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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Contents: Customising LaTeX output
% $Id: custom.tex,v 1.1.1.1 2002/02/26 10:04:20 oetiker Exp $
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\chapter{îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ \LaTeX}

\begin{intro}
  ðÒÏÉÚ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÅ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÉÚÕÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÏ ÓÉÈ ÐÏÒ ËÏÍÁÎÄ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÙ
  ÂÕÄÕÔ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ×ÐÏÌÎÅ ÐÒÉÅÍÌÅÍÏ ÄÌÑ ÛÉÒÏËÏÊ ÁÕÄÉÔÏÒÉÉ. ïÎÉ ÎÅ
  ×ÙÇÌÑÄÑÔ ÏÞÅÎØ ÍÏÄÎÏ, ÐÏÄÞÉÎÑÑÓØ ÚÁÔÏ ×ÓÅÍ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÁÍ ÈÏÒÏÛÅÇÏ ÔÏÎÁ ×
  ÎÁÂÏÒÅ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÉÈ ÌÅÇËÏ ÞÉÔÁÔØ É ÎÁ ÎÉÈ ÐÒÉÑÔÎÏ ÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ.

  îÏ ÂÙ×ÁÀÔ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ, × ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ \LaTeX{} ÎÅ ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÉÌÉ
  ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ, ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÑÀÝÉÅ ×ÁÛÉÍ ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑÍ, ÉÌÉ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÍÙÊ
  ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ ×Ù×ÏÄ ÎÅ ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ ×ÁÛÉÍ ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÉÑÍ.

  ÷ ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Å ÄÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÏ×ÅÔÙ ÐÏ ÏÂÕÞÅÎÉÀ \LaTeX{} ÎÏ×ÙÍ
  ×ÅÝÁÍ, É ÔÏÍÕ, ËÁË ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ×Ù×ÏÄ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÀÝÉÍÓÑ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ
  ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ.
\end{intro}


\section{îÏ×ÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ É ÐÁËÅÔÙ}

ëÁË ×Ù ÚÁÍÅÔÉÌÉ, ×ÓÅ ××ÏÄÉÍÙÅ × ÜÔÏÊ ËÎÉÇÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ×ÅÒÓÔÁÀÔÓÑ × ÒÁÍËÅ
É ×ËÌÀÞÁÀÔÓÑ × ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌØ × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÎÉÇÉ. ÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÐÒÑÍÕÀ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ \LaTeX{}, Á×ÔÏÒ ÓÏÚÄÁÌ
\wi{ÐÁËÅÔ}, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÌ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ É ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÊ
ÃÅÌÉ. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÉÓÁÔØ:

\begin{example}
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{dum}
\end{lscommand}
\end{example}

÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ËÁË ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÝÅÅÓÑ
\ei{lscommand} É ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÀÝÅÅ ÚÁ ÒÉÓÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÁÍËÉ ×ÏËÒÕÇ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÔÁË É
ÎÏ×ÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÝÁÑÓÑ \ci{ci} É ×ÅÒÓÔÁÀÝÁÑ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ É
ÚÁÎÏÓÑÝÁÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔ × ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌØ. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ × ÜÔÏÍ
ÕÂÅÄÉÔØÓÑ, ÐÏÉÓËÁ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ \ci{dum} × ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌÅ × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÎÉÇÉ, ÇÄÅ ×Ù
ÎÁÊÄÅÔÅ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÄÌÑ \ci{dum}, ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÀÝÕÀ ÎÁ ÜÔÕ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ.

åÓÌÉ Á×ÔÏÒ ËÏÇÄÁ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÒÅÛÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÅÍÕ ÎÅ ÎÒÁ×ÑÔÓÑ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ,
Ó×ÅÒÓÔÁÎÎÙÅ × ÒÁÍËÅ, ÏÎ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ
\texttt{lscommand}. üÔÏ ÎÁÍÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÝÅ, ÞÅÍ ÐÒÏÊÔÉ ÐÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÕ,
×ÙÉÓËÉ×ÁÑ ×ÓÅ ÍÅÓÔÁ, ÇÄÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ ÏÂÝÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ \LaTeX{} ÄÌÑ
ÒÉÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÁÍËÉ ×ÏËÒÕÇ ÓÌÏ×.


\subsection{îÏ×ÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ}

þÔÏÂÙ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ×ÁÛÉ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ

\begin{lscommand}
\ci{newcommand}\verb|{|%
       \emph{ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ}\verb|}[|\emph{ÞÉÓÌÏ}\verb|]{|\emph{ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔ Ä×ÕÈ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏ×. \emph{îÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ} ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ,
ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÅÔÅ, É \emph{ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ} ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ. áÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ
\emph{ÞÉÓÌÏ} × Ë×ÁÄÒÁÔÎÙÈ ÓËÏÂËÁÈ ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌÅÎ. ïÎ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ
ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ, × Ó×ÏÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ, ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÔ ÄÏ 9
ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏ×.

óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ Ä×Á ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÍÏÞØ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï
ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ. ðÅÒ×ÙÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÝÕÀÓÑ
\ci{tnss}, ÞÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅÍ ÏÔ ``The Not So Short Introduction
to \LaTeXe''. ôÁËÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÐÒÉÇÏÄÉÔÓÑ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚ ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ
ÐÉÓÁÔØ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÊ ËÎÉÇÉ.

\begin{example}
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not
   so Short Introduction to
   \LaTeXe}
% × ÔÅÌÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ:
``\tnss'' \ldots{} ``\tnss''
\end{example}

óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ, ËÁË ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÝÕÀ
ÏÄÉÎ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ. íÅÔËÁ \verb|#1| ÚÁÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù
ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÁ, ÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ \verb|#2|, É
ÔÁË ÄÁÌÅÅ.

\begin{example}
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]
    {\emph{#1} ËÒÁÔËÏÅ
      ××ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × \LaTeXe}
% × ÔÅÌÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ
\begin{itemize}
\item \txsit{îÅ ÏÞÅÎØ}
\item \txsit{ïÞÅÎØ}
\end{itemize}
\end{example}

\LaTeX{} ÎÅ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ×ÁÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÂÙ ÉÚÍÅÎÑÌÁ
ÕÖÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÕÀ. îÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÌÕÞÁÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù Ñ×ÎÏ ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ
ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, ÅÓÔØ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ: \ci{renewcommand}. ïÎÁ
ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÏÔ ÖÅ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓ, ÞÔÏ É ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ \verb|\newcommand|.

÷ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÌÕÞÁÑÈ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉÇÏÄÉÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ \ci{providecommand}. ïÎÁ
ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÔÁË ÖÅ, ËÁË \ci{newcommand}, ÎÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÕÖÅ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÁ,
ÔÏ \LaTeXe{} ÅÅ ÍÏÌÞÁ ÐÒÏÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÕÅÔ.

óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÔ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó ÐÒÏÂÅÌÁÍÉ ÐÏÓÌÅ
ËÏÍÁÎÄ \LaTeX{}. ðÏÄÒÏÂÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÎÁ
ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ~\pageref{whitespace}. 


