a 
href="#x1-440005.1" id="QQ2-1-55">GUI interfaces for <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span></a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2 <a 
href="#x1-450005.2" id="QQ2-1-56">Sample <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>command-line invocations</a></span>
<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >6 <a 
href="#x1-460006" id="QQ2-1-57">Notes on Windows</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1 <a 
href="#x1-470006.1" id="QQ2-1-58">Windows-specific features</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2 <a 
href="#x1-480006.2" id="QQ2-1-59">Additional software included on Windows</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.3 <a 
href="#x1-490006.3" id="QQ2-1-60">Using external Perl, Tcl/Tk and Ghostscript installations</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.4 <a 
href="#x1-500006.4" id="QQ2-1-61">User Profile is Home</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.5 <a 
href="#x1-510006.5" id="QQ2-1-62">The Windows registry</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.6 <a 
href="#x1-520006.6" id="QQ2-1-63">Windows permissions</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.7 <a 
href="#x1-530006.7" id="QQ2-1-64">Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin</a></span>
<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >7 <a 
href="#x1-540007" id="QQ2-1-65">A user’s guide to Web2C</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >7.1 <a 
href="#x1-550007.1" id="QQ2-1-66">Kpathsea path searching</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.1 <a 
href="#x1-560007.1.1" id="QQ2-1-67">Path sources</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.2 <a 
href="#x1-570007.1.2" id="QQ2-1-68">Config files</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.3 <a 
href="#x1-580007.1.3" id="QQ2-1-69">Path expansion</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.4 <a 
href="#x1-590007.1.4" id="QQ2-1-70">Default expansion</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.5 <a 
href="#x1-600007.1.5" id="QQ2-1-71">Brace expansion</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.6 <a 
href="#x1-610007.1.6" id="QQ2-1-72">Subdirectory expansion</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.7 <a 
href="#x1-620007.1.7" id="QQ2-1-73">Summary of special characters in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>files</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >7.2 <a 
href="#x1-630007.2" id="QQ2-1-74">Filename databases</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.1 <a 
href="#x1-640007.2.1" id="QQ2-1-75">The filename database</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.2 <a 
href="#x1-650007.2.2" id="QQ2-1-76">kpsewhich: Standalone path searching</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.3 <a 
href="#x1-660007.2.3" id="QQ2-1-77">Examples of use</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.4 <a 
href="#x1-670007.2.4" id="QQ2-1-78">Debugging actions</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >7.3 <a 
href="#x1-680007.3" id="QQ2-1-80">Runtime options</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >7.4 <a 
href="#x1-690007.4" id="QQ2-1-81"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDOTDIR</span></a></span>
<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >8 <a 
href="#x1-700008" id="QQ2-1-82">Acknowledgements</a></span>
<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >9 <a 
href="#x1-710009" id="QQ2-1-83">Release history</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1 <a 
href="#x1-720009.1" id="QQ2-1-84">Past</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.1 <a 
href="#x1-730009.1.1" id="QQ2-1-85">2003</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.2 <a 
href="#x1-740009.1.2" id="QQ2-1-86">2004</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.3 <a 
href="#x1-750009.1.3" id="QQ2-1-87">2005</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.4 <a 
href="#x1-760009.1.4" id="QQ2-1-88">2006–2007</a></span>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.5 <a 
href="#x1-770009.1.5" id="QQ2-1-89">2008</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.6 <a 
href="#x1-780009.1.6" id="QQ2-1-90">2009</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.7 <a 
href="#x1-790009.1.7" id="QQ2-1-91">2010</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.8 <a 
href="#x1-800009.1.8" id="QQ2-1-92">2011</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.9 <a 
href="#x1-810009.1.9" id="QQ2-1-93">2012</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.10 <a 
href="#x1-820009.1.10" id="QQ2-1-94">2013</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.11 <a 
href="#x1-830009.1.11" id="QQ2-1-95">2014</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.12 <a 
href="#x1-840009.1.12" id="QQ2-1-96">2015</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.13 <a 
href="#x1-850009.1.13" id="QQ2-1-97">2016</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.14 <a 
href="#x1-860009.1.14" id="QQ2-1-98">2017</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.15 <a 
href="#x1-870009.1.15" id="QQ2-1-99">2018</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.16 <a 
href="#x1-880009.1.16" id="QQ2-1-100">2019</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.17 <a 
href="#x1-890009.1.17" id="QQ2-1-101">2020</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.18 <a 
href="#x1-900009.1.18" id="QQ2-1-102">2021</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.19 <a 
href="#x1-910009.1.19" id="QQ2-1-103">2022</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.20 <a 
href="#x1-920009.1.20" id="QQ2-1-104">2023</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.2 <a 
href="#x1-930009.2" id="QQ2-1-105">Present: 2024</a></span>
<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.3 <a 
href="#x1-940009.3" id="QQ2-1-106">Future</a></span>
   </div>
<!--l. 32--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-20001"></a>Introduction</h3>
<!--l. 35--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-30001.1"></a>TeX Live and the TeX Collection</h4>
<!--l. 37--><p class="noindent" >This document describes the main features of the TeX Live software distribution — TeX and
related programs for GNU/Linux and other Unix flavors, macOS, and Windows
systems.
</p><!--l. 41--><p class="indent" >   You may have acquired TeX Live by downloading, or on the TeX Collection DVD, which
TeX user groups distribute among their members, or in other ways. Section <a 
href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>
briefly describes the contents of the DVD. Both TeX Live and the TeX Collection are
cooperative efforts by the TeX user groups. This document mainly describes TeX Live
itself.
</p><!--l. 47--><p class="indent" >   TeX Live includes executables for TeX, LaTeX2e, ConTeXt, Metafont, MetaPost,
BibTeX and many other programs; an extensive collection of macros, fonts and
documentation; and support for typesetting in many different scripts from around the
world.
</p><!--l. 52--><p class="indent" >   For a brief summary of the major changes in this edition of TeX Live, see the end of the
document, section <a 
href="#x1-710009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:history --></a> (p. <a 
href="#x1-710009">96<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:history --></a>).
</p><!--l. 57--><p class="indent" >   <a id="platforms"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-40001.2"></a>Operating system support</h4>
<!--l. 61--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live contains binaries for many Unix-based platforms, including GNU/Linux, macOS,
and Cygwin. The included sources can be compiled on platforms for which we do not provide
binaries.
</p><!--l. 65--><p class="indent" >   As to Windows: Windows 7 and later are supported. Windows Vista <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">may </span>still mostly
work, but TeX Live will no longer even install on Windows XP or earlier. TeX Live includes
64-bit executables for Windows.
</p><!--l. 70--><p class="indent" >   See section <a 
href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a> for alternate solutions for Windows and macOS.
</p><!--l. 73--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-50001.3"></a>Basic installation of TeX Live</h4>
<!--l. 76--><p class="noindent" >You can install TeX Live either from DVD or over the Internet (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html</span></a>). The net installer itself is small, and downloads
everything requested from the Internet.
</p><!--l. 80--><p class="indent" >   The DVD installer lets you install to a local disk, but you cannot run TeX Live directly
from the TeX Collection DVD (or the TeX Collection or TeX Live <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.iso </span>images). You <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">can</span>
prepare a runnable installation on, e.g., a USB stick (see section <a 
href="#x1-420004.2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:portable-tl --></a>). Installation is described
in later sections (p. <a 
href="#x1-140003">15<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:install --></a>), but here is a quick start:
</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 89--><p class="noindent" >For Unix, the installation script is <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl</span>; on Windows, one should instead
      invoke <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl-windows</span>. The installer will operate in a graphical mode given
      the option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-gui </span>(default for Windows), or a text mode given the option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-gui=text</span>
      (default for everything else).
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 95--><p class="noindent" >One of the installed items is the ‘TeX Live Manager’ program, named <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>. Like
      the installer, it can be used in both GUI mode and in text mode. You can use it
      to install and uninstall packages and do various configuration tasks.
</p>
      </li></ul>
<!--l. 103--><p class="indent" >   <a id="security"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-60001.4"></a>Security considerations</h4>
<!--l. 107--><p class="noindent" >To the best of our knowledge, the core TeX programs themselves are (and always have been)
extremely robust. However, the contributed programs in TeX Live may not reach the
same level, despite everyone’s best efforts. As always, you should be careful when
running programs on untrusted input; to improve safety, use a new subdirectory or
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
chroot.
</p><!--l. 113--><p class="indent" >   This need for care is especially urgent on Windows, since in general Windows finds
programs in the current directory before anything else, regardless of the search path. This
opens up a wide variety of possible attacks. We have closed many holes, but undoubtedly some
remain, especially with third-party programs. Thus, we recommend checking for suspicious
files in the current directory, especially executables (binaries or scripts). Ordinarily they should
not be present, and definitely should not normally be created by merely processing a
document.
</p><!--l. 122--><p class="indent" >   Finally, TeX (and its companion programs) are able to write files when processing
documents, a feature that can also be abused in a wide variety of ways. Again, processing
unknown documents in a new subdirectory is the safest bet.
</p><!--l. 127--><p class="indent" >   Another aspect of security is ensuring that downloaded material has not been changed from
what was created. The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>program (section <a 
href="#x1-430005">5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tlmgr --></a>) will automatically perform cryptographic
verification on downloads if the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">gpg </span>(GNU Privacy Guard) program is available. It is not
distributed as part of TeX Live, but see <a 
href="https://texlive.info/tlgpg/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://texlive.info/tlgpg/</span></a> for information
about <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">gpg </span>if need be.
</p><!--l. 135--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-70001.5"></a>Getting help</h4>
<!--l. 138--><p class="noindent" >The TeX community is active and friendly, and most serious questions end up getting
answered. However, the support is informal, done by volunteers and casual users, so it’s
especially important that you do your homework before asking. (If you prefer guaranteed
commercial support, you can forgo TeX Live completely and purchase a vendor’s system; 
<a 
href="https://tug.org/interest.html#vendors" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/interest.html#vendors</span></a> has a list.)
</p><!--l. 145--><p class="indent" >   Here is a list of resources, approximately in the order we recommend using them:
</p><!--l. 148--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Getting started</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 149--><p class="noindent" >If you are new to TeX, the web page <a 
href="https://tug.org/begin.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/begin.html</span></a> gives a
      brief introduction to the system.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">CTAN</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 152--><p class="noindent" >If  you  are  looking  for  a  particular  package,  font,  program,  etc.,  CTAN  is  the
      place to start looking. It is a huge collection of all TeX-related items. The catalog
      entries also tell you whether a package is available for TeX Live or MiKTeX. See 
<a 
href="https://ctan.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org</span></a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">TeX FAQ</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 157--><p class="noindent" >The  TeX  FAQ  is  a  compendium  of  answers  to  all  sorts  of  questions,  from
      the  most  basic  to  the  most  arcane.  It  is  available  on  the  Internet  through  
<a 
href="https://texfaq.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://texfaq.org</span></a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">TeX Web Resources</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 161--><p class="noindent" >The web page <a 
href="https://tug.org/interest.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/interest.html</span></a> has many TeX-related links, in
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      particular for numerous books, manuals, and articles on all aspects of the system.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">support sites</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 166--><p class="noindent" >A                           general                            web                            search
      never hurts. Principal support sites for TeX include the LaTeX community site at
      <a 
href="https://latex.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://latex.org</span></a>, the q&#x0026;a site <a 
href="https://tex.stackexchange.com" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tex.stackexchange.com</span></a>, and
      the mailing list <a 
href="https://lists.tug.org/texhax" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://lists.tug.org/texhax</span></a>. Their archives have years of
      past questions and answers for your searching pleasure.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">asking questions</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 173--><p class="noindent" >If  you  cannot  find  an  answer,  you  can  post  to  <a 
href="http://latex.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://latex.org/</span></a> and  
<a 
href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tex.stackexchange.com/</span></a> through their web interfaces, to  <a 
href="mailto:texhax@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texhax@</span>
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tug.org</span></span></a> through email (it’s not necessary to subscribe in order to post). But before
      you post anywhere, please read this FAQ entry, to maximize your chances of getting
      a useful answer: <a 
href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-askquestion" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-askquestion</span></a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">TeX Live support</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 180--><p class="noindent" >If you want to report a bug or have suggestions or comments on the TeX Live
      distribution, installation, or documentation, the mailing list is  <a 
href="mailto:tex-live@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex-live@tug.</span>
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">org</span></span></a>. However, if your question is about how to use a particular program included in
      TeX Live, please write to that program’s maintainer or mailing list. Often running
      a program with the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--help </span>option will provide a bug reporting address.
</p>
      </dd></dl>
<!--l. 190--><p class="indent" >   The other side of the coin is helping others who have questions. All the above
resources are open to anyone, so feel free to join, start reading, and help out where you
can.
</p><!--l. 197--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-80002"></a>Overview of TeX Live</h3>
<!--l. 200--><p class="noindent" >This section describes the contents of TeX Live, as well as the TeX Collection of which it is a
part.
</p><!--l. 204--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-90002.1"></a>The TeX Collection: TeX Live, MacTeX, MiKTeX, CTAN</h4>
<!--l. 207--><p class="noindent" >The TeX Collection DVD comprises the following:
</p><!--l. 209--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">TeX Live</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 211--><p class="noindent" >A comprehensive cross-platform TeX system to be installed to disk. Home page: 
<a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/</span></a>.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">MacTeX</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 214--><p class="noindent" >for macOS. This adds a native macOS installer and other Mac applications to TeX
      Live. Home page: <a 
href="https://tug.org/mactex/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/mactex/</span></a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">MiKTeX</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 217--><p class="noindent" >Another comprehensive cross-platform TeX distribution for Windows, GNU/Linux
      and macOS (but only Windows binaries are included on the DVD). It has an
      integrated package manager which installs missing components from the Internet,
      as needed. Home page: <a 
href="https://miktex.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://miktex.org/</span></a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">CTAN</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 223--><p class="noindent" >A snapshot of the CTAN repository (<a 
href="https://ctan.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org/</span></a>). CTAN does not
      follow the same copying conditions as TeX Live, so be careful when redistributing
      or modifying.
</p>
      </dd></dl>
<!--l. 229--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-100002.2"></a>Top level TeX Live directories</h4>
<!--l. 232--><p class="noindent" >Here is a brief listing and description of the top level directories in a TeX Live installation.
</p><!--l. 235--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bin</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 236--><p class="noindent" >The TeX system programs, arranged by platform.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">readme-*.dir</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 238--><p class="noindent" >Quick overview and useful links for TeX Live, in various languages, in both HTML
      and plain text.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">source</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 241--><p class="noindent" >The  source  to  all  included  programs,  including  the  main  Web2C-based  TeX
      distributions.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 244--><p class="noindent" >The principal tree; see <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFDIST </span>below.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlpkg</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 246--><p class="noindent" >Scripts, programs and data for managing the installation, and special support for
      Windows.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 250--><p class="indent" >   For documentation, the comprehensive links in the top-level file  <a 
href="../../../../doc.html" >doc.html</a> may be helpful.
The documentation for nearly everything (packages, formats, fonts, program manuals, man
pages, Info files) is in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist/doc</span>. You can use the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">texdoc </span>program to find documentation
wherever it is located.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 256--><p class="indent" >   This TeX Live documentation itself is in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist/doc/texlive</span>, available in several
languages:
</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 260--><p class="noindent" >Czech/Slovak:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-cz" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-cz</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 261--><p class="noindent" >German:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-de" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-de</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 262--><p class="noindent" >English:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 263--><p class="noindent" >French:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-fr" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-fr</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 264--><p class="noindent" >Italian:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-it" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-it</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 265--><p class="noindent" >Japanese:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ja" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ja</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 266--><p class="noindent" >Polish:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-pl" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-pl</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 267--><p class="noindent" >Russian:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ru" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ru</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 268--><p class="noindent" >Serbian:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-sr" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-sr</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 269--><p class="noindent" >Spanish:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-es" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-es</a>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 270--><p class="noindent" >Simplified Chinese:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-zh-cn" >texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-zh-cn</a></p></li></ul>
<!--l. 273--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-110002.3"></a>Overview of the predefined texmf trees</h4>
<!--l. 276--><p class="noindent" >This section lists the predefined variables specifying the texmf trees used by the system, and
their intended purpose, and the default layout of TeX Live. The command <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> conf </span>shows
the values of these variables, so that you can easily find out how they map to particular
directories in your installation.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 282--><p class="indent" >   All of the trees, including the personal ones, should follow the TeX Directory Structure
(TDS, <a 
href="https://tug.org/tds" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/tds</span></a>), with all its myriad subdirectories, or files may not be
found. Section <a 
href="#x1-350003.4.6">3.4.6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:local-personal-macros --></a> (p. <a 
href="#x1-350003.4.6">49<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:local-personal-macros --></a>) describes this in more detail. The order here is the reverse
order in which the trees are searched, that is, later trees in the list override earlier
ones.
</p><!--l. 290--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFDIST</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 291--><p class="noindent" >The              tree              which              holds              nearly              all
      of the files in the original distribution—configuration files, scripts, packages, fonts,
      etc. (The main exceptions are the per-platform executables, which are stored in a
      sibling directory <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bin/</span>.)
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 295--><p class="noindent" >The  (site-wide)  tree  used  by  <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">texconfig-sys</code></span>,  <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">updmap-sys</code></span>,  <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">fmtutil-sys</code></span>,  and
      <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">tlmgr</code></span>, to store (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map files.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSCONFIG</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 298--><p class="noindent" >The (site-wide) tree used by <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">texconfig-sys</code></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">updmap-sys</code></span>, and <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">fmtutil-sys</code></span> to
      store modified configuration data.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 301--><p class="noindent" >The tree which administrators can use for system-wide installation of additional
      or updated macros, fonts, etc.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 303--><p class="noindent" >The tree which users can use for their own individual installations of additional
      or updated macros, fonts, etc. For each user, this variable points to their own
      individual directory.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFVAR</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 307--><p class="noindent" >The (personal) tree used by <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">texconfig</code></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">updmap-user</code></span> and <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">fmtutil-user</code></span> to store
      (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map files.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCONFIG</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 310--><p class="noindent" >The (personal) tree used by the utilities <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">texconfig</code></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">updmap-sys</code></span>, and <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">fmtutil-sys</code></span>
      to store modified configuration data.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCACHE</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 313--><p class="noindent" >The tree(s) used by ConTeXt MkIV and LuaLaTeX to store (cached) runtime
      data; defaults to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, or (if that’s not writable), <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFVAR</span>.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 318--><p class="noindent" >The default layout is:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">system-wide root</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 321--><p class="noindent" >can span multiple TeX Live releases (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/usr/local/texlive </span>by default on Unix):
           </p><dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">2023</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 324--><p class="noindent" >A previous release.
           </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">2024</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 325--><p class="noindent" >The current release.
               </p><dl class="list3"><dt class="list">
             <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bin</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
               <!--l. 327--><p class="noindent" > 
                   </p><dl class="list4"><dt class="list">
                 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">i386-linux</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                   <!--l. 329--><p class="noindent" >GNU/Linux binaries (32-bit)
                   </p></dd><dt class="list">
                 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">...</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                   <!--l. 330--><p class="noindent" >
                   </p></dd><dt class="list">
                <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">universal-darwin</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                   <!--l. 331--><p class="noindent" >macOS binaries
                   </p></dd><dt class="list">
                 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-linux</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                   <!--l. 332--><p class="noindent" >GNU/Linux binaries (64-bit)
                   </p></dd><dt class="list">
                 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">windows</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                   <!--l. 333--><p class="noindent" >Windows binaries (64-bit)</p></dd></dl>
               </dd><dt class="list">
             <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
               <!--l. 335--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFDIST </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFMAIN</span>
               </p></dd><dt class="list">
            <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-var </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
               <!--l. 336--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCACHE</span>
               </p></dd><dt class="list">
            <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-config</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
               <!--l. 337--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSCONFIG</span></p></dd></dl>
           </dd><dt class="list">
       <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-local</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 339--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL</span>, intended to be retained from release to release.</p></dd></dl>
      </dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">user’s home directory</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 342--><p class="noindent" >(<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$HOME </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">%USERPROFILE%</span>)
           </p><dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.texlive2023</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 345--><p class="noindent" >Privately generated and configuration data for a previous release.
           </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.texlive2024</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 347--><p class="noindent" >Privately generated and configuration data for the current release.
               </p><dl class="list3"><dt class="list">
             <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-var</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
               <!--l. 350--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFVAR</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCACHE</span>
               </p></dd><dt class="list">
            <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-config</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
               <!--l. 351--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCONFIG</span></p></dd></dl>
           </dd><dt class="list">
       <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 353--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME </span>Personal macros, etc.</p></dd></dl>
      </dd></dl>
<!--l. 358--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-120002.4"></a>Extensions to TeX</h4>
<!--l. 361--><p class="noindent" >Knuth’s original TeX itself is frozen, apart from rare bug fixes. It is present in TeX Live as the
program <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tex</span>, and will remain so for the foreseeable future. TeX Live also contains several
extended versions of TeX (also known as TeX engines):
</p><!--l. 366--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">e-TeX</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 368--><p class="noindent" >adds a set of new primitives (related to macro expansion, character scanning, classes
      of marks, additional debugging features, and more) and the TeX--XE T extensions
      for  bidirectional  typesetting.  In  default  mode,  e-TeX  is  100%  compatible  with
      ordinary TeX. See  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf</a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">pdfTeX</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 375--><p class="noindent" >builds  on  the  e-TeX extensions,  adding  support  for  writing  PDF  output  as
      well  as  DVI,  and  many  non-output-related  extensions.  This  is  the  program
      invoked  for  many  common  formats,  e.g.,  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">etex</span>,  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">latex</span>,  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdflatex</span>.  Its  web  site  is  
<a 
href="http://www.pdftex.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://www.pdftex.org/</span></a>. See   <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf</a> for
      the manual, and  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex" >texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex</a> for example
      usage of some of its features.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">LuaTeX</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 384--><p class="noindent" >adds support for Unicode input and OpenType/TrueType- and system fonts. It
      also incorporates a Lua interpreter (<a 
href="https://lua.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://lua.org/</span></a>), enabling solutions for
      many thorny TeX problems. When called as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texlua</span>, it functions as a standalone
      Lua interpreter. Its web site is <a 
href="http://www.luatex.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://www.luatex.org/</span></a>, and the reference
      manual is  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf</a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">(e)(u)pTeX</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 391--><p class="noindent" >have  native  support  for  Japanese  typesetting  requirements;  pTeX is  the  basic
      engine, while the e- variants add e-TeX functionality and u- add Unicode support.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">XeTeX</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 395--><p class="noindent" >adds  support  for  Unicode  input  and  OpenType/TrueType-  and  system  fonts,
      implemented using standard third-party libraries. See <a 
href="https://tug.org/xetex" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/xetex</span></a>.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Omega</span><span 
class="ec-lmbx-12"> (Omega)</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 399--><p class="noindent" >is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus supports working with almost all
      the world’s scripts simultaneously. It also supports so-called ‘Omega Translation
      Processes’ (OTPs), for performing complex transformations on arbitrary input.
      Omega is no longer included in TeX Live as a separate program; only Aleph is
      provided:
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Aleph</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 405--><p class="noindent" >combines the Omega and e-TeX extensions. See  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base" >texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base</a>.
</p>
      </dd></dl>
<!--l. 411--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-130002.5"></a>Other notable programs in TeX Live</h4>
<!--l. 413--><p class="noindent" >Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in TeX Live:
</p><!--l. 415--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">bibtex, biber</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 417--><p class="noindent" >bibliography support.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">makeindex, upmendex, xindex, xindy</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 419--><p class="noindent" >index support.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 421--><p class="noindent" >convert DVI to PostScript.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvipdfmx</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 423--><p class="noindent" >convert DVI to PDF, an alternative approach to pdfTeX (mentioned above).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xdvi</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 426--><p class="noindent" >DVI previewer for the X Window System.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dviconcat, dviselect</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 428--><p class="noindent" >cut and paste pages from DVI files.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">psselect, psnup, </span><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">…</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 431--><p class="noindent" >PostScript utilities.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdfjam, pdfjoin, </span><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">…</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 433--><p class="noindent" >PDF utilities.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">context, mtxrun</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 435--><p class="noindent" >ConTeXt and PDF processor.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">htlatex, </span><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">…</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 437--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tex4ht</span>: (L<span 
class="ec-lmr-8">A</span>)TeX to HTML (and XML and DocX and more) converter.
</p>
      </dd></dl>
<!--l. 443--><p class="indent" >   <a id="installation"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-140003"></a>Installation</h3>
<!--l. 447--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-150003.1"></a>Starting the installer</h4>
<!--l. 450--><p class="noindent" >To begin, get the TeX Collection DVD or download the TeX Live net installer. See 
<a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html</span></a> for more information and other methods of getting
the software.
</p><!--l. 454--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Net installer, .zip or .tar.gz:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 455--><p class="noindent" >Download  the  archive  from  CTAN,  under  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">systems/texlive/tlnet</span>;  the  url  
<a 
href="https://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet</span></a> should redirect to a nearby,
      up-to-date, mirror. You can retrieve either <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl.zip </span>which can be used
      under Unix and Windows, or the considerably smaller <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-unx.tar.gz </span>for
      Unix only. After unpacking, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl-windows.bat </span>will be in
      the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl </span>subdirectory.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Net installer, Windows .exe:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 465--><p class="noindent" >Download from CTAN as above, and double-click. This starts up a first-stage
      installer and unpacker; see figure <a 
href="#x1-15001r1">1<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:nsis --></a>. It gives two choices: ‘Install’ and ‘Unpack
      only’.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">TeX Collection DVD:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 470--><p class="noindent" >go   to   the   DVD’s   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texlive  </span>subdirectory.   Under   Windows,   the   installer
      normally  starts  automatically  when  you  insert  the  DVD.  You  can  get  the
      DVD by  becoming  a  member  of  a  TeX user  group  (highly  recommended,
      <a 
href="https://tug.org/usergroups.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/usergroups.html</span></a>),   or   purchasing   it   separately   (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/store" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/store</span></a>). You can burn your own DVD for TeX Live from the
      ISO image downloaded from CTAN. You can also mount the ISO directly on most
      systems. After installing from DVD or ISO, if you want to get continuing updates
      from the Internet, please see section <a 
href="#x1-320003.4.3">3.4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:dvd-install-net-updates --></a>.
</p>
      </dd></dl>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-15001r1"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 485--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="../texlive-common/nsis_installer.png" alt="First stage of Windows .exe installer"  
 />
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 1: </span><span  
class="content">First stage of Windows <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.exe </span>installer. Pressing the Install button will give you
the window displayed in figure <a 
href="#x1-18062r3">3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:basic-w32 --></a>.</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-15001r1 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
<!--l. 490--><p class="indent" >   The same installer program is run, whatever the source. The most notable difference
between the two is that with the net installer, what you end up with is the packages that are
currently available. This is in contrast to the DVD and ISO images, which are not updated
between the major public releases.
</p><!--l. 496--><p class="indent" >   If you need to download through proxies, use a <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">~/.wgetrc </span>file or environment variables with the proxy
settings for Wget (<a 
href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html</span></a>),
or the equivalent for whatever download program you are using. This does not matter if you
are installing from the DVD or ISO image.
</p><!--l. 502--><p class="indent" >   The following sections explain installer start-up in more detail.
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-160003.1.1"></a>Unix</h5>
<!--l. 506--><p class="noindent" >Below, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E; </span>denotes the shell prompt; user input is <span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">bold</span>. The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl </span>program is a
Perl script. The simplest way to start it on a Unix-compatible system is as follows:
</p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">perl</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> /path/to/installer/install-tl</span>
</div>
</div> (Or you can invoke <span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">/path/to/installer/install-tl </span>if it stayed executable, or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cd </span>to the
directory first, etc.; we won’t repeat all the variations.) You may have to enlarge your terminal
window so that it shows the full text installer screen (figure <a 
href="#x1-18061r2">2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:text-main --></a>).
<!--l. 519--><p class="indent" >   To install in GUI mode (figure <a 
href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>), you’ll need to have Tcl/Tk installed. Given that, you
can run: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">perl</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> install-tl</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -gui</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 525--><p class="indent" >   The old <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-wizard </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-perltk</span>/<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-expert </span>options now do the same thing as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-gui</span>. For a
complete listing of the various options: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">perl</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> install-tl</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -help</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 532--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">About Unix permissions: </span>Your <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">umask </span>at the time of installation will be respected by
the TeX Live installer. Therefore, if you want your installation to be usable by users other
than you, make sure your setting is sufficiently permissive, for instance, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">umask 002</span>. For more
information about <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">umask</span>, consult your system documentation.
</p><!--l. 539--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Special considerations for Cygwin: </span>Unlike other Unix-compatible systems, Cygwin
does not by default include all of the prerequisite programs needed by the TeX Live installer.
See section <a 
href="#x1-190003.1.4">3.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cygwin --></a>.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 545--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-170003.1.2"></a>macOS</h5>
<!--l. 548--><p class="noindent" >As mentioned in section <a 
href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>, a separate distribution is prepared for macOS, named MacTeX (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/mactex" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/mactex</span></a>). We recommend using the native MacTeX installer instead of the
TeX Live installer on macOS, because the native installer makes a few Mac-specific
adjustments, in particular to allow easily switching between different TeX Live releases on
Macs, using the so-called TeXDist data structure.
</p><!--l. 556--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX is firmly based on TeX Live, and the main TeX trees and binaries are
precisely the same. It adds a few extra folders with Mac-specific documentation and
applications.
</p><!--l. 561--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-180003.1.3"></a>Windows</h5>
<!--l. 563--><p class="noindent" >If you are using the unpacked downloaded zip file, or the DVD installer failed to start
automatically, double-click <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl-windows.bat</span>.
</p><!--l. 567--><p class="indent" >   You can also start the installer from the command-prompt. Below, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E; </span>denotes the prompt;
user input is <span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">bold</span>. If you are in the installer directory, run just: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">install-tl-windows</span></div>
</div>
<!--l. 574--><p class="indent" >   Or you can invoke it with an absolute location, such as: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">D:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">texlive</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">install-tl-windows</span></div>
</div> for the TeX Collection DVD, supposing that <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">D: </span>is the optical drive. Figure <a 
href="#x1-18062r3">3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:basic-w32 --></a> displays the
initial basic screen of the GUI installer, which is the default for Windows.
<!--l. 582--><p class="indent" >   To install in text mode, use: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">install-tl-windows</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -no-gui</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 587--><p class="indent" >   For a complete listing of the various options: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">install-tl-windows</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -help</span>
</div>
</div>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 592--><p class="indent" >   Add a <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.bat </span>extension to the invocations if the same directory also contains
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl-windows.exe</span>. This will not normally be the case, unless you’ve mirrored the
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlnet </span>directory locally.
</p><!--l. 597--><p class="indent" >   Non-ASCII characters in the path for the TeX Live installation must be avoided. This may
be a problem particularly under Windows 11, where users are forced to use a Microsoft
network account. See <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/windows.html\#nonascii" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/windows.html\#nonascii</span></a> for some
workarounds.
</p>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-18061r2"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb1"><a 
 id="x1-18002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Installing</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> TeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Live</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 2024</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> from:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Platform:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64-linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> =&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ’GNU/Linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64’</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18006r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Distribution:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> inst</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (compressed)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18008r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Directory</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> for</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> temporary</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> files:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /tmp</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18010r5"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18012r6"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Detected</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> platform:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Intel</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18014r7"></a> 
<a 
 id="x1-18016r8"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;B&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> binary</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> platforms:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 1</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> out</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 16</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18018r9"></a> 
<a 
 id="x1-18020r10"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;S&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> set</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> installation</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme-full</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18022r11"></a> 
<a 
 id="x1-18024r12"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;C&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> customizing</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> installation</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> collections</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18026r13"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 40</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> collections</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> out</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 41,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> disk</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> space</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> required:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 8296</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> MB</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (free:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 138718</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> MB)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18028r14"></a> 
<a 
 id="x1-18030r15"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;D&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> directories:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18032r16"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> TEXDIR</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (the</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> main</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> TeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> directory):</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18034r17"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texlive/2024</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18036r18"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18038r19"></a> 
<a 
 id="x1-18040r20"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;O&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> options:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18042r21"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> use</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> letter</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> size</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> instead</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> A4</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> by</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> default</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18044r22"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18046r23"></a> 
<a 
 id="x1-18048r24"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;V&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> set</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> up</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> for</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> portable</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> installation</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18050r25"></a> 
<a 
 id="x1-18052r26"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Actions:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18054r27"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;I&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> installation</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> to</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> hard</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> disk</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18056r28"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;P&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> save</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> installation</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> profile</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> to</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ’texlive.profile’</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> and</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> exit</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18058r29"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;H&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> help</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-18060r30"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;Q&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> quit</span></pre>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 2: </span><span  
class="content">Main text installer screen (GNU/Linux)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-18061r2 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-18062r3"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 641--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="../texlive-common/basic-w32.png" alt="Basic installer screen (Windows)"  
 />
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 3: </span><span  
class="content">Basic installer screen (Windows); the Advanced button will result in something
