summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
blob: 2a810c81b3edd8c587770a88bfafac05871ecfa0 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>LaTeX2e reference manual 2.0</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e reference manual 2.0">
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.12">
<link title="Top" rel="top" href="#Top">
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
<!--
This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an
unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document preparation
system.  LaTeX is a macro package for TeX.

This was originally translated from `LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS
Help Library.  The pre-translation version was written by
GeorgeD. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University.  The
LaTeX2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore.  The
LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen.  Karl
Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
using `Hypertext Help with LaTeX', by Sheldon Green, and the
`LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by L.Botway
and C.Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as
`TeXniques' number 10), as reference material (text was not
directly copied).

Copyright (C) 2007, 2008 Karl Berry.

Copyright (C) 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.

Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.


Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.-->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
<style type="text/css"><!--
  pre.display { font-family:inherit }
  pre.format  { font-family:inherit }
  pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
  pre.smallformat  { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
  pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
  pre.smalllisp    { font-size:smaller }
  span.sc    { font-variant:small-caps }
  span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; } 
  span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; } 
--></style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="settitle">LaTeX2e reference manual 2.0</h1>
<div class="shortcontents">
<h2>Short Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#toc_Top">LaTeX2e</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Overview">1 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Starting-_0026-ending">2 Starting &amp; ending</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Document-classes">3 Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Typefaces">4 Typefaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Layout">5 Layout</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Cross-references">7 Cross references</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Environments">8 Environments</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Footnotes">9 Footnotes</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Definitions">10 Definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Counters">11 Counters</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Lengths">12 Lengths</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Line-breaking">13 Line breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Page-breaking">14 Page breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Modes">17 Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Page-Styles">18 Page Styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Spaces">19 Spaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Boxes">20 Boxes</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Letters">24 Letters</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Terminal-Input_002fOutput">25 Terminal Input/Output</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Command-Line">26 Command Line</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc_Command-Index">Command Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>



   <div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a name="toc_Top" href="#Top">LaTeX2e</a>
<li><a name="toc_Overview" href="#Overview">1 Overview of LaTeX</a>
<li><a name="toc_Starting-_0026-ending" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">2 Starting &amp; ending</a>
<li><a name="toc_Document-classes" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Typefaces" href="#Typefaces">4 Typefaces</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Font-styles">4.1 Font styles</a>
<li><a href="#Font-sizes">4.2 Font sizes</a>
<li><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.3 Low-level font commands</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Layout" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a>
<li><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Sectioning" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
<li><a name="toc_Cross-references" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Environments" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a>
<li><a href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a>
<li><a href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a>
<li><a href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a>
<li><a href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a>
<li><a href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a>
<li><a href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a>
<li><a href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a>
<li><a href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a>
<li><a href="#flushleft">8.11 <code>flushleft</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005craggedright">8.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#flushright">8.12 <code>flushright</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005craggedleft">8.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#itemize">8.13 <code>itemize</code></a>
<li><a href="#letter">8.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>
<li><a href="#list">8.15 <code>list</code></a>
<li><a href="#math">8.16 <code>math</code></a>
<li><a href="#minipage">8.17 <code>minipage</code></a>
<li><a href="#picture">8.18 <code>picture</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005ccircle">8.18.1 <code>\circle</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cdashbox">8.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cframe">8.18.5 <code>\frame</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cline">8.18.6 <code>\line</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005clinethickness">8.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cthicklines">8.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cthinlines">8.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cmultiput">8.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005coval">8.18.11 <code>\oval</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cput">8.18.12 <code>\put</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cshortstack">8.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cvector">8.18.14 <code>\vector</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#quotation">8.19 <code>quotation</code></a>
<li><a href="#quote">8.20 <code>quote</code></a>
<li><a href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a>
<li><a href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a>
<li><a href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005ccline">8.23.2 <code>\cline</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005chline">8.23.3 <code>\hline</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cvline">8.23.4 <code>\vline</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a>
<li><a href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a>
<li><a href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a>
<li><a href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Footnotes" href="#Footnotes">9 Footnotes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cfootnote">9.1 <code>\footnote</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cfootnotemark">9.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cfootnotetext">9.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a>
<li><a href="#Footnote-parameters">9.4 Footnote parameters</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Definitions" href="#Definitions">10 Definitions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">10.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnewcounter">10.2 <code>\newcounter</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnewlength">10.3 <code>\newlength</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnewsavebox">10.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">10.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnewtheorem">10.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnewfont">10.7 <code>\newfont</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cprotect">10.8 <code>\protect</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Counters" href="#Counters">11 Counters</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">11.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>
<li><a href="#_005cusecounter">11.2 <code>\usecounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cvalue">11.3 <code>\value{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005csetcounter">11.4 <code>\setcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005caddtocounter">11.5 <code>\addtocounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005crefstepcounter">11.6 <code>\refstepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cstepcounter">11.7 <code>\stepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">11.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Lengths" href="#Lengths">12 Lengths</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005csetlength">12.1 <code>\setlength{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005caddtolength">12.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</a>
<li><a href="#_005csettodepth">12.3 <code>\settodepth</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005csettoheight">12.4 <code>\settoheight</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005csettowidth">12.5 <code>\settowidth{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#Predefined-lengths">12.6 Predefined lengths</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Line-breaking" href="#Line-breaking">13 Line breaking</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005c_005c">13.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</a>
<li><a href="#_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">13.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnewline">13.3 <code>\newline</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">13.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>
<li><a href="#_005cfussy">13.5 <code>\fussy</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005csloppy">13.6 <code>\sloppy</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005chyphenation">13.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">13.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Page-breaking" href="#Page-breaking">14 Page breaking</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005ccleardoublepage">14.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cclearpage">14.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnewpage">14.3 <code>\newpage</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cenlargethispage">14.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">14.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Making-paragraphs" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cindent">15.1 <code>\indent</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></a>
<li><a href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Math-formulas" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">16.1 Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</a>
<li><a href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a>
<li><a href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a>
<li><a href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a>
<li><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a>
<li><a href="#Math-Miscellany">16.6 Math Miscellany</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Modes" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
<li><a name="toc_Page-Styles" href="#Page-Styles">18 Page Styles</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{</code><var>style</var><code>}</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Spaces" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cSPACE">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cAT">19.4 <code>\@</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005chrulefill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cdotfill">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005caddvspace">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cvfill">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cvspace">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{</code><var>length</var><code>}</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Boxes" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cmbox">20.1 <code>\mbox{</code><var>text}</var></a>
<li><a href="#_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a>
<li><a href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cmakebox">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cparbox">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005craisebox">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005csavebox">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Special-insertions" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a>
<li><a href="#Text-symbols">21.2 Text symbols</a>
<li><a href="#Accents">21.3 Accents</a>
<li><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">21.4 Non-English characters</a>
<li><a href="#_005crule">21.5 <code>\rule</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005ctoday">21.6 <code>\today</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Splitting-the-input" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cincludeonly">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cinput">22.3 \input</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Front_002fback-matter" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Tables-of-contents">23.1 Tables of contents</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005caddcontentsline">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</a>
<li><a href="#_005caddtocontents">23.1.2 \addtocontents</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="#Glossaries">23.2 Glossaries</a>
<li><a href="#Indexes">23.3 Indexes</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Letters" href="#Letters">24 Letters</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005caddress">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></a>
<li><a href="#_005ccc">24.2 <code>\cc</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cclosing">24.3 <code>\closing</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cencl">24.4 <code>\encl</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005clocation">24.5 <code>\location</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cmakelabels">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cname">24.7 <code>\name</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005copening">24.8 <code>\opening{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cps">24.9 <code>\ps</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005csignature">24.10 <code>\signature{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cstartbreaks">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005cstopbreaks">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005ctelephone">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Terminal-Input_002fOutput" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">25 Terminal Input/Output</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_005ctypein">25.1 <code>\typein[</code><var>cmd</var><code>]{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></a>
<li><a href="#_005ctypeout">25.2 <code>\typeout{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Command-Line" href="#Command-Line">26 Command Line</a>
<li><a name="toc_Document-templates" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#book-template">A.1 <code>book</code> template</a>
<li><a href="#beamer-template">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</a>
<li><a href="#tugboat-template">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Concept-Index" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>
<li><a name="toc_Command-Index" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>
</li></ul>
</div>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Top"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Overview">Overview</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dir">(dir)</a>

</div>

<h2 class="unnumbered">LaTeX2e</h2>

<p>This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an
unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document preparation
system.  It is intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the
standard version of LaTeX for many years.

   <p><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1"></a><a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie-2"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-Project-team-3"></a>LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth's
TeX typesetting program.  LaTeX was originally created by Leslie
Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers
(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>).  The official documentation written
by the LaTeX project is available there.  Again, the present
document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
maintainers.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Overview">Overview</a>:                     What is LaTeX? 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a>: 		The standard beginning and end of a document. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>: 		Some of the various classes available. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>: 			And fonts, such as bold, italics etc. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Layout">Layout</a>: 			Controlling the page layout. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>: 			How to section properly. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>: 		Automatic referencing. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#Environments">Environments</a>: 		Such as enumerate &amp; itemize. 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>: 	        Influencing line breaks. 
<li><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>: 	        Influencing page breaks. 
<li><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>: 			How to produce footnotes. 
<li><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>: 			Define your own commands etc. 
<li><a href="#Counters">Counters</a>: 			Internal counters used by LaTeX. 
<li><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>: 			The length commands. 
<li><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>: 		Paragraph commands. 
<li><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>: 		How to create mathematical formulas. 
<li><a href="#Modes">Modes</a>: 			Paragraph, Math or LR modes. 
<li><a href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>: 			Various styles of page layout. 
<li><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>: 		        Horizontal and vertical space. 
<li><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>:                        Making boxes. 
<li><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>: 		Inserting reserved and special characters. 
<li><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>: 		Dealing with big files by splitting. 
<li><a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>: 		Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. 
<li><a href="#Letters">Letters</a>: 			The letter class. 
<li><a href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a>: 	User interaction. 
<li><a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a>:                 System-independent command-line behavior. 
<li><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>:           Starter templates for various document classes. 
<li><a href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>:            	Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands. 
<li><a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>: 		General index. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Overview"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Top">Top</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">1 Overview of LaTeX</h2>

<p><a name="index-overview-of-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-4"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-overview-5"></a>
The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program
and the LaTeX &ldquo;macro package&rdquo; for TeX.  To be more specific,
it processes an input file containing the text of a document with
interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. 
It produces at least three files as output:

     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li>A main output file, which is one of:

          <ol type=1 start=1>
<li>If invoked as <samp><span class="command">latex</span></samp>, a &ldquo;Device Independent&rdquo; (<samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp>)
file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for
a variety of output devices.  You can view such <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> output of
LaTeX by using a program such as <samp><span class="command">xdvi</span></samp> (display directly)
or <samp><span class="command">dvips</span></samp> (convert to PostScript).

          <li>If invoked as <samp><span class="command">pdflatex</span></samp>, a &ldquo;Portable Document Format&rdquo;
(<samp><span class="file">.pdf</span></samp>) file.  Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
all fonts and images embedded.  This can be very useful, but it does
make the output much larger than the <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> produced from the
same document.
          </ol>

     <p>There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well,
which can produce HTML, XML, and other things.

     <li>A &ldquo;transcript&rdquo; or <samp><span class="file">.log</span></samp> file that contains summary information and
diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.

     <li>An &ldquo;auxiliary&rdquo; or <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for
things such as sectioning.
        </ol>

   <p>A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a
<code>\</code> followed by either (a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a
single non-letter.  Arguments contained in square brackets, <code>[]</code>,
are optional while arguments contained in braces, <code>{}</code>, are
required.

   <p>LaTeX is case sensitive.  Enter all commands in lower case unless
explicitly directed to do otherwise.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Starting-%26-ending"></a>
<a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Overview">Overview</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">2 Starting &amp; ending</h2>

<p><a name="index-starting-_0026-ending-6"></a><a name="index-ending-_0026-starting-7"></a>
A minimal input file looks like the following:

<pre class="example">     \documentclass{<var>class</var>}
     \begin{document}
     <var>your text</var>
     \end{document}
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for LaTeX. 
See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, for details of the various document classes
available locally.

   <p><a name="index-preamble_002c-defined-8"></a>You may include other LaTeX commands between the <code>\documentclass</code>
and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands (this area is called the
<dfn>preamble</dfn>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Document-classes"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>

<p><a name="index-document-classes-9"></a><a name="index-classes-of-documents-10"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cdocumentclass-11"></a>
The class of a given document is defined with the command:

<pre class="example">     \documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>}
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a
LaTeX source file.

   <p><a name="index-article-_0040r_007bclass_007d-12"></a><a name="index-report-_0040r_007bclass_007d-13"></a><a name="index-book-_0040r_007bclass_007d-14"></a><a name="index-letter-_0040r_007bclass_007d-15"></a><a name="index-slides-_0040r_007bclass_007d-16"></a>Built-in LaTeX document <var>class</var> names are (many other document
classes are available as add-ons; see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>):

<pre class="example">     article  report  book  letter  slides
</pre>
   <!-- xx briefly describe each one -->
   <p>Standard <var>options</var> are described below.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>:    Global options. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Document-class-options"></a>
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>

<p><a name="index-document-class-options-17"></a><a name="index-options_002c-document-class-18"></a><a name="index-class-options-19"></a><a name="index-global-options-20"></a>
You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn>
to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square
brackets as usual.  To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate
them with a comma:

<pre class="example">     \documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>}
</pre>
   <p>Here is the list of the standard class options.

   <p><a name="index-g_t10pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-21"></a><a name="index-g_t11pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-22"></a><a name="index-g_t12pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-23"></a>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):

<pre class="example">     10pt  11pt  12pt
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-a4paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-24"></a><a name="index-a5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-25"></a><a name="index-b5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-26"></a><a name="index-executivepaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-27"></a><a name="index-legalpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-28"></a><a name="index-letterpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-29"></a>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>):

<pre class="example">     a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-draft-_0040r_007boption_007d-30"></a><a name="index-final-_0040r_007boption_007d-31"></a><a name="index-fleqn-_0040r_007boption_007d-32"></a><a name="index-landscape-_0040r_007boption_007d-33"></a><a name="index-leqno-_0040r_007boption_007d-34"></a><a name="index-openbib-_0040r_007boption_007d-35"></a><a name="index-titlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-36"></a><a name="index-notitlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-37"></a>Miscellaneous other options:

     <dl>
<dt><code>draft, final</code><dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting-38"></a>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>. 
<br><dt><code>fleqn</code><dd>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. 
<br><dt><code>landscape</code><dd>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. 
<br><dt><code>leqno</code><dd>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. 
<br><dt><code>openbib</code><dd>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format. 
<br><dt><code>titlepage, notitlepage</code><dd>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. 
</dl>

   <p>These options are not available with the slides class:

   <p><a name="index-onecolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-39"></a><a name="index-twocolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-40"></a><a name="index-oneside-_0040r_007boption_007d-41"></a><a name="index-twoside-_0040r_007boption_007d-42"></a><a name="index-openright-_0040r_007boption_007d-43"></a><a name="index-openany-_0040r_007boption_007d-44"></a>
     <dl>
<dt><code>onecolumn</code><dt><code>twocolumn</code><dd>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>.

     <br><dt><code>oneside</code><dt><code>twoside</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cevensidemargin-45"></a><a name="index-g_t_005coddsidemargin-46"></a>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
for the <code>book</code> class.

     <p>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines
the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
page and the text's left margin.  The defaults vary with the paper
size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected.  For one-sided
printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is
40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>
with <code>\evensidemargin</code> the remainder.

     <br><dt><code>openright</code><dt><code>openany</code><dd>Determines if a chapter should start on a
right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book. 
</dl>

   <p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.

   <p><a name="index-packages_002c-loading-47"></a><a name="index-loading-additional-packages-48"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cusepackage-49"></a>Additional packages are loaded like this:

<pre class="example">     \usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>}
</pre>
   <p>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a
comma, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands.

   <p><a name="index-global-options-50"></a><a name="index-options_002c-global-51"></a>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Typefaces"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Layout">Layout</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">4 Typefaces</h2>

<p><a name="index-typefaces-52"></a><a name="index-fonts-53"></a>
Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size
and a style.  The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>:                  Select roman, italics etc. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>:                   Select point size. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a>:      Select encoding, family, series, shape. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Font-styles"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.1 Font styles</h3>

<p><a name="index-font-styles-54"></a><a name="index-typeface-styles-55"></a><a name="index-styles-of-text-56"></a>
The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.

   <p>These commands are used like <code>\textit{italic text}</code>. The
corresponding command in parenthesis is the &ldquo;declaration form&rdquo;, which
takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
next type style command or the end of the current group.

   <p>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold
sans serif.

   <p>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance,
<code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextrm-57"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crmfamily-58"></a>Roman.

     <br><dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextit-59"></a><a name="index-g_t_005citshape-60"></a>Italics.

     <br><dt><code>\emph</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cemph-61"></a><a name="index-emphasis-62"></a>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>).

     <br><dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextmd-63"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmdseries-64"></a>Medium weight (default).

     <br><dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbf-65"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbfseries-66"></a>Boldface. 
<br><dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextup-67"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cupshape-68"></a>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. 
<br><dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsl-69"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cslshape-70"></a>Slanted. 
<br><dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsf-71"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csffamily-72"></a>Sans serif. 
<br><dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsc-73"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cscshape-74"></a>Small caps. 
<br><dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctexttt-75"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cttfamily-76"></a>Typewriter. 
<br><dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextnormal-77"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalfont-78"></a>Main document font. 
<br><dt><code>\mathrm</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathrm-79"></a>Roman, for use in math mode. 
<br><dt><code>\mathbf</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathbf-80"></a>Boldface, for use in math mode. 
<br><dt><code>\mathsf</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathsf-81"></a>Sans serif, for use in math mode. 
<br><dt><code>\mathtt</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathtt-82"></a>Typewriter, for use in math mode.

     <br><dt><code>\mathit</code><dt><code>(\mit)</code><dd>Italics, for use in math mode.

     <br><dt><code>\mathnormal</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathnormal-83"></a>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. 
<br><dt><code>\mathcal</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathcal-84"></a>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. 
</dl>

   <p>In addition, the command
<code>\mathversion{bold}</code>
<a name="index-g_t_005cmathversion-85"></a>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.

   <p>LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative.  They are used
differently than the above commands, too: <code>{\</code><var>cmd</var><code> ...}</code>
instead of <code>\</code><var>cmd</var><code>{...}</code>.  These are two very different
things.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\bf</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbf-86"></a><dd><a name="index-bold-font-87"></a>Switch to <b>bold face</b>.

     <br><dt><code>\cal</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccal-88"></a><dd><a name="index-script-letters-for-math-89"></a><a name="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math-90"></a>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.

     <br><dt><code>\em</code><a name="index-g_t_005cem-91"></a><dd><a name="index-emphasis-92"></a>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).

     <br><dt><code>\it</code><a name="index-g_t_005cit-93"></a><dd><a name="index-italic-font-94"></a>Italics.

     <br><dt><code>\rm</code><a name="index-g_t_005crm-95"></a><dd><a name="index-roman-font-96"></a>Roman.

     <br><dt><code>\sc</code><a name="index-g_t_005csc-97"></a><dd><a name="index-small-caps-font-98"></a>Small caps.

     <br><dt><code>\sf</code><a name="index-g_t_005csf-99"></a><dd><a name="index-sans-serif-font-100"></a>Sans serif.

     <br><dt><code>\sl</code><a name="index-g_t_005csl-101"></a><dd><a name="index-slanted-font-102"></a><a name="index-oblique-font-103"></a>Slanted (oblique).

     <br><dt><code>\tt</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctt-104"></a><dd><a name="index-typewriter-font-105"></a><a name="index-monospace-font-106"></a><a name="index-fixed_002dwidth-font-107"></a>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Font-sizes"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.2 Font sizes</h3>

<p><a name="index-font-sizes-108"></a><a name="index-typeface-sizes-109"></a><a name="index-sizes-of-text-110"></a>
The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. 
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
size used (in points) with the &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo; document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005ctiny-111"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cscriptsize-112"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotesize-113"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csmall-114"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalsize-115"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clarge-116"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cLarge-117"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cLARGE-118"></a><a name="index-g_t_005chuge-119"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cHuge-120"></a>
   <p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><th valign="top">Command  </th><th valign="top"><code>10pt</code>  </th><th valign="top"><code>11pt</code>  </th><th valign="top"><code>12pt</code>
<br></th></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\tiny</code>
</td><td valign="top">5          </td><td valign="top">6          </td><td valign="top">6
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\scriptsize</code>
</td><td valign="top">7          </td><td valign="top">8          </td><td valign="top">8
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\footnotesize</code>
</td><td valign="top">8          </td><td valign="top">9          </td><td valign="top">10
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\small</code>
</td><td valign="top">9          </td><td valign="top">10         </td><td valign="top">10.95
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)
</td><td valign="top">10         </td><td valign="top">10.95      </td><td valign="top">12
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\large</code>
</td><td valign="top">12         </td><td valign="top">12         </td><td valign="top">14.4
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\Large</code>
</td><td valign="top">14.4       </td><td valign="top">14.4       </td><td valign="top">17.28
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\LARGE</code>
</td><td valign="top">17.28      </td><td valign="top">17.28      </td><td valign="top">20.74
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\huge</code>
</td><td valign="top">20.74      </td><td valign="top">20.74      </td><td valign="top">24.88
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\Huge</code>
</td><td valign="top">24.88      </td><td valign="top">24.88      </td><td valign="top">24.88
   <br></td></tr></table>

   <p>The commands as listed here are &ldquo;declaration forms&rdquo;. The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
end of the current group.  You can also use the environment form of
these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Low-level-font-commands"></a>
<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">4.3 Low-level font commands</h3>

<p><a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands-121"></a><a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel-122"></a>
These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages.  The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\fontencoding{enc}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontencoding-123"></a>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\fontfamily{family}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontfamily-124"></a>Select font family. Valid families include:

          <ul>
<li><code>cmr</code>  for Computer Modern Roman
<li><code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif
<li><code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter
</ul>

     <p>and numerous others.

