path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/exam/examdoc.tex

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
% examdoc.tex
%
% This is the documentation for the exam documentclass, 
% by Philip Hirschhorn.
%
% The exam documentclass itself is in the file exam.cls.


%%% Copyright (c) 1997, 2000, 2004, 2008 Philip S. Hirschhorn
%
% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
% The latest version of this license is in
%   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX 
% version 2003/12/01 or later.
%
% This work consists of the files exam.cls and examdoc.tex

% The user documentation for exam.cls is in the file examdoc.tex.


%%% Philip Hirschhorn
%%% Department of Mathematics
%%% Wellesley College
%%% Wellesley, MA 02481
%%% psh@math.mit.edu

% The newest version of this documentclass should always be available
% from my web page: http://www-math.mit.edu/~psh/


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------

\documentclass[12pt]{exam}
\usepackage{hyperref}

\newcommand{\docversion}{2.3}
\newcommand{\docdate}{July 18, 2008}
%\newcommand{\docdate}{\today}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%
% Changes since version 2.2 are described in the comments
% near the beginning of the file exam.cls.
%
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\newenvironment{example}%
   {\bigskip\filbreak
    \subsubsection{Example:}
   }%
   {}

\def\samplehead#1#2#3#4{%
  \begin{trivlist}
    \item[]
    \leavevmode
    \hbox to \textwidth{%
      \rlap{\parbox[b]{\textwidth}{\raggedright#1\strut}}%
      \hfil\parbox[b]{\textwidth}{\centering#2\strut}\hfil
      \llap{\parbox[b]{\textwidth}{\raggedleft#3\strut}}%
    }% hbox
    #4
  \end{trivlist}
}

\def\samplefoot#1#2#3#4{%
  \begin{trivlist}
    \item[]
    \leavevmode
    #1
    \vskip 3pt

    \hbox to \textwidth{%
      \rlap{\parbox[t]{\textwidth}{\raggedright#2}}%
      \hfil\parbox[t]{\textwidth}{\centering#3}\hfil
      \llap{\parbox[t]{\textwidth}{\raggedleft#4}}%
  }% hbox
  \end{trivlist}
}

\makeatletter
  \@ifundefined{AmS}{\def\AmS{{\protect\the\textfont\tw@
    A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{M}\kern-.125emS}}}
    {}
\makeatother


%---------------------------------------------------------------------
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\begin{document}

\title{Using the exam document class}

\author{Philip Hirschhorn\\
  Department of Mathematics\\
  Wellesley College\\
  Wellesley, MA 02481\\
  psh@math.mit.edu\\[\bigskipamount]
  Copyright \copyright~1994, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2008 Philip Hirschhorn\\
  All rights reserved}

\date{\docdate}

\maketitle

\begin{center}
  \small
  This is the documentation for version~\docversion{} of the
  \verb"exam" document class. 
\end{center}

\tableofcontents

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Introduction}

The file \verb"exam.cls" provides the \verb"exam" document class,
which attempts to make it easy for even a \LaTeX{} novice to prepare
exams.  Specifically, \verb"exam.cls" sets the page layout so that
there are one inch margins all around (no matter what size paper
you're using) and provides commands that make it easy to format
questions, create grading tables, create flexible headers and footers,
and change the margins.  In more detail:
\begin{itemize}
\item The class will automatically format and number the questions,
  parts of questions, subparts of parts, and subsubparts of subparts
  (see sections \ref{sec:Questions} and~\ref{sec:parts}).
\item You can include the point value of each question (or part, or
  subpart, or subsubpart), with your choice of having the point values
  printed at the beginning of the text of the question, opposite that
  in the left margin, opposite that in the right margin, or in the
  right margin opposite the end of the question (see
  section~\ref{sec:points}).
\item The class will add up the total points for each question (and
  all of its parts, subparts, and subsubparts) and the total points on
  each page, and make those totals available in macros (see sections
  \ref{sec:addup}, \ref{sec:pointsofq} and~\ref{sec:pointsonp}).  You
  can also have the class print a grading table indexed either by
  question number or by page number (see
  section~\ref{sec:GradeTables}).
\item You specify the header in three parts: One part to be left
  justified, one part to be centered, and one part to be right
  justified, and one or all of these can be omitted (see
  section~\ref{sec:header}).
\item The footer is also specified in three parts: Left justified,
  centered, and right justified (see section~\ref{sec:footer}).
\item The header and footer for the first page can be different from
  the ones used on other pages (see sections \ref{sec:runningheader},
  \ref{sec:lhead}, \ref{sec:runningfooter}, and \ref{sec:lfoot}).
\item Both headers and footers can contain more than one line.  To
  accommodate headers and footers with several lines, simple commands
  are provided to enlarge the part of the page devoted to the header
  and/or footer, and these commands can give one amount of space on
  the first page and a different amount of space on all other pages
  (see section~\ref{sec:extra-room}).
\item Macros are defined to enable you to state in the header and/or
  footer the total number of pages in the exam (see
  section~\ref{sec:numpages}) and to change the header and/or footer
  that appears on the last page of the exam (see
  section~\ref{sec:lastpage}).
\item Macros are defined so that the headers and footers can vary
  depending on whether the current page begins a new question or
  continues a question that started on an earlier page (and, if one
  continues onto the current page, to say what the number of that
  question is).  Macros are also defined so that the headers and
  footers can vary depending on whether a question is complete on the
  current page or continues on to the next page (and, if one
  continues, to say what the number of that question is) (see
  section~\ref{sec:QuesSpan}).
\item You can have a horizontal rule at the base of the header and/or
  at the top of the footer (see section~\ref{sec:rules}).
\item The exam can begin with one or more cover pages, which are
  numbered separately from the main pages of the exam and which can
  have headers and footers different from the ones in the main pages
  of the exam (see section~\ref{sec:coverpages}).
\item You can include solutions in your \LaTeX{} file and have these
  solutions either printed or ignored (or replaced automatically by
  space in which the students can write their answers) depending on a
  single command (see section~\ref{sec:solutions},
  section~\ref{sec:CorrectChoice}, and section~\ref{sec:AnsShortAns}).
\end{itemize}