like figure <a 
href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a></span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-18062r3 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-18063r4"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 647--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="../texlive-common/advanced-lnx.png" alt="Advanced installer screen (GNU/Linux)"  
 />
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 4: </span><span  
class="content">Advanced GUI installer screen (GNU/Linux)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-18063r4 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
<!--l. 653--><p class="indent" >   <a id="cygwin"></a>
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-190003.1.4"></a>Cygwin</h5>
<!--l. 657--><p class="noindent" >Before beginning the installation, use Cygwin’s <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">setup.exe </span>program to install the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">perl </span>and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">wget </span>packages if you have not already done so. The following additional packages are
recommended: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 662--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fontconfig </span>[needed by XeTeX and LuaTeX]
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 663--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ghostscript </span>[needed by various utilities]
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 664--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">libXaw7 </span>[needed by <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xdvi</span>]
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 665--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ncurses </span>[provides the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">clear </span>command used by the installer]</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 669--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-200003.1.5"></a>The text installer</h5>
<!--l. 671--><p class="noindent" >Figure <a 
href="#x1-18061r2">2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:text-main --></a> displays the main text mode screen under Unix. The text installer is the default on
Unix.
</p><!--l. 674--><p class="indent" >   This is only a command-line installer; there is no cursor support at all. For instance, you
cannot tab around checkboxes or input fields. You just type something (case-sensitive) at the
prompt and press the Enter key, and then the entire terminal screen will be rewritten, with
adjusted content.
</p><!--l. 680--><p class="indent" >   The text installer interface is this primitive in order to make it run on as many platforms
as possible, even with a minimal Perl.
</p><!--l. 683--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.6   </span> <a 
 id="x1-210003.1.6"></a>The graphical installer</h5>
<!--l. 686--><p class="noindent" >The default graphical installer starts out simple, with just a few options; see figure <a 
href="#x1-18062r3">3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:basic-w32 --></a>. It can
be started with </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">install-tl</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -gui</span>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</div>
</div> The Advanced button gives access to most of the options of the text installer; see
figure <a 
href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>.
<!--l. 694--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">perltk</span>/<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">expert </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">wizard </span>GUI options now invoke the regular graphical
installer.
</p><!--l. 697--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-220003.2"></a>Running the installer</h4>
<!--l. 700--><p class="noindent" >The installer is intended to be mostly self-explanatory, but following are a few notes about the
various options and submenus.
</p><!--l. 703--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-230003.2.1"></a>Binary systems menu (Unix only)</h5>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-23035r5"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb2"><a 
 id="x1-23002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Available</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> platforms:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">===============================================================================</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23006r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> a</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Cygwin</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (x86_64-cygwin)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23008r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> b</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> MacOSX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> current</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (10.14-)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ARM/x86_64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (universal-darwin)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23010r5"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> c</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> MacOSX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> legacy</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (10.6-)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (x86_64-darwinlegacy)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23012r6"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> d</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> FreeBSD</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (amd64-freebsd)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23014r7"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> e</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> FreeBSD</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Intel</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (i386-freebsd)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23016r8"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> f</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ARM64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (aarch64-linux)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23018r9"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> g</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> RPi(32-bit)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> and</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ARMv7</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (armhf-linux)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23020r10"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> h</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Intel</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (i386-linux)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23022r11"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> i</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [X]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (x86_64-linux)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23024r12"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> j</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> with</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> musl</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (x86_64-linuxmusl)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23026r13"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> k</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> NetBSD</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (amd64-netbsd)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23028r14"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> l</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> NetBSD</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Intel</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (i386-netbsd)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23030r15"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> m</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Solaris</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Intel</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (i386-solaris)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23032r16"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> o</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Solaris</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> x86_64</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (x86_64-solaris)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-23034r17"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> p</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Windows</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (64-bit)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (windows)</span></pre>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 5: </span><span  
class="content">Binaries menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-23035r5 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
<!--l. 730--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
href="#x1-23035r5">5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:bin-text --></a> displays the text mode binaries menu. By default, only the binaries for your
current platform will be installed. From this menu, you can select installation of binaries for
other platforms as well. This can be useful if you are sharing a TeX tree across a network of
heterogeneous machines, or for a dual-boot system.
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-240003.2.2"></a>Selecting what is to be installed</h5>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-24027r6"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb3"><a 
 id="x1-24002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Select</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">===============================================================================</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24006r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> a</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [X]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> full</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (everything)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24008r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> b</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> medium</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (small</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> +</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> more</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> packages</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> and</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> languages)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24010r5"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> c</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> small</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (basic</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> +</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> xetex,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> metapost,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> a</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> few</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> languages)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24012r6"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> d</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> basic</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (plain</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> and</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> latex)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24014r7"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> e</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> minimal</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (plain</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> only)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24016r8"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> f</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> infrastructure-only</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (no</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> TeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> at</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> all)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24018r9"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> g</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> book</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> publishing</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (core</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> LaTeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> and</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> add-ons)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24020r10"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> h</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ConTeXt</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24022r11"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> i</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> GUST</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> TeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Live</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24024r12"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> j</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> teTeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> scheme</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> (more</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> than</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> medium,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> but</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> nowhere</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> near</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> full)</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-24026r13"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> k</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> custom</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> selection</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> collections</span></pre>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 6: </span><span  
class="content">Scheme menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-24027r6 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
<!--l. 760--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
href="#x1-24027r6">6<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:scheme-text --></a> displays the TeX Live scheme menu; from here, you choose a “scheme”, which is
an overall set of package collections. The default <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">full </span>scheme installs everything available.
This is recommended, but you can also choose the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">basic </span>scheme for just plain and LaTeX,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">small </span>for a few more programs (equivalent to the so-called BasicTeX installation of MacTeX),
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">minimal </span>for testing purposes, and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">medium </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">teTeX </span>to get something in between. There are
also various specialized and country-specific schemes.
</p>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-24028r7"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 772--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="../texlive-common/stdcoll.png" alt="Collections menu"  
 />
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 7: </span><span  
class="content">Collections menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-24028r7 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
<!--l. 776--><p class="indent" >   You can refine your scheme selection with the ‘collections’ menu (figure <a 
href="#x1-24028r7">7<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:collections-gui --></a>, shown in
GUI mode for a change).
</p><!--l. 779--><p class="indent" >   Collections are one level more detailed than schemes — in essence, a scheme consists of
several collections, a collection consists of one or more packages, and a package (the lowest
level grouping in TeX Live) contains the actual TeX macro files, font files, and so
on.
</p><!--l. 784--><p class="indent" >   If you want more control than the collection menus provide, you can use the TeX
Live Manager (<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>) program after installation (see section <a 
href="#x1-430005">5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tlmgr --></a>); using that, you can control
the installation at the package level.
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-250003.2.3"></a>Directories</h5>
<!--l. 792--><p class="noindent" >The default layout is described in section <a 
href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>, p. <a 
href="#x1-110002.3">10<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>. The default installation directory is
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/usr/local/texlive/2024 </span>on Unix and <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">C:\texlive\2024</code></span> on Windows. This arrangement
enables having many parallel TeX Live installations, such as one for each release (typically by
year, as here), and you can switch between them merely by altering your search
path.
</p><!--l. 800--><p class="indent" >   That installation directory can be overridden by setting the so-called <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXDIR </span>in the
installer. The GUI screen for this and other options is shown in figure <a 
href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>. The most common
reasons to change it are either lacking enough disk space in that partition (the full TeX
Live needs several gigabytes), or lacking write permission for the default location (you don’t
have to be root or administrator to install TeX Live, but you do need write access to the
target directory).
</p><!--l. 808--><p class="indent" >   On Windows, you normally do not need to be an administrator to create <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">C:\texlive\2024</code></span>
(or, more generally, <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">%SystemDrive%\texlive\2024</code></span>).
</p><!--l. 812--><p class="indent" >   The installation directories can also be changed by setting a variety of environment
variables before running the installer (most likely, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXLIVE_INSTALL_PREFIX </span>or
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXLIVE_INSTALL_TEXDIR</span>); see the documentation from <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">install-tl --help</code></span> (available online
at <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html</span></a>) for the full list and more
details.
</p><!--l. 820--><p class="indent" >   A reasonable alternative destination is a directory under your home, especially if you will
be the sole user. Use ‘<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~</code></span>’ to indicate this, as in ‘<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~/texlive/2024</code></span>’.
</p><!--l. 824--><p class="indent" >   We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different releases of TeX
Live side by side. (You may wish to also maintain a version-independent name, such as
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/usr/local/texlive-cur</span>, via a symbolic link, which you can then repoint after testing the
new release.)
</p><!--l. 829--><p class="indent" >   Changing <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXDIR </span>in the installer will also change <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR </span>and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSCONFIG</span>.
</p><!--l. 833--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME </span>is the recommended location for personal macro files or packages. The default
value is <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~/texmf</code></span> (<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~/Library/texmf</code></span> on Macs). In contrast to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXDIR</span>, here a <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~</code></span> is preserved in
the newly-written configuration files, since it usefully refers to the home directory of the user
running TeX. It expands to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$HOME </span>on Unix and <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">%USERPROFILE%</code></span> on Windows. Special
redundant note: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME</span>, like all trees, must be organized according to the TDS, or files
may not be found.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 842--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFVAR </span>is the location for storing most cached runtime data specific to each user.
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCACHE </span>is the variable name used for that purpose by LuaLaTeX and ConTeXt MkIV
(see section <a 
href="#x1-340003.4.5">3.4.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:context --></a>, p. <a 
href="#x1-340003.4.5">48<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:context --></a>); its default value is <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, or (if that’s not writable),
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFVAR</span>.
</p><!--l. 850--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-260003.2.4"></a>Options</h5>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-26025r8"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb4"><a 
 id="x1-26002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Options</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> customization:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">===============================================================================</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26006r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;P&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> use</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> letter</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> size</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> instead</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> A4</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> by</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> default:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26008r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;E&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> execution</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> restricted</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> list</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> programs:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [X]</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26010r5"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;F&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> create</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> all</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> format</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> files:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [X]</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26012r6"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;D&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> install</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> font/macro</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> doc</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> tree:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [X]</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26014r7"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;S&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> install</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> font/macro</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> source</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> tree:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [X]</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26016r8"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;L&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> create</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> symlinks</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> in</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> standard</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> directories:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> ]</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26018r9"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> binaries</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> to:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26020r10"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> manpages</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> to:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26022r11"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> info</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> to:</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-26024r12"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> &#x003C;Y&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> after</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> install,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> set</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> CTAN</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> as</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> source</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> for</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> package</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> updates:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> [X]</span></pre>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 8: </span><span  
class="content">Options menu (Unix)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-26025r8 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
<!--l. 872--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
href="#x1-26025r8">8<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:options-text --></a> shows the text mode options menu. More info on each:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">use letter size instead of A4 by default:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 876--><p class="noindent" >The default paper size selection. Of course, individual documents can and should
      specify a specific paper size, if desired.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">execution of restricted list of programs:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 880--><p class="noindent" >As of TeX Live 2010, execution of a few external programs is allowed by default.
      The (very short) list of allowed programs is given in the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>. See the 2010
      news (section <a 
href="#x1-790009.1.7">9.1.7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:2010news --></a>) for more details.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">create all format files:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 885--><p class="noindent" >We recommend leaving this option checked, to avoid unnecessary problems when
      creating formats dynamically. See the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fmtutil </span>documentation for more details.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">install font/macro </span><span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">…</span><span 
class="ec-lmbx-12"> tree:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 889--><p class="noindent" >Download/install the documentation and source files included in most packages.
      Unchecking is not recommended.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">create symlinks in standard directories:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 893--><p class="noindent" >This  option  (Unix  only)  bypasses  the  need  to  change  environment  variables.
      Without  this  option,  TeX  Live  directories  usually  have  to  be  added  to  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">PATH</span>,
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">MANPATH </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">INFOPATH</span>. You will need write permissions to the target directories.
      This option is intended for accessing the TeX system through directories that are
      already known to users, such as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/usr/local/bin</span>, which don’t already contain any
      TeX files. Do not overwrite existing files on your system with this option, e.g., by
      specifying system directories. The safest and recommended approach is to leave
      the option unchecked.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">after install, set CTAN as source for package updates:</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 904--><p class="noindent" >When installing from a DVD or ISO image, this option is enabled by default, since
      usually one wants to take any subsequent package updates from the CTAN area
      that is updated throughout the year. The only likely reason to disable it is if you
      install only a subset from the DVD and plan to augment the installation later. In
      any case, the package repository for the installer, and for updates after installation,
      can be set independently as needed; see section <a 
href="#x1-280003.3.1">3.3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:location --></a> and section <a 
href="#x1-320003.4.3">3.4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:dvd-install-net-updates --></a>.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 915--><p class="noindent" >Windows-specific options, as displayed in the advanced GUI interface:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">adjust searchpath</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 918--><p class="noindent" >This ensures that all programs will see the TeX Live binary directory on their
      search path.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">add menu shortcuts</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 921--><p class="noindent" >If set, there will be a TeX Live submenu of the Start menu. There is a third
      option ‘Launcher entry’ besides ‘TeX Live menu’ and ‘No shortcuts’. This option
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      is described in section <a 
href="#x1-410004.1">4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:sharedinstall --></a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">File associations</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 926--><p class="noindent" >The options are ‘Only new’ (create file associations, but do not overwrite existing
      ones), ‘All’ and ‘None’.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">install TeXworks front end</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 930--><p class="noindent" ></p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 932--><p class="noindent" >When all the settings are to your liking, you can type ‘I’ in the text interface, or press the ‘Install’
button in the GUI, to start the installation process. When it is done, skip to section <a 
href="#x1-290003.4">3.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:postinstall --></a> to
read what else needs to be done, if anything.
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-270003.3"></a>Command-line install-tl options</h4>
<!--l. 941--><p class="noindent" >Type </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">install-tl</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -help</span>
</div>
</div> for a listing of command-line options. Either <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">-</code></span> or <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">--</code></span> can be used to introduce option names.
These are the most common ones:
<!--l. 948--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-gui</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 949--><p class="noindent" >Use  the  GUI  installer  if  possible.  This  requires  Tcl/Tk  version  8.5  or  higher.
      This  was  distributed  with  older  macOS;  for  Big  Sur  and  later,  you’ll  need  to
      install Tcl/Tk yourself, if you don’t choose to use the MacTeX installer. Tcl/Tk
      is distributed with TeX Live on Windows. The legacy options <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-gui=perltk </span>and
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-gui=wizard </span>are still available but invoke the same GUI interface; if Tcl/Tk is not
      available, installation continues in text mode.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-no-gui</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 958--><p class="noindent" >Force using the text mode installer.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-lang </span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">LL</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 960--><p class="noindent" >Specify the installer interface language as a standard (usually two-letter) code.
      The installer tries to automatically determine the right language but if it fails,
      or if the right language is not available, then it uses English as a fallback. Run
      <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">install-tl --help</code></span> to get the list of available languages.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-portable</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 967--><p class="noindent" >Install for portable use on, e.g., a USB stick. Also selectable from within the text
      installer with the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">V </span>command, and from the GUI installer. See section <a 
href="#x1-420004.2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:portable-tl --></a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-profile </span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">file</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 972--><p class="noindent" >Load the installation profile <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">file </span>and do the installation with no user interaction.
      The installer always writes a file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texlive.profile </span>to the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlpkg </span>subdirectory of
      your installation. That file can be given as the argument to redo the exact same
      installation on a different system, for example. Alternatively, you can use a custom
      profile, most easily created by starting from a generated one and changing values,
      or an empty file, which will take all the defaults.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-repository </span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">url-or-directory</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 981--><p class="noindent" >Specify package repository from which to install; see following.
      </p><!--l. 984--><p class="noindent" ><a id="opt-in-place"></a>
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-in-place</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 985--><p class="noindent" >(Documented  only  for  completeness:  Do  not  use  this  unless  you  know  what
      you are doing.) If you already have an rsync, svn, or other copy of TeX Live
      (see <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html</span></a>) then this option will
      use  what  you’ve  got,  as-is,  and  do  only  the  necessary  post-install  actions.  Be
      warned that the file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb </span>may be overwritten; saving it is your
      responsibility. Also, package removal has to be done manually. This option cannot
      be toggled via the installer interface.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 997--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.3.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-280003.3.1"></a>The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-repository </span>option</h5>
<!--l. 1000--><p class="noindent" >The default network package repository is a CTAN mirror chosen automatically via 
<a 
href="https://mirror.ctan.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://mirror.ctan.org</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1003--><p class="indent" >   If you want to override that, the location value can be a url starting with <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ftp:</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http:</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https:</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">file:/</span>, or a plain directory path. (When giving an <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http:</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https:</span>
or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ftp:</span> location, trailing ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/</span>’ characters and/or a trailing ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/tlpkg</span>’ component are
ignored.)
</p><!--l. 1010--><p class="indent" >   For example, you could choose a particular CTAN mirror with something like: 
<a 
href="http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/</span></a>, substituting a real
hostname and its particular top-level CTAN path for <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">ctan.example.org/tex-archive</code></span>. The
list of CTAN mirrors is maintained at <a 
href="https://ctan.org/mirrors" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org/mirrors</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1016--><p class="indent" >   If the given argument is local (either a path or a <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">file:/ </span>url), compressed files in an
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">archive </span>subdirectory of the repository path are used (even if uncompressed files are available
as well).
</p><!--l. 1020--><p class="indent" >   <a id="postinstall"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-290003.4"></a>Post-install actions</h4>
<!--l. 1024--><p class="noindent" >Some post-installation may be required.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 1026--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-300003.4.1"></a>Environment variables for Unix</h5>
<!--l. 1029--><p class="noindent" >If you elected to create symlinks in standard directories (described in section <a 
href="#x1-260003.2.4">3.2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:options --></a>), then there
is no need to edit environment variables. Otherwise, on Unix systems, the directory of the
binaries for your platform must be added to the search path. (On Windows, the installer takes
care of this.)
</p><!--l. 1035--><p class="indent" >   Each supported platform has its own subdirectory under <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXDIR/bin</span>. See figure <a 
href="#x1-23035r5">5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:bin-text --></a> for the
list of subdirectories and corresponding platforms.
</p><!--l. 1039--><p class="indent" >   Optionally, you can also add the documentation man and Info directories to their
respective search paths, if you want the system tools to find them. The man pages might be
found automatically after the addition to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">PATH</span>.
</p><!--l. 1044--><p class="indent" >   For Bourne-compatible shells such as <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">bash</span>, and using Intel x86 GNU/Linux and the TeX
Live default directory setup as an example, the file to edit might be <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$HOME/.profile </span>(or
another file sourced by <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.profile</span>), and the lines to add would look like this:
</p><!--l. 1049--><p class="indent" >
</p>
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb5"><a 
 id="x1-30002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2024/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> export</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> PATH</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-30004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> export</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> MANPATH</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-30006r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> export</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> INFOPATH</span></pre>
<!--l. 1055--><p class="indent" >   For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$HOME/.cshrc</span>, and the lines to add might look
like:
</p><!--l. 1058--><p class="indent" >
</p>
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb6"><a 
 id="x1-30008r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">setenv</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> PATH</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texlive/2024/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-30010r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">setenv</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> MANPATH</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-30012r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">setenv</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> INFOPATH</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH</span></pre>
<!--l. 1064--><p class="indent" >   If you’re not on an <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-linux </span>platform, use the appropriate platform name; similarly,
if you didn’t install in the default directory, change the directory name. The TeX Live installer
reports the full lines to use at the end of installation.
</p><!--l. 1069--><p class="indent" >   If you already have <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">PATH </span>settings somewhere in your startup files, merge in the TeX
Live directories as you see fit.
</p><!--l. 1073--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-310003.4.2"></a>Environment variables: Global configuration</h5>
<!--l. 1076--><p class="noindent" >If you want to make these changes globally, or for a user newly added to the system, then you
are on your own; there is just too much variation between systems in how and where these
things are configured.
</p><!--l. 1080--><p class="indent" >   Our two hints are: 1) you may want to check for a file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/etc/manpath.config </span>and, if
present, add lines such as
</p><!--l. 1083--><p class="indent" >
</p>
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb7"><a 
 id="x1-31002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">MANPATH_MAP</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texlive/2024/bin/x86_64-linux</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> \</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-31004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/doc/man</span></pre>
<!--l. 1088--><p class="indent" >   And 2) check for a file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/etc/environment </span>which may define the search path and other
default environment variables.
</p><!--l. 1091--><p class="indent" >   In each (Unix) binary directory, we also create a symbolic link named <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">man </span>to the directory
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist/doc/man</span>. Some <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">man </span>programs, such as the standard macOS <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">man</span>, will
automatically find that, obviating the need for any man page setup.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 1097--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-320003.4.3"></a>Internet updates after DVD installation</h5>
<!--l. 1100--><p class="noindent" >If you installed TeX Live from DVD and then wish to get updates from the Internet, you need
to run this command—<span 
class="ec-lmri-12">after </span>you’ve updated your search path (as described in the previous
section):
</p>
   <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> option</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> repository</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> https://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1108--><p class="indent" >   This tells <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>to use a nearby CTAN mirror for future updates. This is done by default
when installing from DVD, via the option described in section <a 
href="#x1-260003.2.4">3.2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:options --></a>.
</p><!--l. 1112--><p class="indent" >   If there are problems with the automatic mirror selection, you can specify a particular
CTAN mirror from the list at <a 
href="https://ctan.org/mirrors" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org/mirrors</span></a>. Use the exact path to the
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlnet </span>subdir on that mirror, as shown above.
</p><!--l. 1118--><p class="indent" >   <a id="xetexfontconfig"></a> <a id="sysfontconfig"></a>
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-330003.4.4"></a>System font configuration for XeTeX and LuaTeX</h5>
<!--l. 1123--><p class="noindent" >XeTeX and LuaTeX can use any font installed on the system, not just those in the
TeX trees. Such system fonts (not part of TeX Live) are usually accessed by giving the
font name, e.g., ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Liberation Serif</span>’, although the system filename can also be
used.
</p><!--l. 1128--><p class="indent" >   A related issue is making the fonts from the TeX Live distribution available as system
fonts, which will in turn make them available by font name.
</p><!--l. 1131--><p class="indent" >   For LuaTeX: for access by font name, nothing special need be done. All fonts in TeX
Live should be equally accessible by either font name or filename to LuaTeX, via the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">luaotfload</span>
package, which supports both LaTeX and plain TeX. The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">luaotfload </span>font name index may
need to be rebuilt for new fonts; this is triggered automatically when trying to load a font
which isn’t known yet.
</p><!--l. 1138--><p class="indent" >   For XeTeX: on Windows, fonts shipped with TeX Live are automatically made available
(by running the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fc-cache </span>program provided for Windows as part of TeX Live). For the Mac,
you’ll need to consult other documentation. For Unix systems other than macOS, the
procedure is the following.
</p><!--l. 1144--><p class="indent" >   When the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xetex </span>package is installed (either at initial installation or later), the necessary
configuration file is created in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR/fonts/conf/texlive-fontconfig.conf</span>. To
make the TeX Live fonts available as system fonts,
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-33002x1">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 1149--><p class="noindent" >Copy        that        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texlive-fontconfig.conf     </span>file        to        (typically)
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf</span>.
      </p></li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-33004x2">
      <!--l. 1151--><p class="noindent" >Run <span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">fc-cache -fsv</span>.</p></li></ol>
<!--l. 1154--><p class="indent" >   If you do not have sufficient privileges to carry out the steps above, or if you want to make
the TeX Live fonts available to only one user, you can do the following:
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-33006x1">
      <!--l. 1158--><p class="noindent" >Copy        the        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texlive-fontconfig.conf     </span>file        to        (typically)
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">~/.fonts.conf.d/09-texlive.conf</span>, where <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">~ </span>is your home directory.
      </p></li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-33008x2">
      <!--l. 1161--><p class="noindent" >Run <span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">fc-cache -fv</span>.</p></li></ol>
<!--l. 1164--><p class="indent" >   You can run <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fc-list </span>to see the names of the available system fonts. The incantation
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fc-list : family style file spacing </span>(all those arguments are literal strings) shows some
generally interesting information.
</p><!--l. 1170--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-340003.4.5"></a>ConTeXt LMTX and MKIV</h5>
<!--l. 1174--><p class="noindent" >Both the ‘old’ ConTeXt (Mark IV or MkIV) and the ‘new’ ConTeXt (LMTX or MkXL) should
run out of the box after TeX Live installation, and should need no special attention as long as
you stick to using <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">tlmgr</code></span> for updates.
</p><!--l. 1179--><p class="indent" >   ConTeXt does not use the Kpathsea library or the system <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>files; instead, ConTeXt
maintains a per-user filename database for all known trees. Running <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mktexlsr </span>won’t update
these databases directly, but ConTeXt will automatically rebuild them the next time it
runs. (The TeX Live-specific files <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cont-sys.mkiv </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cont-sys.mkxl </span>implement
this.)
</p><!--l. 1186--><p class="indent" >   If you ever want to manually rebuild these databases, run either or both of:
</p>
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb8"><a 
 id="x1-34002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">mtxrun</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> --generate</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> #</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> LMTX</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-34004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">mtxrun</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> --luatex</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> --generate</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> #</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> MkIV</span></pre>
<!--l. 1191--><p class="noindent" >The resulting files are stored under <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCACHE</span>, whose default value in TeX Live is
<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">TEXMFSYSVAR;TEXMFVAR</code></span>.
</p><!--l. 1194--><p class="indent" >   ConTeXt will read from all paths mentioned in <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">TEXMFCACHE</code></span>, and write to the first path
that is writable. While reading, the last found match will take precedence in the case of
duplicated cache data.
</p><!--l. 1198--><p class="indent" >   For more information, see <a 
href="https://wiki.contextgarden.net/LMTX" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://wiki.contextgarden.net/LMTX</span></a><br 
class="newline" />and <a 
href="https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV</span></a>.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 1202--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.6   </span> <a 
 id="x1-350003.4.6"></a>Integrating local and personal macros</h5>
<!--l. 1205--><p class="noindent" >This is already mentioned implicitly in section <a 
href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL </span>(by default,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local </span>or <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">%SystemDrive%\texlive\texmf-local</code></span> on Windows)
is intended for system-wide local fonts and macros; and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME </span>(by default, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$HOME/texmf</span>
or <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">%USERPROFILE%\texmf</code></span>), is for personal fonts and macros. These directories are intended to
stick around from release to release, and have their content seen automatically by a new TeX
Live release. Therefore, it is best to refrain from changing the definition of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL </span>to be
too far away from the main TeX Live directory, or you will need to manually change future
releases.
</p><!--l. 1218--><p class="indent" >   For both trees, files should be placed in their proper TeX Directory Structure (TDS)
subdirectories; see <a 
href="https://tug.org/tds" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/tds</span></a> or consult <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>. For
instance, a LaTeX class file or package should be placed in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL/tex/latex </span>or
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME/tex/latex</span>, or a subdirectory thereof.
</p><!--l. 1224--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL </span>requires an up-to-date filename database, or files will not be found. You can
update it with the command <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mktexlsr </span>or use the ‘Update filename database’ button on the
‘Actions’ tab of the TeX Live Manager GUI.
</p><!--l. 1229--><p class="indent" >   By default, each of these variables is defined to be a single directory, as shown. This is not
a hard-and-fast requirement. If you need to easily switch back and forth between different
versions of large packages, for example, you can maintain multiple trees for your own purposes.
This is done by setting <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME </span>to the list of directories, within braces, separated by
commas:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-1">
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb9"><a 
 id="x1-35002r1"></a>  TEXMFHOME = {/my/dir1,/mydir2,/a/third/dir}</pre>
</pre>
<!--l. 1238--><p class="nopar" >
</p><!--l. 1240--><p class="indent" >   Section <a 
href="#x1-600007.1.5">7.1.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:brace-expansion --></a> describes brace expansion further.
</p><!--l. 1243--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.7   </span> <a 
 id="x1-360003.4.7"></a>Integrating third-party fonts</h5>
<!--l. 1245--><p class="noindent" >This is unfortunately a messy topic for TeX and pdfTeX. Forget about it unless you want to
delve into many details of the TeX installation. Many fonts are included in TeX Live already,
so take a look if you like; the web pages under <a 
href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue</span></a> display
nearly all of the text fonts included in the main TeX distributions, categorized in various
ways.
</p><!--l. 1252--><p class="indent" >   If you do want to install your own fonts, see <a 
href="https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html</span></a>
for our best effort at describing the procedure.
</p><!--l. 1256--><p class="indent" >   Also consider using XeTeX or LuaTeX (see section <a 
href="#x1-120002.4">2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tex-extensions --></a>), which let you use operating
system fonts without any installation in TeX. (But beware that using system fonts usually
makes your document sources unusable by anyone in a different environment.)
</p><!--l. 1262--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-370003.5"></a>Testing the installation</h4>
<!--l. 1265--><p class="noindent" >After installing TeX Live, you naturally want to test it out, so you can start creating beautiful
documents and/or fonts.
</p><!--l. 1268--><p class="indent" >   One thing you may immediately be looking for is a front-end with which to edit files. TeX
Live installs TeXworks (<a 
href="https://tug.org/texworks" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a>) on Windows (only), and
MacTeX installs TeXShop (<a 
href="https://pages.uoregon.edu/koch/texshop" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://pages.uoregon.edu/koch/texshop</span></a>). On other Unix
systems, it’s left up to you to choose an editor. There are many choices available, some of
which are listed in the next section; see also <a 
href="https://tug.org/interest.html#editors" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/interest.html#editors</span></a>.
Any plain text editor will work; something TeX-specific is not required.
</p><!--l. 1277--><p class="indent" >   The rest of this section gives some basic procedures for testing that the new system
is functional. We give Unix commands here; under macOS and Windows, you’re
more likely to run the tests through a graphical interface, but the principles are the
same.
</p><!--l. 1282--><p class="indent" >
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37002x1">
      <!--l. 1284--><p class="noindent" >Make sure that you can run the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tex </span>program in the first place: </p><div class="alltt">
    