     <br><dt><code>\fontseries{series}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontseries-125"></a>Select font series. Valid series include:

          <ul>
<li><code>m</code>  Medium (normal)
<li><code>b</code>  Bold
<li><code>c</code>  Condensed
<li><code>bc</code> Bold condensed
<li><code>bx</code> Bold extended
</ul>

     <p>and various other combinations.

     <br><dt><code>\fontshape{shape}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontshape-126"></a>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:

          <ul>
<li><code>n</code>  Upright (normal)
<li><code>it</code> Italic
<li><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)
<li><code>sc</code> Small caps
<li><code>ui</code> Upright italics
<li><code>ol</code> Outline
</ul>

     <p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.

     <br><dt><code>\fontsize{size}{skip}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontsize-127"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbaselineskip-128"></a>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter
named <code>\baselineskip</code>.  The unit of both parameters defaults to
pt.  The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface
is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.

     <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbaselinestretch-129"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bsetspace_007d-package-130"></a>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the
default is 1.  However, the best way to &ldquo;double space&rdquo; a document,
if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the
<code>setspace</code> package; see
<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</a>.

     <br><dt><code>\selectfont</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cselectfont-131"></a>The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do
not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called.

     <br><dt><code>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cusefont-132"></a>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Layout"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>

<p><a name="index-layout-commands-133"></a>
Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a>:               Use one-column layout. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>:               Use two-column layout. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>:             Make all text pages the same height. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>:            Allow text pages of differing height. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>:   \headheight \footskip. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5conecolumn"></a>
<a name="g_t_005conecolumn"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005conecolumn-134"></a><a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output-135"></a>
The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
single-column output.  This is the default.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ctwocolumn"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctwocolumn-136"></a><a name="index-multicolumn-text-137"></a><a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output-138"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>]
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
two-column output. If the optional <var>text1col</var> argument is present,
it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting
starts.

   <p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\columnsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnsep-139"></a><dd>The distance between columns (35pt by default).

     <br><dt><code>\columnseprule</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnseprule-140"></a><dd>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.

     <br><dt><code>\columnwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnwidth-141"></a><dd>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in
single-column text.

   </dl>

   <p>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdbltopfraction-142"></a><dd>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
by floats.  Default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.7</span></samp>&rsquo;, can be usefully redefined to (say)
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.9</span></samp>&rsquo; to avoid going to float pages so soon.

     <br><dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdblfloatpagefraction-143"></a><dd>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
for a two-column float page.  Default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.5</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdblfloatsep-144"></a><dd>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
page.  Default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">14pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdbltextfloatsep-145"></a><dd>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
and the main text.  Default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cflushbottom"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cflushbottom-146"></a>
The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same
height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the
page.

   <p>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected
(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5craggedbottom"></a>
<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedbottom-147"></a><a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical-148"></a>
The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural
height of the material on that page.  No rubber lengths will be
stretched.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Page-layout-parameters"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>

<p><a name="index-page-layout-parameters-149"></a><a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout-150"></a><a name="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for-151"></a><a name="index-header_002c-parameters-for-152"></a><a name="index-footer_002c-parameters-for-153"></a><a name="index-running-header-and-footer-154"></a>
     <dl>
<dt><code>\headheight</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheadheight-155"></a><dd>Height of the box that contains the running head.  Default is
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">30pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the
type size.

     <br><dt><code>\headsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheadsep-156"></a><dd>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text.  Default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">25pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, except in the <code>book</code>
class, where it varies with the type size.

     <br><dt><code>\footskip</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootskip-157"></a><dd>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer.  Default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">30pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, except in the <code>book</code>
class, where it varies with the type size.

     <br><dt><code>\linewidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005clinewidth-158"></a><dd>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size,
paper width, two-column mode, etc.  For an <code>article</code> document in
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, it's set to &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">345pt</span></samp>&rsquo;; in two-column mode, that
becomes &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">229.5pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\textheight</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextheight-159"></a><dd>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
the font size, document class, etc.  For an <code>article</code> or
<code>report</code> document in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, it's set to
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">43\baselineskip</span></samp>&rsquo;; for <code>book</code>, it's &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">41\baselineskip</span></samp>&rsquo;. 
For &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, it's &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">38\baselineskip</span></samp>&rsquo; and for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">36\baselineskip</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\textwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextwidth-160"></a><dd>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as
usual.  For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it's
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">345pt</span></samp>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">360pt</span></samp>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">390pt</span></samp>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.  For a <code>book</code> document, it's
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">4.5in</span></samp>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">5in</span></samp>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\topmargin</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopmargin-161"></a><dd>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header.  The default is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</code>, and
then divided by two.

     <br><dt><code>\topskip</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopskip-162"></a><dd>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text.  For the standard clases, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Sectioning"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Layout">Layout</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>

<p><a name="index-sectioning-163"></a>
Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\part</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpart-164"></a><br><dt><code>\chapter</code><a name="index-g_t_005cchapter-165"></a><dd>(report and book class only)
<br><dt><code>\section</code><a name="index-g_t_005csection-166"></a><br><dt><code>\subsection</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubsection-167"></a><br><dt><code>\subsubsection</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubsubsection-168"></a><br><dt><code>\paragraph</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparagraph-169"></a><br><dt><code>\subparagraph</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubparagraph-170"></a><dd></dl>

   <p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,

<pre class="example">     \chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}
</pre>
   <p>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the
section title can appear in two other places:

     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li>The table of contents. 
<li>The running head at the top of the page.
        </ol>

   <p>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. 
To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
places.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands-171"></a>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print
<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
entry in the table of contents.  For instance:

<pre class="example">     \section*{Preamble}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cappendix-172"></a><a name="index-appendix_002c-creating-173"></a>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered.  The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts.  The normal use of this
command is something like

<pre class="example">     \chapter{A Chapter}
     ...
     \appendix
     \chapter{The First Appendix}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Cross-references"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Environments">Environments</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>

<p><a name="index-cross-references-174"></a>
One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&rdquo;

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>:       Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>:     Refer to a page number. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>:         Refer to a section, figure or similar. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5clabel"></a>
<a name="g_t_005clabel"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005clabel-175"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \label{<var>key</var>}
</pre>
   <p>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
<var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>.

   <p>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
punctuation characters.  Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.

   <p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by
a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:

     <dl>
<dt><code>ch</code><dd>for chapters
<br><dt><code>sec</code><dd>for lower-level sectioning commands
<br><dt><code>fig</code><dd>for figures
<br><dt><code>tab</code><dd>for tables
<br><dt><code>eq</code><dd>for equations
</dl>

   <p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or
<code>fig.snark</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cpageref"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpageref-176"></a><a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number-177"></a><a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing-178"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \pageref{<var>key</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\pageref</code>{<var>key</var>} command produces the page number of
the place in the text where the corresponding
<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cref"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cref"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cref-179"></a><a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic-180"></a><a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing-181"></a><a name="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing-182"></a><a name="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing-183"></a><a name="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing-184"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \ref{<var>key</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, <small class="dots">...</small>, of the corresponding
<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>).  It does not produce any text,
such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Environments"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>

<p><a name="index-environments-185"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_005cbegin-186"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cend-187"></a>
LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. 
Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:

<pre class="example">     \begin{<var>envname</var>}
     ...
     \end{<var>envname</var>}
</pre>
   <ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#abstract">abstract</a>:     Produce an abstract. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#array">array</a>:        Math arrays. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#center">center</a>:       Centred lines. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#description">description</a>:  Labelled lists. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>:  Formulas that appear on their own line. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#document">document</a>:     Enclose the whole document. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>:    Numbered lists. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>:     Sequences of aligned equations. 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#equation">equation</a>:     Displayed equation. 
<li><a href="#figure">figure</a>:       Floating figures. 
<li><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>:    Flushed left lines. 
<li><a href="#flushright">flushright</a>:   Flushed right lines. 
<li><a href="#itemize">itemize</a>:      Bulleted lists. 
<li><a href="#letter">letter</a>:       Letters. 
<li><a href="#list">list</a>:         Generic list environment. 
<li><a href="#math">math</a>:         In-line math. 
<li><a href="#minipage">minipage</a>:     Miniature page. 
<li><a href="#picture">picture</a>:      Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. 
<li><a href="#quotation">quotation</a>:    Indented environment with paragraph indentation. 
<li><a href="#quote">quote</a>:        Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. 
<li><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>:      Align text arbitrarily. 
<li><a href="#table">table</a>:        Floating tables. 
<li><a href="#tabular">tabular</a>:      Align text in columns. 
<li><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>:      Bibliography or reference list. 
<li><a href="#theorem">theorem</a>:      Theorems, lemmas, etc. 
<li><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>:    For hand crafted title pages. 
<li><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>:     Simulating typed input. 
<li><a href="#verse">verse</a>:        For poetry and other things. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="abstract"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#array">array</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-abstract-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-188"></a><a name="index-abstracts-189"></a>
Synopsis:
<pre class="example">     \begin{abstract}
     ...
     \end{abstract}
</pre>
   <p>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="array"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#center">center</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#abstract">abstract</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-array-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-190"></a><a name="index-arrays_002c-math-191"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{array}{<var>template</var>}
     <var>col1 text</var>&amp;<var>col1 text</var>&amp;<var>coln</var>}\\
     ...
     \end{array}
</pre>
   <p>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally
within an <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>).  It has a
single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of
columns and the alignment within them.  Each column <var>col</var> is
specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should
be formatted, as follows:

     <dl>
<dt><code>c</code><dd>centered
<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>flush left
<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>flush right
</dl>

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007barray_007d_0029-192"></a>Column entries are separated by <code>&amp;</code>.  Column entries may include
other LaTeX commands.  Each row of the array is terminated with
<code>\\</code>.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_0040_0040_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_0040_007d-193"></a>In the template, the construct <code>@{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> puts <var>text</var>
between columns in each row.

   <p>Here's an example:

<pre class="example">     \begin{equation}
       \begin{array}{lrc}
       left1 &amp; right1 &amp; centered1 \\
       left2 &amp; right2 &amp; centered2 \\
       \end{array}
     \end{equation}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005carraycolsep-194"></a>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space
separating columns; the default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">5pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.  See <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>, for other
parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments,
namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>.

   <p>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="center"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#description">description</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#array">array</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-center-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-195"></a><a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for-196"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{center}
     <var>line1</var> \\
     <var>line2</var> \\
     \end{center}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bcenter_007d_0029-197"></a>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right
margins on the current page.  Each line is terminated with the
string <code>\\</code>.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a>:           Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ccentering"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ccentering"></a>
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#center">center</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccentering-198"></a><a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for-199"></a>
The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code>
environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such
as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.  Thus, the text of a figure or
table can be centered on the page by putting a <code>\centering</code>
command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.

   <p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command
does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of
the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of
an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.

   <p>Here's an example:

<pre class="example">     \begin{quote}
     \centering
     first line \\
     second line \\
     \end{quote}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="description"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#center">center</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-description-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-200"></a><a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating-201"></a><a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating-202"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{description}
     \item [<var>label1</var>] <var>item1</var>
     \item [<var>label2</var>] <var>item2</var>
     ...
     \end{description}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005citem-203"></a>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists.  Each
<var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right.  The <var>item</var> text may
contain multiple paragraphs.

   <p><a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding-204"></a><a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists-205"></a>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you'll get
bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</code>.  This
may be too bold, among other issues.  To get just typewriter, use
<code>\tt</code>, which resets all other style variations: <code>\item[{\tt
plain typewriter}]</code>.

   <p>For details about list spacing, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="displaymath"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#document">document</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#description">description</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-206"></a>
Synopsis:
<pre class="example">     \begin{displaymath}
     <var>math</var>
     \end{displaymath}
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">or

<pre class="example">     \[<var>math</var>\]
</pre>
   <p>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym)
typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default. 
The global <code>fleqn</code> option makes equations flush left; see
<a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.

   <p>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an
equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="document"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-document-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-207"></a>
The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. 
It is required in every LaTeX document.  See <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="enumerate"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#document">document</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-enumerate-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-208"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered-209"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{enumerate}
     \item <var>item1</var>
     \item <var>item2</var>
     ...
     \end{enumerate}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also
be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
<code>itemize</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>) and <code>description</code>
(see <a href="#description">description</a>).

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005citem-210"></a>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. 
There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.

   <p>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:

     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li>1., 2., <small class="dots">...</small>
<li>(a), (b), <small class="dots">...</small>
<li>i., ii., <small class="dots">...</small>
<li>A., B., <small class="dots">...</small>
        </ol>

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cenumi-211"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumii-212"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumiii-213"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumiv-214"></a>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code>
through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).  If the optional
argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for
that item.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumi-215"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumii-216"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumiii-217"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumiv-218"></a>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label.  So, you can
use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).  For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
letters:

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cAlph-_0040r_007bexample_007d-219"></a>
<pre class="example">     \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="eqnarray"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#equation">equation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-eqnarray-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-220"></a><a name="index-equations_002c-aligning-221"></a><a name="index-aligning-Equations-222"></a>
<pre class="example">     \begin{eqnarray}  <span class="roman">(or </span><code>eqnarray*</code><span class="roman">)</span>
     <var>formula1</var> \\
     <var>formula2</var> \\
     ...
     \end{eqnarray}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-223"></a>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of
equations or inequalities.  It is very much like a three-column
<code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code>
and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&amp;</code>.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-224"></a><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cnonumber-225"></a><a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting-226"></a>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
<code>\nonumber</code> command.  Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the
environment (<code>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</code>) will
omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as
<code>eqnarray</code>.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005clefteqn-227"></a>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="equation"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#figure">figure</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-228"></a><a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for-229"></a><a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for-230"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{equation}
     <var>math</var>
     \end{equation}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code>
environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>), e.g., centering the <var>math</var> text
on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="figure"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#equation">equation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-figure-231"></a><a name="index-inserting-figures-232"></a><a name="index-figures_002c-inserting-233"></a>
<pre class="example">     \begin{figure}[<var>placement</var>]
     <var>figbody</var>
     \label{<var>label}</var>
     \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>text</var>}
     \end{figure}
</pre>
   <p>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
instead &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. 
Figures will not be split between two pages.

   <p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try
to place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
put a float:

     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li><code>h</code> (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure
environment appears. 
<li><code>t</code> (Top) - at the top of a text page. 
<li><code>b</code> (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page. 
<li><code>p</code> (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
        </ol>

   <p>The standard report and article classes use the default placement
<code>tbp</code>.

   <p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. 
you wish.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005ccaption-234"></a>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the
figure.  The caption is numbered by default.  If <var>loftitle</var> is
present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var>
(see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>).

<!-- xx float-placement, float-caption sections? -->
     
<a name="index-g_t_005cbottomfraction-235"></a>
<dl>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
the bottom; default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.3</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfloatpagefraction-236"></a><dd>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.5</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\floatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfloatsep-237"></a><dd>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\intextsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cintextsep-238"></a><dd>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo; styles,
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">14pt plus4pt minus4pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\textfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextfloatsep-239"></a><dd>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\textfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextfraction-240"></a><dd>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page.  The default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.2</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\topfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopfraction-241"></a><dd>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.7</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="flushleft"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#flushright">flushright</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#figure">figure</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>flushleft</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-flushleft-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-242"></a><a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-243"></a><a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for-244"></a>
<pre class="example">     \begin{flushleft}
     <var>line1</var> \\
     <var>line2</var> \\
     ...
     \end{flushleft}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bflushleft_007d_007d-245"></a>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>:         Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5craggedright"></a>
<a name="g_t_005craggedright"></a>
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedright-246"></a><a name="index-ragged-right-text-247"></a><a name="index-left_002djustifying-text-248"></a><a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right-249"></a>
The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushleft</code> environment.  This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.

   <p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="flushright"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#itemize">itemize</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushright</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-flushright-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-250"></a><a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for-251"></a><a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-252"></a>
<pre class="example">     \begin{flushright}
     <var>line1</var> \\
     <var>line2</var> \\
     ...
     \end{flushright}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bflushright_007d_0029-253"></a>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left.  Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a>:    Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5craggedleft"></a>
<a name="g_t_005craggedleft"></a>
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#flushright">flushright</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedleft-254"></a><a name="index-ragged-left-text-255"></a><a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left-256"></a><a name="index-right_002djustifying-text-257"></a>
The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushright</code> environment.  This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.

   <p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="itemize"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#letter">letter</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#flushright">flushright</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>itemize</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-itemize-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-258"></a><a name="index-g_t_005citem-259"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items-260"></a><a name="index-unordered-lists-261"></a><a name="index-bulleted-lists-262"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{itemize}
     \item <var>item1</var>
     \item <var>item2</var>
     ...
     \end{itemize}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
list.  Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
levels deep.  They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).

   <p>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. 
There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.

   <p>By default, the marks at each level look like this:

     <ol type=1 start=1>
<li>&bull;
<li><b>--<!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash)
<li>*
<li>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
        </ol>

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemi-263"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemii-264"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemiii-265"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemiv-266"></a>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label.  So, you can
use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels.  For instance, to have
the first level use diamonds:

<pre class="example">     \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmargin-267"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmargini-268"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginii-269"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginiii-270"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginiv-271"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginv-272"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginvi-273"></a>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define
the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the list.  By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set
to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin</code><var>N</var> when a new level of
nesting is entered.

   <p>The defaults vary from &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.5em</span></samp>&rsquo; (highest levels of nesting) to
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">2.5em</span></samp>&rsquo; (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. 
This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:

<pre class="example">     \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
</pre>
   <!-- xx should be in its own generic section -->
   <p>Some parameters that affect list formatting:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\itemindent</code><a name="index-g_t_005citemindent-274"></a><dd>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.

     <br><dt><code>\labelsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005clabelsep-275"></a><dd>Space between the label and text of an item; default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.5em</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\labelwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005clabelwidth-276"></a><dd>Width of the label; default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">2em</span></samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1.5em</span></samp>&rsquo; in two-column mode.

     <br><dt><code>\listparindent</code><a name="index-g_t_005clistparindent-277"></a><dd>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
list item; default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\rightmargin</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightmargin-278"></a><dd>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
enclosing environment; default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, except in the <code>quote</code>,
<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal
to <code>\leftmargin</code>.

   </dl>

   <p>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
loose, by default).

     <dl>
<dt><code>\itemsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005citemsep-279"></a><dd>Vertical space between items.  The default is <code>2pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\parsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparsep-280"></a><dd>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item.  Defaults
are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\topsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopsep-281"></a><dd>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. 
The default is <code>4pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents,
<code>6pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>9pt plus3pt
minus5pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\partopsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpartopsep-282"></a><dd>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a
paragraph.  The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code>
documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt
plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\topsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopsep-283"></a><dd>Extra vertical space added before an initial and after a final list
item.  Its value is changed with list level and font size changes; for
instance, within a first-level list at &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, it is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">4pt
plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   </dl>

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cparskip-_0040r_007bexample_007d-284"></a>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items.  Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>):

<pre class="example">     \newenvironment{itemize*}%
       {\begin{itemize}%
         \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
         \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
         \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
       {\end{itemize}}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="letter"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#list">list</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#itemize">itemize</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>

<p><a name="index-letter-285"></a>
This environment is used for creating letters.  See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="list"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#math">math</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#letter">letter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>list</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-list-286"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic-287"></a>
The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
documents, but often in macros.

<pre class="example">     \begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>}
     \item <var>item1</var>
     \item <var>item2</var>
     ...
     \end{list}
</pre>
   <p>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be
labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>). 
This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
label.  It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.

   <p>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the
spacing parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be
empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="math"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#minipage">minipage</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#list">list</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>math</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-288"></a><a name="index-in_002dline-formulas-289"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{math}
     <var>math</var>
     \end{math}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the
running text.  <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. 
See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="minipage"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#picture">picture</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#math">math</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>minipage</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-minipage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-290"></a><a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a-291"></a>
<pre class="example">     \begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>]{<var>width</var>}
     <var>text</var>
     \end{minipage}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a
block that will not be broken across pages (similar to the
<code>\parbox</code> command, see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>).  You may use other
paragraph-making environments inside a minipage (unlike <code>\parbox</code>).