\subsection{îÏ×ÙÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ}

áÎÁÌÏÇÉÞÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ \verb|\newcommand|, ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ
×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ, \ci{newenvironment}, ÉÍÅÀÝÁÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ
ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓ:

\begin{lscommand}
\ci{newenvironment}\verb|{|%
       \emph{ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ}\verb|}[|\emph{ÎÏÍÅÒ}\verb|]{|%
       \emph{ÎÁÞÁÌÏ}\verb|}{|\emph{ËÏÎÅÃ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

ðÏÄÏÂÎÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ \verb|\newcommand|, \ci{newenvironment} ÍÏÖÎÏ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Ó ÎÅÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÙÍ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏÍ, ÉÌÉ ÂÅÚ ÎÅÇÏ. íÁÔÅÒÉÁÌ,
ÚÁËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ × ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ \emph{ÎÁÞÁÌÏ}, ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÄÏ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ
ÔÅËÓÔÁ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ. íÁÔÅÒÉÁÌ, ÚÁËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÊ × ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ
\emph{ËÏÎÅÃ}, ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×ÓÔÒÅÞÁÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
\verb|\end{|\emph{ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ}\verb|}|. óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÉÌÌÀÓÔÒÉÒÕÅÔ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ \ci{newenvironment}.

\begin{example}
\newenvironment{king}
 {\rule{1ex}{1ex}%
      \hspace{\stretch{1}}}
 {\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
      \rule{1ex}{1ex}}

\begin{king}
íÏÉ ÓÍÉÒÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÏÄÄÁÎÎÙÅ\ldots
\end{king}
\end{example}

áÒÇÕÍÅÎÔ \emph{ÎÏÍÅÒ} ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÔÁË ÖÅ, ËÁË É ÄÌÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
\verb|\newcommand|. \LaTeX{} ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÉÒÕÅÔ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù ÎÅ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÌÉ ÕÖÅ
ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÅ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÈÏÄÉÔÅ ×ÓÅ ÖÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ,
ÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \ci{renewenvironment}. ïÎÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÏÔ ÖÅ
ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓ, ÞÔÏ ÌÉ \ci{newenvironment}.\sloppypar

ëÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ × ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ, ÂÕÄÕÔ ÒÁÚßÑÓÎÅÎÙ ÐÏÚÖÅ:
ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ \ci{rule} ÓÍ. ÎÁ ÓÔÒ.~\pageref{sec:rule}, ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ
\ci{stretch} ÏÐÉÓÁÎÁ ÎÁ ÓÔÒ.~\pageref{cmd:stretch}, Á ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
\ci{hspace} ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÔÒ.~\pageref{sec:hspace}.

\subsection{÷ÁÛ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÁËÅÔ}

ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÅ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÊ É ËÏÍÁÎÄ, ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÙ
×ÁÛÉÈ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÏ× ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÑÔÓÑ ÏÞÅÎØ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍÉ. ÷ ÜÔÏÊ ÓÉÔÕÁÃÉÉ
ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÕÍÎÙÍ ÓÏÚÄÁÔØ ÐÁËÅÔ \LaTeX{}, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ
×ÓÅÈ ×ÁÛÉÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄ É ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÊ. ðÏÔÏÍ ÍÏÖÎÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \ci{usepackage}
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÁËÅÔ × ×ÁÛÉÈ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÈ.\sloppypar

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\begin{lined}{\textwidth}
\begin{verbatim}
% ðÁËÅÔ ÄÌÑ ÄÅÍÏÎÓÔÒÁÃÉÉ. Tobias Oetiker.
\ProvidesPackage{demopack}
\newcommand{\tnss}{îÅ ÏÞÅÎØ ËÒÁÔËÏÅ ××ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × \LaTeXe}
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]{\emph{#1} ËÒÁÔËÏÅ
                       ××ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × \LaTeXe}
\newenvironment{king}{\begin{quote}}{\end{quote}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{lined}
\caption{ðÒÉÍÅÒ ÐÁËÅÔÁ} \label{package}
\end{figure}

óÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÐÁËÅÔÁ × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ ÓÏÓÔÏÉÔ ÉÚ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÁ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÇÏ ×ÁÛÅÊ
ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÙ × ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ, ÚÁËÁÎÞÉ×ÁÀÝÉÍÓÑ ÎÁ
\texttt{.sty}. åÓÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÁ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{ProvidesPackage}\verb|{|\emph{ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÁËÅÔÁ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}
\noindent × ÓÁÍÏÍ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ Ó ×ÁÛÉÍ
ÐÁËÅÔÏÍ. \verb|\ProvidesPackage| ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ \LaTeX{} ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÁËÅÔÁ,
ÞÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÅÍÕ ×ÙÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÏÓÍÙÓÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù
ÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ×ËÌÀÞÁÔØ ÐÁËÅÔ Ä×ÁÖÄÙ. éÌÌÀÓÔÒÁÃÉÑ~\ref{package} ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ
ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÐÁËÅÔÁ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÇÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ × ×ÙÛÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÈ
ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ.


\section{ûÒÉÆÔÙ É ÉÈ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ}


\subsection{ëÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ}

\index{ÛÒÉÆÔ}\index{ÛÒÉÆÔ!ÒÁÚÍÅÒ} \LaTeX{} ×ÙÂÉÒÁÅÔ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÑÝÅÅ
ÎÁÞÅÒÔÁÎÉÅ É ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ, ÏÓÎÏ×Ù×ÁÑÓØ ÎÁ ÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÅ
ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ (ÒÁÚÄÅÌÙ, ÓÎÏÓËÉ,~\ldots). éÎÏÇÄÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÏ
ÓÍÅÎÉÔØ ÛÒÉÆÔ ×ÒÕÞÎÕÀ. äÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ,
ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÍÉ × ÔÁÂÌÉÃÁÈ~\ref{fonts} É~\ref{sizes}. äÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ
ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÉÚÁÊÎÏÍ É ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ËÌÁÓÓÁ É
ÏÐÃÉÊ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ. ôÁÂÌÉÃÁ~\ref{tab:pointsizes} ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÁÂÓÏÌÀÔÎÙÅ
ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ÜÔÉÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍ × ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÈ ËÌÁÓÓÁÈ
ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÏ×.

% üÈ, ÎÅ ÐÅÒÅ×ÅÓÔÉ ÉÇÒÕ ÓÌÏ× :(
%\begin{example}
%{\small The small and
%\textbf{bold} Romans ruled}
%{\Large all of great big
%\textit{Italy}.}
%\end{example}

\begin{example}
  {\small íÁÌÅÎØËÉÊ,
    \textbf{ÐÏÌÕÖÉÒÎÙÊ},
    \Large ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ,
    \textit{ËÕÒÓÉ×}.}
\end{example}

÷ÁÖÎÁÑ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔØ \LaTeXe{} ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔÓÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÁÔÒÉÂÕÔÙ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ
ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÙ. üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÁ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÉÌÉ
ÄÁÖÅ ÓÅÍÅÊÓÔ×Á ÛÒÉÆÔÁ, ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÑ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÉ ÁÔÒÉÂÕÔÏ× ÎÁËÌÏÎÁ
ÉÌÉ ÎÁÓÙÝÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ.