      <div class="obeylines-v">
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tex</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> --version</span>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 3.14159265</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> (TeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Live</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> ...)</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Copyright</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> ...</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> D.E.</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Knuth.</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">...</span></div>
      </div> If this comes back with ‘command not found’ instead of version and copyright
      information, or with an older version, most likely you don’t have the correct
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bin </span>subdirectory in your <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">PATH</span>. See the environment-setting information on
      p. <a 
href="#x1-300003.4.1">46<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:env --></a>.
      </li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37004x2">
      <!--l. 1297--><p class="noindent" >Process a basic LaTeX file, generating PDF: </p><div class="alltt">
    
      <div class="obeylines-v">
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">pdflatex</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.tex</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">This</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> is</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> pdfTeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 3.14...</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">...</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Output</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> written</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> sample2e.pdf</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> (3</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> pages,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 142120</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> bytes).</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Transcript</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> written</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> sample2e.log.</span>
</div>
      </div> If this fails to find <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">sample2e.tex </span>or other files, you may have interference from old
      environment variables or configuration files; we recommend unsetting all TeX-related
      environment variables for a start. (For a deep analysis, you can ask TeX to report
      on exactly what it is searching for, and finding; see “Debugging actions” on
      page <a 
href="#x1-670007.2.4">87<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:debugging --></a>.)
      </li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37006x3">
      <!--l. 1312--><p class="noindent" >Preview the PDF file, for example: </p><div class="alltt">
    
      <div class="obeylines-v">
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">xpdf</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.pdf</span>
</div>
      </div> You should see a new window with a nice document explaining some of the basics of
      LaTeX. (It’s well worth reading, by the way, if you’re new to TeX.)
      <!--l. 1320--><p class="noindent" >Of course there are many other PDF viewers; on Unix systems, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">evince </span>and
      <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">okular </span>are commonly used. For Windows, we recommend trying Sumatra PDF (
<a 
href="https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/free-pdf-reader.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/free-pdf-reader.html</span></a>). No PDF
      viewers are included in TeX Live, so you must install whatever you want to use
      separately.
      </p></li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37008x4">
      <!--l. 1327--><p class="noindent" >Of course you can still generate TeX’s original DVI format: </p><div class="alltt">
    
      <div class="obeylines-v">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">latex</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.tex</span>
</div>
      </div>
      </li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37010x5">
      <!--l. 1332--><p class="noindent" >And preview the DVI online: </p><div class="alltt">
    
      <div class="obeylines-v">
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">xdvi</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.dvi</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> #</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Unix</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">dviout</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.dvi</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> #</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Windows</span>
</div>
      </div> You do have to be running under X for <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xdvi </span>to work; if you’re not, or your
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">DISPLAY </span>environment variable is set incorrectly, you’ll get an error ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Can’t open</span>
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">display</span>’.
      </li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37012x6">
      <!--l. 1341--><p class="noindent" >To create a PostScript file from the DVI: </p><div class="alltt">
    
      <div class="obeylines-v">
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">dvips</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.dvi</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -o</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.ps</span>
</div>
      </div>
      </li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37014x7">
      <!--l. 1346--><p class="noindent" >Or to create PDF from the DVI, an alternate path to using pdfTeX (or XeTeX or
      LuaTeX) which can be useful sometimes: </p><div class="alltt">
    
      <div class="obeylines-v">
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">dvipdfmx</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.dvi</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -o</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> sample2e.pdf</span>
</div>
      </div>
      </li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37016x8">
      <!--l. 1352--><p class="noindent" >Other standard test files you may find useful in addition to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">sample2e.tex</span>:
      </p><!--l. 1355--><p class="noindent" >
           </p><dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">small2e.tex</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 1356--><p class="noindent" >A simpler document than <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">sample2e</span>, to reduce the input size if you’re having
           troubles.
           </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">testpage.tex</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 1358--><p class="noindent" >Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
           </p></dd><dt class="list">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">nfssfont.tex</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 1359--><p class="noindent" >For printing font tables and tests.
           </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">testfont.tex</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 1360--><p class="noindent" >Also for font tables, but using plain TeX.
           </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">story.tex</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
           <!--l. 1361--><p class="noindent" >The most canonical (plain) TeX test file of all. You must type ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\bye</span>’ to the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">*</span>
           prompt after ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex story.tex</span>’.</p></dd></dl>
      </li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-37018x9">
      <!--l. 1366--><p class="noindent" >If you have installed the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xetex </span>package, you can test its access to system fonts as
      follows: </p><div class="alltt">
    
      <div class="obeylines-v">
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">xetex</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> opentype-info.tex</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">This</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> is</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> XeTeX,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Version</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 3.14</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">…</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">...</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Output</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> written</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> opentype-info.pdf</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> (1</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> page).</span>
      <br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Transcript</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> written</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> opentype-info.log.</span>
</div>
      </div>
      <!--l. 1376--><p class="noindent" >If you get an error message saying “Invalid fontname ‘Latin Modern Roman/ICU’…”,
      then you need to configure your system so that the fonts shipped with TeX Live can be
      found. See section <a 
href="#x1-330003.4.4">3.4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:font-conf-sys --></a>.
</p>
      </li></ol>
<!--l. 1383--><p class="indent" >   <a id="uninstall"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.6   </span> <a 
 id="x1-380003.6"></a>Uninstalling TeX Live</h4>
<!--l. 1387--><p class="noindent" >To uninstall TeX Live (after a successful installation; for Windows, see below):
</p>
   <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> uninstall</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> --all</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1394--><p class="indent" >   You will be asked for confirmation, else nothing will be done. (Without <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--all</span>, the
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">uninstall </span>action is used to remove individual packages.)
</p><!--l. 1398--><p class="indent" >   This does not remove user-specific directories, namely (see also section <a 
href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>):
</p><!--l. 1401--><p class="noindent" >
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCONFIG</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1402--><p class="noindent" >This is intended for user configuration changes. If you want to preserve them, be
      sure you know how to recreate them before removing.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFVAR</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1406--><p class="noindent" >This is intended to store automatically-generated runtime data, such as local format
      files. Unless you’ve used it for other purposes, it should be safe to remove.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1410--><p class="noindent" >Contains  only  files  you  yourself  installed,  typically  those  not  available  in  the
      distributions. Unless you are completely stopping using TeX, or want to start over
      from scratch, you probably don’t want to remove this.
</p>
      </dd></dl>
<!--l. 1417--><p class="noindent" >You can find the directory paths for these variables by running <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">kpsewhich -var-value=</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">var</span>.
</p><!--l. 1420--><p class="indent" >   This <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>uninstallation also does not undo post-install actions, such as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">PATH </span>changes in
your shell initialization files and system access to the fonts in TeX Live (see section <a 
href="#x1-290003.4">3.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:postinstall --></a>). You
must manually reverse such actions, if desired.
</p><!--l. 1426--><p class="indent" >   On Windows, uninstallation can be done through the GUI; see section <a 
href="#x1-470006.1">6.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:winfeatures --></a>.
</p><!--l. 1430--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.7   </span> <a 
 id="x1-390003.7"></a>Links for additional downloadable software</h4>
<!--l. 1432--><p class="noindent" >If you are new to TeX, or otherwise need help with actually writing TeX or LaTeX
documents, please visit <a 
href="https://tug.org/begin.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/begin.html</span></a> for some introductory
resources.
</p><!--l. 1436--><p class="indent" >   Links for some other tools you may consider installing:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Ghostscript</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1438--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="https://ghostscript.com/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ghostscript.com/</span></a>, a free PostScript and PDF interpreter.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Perl</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1440--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="https://perl.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://perl.org/</span></a>  with   supplementary   packages   from   CPAN,   
<a 
href="https://cpan.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://cpan.org/</span></a>.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">ImageMagick</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1442--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="https://imagemagick.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://imagemagick.org</span></a>, for graphics processing and conversion.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">NetPBM</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1444--><p class="noindent" ><a 
href="http://netpbm.sourceforge.net" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://netpbm.sourceforge.net</span></a>, also for graphics.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">TeX-oriented editors</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1446--><p class="noindent" >There is a wide choice, and it is a matter of the user’s taste. Here is a selection in
      alphabetical order (a few here are for Windows only). </p>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
           <ul class="itemize1">
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1450--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">GNU     Emacs     </span>is     available     for     all     major     platforms;     see     
<a 
href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs</span></a>.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1452--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">AUCTeX </span>runs under Emacs; it’s available through Emacs’ package manager
           <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">ELPA</span>. Sources are also available from CTAN. The AUCTeX home page is 
<a 
href="https://www.gnu.org/software/auctex" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.gnu.org/software/auctex</span></a>.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1456--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">SciTE </span>is available from <a 
href="https://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html</span></a>.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1458--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">Texmaker         </span>is         free         software,         available         from         
<a 
href="https://www.xm1math.net/texmaker" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.xm1math.net/texmaker</span></a>.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1460--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">TeXstudio </span>started as a fork of <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">Texmaker </span>and given additional features; available
           from <a 
href="https://texstudio.org/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://texstudio.org/</span></a>.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1463--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">TeXnicCenter        </span>is        free        software,        available        from        
<a 
href="https://www.texniccenter.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.texniccenter.org</span></a>.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1465--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">TeXworks </span>is free software, available from <a 
href="https://tug.org/texworks" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a> and
           installed as part of TeX Live for Windows (only).
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1468--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">Vim </span>is free software, available from <a 
href="https://www.vim.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.vim.org</span></a>.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1470--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">WinEdt  </span>is  shareware  available  though  <a 
href="https://tug.org/winedt" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/winedt</span></a> or  
<a 
href="https://www.winedt.com" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.winedt.com</span></a>.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 1472--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">WinShell </span>is available from <a 
href="https://www.winshell.de" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://www.winshell.de</span></a>.</p></li></ul>
      </dd></dl>
<!--l. 1475--><p class="noindent" >For a much longer list of packages and programs, see <a 
href="https://tug.org/interest.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/interest.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1479--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-400004"></a>Specialized installations</h3>
<!--l. 1481--><p class="noindent" >The previous sections described the basic installation process. Here we turn to some
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
specialized cases.
</p><!--l. 1484--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlsharedinstall"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-410004.1"></a>Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations</h4>
<!--l. 1488--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live has been designed to be shared between different systems on a network. With a
standard directory layout, no hard paths are configured: the locations for files needed
by TeX Live programs are found relative to the programs. You can see this in the
principal configuration file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDIST/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>, which contains lines such
as
</p>
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb10"><a 
 id="x1-41002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXMFROOT</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> $SELFAUTOPARENT</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-41004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-41006r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXMFDIST</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> $TEXMFROOT/texmf-dist</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-41008r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-41010r5"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXMFLOCAL</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> $SELFAUTOGRANDPARENT/texmf-local</span></pre>
<!--l. 1501--><p class="noindent" >This means that adding the directory for TeX Live executables for their platform to their search
path is sufficient to get a working setup.
</p><!--l. 1504--><p class="indent" >   By the same token, you can also install TeX Live locally and then move the entire
hierarchy afterwards to a network location.
</p><!--l. 1507--><p class="indent" >   For Windows, TeX Live includes a launcher <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlaunch</span>. Its main window contains menu
entries and buttons for various TeX-related programs and documentation, customizable
via an <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ini </span>file. On first use, it replicates the usual Windows-specific post-install,
<span 
class="ec-lmri-12">i.e.</span>, search path modification and file associations, but only for the current user.
Therefore, workstations with access to TeX Live on the local network only need a
menu shortcut for the launcher. See the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlaunch </span>manual (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texdoc tlaunch</span>, or 
<a 
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 1518--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlportable"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-420004.2"></a>Portable (USB) installations</h4>
<!--l. 1522--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-portable </span>installer option (or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">V </span>command in the text installer or corresponding GUI
option) creates a completely self-contained TeX Live installation under a common root and
forgoes system integration. You can create such an installation directly on a USB stick, or copy
it to a USB stick afterwards.
</p><!--l. 1528--><p class="indent" >   Technically, the portable installation is made self-contained by setting the default values of
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFVAR</span>, and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCONFIG </span>to be the same as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>respectively; thus, per-user configuration and caches will not be
created.
</p><!--l. 1534--><p class="indent" >   To run TeX using this portable installation, you need to add the appropriate binary
directory to the search path during your terminal session, as usual.
</p><!--l. 1538--><p class="indent" >   On Windows, you can double-click <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tl-tray-menu </span>at the root of the installation and create
a temporary ‘tray menu’ offering a choice of a few common tasks, as shown in this
screenshot:
</p><!--l. 1543--><p class="indent" >   <img 
src="../texlive-common/tray-menu.png" alt="Windows tray menu"  
 />
</p><!--l. 1546--><p class="noindent" >The ‘More…’ entry explains how you can customize this menu.
</p><!--l. 1605--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlmgr"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-430005"></a><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>: Managing your installation</h3>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-43001r9"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 1611--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="../texlive-common/tlshell-linux.png" alt="tlshell GUI, showing the Actions menu (GNU/Linux)"  
 />
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 9: </span><span  
class="content"><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlshell </span>GUI, showing the Actions menu (GNU/Linux)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-43001r9 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-43002r10"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 1618--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="../texlive-common/tlcockpit-packages.png" alt="tlcockpit GUI for tlmgr"  
 />
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 10: </span><span  
class="content"><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlcockpit </span>GUI for <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span></span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-43002r10 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
   <figure class="figure"> 