<!-- (xxref positions) -->
   <p>It takes an optional <var>position</var> argument for placing <var>text</var>,
and a mandatory <var>width</var> argument for specifying the line width.

   <p><a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage-292"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage-293"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cparindent-294"></a>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code>
environment.  You can restore indentation with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command.

   <p><a name="index-footnotes-in-figures-295"></a><a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in-296"></a>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary
<code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).

   <p>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="picture"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#quotation">quotation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#minipage">minipage</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>picture</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-picture-297"></a><a name="index-creating-pictures-298"></a><a name="index-pictures_002c-creating-299"></a>
<pre class="example">     \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
     ... <var>picture commands</var> ...
     \end{picture}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cunitlength-300"></a>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. 
You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying
their coordinates.  A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
point and a minus sign&mdash;a number like <code>5</code>, <code>0.3</code> or
<code>-3.1416</code>.  A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set
to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
centimeters.  You should only change the value of <code>\unitlength</code>,
using the <code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code>
environment.

   <p>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>. 
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.  Note that
when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.

   <p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
<code>position</code>.  It specifies the size of the picture.  The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
argument's x- and y-coordinates.

   <p>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code>
argument, following the <code>size</code> argument, that can change the
origin.  (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
(thereby determining the origin).  For example, if <code>\unitlength</code>
has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command
<pre class="example">        \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</pre>
   <p>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220).  When you first
draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin
at the lower-left corner.  If you then want to modify your picture by
shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.

   <p>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
picture.  This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
off the page.  The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining
how much room to leave for it.

   <p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code>
command. The command

<pre class="example">     \put (11.3,-.3){...}
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the
picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). 
The reference points for various objects will be described below.

   <p><a name="index-lR-box-301"></a>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>.  You can put anything
that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) in the text argument of
the <code>\put</code> command.  When you do this, the reference point will
be the lower left corner of the box.

   <p>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a>:              Draw a circle. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>:   Draw a box of the specified size. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>:  Draw a box with a frame around it. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>:             Draw a dashed box. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>:               Draw a frame around an object. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>:                Draw a straight line. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>:       Set the line thickness. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>:          A heavier line thickness. 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>:           The default line thickness. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>:            Draw multiple instances of an object. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>:                Draw an ellipse. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>:                 Place an object at a specified place. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>:          Make a pile of objects. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>:              Draw a line with an arrow. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ccircle"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.1 <code>\circle</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccircle-302"></a>
<pre class="example">     \circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
to the specified one as possible.  The <code>*</code>-form of the command
draws a solid circle.

   <p>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cmakebox-(picture)"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-303"></a>
<code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code>

   <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to
the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a
<code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>.

   <p>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that
your text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:

     <ul>
<li><code>t</code> - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
<li><code>b</code> - Moves the item to the bottom
<li><code>l</code> - Moves the item to the left
<li><code>r</code> - Moves the item to the right
</ul>

   <p>See <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cframebox-(picture)"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cframebox-304"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
that it creates.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxrule-305"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxsep-306"></a>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness
<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule
and the contents of the box.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cdashbox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cdashbox-307"></a>
Draws a box with a dashed line.  Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a
<code>picture</code> environment.  Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the
rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>. 
The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>.  <!-- xxref positions. -->

   <p>A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are
multiples of the <code>dlen</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cframe"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.5 <code>\frame</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cframe-308"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \frame{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>. 
The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame.  No extra
space is put between the frame and the object.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cline"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cline"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.6 <code>\line</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cline-309"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and
slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>.

   <p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with <var>slope</var> = x/y,
where x and y have integer values from &minus;6
through&nbsp;6.  For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5clinethickness"></a>
<a name="g_t_005clinethickness"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005clinethickness-310"></a>
The <code>\linethickness{</code><var>dim</var><code>}</code> command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
<var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length.

   <p><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cthicklines"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthicklines-311"></a>
The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
cf.&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cthinlines"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthinlines-312"></a>
The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
cf.&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cmultiput"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmultiput-313"></a>
Synopsis:
<pre class="example">     \multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular
pattern across a picture.  <var>obj</var> is first placed at position
(x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on,
<var>n</var> times.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5coval"></a>
<a name="g_t_005coval"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.11 <code>\oval</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005coval-314"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. 
The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to select part of the
oval via the following:

     <dl>
<dt><code>t</code><dd>selects the top portion;
<br><dt><code>b</code><dd>selects the bottom portion;
<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>selects the right portion;
<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>selects the left portion. 
</dl>

   <p>The &ldquo;corners&rdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
maximum radius of 20<span class="dmn">pt</span>, so large &ldquo;ovals&rdquo; will look more like
boxes with rounded corners.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cput"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cput"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.12 <code>\put</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cput-315"></a>
<code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ...  }</code>

   <p>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory
argument at the given coordinates.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cshortstack"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cshortstack"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cshortstack-316"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects.  The valid
positions are:

     <dl>
<dt><code>r</code><dd>Move the objects to the right of the stack. 
<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>Move the objects to the left of the stack
<br><dt><code>c</code><dd>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
</dl>

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007b_0028for-_0040code_007b_005cshortstack_007d-objects_0029_007d-317"></a>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cvector"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cvector"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.18.14 <code>\vector</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvector-318"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope.  The x and y values must lie between
&minus;4 and +4, inclusive.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="quotation"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#quote">quote</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#picture">picture</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>quotation</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-quotation-319"></a><a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-320"></a><a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation-321"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text-322"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{quotation}
     <var>text</var>
     \end{quotation}
</pre>
   <p>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both
the left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins. 
Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.

   <p>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented
normally.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="quote"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#quotation">quotation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quote</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-quote-323"></a><a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-324"></a><a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation-325"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting-326"></a>
Snyopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{quote}
     <var>text</var>
     \end{quote}
</pre>
   <p>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the
left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a
blank line between text produces a new paragraph.

   <p>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="tabbing"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#table">table</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#quote">quote</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-tabbing-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-327"></a><a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using-328"></a><a name="index-lining-text-up-in-columns-using-tab-stops-329"></a><a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing-330"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{tabbing}
     <var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\
     <var>row2col1</var> \&gt;                \&gt; <var>row2col3</var> \\
     ...
     \end{tabbing}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in
columns.  It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
was done on an ordinary typewriter.  It is best suited for cases where
the width of each column is constant and known in advance.

   <p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code>
environment.

   <p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">tabbing</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007btabbing_007d-331"></a><dd>End a line.

     <br><dt><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-332"></a><dd>Sets a tab stop at the current position.

     <br><dt><code>\&gt; </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-333"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-334"></a>Advances to the next tab stop.

     <br><dt><code>\&lt;</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_003c-335"></a><dd>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin).  Can only be used at the start of the line.

     <br><dt><code>\+</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002b-336"></a><dd>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.

     <br><dt><code>\-</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002d-337"></a><dd>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.

     <br><dt><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-338"></a><dd>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>,
<code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right
of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.

     <br><dt><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-339"></a><dd>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0.  However, it can't move text to the right of the last column
because there's no tab stop there.  The <code>\`</code> command moves all the
text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code>
command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
environment.  There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or <code>\'</code> command between
the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.

     <br><dt><code>\a </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ca-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-340"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ca_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-341"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ca_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-342"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ca_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-343"></a>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>).  Instead,
the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.

     <br><dt><code>\kill</code><a name="index-g_t_005ckill-344"></a><dd>Sets tab stops without producing text.  Works just like <code>\\</code>
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
output for it.  The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code>
commands in that line remain in effect.

     <br><dt><code>\poptabs</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpoptabs-345"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cpoptabs-346"></a>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\pushtabs</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpushtabs-347"></a><dd>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.

     <br><dt><code>\tabbingsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctabbingsep-348"></a><dd>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>.

   </dl>

   <p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:

<pre class="example">     \begin{tabbing}
     function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
              \&gt; begin \= \+ \\
                    \&gt; if \= n $&gt;$ 1 then \+ \\
                             fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
                       else \+ \\
                             fact := 1; \-\- \\
                 end;\\
     \end{tabbing}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="table"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tabular">tabular</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-table-349"></a><a name="index-tables_002c-creating-350"></a><a name="index-creating-tables-351"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">      \begin{table}[placement]
     
       body of the table
     
      \caption{table title}
      \end{table}
</pre>
   <p>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
usually &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, like the top of a page. 
Tables will not be split between two pages.

   <p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try
to place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
a float:

     <ul>
<li><code>h</code>: Here - at the position in the text where the table
environment appears. 
<li><code>t</code>: Top - at the top of a text page. 
<li><code>b</code>: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. 
<li><code>p</code>: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
containing no text, only floats. 
</ul>

   <p>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default
placement <code>[tbp]</code>.

   <p>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.,
you wish.  The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="tabular"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#table">table</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-tabular-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-352"></a><a name="index-lines-in-tables-353"></a><a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables-354"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
     ...
     \end{tabular}
</pre>
   <p>or

<pre class="example">     \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
     ...
     \end{tabular*}
</pre>
   <p>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
items, aligned vertically in columns.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007btabular_007d_007d-355"></a><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
except for the last, where it is optional&mdash;unless an <code>\hline</code>
command (to put a rule below the table) follows.

   <p>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:

     <dl>
<dt><code>width</code><dd>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment.  There must be
rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
width. 
<br><dt><code>pos</code><dd>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
the environment.

          <ul>
<li><code>t</code> - align on top row
<li><code>b</code> - align on bottom row
</ul>

     <br><dt><code>cols</code><dd>Specifies the column formatting.  It consists of a sequence of the
following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
intercolumn material.

          <ul>
<li><code>l</code> - A column of left-aligned items. 
<li><code>r</code> - A column of right-aligned items. 
<li><code>c</code> - A column of centred items. 
<li><code>|</code> - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. 
<li><code>@{text}</code> - This inserts <code>text</code> in every row.  An @-expression
suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any
desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be
included in text.  An <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an
@-expression causes an extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the
left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
<code>\extracolsep</code> command.  Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this
extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression.  An
<code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an @-expression in the
<code>cols</code> argument. 
<li><code>p{wd}</code> - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of
width <code>wd</code>, as if it were the argument of a <code>\parbox[t]{wd}</code>
command.  However, a <code>\\</code> may not appear in the item, except in the
following situations:
               <ol type=1 start=1>
<li>inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>. 
<li>inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>. 
<li>in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
declaration.  The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
environment when used in a <code>p</code>-column element.
               </ol>
<li><code>*{num}{cols}</code> - Equivalent to <code>num</code> copies of
<code>cols</code>, where <code>num</code> is any positive integer and <code>cols</code> is
any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
<code>*-expression</code>.

     </ul>

   </dl>

   <p>Parameters that control formatting:
<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->

     <dl>
<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005carrayrulewidth-356"></a><dd>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and
<code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the
default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.4pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\arraystretch</code><a name="index-g_t_005carraystretch-357"></a><dd>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments; default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>&rsquo;,for no scaling.

     <br><dt><code>\doublerulesep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdoublerulesep-358"></a><dd>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code>
in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">2pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><code>\tabcolsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctabcolsep-359"></a><dd>Half the width of the space between columns; default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">6pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   </dl>

   <p>These commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code> environment:

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a>:         Make an item spanning several columns. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>:               Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>:               Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a>:               Draw a vertical line. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cmulticolumn"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmulticolumn-360"></a>
Synopsis:
<pre class="example">     \multicolumn{<var>cols</var>}{<var>pos</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several
columns.  The first mandatory argument, <var>cols</var>, specifies the
number of columns to span.  The second mandatory argument, <var>pos</var>,
specifies the formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code>
for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright.  The third mandatory argument,
<var>text</var>, specifies what text to put in the entry.

   <p>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
<code>\multicolumn</code> is used for the heading:

<pre class="example">     \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
     \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
        0x80&amp;0x7FF   \cr
       0x800&amp;0xFFFF  \cr
     0x10000&amp;0x1FFFF \cr
     \end{tabular}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ccline"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\cline</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccline-361"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns
specified, beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>,
which are specified in the mandatory argument.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5chline"></a>
<a name="g_t_005chline"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\hline</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005chline-362"></a>
The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the
enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment.  It's most
commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows
of a table.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cvline"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cvline"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\vline</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvline-363"></a>
The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full
height and depth of its row.  An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to
move the line to the edge of the column.  It can also be used in an
@-expression.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="thebibliography"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#theorem">theorem</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tabular">tabular</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-thebibliography-364"></a><a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029-365"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>}
     \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var>
     ...
     \end{thebibliography}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or
reference list.

   <p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled
&ldquo;References&rdquo;; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled
&ldquo;Bibliography&rdquo;.  You can change the label (in the standard classes)
by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>.  For instance, this
eliminates it entirely:

<pre class="example">     \renewcommand{\refname}{}
</pre>
   <p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset,
is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands.  It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with
less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>:             Specify a bibliography item. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>:                Refer to a bibliography item. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>:              Include an item in the bibliography. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>:         Automatic generation of bibliographies. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cbibitem"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cbibitem"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cbibitem-366"></a>
Synopsis:
<pre class="example">     \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by
<var>label</var>.  If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is
automatically generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter.  The
<var>cite_key</var> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
symbols not containing a comma.

   <p>This command writes an entry to the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file containing the
item's <var>cite_key</var> and label.  When the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file is read by
the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item's <code>label</code> is
associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var>
with a <code>\cite</code> command (see next section) to produce the
associated label.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ccite"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ccite"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccite-367"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>
</pre>
   <p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
separated by commas.  This command generates an in-text citation to
the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries in the
<samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file.

   <p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the
citation.  For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce
`[Knuth, p.&nbsp;314]'.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnocite"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnocite"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnocite-368"></a>
<code>\nocite{key_list}</code>

   <p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>,
which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Using-BibTeX"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>

<p><a name="index-using-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-369"></a><a name="index-bib_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-using-370"></a><a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029-371"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-372"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliography-373"></a>
If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the
<code>thebibliography</code> environment (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead,
you include the lines

<pre class="example">     \bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>}
     \bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of
its own.  Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file
<var>bibstyle</var><samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp>, which defines how your citations will look. 
The standard <var>style</var> names distributed with BibTeX are:

     <dl>
<dt><code>alpha</code><dd>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
publication. 
<br><dt><code>plain</code><dd>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. 
<br><dt><code>unsrt</code><dd>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation. 
<br><dt><code>abbrv</code><dd>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels. 
</dl>

   <p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to
the demands of various publications.  See
<a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>.

   <p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography.  The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files
named <samp><var>bibfile</var><span class="file">.bib</span></samp>, which should contain your database in
BibTeX format.  Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="theorem"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-theorem-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-374"></a><a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting-375"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{theorem}
     <var>theorem-text</var>
     \end{theorem}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces &ldquo;Theorem <var>n</var>&rdquo; in
boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering
possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="titlepage"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#theorem">theorem</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-titlepage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-376"></a><a name="index-making-a-title-page-377"></a><a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating-378"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{titlepage}
     <var>text</var>
     \end{titlepage}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
with no printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following
page to be numbered page one.  Formatting the title page is left to
you.  The <code>\today</code> command may be useful on title pages
(see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).

   <p>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>) to
produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="verbatim"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#verse">verse</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-verbatim-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-379"></a><a name="index-verbatim-text-380"></a><a name="index-simulating-typed-text-381"></a><a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating-382"></a><a name="index-code_002c-typesetting-383"></a><a name="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting-384"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{verbatim}
     <var>literal-text</var>
     \end{verbatim}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
<code>\</code> character produces a printed &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>&rsquo;.  It turns LaTeX
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
effect that they would on a typewriter.

   <p>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>).

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a>:        The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cverb"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cverb"></a>
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cverb-385"></a><a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline-386"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
     \verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var>
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input,
including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
(<code>\tt</code>) font.  No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or
<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the
verbatim text.  The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.

   <p><a name="index-visible-space-387"></a>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
&ldquo;visible space&rdquo; character.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="verse"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-verse-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-388"></a><a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for-389"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \begin{verse}
     <var>line1</var> \\
     <var>line2</var> \\
     ...
     \end{verse}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bverse_007d_007d-390"></a>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
indented, and the text is not justified.  Separate the lines of each
stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
stanzas.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Footnotes"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">9 Footnotes</h2>

<p><a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating-391"></a>
Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways.  They can be produced
with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command.  They can also be
produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the
<code>\footnotetext</code> commands.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a>:            Insert a footnote. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>:        Insert footnote mark only. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>:        Insert footnote text only. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a>:  Parameters for footnote formatting. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cfootnote"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnote"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnote-392"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var>
at the bottom of the current page.  The optional argument <var>number</var>
changes the default footnote number.

   <p>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code>\chapter</code>, in figures,
tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment.  (See following sections.) 
<!-- xx mention packages that fix this -->

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cfootnotemark"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotemark-393"></a>
With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the
current footnote number in the text.  This command can be used in
inner paragraph mode.  You give the text of the footnote separately,
with the <code>\footnotetext</code> command.

   <p>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
markers referring to the same footnote with

<pre class="example">     \footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
</pre>
   <p>after the first <code>\footnote</code> command.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cfootnotetext"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotetext-394"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of
the page as a footnote.  This command can come anywhere after the
<code>\footnotemark</code> command.  The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must
appear in outer paragraph mode.

   <p>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Footnote-parameters"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">9.4 Footnote parameters</h3>

<p><a name="index-footnote-parameters-395"></a>
     <dl>
<dt><code>\footnoterule</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnoterule-396"></a><dd>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's
footnotes.  Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and
<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except
slides, where it does not appear).

     <br><dt><code>\footnotesep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotesep-397"></a><dd>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote.  By
default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code>
fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no extra space between
footnotes.  This is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">6.65pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">7.7pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">8.4pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Definitions"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Counters">Counters</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">10 Definitions</h2>

<p><a name="index-definitions-398"></a>
LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.

<!-- xx everything in this chapter needs examples. -->
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>:          (Re)define a new command. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>:                          Define a new counter. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>:                           Define a new length. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>:                          Define a new box. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>:  Define a new environment. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>:                          Define a new theorem-like environment. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>:                             Define a new font name. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>:                             Using tricky commands. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewcommand-%26-%5crenewcommand"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewcommand-399"></a><a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-400"></a><a name="index-defining-a-new-command-401"></a><a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining-402"></a>
<code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a
command, respectively.  Synopses:

<pre class="example">       \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
     \renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
       \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
     \renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre>
     <dl>
<dt><var>cmd</var><dd>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>.  For <code>\newcommand</code>, it
must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for
<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined.

     <br><dt><var>nargs</var><dd>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
that the command will take.  The default is for the command to have no
arguments.

     <br><dt><var>default</var><dd>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
first argument is optional.  When the new command is called, the
default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified
in the call) is the string &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">def</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><var>defn</var><dd>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a
construct of the form <code>#</code><var>n</var> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the
text of the <var>n</var>th argument.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewcounter"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newcounter</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewcounter-403"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new-404"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>]
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>. 
The new counter is initialized to zero.

   <p>Given the optional argument <code>[</code><var>countername</var><code>]</code>, <var>cnt</var>
will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented.

   <p>See <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>, for more information about counters.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewlength"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewlength"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\newlength</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewlength-405"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-new-406"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \newlength{\<var>arg</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a
<code>length</code> command with a value of <code>0in</code>.  The argument must
be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>.  An error
occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined.

   <p>See <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
for more information about lengths in general.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewsavebox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewsavebox-407"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>}
</pre>
   <p>Defines <code>\</code><var>cmd</var>, which must be a command name not already
defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewenvironment-%26-%5crenewenvironment"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewenvironment-408"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crenewenvironment-409"></a><a name="index-environments_002c-defining-410"></a><a name="index-defining-new-environments-411"></a><a name="index-redefining-environments-412"></a>
Synopses:

<pre class="example">       \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
       \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
     \renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}
</pre>
   <p>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
<code>\begin{</code><var>env</var><code>} ... \end{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>.

     <dl>
<dt><var>env</var><dd>The name of the environment.  For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var>
must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\</code><var>env</var>
must be undefined.  For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be
the name of an existing environment.

     <br><dt><var>nargs</var><dd>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
the newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.

     <br><dt><var>default</var><dd>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var>
gives the default value for that argument.

     <br><dt><var>begdef</var><dd>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>; a
construct of the form <code>#</code><var>n</var> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by
the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.

     <br><dt><var>enddef</var><dd>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>.  It
may not contain any argument parameters.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewtheorem"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewtheorem-413"></a><a name="index-theorems_002c-defining-414"></a><a name="index-defining-new-theorems-415"></a>
<pre class="example">     \newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>]
     \newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>label</var>}
</pre>
   <p>This command defines a theorem-like environment.  Arguments:

     <dl>
<dt><var>newenv</var><dd>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
existing environment or otherwise defined.

     <br><dt><var>label</var><dd>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
number. For example, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">Theorem</span></samp>&rsquo;.

     <br><dt><var>numbered_like</var><dd>(Optional.)  The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
the new environment will be numbered just like <var>numbered_like</var>.