÷ \emph{ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ} ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ \emph{ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ}
ÓÍÅÎÙ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ×ÙÊÔÉ ÉÚ \emph{ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÒÅÖÉÍÁ} É
××ÅÓÔÉ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅËÌÀÞÉÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÛÒÉÆÔ
ÄÌÑ ×ÅÒÓÔËÉ ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉËÉ, ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ
ËÏÍÁÎÄ. óÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ~\ref{mathfonts}.

\begin{table}[!bp]
\caption{ûÒÉÆÔÙ} \label{fonts}
\begin{lined}{12cm}
%
% Alan suggested not to tell about the other form of the command
% eg \verb|\sffamily| or \verb|\bfseries|. This seems a good thing to me.
%
\begin{tabular}{@{}rl@{\qquad}rl@{}}
\fni{textrm}\verb|{...}|        &      \textrm{\wi{ÐÒÑÍÏÊ ÛÒÉÆÔ}}&
\fni{textsf}\verb|{...}|        &      \textsf{\wi{ÂÅÚ ÚÁÓÅÞÅË}}\\
\fni{texttt}\verb|{...}|        &      \texttt{ÐÉÛÕÝÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎËÁ}\\[6pt]
\fni{textmd}\verb|{...}|        &      \textmd{ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙÊ}&
\fni{textbf}\verb|{...}|        &      \textbf{\wi{ÐÏÌÕÖÉÒÎÙÊ}}\\[6pt]
\fni{textup}\verb|{...}|        &       \textup{\wi{ÐÒÑÍÏÊ ÛÒÉÆÔ}}&
\fni{textit}\verb|{...}|        &       \textit{\wi{ËÕÒÓÉ×}}\\
\fni{textsl}\verb|{...}|        &       \textsl{\wi{ÎÁËÌÏÎÎÙÊ ÛÒÉÆÔ}}&
\fni{textsc}\verb|{...}|        &       \textsc{\wi{ËÁÐÉÔÅÌØ}}\\[6pt]
\ci{emph}\verb|{...}|          &            \emph{×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÛÒÉÆÔ} &
\fni{textnormal}\verb|{...}|    &    \textnormal{ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ}
\end{tabular}

\bigskip
\end{lined}
\end{table}


\begin{table}[!bp]
\index{ÛÒÉÆÔ!ÒÁÚÍÅÒ}
\caption{òÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ} \label{sizes}
\begin{lined}{12cm}
\begin{tabular}{@{}ll}
\fni{tiny}      & \tiny        ËÒÏÛÅÞÎÙÊ \\
\fni{scriptsize}   & \scriptsize  ÏÞÅÎØ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÊ\\
\fni{footnotesize} & \footnotesize  ÄÏ×ÏÌØÎÏ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÊ \\
\fni{small}        &  \small        ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÊ \\
\fni{normalsize}   &  \normalsize  ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙÊ \\
\fni{large}        &  \large       ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ
\end{tabular}%
\qquad\begin{tabular}{ll@{}}
\fni{Large}        &  \Large       ÅÝÅ ÂÏÌØÛÅ \\[5pt]
\fni{LARGE}        &  \LARGE       ÏÞÅÎØ ÂÏÌØÛÏÊ \\[5pt]
\fni{huge}         &  \huge        ÏÇÒÏÍÎÙÊ \\[5pt]
\fni{Huge}         &  \Huge        ÇÒÏÍÁÄÎÙÊ
\end{tabular}

\bigskip
\end{lined}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!tbp]
\caption{áÂÓÏÌÀÔÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÛÒÉÆÔÏ× × ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÙÈ ËÌÁÓÓÁÈ}
\label{tab:pointsizes}
\label{tab:sizes}
\begin{lined}{12cm}
\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{òÁÚÍÅÒ}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{10pt (ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ)}} &
           \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{ÏÐÃÉÑ 11pt}}  &
           \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{ÏÐÃÉÑ 12pt}}\\[6pt]
\verb|\tiny|       & 5pt  & 6pt & 6pt\\
\verb|\scriptsize| & 7pt  & 8pt & 8pt\\
\verb|\footnotesize| & 8pt & 9pt & 10pt \\
\verb|\small|        & 9pt & 10pt & 11pt \\
\verb|\normalsize| & 10pt & 11pt & 12pt \\
\verb|\large|      & 12pt & 12pt & 14pt \\
\verb|\Large|      & 14pt & 14pt & 17pt \\
\verb|\LARGE|      & 17pt & 17pt & 20pt\\
\verb|\huge|       & 20pt & 20pt & 25pt\\
\verb|\Huge|       & 25pt & 25pt & 25pt\\
\end{tabular}

\bigskip
\end{lined}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!bp]
\caption{íÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÛÒÉÆÔÙ} \label{mathfonts}
\begin{lined}{\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{@{}lll@{}}
\textit{ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ}&\textit{ðÒÉÍÅÒ}&    \textit{÷Ù×ÏÄ}\\[6pt]
\fni{mathcal}\verb|{...}|&    \verb|$\mathcal{B}=c$|&     $\mathcal{B}=c$\\
\fni{mathrm}\verb|{...}|&     \verb|$\mathrm{K}_2$|&      $\mathrm{K}_2$\\
\fni{mathbf}\verb|{...}|&     \verb|$\sum x=\mathbf{v}$|& $\sum x=\mathbf{v}$\\
\fni{mathsf}\verb|{...}|&     \verb|$\mathsf{G\times R}$|&        $\mathsf{G\times R}$\\
\fni{mathtt}\verb|{...}|&     \verb|$\mathtt{L}(b,c)$|&   $\mathtt{L}(b,c)$\\
\fni{mathnormal}\verb|{...}|& \verb|$\mathnormal{R_{19}}\neq R_{19}$|&
$\mathnormal{R_{19}}\neq R_{19}$\\
\fni{mathit}\verb|{...}|&     \verb|$\mathit{ffi}\neq ffi$|& $\mathit{ffi}\neq ffi$
\end{tabular}

\bigskip
\end{lined}
\end{table}

÷ Ó×ÑÚÉ Ó ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ ÚÁÍÅÔÎÕÀ ÒÏÌØ ÉÇÒÁÀÔ
\wi{ÆÉÇÕÒÎÙÅ ÓËÏÂËÉ}. ïÎÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ
\emph{ÇÒÕÐÐ}. çÒÕÐÐÙ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÀÔ ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ËÏÍÁÎÄ
\LaTeX{}.\index{ÇÒÕÐÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ}

\begin{example}
  åÍÕ ÎÒÁ×ÑÔÓÑ {\LARGE
    ÂÏÌØÛÉÅ É {\small
      ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÅ} ÂÕË×Ù}.
\end{example}

ëÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ×ÌÉÑÀÝÉÅ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ, ×ÌÉÑÀÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ÎÁ ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ
ÓÔÒÏËÁÍÉ, ÎÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÅÓÌÉ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÊ ÁÂÚÁà ÚÁËÁÎÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ
ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ. ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÚÁËÒÙ×ÁÀÝÁÑ ÆÉÇÕÒÎÁÑ ÓËÏÂËÁ \verb|}|
ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÓÔÏÑÔØ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÒÁÎÏ. úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ \verb|\par|
× ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ Ä×ÕÈ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁÈ\footnote{\texttt{\bs{}par} ÜË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÅÎ
  ÐÕÓÔÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ.}:
\begin{example}
{\Large îÅ ÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ! üÔÏ
ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÄÁ. ÷ÅÒØÔÅ ÍÎÅ!\par}
\end{example}

\begin{example}
{\Large üÔÏ ÔÏÖÅ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÄÁ.
îÏ ÐÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ Ñ ×ÒÕ.}\par
\end{example}

åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ Ë ÃÅÌÏÍÕ ÁÂÚÁÃÕ
ÔÅËÓÔÁ ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓ
ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ.

\begin{example}
  \begin{Large}
    üÔÏ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÄÁ. îÏ
    ÞÔÏ × ÎÁÛÉ ÄÎÉ\ldots
  \end{Large}
\end{example}

\noindent üÔÏ ÉÚÂÁ×ÉÔ ×ÁÓ ÏÔ ÐÏÄÓÞÅÔÁ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Á ÆÉÇÕÒÎÙÈ ÓËÏÂÏË.