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<a 
 id="x1-43003r11"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 1625--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="../texlive-common/tlmgr-gui.png" alt="Legacy tlmgr GUI mode: main window, after ‘Load’"  
 />
</p>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 11: </span><span  
class="content">Legacy <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>GUI mode: main window, after ‘Load’</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-43003r11 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   </figure>
<!--l. 1630--><p class="indent" >   TeX Live includes a program named <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>for managing TeX Live after the initial
installation. Its capabilities include:
</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 1634--><p class="noindent" >installing, updating, backing up, restoring, and uninstalling individual packages,
      optionally taking dependencies into account;
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 1636--><p class="noindent" >searching for and listing packages and their descriptions;
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 1637--><p class="noindent" >listing, adding, and removing platforms;
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 1638--><p class="noindent" >changing  installation  options  such  as  paper  size  and  source  location  (see
      section <a 
href="#x1-280003.3.1">3.3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:location --></a>).</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 1642--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>’s functionality completely subsumes the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">texconfig </span>program. We still distribute and
maintain <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">texconfig </span>for the sake of anyone used to its interface, but we recommend using <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>
nowadays.
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-440005.1"></a>GUI interfaces for <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span></h4>
<!--l. 1649--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live contains several GUI front-ends for <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>. Two notable ones: (1) Figure <a 
href="#x1-43001r9">9<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlshell --></a> shows
<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlshell</span>, which is written in Tcl/Tk and runs out of the box under Windows; (2) Figure <a 
href="#x1-43002r10">10<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlcockpit --></a>
shows <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlcockpit</span>, which requires Java version 8 or higher and JavaFX. Both are separate
packages.
</p><!--l. 1655--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>also has a native GUI mode (shown in figure <a 
href="#x1-43003r11">11<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlmgr-gui --></a>), which is started with:
</p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -gui</span>
</div>
</div> However, this GUI extension requires Perl/Tk, which module is no longer included in TeX
Live’s Perl distribution for Windows.
<!--l. 1663--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-450005.2"></a>Sample <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>command-line invocations</h4>
<!--l. 1665--><p class="noindent" >After the initial installation, you can update your system to the latest versions available with:
</p><div class="alltt">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> update</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -all</span>
</div>
</div> If this makes you nervous, first try <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> update</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -all</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -dry-run</span>
</div>
</div> or (less verbose): <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> update</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -list</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 1679--><p class="indent" >   This more complex example adds a collection, for the engine XeTeX, from a local
directory:
</p>
   <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -repository</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> /local/mirror/tlnet</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> install</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> collection-xetex</span>
</div>
</div> It generates the following output (abridged):
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb11"><a 
 id="x1-45002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">install:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> collection-xetex</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45004r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">install:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> arabxetex</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45006r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45008r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">install:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> xetex</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45010r5"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">install:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> xetexconfig</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45012r6"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">install:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> xetex.i386-linux</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45014r7"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">running</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> post</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> install</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> action</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> for</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> xetex</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45016r8"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">install:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> xetex-def</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45018r9"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45020r10"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">running</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> mktexlsr</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45022r11"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">mktexlsr:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Updating</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-dist/ls-R...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45024r12"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45026r13"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">running</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> fmtutil-sys</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> --missing</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45028r14"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45030r15"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">Transcript</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> written</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> xelatex.log.</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45032r16"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texlive/2024/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> installed.</span></pre>
<!--l. 1705--><p class="indent" >   As you can see, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>installs dependencies, and takes care of any necessary post-install
actions, including updating the filename database and (re)generating formats. In the above, we
generated new formats for XeTeX.
</p><!--l. 1710--><p class="indent" >   To describe a package (or collection or scheme): </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> show</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> collection-latexextra</span>
</div>
</div> which produces output like this:
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb12"><a 
 id="x1-45034r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">package:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> collection-latexextra</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45036r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">category:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Collection</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45038r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">shortdesc:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> LaTeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> supplementary</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> packages</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45040r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">longdesc:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> A</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> very</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> large</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> collection</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> add-on</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> packages</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> for</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> LaTeX.</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45042r5"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">installed:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> Yes</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45044r6"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">revision:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 46963</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-45046r7"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10">sizes:</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10"> 657941k</span></pre>
<!--l. 1725--><p class="indent" >   Last and most important, for full documentation see <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html</span></a>,
or: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">tlmgr</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -help</span>
</div>
</div>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 1732--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6   </span> <a 
 id="x1-460006"></a>Notes on Windows</h3>
<!--l. 1735--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-470006.1"></a>Windows-specific features</h4>
<!--l. 1738--><p class="noindent" >Under Windows, the installer does some extra things:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Menus and shortcuts.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1740--><p class="noindent" >A new ‘TeX Live’ submenu of the Start menu is installed. This contains entries for
      some GUI programs, such as <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlshell </span>(a GUI for <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>) and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dviout</span>, and some entries
      for documentation.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">File associations.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1745--><p class="noindent" >If  enabled,  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">TeXworks  </span>and  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">Dviout  </span>become  either  the  default  program  for  their
      respective filetypes, or get an entry in the ‘Open with’ right-click menus of those
      filetypes. However, higher-priority ‘User Choice’ file associations, which can only
      be specified interactively, can get in the way.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">PostScript support.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1752--><p class="noindent" >For PostScript files, a PSviewer filetype now converts PostScript to a temporary
      PDF,  which  is  then  displayed  by  the  default  PDF  viewer.  Various  bitmapped
      formats get an entry <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">bitmap2eps </span>in their ‘Open with’ right-click menu for converting
      to EPS, letting <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">sam2p </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">bmeps </span>do the real work.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Automatic path adjustment.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1759--><p class="noindent" >No manual configuration steps are required.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Uninstaller.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1761--><p class="noindent" >The installer creates an entry for TeX Live, either under ‘Add/Remove Programs’
      (admin installation) or under the TeX Live menu (single-user installation).
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Write-protect.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1765--><p class="noindent" >For an admin installation, the TeX Live directories are write-protected, at least if
      TeX Live is installed on a normal NTFS-formatted non-removable disk.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 1770--><p class="indent" >   Also, have a look at <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlaunch</span>, described in section <a 
href="#x1-410004.1">4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:sharedinstall --></a>, for a different approach.
</p><!--l. 1773--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-480006.2"></a>Additional software included on Windows</h4>
<!--l. 1775--><p class="noindent" >To be complete, a TeX Live installation needs support programs that are not commonly found
on a Windows machine. TeX Live provides the missing pieces. These programs are all installed
as part of TeX Live only on Windows.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 1779--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Perl, Tcl/Tk and Ghostscript.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1780--><p class="noindent" >Because of the importance of Perl and Ghostscript, and because the installer and
      tlshell GUIs are written in Tcl/Tk, TeX Live includes ‘hidden’ copies of these
      programs. TeX Live programs that need them know where to find them, but they
      don’t betray their presence through environment variables or registry settings.
      They aren’t full-scale installations (except for Ghostscript), and shouldn’t interfere
      with any system installations of Perl, Tcl/Tk or Ghostscript. See subsection <a 
href="#x1-490006.3">6.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:externalwndws --></a>
      how to tell TeX Live that you want to use your own external installations for
      contributed scripts within TeX Live.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">dviout.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1791--><p class="noindent" >Also installed is <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dviout</span>, a DVI viewer. At first, when you preview files with <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dviout</span>,
      it will create fonts, because screen fonts were not installed. After a while, you will
      have created most of the fonts you use, and you will rarely see the font-creation
      window. More information can be found in the (highly recommended) on-line help.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">TeXworks.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1798--><p class="noindent" >TeXworks is a TeX-oriented editor with an integrated PDF viewer.
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">Command-line tools.</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1801--><p class="noindent" >A number of Windows ports of common Unix command-line programs are installed
      along with the usual TeX Live binaries. These include <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">gzip</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">zip</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">unzip</span>, and the
      utilities from the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">poppler </span>suite (<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdfinfo</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdffonts</span>, …).
      </p></dd><dt class="description">
<span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">fc-list, fc-cache, </span><span 
class="ec-lmbx-12">…</span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
      <!--l. 1807--><p class="noindent" >The tools from the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fontconfig </span>library allow XeTeX to find system fonts on Windows.
      You can use <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fc-list </span>to determine the font names to pass to XeTeX’s extended <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\font</span>
      command. If necessary, run <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fc-cache </span>first to update font information.
</p>
      </dd></dl>
<!--l. 1816--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-490006.3"></a>Using external Perl, Tcl/Tk and Ghostscript installations</h4>
<!--l. 1819--><p class="noindent" >Normally, TeX Live will use its built-in Perl, Tcl/Tk and Ghostscript also for contributed
scripts within TeX Live. If you wish to use your own external versions, then you can configure
that in the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>file <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">in the root of the installation</span>.
</p><!--l. 1824--><p class="indent" >   For Perl, you need to add a line
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-2">
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb13"><a 
 id="x1-49002r1"></a>TEXLIVE_WINDOWS_TRY_EXTERNAL_PERL = 1</pre>
</pre>
<!--l. 1827--><p class="nopar" >TeX Live (specifically, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bin/windows/runscript.tlu</span>) will then search for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">perl.exe </span>on the
search path, except for scripts which belong to the TeX Live infrastructure. This is the most
likely setting of the three to be useful; although the TeX Live Perl includes many additional
modules, it cannot support all third-party scripts.
</p><!--l. 1834--><p class="indent" >   Similarly, for Tcl/Tk you need a line
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-3">
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb14"><a 
 id="x1-49004r1"></a>TEXLIVE_WINDOWS_TRY_EXTERNAL_TCL = 1</pre>
</pre>
<!--l. 1837--><p class="nopar" >TeX Live will then search for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tclkit.exe</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">wish.exe</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">wish85.exe</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">wish86.exe </span>and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">wish87.exe </span>on the searchpath.
</p><!--l. 1842--><p class="indent" >   Ghostscript is handled differently, in that you need to specify the filename or the full path
of your command-line Ghostscript: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXLIVE_WINDOWS_EXTERNAL_GS</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">path</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12"> of</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12"> command-line</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12"> ghostscript</span>
</div>
</div> Another difference is that the Ghostscript shipped with TeX Live is complete, with only
documentation and printer drivers omitted. So it’s unlikely you’ll have any need to override
it.
<!--l. 1851--><p class="indent" >   See also section <a 
href="#x1-570007.1.2">7.1.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:configfiles --></a> about <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>.
</p><!--l. 1854--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-500006.4"></a>User Profile is Home</h4>
<!--l. 1857--><p class="noindent" >The Windows counterpart of a Unix home directory is the <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">%USERPROFILE%</code></span> directory. Under
Windows Vista and later it is <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">C:\Users\&#x003C;username&#x003E;</code></span>. In the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>file, and Kpathsea in
general, <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~</code></span> will expand appropriately on both Windows and Unix.
</p><!--l. 1864--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-510006.5"></a>The Windows registry</h4>
<!--l. 1867--><p class="noindent" >Windows stores nearly all configuration data in its registry. The registry contains a set of
hierarchically organized keys, with several root keys. The most important ones for
installation programs are <span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</span></span> and <span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE</span></span>, <span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">HKCU</span></span> and <span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">HKLM</span></span> in short. The <span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">HKCU</span></span> part of the registry is in the user’s home
directory (see section <a 
href="#x1-500006.4">6.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:winhome --></a>). <span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">HKLM</span></span> is normally in a subdirectory of the Windows
directory.
</p><!--l. 1875--><p class="indent" >   In some cases, system information could be obtained from environment variables
but for other information, for example the location of shortcuts, it is necessary to
consult the registry. Setting environment variables permanently also requires registry
access.
</p><!--l. 1881--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.6   </span> <a 
 id="x1-520006.6"></a>Windows permissions</h4>
<!--l. 1884--><p class="noindent" >In later versions of Windows, a distinction is made between regular users and administrators,
where only the latter have free access to almost the entire operating system. We have made an
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
effort to make TeX Live installable without administrative privileges.
</p><!--l. 1889--><p class="indent" >   If the installer is started with administrative permissions, there is an option to install for
all users. If this option is chosen, shortcuts are created for all users, and the system search
path is modified. Otherwise, shortcuts and menu entries are created for the current user, and
the user search path is modified.
</p><!--l. 1895--><p class="indent" >   Regardless of administrator status, the default root of TeX Live proposed by the installer is
always under <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">%SystemDrive%</code></span>. The installer always tests whether the root is writable for the
current user.
</p><!--l. 1899--><p class="indent" >   A problem may arise if the user is not an administrator and TeX already exists in the
search path. Since the effective search path consists of the system search path followed by the
user search path, the new TeX Live would never get precedence. As a fallback, the
installer creates a shortcut to the command-prompt in which the new TeX Live binary
directory is prepended to the local search path. The new TeX Live will be always usable
from within such a command-prompt. The shortcut for TeXworks, if installed, also
prepends TeX Live to the search path, so it should also be immune to this path
problem.
</p><!--l. 1909--><p class="indent" >   You should be aware that even if you are logged in as administrator, you need to explicitly
ask for administrator privileges. In fact, there is not much point in logging in as administrator.
Instead, right-clicking on the program or shortcut that you want to run usually gives you a
choice ‘Run as administrator’.
</p><!--l. 1916--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.7   </span> <a 
 id="x1-530006.7"></a>Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin</h4>
<!--l. 1919--><p class="noindent" >Windows and Cygwin (see section <a 
href="#x1-190003.1.4">3.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cygwin --></a> for Cygwin installation specifics) users may find that
they run out of memory when running some of the programs shipped with TeX Live. For
example, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">asy </span>might run out of memory if you try to allocate an array of 25,000,000 reals, and
LuaTeX might run out of memory if you try to process a document with a lot of big
fonts.
</p><!--l. 1926--><p class="indent" >   For Cygwin, you can increase the amount of available memory by following the instructions
in the Cygwin User’s Guide (<a 
href="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 1930--><p class="indent" >   For Windows, you have to create a file, say <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">moremem.reg</span>, with these four lines:
</p><!--l. 1933--><p class="indent" >
</p>
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb15"><a 
 id="x1-53002r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">Windows</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> Registry</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> Editor</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> Version</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> 5.00</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-53004r2"></a> 
<a 
 id="x1-53006r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Cygwin]</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-53008r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">&#x0022;heap_chunk_in_mb&#x0022;=dword:ffffff00</span></pre>
<!--l. 1940--><p class="noindent" >and then execute the command <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">regedit /s moremem.reg </span>as administrator. (If
you want to change memory only for the current user instead of system-wide, use
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</span>.)
</p><!--l. 1945--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7   </span> <a 
 id="x1-540007"></a>A user’s guide to Web2C</h3>
<!--l. 1947--><p class="noindent" >Web2C is an integrated collection of TeX-related programs: TeX itself, Metafont, MetaPost,
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
BibTeX, etc. It is the heart of TeX Live. The home page for Web2C, with the current manual
and more, is <a 
href="https://tug.org/web2c" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/web2c</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 1952--><p class="indent" >   A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who, in
1987, developed a first TeX-to-C system based on change files under Unix, which
were primarily the original work of Howard Trickey and Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan
became the maintainer of the system, and during this period the name changed to
Web-to-C. In 1990, Karl Berry took over the work, assisted by dozens of additional
contributors, and in 1997 he handed the baton to Olaf Weber, who returned it to Karl in
2006.
</p><!--l. 1961--><p class="indent" >   The Web2C system runs on Unix, Windows, macOS, and other operating systems. It uses
Knuth’s original sources for TeX and other basic programs written in the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">WEB </span>literate
programming system and translates them into C source code. The core TeX programs handled
in this way are:
</p><!--l. 1967--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">bibtex</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1968--><p class="noindent" >Maintaining bibliographies.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvicopy</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1969--><p class="noindent" >Expands virtual font references in DVI files.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvitomp</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1970--><p class="noindent" >DVI to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvitype</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1971--><p class="noindent" >DVI to human-readable text.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">gftodvi</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1972--><p class="noindent" >Generic font proofsheets.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">gftopk</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1973--><p class="noindent" >Generic to packed fonts.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">gftype</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1974--><p class="noindent" >GF to human-readable text.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mf </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1975--><p class="noindent" >Creating typeface families.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mft</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1976--><p class="noindent" >Prettyprinting Metafont source.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mpost</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1977--><p class="noindent" >Creating technical diagrams.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">patgen</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 1978--><p class="noindent" >Creating hyphenation patterns.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pktogf</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1979--><p class="noindent" >Packed to generic fonts.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pktype</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1980--><p class="noindent" >PK to human-readable text.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pltotf</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1981--><p class="noindent" >Plain text property list to TFM.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pooltype</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1982--><p class="noindent" >Display <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">WEB </span>pool files.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tangle</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1983--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">WEB </span>to Pascal.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tex </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1984--><p class="noindent" >Typesetting.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tftopl</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1985--><p class="noindent" >TFM to plain text property list.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">vftovp</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1986--><p class="noindent" >Virtual font to virtual property list.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">vptovf</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1987--><p class="noindent" >Virtual property list to virtual font.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">weave</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1988--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">WEB </span>to TeX.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 1991--><p class="noindent" >The precise functions and syntax of these programs are described in the documentation of
the individual packages and of Web2C itself. However, knowing a few principles
governing the whole family of programs will help you take advantage of your Web2C
installation.
</p><!--l. 1996--><p class="indent" >   All programs honor these standard GNU options:
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--help</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1998--><p class="noindent" >print basic usage summary.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--version</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 1999--><p class="noindent" >print version information, then exit.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2002--><p class="indent" >   And most also honor:
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--verbose</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2004--><p class="noindent" >print detailed progress report.</p></dd></dl>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 2007--><p class="indent" >   For locating files the Web2C programs use the path searching library Kpathsea (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/kpathsea" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/kpathsea</span></a>). This library uses a combination of environment variables and
configuration files to optimize searching the (huge) collection of TeX files. Web2C can look at
many directory trees simultaneously, which is useful in maintaining TeX’s standard
distribution and local and personal extensions in distinct trees. To speed up file searches, the
root of each tree has a file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R</span>, containing an entry showing the name and relative pathname
for all files under that root.
</p><!--l. 2018--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-550007.1"></a>Kpathsea path searching</h4>
<!--l. 2021--><p class="noindent" >Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the Kpathsea library.
</p><!--l. 2024--><p class="indent" >   We call a <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">search path </span>a colon- or semicolon-separated list of <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">path elements</span>, which are
basically directory names. A search path can come from (a combination of) many sources. To
look up a file ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">my-file</span>’ along a path ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.:/dir</span>’, Kpathsea checks each element of the path in
turn: first <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">./my-file</span>, then <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/dir/my-file</span>, returning the first match (or possibly all
matches).
</p><!--l. 2032--><p class="indent" >   In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems’ conventions, on non-Unix
systems Kpathsea can use filename separators different from colon (‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>’) and slash
(‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/</span>’).
</p><!--l. 2036--><p class="indent" >   To check a particular path element <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">p</span>, Kpathsea first checks if a prebuilt database (see
“Filename database” on page <a 
href="#x1-630007.2">82<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:filename-database --></a>) applies to <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">p</span>, i.e., if the database is in a directory that is
a prefix of <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">p</span>. If so, the path specification is matched against the contents of the
database.
</p><!--l. 2042--><p class="indent" >   Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory name, Kpathsea
supports additional features in search paths: layered default values, environment variable
names, config file values, users’ home directories, and recursive subdirectory searching. Thus,
we say that Kpathsea <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">expands </span>a path element, meaning it transforms all the specifications into
basic directory name or names. This is described in the following sections in the same order as
it takes place.
</p><!--l. 2051--><p class="indent" >   Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly relative, i.e., starts
with ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/</span>’ or ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">./</span>’ or ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">../</span>’, Kpathsea simply checks if that file exists.
</p><!--l. 2065--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-560007.1.1"></a>Path sources</h5>
<!--l. 2068--><p class="noindent" >A search path can come from many sources. In the order in which Kpathsea uses
them:
</p><!--l. 2071--><p class="indent" >
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-56002x1">
      <!--l. 2073--><p class="noindent" >A user-set environment variable, for instance, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXINPUTS</span>. Environment variables
      with a period and a program name appended override; e.g., if ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">latex</span>’ is the name
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      of the program being run, then <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXINPUTS.latex </span>will override <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXINPUTS</span>.
      </p></li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-56004x2">
      <!--l. 2078--><p class="noindent" >A  program-specific  configuration  file,  for  example,  a  line  ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">S /a:/b</span>’  in  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips</span>’s
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">config.ps</span>.
      </p></li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-56006x3">
      <!--l. 2080--><p class="noindent" >A Kpathsea configuration file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>, containing a line like ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXINPUTS=/c:/d</span>’
      (see below).
      </p></li>
<li 
  class="enumerate" id="x1-56008x4">
      <!--l. 2082--><p class="noindent" >The compile-time default.</p></li></ol>
<!--l. 2084--><p class="noindent" >You can see each of these values for a given search path by using the debugging options (see
“Debugging actions” on page <a 
href="#x1-670007.2.4">87<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:debugging --></a>).
</p><!--l. 2088--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-570007.1.2"></a>Config files</h5>
<!--l. 2091--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea reads <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">runtime configuration files </span>named <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>for search path and
other definitions. The search path <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCNF </span>is used to look for these files, but we do
not recommend setting this (or any) environment variable to override the system
directories.
</p><!--l. 2097--><p class="indent" >   Instead, normal installation results in a file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.../2024/texmf.cnf</span>. If you must make
changes to the defaults (not normally necessary), this is the place to put them. The
main configuration file is in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.../2024/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>. You should
not edit this latter file, as your changes will be lost when the distributed version is
updated.
</p><!--l. 2104--><p class="indent" >   As an aside, if you merely wish to add a personal directory to a particular search path,
setting an environment variable is a reasonable method:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-4">
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb16"><a 
 id="x1-57002r1"></a>  TEXINPUTS=.:/my/macro/dir:</pre>
</pre>
<!--l. 2109--><p class="nopar" >To keep the setting maintainable and portable over the years, use a trailing ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>’ (‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">;</span>’ on
Windows) to insert the system paths, instead of trying to write them all out explicitly (see
section <a 
href="#x1-590007.1.4">7.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:default-expansion --></a>). Another option is to use the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME </span>tree (see section <a 
href="#x1-250003.2.3">3.2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:directories --></a>).
</p><!--l. 2116--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">All </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>files in the search path will be read and definitions in earlier files override
those in later files. For example, with a search path of <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">.:$TEXMF</code></span>, values from <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">./texmf.cnf</span>
override those from <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">$TEXMF/texmf.cnf</code></span>.
</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2123--><p class="noindent" >Comments start with <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">%</span>, either at the beginning of a line or preceded by whitespace,
      and continue to the end of the line.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2126--><p class="noindent" >Blank lines are ignored.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2128--><p class="noindent" >A <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\ </span>at the end of a line acts as a continuation character, i.e., the next line is
      appended. Whitespace at the beginning of continuation lines is not ignored.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2132--><p class="noindent" >Each remaining line has the form:<br 
class="newline" />        <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">variable  </span>[<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">progname</span>]  [<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">=</span>]  <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">value</span><br 
class="newline" /> where the ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">=</span>’ and surrounding whitespace are optional. (But if <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">value </span>begins with
      ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span>’, it is simplest to use the ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">=</span>’ to avoid the period being interpreted as the program
      name qualifier.)
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2140--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">variable </span>name may contain any character other than whitespace, ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">=</span>’, or ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span>’,
      but sticking to ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">A-Za-z_</span>’ is safest.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2144--><p class="noindent" >If ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">progname</span>’ is present, the definition only applies if the program that is running
      is named <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">progname </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">progname</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.exe</span>. This allows different flavors of TeX to have
      different search paths, for example.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2149--><p class="noindent" >Considered  as  strings,  <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">value  </span>may  contain  any  character.  However,  in  practice
      most <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>values are related to path expansion, and since various special
      characters are used in expansion (see section <a 
href="#x1-620007.1.7">7.1.7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cnf-special-chars --></a>), such as braces and commas,
      they cannot be used in directory names.
      </p><!--l. 2155--><p class="noindent" >A ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">;</span>’ in <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">value </span>is translated to ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>’ if running under Unix, in order to have a single
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>that can support both Unix and Windows systems. This translation
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      happens with any value, not just search paths, but fortunately in practice ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">;</span>’ is
      not needed in other values.
      </p><!--l. 2161--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">var</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">prog </span>feature is not available on the right-hand side; instead, you must
      use an additional variable.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2165--><p class="noindent" >All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so variables can be referenced
      before they are defined.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 2168--><p class="noindent" >A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is shown below:
</p><!--l. 2172--><p class="indent" >
</p>
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb17"><a 
 id="x1-57004r1"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXMF</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> {$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN}</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-57006r2"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXINPUTS.latex</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> .;$TEXMF/tex/{latex,generic;}//</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-57008r3"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXINPUTS.fontinst</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> .;$TEXMF/tex//;$TEXMF/fonts/afm//</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-57010r4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">%</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> e-TeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> related</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> files</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-57012r5"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXINPUTS.elatex</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> .;$TEXMF/{etex,tex}/{latex,generic;}//</span> 
<a 
 id="x1-57014r6"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXINPUTS.etex</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> .;$TEXMF/{etex,tex}/{eplain,plain,generic;}//</span></pre>
<!--l. 2177--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-580007.1.3"></a>Path expansion</h5>
<!--l. 2180--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea recognizes certain special characters and constructions in search paths, similar to
those available in Unix shells. As a general example, the path <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz</code></span>,
expands to all subdirectories under directories <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">foo </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bar </span>in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$USER</span>’s home directory
that contain a directory or file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">baz</span>. These expansions are explained in the sections
below.
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-590007.1.4"></a>Default expansion</h5>
<!--l. 2191--><p class="noindent" >If the highest-priority search path (see “Path sources” on page <a 
href="#x1-560007.1.1">75<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:path-sources --></a>) contains an <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">extra colon</span>
(i.e., leading, trailing, or doubled), Kpathsea inserts at that point the next-highest-priority
search path that is defined. If that inserted path has an extra colon, the same happens with
the next highest. For example, given an environment variable setting
</p>
   <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">setenv</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> TEXINPUTS</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> /home/karl:</span></div>
</div> and a <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXINPUTS </span>value from <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>of
   <div class="alltt">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> .:$TEXMF//tex</span></div>
</div> then the final value used for searching will be:
   <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /home/karl:.:$TEXMF//tex</span></div>
</div>
<!--l. 2212--><p class="indent" >   Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one place, Kpathsea
changes only one extra ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>’ and leaves any others in place. It checks first for a leading ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>’, then
a trailing ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>’, then a doubled ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>’.
</p><!--l. 2217--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-600007.1.5"></a>Brace expansion</h5>
<!--l. 2220--><p class="noindent" >A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance, <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">v{a,b}w</code></span> expands to
<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">vaw:vbw</code></span>. Nesting is allowed. This is used to implement multiple TeX hierarchies, by assigning
a brace list to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMF</span>. In the distributed <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>, a definition like this (simplified for this
example) is made:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-5">
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb18"><a 
 id="x1-60002r1"></a>  TEXMF = {$TEXMFVAR,$TEXMFHOME,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFDIST}</pre>
</pre>
<!--l. 2228--><p class="nopar" >We then use this to define, for example, the TeX input path:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-6">
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb19"><a 
 id="x1-60004r1"></a>  TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//</pre>
</pre>
<!--l. 2232--><p class="nopar" >which means that, after looking in the current directory, the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFVAR/tex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFHOME/tex</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFLOCAL/tex </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDIST/tex </span>trees will be searched (the last two using <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>data
base files).
</p><!--l. 2239--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.6   </span> <a 
 id="x1-610007.1.6"></a>Subdirectory expansion</h5>
<!--l. 2242--><p class="noindent" >Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">d </span>is replaced by all
subdirectories of <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">d</span>: first those subdirectories directly under <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">d</span>, then the subsubdirectories
under those, and so on. At each level, the order in which the directories are searched is
<span 
class="ec-lmri-12">unspecified</span>.
</p><!--l. 2248--><p class="indent" >   If you specify any filename components after the ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">//</span>’, only subdirectories with matching
components are included. For example, ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/a//b</span>’ expands into directories <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/a/1/b</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/a/2/b</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/a/1/1/b</span>, and so on, but not <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/a/b/c </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/a/1</span>.
</p><!--l. 2253--><p class="indent" >   Multiple ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">//</span>’ constructs in a path are possible, but ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">//</span>’ at the beginning of a path is
ignored.
</p><!--l. 2256--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.7   </span> <a 
 id="x1-620007.1.7"></a>Summary of special characters in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>files</h5>
<!--l. 2259--><p class="noindent" >The following list summarizes the special characters and constructs in Kpathsea configuration
files.
</p><!--l. 2264--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>       </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2265--><p class="noindent" >Separator in path specification; at the beginning or the end of a path, or doubled
      in the middle, it substitutes the default path expansion.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">;</span>       </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2268--><p class="noindent" >Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">:</span>).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$</span>       </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2269--><p class="noindent" >Variable expansion.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">~</span>       </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2270--><p class="noindent" >Represents the user’s home directory.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">{...}</span>  </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2271--><p class="noindent" >Brace expansion.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">,</span>       </dt><dd 
class="list">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 2272--><p class="noindent" >Separates items in brace expansion.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">//</span>      </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2273--><p class="noindent" >Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in a path, except at its beginning).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">%</span> and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">#</span></dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2275--><p class="noindent" >Start of comment.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\</span>       </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2276--><p class="noindent" >At the end of a line, continuation character to allow multi-line entries.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">!!</span>      </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2278--><p class="noindent" >Search <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">only </span>database to locate file, <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">do not </span>search the disk.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2282--><p class="indent" >   Exactly when a character will be considered special or act as itself depends on the context
in which it is used. The rules are inherent in the multiple levels of interpretation of the
configuration (parsing, expansion, search, …) and so cannot be concisely stated, unfortunately.
There is no general escape mechanism; in particular, ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\</span>’ is not an “escape character” in
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>files.
</p><!--l. 2289--><p class="indent" >   When it comes choosing directory names for installation, it is safest to avoid them
all.
</p><!--l. 2292--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-630007.2"></a>Filename databases</h4>
<!--l. 2295--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches. Nevertheless, in the
standard TeX Live, or at any installation with enough directories, searching every possible
directory for a given file will take an excessively long time. Therefore, Kpathsea can use an
externally-built plain text “database” file named <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>that maps files to directories, thus
avoiding the need to exhaustively search the disk.
</p><!--l. 2303--><p class="indent" >   A second database file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">aliases </span>allows you to give additional names to the files listed in
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R</span>.
</p><!--l. 2306--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-640007.2.1"></a>The filename database</h5>
<!--l. 2309--><p class="noindent" >As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R</span>. You can
put one at the root of each TeX hierarchy in your installation that you wish to be
searched (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMF </span>by default). Kpathsea looks for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>files along the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFDBS</span>
path.
</p><!--l. 2315--><p class="indent" >   The recommended way to create and maintain ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R</span>’ is to run the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mktexlsr </span>script
included with the distribution. It is invoked by the various ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mktex</span>’… scripts. In principle, this
script just runs the command </p><div class="alltt">