     <br><dt><var>within</var><dd>(Optional.)  The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. 
The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the
<var>within</var> counter.

   </dl>

   <p>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified,
not both.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewfont"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewfont"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.7 <code>\newfont</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewfont-416"></a><a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for-417"></a><a name="index-defining-new-fonts-418"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \newfont{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>fontname</var>}
</pre>
   <p>Defines a control sequence <code>\</code><var>cmd</var>, which must not already
be defined, to make <var>fontname</var> be the current font.  The file
looked for on the system is named <samp><var>fontname</var><span class="file">.tfm</span></samp>.

   <p>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. 
More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <samp><span class="file">.fd</span></samp> files.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cprotect"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">10.8 <code>\protect</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cprotect-419"></a>
<a name="index-fragile-commands-420"></a><a name="index-moving-arguments-421"></a>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
many more are so-called <dfn>fragile</dfn> commands.  When a fragile
command is used in certain contexts, called <dfn>moving arguments</dfn>, it
must be preceded by <code>\protect</code>.  In addition, any fragile
commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>.

   <p>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code>
(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>), <code>\thanks</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>), and
expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments
(see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).

   <p><a name="index-robust-commands-422"></a>Commands which are not fragile are called <dfn>robust</dfn>.  They must not
be preceded by <code>\protect</code>.

   <p>See also:

<pre class="smallexample"><br><a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</a><br>
<br><a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</a><br>
</pre>
   <!-- xx really need examples. -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Counters"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">11 Counters</h2>

<p><a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of-423"></a><a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of-424"></a>
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment
or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>. 
(<code>enumi</code>&ndash;<code>enumiv</code> are used for the nested enumerate
environment.)  Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's
standard document classes to control numbering.

<pre class="example">     part            paragraph       figure          enumi
     chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
     section         page            footnote        enumiii
     subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
     subsubsection
</pre>
   <ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>:   Print value of a counter. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>:          Use a specified counter in a list environment. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>:               Use the value of a counter in an expression. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>:          Set the value of a counter. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>:        Add a quantity to a counter. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>:      Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>:         Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>:    Numeric date values. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5calph-%5cAlph-%5carabic-%5croman-%5cRoman-%5cfnsymbol"></a>
<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>

<p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\alph</code><a name="index-g_t_005calph-425"></a><dd>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', <small class="enddots">...</small>

     <br><dt><code>\Alph</code><a name="index-g_t_005cAlph-426"></a><dd>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', <small class="enddots">...</small>

     <br><dt><code>\arabic</code><a name="index-g_t_005carabic-427"></a><dd>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', <small class="enddots">...</small>

     <br><dt><code>\roman</code><a name="index-g_t_005croman-428"></a><dd>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', <small class="enddots">...</small>

     <br><dt><code>\roman</code><a name="index-g_t_005croman-429"></a><dd>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', <small class="enddots">...</small>

     <br><dt><code>\fnsymbol</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfnsymbol-430"></a><dd>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes).  The value of
<var>counter</var> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.

     <p>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names:
     <pre class="display">          asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
          double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
</pre>
     </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cusecounter"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\usecounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cusecounter-431"></a><a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter-432"></a><a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter-433"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \usecounter{<var>counter</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the
<code>list</code> environment to specify <var>counter</var> to be used to number
the list items.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cvalue"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cvalue"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\value{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvalue-434"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of-435"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \value{<var>counter</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>.  It can
be used anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example:

<pre class="example">     \setcounter{myctr}{3}
     \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
     \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csetcounter"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">11.4 <code>\setcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005csetcounter-436"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-setting-437"></a><a name="index-setting-counters-438"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the
<var>value</var> argument.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5caddtocounter"></a>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">11.5 <code>\addtocounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtocounter-439"></a>
The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the
amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5crefstepcounter"></a>
<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">11.6 <code>\refstepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005crefstepcounter-440"></a>
The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as
<code>\stepcounter</code> See <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>, except it also defines the
current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cstepcounter"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">11.7 <code>\stepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstepcounter-441"></a>
The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and
resets all subsidiary counters.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cday-%5cmonth-%5cyear"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">11.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cday-442"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmonth-443"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cyear-444"></a>
LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>,
1&ndash;31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1&ndash;12), and year
(<code>\year</code>, Common Era).  When TeX starts up, they are
set to the current values on the system where TeX is running.  They
are not updated as the job progresses.

   <p>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the
current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Lengths"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Counters">Counters</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">12 Lengths</h2>

<p><a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using-445"></a>
A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>:           Set the value of a length. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>:         Add a quantity to a length. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>:          Set a length to the depth of something. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>:         Set a length to the height of something. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>:          Set a length to the width of something. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>:   Lengths that are, like, predefined. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csetlength"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csetlength"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\setlength{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005csetlength-446"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-setting-447"></a>
The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var>
argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX
understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points
(<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>, etc.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5caddtolength"></a>
<a name="g_t_005caddtolength"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">12.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtolength-448"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to-449"></a>
The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a &ldquo;length command&rdquo;
<var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which
may be negative.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csettodepth"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csettodepth"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettodepth-450"></a>
<code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code>

   <p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command
equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csettoheight"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csettoheight"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettoheight-451"></a>
<code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code>

   <p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command
equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csettowidth"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\settowidth{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettowidth-452"></a>
The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var>
to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Predefined-lengths"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">12.6 Predefined lengths</h3>

<p><a name="index-lengths_002c-predefined-453"></a><a name="index-predefined-lengths-454"></a>
<code>\width</code>
<a name="index-g_t_005cwidth-455"></a>
<code>\height</code>
<a name="index-g_t_005cheight-456"></a>
<code>\depth</code>
<a name="index-g_t_005cdepth-457"></a>
<code>\totalheight</code>
<a name="index-g_t_005ctotalheight-458"></a>
These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). They specify the natural width etc. of the
text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> +
<code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say

   <p><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Line-breaking"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Environments">Environments</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">13 Line breaking</h2>

<p><a name="index-line-breaking-459"></a><a name="index-breaking-lines-460"></a>
The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces.  To
produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
(and these lines must be broken into pages).

   <p>LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
<code>\\</code> command, and you can always manually force breaks.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>:                          Start a new line. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>:        Make each input line start a new output line. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>:                    Break the line
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>:            Insert explicit hyphenation. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>:                      Be fussy about line breaking. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>:                Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>:   Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>:                     Be sloppy about line breaking. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5c%5c"></a>
<a name="g_t_005c_005c"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bforce-line-break_007d-461"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-462"></a><a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing-463"></a>
The <code>\\</code> command tells LaTeX to start a new line.  It has an
optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line.  This can be a
negative amount.

   <p>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command
except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cobeycr-%26-%5crestorecr"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cobeycr-464"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crestorecr-465"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input-466"></a>
The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file
(&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">^^M</span></samp>&rsquo;, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by
<code>\relax</code>).  So each new line in the input will also be a new line
in the output.

   <p><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewline"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewline"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewline-467"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029-468"></a>
The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with
no stretching of the text before it.  It can only be used in paragraph
mode.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5c--(hyphenation)"></a>
<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_002d-_0040r_007b_0028hyphenation_0029_007d-469"></a><a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing-470"></a>
The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at
that point.  LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
incorrect one.  The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional
cases.

   <p>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cfussy"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfussy"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\fussy</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfussy-471"></a>
The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes TeX
picky about line breaking.  This usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.

   <p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command
(see <a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csloppy"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csloppy"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\sloppy</code></h3>

<p>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes TeX less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
interword spacing.

   <p>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5chyphenation"></a>
<a name="g_t_005chyphenation"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005chyphenation-472"></a><a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining-473"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points
with a <code>-</code> character in the given words.  The words are separated
by spaces.  TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
inflections are tried.  Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands
accumulate.  Some examples (the default TeX hyphenation patterns
misses the hyphenations in these words):

<pre class="example">     \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5clinebreak-%26-%5cnolinebreak"></a>
<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005clinebreak-474"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnolinebreak-475"></a><a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing-476"></a><a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing-477"></a>
Synopses:

<pre class="example">     \linebreak[<var>priority</var>]
     \nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>]
</pre>
   <p>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces
(prevents) a line break at the current position.  For
<code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
extends to the right margin as usual.

   <p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command
from a demand to a request.  The <var>priority</var> must be a number from
0 to&nbsp;4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Page-breaking"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">14 Page breaking</h2>

<p><a name="index-page-breaking-478"></a><a name="index-breaking-pages-479"></a>
LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page.  Usually this happens automatically,
but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a>:            Start a new right-hand page. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>:                  Start a new page. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>:                    Start a new page. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>:            Enlarge the current page a bit. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>:   Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ccleardoublepage"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">14.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccleardoublepage-480"></a><a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page-481"></a>
The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. 
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cclearpage"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cclearpage"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cclearpage-482"></a><a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page-483"></a><a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats-484"></a>
The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnewpage"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnewpage"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\newpage</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewpage-485"></a><a name="index-new-page_002c-starting-486"></a><a name="index-starting-a-new-page-487"></a>
The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear
floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cenlargethispage"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cenlargethispage-488"></a><a name="index-enlarge-current-page-489"></a>
<code>\enlargethispage{size}</code>

   <p><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code>

   <p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one
additional line.

   <p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
<code>\pagebreak</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cpagebreak-%26-%5cnopagebreak"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagebreak-490"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnopagebreak-491"></a><a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing-492"></a><a name="index-page-break_002c-preventing-493"></a>
Synopses:

<pre class="example">     \pagebreak[<var>priority</var>]
     \nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>]
</pre>
   <p>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces
(prevents) a page break at the current position.  For
<code>\linebreak</code>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.

   <p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the
<code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request.  The number must
be a number from 0 to&nbsp;4.  The higher the number, the more
insistent the request is.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>

<p><a name="index-making-paragraphs-494"></a><a name="index-paragraphs-495"></a>
A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&mdash;lines not
containing even a <code>%</code>.  A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
a sectioning command.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a>:         Indent this paragraph. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>:       Do not indent this paragraph. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>:        Space added before paragraphs. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a>:  Putting remarks in the margin. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cindent"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cindent"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\indent</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cindent-496"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cparindent-497"></a><a name="index-indent_002c-forcing-498"></a>
<code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph
indentation.  It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
otherwise be suppressed.

   <p>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column
mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cnoindent"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cnoindent"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnoindent-499"></a><a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing-500"></a>
When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code>
suppresses any paragraph indentation.  It has no effect when used in
the middle of a paragraph.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cparskip"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cparskip"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cparskip-501"></a><a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs-502"></a>
<code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph.  The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Marginal-notes"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>

<p><a name="index-marginal-notes-503"></a><a name="index-notes-in-the-margin-504"></a><a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin-505"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginpar-506"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin.  The first
line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs.

   <p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text
will be placed

     <ul>
<li>in the right margin for one-sided layout;
<li>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
<li>in the nearest margin for two-column layout. 
</ul>

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005creversemarginpar-507"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalmarginpar-508"></a>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin.  <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them
in the default position.

   <p>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left
margin, and <var>right</var> is used for the right margin.

   <p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>.

   <p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparpush-509"></a><dd>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">7pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">5pt</span></samp>&rsquo; else.

     <br><dt><code>\marginparsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparsep-510"></a><dd>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo; else.

     <br><dt><code>\marginparwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparwidth-511"></a><dd>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>&rsquo; document
is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">90pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">83pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">68pt</span></samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">17pt</span></samp>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document. 
In two column mode, the default is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">48pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Math-formulas"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Modes">Modes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>

<p><a name="index-math-formulas-512"></a><a name="index-formulas_002c-math-513"></a><a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering-514"></a>
<a name="index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-515"></a><a name="index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-516"></a><a name="index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-517"></a>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:

     <dl>
<dt><code>math</code><dd>For formulas that appear right in the text. 
<br><dt><code>displaymath</code><dd>For formulas that appear on their own line. 
<br><dt><code>equation</code><dd>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
number in the right margin. 
</dl>

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0028-518"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0029-519"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005b-520"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005d-521"></a>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used
only in paragraph mode.  The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code>
environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:

<pre class="example">     \(...\)   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \begin{math}...\end{math}
     \[...\]   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_0024-522"></a>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:

<pre class="example">     $ ... $   <span class="roman">instead of</span>   \(...\)
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cboldmath-523"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cunboldmath-524"></a>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font.  It is used <em>outside</em> of math mode.  Conversely, the
<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used <em>outside</em> of math mode.

<!-- xx own section? Math fonts? -->
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cdisplaystyle-525"></a>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and
below summations.  For example
<pre class="example">     $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
</pre>
   <!-- xx see also \cal, \mathcal -->
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</a>:    Also known as exponent or index. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>:                 Various mathematical squiggles. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>:               Math function names like sin and exp. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>:                 Accents in math. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>:         Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a>:              Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Subscripts-%26-Superscripts"></a>
<a name="Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</h3>

<p><a name="index-superscript-526"></a><a name="index-subscript-527"></a><a name="index-exponent-528"></a><a name="index-g_t_005f-529"></a><a name="index-g_t_005e-530"></a>
To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type
<code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>.  To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a
superscript, you type <code>^{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. LaTeX handles
superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. 
It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
superscript.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Math-symbols"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3>

<p><a name="index-math-symbols-531"></a><a name="index-symbols_002c-math-532"></a><a name="index-greek-letters-533"></a>
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to
need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. 
For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get
the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\|</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_007c-534"></a><dd>\|

     <br><dt><code>\aleph</code><a name="index-g_t_005caleph-535"></a><dd>\aleph

     <br><dt><code>\alpha</code><a name="index-g_t_005calpha-536"></a><dd>\alpha

     <br><dt><code>\amalg</code><a name="index-g_t_005camalg-537"></a><dd>\amalg (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\angle</code><a name="index-g_t_005cangle-538"></a><dd>\angle

     <br><dt><code>\approx</code><a name="index-g_t_005capprox-539"></a><dd>\approx (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\ast</code><a name="index-g_t_005cast-540"></a><dd>\ast (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\asymp</code><a name="index-g_t_005casymp-541"></a><dd>\asymp (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\backslash</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbackslash-542"></a><dd>\ (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\beta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbeta-543"></a><dd>\beta

     <br><dt><code>\bigcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcap-544"></a><dd>\bigcap

     <br><dt><code>\bigcirc</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcirc-545"></a><dd>\bigcirc (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\bigcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcup-546"></a><dd>\bigcup

     <br><dt><code>\bigodot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigodot-547"></a><dd>\bigodot

     <br><dt><code>\bigoplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigoplus-548"></a><dd>\bigoplus

     <br><dt><code>\bigotimes</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigotimes-549"></a><dd>\bigotimes

     <br><dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigtriangledown-550"></a><dd>\bigtriangledown (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigtriangleup-551"></a><dd>\bigtriangleup (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\bigsqcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigsqcup-552"></a><dd>\bigsqcup

     <br><dt><code>\biguplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbiguplus-553"></a><dd>\biguplus

     <br><dt><code>\bigcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcap-554"></a><dd>\bigvee

     <br><dt><code>\bigwedge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigwedge-555"></a><dd>\bigwedge

     <br><dt><code>\bot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbot-556"></a><dd>\bot

     <br><dt><code>\bowtie</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbowtie-557"></a><dd>\bowtie (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\Box</code><a name="index-g_t_005cBox-558"></a><dd>(square open box symbol) <!-- xx not in plain -->

     <br><dt><code>\bullet</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbullet-559"></a><dd><a name="index-bullet-symbol-560"></a>\bullet (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\cap</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccap-561"></a><dd>\cap (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\cdot</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccdot-562"></a><dd>\cdot (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\chi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cchi-563"></a><dd>\chi

     <br><dt><code>\circ</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccirc-564"></a><dd>\circ (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\clubsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cclubsuit-565"></a><dd>\clubsuit

     <br><dt><code>\cong</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccong-566"></a><dd>\cong (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\coprod</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccoprod-567"></a><dd>\coprod

     <br><dt><code>\cup</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccup-568"></a><dd>\cup (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\dagger</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdagger-569"></a><dd>\dagger (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\dashv</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdashv-570"></a><dd>\dashv (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\ddagger</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddagger-571"></a><dd>\dagger (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\Delta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDelta-572"></a><dd>\Delta

     <br><dt><code>\delta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdelta-573"></a><dd>\delta

     <br><dt><code>\Diamond</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDiamond-574"></a><dd>bigger \diamond <!-- xx not in plain -->

     <br><dt><code>\diamond</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiamond-575"></a><dd>\diamond (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\diamondsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiamondsuit-576"></a><dd>\diamondsuit

     <br><dt><code>\div</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiv-577"></a><dd>\div (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\doteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdoteq-578"></a><dd>\doteq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\downarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdownarrow-579"></a><dd>\downarrow (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\Downarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDownarrow-580"></a><dd>\Downarrow (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\ell</code><a name="index-g_t_005cell-581"></a><dd>\ell

     <br><dt><code>\emptyset</code><a name="index-g_t_005cemptyset-582"></a><dd>\emptyset

     <br><dt><code>\epsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cepsilon-583"></a><dd>\epsilon

     <br><dt><code>\equiv</code><a name="index-g_t_005cequiv-584"></a><dd>\equiv (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\eta</code><a name="index-g_t_005ceta-585"></a><dd>\eta

     <br><dt><code>\exists</code><a name="index-g_t_005cexists-586"></a><dd>\exists

     <br><dt><code>\flat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cflat-587"></a><dd>\flat

     <br><dt><code>\forall</code><a name="index-g_t_005cforall-588"></a><dd>\forall

     <br><dt><code>\frown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfrown-589"></a><dd>\frown (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\Gamma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cGamma-590"></a><dd>\Gamma

     <br><dt><code>\gamma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgamma-591"></a><dd>\gamma

     <br><dt><code>\ge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cge-592"></a><dd>\ge

     <br><dt><code>\geq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgeq-593"></a><dd>\geq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\gets</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgets-594"></a><dd>\gets

     <br><dt><code>\gg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgg-595"></a><dd>\gg (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\hbar</code><a name="index-g_t_005chbar-596"></a><dd>\hbar

     <br><dt><code>\heartsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheartsuit-597"></a><dd>\heartsuit

     <br><dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005chookleftarrow-598"></a><dd>\hookleftarrow

     <br><dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005chookrightarrow-599"></a><dd>\hookrightarrow

     <br><dt><code>\iff</code><a name="index-g_t_005ciff-600"></a><dd>\iff

     <br><dt><code>\Im</code><a name="index-g_t_005cIm-601"></a><dd>\Im

     <br><dt><code>\in</code><a name="index-g_t_005cin-602"></a><dd>\in (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\infty</code><a name="index-g_t_005cinfty-603"></a><dd>\infty

     <br><dt><code>\int</code><a name="index-g_t_005cint-604"></a><dd>\int

     <br><dt><code>\iota</code><a name="index-g_t_005ciota-605"></a><dd>\iota

     <br><dt><code>\Join</code><a name="index-g_t_005cJoin-606"></a><dd>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- xx not in plain -->

     <br><dt><code>\kappa</code><a name="index-g_t_005ckappa-607"></a><dd>\kappa

     <br><dt><code>\Lambda</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLambda-608"></a><dd>\Lambda

     <br><dt><code>\lambda</code><a name="index-g_t_005clambda-609"></a><dd>\lambda

     <br><dt><code>\land</code><a name="index-g_t_005cland-610"></a><dd>\land

     <br><dt><code>\langle</code><a name="index-g_t_005clangle-611"></a><dd>\langle (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\lbrace</code><a name="index-g_t_005clbrace-612"></a><dd>\lbrace (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\lbrack</code><a name="index-g_t_005clbrack-613"></a><dd>\lbrack (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\lceil</code><a name="index-g_t_005clceil-614"></a><dd>\lceil (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\le</code><a name="index-g_t_005cle-615"></a><dd>\le

     <br><dt><code>\leadsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleadsto-616"></a><dd><!-- xx missing from plain -->

     <br><dt><code>\Leftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLeftarrow-617"></a><dd>\Leftarrow

     <br><dt><code>\leftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftarrow-618"></a><dd>\leftarrow

     <br><dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftharpoondown-619"></a><dd>\leftharpoondown

     <br><dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftharpoonup-620"></a><dd>\leftharpoonup

     <br><dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLeftrightarrow-621"></a><dd>\Leftrightarrow

     <br><dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftrightarrow-622"></a><dd>\leftrightarrow

     <br><dt><code>\leq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleq-623"></a><dd>\leq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\lfloor</code><a name="index-g_t_005clfloor-624"></a><dd>\lfloor (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\lhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005clhd-625"></a><dd>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- xx not in plain -->

     <br><dt><code>\ll</code><a name="index-g_t_005cll-626"></a><dd>\ll (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\lnot</code><a name="index-g_t_005clnot-627"></a><dd>\lnot

     <br><dt><code>\longleftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongleftarrow-628"></a><dd>\longleftarrow

     <br><dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongleftrightarrow-629"></a><dd>\longleftrightarrow

     <br><dt><code>\longmapsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongmapsto-630"></a><dd>\longmapsto

     <br><dt><code>\longrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongrightarrow-631"></a><dd>\longrightarrow

     <br><dt><code>\lor</code><a name="index-g_t_005clor-632"></a><dd>\lor

     <br><dt><code>\mapsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmapsto-633"></a><dd>\mapsto

     <br><dt><code>\mho</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmho-634"></a><dd><!-- xx not in plain -->

     <br><dt><code>\mid</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmid-635"></a><dd>\mid (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\models</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmodels-636"></a><dd>\models (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\mp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmp-637"></a><dd>\mp (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\mu</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmu-638"></a><dd>\mu

     <br><dt><code>\nabla</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnabla-639"></a><dd>\nabla

     <br><dt><code>\natural</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnatural-640"></a><dd>\natural

     <br><dt><code>\ne</code><a name="index-g_t_005cne-641"></a><dd>\ne

     <br><dt><code>\nearrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnearrow-642"></a><dd>\nearrow

     <br><dt><code>\neg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cneg-643"></a><dd>\neg

     <br><dt><code>\neq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cneq-644"></a><dd>\neq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\ni</code><a name="index-g_t_005cni-645"></a><dd>\ni (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\not</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnot-646"></a><dd>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.

