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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">

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<P>
<H2 ALIGN="center"><A NAME="SECTION00000000000000000000">
Math examples</A>
</H2>
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<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="xiEmax"></A>

<!-- MATH
 \begin{eqnarray}
\phi(\lambda) & = &  \frac{1} {2 \pi i}\int^{c+i\infty}_{c-i\infty}
  \exp \left( u \ln u + \lambda u \right ) du \hspace{1cm}\mbox{for } c \geq 0 \\
 \lambda       & = &  \frac{\epsilon  -\bar{\epsilon} }{\xi}
     - \gamma' - \beta^2 - \ln \frac{\xi} {E_{\rm max}}\\
 \gamma        & = &  0.577215\dots \mathrm{\hspace{5mm}(Euler's\ constant)}   \\
 \gamma'       & = &  0.422784\dots = 1 - \gamma                               \\
   \epsilon , \bar{\epsilon} & = & \mbox{actual/average energy loss}
\end{eqnarray}
 -->

<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE"><TD NOWRAP ALIGN="RIGHT"><IMG
 WIDTH="35" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img1.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \phi(\lambda)$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img2.gif"
 ALT="$\textstyle =$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="325" HEIGHT="58" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img3.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \frac{1} {2 \pi i}\int^{c+i\infty}_{c-i\infty}
\exp \left( u \ln u + \lambda u \right ) du \hspace{1cm}\mbox{for } c \geq 0$"></TD>
<TD WIDTH=10 ALIGN="RIGHT">
(1)</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE"><TD NOWRAP ALIGN="RIGHT"><IMG
 WIDTH="13" HEIGHT="29" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img4.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \lambda$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img2.gif"
 ALT="$\textstyle =$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="185" HEIGHT="51" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img5.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \frac{\epsilon -\bar{\epsilon} }{\xi}
- \gamma' - \beta^2 - \ln \frac{\xi} {E_{\rm max}}$"></TD>
<TD WIDTH=10 ALIGN="RIGHT">
(2)</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE"><TD NOWRAP ALIGN="RIGHT"><IMG
 WIDTH="13" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img6.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \gamma$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img2.gif"
 ALT="$\textstyle =$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="235" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img7.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle 0.577215\dots \mathrm{\hspace{5mm}(Euler's\ constant)}$"></TD>
<TD WIDTH=10 ALIGN="RIGHT">
(3)</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE"><TD NOWRAP ALIGN="RIGHT"><IMG
 WIDTH="18" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img8.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \gamma'$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img2.gif"
 ALT="$\textstyle =$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="143" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img9.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle 0.422784\dots = 1 - \gamma$"></TD>
<TD WIDTH=10 ALIGN="RIGHT">
(4)</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE"><TD NOWRAP ALIGN="RIGHT"><IMG
 WIDTH="24" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img10.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \epsilon , \bar{\epsilon}$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img2.gif"
 ALT="$\textstyle =$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="187" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img11.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \mbox{actual/average energy loss}$"></TD>
<TD WIDTH=10 ALIGN="RIGHT">
(5)</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
<BR CLEAR="ALL"><P></P>

<P>
Since&nbsp;<A HREF="sampleMath.html#xiEmax">2</A> and <A HREF="sampleMath.html#eqn:stress-sr">6</A> hold for arbitrary 
<!-- MATH
 $\delta\mathbf{c}$
 -->
<IMG
 WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img12.gif"
 ALT="$\delta\mathbf{c}$">-vectors,
it is clear that 
<!-- MATH
 $\mathcal{N}(A) = \mathcal{R}(B)$
 -->
<IMG
 WIDTH="104" HEIGHT="31" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img13.gif"
 ALT="$\mathcal{N}(A) = \mathcal{R}(B)$"> and that when <IMG
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 SRC="img14.gif"
 ALT="$y=B(x)$"> one has...
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...the <A NAME="tex2html4"
 HREF="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Pythagoras.html">Pythagorians</A> knew infinitely many solutions in integers to <IMG
 WIDTH="88" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img15.gif"
 ALT="$a^2+b^2=c^2$">. 
That no non-trivial integer solutions exist for <IMG
 WIDTH="93" HEIGHT="29" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img16.gif"
 ALT="$a^n+b^n=c^n$"> with integers <IMG
 WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img17.gif"
 ALT="$n&gt;2$"> has long 
been suspected (<A NAME="tex2html5"
 HREF="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Fermat's_last_theorem.html">Fermat, c.1637</A>). Only during the current decade has this been proved (<A NAME="tex2html6"
 HREF="http://www.pbs.org:80/wgbh/nova/proof">Wiles, 1995</A>).

<P>
<BR>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="eqn:stress-sr"></A>

<!-- MATH
 \begin{eqnarray}
V \mathbf{\pi}^{sr} & = & \left<  \sum_i M_i \mathbf{V}_i \mathbf{V}_i
  + \sum_i \sum_{j>i} \mathbf{R}_{ij} \mathbf{F}_{ij}\right> \\\nonumber
                 & = & \left< \sum_i M_i \mathbf{V}_i \mathbf{V}_i
  + \sum_{i}\sum_{j>i}\sum_\alpha\sum_\beta \mathbf{r}_{i\alpha j\beta}\mathbf{f}_{i\alpha j\beta}
  - \sum_i \sum_\alpha \mathbf{p}_{i\alpha} \mathbf{f}_{i\alpha}   \right>
\end{eqnarray}
 -->

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<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE"><TD NOWRAP ALIGN="RIGHT"><IMG
 WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="30" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img18.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle V \mathbf{\pi}^{sr}$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img2.gif"
 ALT="$\textstyle =$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="233" HEIGHT="63" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img19.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \left&lt; \sum_i M_i \mathbf{V}_i \mathbf{V}_i
+ \sum_i \sum_{j&gt;i} \mathbf{R}_{ij} \mathbf{F}_{ij}\right&gt;$"></TD>
<TD WIDTH=10 ALIGN="RIGHT">
(6)</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN="MIDDLE"><TD NOWRAP ALIGN="RIGHT">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img2.gif"
 ALT="$\textstyle =$"></TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" NOWRAP><IMG
 WIDTH="418" HEIGHT="63" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="img20.gif"
 ALT="$\displaystyle \left&lt; \sum_i M_i \mathbf{V}_i \mathbf{V}_i
+ \sum_{i}\sum_{j&gt;i}\...
... j\beta}
- \sum_i \sum_\alpha \mathbf{p}_{i\alpha} \mathbf{f}_{i\alpha} \right&gt;$"></TD>
<TD WIDTH=10 ALIGN="RIGHT">
&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>

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<ADDRESS>
<I>Michel Goossens</I>
<BR><I>1999-03-30</I>
</ADDRESS>
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