\subsection{ïÐÁÓÎÏÓÔØ!}

ëÁË ÏÔÍÅÞÅÎÏ × ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÜÔÏÊ ÇÌÁ×Ù, ÏÐÁÓÎÏ ÕÓÅÉ×ÁÔØ ×ÁÛÉ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÙ
Ñ×ÎÙÍÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ, ×ÒÏÄÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÞÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÈ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ
ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÒÅÞÉÔ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÉÄÅÅ \LaTeX{}: ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÉÀ ÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÏÊ É
×ÉÚÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÔËÉ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ. üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù
ÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅÓØ ÏÄÎÉÍÉ É ÔÅÍÉ ÖÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁÍÉ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ × ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÍÅÓÔÁÈ
ÄÌÑ ×ÅÒÓÔËÉ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ×ÉÄÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ
\verb|\newcommand| É ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ, <<ÏÂÏÒÁÞÉ×ÁÀÝÕÀ>> × ÓÅÂÑ
ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÓÍÅÎÙ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ.

\begin{example}
% × ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÅ ÉÌÉ ÐÁËÅÔÅ
\newcommand{\danger}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
% × ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ
îÅ \danger{×ÈÏÄÉÔÅ} × ÜÔÕ ËÏÍÎÁÔÕ.
ïÎÁ ÚÁÎÑÔÁ \danger{ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ}
ÎÅÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏÇÏ ÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ.
\end{example}

üÔÏÔ ÐÏÄÈÏÄ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÔÏ ÐÒÅÉÍÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÐÏÚÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÒÅÛÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ
ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ ×ÉÚÕÁÌØÎÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ
ÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ,\trfootnote{danger} ÎÅÖÅÌÉ
\verb|\textbf|, ÂÅÚ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÐÒÏÂÉÒÁÔØÓÑ ÞÅÒÅÚ ×ÅÓØ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ,
ÏÔÙÓËÉ×ÁÑ ×ÓÅ ×ÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÑ \verb|\textbf| É ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÑ, ÏÔÍÅÞÁÅÔ ÌÉ ËÁÖÄÏÅ
ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔØ ÉÌÉ ÞÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ.


\subsection{óÏ×ÅÔ}

äÌÑ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ÎÁÛÅÇÏ ÐÕÔÅÛÅÓÔ×ÉÑ × ÍÉÒ ÛÒÉÆÔÏ× É ÉÈ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏ×,
ÐÏÚ×ÏÌØÔÅ ÄÁÔØ ×ÁÍ ÏÄÉÎ ÓÏ×ÅÔ:

\begin{quote}
  \underline{\textbf{ðÏÍÎÉÔÅ\Huge!}} \textit{þÅÍ}
  \textsf{â\textbf{\LARGE ï}\texttt{ìø}\textsl{ûå}} ÛÒÉÆÔÏ× \Huge ×Ù
  \tiny ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ \footnotesize \textbf{×} ×ÁÛÅÍ \small
  \texttt{ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ}, \large \textit{ÔÅÍ} \normalsize ÌÅÇÞÅ
  \textsc{ÅÇÏ ÞÉÔÁÔØ} É ÔÅÍ \textsl{\textsf{ËÒÁÓÉ×ÅÅ}} ÏÎ
  Â\large{}Õ\Large{}Ä\LARGE{}Å\huge{}Ô\normalsize.
\end{quote}


\section{éÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÙ}


\subsection{éÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÙ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÓÔÒÏËÁÍÉ}

\index{ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌ!ÍÅÖÄÕÓÔÒÏÞÎÙÊ} åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÙ Â\'ÏÌØÛÉÅ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÙ ÍÅÖÄÕ
ÓÔÒÏËÁÍÉ, ÔÏ ÉÈ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÐÏÍÅÝÅÎÉÅÍ × ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÕ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{linespread}\verb|{|\emph{ËÏÜÆÆÉÃÉÅÎÔ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}
\noindent äÌÑ ÐÅÞÁÔÉ <<ÞÅÒÅÚ ÐÏÌÔÏÒÁ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÁ>> ÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ
\verb|\linespread{1.3}|, ÄÌÑ ÐÅÞÁÔÉ <<ÞÅÒÅÚ Ä×Á ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÁ>>~---
\verb|\linespread{1.6}|. ðÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÜÔÏÔ ËÏÜÆÆÉÃÉÅÎÔ
ÒÁ×ÅÎ~1.\index{ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌ!Ä×ÏÊÎÏÊ}

úÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÜÆÆÅËÔ ÏÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ \ci{linespread} ÄÏ×ÏÌØÎÏ ÒÁÄÉËÁÌÅÎ, É
ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔ ÄÌÑ ÐÕÂÌÉËÕÅÍÙÈ ÒÁÂÏÔ. ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ
×ÅÓÏÍÙÅ ÓÏÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÖÓÔÒÏÞÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÁ, ÌÕÞÛÅ ÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ
ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ:

\begin{lscommand}
\verb|\setlength{\baselineskip}{1.5\baselineskip}|
\end{lscommand}

\begin{example}
{\setlength{\baselineskip}%
           {1.5\baselineskip}
üÔÏÔ ÁÂÚÁà ÎÁÂÒÁÎ Ó ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÏÍ × 
1.5 ÒÁÚÁ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÅÇÏ. úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ
ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ \par{} × ËÏÎÃÅ ÁÂÚÁÃÁ.\par}

ñÓÎÏ, ÚÁÞÅÍ ÎÁÂÒÁÔ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÂÚÁÃ: ÏÎ
ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁ ÚÁËÒÙ×ÁÀÝÅÊÓÑ 
ÆÉÇÕÒÎÏÊ ÓËÏÂËÏÊ ×ÓÅ ×ÅÒÎÕÌÏÓØ Ë
ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙÍ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÁÍ.
\end{example}


\subsection{æÏÒÍÁÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÁÂÚÁÃÅ×}
\label{parsp}

ä×Á ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ × \LaTeX{} ×ÌÉÑÀÔ ÎÁ ×ÅÒÓÔËÕ ÁÂÚÁÃÅ×. ðÏÍÅÓÔÉ× ×
ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÕ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ×ÉÄÁ
\begin{code}
\ci{setlength}\verb|{|\ci{parindent}\verb|}{0pt}| \\
\verb|\setlength{|\ci{parskip}\verb|}{1ex plus 0.5ex minus 0.2ex}|
\end{code}
×Ù ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÅ ×ÎÅÛÎÉÊ ×ÉÄ ÁÂÚÁÃÅ×. üÔÉ Ä×Å ÓÔÒÏÞËÉ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÀÔ
ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÁÂÚÁÃÁÍÉ É ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÀÔ ÁÂÚÁÃÎÙÊ ÏÔÓÔÕÐ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ
ÎÕÌÀ. 