     <br><dt><code>\notin</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnotin-647"></a><dd>\ni

     <br><dt><code>\nu</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnu-648"></a><dd>\nu

     <br><dt><code>\nwarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnwarrow-649"></a><dd>\nwarrow

     <br><dt><code>\odot</code><a name="index-g_t_005codot-650"></a><dd>\odot (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\oint</code><a name="index-g_t_005coint-651"></a><dd>\oint

     <br><dt><code>\Omega</code><a name="index-g_t_005cOmega-652"></a><dd>\Omega

     <br><dt><code>\omega</code><a name="index-g_t_005comega-653"></a><dd>\omega

     <br><dt><code>\ominus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cominus-654"></a><dd>\ominus (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\oplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005coplus-655"></a><dd>\oplus (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\oslash</code><a name="index-g_t_005coslash-656"></a><dd>\oslash (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\otimes</code><a name="index-g_t_005cotimes-657"></a><dd>\otimes (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\owns</code><a name="index-g_t_005cowns-658"></a><dd>\owns

     <br><dt><code>\parallel</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparallel-659"></a><dd>\parallel (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\partial</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpartial-660"></a><dd>\partial

     <br><dt><code>\perp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cperp-661"></a><dd>\perp (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\phi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cphi-662"></a><dd>\phi

     <br><dt><code>\Pi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPi-663"></a><dd>\Pi

     <br><dt><code>\pi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpi-664"></a><dd>\pi

     <br><dt><code>\pm</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpm-665"></a><dd>\pm (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\prec</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprec-666"></a><dd>\prec (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\preceq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpreceq-667"></a><dd>\preceq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\prime</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprime-668"></a><dd>\prime

     <br><dt><code>\prod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprod-669"></a><dd>\prod

     <br><dt><code>\propto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpropto-670"></a><dd>\propto (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\Psi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPsi-671"></a><dd>\Psi

     <br><dt><code>\psi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpsi-672"></a><dd>\psi

     <br><dt><code>\rangle</code><a name="index-g_t_005crangle-673"></a><dd>\rangle (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\rbrace</code><a name="index-g_t_005crbrace-674"></a><dd>\rbrace (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\rbrack</code><a name="index-g_t_005crbrack-675"></a><dd>\rbrack (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\rceil</code><a name="index-g_t_005crceil-676"></a><dd>\rceil (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\Re</code><a name="index-g_t_005cRe-677"></a><dd>\Re

     <br><dt><code>\rfloor</code><a name="index-g_t_005crfloor-678"></a><dd>\rfloor

     <br><dt><code>\rhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005crhd-679"></a><dd>(binary operation) <!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} -->

     <br><dt><code>\rho</code><a name="index-g_t_005crho-680"></a><dd>\rho

     <br><dt><code>\Rightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cRightarrow-681"></a><dd>\Rightarrow

     <br><dt><code>\rightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightarrow-682"></a><dd>\rightarrow

     <br><dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightharpoondown-683"></a><dd>\rightharpoondown

     <br><dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightharpoonup-684"></a><dd>\rightharpoonup

     <br><dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightleftharpoons-685"></a><dd>\rightleftharpoons

     <br><dt><code>\searrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005csearrow-686"></a><dd>\searrow

     <br><dt><code>\setminus</code><a name="index-g_t_005csetminus-687"></a><dd>\setminus (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\sharp</code><a name="index-g_t_005csharp-688"></a><dd>\sharp

     <br><dt><code>\Sigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cSigma-689"></a><dd>\Sigma

     <br><dt><code>\sigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005csigma-690"></a><dd>\sigma

     <br><dt><code>\sim</code><a name="index-g_t_005csim-691"></a><dd>\sim (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\simeq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csimeq-692"></a><dd>\simeq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\smallint</code><a name="index-g_t_005csmallint-693"></a><dd>\smallint

     <br><dt><code>\smile</code><a name="index-g_t_005csmile-694"></a><dd>\smile (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\spadesuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cspadesuit-695"></a><dd>\spadesuit

     <br><dt><code>\sqcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqcap-696"></a><dd>\sqcap (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\sqcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqcup-697"></a><dd>\sqcup (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\sqsubset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsubset-698"></a><dd>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) -->

     <br><dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsubseteq-699"></a><dd>\sqsubseteq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\sqsupset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsupset-700"></a><dd>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) -->

     <br><dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsupseteq-701"></a><dd>\sqsupseteq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\star</code><a name="index-g_t_005cstar-702"></a><dd>\star (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\subset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubset-703"></a><dd>\subset (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\subseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubseteq-704"></a><dd>\subseteq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\succ</code><a name="index-g_t_005csucc-705"></a><dd>\succ (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\succeq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csucceq-706"></a><dd>\succeq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\sum</code><a name="index-g_t_005csum-707"></a><dd>\sum

     <br><dt><code>\supset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csupset-708"></a><dd>\supset (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\supseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csupseteq-709"></a><dd>\supseteq (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\surd</code><a name="index-g_t_005csurd-710"></a><dd>\surd

     <br><dt><code>\swarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cswarrow-711"></a><dd>\swarrow

     <br><dt><code>\tau</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctau-712"></a><dd>\tau

     <br><dt><code>\theta</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctheta-713"></a><dd>\theta

     <br><dt><code>\times</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctimes-714"></a><dd>\times (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\to</code><a name="index-g_t_005cto-715"></a><dd>\to

     <br><dt><code>\top</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctop-716"></a><dd>\top

     <br><dt><code>\triangle</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangle-717"></a><dd>\triangle

     <br><dt><code>\triangleleft</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangleleft-718"></a><dd>\triangleleft (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\triangleright</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangleright-719"></a><dd>\triangleright (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\unlhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunlhd-720"></a><dd>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain -->

     <br><dt><code>\unrhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunrhd-721"></a><dd>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain -->

     <br><dt><code>\Uparrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUparrow-722"></a><dd>\Uparrow (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\uparrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cuparrow-723"></a><dd>\uparrow (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\Updownarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUpdownarrow-724"></a><dd>\Updownarrow (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\updownarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cupdownarrow-725"></a><dd>\updownarrow (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\uplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cuplus-726"></a><dd>\uplus (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\Upsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUpsilon-727"></a><dd>\Upsilon

     <br><dt><code>\upsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cupsilon-728"></a><dd>\upsilon

     <br><dt><code>\varepsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarepsilon-729"></a><dd>\varepsilon

     <br><dt><code>\varphi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarphi-730"></a><dd>\varphi

     <br><dt><code>\varpi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarpi-731"></a><dd>\varpi

     <br><dt><code>\varrho</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarrho-732"></a><dd>\varrho

     <br><dt><code>\varsigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarsigma-733"></a><dd>\varsigma

     <br><dt><code>\vartheta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvartheta-734"></a><dd>\vartheta

     <br><dt><code>\vdash</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvdash-735"></a><dd>\vdash (relation)

     <br><dt><code>\vee</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvee-736"></a><dd>\vee (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\Vert</code><a name="index-g_t_005cVert-737"></a><dd>\Vert (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\vert</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvert-738"></a><dd>\vert (delimiter)

     <br><dt><code>\wedge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwedge-739"></a><dd>\wedge (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\wp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwp-740"></a><dd>\wp

     <br><dt><code>\wr</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwr-741"></a><dd>\wr (binary operation)

     <br><dt><code>\Xi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cXi-742"></a><dd>\Xi

     <br><dt><code>\xi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cxi-743"></a><dd>\xi

     <br><dt><code>\zeta</code><a name="index-g_t_005czeta-744"></a><dd>\zeta

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Math-functions"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3>

<p><a name="index-math-functions-745"></a><a name="index-functions_002c-math-746"></a>
These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\arccos</code><a name="index-g_t_005carccos-747"></a><dd>\arccos

     <br><dt><code>\arcsin</code><a name="index-g_t_005carcsin-748"></a><dd>\arcsin

     <br><dt><code>\arctan</code><a name="index-g_t_005carctan-749"></a><dd>\arctan

     <br><dt><code>\arg</code><a name="index-g_t_005carg-750"></a><dd>\arg

     <br><dt><code>\bmod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbmod-751"></a><dd>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)

     <br><dt><code>\cos</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccos-752"></a><dd>\cos

     <br><dt><code>\cosh</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccosh-753"></a><dd>\cosh

     <br><dt><code>\cot</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccot-754"></a><dd>\cos

     <br><dt><code>\coth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccoth-755"></a><dd>\cosh

     <br><dt><code>\csc</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccsc-756"></a><dd>\csc

     <br><dt><code>\deg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdeg-757"></a><dd>\deg

     <br><dt><code>\det</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdet-758"></a><dd>\deg

     <br><dt><code>\dim</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdim-759"></a><dd>\dim

     <br><dt><code>\exp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cexp-760"></a><dd>\exp

     <br><dt><code>\gcd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgcd-761"></a><dd>\gcd

     <br><dt><code>\hom</code><a name="index-g_t_005chom-762"></a><dd>\hom

     <br><dt><code>\inf</code><a name="index-g_t_005cinf-763"></a><dd>\inf

     <br><dt><code>\ker</code><a name="index-g_t_005cker-764"></a><dd>\ker

     <br><dt><code>\lg</code><a name="index-g_t_005clg-765"></a><dd>\lg

     <br><dt><code>\lim</code><a name="index-g_t_005clim-766"></a><dd>\lim

     <br><dt><code>\liminf</code><a name="index-g_t_005climinf-767"></a><dd>\liminf

     <br><dt><code>\limsup</code><a name="index-g_t_005climsup-768"></a><dd>\limsup

     <br><dt><code>\ln</code><a name="index-g_t_005cln-769"></a><dd>\ln

     <br><dt><code>\log</code><a name="index-g_t_005clog-770"></a><dd>\log

     <br><dt><code>\max</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmax-771"></a><dd>\max

     <br><dt><code>\min</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmin-772"></a><dd>\min

     <br><dt><code>\pmod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpmod-773"></a><dd>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)

     <br><dt><code>\Pr</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPr-774"></a><dd>\Pr

     <br><dt><code>\sec</code><a name="index-g_t_005csec-775"></a><dd>\sec

     <br><dt><code>\sin</code><a name="index-g_t_005csin-776"></a><dd>\sin

     <br><dt><code>\sinh</code><a name="index-g_t_005csinh-777"></a><dd>\sinh

     <br><dt><code>\sup</code><a name="index-g_t_005csup-778"></a><dd>\sup

     <br><dt><code>\tan</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctan-779"></a><dd>\tan

     <br><dt><code>\tanh</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctanh-780"></a><dd>\tanh

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Math-accents"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3>

<p><a name="index-math-accents-781"></a><a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical-782"></a>
LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math.  These are different from accents in normal text
(see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>).

     <dl>
<dt><code>\acute</code><a name="index-g_t_005cacute-783"></a><dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math-784"></a>Math acute accent: \acutex.

     <br><dt><code>\breve</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbreve-785"></a><dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math-786"></a>Math breve accent: \brevex.

     <br><dt><code>\check</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccheck-787"></a><dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math-788"></a><a name="index-h_0040_0027a_0040v_007bc_007dek-accent_002c-math-789"></a>Math h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check) accent: \checkx.

     <br><dt><code>\ddot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddot-790"></a><dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math-791"></a>Math dieresis accent: \ddotx.

     <br><dt><code>\dot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdot-792"></a><dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math-793"></a><a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math-794"></a>Math dot accent: \dotx.

     <br><dt><code>\grave</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgrave-795"></a><dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math-796"></a>Math grave accent: \gravex.

     <br><dt><code>\hat</code><a name="index-g_t_005chat-797"></a><dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math-798"></a><a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math-799"></a>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx.

     <br><dt><code>\imath</code><a name="index-g_t_005cimath-800"></a><dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math-801"></a>Math dotless i.

     <br><dt><code>\jmath</code><a name="index-g_t_005cjmath-802"></a><dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math-803"></a>Math dotless j.

     <br><dt><code>\tilde</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctilde-804"></a><dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math-805"></a>Math tilde accent: \tildex.

     <br><dt><code>\vec</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvec-806"></a><dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math-807"></a>Math vector symbol: \vecx.

     <br><dt><code>\widehat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwidehat-808"></a><dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math-809"></a>Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y.

     <br><dt><code>\widehat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwidehat-810"></a><dd><a name="index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math-811"></a>Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">16.5 Spacing in math mode</h3>

<p><a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode-812"></a><a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-813"></a>
In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and
puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics
texts.  If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following
commands for use in math mode:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\;</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003b-814"></a>A thick space (5\over18\,quad). 
<br><dt><code>\:</code><dt><code>\&gt;</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003a-815"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-816"></a>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). 
<br><dt><code>\,</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_002c-817"></a>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. 
<br><dt><code>\!</code><dd>A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad). 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Math-Miscellany"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">16.6 Math Miscellany</h3>

<p><a name="index-math-Miscellany-818"></a>
     <dl>
<dt><code>\*</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002a-819"></a><dd><a name="index-discretionary-multiplication-820"></a><a name="index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break-821"></a>A &ldquo;discretionary&rdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
allowed.

     <br><dt><code>\cdots</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccdots-822"></a><dd>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.

     <br><dt><code>\ddots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddots-823"></a><dd>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.

     <br><dt><code>\frac{num}{den}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfrac_0040_007bnum_0040_007d_0040_007bden_0040_007d-824"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfrac-825"></a>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\left </code><var>delim1</var><code> ... \right </code><var>delim2</var><a name="index-g_t_005cleft-_0040var_007bdelim1_007d-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-_0040var_007bdelim2_007d-826"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cright-827"></a><a name="index-null-delimiter-828"></a>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>&rsquo; acts as a null delimiter,
producing no output.  The delimiters are sized according to the math
in between.  Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\overbrace{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005coverbrace_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-829"></a><dd>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>. 
For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times.

     <br><dt><code>\overline{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005coverline_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-830"></a><dd>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. 
For exampe, \overlinex+y.

     <br><dt><code>\sqrt[</code><var>root</var><code>]{arg}</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqrt_005b_0040var_007broot_007d_005d_0040_007barg_0040_007d-831"></a><dd>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>.  The
optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce.  For
example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
<code>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\stackrel{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>relation</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cstackrel_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007brelation_007d_0040_007d-832"></a><dd>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>.  For example,
<code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.

     <br><dt><code>\underbrace{math}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunderbrace_0040_007bmath_0040_007d-833"></a><dd>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath.

     <br><dt><code>\underline{text}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunderline_0040_007btext_0040_007d-834"></a><dd>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined.

     <br><dt><code>\vdots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvdots-835"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cvdots-836"></a>Produces a vertical ellipsis.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Modes"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>

<p><a name="index-modes-837"></a><a name="index-paragraph-mode-838"></a><a name="index-math-mode-839"></a><a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode-840"></a><a name="index-lR-mode-841"></a>

   <p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:

     <ul>
<li>Paragraph mode
<li>Math mode
<li>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
</ul>

   <p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. 
Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.

   <p>&ldquo;Paragraph mode&rdquo; is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in
when processing ordinary text.  In that mode, LaTeX breaks your
text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.  LaTeX is in
&ldquo;math mode&rdquo; when it's generating a mathematical formula.  In &ldquo;LR
mode&rdquo;, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it
produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.  However,
unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it
never starts a new line in LR mode.  Even if you put a hundred words
into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left
to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting
box was too wide to fit on the line.

   <p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code>
command.  You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. 
There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode.  The box make by one of
these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>.  When
LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
&ldquo;inner paragraph mode&rdquo;.  Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Page-Styles"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Modes">Modes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">18 Page Styles</h2>

<p><a name="index-styles_002c-page-842"></a><a name="index-page-styles-843"></a>
The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of
the page's head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>:           Generate a title page. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>:       Set the style used for page numbers. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>: 		Change the headings/footings style. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a>:       Change the headings/footings style for this page. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cmaketitle"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-titles_002c-making-844"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmaketitle-845"></a>
The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title
page&mdash;except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed
at the top of the first page.  Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\author{</code><var>name</var><code> \and </code><var>name2</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cauthor_0040_007b_0040var_007bname_007d-_005cand-_0040var_007bname2_007d_0040_007d-846"></a><dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage-847"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-848"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cand-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-849"></a>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands.  Use
<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author's entry&mdash;for
example, to give the author's institution or address.

     <br><dt><code>\date{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdate_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-850"></a><dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage-851"></a>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document's
date.  With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>)
is used.

     <br><dt><code>\thanks{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cthanks_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-852"></a><dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage-853"></a><a name="index-credit-footnote-854"></a>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.

     <br><dt><code>\title{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctitle_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-855"></a><dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage-856"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005ctitle_007d_007d-857"></a>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the
document.  Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cpagenumbering"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagenumbering-858"></a><a name="index-page-numbering-style-859"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \pagenumbering{<var>style</var>}
</pre>
   <p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>:

     <dl>
<dt><code>arabic</code><dd>arabic numerals
<br><dt><code>roman</code><dd>lowercase Roman numerals
<br><dt><code>Roman</code><dd>uppercase Roman numerals
<br><dt><code>alph</code><dd>lowercase letters
<br><dt><code>Alph</code><dd>uppercase letters
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cpagestyle"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagestyle-860"></a><a name="index-header-style-861"></a><a name="index-footer-style-862"></a><a name="index-running-header-and-footer-style-863"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \pagestyle{<var>style</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers
are typeset from the current page onwards.  Values for <var>style</var>:

     <dl>
<dt><code>plain</code><dd>Just a plain page number.

     <br><dt><code>empty</code><dd>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.

     <br><dt><code>headings</code><dd>Put running headers on each page.  The document style specifies what
goes in the headers.

     <br><dt><code>myheadings</code><dd>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the
<code>\markright</code> commands.

   </dl>

   <p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:

     <dl>
<dt><code>\markboth{</code><var>left</var><code>}{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarkboth_0040_007b_0040var_007bleft_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-864"></a><dd>Sets both the left and the right heading.  A &ldquo;left-hand heading&rdquo;
(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before
the end of the page, while a &ldquo;right-hand heading&rdquo; (<var>right</var> is
generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.

     <br><dt><code>\markright{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarkright_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-865"></a><dd>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cthispagestyle"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{</code><var>style</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthispagestyle-866"></a>
The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the
<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it
changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Spaces"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>

<p><a name="index-spaces-867"></a>
LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.

   <p>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a &ldquo;thin&rdquo;
space (usually 1/6<span class="dmn">quad</span>).  It can be used in text mode, but is
more often useful in math mode  (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>).

</li></ul>
<p>Horizontal space
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>:              Fixed horizontal space. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>:               Normal interword space. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>:                  Ending a sentence. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>:           One-sixth of an em. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>:                   Per-character italic correction. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>:               Stretchable horizontal space. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>:           Stretchable horizontal rule. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>:             Stretchable horizontal dots.

</li></ul>
<p>Vertical space
</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>:                     Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:   Fixed vertical spaces. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:                         Infinitely stretchable vertical space. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:                        Add arbitrary vertical space. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5chspace"></a>
<a name="g_t_005chspace"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005chspace-868"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \hspace[*]{<var>length</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space.  The <var>length</var>
argument can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands:
points, inches, etc.  It is a rubber length.  You can add both
negative and positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command; adding
negative space is like backspacing.

   <p>LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
or end of a line.  To preserve this space, use the optional <code>*</code>
form.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5chfill"></a>
<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005chfill-869"></a>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which has
no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
needed.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfill-870"></a>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
the glue value &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">0pt plus1fill</span></samp>&rsquo;); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is
equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cSPACE"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cSPACE"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cSPACE-871"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cTAB-872"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cNEWLINE-873"></a>
The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space.  It's
useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence.  For example
<code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. 
It is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a
nice system.</code>

   <p>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code>&lt;tab&gt; and <code>\</code>&lt;newline&gt;
are equivalent to <code>\ </code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cAT"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\@</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_0040-874"></a>
The <code>\@</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not.  This is typically used after
a capital letter.  Here are side-by-side examples with and without
<code>\@</code>:

<pre class="example">     ... in C\@.  Pascal, though ...
     ... in C.  Pascal, though ...
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">produces

<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. -->
   <blockquote>
<small class="dots">...</small> in C.  Pascal, though <small class="dots">...</small>
<small class="dots">...</small> in C.  Pascal, though <small class="dots">...</small>
</blockquote>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cthinspace"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthinspace-875"></a>
<code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
is 1/6 of an em.  This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
in '<span class="dmn">&rdquo;</span>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5c%2f"></a>
<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_002f-876"></a>
The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>.  This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows.  The italic
<i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value.