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cd</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">/your/texmf/root</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> &#x0026;&#x0026;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\</span></span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> -1LAR</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> ./</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> &#x003E;ls-R</span>
</div>
</div> presuming your system’s <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls </span>produces the right output format (GNU <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls </span>is all right). To ensure
that the database is always up-to-date, it is easiest to rebuild it regularly via <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cron</span>, so that it is
automatically updated when the installed files change, such as after installing or updating a
LaTeX package.
<!--l. 2328--><p class="indent" >   If a file is not found in the database, by default Kpathsea goes ahead and searches the disk.
If a particular path element begins with ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">!!</span>’, however, <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">only </span>the database will be searched for
that element, never the disk.
</p><!--l. 2334--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-650007.2.2"></a>kpsewhich: Standalone path searching</h5>
<!--l. 2337--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">kpsewhich </span>program exercises path searching independent of any particular application.
This can be useful as a sort of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">find </span>program to locate files in TeX hierarchies (this is used
heavily in the distributed ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mktex</span>’… scripts).
</p>
   <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">option</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">…</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">filename</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">…</span>
</div>
</div> The options specified in <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">option </span>start with either ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-</span>’ or ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--</span>’, and any unambiguous
abbreviation is accepted.
<!--l. 2348--><p class="indent" >   Kpathsea looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a filename, and
returns the first file found. There is no option to return all the files with a particular name
(you can run the Unix ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">find</span>’ utility for that).
</p><!--l. 2353--><p class="indent" >   The most common options are described next.
</p><!--l. 2355--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--dpi=</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">num</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2356--><p class="noindent" > Set the resolution to <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">num</span>; this only affects ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">gf</span>’ and ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pk</span>’ lookups. ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-D</span>’ is a synonym,
      for compatibility with <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips</span>. Default is 600.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--format=</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">name</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2361--><p class="noindent" ><br 
class="newline" />Set the format for lookup to <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">name</span>. By default, the format is guessed from the
      filename. For formats which do not have an associated unambiguous suffix, such as
      MetaPost support files and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>configuration files, you have to specify the name as
      known to Kpathsea, such as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">enc files</span>. Run <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">kpsewhich --help-formats</span>
      for a list.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--mode=</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">string</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2369--><p class="noindent" ><br 
class="newline" />Set the mode name to <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">string</span>; this only affects ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">gf</span>’ and ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pk</span>’ lookups. No default:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      any mode will be found.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--must-exist</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2372--><p class="noindent" ><br 
class="newline" />Do everything possible to find the files, notably including searching the disk. By
      default, only the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>database is checked, in the interest of efficiency.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--path=</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">string</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2376--><p class="noindent" ><br 
class="newline" />Search along the path <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">string  </span>(colon-separated as usual), instead of guessing the
      search path from the filename. ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">//</span>’ and all the usual expansions are supported.
      The options ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--path</span>’ and ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--format</span>’ are mutually exclusive.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--progname=</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">name</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2381--><p class="noindent" ><br 
class="newline" />Set the program name to <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">name</span>. This can affect the search paths via the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">progname</span>
      feature. The default is <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">kpsewhich</span>.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--show-path=</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">name</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2386--><p class="noindent" ><br 
class="newline" />shows the path used for file lookups of file type <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">name</span>. Either a filename extension
      (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.pk</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.vf</span>, etc.) or a name can be used, just as with ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--format</span>’ option.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--debug=</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">num</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2390--><p class="noindent" ><br 
class="newline" />sets the debugging options to <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">num</span>.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2395--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-660007.2.3"></a>Examples of use</h5>
<!--l. 2398--><p class="noindent" >Let us now have a look at Kpathsea in action. Here’s a straightforward search:
</p>
   <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> article.cls</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls</span></div>
</div> We are looking for the file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">article.cls</span>. Since the ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.cls</span>’ suffix is unambiguous we do not
need to specify that we want to look for a file of type <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex </span>(TeX source file directories). We find
it in the subdirectory <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex/latex/base </span>below the ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist</span>’ TeX Live directory. Similarly,
all of the following are found without problems thanks to their unambiguous suffix.
<div class="alltt">

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> array.sty</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/array.sty</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> latin1.def</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/latin1.def</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> size10.clo</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> small2e.tex</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/small2e.tex</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> tugboat.bib</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/bibtex/bib/beebe/tugboat.bib</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2423--><p class="indent" >   By the way, that last is a BibTeX bibliography database for <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">TUGboat </span>articles.
</p>
   <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> cmr10.pk</span>
</div>
</div> Font bitmap glyph files of type <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.pk </span>are used by display programs like <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xdvi</span>. Nothing
is returned in this case since there are no pre-generated Computer Modern ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.pk</span>’ files in TeX
Live — the Type 1 variants are used by default. <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> wsuipa10.pk</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk</span>
</div>
</div> For these fonts (a phonetic alphabet from the University of Washington) we had
to generate ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.pk</span>’ files, and since the default Metafont mode on our installation is
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ljfour </span>with a base resolution of 600 dpi (dots per inch), this instantiation is returned.
<div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -dpi=300</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> wsuipa10.pk</span>
</div>
</div> In this case, when specifying that we are interested in a resolution of 300 dpi (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-dpi=300</span>) we
see that no such font is available on the system. A program like <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xdvi </span>would go off and
actually build the required <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.pk </span>files using the script <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mktexpk</span>.
<!--l. 2452--><p class="indent" >   Next we turn our attention to <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips</span>’s header and configuration files. We first look at one of
the commonly used files, the general prologue <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex.pro </span>for TeX support, before turning our
attention to the generic configuration file (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">config.ps</span>) and the PostScript font map
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">psfonts.map </span>— as of 2004, map and encoding files have their own search paths and
new location in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf </span>trees. As the ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.ps</span>’ suffix is ambiguous we have to specify
explicitly which type we are considering (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvips config</span>) for the file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">config.ps</span>.
</p><div class="alltt">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> tex.pro</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/tex.pro</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> --format=&#x0022;dvips</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> config&#x0022;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> config.ps</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> psfonts.map</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2470--><p class="indent" >   We now take a closer look at the URW Times PostScript support files. The prefix for these
in the standard font naming scheme is ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utm</span>’. The first file we look at is the configuration file,
which contains the name of the map file: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> --format=&#x0022;dvips</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> config&#x0022;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> config.utm</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/dvips/psnfss/config.utm</span>
</div>
</div> The contents of that file is <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> p</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> +utm.map</span>
</div>
</div> which points to the file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utm.map</span>, which we want to locate next. <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> utm.map</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/times/utm.map</span>
</div>
</div> This map file defines the file names of the Type 1 PostScript fonts in the URW collection. Its
contents look like (we only show part of the lines): <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utmb8r</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> NimbusRomNo9L-Medi</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> ...</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> &#x003C;utmb8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utmbi8r</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> NimbusRomNo9L-MediItal...</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> &#x003C;utmbi8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utmr8r</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> NimbusRomNo9L-Regu</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> ...</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> &#x003C;utmr8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utmri8r</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal...</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> &#x003C;utmri8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utmbo8r</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> NimbusRomNo9L-Medi</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> ...</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> &#x003C;utmb8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utmro8r</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> NimbusRomNo9L-Regu</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> ...</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> &#x003C;utmr8a.pfb</span>
</div>
</div> Let us, for instance, take the Times Roman instance <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">utmr8a.pfb </span>and find its position in the
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf </span>directory tree with a search for Type 1 font files: <div class="alltt">

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">kpsewhich</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> utmr8a.pfb</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/times/utmr8a.pfb</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2509--><p class="indent" >   It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the whereabouts of a
given file. This is especially important if you suspect that the wrong version of a file is picked
up somehow, since <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">kpsewhich </span>will show you the first file encountered.
</p><!--l. 2514--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-670007.2.4"></a>Debugging actions</h5>
<!--l. 2517--><p class="noindent" >Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file references. To make this
practical, Kpathsea offers various levels of debugging output:
</p><!--l. 2521--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 1 </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2522--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">stat </span>calls (disk lookups). When running with an up-to-date <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>database this
      should almost give no output.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 2 </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2525--><p class="noindent" >References to hash tables (such as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>databases, map files, configuration files).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 4 </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2527--><p class="noindent" >File open and close operations.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 8 </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2528--><p class="noindent" >General path information for file types searched by Kpathsea. This is useful to find
      out where a particular path for the file was defined.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">16 </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2531--><p class="noindent" >Directory list for each path element (only relevant for searches on disk).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">32 </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2533--><p class="noindent" >File searches.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">64 </span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2534--><p class="noindent" >Variable values.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2536--><p class="noindent" >A value of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-1 </span>will set all the above options; in practice, this is usually the most convenient.
</p><!--l. 2539--><p class="indent" >   Similarly, with the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>program, by setting a combination of debug switches, one can
follow in detail where files are being picked up from. Alternatively, when a file is not found, the
debug trace shows in which directories the program looks for the given file, so that one can get
an indication what the problem is.
</p><!--l. 2545--><p class="indent" >   Generally speaking, as most programs call the Kpathsea library internally, one can select a
debug option by using the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">KPATHSEA_DEBUG </span>environment variable, and setting it to (a
combination of) values as described in the above list.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 2550--><p class="indent" >   (Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect all messages to a file in this system. For
diagnostic purposes you can temporarily <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">SET KPATHSEA_DEBUG_OUTPUT=err.log</span>).
</p><!--l. 2554--><p class="indent" >   Let us consider, as an example, a small LaTeX source file, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hello-world.tex</span>, which
contains the following input.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-7">
   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb20"><a 
 id="x1-67002r1"></a>  \documentclass{article} 
<a 
 id="x1-67004r2"></a>  \begin{document} 
<a 
 id="x1-67006r3"></a>  Hello World! 
<a 
 id="x1-67008r4"></a>  \end{document}</pre>
</pre>
<!--l. 2561--><p class="nopar" >This little file only uses the font <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cmr10</span>, so let us look at how <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>prepares the PostScript file
(we want to use the Type 1 version of the Computer Modern fonts, hence the option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-Pcms</span>).
</p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">dvips</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -d4100</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> hello-world</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -Pcms</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> -o</span>
</div>
</div> In this case we have combined <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips</span>’s debug class 4 (font paths) with Kpathsea’s path element
expansion (see the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>reference manual). The output (slightly rearranged) appears in Figure <a 
href="#x1-67031r12">12<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:dvipsdbga --></a>.
<figure class="figure"> 
<a 
 id="x1-67031r12"></a> <div class="BVerbatimInput">
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">debug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=texmf.cnf,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=1,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=1,</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=.:/usr/local/bin/texlive:/usr/local/bin:</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/bin/texmf/web2c:/usr/local:</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texmf/web2c:/.:/./teTeX/TeX/texmf/web2c:).</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=ls-R,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=1,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=1,</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=~/tex:/usr/local/texmf).</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:search(ls-R)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =&#x003E;/usr/local/texmf/ls-R</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=aliases,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=1,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=1,</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=~/tex:/usr/local/texmf).</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:search(aliases)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texmf/aliases</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=config.ps,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=0,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=0,</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=.:~/tex:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:search(config.ps)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=/root/.dvipsrc,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=0,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=0,</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=.:~/tex:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">search(file=/home/goossens/.dvipsrc,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=1,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=0,</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:search($HOME/.dvipsrc)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =&#x003E;</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=config.cms,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=0,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=0,</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//).</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:search(config.cms)</span><br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">=&#x003E;/usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms</span></div>
<figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 12: </span><span  
class="content">Finding configuration files</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-67031r12 -->
   </figure>
<!--l. 2579--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>starts by locating its working files. First, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>is found, which gives the
definitions of the search paths for the other files, then the file database <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>(to optimize file
searching) and the file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">aliases</span>, which makes it possible to declare several names (e.g., a short
DOS-like 8.3 and a more natural longer version) for the same file. Then <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>goes on to find
the generic configuration file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">config.ps </span>before looking for the customization file
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.dvipsrc </span>(which, in this case is <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">not found</span>). Finally, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>locates the config file for the
Computer Modern PostScript fonts <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">config.cms </span>(this was initiated with the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-Pcms</span>
option on the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>command). This file contains the list of the map files which
define the relation between the TeX, PostScript and file system names of the fonts.
</p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120">more</span><span 
class="ec-lmtk-10x-x-120"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> p</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> +ams.map</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> p</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> +cms.map</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> p</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> +cmbkm.map</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> p</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> +amsbkm.map</span>
</div>
</div> <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>thus goes on to find all these files, plus the generic map file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">psfonts.map</span>, which is
always loaded (it contains declarations for commonly used PostScript fonts; see the last part of
section <a 
href="#x1-660007.2.3">7.2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:examples-of-use --></a> for more details about PostScript map file handling).
<!--l. 2606--><p class="indent" >   At this point <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>identifies itself to the user: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">This</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> is</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> dvips(k)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 5.92b</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Copyright</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> 2002</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Radical</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Eye</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> Software</span>
</div>
</div> Then it goes on to look for the prolog file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texc.pro</span>: <div class="alltt">

                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=texc.pro,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=0,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=0,</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:search(texc.pro)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2623--><p class="indent" >   After having found the file in question, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips </span>outputs the date and time, and
informs us that it will generate the file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hello-world.ps</span>, then that it needs the
font file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cmr10</span>, and that the latter is declared as “resident” (no bitmaps needed):
</p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> output</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> 1998.02.26:1204’</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> -&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> hello-world.ps</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">Defining</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> font</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> ()</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> cmr10</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> at</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> 10.0pt</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">Font</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> cmr10</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> &#x003C;CMR10&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> is</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> resident.</span></div>
</div> Now the search is on for the file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cmr10.tfm</span>, which is found, then a few more prolog files (not
shown) are referenced, and finally the Type 1 instance <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cmr10.pfb </span>of the font is located and
included in the output file (see last line). <div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=cmr10.tfm,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=1,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=0,</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=texps.pro,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=0,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=0,</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> ...</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">&#x003C;texps.pro&#x003E;</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:start</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> search(file=cmr10.pfb,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> must_exist=0,</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> find_all=0,</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> </span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb)</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> =&#x003E;</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109"> /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb</span>
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">&#x003C;cmr10.pfb&#x003E;[1]</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2652--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-680007.3"></a>Runtime options</h4>
<!--l. 2654--><p class="noindent" >Another useful feature of Web2C is its possibility to control a number of memory parameters
(in particular, array sizes) via the runtime file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>read by Kpathsea. The memory
settings can be found in Part 3 of that file in the TeX Live distribution. The more important
are:
</p><!--l. 2660--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">main_memory</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 2661--><p class="noindent" >Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont and MetaPost. You must make
      a new format file for each different setting. For instance, you could generate a
      “huge” version of TeX, and call the format file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hugetex.fmt</span>. Using the standard
      way of specifying the program name used by Kpathsea, the particular value of the
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">main_memory </span>variable will then be read from <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">extra_mem_bot</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2669--><p class="noindent" >Extra  space  for  “large”  TeX  data  structures:  boxes,  glue,  breakpoints,  etc.
      Especially useful if you use PI CTeX.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">font_mem_size</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2673--><p class="noindent" >Number of words for font information available for TeX. This is more or less the
      total size of all TFM files read.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
 <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hash_extra</span> </dt><dd 
class="list">
      <!--l. 2676--><p class="noindent" >Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names; its default value is
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">600000</span>.</p></dd></dl>
<!--l. 2681--><p class="noindent" >This facility is no substitute for truly dynamic arrays and memory allocation, but since these
are extremely difficult to implement in the present TeX source, these runtime parameters
provide a practical compromise allowing some flexibility.
</p><!--l. 2686--><p class="indent" >   <a id="texmfdotdir"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-690007.4"></a><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDOTDIR</span></h4>
<!--l. 2690--><p class="noindent" >In various places above, we gave various search paths starting with <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">. </span>(to search the current
directory first), as in </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXINPUTS=.;$TEXMF/tex//</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 2696--><p class="indent" >   This is a simplification. The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>file we distribute in TeX Live uses <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDOTDIR</span>
instead of just ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span>’, as in: </p><div class="alltt">