The latest version of \verb"exam.cls" (possibly a beta test version)
should always be available at \verb"http://www-math.mit.edu/~psh/".

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{License}

\begin{itemize}
\item This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
  conditions of the \LaTeX{} Project Public License, either
  version~1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later version.
  The latest version of this license is in
  \verb"http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt" and version 1.3 or
  later is part of all distributions of \LaTeX{} version 2003/12/01 or
  later.
\item This work has the LPPL maintenance status ``author-maintained''.
\item This work consists of the files \verb"exam.cls" and
  \verb"examdoc.tex".
\end{itemize}


%---------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{The \texttt{\char`\\documentclass} command}

To use the \verb"exam" document class, you should specify \verb"exam"
as the required argument to your \verb"\documentclass" command, as in
\begin{center}
  \verb"\documentclass{exam}"
\end{center}
or, e.g., if you want to use 12~point type,
\begin{center}
  \verb"\documentclass[12pt]{exam}"
\end{center}
There are two possible optional arguments that are specific to the
\verb"exam" document class: \verb"addpoints" and \verb"solutions".
Most documents that use the \verb"exam" document class should use the
option \verb"addpoints" (see section~\ref{sec:addpoints}); the option
\verb"answers" is used when you want to print solutions to the
questions (see section~\ref{sec:answers}).

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{The option \texttt{addpoints}}
\label{sec:addpoints}

The \verb"\documentclass" option \verb"addpoints", used as in
\begin{center}
  \verb"\documentclass[addpoints]{exam}"
\end{center}
or
\begin{center}
  \verb"\documentclass[12pt,addpoints]{exam}"
\end{center}
enables the commands that add up the points (see sections
\ref{sec:addup}, \ref{sec:Count}, \ref{sec:pointsofq},
and~\ref{sec:pointsonp}) and that produce grading tables and point
tables (see sections \ref{sec:GradeTables} and~\ref{sec:PointTables}).
This is an option, rather than the default, mainly for the sake of
maintaining backward compatibility; most documents that use the
\verb"exam" document class should use this option.  The only reason
\emph{not} to use the \verb"addpoints" option is that this option
creates an error if you include any words in an argument that assigns
points to a question (see section~\ref{sec:points}).  If
\verb"addpoints" is not in effect you can put whatever you want in the
argument for the points, but if \verb"addpoints" \emph{is} in effect
then the argument that contains the points must contain only digits
and the command \verb"\half" (see section~\ref{sec:Half}).

You can also turn \verb"addpoints" on and off wherever you like in the
exam by using the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\addpoints"\\
    \verb"\noaddpoints"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
Using the document class option \verb"addpoints" is equivalent to
giving the command \verb"\addpoints" at the beginning of the exam.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{The option \texttt{answers}}
\label{sec:answers}

If you will be typing solutions into the exam (see sections
\ref{sec:solutions}, \ref{sec:CorrectChoice},
and~\ref{sec:AnsShortAns}) and you'd like the solutions to be printed
on the next run of \LaTeX, you should include the document class
option \verb"answers", as in
\begin{center}
  \verb"\documentclass[answers]{exam}"
\end{center}
or
\begin{center}
  \verb"\documentclass[answers,12pt]{exam}"
\end{center}
or
\begin{center}
  \verb"\documentclass[12pt,addpoints,answers]{exam}"
\end{center}
Using the document class option \verb"answers" is equivalent to giving
the command \verb"\printanswers" at the beginning of the exam (see
section~\ref{sec:solutions}).  The effect of this is that
\begin{itemize}
\item the contents of the environments
  \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{l}
      \verb"solution",\\
      \verb"solutionorlines", and\\
      \verb"solutionordottedlines"
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
  (see section~\ref{sec:solutions}) will be printed on the next run of
  \LaTeX,
\item any choices of a \verb"choices" or \verb"oneparchoices"
  environment (see section~\ref{sec:MulChc}) that are created using a
  \verb"\CorrectChoice" command (see section~\ref{sec:CorrectChoice})
  instead of a \verb"\choice" command will be printed with emphasis as
  determined by the argument of the most recent
  \verb"\CorrectChoiceEmphasis" command (which by default is
  \verb"\bfseries"), and
\item any \verb"\answerline" commands (see section~\ref{sec:ShortAns})
  that include an optional argument containing the answer (see
  section~\ref{sec:AnsShortAns}) will have the answer printed on the
  answer line.
\end{itemize}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Asking for the student's name}

