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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<!-- Created by texi2html 1.56k from texdraw.texi on 10 March 2004 -->
<TITLE>TeXdraw - 3. Drawing Segments and Scaling</TITLE>
</HEAD>
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Go to the <A HREF="texdraw_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="texdraw_2.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="texdraw_4.html">next</A>, <A HREF="texdraw_11.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="texdraw_toc.html">table of contents</A>.
<P><HR><P>
<H1><A NAME="SEC13" HREF="texdraw_toc.html#TOC13">3. Drawing Segments and Scaling</A></H1>
<P>
TeXdraw provides individually scaled segments which can be used to
create relocatable drawing modules.
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="texdraw_3.html#SEC14">Drawing segments</A>
<LI><A HREF="texdraw_3.html#SEC15">Drawing paths</A>
<LI><A HREF="texdraw_3.html#SEC16">Saving positions</A>
<LI><A HREF="texdraw_3.html#SEC17">Scaling coordinates</A>
<LI><A HREF="texdraw_3.html#SEC18">Drawing size</A>
<LI><A HREF="texdraw_3.html#SEC19">Initial current position</A>
</UL>
<H2><A NAME="SEC14" HREF="texdraw_toc.html#TOC14">3.1 Drawing segments</A></H2>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX72"></A>
<A NAME="IDX73"></A>
<P>
A TeXdraw drawing segment allows for local modifications of
parameters and relative positioning. A TeXdraw segment is delimited
by a <CODE>\bsegment</CODE> command and an <CODE>\esegment</CODE> command. Inside
the segment, the initial current position is <CODE>(0 0)</CODE>. Any changes
to parameters such as the gray level and the line width, remain local to
the segment. Segments are implemented in TeX using a
<CODE>\begingroup</CODE> and <CODE>\endgroup</CODE>. Segments can be nested.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>\bsegment</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX74"></A>
Start a drawing segment. The coordinate system is shifted such that the
current position corresponds to the coordinate <CODE>(0 0)</CODE>. Changes to
scaling, position and line parameters stay local to the drawing segment.
<A NAME="IDX75"></A>
<DT><CODE>\esegment</CODE>
<DD>
End a drawing segment. The current position in effect before the
corresponding <CODE>\bsegment</CODE> command is restored. The scaling and
line parameter values revert to those in effect before the corresponding
<CODE>\bsegment</CODE> command was invoked.
</DL>
<H2><A NAME="SEC15" HREF="texdraw_toc.html#TOC15">3.2 Drawing paths</A></H2>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX76"></A>
<A NAME="IDX77"></A>
<A NAME="IDX78"></A>
Certain subtle interactions occur between drawing segments and fill
operations. In PostScript, lines are drawn by first defining a path,
then later stroking the path to draw the line. In TeXdraw, this
stroking occurs when the line is terminated, say by a <CODE>\move</CODE>
command. PostScript paths are interrupted by, but continue after a
drawing segment. This means that a path started before a segment may
not be stroked (drawn) until after the segment ends. Consider the
following example.
<PRE>
\move (0 0)
\lvec (1 1)
\bsegment
\move (-0.25 -0.25)
\fcir f:0.8 r:0.5
\esegment
\move (0 0)
</PRE>
<P>
A PostScript path is started at <CODE>(0 0)</CODE> and continues with a line
to <CODE>(1 1)</CODE>. This path is interrupted by the segment. The filled
circle is drawn next. After the segment, the path continues and is not
stroked until the <CODE>\move (0 0)</CODE> command after the end of the
segment. This means that the line appears on top of the filled region.
<P>
If the fill operation is to cover the line, the path must be stroked
before the fill operation. From TeXdraw, the move commands
<CODE>\move</CODE> and <CODE>\rmove</CODE>, and the end TeXdraw command
<CODE>\etexdraw</CODE> terminate a path and cause it to be stroked. Within a
segment, the end segment command <CODE>\esegment</CODE> also terminates and
strokes a path. In the example above, the line can be stroked by
inserting a move command (such as a <CODE>\rmove (0 0)</CODE> which does not
affect the position), before the start of the segment.