<div class="obeylines-v">
<br /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-10x-x-109">TEXINPUTS=$TEXMFDOTDIR;$TEXMF/tex//</span>
</div>
</div> (In the distributed file, the second path element is also slightly more complicated
than <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMF/tex//</span>. But that’s minor; here we want to discuss the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDOTDIR</span>
feature.)
<!--l. 2705--><p class="indent" >   The reason to use the variable <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>in the path definitions instead of simply
‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span>’ is purely so that it can be overridden. For example, a complex document may
have many source files arranged in many subdirectories. To handle that, you can set
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFDOTDIR </span>to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.// </span>(for example, in the environment when you build the document) and
they will all get searched. (Warning: don’t use <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.// </span>by default; it’s usually highly
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
undesirable, and potentially insecure, to search through all subdirectories for an arbitrary
document.)
</p><!--l. 2715--><p class="indent" >   As another example, you may wish not to search the current directory at all, e.g., if you
have arranged for all the files to be found via explicit paths. You can set <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>to, say,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/nonesuch </span>or any nonexistent directory for this.
</p><!--l. 2720--><p class="indent" >   The default value of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>is just ‘<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span>’, as set in our <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>.
</p><!--l. 2723--><p class="indent" >   <a id="ack"></a>
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8   </span> <a 
 id="x1-700008"></a>Acknowledgements</h3>
<!--l. 2726--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live is a joint effort by virtually all of the TeX user groups. This edition of TeX Live was
overseen by Karl Berry. The other principal contributors, past and present, are listed
below.
</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2732--><p class="noindent" >The  English,  German,  Dutch,  and  Polish  TeX  user  groups  (TUG,  DANTE
      e.V., NTG, and GUST, respectively), which provide the necessary technical and
      administrative  infrastructure.  Please  join  the  TeX user  group  near  you!  (See  
<a 
href="https://tug.org/usergroups.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/usergroups.html</span></a>.)
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2738--><p class="noindent" >The CTAN team (<a 
href="https://ctan.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org</span></a>), which distributes the TeX Live images
      and provides the common infrastructure for package updates, upon which TeX Live
      depends.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2742--><p class="noindent" >Nelson Beebe, for making many platforms available to TeX Live developers, and
      his own comprehensive testing and unparalleled bibliographic efforts.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2746--><p class="noindent" >John  Bowman,  for  making  many  changes  to  his  advanced  graphics  program
      Asymptote to make it work in TeX Live.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2749--><p class="noindent" >Peter Breitenlohner and the e-TeX team for the stable foundation of future TeX’s,
      and Peter specifically for years of stellar help with GNU autotools and keeping
      sources  up  to  date.  Peter  passed  away  in  October  2015,  and  we  dedicate  the
      continuing work to his memory.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2754--><p class="noindent" >Jin-Hwan Cho and all of the DVIPDFM<span 
class="lmmi-12">x </span>team, for their excellent driver and
      responsiveness to configuration issues.
      </p></li>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2757--><p class="noindent" >Thomas Esser, without whose marvelous teTeX package TeX Live would have never
      existed.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2760--><p class="noindent" >Michel Goossens, who co-authored the original documentation.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2762--><p class="noindent" >Eitan  Gurari,  whose  TeX4ht  is  used  to  create  the  HTML  version  of  this
      documentation, and who worked tirelessly to improve it at short notice, every year.
      Eitan prematurely passed away in June 2009, and we dedicate this documentation
      to his memory.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2767--><p class="noindent" >Hans                                                                                            Hagen,
      for much testing and making his ConTeXt package (<a 
href="https://pragma-ade.com" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://pragma-ade.com</span></a>)
      work within TeX Live’s framework, and continually driving TeX development.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2771--><p class="noindent" >Hàn Thế Thành, Martin Schröder, and the pdfTeX team (<a 
href="http://pdftex.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://pdftex.org</span></a>),
      for continuing enhancements of TeX’s abilities.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2775--><p class="noindent" >Hartmut Henkel, for significant development contributions to pdfTeX, LuaTeX,
      and more.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2778--><p class="noindent" >Shunshaku Hirata, for much original and continuing work on DVIPDFM<span 
class="lmmi-12">x</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2780--><p class="noindent" >Taco  Hoekwater,  for  major  renewed  development  efforts  on  MetaPost  and
      (Lua)TeX (<a 
href="http://luatex.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://luatex.org</span></a>) itself, incorporating ConTeXt into TeX Live,
      giving Kpathsea multi-threaded functionality, and much more.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2785--><p class="noindent" >Khaled Hosny, for substantial work on XeTeX, DVIPDFM<span 
class="lmmi-12">x</span>, and efforts with Arabic
      and other fonts.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2788--><p class="noindent" >Paweł Jackowski, for the Windows installer <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlpm</span>, and Tomasz Łuczak, for <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlpmgui</span>,
      used in past releases.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2791--><p class="noindent" >Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows binaries from his W32TEX and W64TEX
      distributions  for  Japanese  TeX (<a 
href="http://w32tex.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://w32tex.org</span></a>),  and  many  other
      development contributions.
      </p></li>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2795--><p class="noindent" >Jonathan Kew, for developing the remarkable XeTeX engine and taking the time
      and  trouble  to  integrate  it  in  TeX  Live,  as  well  as  the  initial  version  of  the
      MacTeX installer, and also for our recommended front-end TeXworks.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2800--><p class="noindent" >Hironori Kitagawa, for maintenance of (e)pTeX and related support.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2802--><p class="noindent" >Dick Koch, for maintaining MacTeX (<a 
href="https://tug.org/mactex" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/mactex</span></a>) in very close
      tandem with TeX Live, and for his great good cheer in doing so.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2806--><p class="noindent" >Reinhard Kotucha, for major contributions to the TeX Live 2008 infrastructure
      and installer, as well as Windows research efforts, the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">getnonfreefonts </span>script,
      and more.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2810--><p class="noindent" >Siep Kroonenberg, also for major contributions to the TeX Live 2008 infrastructure
      and installer, especially on Windows, and for the bulk of work updating this manual
      describing those features.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2814--><p class="noindent" >Clerk Ma, for engine bug fixes and extensions.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2816--><p class="noindent" >Mojca Miklavec, for much help with ConTeXt, building many binary sets, and
      plenty more.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2819--><p class="noindent" >Heiko Oberdiek, for the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">epstopdf </span>package and many others, compressing the huge
      <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pst-geo </span>data files so we could include them, and most of all, for his remarkable
      work on <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">hyperref</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2824--><p class="noindent" >Phelype Oleinik, for the group-delimited <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\input </span>across engines in 2020, and more.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2827--><p class="noindent" >Petr Olšak, who coordinated and checked all the Czech and Slovak material very
      carefully.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2830--><p class="noindent" >Toshio Oshima, for his <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dviout </span>previewer for Windows.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2832--><p class="noindent" >Manuel  Pégourié-Gonnard,  for  helping  with  package  updates,  documentation
      improvements, and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">texdoc </span>development.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2835--><p class="noindent" >Fabrice Popineau, for the original Windows support in TeX Live and work on the
      French documentation.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2838--><p class="noindent" >Norbert Preining, the principal architect of the current TeX Live infrastructure
      and installer, and also for coordinating the Debian version of TeX Live (together
      with Frank Küster), and doing so much work along the way.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2843--><p class="noindent" >Sebastian Rahtz, for originally creating TeX Live and maintaining it for many
      years. Sebastian passed away in March 2016, and we dedicate the continuing work
      to his memory.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2847--><p class="noindent" >Luigi Scarso, for continuing development of MetaPost, LuaTeX, and much more.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2850--><p class="noindent" >Andreas Scherer, for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cwebbin</span>, the CWEB implementation used in TeX Live, and
      continuing maintenance of the original CWEB.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2853--><p class="noindent" >Takuji Tanaka, for maintenance of (e)(u)pTeX and related support.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2855--><p class="noindent" >Tomasz Trzeciak, for wide-ranging help with Windows.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2857--><p class="noindent" >Vladimir Volovich, for substantial help with porting and other maintenance issues,
      and especially for making it feasible to include <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xindy</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2861--><p class="noindent" >Staszek Wawrykiewicz, a principal tester for all of TeX Live, and coordinator of the
      many major Polish contributions: fonts, Windows installation, and more. Staszek
      passed away in February 2018, and we dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2866--><p class="noindent" >Olaf Weber, for his patient maintenance of Web2C in past years.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2868--><p class="noindent" >Gerben Wierda, for creating and maintaining the original macOS support.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2871--><p class="noindent" >Graham Williams, the originator of the TeX Catalogue.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 2873--><p class="noindent" >Joseph Wright, for much work on making the same primitive functionality available
      across engines.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2876--><p class="noindent" >Hironobu Yamashita, for much work on pTeX and related support.
</p>
      </li></ul>
<!--l. 2880--><p class="indent" >   Builders of the binaries: Marc Baudoin (<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">amd64-netbsd</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">i386-netbsd</span>), Ken Brown
(<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">x86_64-cygwin</span>), Akira Kakuto (<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">windows</span>), Dick Koch (<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">universal-darwin</span>), Mojca Miklavec
(<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span>), Norbert Preining (<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">aarch64-linux</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">armhf-linux</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">i386-freebsd</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">amd64-freebsd</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">i386-linux</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">x86_64-linux</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">i386-solaris</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">x86_64-solaris</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">x86_64-linuxmusl</span>). For
information on the TeX Live build process, see <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/build.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/build.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 2896--><p class="indent" >   Translators of this manual: Takuto Asakura (Japanese), Denis Bitouzé &#x0026; Patrick
Bideault (French), Carlos Enriquez Figueras (Spanish), Jjgod Jiang, Jinsong Zhao, Yue
Wang, &#x0026; Helin Gai (Chinese), Nikola Lečić (Serbian), Marco Pallante &#x0026; Carla Maggi
(Italian), Petr Sojka &#x0026; Jan Busa (Czech/Slovak), Boris Veytsman &#x0026; Vladimir Lomov
(Russian), Uwe Ziegenhagen (German). The TeX Live documentation web page is 
<a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 2908--><p class="indent" >   Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth, first for
inventing TeX, and then for giving it to the world.
</p><!--l. 2912--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9   </span> <a 
 id="x1-710009"></a>Release history</h3>
<!--l. 2915--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-720009.1"></a>Past</h4>
<!--l. 2917--><p class="noindent" >Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch TeX Users Group was starting work on its
4AllTeX CD for MS-DOS users, and it was hoped at that time to issue a single, rational, CD
for all systems. This was too ambitious a target for the time, but it did spawn not
only the very successful 4AllTeX CD, but also the TUG Technical Council working
group on a <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">TeX Directory Structure </span>(<a 
href="https://tug.org/tds" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/tds</span></a>), which specified how
to create consistent and manageable collections of TeX support files. A complete
draft of the TDS was published in the December 1995 issue of <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">TUGboat</span>, and it was
clear from an early stage that one desirable product would be a model structure on
CD. The distribution you now have is a very direct result of the working group’s
deliberations. It was also clear that the success of the 4AllTeX CD showed that Unix users
would benefit from a similarly easy system, and this is the other main strand of TeX
Live.
</p><!--l. 2933--><p class="indent" >   We first undertook to make a new Unix-based TDS CD in the autumn of 1995, and quickly
identified Thomas Esser’s teTeX as the ideal setup, as it already had multi-platform support
and was built with portability across file systems in mind. Thomas agreed to help, and
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
work began seriously at the start of 1996. The first edition was released in May
1996. At the start of 1997, Karl Berry completed a major new release of Web2c,
which included nearly all the features which Thomas Esser had added in teTeX, and
we decided to base the 2nd edition of the CD on the standard Web2C, with the
addition of teTeX’s <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texconfig </span>script. The 3rd edition of the CD was based on a
major revision of Web2C, 7.2, by Olaf Weber; at the same time, a new revision of
teTeX was being made, and TeX Live included almost all of its features. The 4th
edition followed the same pattern, using a new version of teTeX, and a new release of
Web2C (7.3). The system now included a complete Windows setup, thanks to Fabrice
Popineau.
</p><!--l. 2949--><p class="indent" >   For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the CD were revised and checked,
updating hundreds of packages. Package details were stored in XML files. But the major
change for TeX Live 5 was that all non-free software was removed. Everything in TeX
Live is now intended to be compatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines (
<a 
href="https://debian.org/intro/free" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://debian.org/intro/free</span></a>); we have done our best to check the license conditions of
all packages, but we would very much appreciate hearing of any mistakes.
</p><!--l. 2958--><p class="indent" >   The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major change was a
new install concept: the user could select a more exact set of needed collections.
Language-related collections were completely reorganized, so selecting any of them installs not
only macros, fonts, etc., but also prepares an appropriate <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">language.dat</span>.
</p><!--l. 2964--><p class="indent" >   The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of macOS support, and the usual
myriad of updates to all sorts of packages and programs. An important goal was
integration of the source back with teTeX, to correct the drift apart in versions 5
and 6.
</p><!--l. 2969--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.1   </span> <a 
 id="x1-730009.1.1"></a>2003</h5>
<!--l. 2971--><p class="noindent" >In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found that TeX Live had
grown so large it could no longer be contained on a single CD, so we split it into three different
distributions (see section <a 
href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>, p. <a 
href="#x1-90002.1">8<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>). In addition:
</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2978--><p class="noindent" >At the request of the LaTeX team, we changed the standard <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">latex </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdflatex</span>
      commands to now use e-TeX (see p. <a 
href="#x1-120002.4">13<!--tex4ht:ref: text:etex --></a>).
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2981--><p class="noindent" >The new Latin Modern fonts were included (and are recommended).
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2982--><p class="noindent" >Support for Alpha OSF was removed (HPUX support was removed previously),
      since no one had (or volunteered) hardware available on which to compile new
      binaries.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2985--><p class="noindent" >Windows  setup  was  substantially  changed;  for  the  first  time  an  integrated
      environment based on XEmacs was introduced.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2987--><p class="noindent" >Important supplementary programs for Windows (Perl, Ghostscript, ImageMagick,
      Ispell) are now installed in the TeX Live installation directory.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2990--><p class="noindent" >Font map files used by <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvips</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvipdfm </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdftex </span>are now generated by the new
      program <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">updmap </span>and installed into <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf/fonts/map</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 2993--><p class="noindent" >TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost now, by default, output most input characters (32
      and above) as themselves in output (e.g., <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">\write</code></span>) files, log files, and the terminal,
      i.e., <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">not  </span>translated using the <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">^^</code></span> notation. In TeX Live 7, this translation was
      dependent on the system locale settings; now, locale settings do not influence the
      TeX programs’ behavior. If for some reason you need the <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">^^</code></span> output, rename the
      file <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">texmf/web2c/cp8bit.tcx</code></span>. (Future releases will have cleaner ways to control
      this.)
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3003--><p class="noindent" >This documentation was substantially revised.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3004--><p class="noindent" >Finally, since the edition numbers had grown unwieldy, the version is now simply
      identified by the year: TeX Live 2003.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 3009--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-740009.1.2"></a>2004</h5>
<!--l. 3011--><p class="noindent" >2004 saw many changes:
</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3015--><p class="noindent" >If you have locally-installed fonts which use their own <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.map </span>or (much less likely)
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.enc </span>support files, you may need to move those support files.
      </p><!--l. 3019--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.map </span>files are now searched for in subdirectories of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fonts/map </span>only (in each <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf</span>
      tree), along the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXFONTMAPS </span>path. Similarly, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.enc </span>files are now searched for in
      subdirectories of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fonts/enc </span>only, along the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ENCFONTS </span>path. <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">updmap </span>will attempt
      to warn about problematic files.
      </p><!--l. 3026--><p class="noindent" >For   methods   of   handling   this   and   other   information,   please   see   
<a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html</span></a>.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3029--><p class="noindent" >The TeX Collection has been expanded with the addition of a MiKTeX-based
      installable CD, for those who prefer that implementation to Web2C. See section <a 
href="#x1-80002">2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:overview-tl --></a>
      (p. <a 
href="#x1-80002">8<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:overview-tl --></a>).
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3033--><p class="noindent" >Within TeX Live, the single large <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf </span>tree of previous releases has been replaced
      by  three:  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf</span>,  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist</span>,  and  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-doc</span>.  See  section <a 
href="#x1-100002.2">2.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tld --></a>  (p. <a 
href="#x1-100002.2">9<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tld --></a>),  and  the
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">README </span>files for each.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3039--><p class="noindent" >All TeX-related input files are now collected in the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex </span>subdirectory of  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf*</span>
      trees, rather than having separate sibling directories <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">etex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdftex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdfetex</span>,
      etc. See  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html#Extensions" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html#Extensions</span></a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3046--><p class="noindent" >Helper                                                                                          scripts
      (not meant to be invoked by users) are now located in a new <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">scripts </span>subdirectory
      of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf* </span>trees, and can be searched for via <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">kpsewhich -format=texmfscripts</code></span>.
      So if you have programs which call such scripts, they’ll need to be adjusted. See 
<a 
href="https://tug.org/tds/tds.html\#Scripts" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/tds/tds.html\#Scripts</span></a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3052--><p class="noindent" >Almost  all  formats  leave  most  characters  printable  as  themselves  via  the
      “translation file” <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cp227.tcx</span>, instead of translating them with the <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">^^</code></span> notation.
      Specifically,  characters  at  positions  32–256,  plus  tab,  vertical  tab,  and  form
      feed  are  considered  printable  and  not  translated.  The  exceptions  are  plain
      TeX (only 32–126 printable), ConTeXt (0–255 printable), and the Omega-related
      formats.  This  default  behavior  is  almost  the  same  as  in  TeX  Live 2003,  but
      it’s  implemented  more  cleanly,  with  more  possibilities  for  customization.  See
      <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html#TCX-files" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html#TCX-files</span></a>.  (By  the  way,  with  Unicode
      input, TeX may output partial character sequences when showing error contexts,
      since it is byte-oriented.)
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3065--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdfetex </span>is now the default engine for all formats except (plain) <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tex </span>itself. (Of course
      it generates DVI when run as <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">latex</span>, etc.) This means, among other things, that the
      microtypographic features of <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdftex </span>are available in LaTeX, ConTeXt, etc., as well
      as the e-TeX features ( <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/" >texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/</a>).
      </p><!--l. 3072--><p class="noindent" >It  also  means  it’s  <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">more  important  than  ever  </span>to  use  the  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">ifpdf  </span>package  (works
      with both plain and LaTeX) or equivalent code, because simply testing whether
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfoutput </span>or some other primitive is defined is not a reliable way to determine
      if PDF output is being generated. We made this backward compatible as best we
      could this year, but next year, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfoutput </span>may be defined even when DVI is being
      written.
      </p></li>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3080--><p class="noindent" >pdfTeX (<a 
href="http://pdftex.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://pdftex.org</span></a>) has many new features:
</p>
           <ul class="itemize2">
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 3084--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfmapfile </span>and  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfmapline </span>provide  font  map  support  from  within  a
           document.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 3087--><p class="noindent" >Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.<br 
class="newline" /><a 
href="http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html</span></a>
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 3090--><p class="noindent" >All       parameters       previously       set       through       the       special
           configuration file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdftex.cfg </span>must now be set through primitives, typically
           in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdftexconfig.tex</span>; <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdftex.cfg </span>is no longer supported. Any extant <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.fmt</span>
           files must be redumped when <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdftexconfig.tex </span>is changed.
           </p></li>
           <li class="itemize">
           <!--l. 3096--><p class="noindent" >See               the               pdfTeX manual               for               more:
           <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf</a>.
</p>
           </li></ul>
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3100--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\input </span>primitive in <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tex </span>(and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mf </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mpost</span>) now accepts double quotes containing
      spaces and other special characters. Typical examples:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
      <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-8">
      <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb21"><a 
 id="x1-74002r1"></a>\input &#x0022;filename with spaces&#x0022;   % plain 
<a 
 id="x1-74004r2"></a>\input{&#x0022;filename with spaces&#x0022;}  % latex</pre>
</pre>
      <!--l. 3106--><p class="nopar" >See the Web2C manual for more:  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/web2c" >texmf-dist/doc/web2c</a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3109--><p class="noindent" >encTeX support is now included within Web2C and consequently all TeX programs,
      via the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-enc </span>option — <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">only when formats are built</span>. encTeX supports general
      re-encoding of input and output, enabling full support of Unicode (in UTF-8). See
      <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/" >texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/</a> and <a 
href="http://olsak.net/enctex.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://olsak.net/enctex.html</span></a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3116--><p class="noindent" >Aleph, a new engine combining e-TeX and Omega, is available. Some information is
      available in  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base" >texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base</a> and <a 
href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-enginedev" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-enginedev</span></a>.
      The LaTeX-based format for Aleph is named <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">lamed</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3121--><p class="noindent" >The latest LaTeX release has a new version of the LPPL — now officially a
      Debian-approved license. Assorted other updates, see the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ltnews </span>files in
      <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/latex/base" >texmf-dist/doc/latex/base</a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3126--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvipng</span>, a new program for converting DVI to PNG image files, is included. See 
<a 
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/dvipng" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org/pkg/dvipng</span></a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3130--><p class="noindent" >We reduced the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">cbgreek </span>package to a “medium” sized set of fonts, with the assent and
      advice of the author (Claudio Beccari). The excised fonts are the invisible, outline, and
      transparency ones, which are relatively rarely used, and we needed the space. The full set
      is of course available from CTAN (<a 
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete</span></a>).
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3136--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">oxdvi </span>has been removed; just use <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xdvi</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3138--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">ini </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">vir </span>commands (links) for <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mf</span>, and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mpost </span>are no longer created, such as
      <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">initex</span>. The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">ini </span>functionality has been available through the command-line option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-ini </span>for
      years now.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3143--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmss-12">i386-openbsd </span>platform support was removed. Since the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tetex </span>package in the BSD Ports
      system is available, and GNU/Linux and FreeBSD binaries were available, it seemed
      volunteer time could be better spent elsewhere.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3148--><p class="noindent" >On <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">sparc-solaris </span>(at least), you may have to set the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">LD_LIBRARY_PATH </span>environment
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      variable to run the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">t1utils </span>programs. This is because they are compiled with C++, and
      there is no standard location for the runtime libraries. (This is not new in 2004, but
      wasn’t previously documented.) Similarly, on <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mips-irix</span>, the MIPSpro 7.4 runtimes are
      required.
</p>
      </li></ul>
<!--l. 3157--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-750009.1.3"></a>2005</h5>
<!--l. 3159--><p class="noindent" >2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs. The infrastructure
stayed relatively stable from 2004, but inevitably there were some changes there as
well:
</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3165--><p class="noindent" >New  scripts  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">texconfig-sys</span>,  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">updmap-sys</span>,  and  <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fmtutil-sys  </span>were  introduced,  which
      modify the configuration in the system trees. The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">texconfig</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">updmap</span>, and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fmtutil</span>
      scripts now modify user-specific files, under <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">$HOME/.texlive2005</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3171--><p class="noindent" >Corresponding new variables <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCONFIG </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>to specify the
      trees  where  configuration  files  (user  or  system,  respectively)  are  found.  Thus,
      you  may  need  to  move  personal  versions  of  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fmtutil.cnf </span>and  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">updmap.cfg </span>to
      these  places;  another  option  is  to  redefine  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCONFIG </span>or  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSCONFIG</span>
      in  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>.  In  any  case  the  real  location  of  these  files  and  the  values  of
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFCONFIG </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>must agree. See section <a 
href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>, p. <a 
href="#x1-110002.3">10<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3182--><p class="noindent" >Last year, we kept <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">\pdfoutput</code></span> and other primitives undefined for DVI output,
      even though the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdfetex </span>program was being used. This year, as promised, we undid
      that compatibility measure. So if your document uses <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined</code></span>
      to test if PDF is being output, it will need to be changed. You can use the package
      <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">ifpdf.sty </span>(which works under both plain TeX and LaTeX) to do this, or steal its
      logic.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3190--><p class="noindent" >Last year, we changed most formats to output (8-bit) characters as themselves (see
      previous section). The new TCX file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">empty.tcx </span>now provides an easier way to get the
      original <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">^^</code></span> notation if you so desire, as in:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p>
      <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-9">
      <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb22"><a 
 id="x1-75002r1"></a>latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex</pre>
</pre>
      <!--l. 3196--><p class="nopar" >
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3198--><p class="noindent" >The new program <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvipdfmx </span>is included for translation of DVI to PDF; this is an actively
      maintained update of <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvipdfm </span>(which is also still available for now, though no longer
      recommended).
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3203--><p class="noindent" >The new programs <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdfopen </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdfclose </span>are included to allow reloading of PDF files in
      the Adobe Acrobat Reader without restarting the program. (Other PDF readers, notably
      <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xpdf</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">gv</span>, and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">gsview</span>, have never suffered from this problem.)
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3209--><p class="noindent" >For consistency, the variables <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">HOMETEXMF </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">VARTEXMF </span>have been renamed to
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, respectively. There is also <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFVAR</span>, which is by default
      user-specific. See the first point above.
</p>
      </li></ul>
<!--l. 3218--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.4   </span> <a 
 id="x1-760009.1.4"></a>2006–2007</h5>
<!--l. 3220--><p class="noindent" >In 2006–2007, the major new addition to TeX Live was the XeTeX program, available as the
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xetex </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xelatex </span>programs; see <a 
href="https://scripts.sil.org/xetex" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://scripts.sil.org/xetex</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3224--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the
future (<a 
href="https://tug.org/metapost/articles" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/metapost/articles</span></a>), likewise pdfTeX (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/applications/pdftex" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/applications/pdftex</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 3228--><p class="indent" >   The TeX <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.fmt </span>(high-speed format) and the similar files for MetaPost and Metafont are
now stored in subdirectories of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf/web2c</span>, instead of in the directory itself (although the
directory is still searched, for the sake of existing <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.fmt</span>’s). The subdirectories are named for the
‘engine’ in use, such as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdftex </span>or <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xetex</span>. This change should be invisible in normal
use.
</p><!--l. 3236--><p class="indent" >   The (plain) <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex </span>program no longer reads <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">%&#x0026; </span>first lines to determine what format
to run; it is the pure Knuthian TeX. (LaTeX and everything else do still read <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">%&#x0026;</span>
lines).
</p><!--l. 3240--><p class="indent" >   Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to packages and
programs. As usual, please check CTAN (<a 
href="https://ctan.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org</span></a>) for updates.
</p><!--l. 3244--><p class="indent" >   Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard web interface for
viewing the tree, as linked from our home page. Although not visible in the final
distribution, we expect this will provide a stable development foundation for future
years.
</p><!--l. 3249--><p class="indent" >   Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be updating teTeX
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
(<a 
href="https://tug.org/tetex" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/tetex</span></a>). As a result, there was a surge of interest in TeX Live, especially
among GNU/Linux distributors. (There is a new <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tetex </span>installation scheme in TeX Live, which
provides an approximate equivalent.) We hope this will eventually translate to improvements
in the TeX environment for everyone.
</p><!--l. 3257--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.5   </span> <a 
 id="x1-770009.1.5"></a>2008</h5>
<!--l. 3259--><p class="noindent" >In 2008, the entire TeX Live infrastructure was redesigned and reimplemented. Complete
information about an installation is now stored in a plain text file <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb</span>.
</p><!--l. 3263--><p class="indent" >   Among other things, this finally makes possible upgrading a TeX Live installation
over the Internet after the initial installation, a feature MiKTeX has provided for
many years. We expect to regularly update new packages as they are released to
CTAN.
</p><!--l. 3268--><p class="indent" >   The major new engine LuaTeX (<a 
href="http://luatex.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://luatex.org</span></a>) is included; besides a new level of
flexibility in typesetting, this provides an excellent scripting language for use both inside and
outside of TeX documents.
</p><!--l. 3273--><p class="indent" >   Support among Windows and the Unix-based platforms is now much more uniform. In
particular, most Perl and Lua scripts are now available on Windows, using the Perl internally
distributed with TeX Live.
</p><!--l. 3277--><p class="indent" >   The new <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>script (section <a 
href="#x1-430005">5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tlmgr --></a>) is the general interface for managing TeX Live after the
initial installation. It handles package updates and consequent regeneration of formats, map
files, and language files, optionally including local additions.
</p><!--l. 3282--><p class="indent" >   With the advent of <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>, the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">texconfig </span>actions to edit the format and hyphenation
configuration files are now disabled.
</p><!--l. 3285--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xindy </span>indexing program (<a 
href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://xindy.sourceforge.net/</span></a>) is now included on
most platforms.
</p><!--l. 3288--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">kpsewhich </span>tool can now report all matches for a given file (option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--all</span>) and limit
matches to a given subdirectory (option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--subdir</span>).
</p><!--l. 3292--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvipdfmx </span>program now includes functionality to extract bounding box information, via
the command name <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">extractbb</span>; this was one of the last features provided by <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvipdfm </span>not in