   <p>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to
insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height.  However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help. Compare
<i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the `f's are nicely separated)
with <i>f: f;</i>.

   <p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction.  Compare
pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the `f')
with pdfTeX.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5chrulefill"></a>
<a name="g_t_005chrulefill"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005chrulefill-877"></a>
The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which can
stretch or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal
rule.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cdotfill"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cdotfill"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cdotfill-878"></a>
The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; that fills
with dots instead of just white space.

<!-- xx undone -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5caddvspace"></a>
<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddvspace-879"></a><a name="index-vertical-space-880"></a><a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical-881"></a>
<code>\addvspace{length}</code>

   <p>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height
length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this
command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cbigskip-%5cmedskip-%5csmallskip"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3>

<p>These commands produce a given amount of space.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\bigskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cbigskip-882"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbigskipamount-883"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
space (with stretch and shrink).

     <br><dt><code>\medskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmedskip-884"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmedskipamount-885"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily
about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).

     <br><dt><code>\smallskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005csmallskip-886"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csmallskipamount-887"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).

   </dl>

   <p>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cvfill"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvfill-888"></a>
The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed.  It's equivalent to
<code>\vspace{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cvspace"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{</code><var>length</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvspace-889"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e.,
a rubber length.  <var>length</var> can be negative or positive.

   <p>Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at
the top or bottom of a page.  With the optional <code>*</code> argument, the
space is not removed.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Boxes"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>

<p><a name="index-boxes-890"></a>
All the predefined length parameters (see <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>:                Horizontal boxes. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>:  Put a frame around a box. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>:                An environment like \sbox. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>:             Box, adjustable position. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>:              Box with text in paragraph mode. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>:            Raise or lower text. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>:             Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>:                Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a>:              Print saved text. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cmbox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cmbox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox{</code><var>text}</var></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmbox-891"></a>
<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing-892"></a>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument.  The <var>text</var> is not broken into
lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cfbox-and-%5cframebox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfbox-893"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cframebox-894"></a>
Synopses:

<pre class="example">     \fbox{<var>text</var>}
     \framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>,
except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.

   <p>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit
specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var>
argument. <!-- xxref -->

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxrule-895"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxsep-896"></a>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.4pt</span></samp>&rsquo;), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">3pt</span></samp>&rsquo;) between the rule and the contents of the box.

   <p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the
<code>picture</code> environment.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="lrbox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-lrbox-897"></a>
<code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code>

   <p>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>.

   <p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which
must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cmakebox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cmakebox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakebox-898"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
the <var>text</var> specified.  The width of the box is specified by the
optional <var>width</var> argument.  The position of the text within the box
is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take
the following values:

     <dl>
<dt><code>c</code><dd>Centered (default). 
<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>Flush left. 
<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>Flush right. 
<br><dt><code>s</code><dd>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain
stretchable space for this to work. 
</dl>

   <p><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment
see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cparbox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cparbox-899"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created
in <code>paragraph</code> mode.  It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you
shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a
<code>\parbox</code> argument.  For larger pieces of text, including ones
containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
<code>minipage</code> environment (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).

   <p><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments:

     <dl>
<dt><var>width</var><dd>the width of the parbox;
<br><dt><var>text</var><dd>the text that goes inside the parbox. 
</dl>

   <p>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the
top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding
text (default is top).

   <p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box.

   <p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside
the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used.

     <dl>
<dt><code>t</code><dd>text is placed at the top of the box. 
<br><dt><code>c</code><dd>text is centered in the box. 
<br><dt><code>b</code><dd>text is placed at the bottom of the box. 
<br><dt><code>s</code><dd>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
for this to work. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5craisebox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005craisebox-900"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \raisebox{distance}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{text}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>.  The first
mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount).  <var>text</var> itself is processed
in LR mode.

   <p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. 
If they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a
certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth),
ignoring its natural height and depth.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csavebox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csavebox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005csavebox-901"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been
declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csbox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csbox"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\sbox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005csbox-902"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) except that instead of the resulting box being
included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<var>\boxcmd</var>.  <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with
<code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cusebox"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cusebox"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\usebox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cusebox-903"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}
</pre>
   <p><code>\usebox</code> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin
<var>\boxcmd</var> by a <code>\savebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Special-insertions"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">21 Special insertions</h2>

<p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>:      Inserting # $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>:             Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Accents">Accents</a>:                  Inserting accents. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>:   Inserting other non-English characters. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>:                    Inserting lines and rectangles. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>:                   Inserting today's date. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Reserved-characters"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h3>

<p><a name="index-reserved-characters-904"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-reserved-905"></a>
The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
&ldquo;reserved characters&rdquo; or &ldquo;special characters&rdquo;.

<pre class="example">     # $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
</pre>
   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0023-906"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0024-907"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0025-908"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0026-909"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005f-910"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_007b-911"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_007d-912"></a>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX
will do something special.  If you simply want the character to be
printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character.  For
example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbackslash-913"></a>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has
its own special (context-dependent) meaning.  A roman \ is produced by
typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is
produced by using &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>&rsquo; in a verbatim command (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>).

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_007e-914"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005e-915"></a>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over
the following letter, as in &otilde; and &ocirc; (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>); to get
a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim
command.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005csymbol-916"></a><a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font-917"></a>
Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the
visible space character used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code
decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>.

   <p>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers
with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as
<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Text-symbols"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Accents">Accents</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">21.2 Text symbols</h3>

<p><a name="index-text-symbols-918"></a>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\copyright</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccopyright-919"></a><dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol-920"></a>The copyright symbol, &copy;.

     <br><dt><code>\dag</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdag-921"></a><dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-922"></a>The dagger symbol (in text).

     <br><dt><code>\ddag</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddag-923"></a><dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-924"></a>The double dagger symbol (in text).

     <br><dt><code>\LaTeX</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLaTeX-925"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-logo-926"></a><a name="index-logo_002c-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-927"></a>The LaTeX logo.

     <br><dt><code>\ldots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cldots-928"></a><dd><a name="index-ellipsis-929"></a>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `<small class="dots">...</small>'.  This
command also works in math mode.

     <br><dt><code>\lq</code><a name="index-g_t_005clq-930"></a><dd><a name="index-left-quote-931"></a><a name="index-opening-quote-932"></a>Left (opening) quote: `.

     <br><dt><code>\P</code><a name="index-g_t_005cP-933"></a><dd><a name="index-paragraph-sign-934"></a><a name="index-pilcrow-935"></a>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).

     <br><dt><code>\pounds</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpounds-936"></a><dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol-937"></a><a name="index-sterling-symbol-938"></a>English pounds sterling.

     <br><dt><code>\rq</code><a name="index-g_t_005crq-939"></a><dd><a name="index-right-quote-940"></a><a name="index-closing-quote-941"></a>Right (closing) quote: '.

     <br><dt><code>\S</code><a name="index-g_t_005cS-942"></a><dd><a name="index-section-symbol-943"></a>Section symbol.

     <br><dt><code>\TeX</code><a name="index-g_t_005cTeX-944"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-logo-945"></a><a name="index-logo_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d-946"></a>The TeX logo.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Accents"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">21.3 Accents</h3>

<p><a name="index-accents-947"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-accented-948"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-accented-949"></a>
LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and
languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support.  This
section does not attempt to cover all that support.  It merely the
core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\"</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0022-_0040r_007b_0028umlaut-accent_0029_007d-950"></a><a name="index-umlaut-accent-951"></a>Produces an umlaut, as in &ouml;.

     <br><dt><code>\'</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent_0029_007d-952"></a><a name="index-acute-accent-953"></a>Produces an acute accent, as in &oacute;.  In the <code>tabbing</code>
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>).

     <br><dt><code>\.</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_002e-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029_007d-954"></a><a name="index-dot-accent-955"></a><a name="index-dot_002dover-accent-956"></a>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..

     <br><dt><code>\=</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent_0029_007d-957"></a><a name="index-macron-accent-958"></a><a name="index-overbar-accent-959"></a><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent-960"></a>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o&macr;.

     <br><dt><code>\^</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_005e-_0040r_007b_0028circumflex-accent_0029_007d-961"></a><a name="index-circumflex-accent-962"></a><a name="index-hat-accent-963"></a>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in &ocirc;.

     <br><dt><code>\`</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent_0029_007d-964"></a><a name="index-grave-accent-965"></a>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in &ograve;.  In the
<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin
(see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>).

     <br><dt><code>\~</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_007e-_0040r_007b_0028tilde-accent_0029_007d-966"></a><a name="index-tilde-accent-967"></a>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in &ntilde;.

     <br><dt><code>\b</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cb-_0040r_007b_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-968"></a><a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent-969"></a>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.

     <br><dt><code>\bar</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cbar-_0040r_007b_0028macron_002c-bar_002dover-accent_0029_007d-970"></a><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent-971"></a><a name="index-macron-accent-972"></a>Produces a macron accent over the following, as in o&macr;.

     <br><dt><code>\c</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cc-_0040r_007b_0028cedilla-accent_0029_007d-973"></a><a name="index-cedilla-accent-974"></a>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in <!-- {c}. -->

     <br><dt><code>\d</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cd-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-975"></a><a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent-976"></a>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.

     <br><dt><code>\H</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cH-_0040r_007b_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029_007d-977"></a><a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent-978"></a>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''.

     <br><dt><code>\i</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ci-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-i_0029_007d-979"></a><a name="index-dotless-i-980"></a>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'.

     <br><dt><code>\j</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cj-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-j_0029_007d-981"></a><a name="index-dotless-j-982"></a>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'.

     <br><dt><code>\t</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ct-_0040r_007b_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029_007d-983"></a><a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent-984"></a>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['.

     <br><dt><code>\u</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cu-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-985"></a><a name="index-breve-accent-986"></a>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('.

     <br><dt><code>\v</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cv-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-987"></a><a name="index-hacek-accent-988"></a><a name="index-check-accent-989"></a>Produces a h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check) accent, as in `o&lt;'.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Non-English-characters"></a>
<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Accents">Accents</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">21.4 Non-English characters</h3>

<p><a name="index-special-characters-990"></a><a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters-991"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish-992"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish-993"></a>
Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly
used in languages other than English.

     <dl>
<dt><code>\aa</code><dt><code>\AA</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005caa-_0028_0040aa_007b_007d_0029-994"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cAA-_0028_0040AA_007b_007d_0029-995"></a><a name="index-aring-996"></a>&aring; and &Aring;.

     <br><dt><code>\ae</code><dt><code>\AE</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cae-_0028_0040ae_007b_007d_0029-997"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cAE-_0028_0040AE_007b_007d_0029-998"></a><a name="index-ae-ligature-999"></a>&aelig; and &AElig;.

     <br><dt><code>\l</code><dt><code>\L</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cl-_0028_0040l_007b_007d_0029-1000"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cL-_0028_0040L_007b_007d_0029-1001"></a><a name="index-polish-l-1002"></a>/l and /L.

     <br><dt><code>\o</code><dt><code>\O</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005co-_0028_0040o_007b_007d_0029-1003"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cO-_0028_0040O_007b_007d_0029-1004"></a><a name="index-oslash-1005"></a>&oslash; and &Oslash;.

     <br><dt><code>\oe</code><dt><code>\OE</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005coe-_0028_0040oe_007b_007d_0029-1006"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cOE-_0028_0040OE_007b_007d_0029-1007"></a><a name="index-oe-ligature-1008"></a>&oelig; and &OElig;.

     <br><dt><code>\ss</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005css-_0028_0040ss_007b_007d_0029-1009"></a><a name="index-es_002dzet-German-letter-1010"></a><a name="index-sharp-S-letters-1011"></a>&szlig;.

   </dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5crule"></a>
<a name="g_t_005crule"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">21.5 <code>\rule</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005crule-1012"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <dfn>rules</dfn>, that is, lines or
rectangles.  The arguments are:

     <dl>
<dt><var>raise</var><dd>How high to raise the rule (optional).

     <br><dt><var>width</var><dd>The length of the rule (mandatory).

     <br><dt><var>thickness</var><dd>The thickness of the rule (mandatory). 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ctoday"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">21.6 <code>\today</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctoday-1013"></a>
The <code>\today</code> command produces today's date, in the format
&lsquo;<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var><span class="samp">, </span><var>yyyy</var></samp>&rsquo;; for example, `July 4, 1976'. 
It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>) to do this.  It is not
updated as the program runs.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bdatetime_007d-package-1014"></a>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Splitting-the-input"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">22 Splitting the input</h2>

<p><a name="index-splitting-the-input-file-1015"></a><a name="index-input-file-1016"></a>
A large document requires a lot of input.  Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones.  Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a>:             Conditionally include a file. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>:         Determine which files are included. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>:               Unconditionally include a file. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cinclude"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cinclude"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>\include</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cinclude-1017"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \include{<var>file</var>}
</pre>
   <p>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code>
command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page
(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>), then reads <var>file</var>, then does another
<code>\clearpage</code>.

   <p>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are
only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to
<code>\includeonly</code>.  See the next section.

   <p><a name="index-nested-_0040code_007b_005cinclude_007d_002c-not-allowed-1018"></a>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another <code>\include</code> command.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cincludeonly"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cincludeonly-1019"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
subsequent <code>\include</code> commands.  The list of filenames is
comma-separated. Each <var>file</var> must exactly match a filename
specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the selection to be
effective.

   <p>This command can only appear in the preamble.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cinput"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cinput"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">22.3 \input</h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cinput-1020"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \input{<var>file</var>}
</pre>
   <p>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read
and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
file at that point.

   <p>If <var>file</var> does not end in &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">.tex</span></samp>&rsquo; (e.g., &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; or
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar</span></samp>&rsquo;), it is first tried with that extension (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo.tex</span></samp>&rsquo;
or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar.tex</span></samp>&rsquo;).  If that is not found, the original <var>file</var>
is tried (&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar</span></samp>&rsquo;).

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Front%2fback-matter"></a>
<a name="Front_002fback-matter"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Letters">Letters</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">23 Front/back matter</h2>

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a>
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Tables-of-contents"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">23.1 Tables of contents</h3>

<p><a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating-1021"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_005ctableofcontents-1022"></a>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code>
command.  You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you.  A previous run must
have generated a <samp><span class="file">.toc</span></samp> file.

   <p>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does
not automatically start a new page.  If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the
<code>\tableofcontents</code> command.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005clistoffigures-1023"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clistoftables-1024"></a>The analagous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code>
produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. 
Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cnofiles-1025"></a>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and
<em>prevents</em> any of these lists from being generated.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>:     Add an entry to table of contents etc. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a>:       Add text directly to table of contents file etc. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5caddcontentsline"></a>
<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddcontentsline_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bunit_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1026"></a><a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding-1027"></a>
The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command adds an entry to the specified list
or table where:

     <dl>
<dt><var>ext</var><dd>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of
figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables).

     <br><dt><var>unit</var><dd>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:

          <dl>
<dt><code>toc</code><dd>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>,
<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>. 
<br><dt><code>lof</code><dd>For the list of figures. 
<br><dt><code>lot</code><dd>For the list of tables. 
</dl>

     <br><dt><var>entry</var><dd>The actual text of the entry. 
</dl>

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005ccontentsline-1028"></a>What is written to the <samp><span class="file">.</span><var>ext</var></samp> file is the
command <code>\contentsline{</code><var>unit</var><code>}{</code><var>name</var><code>}</code>.

<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values?  other unit names? -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5caddtocontents"></a>
<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>

</div>

<h4 class="subsection">23.1.2 \addtocontents</h4>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtocontents_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1029"></a>
The <code>\addtocontents</code> command adds text (or formatting commands)
directly to the <samp><span class="file">.</span></samp><var>ext</var> file that generates the table of
contents or lists of figures or tables.

     <dl>
<dt><var>ext</var><dd>The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
<samp><span class="file">toc</span></samp> (table of contents), <samp><span class="file">lof</span></samp> (list of figures), or
<samp><span class="file">lot</span></samp> (list of tables).

     <br><dt><var>text</var><dd>The text to be written. 
</dl>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Glossaries"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">23.2 Glossaries</h3>

<p><a name="index-glossaries-1030"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_005cmakeglossary-1031"></a>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cglossary-1032"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eglo_007d-file-1033"></a>The command <code>\glossary{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> writes a glossary entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp><span class="file">.glo</span></samp> extension.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cglossaryentry-1034"></a>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\glossaryentry{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>pageno</var><code>}</code>, where
<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.

   <p>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Indexes"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">23.3 Indexes</h3>

<p><a name="index-indexes-1035"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_005cmakeindex-1036"></a>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cindex-1037"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eidx_007d-file-1038"></a>The command <code>\index{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> writes a glossary entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> extension.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005cindexentry-1039"></a>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\indexentry{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>pageno</var><code>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var>
is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.

   <p>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new
letter in the index; its default value is &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">10pt plus5pt
minus3pt</span></samp>&rsquo;.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bmakeindex_007d-program-1040"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bxindy_007d-program-1041"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eind_007d-file-1042"></a>
The <samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> file can then be sorted with an external command,
typically <samp><span class="command">makeindex</span></samp> or <samp><span class="command">xindy</span></samp>, resulting in a
<samp><span class="file">.ind</span></samp> file, which can then be used to typeset the index.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Letters"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">24 Letters</h2>

<p><a name="index-letters-1043"></a><a name="index-creating-letters-1044"></a>
You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.  The
<code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at
once, although you can make just one if you so desire.

   <p>Your <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> source file has the same minimum commands as the other
document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
minimum:

<pre class="example">      \documentclass{letter}
      \begin{document}
       ... letters ...
      \end{document}
</pre>
   <p>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name
and address of the recipient.  For example, you might have:

<pre class="example">      \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
           \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
        ...
      \end{letter}
</pre>
   <p>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command.  The text of
the letter follows.  It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input.  Commands that
make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work.  The letter
closes with a <code>\closing</code> command.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-letters_007d-1045"></a>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material.  The
<code>\cc</code> command produces the usual &ldquo;cc: <small class="dots">...</small>&rdquo;.  There's also a
similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these
commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items.

   <p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a>:             Your return address. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>:                  Cc list. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>:             Saying goodbye. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>:                List of enclosed material. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>:            Your organisation's address. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>:          Making address labels. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>:                Your name, for the return address. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>:             Saying hello. 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>:                  Adding a postscript. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>:           Your signature. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>:         Allow page breaks. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>:          Disallow page breaks. 
<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>:           Your phone number. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5caddress"></a>
<a name="g_t_005caddress"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddress-1046"></a>
The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it
should appear on the letter and the envelope.  Separate lines of the
address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands.

   <p>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter
will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard
letterhead.  (See <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>, for details on your local
implementation).  If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the
letter will be formatted as a personal letter.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ccc"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ccc"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccc-1047"></a><a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters-1048"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \cc{<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>}
</pre>
   <p>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to.  Each name is
printed on a separate line.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cclosing"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cclosing"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cclosing-1049"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-ending-1050"></a><a name="index-closing-letters-1051"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \closing{text}
</pre>
   <p>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example,
<pre class="example">     \closing{Best Regards,}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cencl"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cencl-1052"></a><a name="index-enclosure-list-1053"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \encl{<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>}
</pre>
   <p>Declare a list of one more enclosures.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5clocation"></a>
<a name="g_t_005clocation"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.5 <code>\location</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005clocation-1054"></a>
<code>\location{address}</code>

   <p>This modifies your organisation's standard address.  This only appears
if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cmakelabels"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakelabels-1055"></a>
<code>\makelabels{number}</code>

   <p>If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of
address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cname"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cname"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.7 <code>\name</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cname-1056"></a>
<code>\name{June Davenport}</code>

   <p>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
address.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5copening"></a>
<a name="g_t_005copening"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.8 <code>\opening{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005copening-1057"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-starting-1058"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \opening{<var>text</var>}
</pre>
   <p>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command.  The mandatory
argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. 
For instance:

<pre class="example">     \opening{Dear Joe,}
</pre>
   <div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cps"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cps"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cps-1059"></a><a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters-1060"></a>
Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after
<code>\closing</code>.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5csignature"></a>
<a name="g_t_005csignature"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.10 <code>\signature{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005csignature-1061"></a>
Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
space for your signature.  <code>\\</code> starts a new line within
<var>text</var> as usual.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cstartbreaks"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cstartbreaks"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstartbreaks-1062"></a>
<code>\startbreaks</code>

   <p>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5cstopbreaks"></a>
<a name="g_t_005cstopbreaks"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstopbreaks-1063"></a>
<code>\stopbreaks</code>

   <p>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ctelephone"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctelephone-1064"></a>
<code>\telephone{number}</code>

   <p>This is your telephone number.  This only appears if the
<code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Terminal-Input%2fOutput"></a>
<a name="Terminal-Input_002fOutput"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Letters">Letters</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">25 Terminal Input/Output</h2>

<p><a name="index-input_002fOutput-1065"></a><a name="index-terminal-Input_002fOutput-1066"></a>

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>:              Read text from the terminal. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>:             Write text to the terminal. 
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ctypein"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ctypein"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">25.1 <code>\typein[</code><var>cmd</var><code>]{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctypein-1067"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \typein[<var>\cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}
</pre>
   <p><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to
stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return.  If
the optional <var>\cmd</var> argument is omitted, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
<code>\typein</code> command.  If the <var>\cmd</var> argument is present, it
must be a command name.  This command name is then defined or
redefined to be the typed input.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="%5ctypeout"></a>
<a name="g_t_005ctypeout"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\typeout{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></h3>

<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctypeout-1068"></a>
Synopsis:

<pre class="example">     \typeout{<var>msg</var>}
</pre>
   <p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file. 
Commands in <code>msg</code> that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or
<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.