<H2><A NAME="SEC16" HREF="texdraw_toc.html#TOC16">3.3 Saving positions</A></H2>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX79"></A>
<A NAME="IDX80"></A>
<A NAME="IDX81"></A>
<A NAME="IDX82"></A>
<P>
The <CODE>\savecurrpos</CODE> command saves the current position. The saved
position is an absolute position, not one relative to a segment. The
position saving mechanism is global; the position can be saved within a
nested segment and then used outside of the segment. The <VAR>x</VAR> and
<VAR>y</VAR> coordinates of the position are saved separately as named
coordinates. The names are of the form <CODE>*<VAR>name</VAR></CODE>, with the
leading <CODE>*</CODE> being obligatory. A companion command,
<CODE>\savepos</CODE>, saves a given coordinate (relative to the current
segment) as an absolute symbolic position.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>\savecurrpos (*<VAR>px</VAR> *<VAR>py</VAR>)</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX83"></A>
Save the current position as the absolute position referenced by
<CODE>(*<VAR>px</VAR> *<VAR>py</VAR>)</CODE>.
<A NAME="IDX84"></A>
<DT><CODE>\savepos (<VAR>x</VAR> <VAR>y</VAR>)(*<VAR>px</VAR> *<VAR>py</VAR>)</CODE>
<DD>
Save the coordinate position <CODE>(<VAR>x</VAR> <VAR>y</VAR>)</CODE> as the absolute
position referenced by <CODE>(*<VAR>px</VAR> *<VAR>py</VAR>)</CODE>. The coordinate
<CODE>(<VAR>x</VAR> <VAR>y</VAR>)</CODE> is interpreted in the normal fashion as a
coordinate relative to the current segment, using the current scaling
factors and drawing unit.
</DL>
<P>
The symbolic names used to specify a saved position can consist of any
characters that are not special to TeX, but must start with a
<CODE>*</CODE> character. The symbolic names can be used as the <VAR>x</VAR>
and/or <VAR>y</VAR> coordinate in any command that needs a coordinate.
Symbolic coordinates are not normally used with relative motion commands
such as <CODE>\rlvec</CODE> or <CODE>\rmove</CODE>. If used with relative motion,
the corresponding displacement is equal to the symbolic coordinate
value.
<P>
On exit from a segment, the position and graphics state on entry is
restored. Any changes to line types, scaling and position are
discarded. However, it is sometimes useful alter the position on exit
from a segment. The <CODE>\savepos</CODE> command allows for the saving of a
position within the segment. This position can be restored after the
<CODE>\esegment</CODE> with a <CODE>\move</CODE> command using the saved symbolic
position. This approach can be used to build modules which operate in a
manner analogous to the basic relative motion line vector commands.
<P>
The following example defines a macro which draws a box 0.75 inches wide
by 0.5 inches high containing centered text. On leaving the macro the
position will be set at a point on the righthand side of the box.
<PRE>
\def\tbox #1{\bsegment
\lvec (0 +0.25) \lvec (0.75 +0.25)
\lvec (0.75 -0.25) \lvec (0 -0.25) \lvec (0 0)
\textref h:C v:C \htext (0.375 0){#1}
\savepos (0.75 0)(*ex *ey)
\esegment
\move (*ex *ey)}
</PRE>
<P>
With this definition, we can treat <CODE>\tbox</CODE> in the same way as the
basic vector commands, stringing them together to form a block diagram
as in this example.
<PRE>
\centertexdraw{
\ravec (1 0) \tbox{$H(z)$} \ravec (1 0)
}
</PRE>
<H2><A NAME="SEC17" HREF="texdraw_toc.html#TOC17">3.4 Scaling coordinates</A></H2>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX85"></A>
<A NAME="IDX86"></A>
<A NAME="IDX87"></A>
<A NAME="IDX88"></A>
<P>
There are two scale factors available, the unit scale factor and the
segment scale factor. The overall scale factor is the product of these
two. There are absolute and relative versions of commands to change
these scale factors.
<P>
The unit scale factor is normally used to affect global scale changes.
Changes to the unit scale factor remains local to a segment, but
propagate to inferior segments. The default value is unity.
<P>
The segment scale factor is used for local scale changes. It remains
local to a segment. The segment scale factor is reset to unity on entry
into each segment. This means that changes to the segment scale factor
do not propagate to inferior segments.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>\setunitscale <VAR>scale</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX89"></A>
Set the unit scaling to <VAR>scale</VAR>. The argument <VAR>scale</VAR> is a real
number which is used to scale coordinate values. The overall scaling
factor is the product of the unit scale factor and the segment scale
factor.
<A NAME="IDX90"></A>
<DT><CODE>\relunitscale <VAR>value</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Adjust the unit scale factor by multiplying by <VAR>value</VAR>. This has
the effect of multiplying the overall scale factor by the same factor.
The overall scaling factor is the product of the unit scale factor and
the segment scale factor.