þÁÓÔÉ \texttt{plus} É \texttt{minus} ÇÏ×ÏÒÑÔ \TeX{}, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÍÏÖÅÔ
Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ É ÕÍÅÎØÛÁÔØ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÁÂÚÁÃÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÅ ×ÅÌÉÞÉÎÙ,
ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÁÂÚÁÃÅ× ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ.

÷ å×ÒÏÐÅ ÁÂÚÁÃÙ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÏÔÄÅÌÑÀÔ ÐÒÏÂÅÌÁÍÉ É ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÀÔ × ÎÉÈ
ÏÔÓÔÕÐÁ. ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÉÍÅÊÔÅ × ×ÉÄÕ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ×ÌÉÑÅÔ ÔÁËÖÅ É ÎÁ ÏÇÌÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ:
ÅÇÏ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÔÏÖÅ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÑÔÓÑ ÔÅÐÅÒØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÖÅÎÎÙÍÉ. þÔÏÂÙ ÜÔÏÇÏ
ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ, ÜÔÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÎÅÓÔÉ ÉÚ ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÙ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ
ËÕÄÁ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÐÏÓÌÅ \verb|\tableofcontents|, ÉÌÉ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÈ
ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ × ÐÒÏÆÅÓÓÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÊ ËÎÉÖÎÏÊ ×ÅÒÓÔËÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ
×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÁÂÚÁÃÅ× ËÒÁÓÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ, Á ÎÅ ÐÒÏÂÅÌÁÍÉ.

åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÁÂÚÁÃÎÙÊ ÏÔÓÔÕÐ × ÎÅ ÉÍÅÀÝÅÍ ÅÇÏ ÁÂÚÁÃÅ, ÔÏ
×ÓÔÁ×ØÔÅ × ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÁÂÚÁÃÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ\footnote{äÌÑ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÔÓÔÕÐÁ Ë
  ÐÅÒ×ÏÍÕ ÁÂÚÁÃÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÁ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ ÐÁËÅÔÏÍ
  \pai{indentfirst} ÉÚ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÔÁ `tools'.}
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{indent}
\end{lscommand}
\noindent ðÏÎÑÔÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ÜÆÆÅËÔ ÏÔ ÎÅÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÅÓÌÉ
\verb|\parindent| ÎÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ ÎÕÌÀ.

äÌÑ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÁÂÚÁÃÁ ÂÅÚ ÏÔÓÔÕÐÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ ÁÂÚÁÃÁ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{noindent}
\end{lscommand}
\noindent üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÄÏÂÎÏ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÎÁÞÉÎÁÅÔÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ Ó ÔÅËÓÔÁ,
Á ÎÅ Ó ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÓÅËÃÉÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.


\subsection{çÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÙ}

\label{sec:hspace}
\LaTeX{} Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÐÒÏÂÅÌÙ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ É
ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎÉÑÍÉ. þÔÏÂÙ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÇÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÙÊ
ÐÒÏÂÅÌ\index{ÐÒÏÂÅÌ!ÇÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÙÊ}, ÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅÓØ
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{hspace}\verb|{|\emph{ÄÌÉÎÁ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}
åÓÌÉ ÔÁËÏÊ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÄÅÒÖÁÎ, ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ
ÎÁÞÁÌÏ ÉÌÉ ËÏÎÅÃ ÓÔÒÏËÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ \verb|\hspace*|, Á ÎÅ
\verb|\hspace|. ÷ ÐÒÏÓÔÅÊÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ \emph{ÄÌÉÎÁ}~--- ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÞÉÓÌÏ
É ÅÄÉÎÉÃÁ ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÑ. îÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÁÖÎÙÅ ÅÄÉÎÉÃÙ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ ×
ÔÁÂÌÉÃÅ~\ref{units}. \index{ÅÄÉÎÉÃÙ}\index{ÄÌÉÎÁ}

\begin{example}
ôÕÔ\hspace{1.5cm}ÐÒÏÂÅÌ
× 1,5ÓÍ.
\end{example}

%\suppressfloats
\begin{table}[tbp]
\caption{åÄÉÎÉÃÙ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÎÏÓÔÉ × \TeX{}} \label{units}\index{ÅÄÉÎÉÃÙ}
\begin{lined}{9.5cm}
\begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}}
\texttt{mm} & ÍÉÌÌÉÍÅÔÒ $\approx 1/25$~ÄÀÊÍÁ \quad \demowidth{1mm} \\
\texttt{cm} & ÓÁÎÔÉÍÅÔÒ $=$ 10~mm  \quad \demowidth{1cm}                     \\
\texttt{in} & inch $=$ 25.4~mm \quad \demowidth{1in}                    \\
\texttt{pt} & ÐÕÎËÔ $\approx 1/72$~ÄÀÊÍÁ $\approx \frac{1}{3}$~mm  \quad\demowidth{1pt}\\
\texttt{em} & ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÁÑ ÛÉÒÉÎÁ ÂÕË×Ù `M' ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ \quad \demowidth{1em}\\
\texttt{ex} & ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÁÑ ×ÙÓÏÔÁ ÂÕË×Ù `x' ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÛÒÉÆÔÁ \quad \demowidth{1ex}
\end{tabular}

\bigskip
\end{lined}
\end{table}

\label{cmd:stretch}
ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{stretch}\verb|{|\emph{n}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}
\noindent ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÅÔ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ <<ÒÅÚÉÎÏ×ÙÊ>> ÐÒÏÂÅÌ. ïÎ
ÒÁÓÔÑÇÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ÚÁÐÏÌÎÑÑ ×ÓÅ ÏÓÔÁ×ÛÅÅÓÑ ÍÅÓÔÁ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÏËÅ. åÓÌÉ ÎÁ ÏÄÎÏÊ
ÓÔÒÏËÅ ×ÓÔÒÅÞÁÀÔÓÑ Ä×Å ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
\verb|\hspace{\stretch{|\emph{n}\verb|}}|, ÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÒÁÓÔÑÇÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ
ÐÒÏÐÏÒÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏ Ó×ÏÉÍ ËÏÜÆÆÉÃÉÅÎÔÁÍ.\sloppypar

\begin{example}
x\hspace{\stretch{1}}
x\hspace{\stretch{3}}x
\end{example}

ðpÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÇÏpÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÉÎÔÅp×ÁÌÏ× ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÔÅËÓÔÏÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ
ÉÍÅÔØ ÓÍÙÓÌ ÇÅÎÅpÉpÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÎÔÅp×ÁÌ, pÁÚÍÅp ËÏÔÏpÏÇÏ ÓÏÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÓÑ Ó
pÁÚÍÅpÏÍ ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÛpÉÆÔÁ. üÔÏÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ ÐpÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ
ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÅÄÉÎÉÃ pÁÚÍÅpÎÏÓÔÉ \texttt{em} É \texttt{en}:

\begin{example}
{\Large{}big\hspace{1em}y}\\
{\tiny{}tin\hspace{1em}y}
\end{example}
 

\subsection{÷ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÙÅ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÙ}

éÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÙ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÁÂÚÁÃÁÍÉ, ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÍÉ, ÐÏÄÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÍÉ,~\ldots\
ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÀÔÓÑ \LaTeX{} Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ. ðÒÉ  ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ
ÐÒÏÂÅÌ \emph{ÍÅÖÄÕ Ä×ÕÍÑ ÁÂÚÁÃÁÍÉ} ÍÏÖÎÏ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{vspace}\verb|{|\emph{ÄÌÉÎÁ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÜÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ×ÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ Ä×ÕÍÑ ÐÕÓÔÙÍÉ ÓÔÒÏÞËÁÍÉ. åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ
ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÔØÓÑ ××ÅÒÈÕ ÉÌÉ ×ÎÉÚÕ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÓÏ Ú×ÅÚÄÏÞËÏÊ: \verb|\vspace*|.\index{ÐÒÏÂÅÌ!×ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÙÊ}

ëÏÍÁÎÄÕ \verb|\stretch| ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó \verb|\pagebreak| ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÔØ ÄÌÑ
×ÅÒÓÔËÉ ÔÅËÓÔÁ ÎÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÉÌÉ ÄÌÑ ×ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÏÇÏ
ÃÅÎÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÔÅËÓÔÁ ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ.
\begin{code}
\begin{verbatim}
îÅËÉÊ ÔÅËÓÔ\ldots

\vspace{\stretch{1}}
á ÜÔÏ ÏËÁÖÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ.\pagebreak
\end{verbatim}
\end{code}

äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÂÅÌ ÍÅÖÄÕ Ä×ÕÍÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁÍÉ \emph{ÏÄÎÏÇÏ} ÁÂÚÁÃÁ ÉÌÉ
×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÙ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{\bs}\verb|[|\emph{ÄÌÉÎÁ}\verb|]|
\end{lscommand}

ðÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ \ci{bigskip} É \ci{smallskip} ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÏÐÕÓÔÉÔØ ÚÁÒÁÎÅÅ
ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ ×ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÙÅ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÙ, ÎÅ ÚÁÄÕÍÙ×ÁÑÓØ Ï ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÙÈ
ÞÉÓÌÁÈ. 

\section{ëÏÍÐÏÎÏ×ËÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ}

\begin{figure}[!hp]
\begin{center}
\makeatletter\@layout\makeatother
\end{center}
\vspace*{1.8cm}
\caption{ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ËÏÍÐÏÎÏ×ËÉ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ}
\label{fig:layout}
\end{figure}

\index{ËÏÍÐÏÎÏ×ËÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ}
\LaTeXe{} ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ \wi{ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÂÕÍÁÇÉ} × ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ
\verb|\documentclass|. úÁÔÅÍ ÏÎ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×ÙÂÉÒÁÅÔ ÐÒÁ×ÏÅ
\wi{ÐÏÌÅ}. îÏ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÐÒÅÄÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÍÏÇÕÔ ×ÁÓ ÎÅ
ÕÓÔÒÏÉÔØ. âÅÚÕÓÌÏ×ÎÏ, ×Ù ÉÈ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ.
%no idea why this is needed here ...
\thispagestyle{fancyplain} éÌÌÀÓÔÒÁÃÉÑ~\ref{fig:layout} ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ×ÓÅ
ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ. ïÎÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÓÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ ÐÁËÅÔÏÍ
\pai{layout} ÉÚ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÔÁ
`tools'.\footnote{\texttt{\CTAN|macros/latex/required/tools|}}

\textbf{ðïäïöäéôå!} \ldots ÐÒÅÖÄÅ, ÞÅÍ ÎÅÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏ ÂÒÏÓÉÔØÓÑ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÕ
ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÕÚËÕÀ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÓÌÅÇËÁ ÐÏÛÉÒÅ, ÐÏÔÒÁÔØÔÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÅËÕÎÄ ÎÁ
ÒÁÚÍÙÛÌÅÎÉÑ. ðÏÄÏÂÎÏ ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ×ÅÝÁÍ, ×ÙÂÏÒ ËÏÍÐÏÎÏ×ËÉ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ ×
\LaTeX{} ×ÅÓØÍÁ ÐÒÏÄÕÍÁÎ.

âÅÚÕÓÌÏ×ÎÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÔØ ÓÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅÊ, ×ÙÄÁÎÎÏÊ Ó×ÅÖÅÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÙÍ MS
Word, ÔÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ \LaTeX{} ×ÙÇÌÑÄÑÔ ÕÖÁÓÎÏ ÕÚËÉÍÉ. ïÄÎÁËÏ, ×ÚÇÌÑÎÉÔÅ
ÎÁ ×ÁÛÕ ÌÀÂÉÍÕÀ ËÎÉÇÕ\footnote{éÍÅÑ × ×ÉÄÕ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÕÀ ÐÅÞÁÔÎÕÀ ËÎÉÇÕ,
  ×ÙÐÕÝÅÎÎÕÀ Õ×ÁÖÁÅÍÙÍ ÉÚÄÁÔÅÌØÓÔ×ÏÍ.} É ÐÏÓÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÂÕË× ÎÁ
ÏÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏÞËÅ. ÷Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÎÁ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÓÔÒÏÞËÅ ÎÅ ÂÏÌØÛÅ 66
ÂÕË×. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÉÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅÊ \LaTeX{}. ÷Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ É
ÚÄÅÓØ ÔÏÖÅ ÏËÏÌÏ 66 ÂÕË× × ÓÔÒÏËÅ. ïÐÙÔ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅÍ
ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Å ÂÕË× ÞÔÅÎÉÅ ÚÁÔÒÕÄÎÑÅÔÓÑ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ, ÞÔÏ ÇÌÁÚÁÍ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÓÑ
ÔÒÕÄÎÅÅ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÉÔØ ÏÔ ËÏÎÃÁ ÏÄÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ Ë ÎÁÞÁÌÕ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ. éÍÅÎÎÏ
ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÇÁÚÅÔÙ ÞÁÓÔÏ ×ÅÒÓÔÁÀÔÓÑ × ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ËÏÌÏÎÏË.

ôÁË ÞÔÏ, Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÑ ÛÉÒÉÎÕ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÔÅËÓÔÁ, ÉÍÅÊÔÅ × ×ÉÄÕ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù
ÚÁÔÒÕÄÎÑÅÔÅ ÖÉÚÎØ ÅÇÏ ÞÉÔÁÔÅÌÑÍ. ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÐÒÅÄÕÐÒÅÖÄÅÎÉÊ,
×ÁÍ ÂÙÌ ÏÂÅÝÁÎ ÒÁÓÓËÁÚ Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁË ÖÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ\ldots

\LaTeX{} ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ Ä×Å ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÄÌÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×. éÈ
ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ × ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÅ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ.

ðÅÒ×ÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÐÒÉÓ×ÁÉ×ÁÅÔ ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÌÀÂÏÍÕ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÕ:
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{setlength}\verb|{|\emph{ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ}\verb|}{|\emph{ÄÌÉÎÁ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

÷ÔÏÒÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÐÒÉÂÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÄÌÉÎÕ Ë ÌÀÂÏÍÕ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÕ:
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{addtolength}\verb|{|\emph{ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ}\verb|}{|\emph{ÄÌÉÎÁ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

ïÎÁ ÄÁÖÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁ, ÞÅÍ \ci{setlength}, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ×ÁÍ
ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÏË. þÔÏÂÙ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ
ÓÁÎÔÉÍÅÔÒ Ë ÏÂÝÅÊ ÛÉÒÉÎÅ ÔÅËÓÔÁ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, × ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÕ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ
ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:
\begin{code}
\verb|\addtolength{\hoffset}{-0.5cm}|\\
\verb|\addtolength{\textwidth}{1cm}|
\end{code}

úÄÅÓØ ×ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÅÎ ÐÁËÅÔ \pai{calc}, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÁÒÉÆÍÅÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÉ × ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÅ \verb|\setlength| É ×
ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÍÅÓÔÁÈ, ÇÄÅ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÁÍÉ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ.