   <p>LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>.  A
<code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> causes a single space to be
printed, independent of surrounding spaces.  A <code>^^J</code> in
<code>msg</code> prints a newline.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Command-Line"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="chapter">26 Command Line</h2>

<p><a name="index-command-Line-1069"></a>
The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
TeX uses <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> as a default file extension.  If you omit the
input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.  You
specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the
command; e.g.

<pre class="example">     latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">will process <samp><span class="file">foo.tex</span></samp> without pausing after every error.

   <p><a name="index-g_t_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-prompt-1070"></a><a name="index-prompt_002c-_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-1071"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cstop-1072"></a>If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo; prompt, it is waiting for input.  You can type <code>\stop</code>
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Document-templates"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>

<p><a name="index-document-templates-1073"></a>
Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful.

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#book-template">book template</a>
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a>
</ul>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="book-template"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>book</code> template</h3>

<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\chapter{First}
Some text.

\chapter{Second}
Some other text.

\section{A subtopic}
The end.
\end{document}
</pre>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="beamer-template"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#book-template">book template</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>

<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates slides presentations.

<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{beamer}

\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
\date{July 31, 2007}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
\begin{frame}[fragile]
 \frametitle{First Slide}

\begin{verbatim}
  This is \verbatim!
\end{verbatim}

\end{frame}

\end{document}

</pre>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="tugboat-template"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>

</div>

<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>

<p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.

<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat}  % ltugproc for proceedings

\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
  \usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
              urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
\else
  \usepackage{url}
\fi

\begin{document}

\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article}

% repeat info for each author.
\author{First Last}
\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}

\maketitle

% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat.
\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

This is an example article for \TUB, from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.

We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref
package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output).  \TUB\ is produced
using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays.

The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others:

{\small
\begin{verbatim}
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe
\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas
\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG
\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE

\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
\careof \thinskip

\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred}  % please use!
\cs{fred}   -> \fred
\env{fred}  -> \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -> &lt;fred>
\nth{n}     -> 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}
}

For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}

Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.


\bibliographystyle{plain}  % we recommend the plain bibliography style
\nocite{book-minimal}      % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl}       % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX


\makesignature  % not in ltugproc
\end{document}
</pre>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Concept-Index"></a>
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h2>

<ul class="index-cp" compact>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-prompt-1070">&lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo; prompt</a>: <a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands-171">*-form of sectioning commands</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eglo_007d-file-1033"><samp><span class="file">.glo</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eidx_007d-file-1038"><samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eind_007d-file-1042"><samp><span class="file">.ind</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-abstracts-189">abstracts</a>: <a href="#abstract">abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-accents-947">accents</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical-782">accents, mathematical</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font-917">accessing any character of a font</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-acute-accent-953">acute accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math-784">acute accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ae-ligature-999">ae ligature</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-aligning-Equations-222">aligning Equations</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing-330">alignment via tabbing</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating-173">appendix, creating</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-aring-996">aring</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math-191">arrays, math</a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage-847">author, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent-960">bar-over accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent-969">bar-under accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029-371">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029-365">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>: <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bib_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-using-370">bibTeX, using</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting-38">black boxes, omitting</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bold-font-87">bold font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding-204">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-boxes-890">boxes</a>: <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-breaking-lines-460">breaking lines</a>: <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-breaking-pages-479">breaking pages</a>: <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-breve-accent-986">breve accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math-786">breve accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bullet-symbol-560">bullet symbol</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bulleted-lists-262">bulleted lists</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math-90">calligraphic letters for math</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters-1048">cc list, in letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cedilla-accent-974">cedilla accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for-199">centering text, declaration for</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for-196">centering text, environment for</a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented-948">characters, accented</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish-992">characters, non-English</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved-905">characters, reserved</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-check-accent-989">check accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math-788">check accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-circumflex-accent-962">circumflex accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math-799">circumflex accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-class-options-19">class options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-classes-of-documents-10">classes of documents</a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-closing-letters-1051">closing letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-closing-quote-941">closing quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting-383">code, typesetting</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-command-Line-1069">command Line</a>: <a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-400">commands, defining new ones</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting-384">computer programs, typesetting</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-copyright-symbol-920">copyright symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of-423">counters, a list of</a>: <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new-404">counters, defining new</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of-435">counters, getting value of</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting-437">counters, setting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-creating-letters-1044">creating letters</a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-creating-pictures-298">creating pictures</a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-creating-tables-351">creating tables</a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-credit-footnote-854">credit footnote</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cross-references-174">cross references</a>: <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number-177">cross referencing with page number</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic-180">cross referencing, symbolic</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-922">dagger, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage-851">date, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bdatetime_007d-package-1014"><code>datetime</code> package</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-401">defining a new command</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-defining-new-environments-411">defining new environments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts-418">defining new fonts</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems-415">defining new theorems</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-definitions-398">definitions</a>: <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating-202">description lists, creating</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication-820">discretionary multiplication</a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation-321">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation-325">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-document-class-options-17">document class options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-document-classes-9">document classes</a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-document-templates-1073">document templates</a>: <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dot-accent-955">dot accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math-794">dot over accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent-956">dot-over accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent-976">dot-under accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dotless-i-980">dotless i</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math-801">dotless i, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dotless-j-982">dotless j</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math-803">dotless j, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-924">double dagger, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math-791">double dot accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ellipsis-929">ellipsis</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-emphasis-62">emphasis</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-enclosure-list-1053">enclosure list</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ending-_0026-starting-7">ending &amp; starting</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page-489">enlarge current page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-environments-185">environments</a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining-410">environments, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing-182">equation number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting-226">equation numbers, omitting</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning-221">equations, aligning</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for-229">equations, environment for</a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter-1010">es-zet German letter</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-exponent-528">exponent</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing-183">figure number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in-296">figures, footnotes in</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting-233">figures, inserting</a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font-107">fixed-width font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page-483">flushing floats and starting a page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel-122">font commands, low-level</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-sizes-108">font sizes</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-font-styles-54">font styles</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fonts-53">fonts</a>: <a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for-417">fonts, new commands for</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-footer-style-862">footer style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for-153">footer, parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing-184">footnote number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-footnote-parameters-395">footnote parameters</a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures-295">footnotes in figures</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating-391">footnotes, creating</a>: <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for-230">formulas, environment for</a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math-513">formulas, math</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fragile-commands-420">fragile commands</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-functions_002c-math-746">functions, math</a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-global-options-20">global options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-glossaries-1030">glossaries</a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-grave-accent-965">grave accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math-796">grave accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-greek-letters-533">greek letters</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-h_0040_0027a_0040v_007bc_007dek-accent_002c-math-789">h&aacute;c&lt;ek accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hacek-accent-988">hacek accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hat-accent-963">hat accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math-798">hat accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-header-style-861">header style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for-152">header, parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent-978">hungarian umlaut accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining-473">hyphenation, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing-470">hyphenation, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing-892">hyphenation, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas-289">in-line formulas</a>: <a href="#math">math</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing-498">indent, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing-500">indent, suppressing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage-292">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-indexes-1035">indexes</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-input-file-1016">input file</a>: <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-input_002fOutput-1065">input/Output</a>: <a href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-inserting-figures-232">inserting figures</a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-italic-font-94">italic font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left-256">justification, ragged left</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right-249">justification, ragged right</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1">Knuth, Donald E.</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating-201">labelled lists, creating</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie-2">Lamport, Leslie</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-logo-926">LaTeX logo</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-overview-5">LaTeX overview</a>: <a href="#Overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-Project-team-3">LaTeX Project team</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-layout-commands-133">layout commands</a>: <a href="#Layout">Layout</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for-151">layout, page parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-left-quote-931">left quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text-248">left-justifying text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-243">left-justifying text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode-840">left-to-right mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to-449">lengths, adding to</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using-445">lengths, defining and using</a>: <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-new-406">lengths, defining new</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-predefined-453">lengths, predefined</a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting-447">lengths, setting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-letters-1043">letters</a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented-949">letters, accented</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending-1050">letters, ending</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish-993">letters, non-English</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting-1058">letters, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing-463">line break, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-line-breaking-459">line breaking</a>: <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing-476">line breaks, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing-477">line breaks, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lines-in-tables-353">lines in tables</a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-columns-using-tab-stops-329">lining text up in columns using tab stops</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables-354">lining text up in tables</a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter-432">list items, specifying counter</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items-260">lists of items</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic-287">lists of items, generic</a>: <a href="#list">list</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered-209">lists of items, numbered</a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages-48">loading additional packages</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-logo_002c-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-927">logo, LaTeX</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-logo_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d-946">logo, TeX</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands-121">low-level font commands</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lR-mode-841">lR mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-macron-accent-958">macron accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bmakeindex_007d-program-1040"><samp><span class="command">makeindex</span></samp> program</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-making-a-title-page-377">making a title page</a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-making-paragraphs-494">making paragraphs</a>: <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-marginal-notes-503">marginal notes</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-accents-781">math accents</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-formulas-512">math formulas</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-functions-745">math functions</a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-Miscellany-818">math Miscellany</a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-mode-839">math mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering-514">math mode, entering</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-813">math mode, spacing</a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-symbols-531">math symbols</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a-291">minipage, creating a</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-modes-837">modes</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-monospace-font-106">monospace font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-moving-arguments-421">moving arguments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-multicolumn-text-137">multicolumn text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break-821">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-nested-_0040code_007b_005cinclude_007d_002c-not-allowed-1018">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-402">new commands, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input-466">new line, output as input</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-462">new line, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029-468">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting-486">new page, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters-991">non-English characters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin-504">notes in the margin</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-null-delimiter-828">null delimiter</a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter-433">numbered items, specifying counter</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-oblique-font-103">oblique font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-oe-ligature-1008">oe ligature</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output-135">one-column output</a>: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-opening-quote-932">opening quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-18">options, document class</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-options_002c-global-51">options, global</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-oslash-1005">oslash</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-overbar-accent-959">overbar accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math-793">overdot accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-overview-of-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-4">overview of LaTeX</a>: <a href="#Overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-47">packages, loading</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing-492">page break, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing-493">page break, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page-breaking-478">page breaking</a>: <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters-149">page layout parameters</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing-178">page number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page-numbering-style-859">page numbering style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-page-styles-843">page styles</a>: <a href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage-293">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text-322">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting-326">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-838">paragraph mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paragraph-sign-934">paragraph sign</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paragraphs-495">paragraphs</a>: <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout-150">parameters, page layout</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating-299">pictures, creating</a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pilcrow-935">pilcrow</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for-389">poetry, an environment for</a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-polish-l-1002">polish l</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters-1060">postscript, in letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pounds-symbol-937">pounds symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined-8">preamble, defined</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-predefined-lengths-454">predefined lengths</a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-1071">prompt, &lsquo;<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>&rsquo;</a>: <a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-320">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-324">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ragged-left-text-255">ragged left text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for-251">ragged left text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ragged-right-text-247">ragged right text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for-244">ragged right text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-redefining-environments-412">redefining environments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin-505">remarks in the margin</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-reserved-characters-904">reserved characters</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-right-quote-940">right quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text-257">right-justifying text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-252">right-justifying text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-robust-commands-422">robust commands</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-roman-font-96">roman font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-154">running header and footer</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style-863">running header and footer style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sans-serif-font-100">sans serif font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math-89">script letters for math</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing-181">section number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-section-symbol-943">section symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sectioning-163">sectioning</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bsetspace_007d-package-130"><code>setspace</code> package</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-setting-counters-438">setting counters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters-1011">sharp S letters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text-381">simulating typed text</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sizes-of-text-110">sizes of text</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-slanted-font-102">slanted font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-small-caps-font-98">small caps font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical-881">space, inserting vertical</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-spaces-867">spaces</a>: <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode-812">spacing within math mode</a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-special-characters-990">special characters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file-1015">splitting the input file</a>: <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-starting-_0026-ending-6">starting &amp; ending</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-487">starting a new page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats-484">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page-481">starting on a right-hand page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sterling-symbol-938">sterling symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical-148">stretch, omitting vertical</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-styles-of-text-56">styles of text</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-styles_002c-page-842">styles, page</a>: <a href="#Page-Styles">Page Styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-subscript-527">subscript</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-superscript-526">superscript</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math-532">symbols, math</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using-328">tab stops, using</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding-1027">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating-1021">table of contents, creating</a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating-350">tables, creating</a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-terminal-Input_002fOutput-1066">terminal Input/Output</a>: <a href="#Terminal-Input_002fOutput">Terminal Input/Output</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-logo-945">TeX logo</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-text-symbols-918">text symbols</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage-853">thanks, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining-414">theorems, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting-375">theorems, typesetting</a>: <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent-984">tie-after accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tilde-accent-967">tilde accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math-805">tilde accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating-378">title pages, creating</a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage-856">title, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-titles_002c-making-844">titles, making</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output-138">two-column output</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating-382">typed text, simulating</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typeface-sizes-109">typeface sizes</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typeface-styles-55">typeface styles</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typefaces-52">typefaces</a>: <a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typewriter-font-105">typewriter font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists-205">typewriter labels in lists</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-umlaut-accent-951">umlaut accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unordered-lists-261">unordered lists</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-using-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-369">using BibTeX</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of-424">variables, a list of</a>: <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math-807">vector symbol, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-verbatim-text-380">verbatim text</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline-386">verbatim text, inline</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vertical-space-880">vertical space</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs-502">vertical space before paragraphs</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-visible-space-387">visible space</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math-809">wide hat accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math-811">wide tile accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bxindy_007d-program-1041"><samp><span class="command">xindy</span></samp> program</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li>
   </ul><!-- The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el. -->
<div class="node">
<p><hr>
<a name="Command-Index"></a>
Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>,
Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a>