<A NAME="IDX91"></A>
<DT><CODE>\setsegscale <VAR>scale</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Set the segment scale factor. The argument <VAR>scale</VAR> is a real number
which is used to scale coordinate values. The overall scale factor is
the product of the unit scale factor and the segment scale factor.
<A NAME="IDX92"></A>
<DT><CODE>\relsegscale <VAR>value</VAR></CODE>
<DD>
Adjust the segment scale factor by multiplying by <VAR>value</VAR>. This has
the effect of multiplying the current overall scale factor by the same
factor. The overall scaling factor is the product of the unit scale
factor and the segment scale factor.
</DL>
<P>
In addition to the unit scale factor and the segment scale factor, the
scaling can be controlled by the choice of drawing units with the
command <CODE>\drawdim</CODE> (see section <A HREF="texdraw_2.html#SEC7">2.4 Coordinate specification</A>).
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>\drawdim cm \setunitscale 2.54</CODE>
<DD>
Set the units to centimetres scaled by 2.54. Together these commands
are effectively the same as <CODE>\drawdim in</CODE>.
</DL>
<P>
The segment scale can be used to allow scale changes in segments so that
values are in more convenient units. For example suppose dimensions in
a segment are multiples of one third of an inch. The segment scale can
be set once to make 1 drawing unit equal 0.3333 inches. From that point
on, coordinates can be specified with integer values.
<P>
The following example defines a macro to draw a rectangular box which is
twice as wide as it is high. The width is specified as an argument.
<PRE>
\def\mybox #1{\bsegment
\setsegscale #1
\lvec (0 +0.25) \lvec (1 +0.25) \lvec (1 -0.25)
\lvec (0 -0.25) \lvec (0 0)
\esegment}
</PRE>
<H2><A NAME="SEC18" HREF="texdraw_toc.html#TOC18">3.5 Drawing size</A></H2>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX93"></A>
<P>
The effective size of the drawing is determined by the maximum
excursions of the coordinates supplied to TeXdraw commands. The
minimum and maximum scaled <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR> coordinates are tallied.
Note that <CODE>\move</CODE> commands contribute to the determination of the
calculated size of the drawing, even though they do not generate visible
lines. The circle and ellipse commands add a compensation for the radii
of circles and ellipses. The final TeXdraw drawing is placed in a
TeX box with lower lefthand corner corresponding to
<CODE>(</CODE><VAR>x</VAR>-min <VAR>y</VAR>-min<CODE>)</CODE> and upper righthand corner at
<CODE>(</CODE><VAR>x</VAR>-max <VAR>y</VAR>-max<CODE>)</CODE>.
<P>
Text generated by <CODE>\htext</CODE>, <CODE>\vtext</CODE> or <CODE>\rtext</CODE> can
spill outside the box as determined above. Only the text reference
point is guaranteed to be in the drawing box. Arcs can also spill
outside the drawing box. Note also that the widths of lines, and the
sizes of arrowheads do not affect the size of the drawing. The
calculated size of the drawing will never be larger than the actual size
of the drawing. In extreme cases in which text or lines extend far
outside the drawing, extra <CODE>\move</CODE> commands should be used to
establish the size of the drawing so that the TeXdraw box includes
all of the drawing.
<P>
TeXdraw provides the <CODE>\drawbb</CODE> command to draw a box which
indicates the effective size of the drawing. Whenever <CODE>\drawbb</CODE> is
invoked, a ruled box is drawn around the drawing as it has been sized up
to that point. Normally <CODE>\drawbb</CODE> is invoked just before the end
of a drawing to indicate the effective size of the final drawing.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>\drawbb</CODE>
<DD>
<A NAME="IDX94"></A>
Draw a ruled box around the effective size of a drawing produced by
TeXdraw commands.
</DL>
<H2><A NAME="SEC19" HREF="texdraw_toc.html#TOC19">3.6 Initial current position</A></H2>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX95"></A>
<A NAME="IDX96"></A>
<P>
The first operation in a drawing should be a move to establish the
current position. The current position can be established explicitly
through a <CODE>\move</CODE> command or a text positioning command such as
<CODE>\htext</CODE> with a coordinate. However, if an attempt is made to use
a drawing command which needs a current position and none has been
established, TeXdraw implicitly sets the initial current position to
<CODE>(0 0)</CODE>. The size of the TeXdraw figure is normally determined
from the sequence of coordinates specified, but will include the
implicit initial position in case another initial position has not been
explicitly specified.
<P><HR><P>
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