\section{åÝÅ Ï ÄÌÉÎÁÈ}

÷ÓÅÇÄÁ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÉÚÂÅÇÁÊÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÈ
ÁÂÓÏÌÀÔÎÙÈ ×ÅÌÉÞÉÎ. ìÕÞÛÅ ÏÓÎÏ×Ù×ÁÊÔÅÓØ ÎÁ ÛÉÒÉÎÅ ÉÌÉ ×ÙÓÏÔÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ
ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔÏ× ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ. äÌÑ ÛÉÒÉÎÙ ÉÌÌÀÓÔÒÁÃÉÉ ÜÔÉÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÌÕÖÉÔØ
\verb|\textwidth|, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÎÁ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÑÌÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÃÅÌÉËÏÍ.

óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÔÒÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÛÉÒÉÎÕ, ×ÙÓÏÔÕ É ÇÌÕÂÉÎÕ
ÔÅËÓÔÏ×ÏÊ ÓÔÒÏËÉ.

\begin{lscommand}
\ci{settoheight}\verb|{|\emph{ÐÅpÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ}\verb|}{|\emph{ÔÅËÓÔ}\verb|}|\\
\ci{settodepth}\verb|{|\emph{ÐÅpÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ}\verb|}{|\emph{ÔÅËÓÔ}\verb|}|\\
\ci{settowidth}\verb|{|\emph{ÐÅpÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ}\verb|}{|\emph{ÔÅËÓÔ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

\noindent îÉÖÅÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÜÔÉÈ
ËÏÍÁÎÄ.

\begin{example}
\flushleft
\newenvironment{vardesc}[1]{%
  \settowidth{\parindent}{#1:\ }
  \makebox[0pt][r]{#1:\ }}{}

\begin{displaymath}
a^2+b^2=c^2
\end{displaymath}

\begin{vardesc}{çÄÅ}$a$,
$b$ -- ÐÒÉÌÅÇÁÀÔ Ë ÐÒÑÍÏÍÕ ÕÇÌÕ
ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÏÇÏ ÔÒÅÕÇÏÌØÎÉËÁ.

$c$ -- ÏÄÉÎÏËÁÑ ÇÉÐÏÔÅÎÕÚÁ
ÜÔÏÇÏ ÔÒÅÕÇÏÌØÎÉËÁ.

$d$ -- ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÔÕÔ ÎÅ ÕÞÁÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.
÷ÏÔ ÚÁÇÁÄËÁ\ldots
\end{vardesc}
\end{example}


\section{âÌÏËÉ}

\LaTeX{} ×ÙÓÔÒÁÉ×ÁÅÔ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ, ÐÅÒÅÄ×ÉÇÁÑ ÂÌÏËÉ. óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ËÁÖÄÁÑ ÂÕË×Á
Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÉÍ ÂÌÏËÏÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÒÉËÌÅÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ Ë ÄÒÕÇÉÍ ÂÕË×ÁÍ,
ÆÏÒÍÉÒÕÑ ÓÌÏ×Ï. óÌÏ×Á ÓËÌÅÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ, ÎÏ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÍ
ÜÌÁÓÔÉÞÎÙÍ ËÌÅÅÍ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÒÁÓÔÑÇÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÉÌÉ ÓÖÉÍÁÔØÓÑ, ÔÁË,
ÞÔÏÂÙ × ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔÉ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÕ.

îÁÄÏ ÐÒÉÚÎÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÄÏ×ÏÌØÎÏ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÎÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ
ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ, ÎÏ ÉÄÅÑ × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ \TeX{} ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ Ó ÂÌÏËÁÍÉ É
ËÌÅÅÍ. îÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÂÕË×Á ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÂÌÏËÏÍ. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ × ÂÌÏË
ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×ÓÅ, ÞÔÏ ÕÇÏÄÎÏ, ÎÅ ÉÓËÌÀÞÁÑ É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÂÌÏËÉ. ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÂÌÏË
ÚÁÔÅÍ ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ \LaTeX{}, ËÁË ÅÓÌÉ ÂÙ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÁ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÁÑ ÂÕË×Á.

÷ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÈ ÇÌÁ×ÁÈ ×Ù ÕÖÅ ×ÓÔÒÅÞÁÌÉ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÌÏËÉ, ÈÏÔÑ Ï ÜÔÏÍ É
ÎÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÌÏÓØ. ðÒÉÍÅÒÁÍÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ \ei{tabular} ÉÌÉ
\ci{includegraphics}, ÏÂÁ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÑÝÉÅ ÂÌÏË. üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÌÅÇËÏ
ÍÏÖÅÔÅ Ó×ÅÒÓÔÁÔØ ÒÑÄÏÍ Ä×Å ÔÁÂÌÉÃÙ ÉÌÉ ÉÌÌÀÓÔÒÁÃÉÉ. ôÏÌØËÏ ÕÂÅÄÉÔÅÓØ,
ÞÔÏ ÉÈ ÏÂÝÁÑ ÛÉÒÉÎÁ ÎÅ ÐÒÅ×ÙÛÁÅÔ \verb|\textwidth|.

÷Ù ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÐÁËÏ×ÁÔØ ÌÀÂÏÊ ÁÂÚÁÃ × ÂÌÏË ÉÌÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ

\begin{lscommand}
\ci{parbox}\verb|[|\emph{ÐÏÚ}\verb|]{|\emph{ÛÉÒÉÎÁ}\verb|}{|\emph{ÔÅËÓÔ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

\noindent ÉÌÉ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÅÍ

\begin{lscommand}
\verb|\begin{|\ei{minipage}\verb|}[|\emph{ÐÏÚ}\verb|]{|\emph{ÛÉÒÉÎÁ}\verb|}| ÔÅËÓÔ
\verb|\end{|\ei{minipage}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ \emph{ÐÏÚ} ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ ÏÄÎÕ ÉÚ ÂÕË× \texttt{c, t} ÉÌÉ
\texttt{b}, ËÏÎÔÒÏÌÉÒÕÑ ×ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÏÅ ×ÙÒÁ×ÎÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ÂÌÏËÁ ÐÏ ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÀ Ë
ÂÁÚÏ×ÏÊ ÌÉÎÉÉ ÏËÒÕÖÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÔÅËÓÔÁ. \emph{ûÉÒÉÎÁ} ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏÍ
ÄÌÉÎÕ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÀÝÕÀ ÛÉÒÉÎÕ ÂÌÏËÁ. ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÅ ÏÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ \ci{minipage}
É \ci{parbox}~--- × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ \ci{parbox} ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÅ
×ÓÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ É ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ, ÔÏÇÄÁ ËÁË ×ÎÕÔÒÉ \ci{minipage} ÍÏÖÎÏ
ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ×ÓÅ.