</div>

<h2 class="unnumbered">Command Index</h2>



<ul class="index-fn" compact>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0024-522"><code>$</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t10pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-21"><code>10pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t11pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-22"><code>11pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t12pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-23"><code>12pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_0040_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_0040_007d-193"><code>@{...}</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0022-_0040r_007b_0028umlaut-accent_0029_007d-950"><code>\" </code><span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0023-906"><code>\#</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0024-907"><code>\$</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0025-908"><code>\%</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0026-909"><code>\&amp;</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent_0029_007d-952"><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-338"><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0028-518"><code>\(</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0029-519"><code>\)</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002a-819"><code>\*</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002b-336"><code>\+</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002c-817"><code>\,</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002d-337"><code>\-</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002d-_0040r_007b_0028hyphenation_0029_007d-469"><code>\- </code><span class="roman">(hyphenation)</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002e-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029_007d-954"><code>\. </code><span class="roman">(dot-over accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002f-876"><code>\/</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003a-815"><code>\:</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003b-814"><code>\;</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003c-335"><code>\&lt;</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent_0029_007d-957"><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(macron accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-332"><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-816"><code>\&gt;</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-334"><code>\&gt;</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-333"><code>\&gt; </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_0040-874"><code>\@</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005b-520"><code>\[</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007b_0028for-_0040code_007b_005cshortstack_007d-objects_0029_007d-317"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">(for </span><code>\shortstack</code><span class="roman"> objects)</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007barray_007d_0029-192"><code>\\ (for array)</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bcenter_007d_0029-197"><code>\\ (for center)</code></a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-223"><code>\\ (for eqnarray)</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bflushright_007d_0029-253"><code>\\ (for flushright)</code></a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-848"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\author</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005ctitle_007d_007d-857"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\title</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bflushleft_007d_007d-245"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>flushleft</code></a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-letters_007d-1045"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for letters</span></a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007btabular_007d_007d-355"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>tabular</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bverse_007d_007d-390"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>verse</code></a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bforce-line-break_007d-461"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">force line break</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007btabbing_007d-331"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-224"><code>\\* (for eqnarray)</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005d-521"><code>\]</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005e-915"><code>\^</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005e-_0040r_007b_0028circumflex-accent_0029_007d-961"><code>\^ </code><span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005f-910"><code>\_</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent_0029_007d-964"><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(grave accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-339"><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-340"><code>\a </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-341"><code>\a' </code><span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-343"><code>\a= </code><span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-342"><code>\a` </code><span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAA-_0028_0040AA_007b_007d_0029-995"><code>\AA (&Aring;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caa-_0028_0040aa_007b_007d_0029-994"><code>\aa (&aring;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cacute-783"><code>\acute</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddcontentsline_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bunit_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1026"><code>\addcontentsline{</code><var>ext</var><code>}{</code><var>unit</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddress-1046"><code>\address</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtocontents_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1029"><code>\addtocontents{</code><var>ext</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtocounter-439"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtolength-448"><code>\addtolength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddvspace-879"><code>\addvspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAE-_0028_0040AE_007b_007d_0029-998"><code>\AE (&AElig;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cae-_0028_0040ae_007b_007d_0029-997"><code>\ae (&aelig;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caleph-535"><code>\aleph</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAlph-426"><code>\Alph</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005calph-425"><code>\alph</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAlph-_0040r_007bexample_007d-219"><code>\Alph </code><span class="roman">example</span></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005calpha-536"><code>\alpha</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005camalg-537"><code>\amalg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cand-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-849"><code>\and </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\author</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cangle-538"><code>\angle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cappendix-172"><code>\appendix</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005capprox-539"><code>\approx</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carabic-427"><code>\arabic</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carccos-747"><code>\arccos</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carcsin-748"><code>\arcsin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carctan-749"><code>\arctan</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carg-750"><code>\arg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carraycolsep-194"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carrayrulewidth-356"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carraystretch-357"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cast-540"><code>\ast</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005casymp-541"><code>\asymp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cauthor_0040_007b_0040var_007bname_007d-_005cand-_0040var_007bname2_007d_0040_007d-846"><code>\author{</code><var>name</var><code> \and </code><var>name2</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cb-_0040r_007b_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-968"><code>\b </code><span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbackslash-913"><code>\backslash</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbackslash-542"><code>\backslash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbar-_0040r_007b_0028macron_002c-bar_002dover-accent_0029_007d-970"><code>\bar </code><span class="roman">(macron, bar-over accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbaselineskip-128"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbaselinestretch-129"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbegin-186"><code>\begin</code></a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbeta-543"><code>\beta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbf-86"><code>\bf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbfseries-66"><code>\bfseries</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibitem-366"><code>\bibitem</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliography-373"><code>\bibliography</code></a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-372"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcap-544"><code>\bigcap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcirc-545"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcup-546"><code>\bigcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigodot-547"><code>\bigodot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigoplus-548"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigotimes-549"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigskip-882"><code>\bigskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigskipamount-883"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigsqcup-552"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigtriangledown-550"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigtriangleup-551"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbiguplus-553"><code>\biguplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigwedge-555"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbmod-751"><code>\bmod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cboldmath-523"><code>\boldmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbot-556"><code>\bot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbottomfraction-235"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbowtie-557"><code>\bowtie</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cBox-558"><code>\Box</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbreve-785"><code>\breve</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbullet-559"><code>\bullet</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cc-_0040r_007b_0028cedilla-accent_0029_007d-973"><code>\c </code><span class="roman">(cedilla accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccal-88"><code>\cal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccap-561"><code>\cap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccaption-234"><code>\caption</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccc-1047"><code>\cc</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccdot-562"><code>\cdot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccdots-822"><code>\cdots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccentering-198"><code>\centering</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cchapter-165"><code>\chapter</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccheck-787"><code>\check</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cchi-563"><code>\chi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccirc-564"><code>\circ</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccircle-302"><code>\circle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccite-367"><code>\cite</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccleardoublepage-480"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclearpage-482"><code>\clearpage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccline-361"><code>\cline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclosing-1049"><code>\closing</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclubsuit-565"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnsep-139"><code>\columnsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnseprule-140"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnwidth-141"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccong-566"><code>\cong</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccontentsline-1028"><code>\contentsline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccoprod-567"><code>\coprod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccopyright-919"><code>\copyright</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccos-752"><code>\cos</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccosh-753"><code>\cosh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccot-754"><code>\cot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccoth-755"><code>\coth</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccsc-756"><code>\csc</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccup-568"><code>\cup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cd-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-975"><code>\d </code><span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdag-921"><code>\dag</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdagger-569"><code>\dagger</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdashbox-307"><code>\dashbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdashv-570"><code>\dashv</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdate_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-850"><code>\date{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cday-442"><code>\day</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdblfloatpagefraction-143"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdblfloatsep-144"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdbltextfloatsep-145"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdbltopfraction-142"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddag-923"><code>\ddag</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddagger-571"><code>\ddagger</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddot-790"><code>\ddot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddots-823"><code>\ddots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdeg-757"><code>\deg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdelta-573"><code>\delta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDelta-572"><code>\Delta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdepth-457"><code>\depth</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdet-758"><code>\det</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiamond-575"><code>\diamond</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDiamond-574"><code>\Diamond</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiamondsuit-576"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdim-759"><code>\dim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdisplaystyle-525"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiv-577"><code>\div</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdocumentclass-11"><code>\documentclass</code></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdot-792"><code>\dot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdoteq-578"><code>\doteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdotfill-878"><code>\dotfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdoublerulesep-358"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDownarrow-580"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdownarrow-579"><code>\downarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cell-581"><code>\ell</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cem-91"><code>\em</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cemph-61"><code>\emph</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cemptyset-582"><code>\emptyset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cencl-1052"><code>\encl</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cend-187"><code>\end</code></a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenlargethispage-488"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumi-211"><code>\enumi</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumii-212"><code>\enumii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumiii-213"><code>\enumiii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumiv-214"><code>\enumiv</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cepsilon-583"><code>\epsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cequiv-584"><code>\equiv</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ceta-585"><code>\eta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cevensidemargin-45"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cexists-586"><code>\exists</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cexp-760"><code>\exp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfbox-893"><code>\fbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxrule-895"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxrule-305"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxsep-896"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxsep-306"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfill-870"><code>\fill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cflat-587"><code>\flat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfloatpagefraction-236"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfloatsep-237"><code>\floatsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cflushbottom-146"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfnsymbol-430"><code>\fnsymbol</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontencoding-123"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontfamily-124"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontseries-125"><code>\fontseries</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontshape-126"><code>\fontshape</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontsize-127"><code>\fontsize</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnote-392"><code>\footnote</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotemark-393"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnoterule-396"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotesep-397"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotesize-113"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotetext-394"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootskip-157"><code>\footskip</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cforall-588"><code>\forall</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrac-825"><code>\frac</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrac_0040_007bnum_0040_007d_0040_007bden_0040_007d-824"><code>\frac{num}{den}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframe-308"><code>\frame</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframebox-894"><code>\framebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframebox-304"><code>\framebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrown-589"><code>\frown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfussy-471"><code>\fussy</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgamma-591"><code>\gamma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cGamma-590"><code>\Gamma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgcd-761"><code>\gcd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cge-592"><code>\ge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgeq-593"><code>\geq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgets-594"><code>\gets</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgg-595"><code>\gg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cglossary-1032"><code>\glossary</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cglossaryentry-1034"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgrave-795"><code>\grave</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cH-_0040r_007b_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029_007d-977"><code>\H </code><span class="roman">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chat-797"><code>\hat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chbar-596"><code>\hbar</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheadheight-155"><code>\headheight</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheadsep-156"><code>\headsep</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheartsuit-597"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheight-456"><code>\height</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chfill-869"><code>\hfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chline-362"><code>\hline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chom-762"><code>\hom</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chookleftarrow-598"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chookrightarrow-599"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chrulefill-877"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chspace-868"><code>\hspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cHuge-120"><code>\Huge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chuge-119"><code>\huge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chyphenation-472"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ci-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-i_0029_007d-979"><code>\i </code><span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ciff-600"><code>\iff</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cIm-601"><code>\Im</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cimath-800"><code>\imath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cin-602"><code>\in</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinclude-1017"><code>\include</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cincludeonly-1019"><code>\includeonly</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindent-496"><code>\indent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindex-1037"><code>\index</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindexentry-1039"><code>\indexentry</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinf-763"><code>\inf</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinfty-603"><code>\infty</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinput-1020"><code>\input</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cint-604"><code>\int</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cintextsep-238"><code>\intextsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ciota-605"><code>\iota</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cit-93"><code>\it</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-259"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-210"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-203"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citemindent-274"><code>\itemindent</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citemsep-279"><code>\itemsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citshape-60"><code>\itshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cj-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-j_0029_007d-981"><code>\j </code><span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cjmath-802"><code>\jmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cJoin-606"><code>\Join</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ckappa-607"><code>\kappa</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cker-764"><code>\ker</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ckill-344"><code>\kill</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cL-_0028_0040L_007b_007d_0029-1001"><code>\L (/L)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cl-_0028_0040l_007b_007d_0029-1000"><code>\l (/l)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabel-175"><code>\label</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumi-215"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumii-216"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumiii-217"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumiv-218"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemi-263"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemii-264"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemiii-265"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemiv-266"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelsep-275"><code>\labelsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelwidth-276"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clambda-609"><code>\lambda</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLambda-608"><code>\Lambda</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cland-610"><code>\land</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clangle-611"><code>\langle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLARGE-118"><code>\LARGE</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLarge-117"><code>\Large</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clarge-116"><code>\large</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLaTeX-925"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clbrace-612"><code>\lbrace</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clbrack-613"><code>\lbrack</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clceil-614"><code>\lceil</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cldots-928"><code>\ldots</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cle-615"><code>\le</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleadsto-616"><code>\leadsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleft-_0040var_007bdelim1_007d-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-_0040var_007bdelim2_007d-826"><code>\left </code><var>delim1</var><code> ... \right </code><var>delim2</var></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftarrow-618"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLeftarrow-617"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clefteqn-227"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftharpoondown-619"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftharpoonup-620"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmargin-267"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmargini-268"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginii-269"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginiii-270"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginiv-271"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginv-272"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginvi-273"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftrightarrow-622"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLeftrightarrow-621"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleq-623"><code>\leq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clfloor-624"><code>\lfloor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clg-765"><code>\lg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clhd-625"><code>\lhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clim-766"><code>\lim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005climinf-767"><code>\liminf</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005climsup-768"><code>\limsup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cline-309"><code>\line</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinebreak-474"><code>\linebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinethickness-310"><code>\linethickness</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinewidth-158"><code>\linewidth</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistoffigures-1023"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistoftables-1024"><code>\listoftables</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistparindent-277"><code>\listparindent</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cll-626"><code>\ll</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cln-769"><code>\ln</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clnot-627"><code>\lnot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clocation-1054"><code>\location</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clog-770"><code>\log</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongleftarrow-628"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongleftrightarrow-629"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongmapsto-630"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongrightarrow-631"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clor-632"><code>\lor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clq-930"><code>\lq</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakebox-898"><code>\makebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-303"><code>\makebox (picture)</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakeglossary-1031"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakeindex-1036"><code>\makeindex</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakelabels-1055"><code>\makelabels</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmaketitle-845"><code>\maketitle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmapsto-633"><code>\mapsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginpar-506"><code>\marginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparpush-509"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparsep-510"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparwidth-511"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarkboth_0040_007b_0040var_007bleft_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-864"><code>\markboth{</code><var>left</var><code>}{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarkright_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-865"><code>\markright{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathbf-80"><code>\mathbf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathcal-84"><code>\mathcal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathnormal-83"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathrm-79"><code>\mathrm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathsf-81"><code>\mathsf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathtt-82"><code>\mathtt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathversion-85"><code>\mathversion</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmax-771"><code>\max</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmbox-891"><code>\mbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmdseries-64"><code>\mdseries</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmedskip-884"><code>\medskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmedskipamount-885"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmho-634"><code>\mho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmid-635"><code>\mid</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmin-772"><code>\min</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmodels-636"><code>\models</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmonth-443"><code>\month</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmp-637"><code>\mp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmu-638"><code>\mu</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmulticolumn-360"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmultiput-313"><code>\multiput</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnabla-639"><code>\nabla</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cname-1056"><code>\name</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnatural-640"><code>\natural</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cne-641"><code>\ne</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnearrow-642"><code>\nearrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cneg-643"><code>\neg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cneq-644"><code>\neq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewcommand-399"><code>\newcommand</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewcounter-403"><code>\newcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewenvironment-408"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewfont-416"><code>\newfont</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewlength-405"><code>\newlength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cNEWLINE-873"><code>\NEWLINE</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewline-467"><code>\newline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewpage-485"><code>\newpage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewsavebox-407"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewtheorem-413"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cni-645"><code>\ni</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnocite-368"><code>\nocite</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnofiles-1025"><code>\nofiles</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnoindent-499"><code>\noindent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnolinebreak-475"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnonumber-225"><code>\nonumber</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnopagebreak-491"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalfont-78"><code>\normalfont</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalmarginpar-508"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalsize-115"><code>\normalsize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnot-646"><code>\not</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnotin-647"><code>\notin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnu-648"><code>\nu</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnwarrow-649"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cO-_0028_0040O_007b_007d_0029-1004"><code>\O (&Oslash;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005co-_0028_0040o_007b_007d_0029-1003"><code>\o (&oslash;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cobeycr-464"><code>\obeycr</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coddsidemargin-46"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005codot-650"><code>\odot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cOE-_0028_0040OE_007b_007d_0029-1007"><code>\OE (&OElig;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coe-_0028_0040oe_007b_007d_0029-1006"><code>\oe (&oelig;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coint-651"><code>\oint</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005comega-653"><code>\omega</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cOmega-652"><code>\Omega</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cominus-654"><code>\ominus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005conecolumn-134"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005copening-1057"><code>\opening</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coplus-655"><code>\oplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coslash-656"><code>\oslash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cotimes-657"><code>\otimes</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coval-314"><code>\oval</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coverbrace_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-829"><code>\overbrace{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coverline_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-830"><code>\overline{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cowns-658"><code>\owns</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cP-933"><code>\P</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagebreak-490"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagenumbering-858"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpageref-176"><code>\pageref</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagestyle-860"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparagraph-169"><code>\paragraph</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparallel-659"><code>\parallel</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparbox-899"><code>\parbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparindent-497"><code>\parindent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparindent-294"><code>\parindent</code></a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparsep-280"><code>\parsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparskip-501"><code>\parskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparskip-_0040r_007bexample_007d-284"><code>\parskip </code><span class="roman">example</span></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpart-164"><code>\part</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpartial-660"><code>\partial</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpartopsep-282"><code>\partopsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cperp-661"><code>\perp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cphi-662"><code>\phi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpi-664"><code>\pi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPi-663"><code>\Pi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpm-665"><code>\pm</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpmod-773"><code>\pmod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpoptabs-345"><code>\poptabs</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpounds-936"><code>\pounds</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPr-774"><code>\Pr</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprec-666"><code>\prec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpreceq-667"><code>\preceq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprime-668"><code>\prime</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprod-669"><code>\prod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpropto-670"><code>\propto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprotect-419"><code>\protect</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cps-1059"><code>\ps</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpsi-672"><code>\psi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPsi-671"><code>\Psi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpushtabs-347"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cput-315"><code>\put</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedbottom-147"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedleft-254"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedright-246"><code>\raggedright</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craisebox-900"><code>\raisebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crangle-673"><code>\rangle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crbrace-674"><code>\rbrace</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crbrack-675"><code>\rbrack</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crceil-676"><code>\rceil</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cRe-677"><code>\Re</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cref-179"><code>\ref</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crefstepcounter-440"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crenewenvironment-409"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crestorecr-465"><code>\restorecr</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005creversemarginpar-507"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crfloor-678"><code>\rfloor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crhd-679"><code>\rhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crho-680"><code>\rho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cright-827"><code>\right</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightarrow-682"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cRightarrow-681"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightharpoondown-683"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightharpoonup-684"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightleftharpoons-685"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightmargin-278"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crm-95"><code>\rm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crmfamily-58"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005croman-428"><code>\roman</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crq-939"><code>\rq</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crule-1012"><code>\rule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cS-942"><code>\S</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csavebox-901"><code>\savebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csbox-902"><code>\sbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csc-97"><code>\sc</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cscriptsize-112"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cscshape-74"><code>\scshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csearrow-686"><code>\searrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csec-775"><code>\sec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csection-166"><code>\section</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cselectfont-131"><code>\selectfont</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetcounter-436"><code>\setcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetlength-446"><code>\setlength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetminus-687"><code>\setminus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettodepth-450"><code>\settodepth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettoheight-451"><code>\settoheight</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettowidth-452"><code>\settowidth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csf-99"><code>\sf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csffamily-72"><code>\sffamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csharp-688"><code>\sharp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cshortstack-316"><code>\shortstack</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csigma-690"><code>\sigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cSigma-689"><code>\Sigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csignature-1061"><code>\signature</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csim-691"><code>\sim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csimeq-692"><code>\simeq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csin-776"><code>\sin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csinh-777"><code>\sinh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csl-101"><code>\sl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cslshape-70"><code>\slshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmall-114"><code>\small</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallint-693"><code>\smallint</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallskip-886"><code>\smallskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallskipamount-887"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmile-694"><code>\smile</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cSPACE-871"><code>\SPACE</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cspadesuit-695"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqcap-696"><code>\sqcap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqcup-697"><code>\sqcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqrt_005b_0040var_007broot_007d_005d_0040_007barg_0040_007d-831"><code>\sqrt[</code><var>root</var><code>]{arg}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsubset-698"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsubseteq-699"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsupset-700"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsupseteq-701"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005css-_0028_0040ss_007b_007d_0029-1009"><code>\ss (&szlig;)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstackrel_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007brelation_007d_0040_007d-832"><code>\stackrel{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>relation</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstar-702"><code>\star</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstartbreaks-1062"><code>\startbreaks</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstepcounter-441"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstop-1072"><code>\stop</code></a>: <a href="#Command-Line">Command Line</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstopbreaks-1063"><code>\stopbreaks</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubparagraph-170"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubsection-167"><code>\subsection</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubset-703"><code>\subset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubseteq-704"><code>\subseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubsubsection-168"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csucc-705"><code>\succ</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csucceq-706"><code>\succeq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csum-707"><code>\sum</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csup-778"><code>\sup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csupset-708"><code>\supset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csupseteq-709"><code>\supseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csurd-710"><code>\surd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cswarrow-711"><code>\swarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csymbol-916"><code>\symbol</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ct-_0040r_007b_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029_007d-983"><code>\t </code><span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cTAB-872"><code>\TAB</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctabbingsep-348"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctabcolsep-359"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctableofcontents-1022"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctan-779"><code>\tan</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctanh-780"><code>\tanh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctau-712"><code>\tau</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctelephone-1064"><code>\telephone</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cTeX-944"><code>\TeX</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbf-65"><code>\textbf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextfloatsep-239"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextfraction-240"><code>\textfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextheight-159"><code>\textheight</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextit-59"><code>\textit</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextmd-63"><code>\textmd</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextnormal-77"><code>\textnormal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextrm-57"><code>\textrm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsc-73"><code>\textsc</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsf-71"><code>\textsf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsl-69"><code>\textsl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctexttt-75"><code>\texttt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextup-67"><code>\textup</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextwidth-160"><code>\textwidth</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthanks_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-852"><code>\thanks{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctheta-713"><code>\theta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthicklines-311"><code>\thicklines</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthinlines-312"><code>\thinlines</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthinspace-875"><code>\thinspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthispagestyle-866"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctilde-804"><code>\tilde</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctimes-714"><code>\times</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctiny-111"><code>\tiny</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctitle_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-855"><code>\title{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cto-715"><code>\to</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctoday-1013"><code>\today</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctop-716"><code>\top</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopfraction-241"><code>\topfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopmargin-161"><code>\topmargin</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopsep-281"><code>\topsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopskip-162"><code>\topskip</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctotalheight-458"><code>\totalheight</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangle-717"><code>\triangle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangleleft-718"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangleright-719"><code>\triangleright</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctt-104"><code>\tt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cttfamily-76"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctwocolumn-136"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctypein-1067"><code>\typein</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctypeout-1068"><code>\typeout</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cu-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-985"><code>\u </code><span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunboldmath-524"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunderbrace_0040_007bmath_0040_007d-833"><code>\underbrace{math}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunderline_0040_007btext_0040_007d-834"><code>\underline{text}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunitlength-300"><code>\unitlength</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunlhd-720"><code>\unlhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunrhd-721"><code>\unrhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cuparrow-723"><code>\uparrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUparrow-722"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupdownarrow-725"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUpdownarrow-724"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cuplus-726"><code>\uplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupshape-68"><code>\upshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupsilon-728"><code>\upsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUpsilon-727"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusebox-903"><code>\usebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusecounter-431"><code>\usecounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusefont-132"><code>\usefont</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusepackage-49"><code>\usepackage</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cv-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-987"><code>\v </code><span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvalue-434"><code>\value</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarepsilon-729"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarphi-730"><code>\varphi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarpi-731"><code>\varpi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarrho-732"><code>\varrho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarsigma-733"><code>\varsigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvartheta-734"><code>\vartheta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvdash-735"><code>\vdash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvdots-835"><code>\vdots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-Miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvec-806"><code>\vec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvector-318"><code>\vector</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvee-736"><code>\vee</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cverb-385"><code>\verb</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvert-738"><code>\vert</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cVert-737"><code>\Vert</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvfill-888"><code>\vfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvline-363"><code>\vline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvspace-889"><code>\vspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwedge-739"><code>\wedge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwidehat-808"><code>\widehat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwidth-455"><code>\width</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwp-740"><code>\wp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwr-741"><code>\wr</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cxi-743"><code>\xi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cXi-742"><code>\Xi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cyear-444"><code>\year</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005czeta-744"><code>\zeta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_007b-911"><code>\{</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007c-534"><code>\|</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_007d-912"><code>\}</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007e-914"><code>\~</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007e-_0040r_007b_0028tilde-accent_0029_007d-966"><code>\~ </code><span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e-530"><code>^</code></a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005f-529"><code>_</code></a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-Superscripts">Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-a4paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-24"><code>a4paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-a5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-25"><code>a5paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-abstract-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-188"><code>abstract </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#abstract">abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-array-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-190"><code>array </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-article-_0040r_007bclass_007d-12"><code>article </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-b5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-26"><code>b5paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-book-_0040r_007bclass_007d-14"><code>book </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-center-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-195"><code>center </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-description-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-200"><code>description </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-516"><code>displaymath </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-206"><code>displaymath </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-document-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-207"><code>document </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#document">document</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-draft-_0040r_007boption_007d-30"><code>draft </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-enumerate-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-208"><code>enumerate </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-eqnarray-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-220"><code>eqnarray </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-517"><code>equation </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-228"><code>equation </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-executivepaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-27"><code>executivepaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-figure-231"><code>figure</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-final-_0040r_007boption_007d-31"><code>final </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fleqn-_0040r_007boption_007d-32"><code>fleqn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-flushleft-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-242"><code>flushleft </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-flushright-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-250"><code>flushright </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-itemize-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-258"><code>itemize </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-landscape-_0040r_007boption_007d-33"><code>landscape </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-legalpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-28"><code>legalpaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-leqno-_0040r_007boption_007d-34"><code>leqno </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-letter-285"><code>letter</code></a>: <a href="#letter">letter</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-letter-_0040r_007bclass_007d-15"><code>letter </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-letterpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-29"><code>letterpaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-list-286"><code>list</code></a>: <a href="#list">list</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lR-box-301"><code>lR box</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lrbox-897"><code>lrbox</code></a>: <a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-515"><code>math </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-288"><code>math </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#math">math</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-minipage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-290"><code>minipage </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-notitlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-37"><code>notitlepage </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-onecolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-39"><code>onecolumn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-oneside-_0040r_007boption_007d-41"><code>oneside </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-openany-_0040r_007boption_007d-44"><code>openany </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-openbib-_0040r_007boption_007d-35"><code>openbib </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-openright-_0040r_007boption_007d-43"><code>openright </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-picture-297"><code>picture</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quotation-319"><code>quotation</code></a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quote-323"><code>quote</code></a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-report-_0040r_007bclass_007d-13"><code>report </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-slides-_0040r_007bclass_007d-16"><code>slides </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tabbing-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-327"><code>tabbing </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-table-349"><code>table</code></a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tabular-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-352"><code>tabular </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-thebibliography-364"><code>thebibliography</code></a>: <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-theorem-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-374"><code>theorem </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-titlepage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-376"><code>titlepage </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-titlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-36"><code>titlepage </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-twocolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-40"><code>twocolumn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-twoside-_0040r_007boption_007d-42"><code>twoside </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-verbatim-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-379"><code>verbatim </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-verse-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-388"><code>verse </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li>
   </ul></body></html>