<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvipdfmx</span>.
</p><!--l. 3297--><p class="indent" >   The font aliases <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Times-Roman</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Helvetica</span>, and so on have been removed. Different
packages expected them to behave differently (in particular, to have different encodings), and
there was no good way to resolve this.
</p><!--l. 3302--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">platex </span>format has been removed, to resolve a name conflict with a completely different
Japanese <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">platex</span>; the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">polski </span>package is now the main Polish support.
</p><!--l. 3306--><p class="indent" >   Internally, the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">WEB</span> string pool files are now compiled into the binaries, to ease
upgrades.
</p><!--l. 3309--><p class="indent" >   Finally, the changes made by Donald Knuth in his ‘TeX tuneup of 2008’ are included in
this release. See <a 
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3313--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.6   </span> <a 
 id="x1-780009.1.6"></a>2009</h5>
<!--l. 3315--><p class="noindent" >In 2009, the default output format for Lua(L<span 
class="ec-lmr-8">A</span>)TeX is now PDF, to take advantage of LuaTeX’s
OpenType support, et al. New executables named <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dviluatex </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvilualatex </span>run
LuaTeX with DVI output. The LuaTeX home page is <a 
href="http://luatex.org" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://luatex.org</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3320--><p class="indent" >   The original Omega engine and Lambda format have been excised, after discussions
with the Omega authors. The updated Aleph and Lamed remain, as do the Omega
utilities.
</p><!--l. 3324--><p class="indent" >   A new release of the AMS Type 1 fonts is included, including Computer Modern: a few shape
changes made over the years by Knuth in the Metafont sources have been integrated, and the
hinting has been updated. The Euler fonts have been thoroughly reshaped by Hermann Zapf (see 
<a 
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf</span></a>). In all cases, the metrics
remain unchanged. The AMS fonts home page is <a 
href="https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3332--><p class="indent" >   The new GUI front end TeXworks is included for Windows, and also in MacTeX. For other
platforms, and more information, see the TeXworks home page, <a 
href="https://tug.org/texworks" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a>.
It is a cross-platform front-end inspired by the macOS TeXShop editor, aiming at
ease-of-use.
</p><!--l. 3338--><p class="indent" >   The graphics program Asymptote is included for several platforms. This implements a
text-based graphics description language vaguely akin to MetaPost, but with advanced 3D
support and other features. Its home page is <a 
href="https://asymptote.sourceforge.io" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://asymptote.sourceforge.io</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3343--><p class="indent" >   The separate <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvipdfm </span>program has been replaced by <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvipdfmx</span>, which operates in a special
compatibility mode under that name. <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvipdfmx </span>includes CJK support and has accumulated
many other fixes over the years since the last <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvipdfm </span>release.
</p><!--l. 3349--><p class="indent" >   Executables for the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">cygwin </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">i386-netbsd </span>platforms are now included, while we were
advised that OpenBSD users get TeX through their package systems, plus there
were difficulties in making binaries that have a chance of working on more than one
version.
</p><!--l. 3354--><p class="indent" >   A miscellany of smaller changes: we now use <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xz </span>compression, the stable replacement for
<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">lzma </span>(<a 
href="https://tukaani.org/xz/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tukaani.org/xz/</span></a>); a literal <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">$</code></span> is allowed in filenames when it does not
introduce a known variable name; the Kpathsea library is now multi-threaded (made use of in
MetaPost); the entire TeX Live build is now based on Automake.
</p><!--l. 3361--><p class="indent" >   Final note on the past: all releases of TeX Live, along with ancillary material such as
CD labels, are available at <a 
href="ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3366--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.7   </span> <a 
 id="x1-790009.1.7"></a>2010</h5>
<!--l. 3369--><p class="noindent" >In 2010, the default version for PDF output is now 1.5, enabling more compression. This
applies to all the TeX engines when used to produce PDF and to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvipdfmx</span>. Loading the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pdf14</span>
LaTeX package changes back to PDF 1.4, or set <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">\pdfminorversion=4</code></span>.
</p><!--l. 3374--><p class="indent" >   pdf(L<span 
class="ec-lmr-8">A</span>)TeX now <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">automatically </span>converts a requested Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file to
PDF, via the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">epstopdf </span>package, when and if the LaTeX <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">graphics.cfg </span>configuration file is
loaded, and PDF is being output. The default options are intended to eliminate
any chance of hand-created PDF files being overwritten, but you can also prevent
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">epstopdf </span>from being loaded at all by putting <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">\newcommand{\DoNotLoadEpstopdf}{}</code></span>
(or <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">\def...</code></span>) before the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\documentclass </span>declaration. It is also not loaded if the
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pst-pdf </span>package is used. For more details, see the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">epstopdf </span>package documentation (
<a 
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 3386--><p class="indent" >   A related change is that execution of a very few external commands from TeX, via
the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\write18 </span>feature, is now enabled by default. These commands are <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">repstopdf</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">makeindex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">kpsewhich</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bibtex</span>, and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bibtex8</span>; the list is defined in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>.
Environments which must disallow all such external commands can deselect this option in
the installer (see section <a 
href="#x1-260003.2.4">3.2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:options --></a>), or override the value after installation by running
<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">tlmgr conf texmf shell_escape 0</code></span>.
</p><!--l. 3395--><p class="indent" >   Yet another related change is that BibTeX and Makeindex now refuse to write their output
files to an arbitrary directory (like TeX itself), by default. This is so they can now be enabled
for use by the restricted <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\write18</span>. To change this, the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFOUTPUT </span>environment variable can
be set, or the <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">openout_any</code></span> setting changed.
</p><!--l. 3401--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX now supports margin kerning along the same lines as pdfTeX. (Font expansion is
not presently supported.)
</p><!--l. 3404--><p class="indent" >   By default, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr </span>now saves one backup of each package updated (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr option</span>
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">autobackup 1</span>), so broken package updates can be easily reverted with <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr restore</span>. If you
do post-install updates, and don’t have the disk space for the backups, run <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr option</span>
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">autobackup 0</span>.
</p><!--l. 3410--><p class="indent" >   New programs included: the pTeX engine and related utilities for typesetting Japanese; the
BibTeXU program for Unicode-enabled BibTeX; the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">chktex </span>utility (originally from 
<a 
href="http://baruch.ev-en.org/proj/chktex" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">http://baruch.ev-en.org/proj/chktex</span></a>) for checking (L<span 
class="ec-lmr-8">A</span>)TeX documents; the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">dvisvgm </span>(
<a 
href="https://dvisvgm.de" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://dvisvgm.de</span></a>) DVI-to-SVG translator.
</p><!--l. 3418--><p class="indent" >   Executables for these new platforms are included: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">amd64-freebsd</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">amd64-kfreebsd</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">i386-freebsd</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">i386-kfreebsd</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwin</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-solaris</span>.
</p><!--l. 3422--><p class="indent" >   A change in TeX Live 2009 that we failed to note: numerous TeX4ht-related executables (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/tex4ht" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/tex4ht</span></a>) were removed from the binary directories. The generic <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mk4ht</span>
program can be used to run any of the various <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex4ht </span>combinations.
</p><!--l. 3427--><p class="indent" >   Finally, the TeX Live release on the TeX Collection DVD can no longer be run live (oddly
enough). A single DVD no longer has enough room. One beneficial side effect is that
installation from the physical DVD is much faster.
</p><!--l. 3432--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.8   </span> <a 
 id="x1-800009.1.8"></a>2011</h5>
<!--l. 3434--><p class="noindent" >The macOS binaries (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">universal-darwin </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwin</span>) now work only on Leopard or
later; Panther and Tiger are no longer supported.
</p><!--l. 3438--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">biber </span>program for bibliography processing is included on common platforms. Its
development is closely coupled with the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">biblatex </span>package, which completely reimplements the
bibliographical facilities provided by LaTeX.
</p><!--l. 3443--><p class="indent" >   The MetaPost (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mpost</span>) program no longer creates or uses <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.mem </span>files. The needed files, such
as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">plain.mp</span>, are simply read on every run. This is related to supporting MetaPost as a library,
which is another significant though not user-visible change.
</p><!--l. 3448--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">updmap </span>implementation in Perl, previously used only on Windows, has been revamped
and is now used on all platforms. There shouldn’t be any user-visible changes as a result,
except that it runs much faster.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
</p><!--l. 3453--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">initex </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">inimf </span>programs were restored (but no other <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">ini* </span>variants).
</p><!--l. 3456--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.9   </span> <a 
 id="x1-810009.1.9"></a>2012</h5>
<!--l. 3458--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr </span>supports updates from multiple network repositories. The section on multiple
repositories in the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr help </span>output has more.
</p><!--l. 3462--><p class="indent" >   The parameter <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\XeTeXdashbreakstate </span>is set to 1 by default, for both <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xetex </span>and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xelatex</span>. This allows line breaks after em-dashes and en-dashes, which has always been the
behavior of plain TeX, LaTeX, LuaTeX, etc. Existing XeTeX documents which must
retain perfect line-break compatibility will need to set <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\XeTeXdashbreakstate </span>to 0
explicitly.
</p><!--l. 3469--><p class="indent" >   The output files generated by <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdftex </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvips</span>, among others, can now exceed 2
gigabytes.
</p><!--l. 3472--><p class="indent" >   The 35 standard PostScript fonts are included in the output of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvips </span>by default, since so
many different versions of them are extant.
</p><!--l. 3476--><p class="indent" >   In the restricted <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\write18 </span>execution mode, set by default, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mpost </span>is now an allowed
program.
</p><!--l. 3479--><p class="indent" >   A <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>file is also found in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">../texmf-local</span>, e.g.,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>, if it exists.
</p><!--l. 3483--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">updmap </span>script reads a per-tree <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">updmap.cfg </span>instead of one global config. This change
should be invisible, unless you edited your updmap.cfg’s directly. The <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">updmap --help</code></span> output
has more.
</p><!--l. 3487--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">armel-linux </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mipsel-linux </span>added; <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">sparc-linux </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">i386-netbsd </span>are no longer in
the main distribution.
</p><!--l. 3491--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.10   </span> <a 
 id="x1-820009.1.10"></a>2013</h5>
<!--l. 3493--><p class="noindent" >Distribution layout: the top-level <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf/ </span>directory has been merged into <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist/</span>, for
simplicity. Both the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFMAIN </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFDIST </span>Kpathsea variables now point to
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-dist</span>.
</p><!--l. 3498--><p class="indent" >   Many small language collections have been merged together, to simplify installation.
</p><!--l. 3501--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: native support for PNG output and floating-point (IEEE double) has been
added.
</p><!--l. 3504--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: updated to Lua 5.2, and includes a new library (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdfscanner</span>) to process external
PDF page content, among much else (see its web pages).
</p><!--l. 3508--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX (also see its web pages for more): </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3510--><p class="noindent" >The HarfBuzz library is now used for font layout instead of ICU. (ICU is still
      used to support input encodings, bidirectionality, and the optional Unicode line
      breaking.)
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3513--><p class="noindent" >Graphite2 and HarfBuzz are used instead of SilGraphite for Graphite layout.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3515--><p class="noindent" >On Macs, Core Text is used instead of the (deprecated) ATSUI.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3516--><p class="noindent" >Prefer TrueType/OpenType fonts to Type1 when the names are the same.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3517--><p class="noindent" >Fix occasional mismatch in font finding between XeTeX and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xdvipdfmx</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3519--><p class="noindent" >Support OpenType math cut-ins.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 3522--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xdvi</span>: now uses FreeType instead of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">t1lib </span>for rendering.
</p><!--l. 3524--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">microtype.sty</span>: some support for XeTeX (protrusion) and LuaTeX (protrusion, font
expansion, tracking), among other enhancements.
</p><!--l. 3528--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">tlmgr</span>: new <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pinning </span>action to ease configuring multiple repositories; that section in <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">tlmgr --help</code></span>
has more, online at <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 3532--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">armhf-linux</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mips-irix</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">i386-netbsd</span>, and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">amd64-netbsd </span>added or revived;
<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">powerpc-aix </span>removed.
</p><!--l. 3536--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.11   </span> <a 
 id="x1-830009.1.11"></a>2014</h5>
<!--l. 3538--><p class="noindent" >2014 saw another TeX tune-up from Knuth; this affected all engines, but the only visible
change likely is the restoration of the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">preloaded format </span>string on the banner line. Per Knuth,
this now reflects the format that <span 
class="ec-lmri-12">would </span>be loaded by default, rather than an undumped
format that is actually preloaded in the binary; it may be overridden in various
ways.
</p><!--l. 3545--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: new warning-suppression parameter <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfsuppresswarningpagegroup</span>; new
primitives for fake interword spaces to help with PDF text reflowing: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfinterwordspaceon</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfinterwordspaceoff</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdffakespace</span>.
</p><!--l. 3550--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Notable changes and fixes were made to font loading and hyphenation. The
biggest addition is a new engine variant, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luajittex </span>and its siblings <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texluajit </span>and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texluajitc</span>. This uses a just-in-time Lua compiler (detailed <span 
class="ec-lmro-12">TUGboat </span>article at 
<a 
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb34-1/tb106scarso.pdf" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb34-1/tb106scarso.pdf</span></a>). <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luajittex </span>is still in development, is
not available on all platforms, and is considerably less stable than <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luatex</span>. Neither we nor its
developers recommend using it except for the specific purpose of experimenting with jit on Lua
code.
</p><!--l. 3561--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: The same image formats are now supported on all platforms (including Mac);
avoid Unicode compatibility decomposition fallback (but not other variants); prefer OpenType
to Graphite fonts, for compatibility with previous XeTeX versions.
</p><!--l. 3566--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: A new numbersystem <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">decimal </span>is supported, along with a companion internal
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">numberprecision</span>; a new definition of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">drawdot </span>in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">plain.mp</span>, per Knuth; bug fixes in SVG and
PNG output, among others.
</p><!--l. 3571--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">pstopdf </span>ConTeXt utility will be removed as a standalone command at some point after
the release, due to conflicts with OS utilities of the same name. It can still (and now) be
invoked as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mtxrun –script pstopdf</span>.
</p><!--l. 3576--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">psutils </span>has been substantially revised by a new maintainer. As a result, several seldom-used
utilities (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fix*</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">getafm</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">psmerge</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">showchar</span>) are now only in the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">scripts/ </span>directory rather
than being user-level executables (this can be reversed if it turns out to be problematic). A
new script, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">psjoin</span>, has been added.
</p><!--l. 3583--><p class="indent" >   The MacTeX redistribution of TeX Live (section <a 
href="#x1-170003.1.2">3.1.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:macosx --></a>) no longer includes the optional
Mac-only packages for the Latin Modern and TeX Gyre fonts, since it is easy enough for
individual users to make them available to the system. The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">convert </span>program from
ImageMagick has also been excised, since TeX4ht (specifically <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex4ht.env</span>) now uses
Ghostscript directly.
</p><!--l. 3590--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">langcjk </span>collection for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean support has been split into
individual language collections for the sake of more moderate sizes.
</p><!--l. 3594--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">x86_64-cygwin </span>added, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mips-irix </span>removed; Microsoft no longer supports Windows
XP, so our programs may start failing there at any time.
</p><!--l. 3598--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.12   </span> <a 
 id="x1-840009.1.12"></a>2015</h5>
<!--l. 3600--><p class="noindent" >LaTeX2e now incorporates, by default, changes previously included only by explicitly loading
the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fixltx2e </span>package, which is now a no-op. A new <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">latexrelease </span>package and other mechanisms
allow for controlling what is done. The included LaTeX News #22 and “LaTeX changes”
documents have details. Incidentally, the <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">babel </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">psnfss </span>packages, while core parts of LaTeX,
are maintained separately and are not affected by these changes (and should still
work).
</p><!--l. 3609--><p class="indent" >   Internally, LaTeX2e now includes Unicode-related engine configuration (what characters
are letters, naming of primitives, etc.) which was previously part of TeX Live. This change is
intended to be invisible to users; a few low-level internal control sequences have been renamed
or removed, but the behavior should be just the same.
</p><!--l. 3615--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Support JPEG Exif as well as JFIF; do not emit a warning if
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfinclusionerrorlevel </span>is negative; sync with <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xpdf</span> 3.04.
</p><!--l. 3619--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: New library <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">newtokenlib </span>for scanning tokens; bug fixes in the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">normal </span>random
number generator and other places.
</p><!--l. 3622--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Image handling fixes; <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xdvipdfmx </span>binary looked for first as a sibling to <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xetex</span>;
internal <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">XDV </span>opcodes changed.
</p><!--l. 3625--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: New numbersystem <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">binary</span>; new Japanese-enabled <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">upmpost </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">updvitomp</span>
programs, analogous to <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">up*tex</span>.
</p><!--l. 3629--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK support. The
TeX Distribution Preference Pane now works in Yosemite (macOS 10.10). Resource-fork font
suitcases (generally without an extension) are no longer supported by XeTeX; data-fork
suitcases (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.dfont</span>) remain supported.
</p><!--l. 3635--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: The <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">fmtutil </span>script has been reimplemented to read <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fmtutil.cnf </span>on a
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
per-tree basis, analogous to <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">updmap</span>. Web2C <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mktex* </span>scripts (including <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mktexlsr</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mktextfm</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmss-12">mktexpk</span>) now prefer programs in their own directory, instead of always using the existing
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">PATH</span>.
</p><!--l. 3641--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">*-kfreebsd </span>removed, since TeX Live is now easily available through the system
platform mechanisms. Support for some additional platforms is available as custom binaries (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html</span></a>). In addition, some platforms are now
omitted from the DVD (simply to save space), but can be installed normally over the
net.
</p><!--l. 3649--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.13   </span> <a 
 id="x1-850009.1.13"></a>2016</h5>
<!--l. 3651--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: Sweeping changes to primitives, both renames and removals, along
with some node structure rearrangements. The changes are summarized in an
article by Hans Hagen, “LuaTeX 0.90 backend changes for PDF and more” (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf</span></a>); for all the details, see the
LuaTeX manual,  <a 
href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf</a>.
</p><!--l. 3659--><p class="indent" >   Metafont: New highly experimental sibling programs MFlua and MFluajit, integrating Lua
with Metafont, for trial testing purposes.
</p><!--l. 3662--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: Bug fixes and internal preparations for MetaPost 2.0.
</p><!--l. 3664--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH </span>support in all engines except LuaTeX (which will come in the
next release) and original <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex </span>(intentionally omitted): if the environment variable
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH </span>is set, its value is used for timestamps in the PDF output. If
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH_TEX_PRIMITIVES </span>is also set, the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH </span>value is used to
initialize the TeX primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\year</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\month</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\day</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\time</span>. The pdfTeX manual has examples
and details.
</p><!--l. 3673--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Three new primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfinfoomitdate</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfsuppressptexinfo</span>, and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdftrailerid</span>, to control values appearing in the output which normally change with each
run. These features are for PDF output only, not DVI.
</p><!--l. 3678--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: New primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\XeTeXhyphenatablelength</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\XeTeXgenerateactualtext</span>,<br 
class="newline" /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\XeTeXinterwordspaceshaping</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\mdfivesum</span>; character class limit increased to 4096; DVI id
byte incremented.
</p><!--l. 3683--><p class="indent" >   Other utilities: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3685--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">gregorio </span>is a new program, part of the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">gregoriotex </span>package for typesetting
      Gregorian chant scores; it is included in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">shell_escape_commands </span>by default.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3689--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">upmendex </span>is an index creation program, mostly compatible with <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">makeindex</span>, with
      support for Unicode sorting, among other changes.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3693--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">afm2tfm </span>now makes only accent-based height adjustments upward; a new option
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-a </span>omits all adjustments.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3696--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ps2pk </span>can handle extended PK/GF fonts.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 3699--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: The TeX Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its functionality is now in TeX
Live Utility; bundled GUI applications upgraded; new script <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cjk-gs-integrate </span>to be run by
users who wish to incorporate various CJK fonts into Ghostscript.
</p><!--l. 3704--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: System-level <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr </span>configuration file supported; verify package
checksums; if GPG is available, verify signature of network updates. These checks
happen with both the installer and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr</span>. If GPG is not available, updates proceed as
usual.
</p><!--l. 3709--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">alpha-linux </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mipsel-linux </span>removed.
</p><!--l. 3712--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.14   </span> <a 
 id="x1-860009.1.14"></a>2017</h5>
<!--l. 3714--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: More callbacks, more typesetting control, more access to internals; <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ffi </span>library for
dynamic code loading added on some platforms.
</p><!--l. 3718--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Environment variable <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH_TEX_PRIMITIVES</code></span> from last year
renamed to <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">FORCE_SOURCE_DATE</code></span>, with no changes in functionality; if the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfpageattr </span>token
list contains the string <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/MediaBox</span>, omit output of the default <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/MediaBox</span>.
</p><!--l. 3723--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Unicode/OpenType math now based on HarfBuzz’s MATH table support; some
bug fixes.
</p><!--l. 3726--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: Make the last papersize special win, for consistency with <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvipdfmx </span>and package
expectations; the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-L0 </span>option (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">L0 </span>config setting) restores the previous behavior of the first
special winning.
</p><!--l. 3731--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfuniformdeviate</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfnormaldeviate</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfrandomseed</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfsetrandomseed</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfelapsedtime</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfresettimer</span>, from
pdfTeX.
</p><!--l. 3735--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: As of this year, only macOS releases for which Apple still releases security
patches will be supported in MacTeX, under the platform name <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">x86_64-darwin</code></span>; currently this
means Yosemite, El Capitan, and Sierra (10.10 and newer). Binaries for older macOS versions
are not included in MacTeX, but are still available in TeX Live (<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">x86_64-darwinlegacy</code></span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">i386-darwin</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">powerpc-darwin</span>).
</p><!--l. 3742--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFLOCAL </span>tree is now searched before <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFSYSVAR </span>(by default); the hope is that this will better match expectations of
local files overriding system files. Also, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr </span>has a new mode <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">shell </span>for interactive
and scripted use, and a new action <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">conf auxtrees </span>to easily add and remove extra
trees.
</p><!--l. 3749--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">updmap </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fmtutil</span>: These scripts now give a warning when invoked without explicitly
specifying either so-called system mode (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">updmap-sys</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fmtutil-sys</span>, or option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-sys</span>), or user
mode (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">updmap-user</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fmtutil-user</span>, or option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-user</span>). The hope is that this will reduce
the perennial problem of invoking user mode by accident and thus losing future
system updates. See <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html</span></a> for
details.
</p><!--l. 3757--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl</span>: Personal paths such as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFHOME </span>are now set to MacTeX values
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
(<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~/Library/...</code></span>) by default on Macs. New option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-init-from-profile </span>to start an
installation with the values from a given profile; new command <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">P </span>to explicitly save a profile;
new profile variable names (but previous ones are still accepted).
</p><!--l. 3764--><p class="indent" >   SyncTeX: the name of the temporary file now looks like <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">foo.synctex(busy)</span>, instead of
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">foo.synctex.gz(busy) </span>(no <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.gz</span>). Front-ends and build systems that want to remove temp
files may need adjusting.
</p><!--l. 3769--><p class="indent" >   Other utilities: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texosquery-jre8 </span>is a new cross-platform program for retrieving locale and
other OS information from a TeX document; it is included in <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">shell_escape_commands</code></span> by
default for restricted shell execution. (Older JRE versions are supported by texosquery, but
cannot be enabled in restricted mode, as they are no longer supported by Oracle, even for
security issues.)
</p><!--l. 3776--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: See MacTeX entry above; no other changes.
</p><!--l. 3779--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.15   </span> <a 
 id="x1-870009.1.15"></a>2018</h5>
<!--l. 3781--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: Case-insensitive filename matching now done by default in non-system directories;
set <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf </span>or environment variable <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf_casefold_search </span>to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">0 </span>to disable. Full details
in the Kpathsea manual (<a 
href="https://tug.org/kpathsea" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/kpathsea</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 3786--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitive <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\epTeXversion</span>.
</p><!--l. 3788--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Preparation for moving to Lua 5.3 in 2019: a binary <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luatex53 </span>is available on
most platforms, but must be renamed to <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luatex </span>to be effective. Or use the ConTeXt Garden (
<a 
href="https://wiki.contextgarden.net" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://wiki.contextgarden.net</span></a>) files; more information there.
</p><!--l. 3793--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: Fixes for wrong path directions, TFM and PNG output.
</p><!--l. 3795--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Allow encoding vectors for bitmap fonts; current directory not hashed into PDF
ID; bug fixes for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfprimitive </span>and related.
</p><!--l. 3798--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Support <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/Rotate </span>in PDF image inclusion; exit nonzero if the output driver fails;
various obscure UTF-8 and other primitive fixes.
</p><!--l. 3802--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: See version support changes below. In addition, the files installed in
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/Applications/TeX/ </span>by MacTeX have been reorganized for greater clarity; now this location
contains four GUI programs (BibDesk, LaTeXiT, TeX Live Utility, and TeXShop) at the top
level and folders with additional utilities and documentation.
</p><!--l. 3808--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr</span>: new front-ends <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlshell </span>(Tcl/Tk) and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlcockpit </span>(Java); JSON output; <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">uninstall</span>
now a synonym for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">remove</span>; new action/option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">print-platform-info</span>.
</p><!--l. 3812--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3815--><p class="noindent" >Removed: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">armel-linux</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">powerpc-linux</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3817--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwin  </span>supports   10.10–10.13   (Yosemite,   El Capitan,   Sierra,   and
      High Sierra).
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3820--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwinlegacy </span>supports 10.6–10.10 (though <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwin </span>is preferred
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      for 10.10). All support for 10.5 (Leopard) is gone, that is, both the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">powerpc-darwin</span>
      and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">i386-darwin platforms </span>have been removed.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3825--><p class="noindent" >Windows: XP is no longer supported.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 3829--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.16   </span> <a 
 id="x1-880009.1.16"></a>2019</h5>
<!--l. 3831--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: More consistent brace expansion and path splitting; new variable <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFDOTDIR</span>
instead of hard-coded <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.</span> in paths allows for easily searching additional or sub-directories (see
comments in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf.cnf</span>).
</p><!--l. 3836--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\readpapersizespecial </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\expanded</span>.
</p><!--l. 3839--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Lua 5.3 now used, with concomitant arithmetic and interface changes. The
homegrown library pplib is used to read pdf files, thus eliminating the dependency on poppler
(and the need for C++); Lua interface changed accordingly.
</p><!--l. 3844--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">r-mpost </span>command name recognized as an alias for invocation with the
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--restricted </span>option, and added to the list of restricted commands available by default.
Minimum precision now 2 for decimal and binary mode. Binary mode no longer available in
MPlib but still available in standalone MetaPost.
</p><!--l. 3851--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: New primitive <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\expanded</span>; if new primitive parameter <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfomitcharset </span>is set to
1, the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/CharSet </span>string omitted from the PDF output, since it cannot feasibly be guaranteed
correct, as required by PDF/A-2 and PDF/A-3.
</p><!--l. 3856--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: New primitives for cross-engine support: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\expanded</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\creationdate</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\elapsedtime</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\filedump</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\filemoddate</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\filesize</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\resettimer</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\normaldeviate</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\uniformdeviate</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\randomseed</span>; extend <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\Ucharcat </span>to produce active characters.
</p><!--l. 3868--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr</span>: Support <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">curl </span>as a download program; use <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">lz4 </span>and gzip before <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xz </span>for local backups,
if available; prefer system-provided binaries over binaries provided with TeX Live for
compressor and download programs, unless the environment variable <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXLIVE_PREFER_OWN </span>is
set.
</p><!--l. 3874--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl</span>: New option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-gui </span>(with no argument) is the default on Windows and Macs,
and invokes a new Tcl/TK GUI (see sections <a 
href="#x1-50001.3">1.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:basic --></a> and <a 
href="#x1-210003.1.6">3.1.6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:graphical-inst --></a>).
</p><!--l. 3878--><p class="indent" >   Utilities: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3880--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">cwebbin </span>(<a 