÷ ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÁË \ci{parbox} ÕÐÁËÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔ ÃÅÌÙÊ ÁÂÚÁÃ, ÒÁÚÂÉ×ÁÑ ÓÔÒÏÞËÉ
É ÐÒÏÞÅÅ, ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ËÌÁÓÓ ÂÌÏËÏ×ÙÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄ, ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÝÉÈ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÁ
ÇÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÏ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÎÏÍ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÅ. ïÄÎÕ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ ÍÙ ÕÖÅ ÚÎÁÅÍ. ïÎÁ
ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ \ci{mbox} É ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÕÐÁËÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÂÌÏËÏ×,
ÞÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÁ \LaTeX{} Ä×ÕÈ
ÓÌÏ×. ôÁË ËÁË ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÔØ ÏÄÎÉ ÂÌÏËÉ × ÄÒÕÇÉÅ, ÜÔÉ ÕÐÁËÏ×ÝÉËÉ
ÇÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÂÌÏËÏ× ÞÒÅÚ×ÙÞÁÊÎÏ ÇÉÂËÉ.

\begin{lscommand}
\ci{makebox}\verb|[|\emph{ÛÉÒÉÎÁ}\verb|][|\emph{ÐÏÚ}\verb|]{|\emph{ÔÅËÓÔ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

\noindent \emph{ûÉÒÉÎÁ} ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÛÉÒÉÎÕ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÂÌÏËÁ ÔÁË,
ËÁË ÅÇÏ ×ÉÄÎÏ ÓÎÁÒÕÖÉ.\footnote{üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
  ÍÅÎØÛÅ, ÞÅÍ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÂÌÏËÁ. ÷ ÐÒÅÄÅÌØÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
  ÄÁÖÅ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ÅÅ × 0pt, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÔÅËÓÔ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÂÌÏËÁ ×ÅÒÓÔÁÅÔÓÑ,
  ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÎÅ ÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÑ ×ÌÉÑÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÏËÒÕÖÁÀÝÉÅ ÂÌÏËÉ.} ëÒÏÍÅ ×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ
ÄÌÉÎÙ, ×Ù ÔÕÔ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ \ci{width}, \ci{height}, \ci{depth}
É \ci{totalheight}. ïÎÉ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍÉ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑÍ, ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÎÙÍ
ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÅÍ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× \emph{ÔÅËÓÔÁ}.\trfootnote{ûÉÒÉÎÁ, ×ÙÓÏÔÁ, ÇÌÕÂÉÎÁ
  É ÏÂÝÁÑ ×ÙÓÏÔÁ (×ÙÓÏÔÁ ÐÌÀÓ ÇÌÕÂÉÎÁ) ÔÅËÓÔÁ,
  ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.} ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ \emph{ÐÏÚ}
ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÏÄÎÏÂÕË×ÅÎÎÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ: \textbf{c}: ÃÅÎÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ,
\textbf{l}: ÏÔÖÁÔØ ×ÌÅ×Ï, \textbf{r}: ÏÔÖÁÔØ ×ÐÒÁ×Ï ÉÌÉ \textbf{s}:
ÒÁ×ÎÏÍÅÒÎÏ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÂÌÏË ÔÅËÓÔÏÍ.

ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ \ci{framebox} ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ × ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔÉ ÔÁË ÖÅ, ËÁË \ci{makebox}, ÎÏ
ÒÉÓÕÅÔ ÒÁÍËÕ ×ÏËÒÕÇ ÔÅËÓÔÁ.

óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄ
\ci{makebox} É \ci{framebox}.

\begin{example}
\makebox[\textwidth]{%
    Ã Å Î Ô Ò}\par
\makebox[\textwidth][s]{%
    Ò Á Ó Ô Ñ Î Õ Ô Ù Ê}\par
\framebox[1.1\width]{ñ ÔÅÐÅÒØ
  × ÒÁÍËÅ!} \par
\framebox[0.8\width][r]{ïÊ,
    Ñ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÔÏÌÓÔÙÊ} \par
\framebox[1cm][l]{ÎÉÞÅÇÏ,
  Ñ ÔÏÖÅ}
íÏÖÅÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ?
\end{example}

ôÅÐÅÒØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÍÙ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÅÍ ÇÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÀ, ÏÞÅ×ÉÄÎÙÊ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÛÁÇ~---
×ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØ. îÉËÁËÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ. ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ

\begin{lscommand}
\ci{raisebox}\verb|{|\emph{ÓÄ×ÉÇ}\verb|}[|\emph{ÇÌÕÂÉÎÁ}\verb|][|\emph{×ÙÓÏÔÁ}\verb|]{|\emph{ÔÅËÓÔ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

\noindent ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ×ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÙÅ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ
ÂÌÏËÁ. ÷ ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ ÔÒÅÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ \ci{width},
\ci{height}, \ci{depth} É \ci{totalwidth}, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ
ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÁ \emph{ÔÅËÓÔ}.

\begin{example}
\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\Large%
\textbf{Aaaa\raisebox{-0.3ex}{a}%
\raisebox{-0.7ex}{aa}%
\raisebox{-1.2ex}{a}%
\raisebox{-2.2ex}{a}%
\raisebox{-4.5ex}{a}}}
ËÒÉÞÁÌ ÏÎ, ÎÏ ÄÁÖÅ ÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÒÑÄÏÍ
ÎÅ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÌ, ÞÔÏ Ó ÎÉÍ ÓÌÕÞÉÌÏÓØ
ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÕÖÁÓÎÏÅ.
\end{example}


\section{ìÉÎÅÊËÉ É ÒÁÓÐÏÒËÉ}
\label{sec:rule}

îÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÔÒÁÎÉà ÎÁÚÁÄ ×Ù ÍÏÇÌÉ ÏÔÍÅÔÉÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ

\begin{lscommand}
\ci{rule}\verb|[|\emph{ÓÄ×ÉÇ}\verb|]{|\emph{ÛÉÒÉÎÁ}\verb|}{|\emph{×ÙÓÏÔÁ}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}

\noindent ðÒÉ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÏÎÁ ÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÅÔ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÞÅÒÎÙÊ
ÂÌÏË.

\newpage
\begin{example}
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[-1mm]{5mm}{1cm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[1mm]{1cm}{5mm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}
\end{example}

\noindent üÔÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÒÉÓÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÙÈ É
ÇÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÙÈ ÌÉÎÉÊ. îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÌÉÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÔÉÔÕÌØÎÏÍ ÌÉÓÔÅ ÎÁÒÉÓÏ×ÁÎÁ
ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \ci{rule}.

óÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÌÉÎÅÊËÁ, Õ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÎÅÔ ÛÉÒÉÎÙ, ÎÏ ÅÓÔØ
ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÁÑ ×ÙÓÏÔÁ. ÷ ÐÒÏÆÅÓÓÉÏÎÁÌØÎÏÊ ×ÅÒÓÔËÅ ÅÅ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔ
\emph{ÒÁÓÐÏÒËÏÊ}\index{ÒÁÓÐÏÒËÁ}. åÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÉÔØ
ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÕÀ ÍÉÎÉÍÁÌØÎÕÀ ×ÙÓÏÔÕ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÙ. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÅ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ \texttt{tabular}
ÉÍÅÀÝÅÊ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÕÀ ÍÉÎÉÍÁÌØÎÕÀ ×ÙÓÏÔÕ.

\begin{example}
\begin{tabular}{|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{4ex}Pitprop \ldots\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{4ex}Strut\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{example}

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\bigskip
{\flushright ëÏÎÅÃ.\par}

%