href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cwebbin" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://ctan.org/pkg/cwebbin</span></a>) is now the CWEB implementation
      in TeX Live, with support for more language dialects, and including the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ctwill</span>
      program to make mini-indexes.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3884--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">chkdvifont</span>: report font information from DVI files, also from tfm/ofm, vf, gf, pk.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3887--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dvispc</span>: make a DVI file page-independent with respect to specials.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 3890--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwin </span>now supports 10.12 and higher (Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave);
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwinlegacy </span>still supports 10.6 and newer. The spell checker Excalibur is no longer
included, since it requires 32-bit support.
</p><!--l. 3895--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: removed <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">sparc-solaris</span>.
</p><!--l. 3898--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.17   </span> <a 
 id="x1-890009.1.17"></a>2020</h5>
<!--l. 3900--><p class="noindent" >General: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3901--><p class="noindent" >The  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\input </span>primitive  in  all  TeX engines,  including  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex</span>,  now  also  accepts  a
      group-delimited filename argument, as a system-dependent extension. The usage
      with  a  standard  space/token-delimited  filename  is  completely  unchanged.  The
      group-delimited  argument  was  previously  implemented  in  LuaTeX;  now  it  is
      available  in  all  engines.  ASCII  double  quote  characters  (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">&#x0022;</span>)  are  removed  from
      the filename, but it is otherwise left unchanged after tokenization. This does not
      currently affect LaTeX’s <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\input </span>command, as that is a macro redefinition of the
      standard <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\input </span>primitive.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3911--><p class="noindent" >New option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--cnf-line </span>for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">kpsewhich</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mf</span>, and all other engines, to support
      arbitrary configuration settings on the command line.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3915--><p class="noindent" >The addition of various primitives to various engines in this and previous years
      is intended to result in a common set of functionality available across all engines
      (<span 
class="ec-lmro-12">LaTeX</span><span 
class="ec-lmro-12"> News #31</span>, <a 
href="https://latex-project.org/news" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://latex-project.org/news</span></a>).
</p>
      </li></ul>
<!--l. 3922--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: Several new primitives, mostly for cross-engine support: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\Uchar</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\Ucharcat</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\current(x)spacingmode</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\ifincsname</span>; also, revise <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\fontchar??</span> and
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\iffontchar</span>. For eupTeX only: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\currentcjktoken</span>.
</p><!--l. 3927--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Integration with HarfBuzz library, available as new engines <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luahbtex</span>
(used for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">lualatex</span>) and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luajithbtex</span>. New primitives: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\eTeXgluestretchorder</span>,
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\eTeXglueshrinkorder</span>.
</p><!--l. 3931--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: New primitive <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfmajorversion</span>; this merely changes the version number in the
PDF output; it has no effect on any PDF content. <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfximage </span>and similar now search for
image files in the same way as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\openin</span>.
</p><!--l. 3936--><p class="indent" >   pTeX: New primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\ifjfont</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\iftfont</span>. Also in epTeX, upTeX, eupTeX.
</p><!--l. 3939--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Fixes for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\Umathchardef</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\XeTeXinterchartoks</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfsavepos</span>.
</p><!--l. 3941--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: Output encodings for bitmap fonts, for better copy/paste capabilities (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 3945--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: MacTeX and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwin </span>now require 10.13 or higher (High Sierra, Mojave,
and Catalina); <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwinlegacy </span>supports 10.6 and newer. MacTeX is notarized and
command line programs have hardened runtimes, as now required by Apple for install
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
packages. BibDesk and TeX Live Utility are not in MacTeX because they are not notarized,
but a <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">README </span>file lists urls where they can be obtained.
</p><!--l. 3953--><p class="indent" >   <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">x86_64-darwinlegacy</code></span>: drop X11 support, including <span 
class="ec-lmss-12">xdvi</span>.
</p><!--l. 3955--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr </span>and infrastructure: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3956--><p class="noindent" >Automatically retry (once) packages that fail to download.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3957--><p class="noindent" >New  option  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr check texmfdbs</span>,  to  check  consistency  of  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ls-R </span>files  and
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">!!</span> specifications for each tree.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3960--><p class="noindent" >Use versioned filenames for the package containers, as in:<br 
class="newline" /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlnet/archive/</span><span 
class="ec-lmtto-10x-x-120">pkgname</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.rNNN.tar.xz</span>. This should be invisible to users, but is a
      notable change in distribution.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3963--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">catalogue-date </span>information no longer propagated from the TeX Catalogue, since
      it was often unrelated to package updates.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 3968--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.18   </span> <a 
 id="x1-900009.1.18"></a>2021</h5>
<!--l. 3970--><p class="noindent" >General: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3971--><p class="noindent" >Donald Knuth’s changes for his 2021 tuneup of TeX and Metafont are incorporated
      (<a 
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb42-1/tb130knuth-tuneup21.pdf" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb42-1/tb130knuth-tuneup21.pdf</span></a>). They are
      also  available  on  CTAN  as  the  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">knuth-dist </span>and  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">knuth-local </span>packages.  As
      expected, the fixes are for obscure cases and do not affect any behavior in practice.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3978--><p class="noindent" >Except  in  original  TeX:  if  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\tracinglostchars </span>is  set  to  3  or  more,  missing
      characters will result in an error, not just a message in the log file, and the missing
      character code will be shown in hex.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3982--><p class="noindent" >Except  in  original  TeX:  a  new  integer  parameter  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\tracingstacklevels</span>,  if
      positive, and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\tracingmacros </span>is also positive, causes a prefix indicating the macro
      expansion depth to be output on each relevant log line (e.g., <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">~..</code></span> at depth 2). Also,
      macro logging is truncated at a depth <span 
class="lmsy-10x-x-120">≥ </span>the parameter value.
</p>
      </li></ul>
<!--l. 3990--><p class="indent" >   Aleph: The Aleph-based LaTeX format, named <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">lamed</span>, has been removed. The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">aleph</span>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
binary itself is still included and supported.
</p><!--l. 3993--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3994--><p class="noindent" >Lua 5.3.6.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3995--><p class="noindent" >Callback for nesting level used in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\tracingmacros</span>, as generalized variant of the
      new <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\tracingstacklevels</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3997--><p class="noindent" >Mark math glyphs as protected to prevent processing as text.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 3998--><p class="noindent" >Removed width/ic compensation for traditional math code path.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4001--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4002--><p class="noindent" ><span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH</code></span> environment variable support for reproducible output.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4003--><p class="noindent" >Avoid wrong final <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">% </span>in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mpto</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4004--><p class="noindent" >Document <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-T </span>option, other fixes to manual.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4005--><p class="noindent" >Value of  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">epsilon </span>changed in binary and decimal modes, so that the function
      <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">mp_solve_rising_cubic</code></span> works as expected.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4009--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4010--><p class="noindent" >New primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfrunninglinkoff </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfrunninglinkon</span>; e.g., for disabling
      generation of links in headers and footers.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4013--><p class="noindent" >Warn instead of aborting when “<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfendlink </span>ended up in different nesting level
      than <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfstartlink</span>”.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4015--><p class="noindent" >Dump <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfglyphtounicode </span>assignments in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">fmt </span>file.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4016--><p class="noindent" >Source: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">poppler </span>support removed, as it was too hard to keep in sync with upstream.
      In native TL, pdfTeX has always used <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">libs/xpdf</span>, which is cut-down and adapted
      code from <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xpdf</span>.</p></li></ul>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
<!--l. 4021--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Fixes for math kerning.
</p><!--l. 4023--><p class="indent" >   Dvipdfmx: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4024--><p class="noindent" >Ghostscript is now invoked safely by default; to override (thereby assuming all input
      files are trusted), use <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">-i dvipdfmx-unsafe.cfg</code></span>. To use PSTricks with XeTeX,
      this is required, as in:<br 
class="newline" /><span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">xetex -output-driver=&#x0022;xdvipdfmx -i dvipdfmx-unsafe.cfg -q -E&#x0022; ...</code></span>
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4029--><p class="noindent" >If an image file is not found, exit with bad status.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4030--><p class="noindent" >Extended special syntax for color support.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4031--><p class="noindent" >Specials for manipulating <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">ExtGState</code></span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4032--><p class="noindent" >Compatibility specials <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdfcolorstack </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdffontattr</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4033--><p class="noindent" >Experimental support for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">dviluatex</span>’s extended <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">fnt_def</code></span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4034--><p class="noindent" >Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4037--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4038--><p class="noindent" >Default PostScript document title is now the basename of the input file, and can
      be overridden with the new option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-title</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4040--><p class="noindent" >If an <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">.eps </span>or other image file is not found, exit with bad status.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4042--><p class="noindent" >Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4045--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: MacTeX and its new binary folder <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">universal-darwin </span>now require macOS 10.14
or higher (Mojave, Catalina, and Big Sur); the <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">x86_64-darwin</code></span> binary folder is no longer
present. The <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">x86_64-darwinlegacy</code></span> binary folder, available only with the Unix <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl</span>,
supports 10.6 and newer.
</p><!--l. 4051--><p class="indent" >   This is an important year for the Macintosh because Apple introduced ARM machines in
November and will sell and support both ARM and Intel machines for many years. All
programs in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">universal-darwin </span>have executable code for both ARM and Intel. Both binaries
are compiled from the same source code.
</p><!--l. 4057--><p class="indent" >   The additional programs Ghostscript, LaTeXiT, TeX Live Utility, and TeXShop are all
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
universal and are signed with a hardened runtime, so all are included in MacTeX this
year.
</p><!--l. 4061--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr </span>and infrastructure: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4062--><p class="noindent" >keep only one backup of the main repository’s <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texlive.tlpdb</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4063--><p class="noindent" >even more portability across systems and Perl versions.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4064--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr info </span>reports new <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">lcat-* </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">rcat-* </span>fields for local vs. remote Catalogue
      data.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4066--><p class="noindent" >full logging of subcommands moved to a new log file:<br 
class="newline" /><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texmf-var/web2c/tlmgr-commands.log</span>.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4071--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.19   </span> <a 
 id="x1-910009.1.19"></a>2022</h5>
<!--l. 4073--><p class="noindent" >General: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4074--><p class="noindent" >New engine <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hitex</span>, which outputs its own HINT format, designed especially for
      reading technical documents on mobile devices. HINT viewers for GNU/Linux,
      Windows, and Android are available separately from TeX Live.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4079--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tangle</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">weave</span>: support optional third argument to specify output file.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4082--><p class="noindent" >Knuth’s program <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">twill </span>for making mini-indexes for original <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">WEB </span>programs now
      included.
</p>
      </li></ul>
<!--l. 4087--><p class="indent" >   Cross-engine extensions (except in original TeX, Aleph, and hiTeX): </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4089--><p class="noindent" >New primitive <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\showstream </span>to redirect <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\show </span>output to a file.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4090--><p class="noindent" >New primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\partokenname </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\partokencontext </span>allow overriding the name
      of the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\par </span>token emitted at blank lines, the end of vboxes, etc.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4095--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: </p>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4096--><p class="noindent" >New
      primitives:
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\lastnodefont</span>,
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\suppresslongerror</span>,
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\suppressoutererror</span>,
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\suppressmathparerror</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4098--><p class="noindent" >pdfTeX
      extension
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\vadjust</span>
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pre</span>
      now
      available.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4101--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4102--><p class="noindent" >Support structured destinations from PDF 2.0.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4103--><p class="noindent" >PNG /Smask for PDF 2.0.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4104--><p class="noindent" >Variable font interface for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luahbtex</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4105--><p class="noindent" >Different radical style defaults in mathdefaultsmode.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4106--><p class="noindent" >Optionally block selected discretionary creation.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4107--><p class="noindent" >Improvements for TrueType fonts implementation.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4108--><p class="noindent" >More efficient <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\fontdimen </span>allocation.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4109--><p class="noindent" >Ignore paragraphs with only a local <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">par </span>node followed by direction synchronization
      nodes.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4113--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: Bug fix for infinite macro expansion.
</p><!--l. 4115--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: </p>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4116--><p class="noindent" >Support
      structured
      destinations
      from
      PDF
      2.0.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4117--><p class="noindent" >For
      letterspaced
      fonts,
      use
      explicit
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\fontdimen</span>6
      if
      specified.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4118--><p class="noindent" >Always
      start
      a
      warning
      at
      the
      beginning
      of
      a
      line.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4119--><p class="noindent" >For
      characters
      with
      autokern
      (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfappendkern</span>
      and
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfprependkern</span>),
      still
      do
      protrusion;
      likewise,
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      autokern
      both
      implicit
      and
      explicit
      hyphens.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4124--><p class="indent" >   pTeX et al.: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4125--><p class="noindent" >Major update of pTeX to 4.0.0 to better support current LaTeX.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4126--><p class="noindent" >New primitives <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\ptexlineendmode </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\toucs</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4127--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\ucs </span>(formerly available in uptex, euptex) now available also in pTeX and epTeX.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4129--><p class="noindent" >Distinguish                                  eight-bit                                  characters
      and Japanese characters, as discussed in a TUGboat article by Hironori Kitagawa
      (<a 
href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-3/tb129kitagawa-char.pdf" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-3/tb129kitagawa-char.pdf</span></a>).</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4134--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: New wrapper scripts <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xetex-unsafe </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">xelatex-unsafe </span>for simpler invocation of
documents requiring both XeTeX and PSTricks transparency operators, which is inherently
unsafe (until and unless reimplementation in Ghostscript happens). For safety, use
Lua(L<span 
class="ec-lmr-8">A</span>)TeX.
</p><!--l. 4140--><p class="indent" >   Dvipdfmx: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4141--><p class="noindent" >Support for PSTricks without requiring <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-dNOSAFER</span>, except for transparency.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4143--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">-r </span>option to set bitmap font resolution works again.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4146--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: By default, do not attempt automatic media adjustment for rotated paper sizes; the
new option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--landscaperotate </span>re-enables.
</p><!--l. 4149--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">upmendex</span>: Experimental support for Arabic and Hebrew scripts; improved character
classification and language support.
</p><!--l. 4152--><p class="indent" >   Kpathsea: First path returned from <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">kpsewhich -all </span>is now the same as a regular (non-all)
search.
</p><!--l. 4155--><p class="indent" >   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr </span>and infrastructure: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4156--><p class="noindent" >use https for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mirror.ctan.org </span>by default.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4157--><p class="noindent" >use <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFROOT </span>instead of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">SELFAUTOPARENT </span>for easier relocating.
      </p></li>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4159--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl</span>: if download or installation fails for a given package, automatically
      continue and later retry (once).</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4163--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: MacTeX and its binary folder <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">universal-darwin </span>require macOS 10.14 or
higher (Mojave, Catalina, Big Sur, Monterey). The <span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">x86_64-darwinlegacy</code></span> binary
folder, available only with the Unix <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl</span>, supports 10.6 (Snow Leopard) and
newer.
</p><!--l. 4168--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: No changes to platform support for this year (2022). However, for next year’s
release (2023), we are planning to switch the Windows binaries from 32-bit to 64-bit.
Unfortunately we cannot feasibly support both simultaneously.
</p><!--l. 4174--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.20   </span> <a 
 id="x1-920009.1.20"></a>2023</h5>
<!--l. 4176--><p class="noindent" >Windows: As announced previously, TeX Live now contains 64-bit Windows binaries instead of
32-bit. The new directory name is <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bin/windows </span>(it did not seem right to put 64-bit
binaries into a directory named with “32”). We know this will cause extra work for
Windows users, but there seemed no better alternative. If you need 32-bit Windows
support, you’ll need to install TeX Live 2022. From Windows 11 onward, Windows on
ARM supports emulation of 64-bit AMD/Intel and thus can use the current TeX
Live. However, Windows 10 on ARM cannot emulate Intel/AMD 64-bit, and will
therefore also need a 32-bit TeX Live. See the separate TeX Live Windows web page (
<a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/windows.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/windows.html</span></a>).
</p><!--l. 4189--><p class="indent" >
Cross-engine
extensions
(except
in
original
TeX
and
e-TeX):
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\special</span>
followed
by
a
new
keyword
“<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">shipout</span>”
delays
expansion
of
the
argument
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
tokens
until
<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\shipout</span>
time,
as
with
a
non-<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">\immediate\write</code></span>.
</p><!--l. 4195--><p class="noindent" >epTeX, eupTeX:</p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4196--><p class="noindent" >“Raw” (u)ptex no longer built; (u)ptex now runs in e(u)ptex’s compatibility mode.
      Same for pTeX tools, listed below.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4198--><p class="noindent" >New primitives: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\tojis</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\ptextracingfonts</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\ptexfontname</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4200--><p class="noindent" >For <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\font</span>, new syntax for JIS/UCS is supported.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4203--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4204--><p class="noindent" >new primitive <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\variablefam </span>to allow math characters to keep their class while
      still letting the family adapt.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4206--><p class="noindent" >improved r2l annotation areas
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4207--><p class="noindent" >cross-engine “late <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\special</span>” described above.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4208--><p class="noindent" >in LuaTeX 1.17.0, released in May 2023: the socket library is now disabled by
      default; a new command line option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">–socket </span>enables it, as well as <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">–shell-escape</span>
      (not <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">–shell-restricted</span>). In addition, the mime library is now always available,
      and  new  functions  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">os.socketsleep </span>and  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">os.socketgettime </span>are  also  always
      available. Finally, some obscure ways to work around various security features were
      fixed.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4218--><p class="noindent" >MetaPost: Bug fixes. <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">svg-&#x003E;dx </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">svg-&#x003E;dy </span>are now <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">double</span>, for better precision;
<span class="obeylines-h"><code class="verb">mp_begin_iteration</code></span> updated; memory leak in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mplib </span>fixed.
</p><!--l. 4222--><p class="noindent" >pdfTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4223--><p class="noindent" >new primitive <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfomitinfodict </span>to omit <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/Info </span>dictionary completely.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 4225--><p class="noindent" >new primitive <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfomitprocset </span>to control omitting <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/ProcSet </span>array: <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/ProcSet </span>is
      included if this parameter is negative, or if this parameter is zero and pdftex is
      generating PDF 1.x output.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4229--><p class="noindent" >with <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfinterwordspaceon</span>, if the current font’s encoding has a <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/space </span>character
      at  slot  32,  it  is  used;  otherwise,  the  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">/space </span>from  the  (new)  default  font
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdftexspace </span>is used. That default font can be overridden with the new primitive
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdfspacefont</span>. This same new procedure is used for <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\pdffakespace</span>.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4237--><p class="noindent" >pTeX et al.: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4238--><p class="noindent" >As mentioned above, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ptex </span>now runs <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">eptex </span>in compatibility mode instead of being
      built separately.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4241--><p class="noindent" >pTeX tools (pbibtex, pdvitype, ppltotf, ptftopl) merged into corresponding upTeX
      versions, running in compatibility mode.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4245--><p class="noindent" >XeTeX: fixed <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\topskip </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\splittopskip </span>computation when <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\XeTeXupwardsmode </span>is active;
the cross-engine “late <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\special</span>” described above.
</p><!--l. 4249--><p class="noindent" >Dvipdfmx: new option <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--pdfm-str-utf8 </span>to make pdfmark and/or bookmark.
</p><!--l. 4252--><p class="noindent" >BibTeXu: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4253--><p class="noindent" >This BibTeX variant is mostly upward-compatible with BibTeX, with much better
      (Unicode-based) multilingual support. It’s been in TeX Live for some years.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4256--><p class="noindent" >This  year,  more  features  to  support  CJK  languages  have  been  added,  some
      extended from the Japanese (u)pbibtex and other programs.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4260--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: Support guessing input file encodings for Unix-ish platforms, as on Windows;
enabled for (<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">e</span>)<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">p</span>(<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">la</span>)<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pbibtex</span>, <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">mendex</span>.
</p><!--l. 4265--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr </span>and infrastructure: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4266--><p class="noindent" >default to text interface on macOS.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4267--><p class="noindent" >install core packages first, retry other packages once.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4268--><p class="noindent" >simplistic checks are done for enough disk space.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4271--><p class="noindent" >MacTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 4272--><p class="noindent" >MacTeX and its binary folder <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">universal-darwin </span>require macOS 10.14 or higher
      (Mojave,  Catalina,  Big Sur,  Monterey,  Ventura).  The  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span>
      binary   folder,   available   only   with   the   Unix   <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">install-tl</span>,   supports   10.6
      (Snow Leopard) and later.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4278--><p class="noindent" >The GUI package in MacTeX now contains <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hintview</span>, a macOS viewer for HINT
      documents (created by the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hitex </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hilatex </span>engines for mobile devices; see
      the HiTeX web page, <a 
href="https://hint.userweb.mwn.de/hint/hitex.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://hint.userweb.mwn.de/hint/hitex.html</span></a>). The
      GUI package no longer installs a folder of documents, replacing them with a short
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">READ</span><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12"> ME </span>for new users and a page about <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">hintview</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4285--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">Extras </span>folder of additional TeX software on the DVD has been replaced with
      a document containing links to download sites.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4289--><p class="noindent" >Platforms: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4290--><p class="noindent" >As mentioned above, the new <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">windows </span>binary directory contains 64-bit Windows
      binaries, and
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4292--><p class="noindent" >the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bin/win32 </span>binary directory is gone, since we cannot support 32-bit and 64-bit
      Windows simultaneously.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4294--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">i386-cygwin </span>binary directory is gone, since Cygwin no longer supports i386.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4299--><p class="indent" >   <a id="news"></a>
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.2   </span> <a 
 id="x1-930009.2"></a>Present: 2024</h4>
<!--l. 4303--><p class="noindent" >Cross-engine changes (except in original TeX, e-TeX, and LuaTeX): </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4305--><p class="noindent" >Avoid crashes on devious use of <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\output </span>and <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">\write </span>braces.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4306--><p class="noindent" >Tiny inner-loop optimization. (Both these changes are due to David Fuchs.)</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4310--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4311--><p class="noindent" >Lua-level checks for writing to files now similar to the TeX-level checks.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 4313--><p class="noindent" >If the Lua value <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texconfig.trace_extra_newline </span>is set, blank lines are output
      in the log between macro parameters. In 2020–2023, this was the case by default;
      before that, such blank lines were never output, which is the behavior of the other
      engines.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4317--><p class="noindent" >In the past, Windows <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">texlua </span>(not <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">luatex</span>, and not any other platform), internally
      performed wildcard expansion on the arguments. This no longer happens.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4322--><p class="noindent" >MetaPost: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4323--><p class="noindent" >MPFI
      library
      now
      included
      for
      interval
      arithmetic;
      enabled
      with
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--numbersystem=interval</span>.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4327--><p class="noindent" >pdfTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4328--><p class="noindent" >More reliable text extraction on BigEndian systems.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4329--><p class="noindent" >More checks against corrupt pfb, fmt, pdf files.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4330--><p class="noindent" >Avoid writing a corrupt pdf given unusual pdf inclusions.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4331--><p class="noindent" >Manual converted to LaTeX and thoroughly reviewed, though substantive updates
      are minimal.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4335--><p class="noindent" >epTeX, eupTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4336--><p class="noindent" >New simple encoding conversion utility <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">ptekf</span>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4337--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">eptex </span>no longer built separately; it runs in <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">euptex</span>’s legacy-encoding mode.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4341--><p class="noindent" >XeTeX: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 4342--><p class="noindent" >Unicode characters in filenames beyond the BMP are supported.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4345--><p class="noindent" >Dvipdfmx: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4346--><p class="noindent" >Calculate time zone offset in the same way as pdfTeX.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4347--><p class="noindent" >Handle variation selectors to cope with the new Adobe-Japan1-UCS2 CMap.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4348--><p class="noindent" >Fallback multibyte characters in virtual fonts to OFM fonts for (u)pTeX.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4349--><p class="noindent" >Support the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">named </span>keyword in the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">pdf:image </span>special.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4352--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4353--><p class="noindent" >Support  an  extended  check  for  safe  filenames  which  also  allows  writing  under
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMF</span>[<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">SYS</span>]<span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">VAR</span>,  for  Lua(L<span 
class="ec-lmr-8">A</span>)TeX;  new  functions  and  corresponding  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">kpsewhich</span>
      options.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4356--><p class="noindent" >Support  a  new  variable  <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMF_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY </span>(alongside  the  traditional
      <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">TEXMFOUTPUT</span>), so that subprograms can have access to an <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">--output-directory</span>
      setting in an engine invocation.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4361--><p class="noindent" >CWEB: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4362--><p class="noindent" >Support LuaTeX as backend TeX engine.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4363--><p class="noindent" >Fix buffer overflow on lines with no breakpoint.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4366--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tlmgr</span>: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4367--><p class="noindent" >New action <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">bug </span>to help find bug-reporting information.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4368--><p class="noindent" >Use our own root certificate bundle on all platforms, to support LWP more widely,
      notably on macOS.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4370--><p class="noindent" >Detect a remote repository older than the local installation (i.e., a stale mirror),
      and don’t update, to avoid incorrect package removals.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      <!--l. 4372--><p class="noindent" >Support ConTeXt paper size setting.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4373--><p class="noindent" >Prune backups of tlpdb files for mirrored repositories (main and tlcontrib).</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4377--><p class="noindent" >Platforms: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4378--><p class="noindent" >The  ISO image  again  includes  binaries  for  all  platforms.  For  the  last  several
      years, some binary sets had been pruned, but this year, we are not creating a
      physical DVD as a user group benefit, so may as well include everything again.
      Also,  even  a  maximimally-pruned  image  is  too  large  to  fit  on  a  single-layer
      DVD, so pruning has no benefit for the 2024 volunteer burners. More info at 
<a 
href="https://tug.org/texcollection/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texcollection/</span></a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">
      <!--l. 4385--><p class="noindent" >Robert  Alessi  provides  binaries  for  a  native  TL  installation  on  OpenBSD  at  
<a 
href="https://sr.ht/~ralessi/texlive-openbsd/" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://sr.ht/~ralessi/texlive-openbsd/</span></a>.</p></li></ul>
<!--l. 4389--><p class="noindent" >MacTeX: now contains the latest Ghostscript 10.03.0, updates of all four GUI programs, along
with (as always) all new TL changes. The binaries still support macOS 10.14 (Mojave, 2018)
and later. (As usual, earlier Mac versions are supported by the <span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span>
binaries, which are part of TL, but not MacTeX.)
</p><!--l. 4396--><p class="noindent" >
</p>
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.3   </span> <a 
 id="x1-940009.3"></a>Future</h4>
<!--l. 4398--><p class="noindent" >We intend to continue to release new versions of TeX Live, and would like to provide more
documentation, more programs, an ever-improved and better-checked tree of macros and fonts,
and anything else TeX. This work is all done by volunteers in their spare time, and there is
always more to do. Please see <a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html</span></a>.
</p><!--l. 4404--><p class="indent" >   Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
      </p><blockquote class="quote">
    
      <!--l. 4406--><p class="noindent" > <a 
href="mailto:tex-live@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">tex-live@tug.org</span></span></a> <span 
class="ec-lmr-10x-x-109">(you need not subscribe in order to post)</span><br 
class="newline" /><a 
href="https://tug.org/texlive" class="url" ><span 
class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive</span></a></p></blockquote>
<!--l. 4411--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="ec-lmro-12">Happy TeXing!</span>
</p>
    
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