This isn't anything specific to the \verb"exam" document class, but
it's worth mentioning because it isn't obvious.  If you're leaving
space for the answers on the question pages (see
section~\ref{sec:LeaveSpace}), then you'll probably also want to leave
space for the student's name.  If you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \fbox{\fbox{\parbox{5.5in}{\centering
        Answer the questions in the spaces provided on the
        question sheets.  If you run out of room for an answer,
        continue on the back of the page.}}}
\end{center}

\vspace{0.1in}

\makebox[\textwidth]{Name and section:\enspace\hrulefill}

\vspace{0.2in}

\makebox[\textwidth]{Instructor's name:\enspace\hrulefill}
\end{verbatim}
after the \verb"\begin{document}" command and before the
\verb"\begin{questions}" command (see section~\ref{sec:Questions}),
then you'll get\\
\noindent
\parbox{\textwidth}{
\begin{center}
  \fbox{\fbox{\parbox{5.5in}{\centering
        Answer the questions in the spaces provided on the
        question sheets.  If you run out of room for an answer,
        continue on the back of the page.}}}
\end{center}

\vspace{0.1in}

\makebox[\textwidth]{Name and section:\enspace\hrulefill}

\vspace{0.2in}

\makebox[\textwidth]{Instructor's name:\enspace\hrulefill}
}


%---------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Questions and points}
\label{sec:QuestionsPoints}

To create questions, you use a \verb"questions" environment (see
section~\ref{sec:Questions}); each question is begun with a
\verb"\question" command, which takes an optional argument to assign
some number of points to the question (see section~\ref{sec:points}).
The questions are numbered automatically.  Point values can include
half points (see section~\ref{sec:Half}).

If you want a question to have several parts, you use a \verb"parts"
environment (see section~\ref{sec:parts}); each part is begun with a
\verb"\part" command, which takes an optional argument to assign some
number of points to the part (see section~\ref{sec:points}).  The
parts are numbered automatically.  Similarly, parts can have subparts,
and subparts can have subsubparts (see section~\ref{sec:parts}).

The points for a question (or part, or subpart, or subsubpart) appear
by default at the beginning of the question (or part, etc.), but there
are commands to have the points appear instead in either the left
margin or in the right margin (see section~\ref{sec:whereprint} and
section~\ref{sec:DrpPts}).  The formatting of the points can also be
customized (see sections \ref{sec:Boxed}, \ref{sec:pointname},
\ref{sec:margins}, and~\ref{sec:pointformat}).  It's also possible to
have questions (or parts, etc.) that are worth ``bonus points'', which
are added up separately from the non-bonus points (see
section~\ref{sec:Bonus}).


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Questions}
\label{sec:Questions}

To type the questions on the exam you use the \verb"questions"
environment.  Each question is then begun with the command
\verb"\question", and the questions are numbered automatically.

For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}

\question
Why is there air?

\question

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck
wood?

\question Compute $\displaystyle\int_0^1 x^2 \, dx$.
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}

\question
Why is there air?

\question

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck
wood?

\question Compute $\displaystyle\int_0^1 x^2 \, dx$.
\end{questions}

\bigskip

As the above example illustrates, you can leave blank lines between
the \verb"\question" command and the actual beginning of the
question, or before the first \verb"\question" command in the
environment, and they will be ignored.


%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Questions with parts and subparts (and subsubparts)}
\label{sec:parts}

If you want a question to have several parts, then you use the
\verb"parts" environment.  For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
\question
Why is there air?

\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\question

\begin{parts}
\part
Define the universe.  Give three examples.

\part
If the universe were to end, how would you know?

\end{parts}


\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\question
Why is there air?

\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\question

\begin{parts}
\part
Define the universe.  Give three examples.

\part
If the universe were to end, how would you know?

\end{parts}


\end{questions}

\bigskip

The above example illustrates several things:
\begin{itemize}
\item Parts of a question should be put into a \verb"parts"
  environment.
\item If a question begins with a \verb"parts" environment, then the
  first part will appear on the same line with the question number.
\item You can leave blank lines before and after the \verb"\part"
  command, and they will be ignored.
\end{itemize}

\bigskip

There is also a \verb"subparts" environment, and even a
\verb"subsubparts" environment, and they work just as you would
expect.  For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
\question
\begin{parts}
\part
What do you do with a drunken sailor?

\part
Is your answer different if it is before noon?
  
\end{parts}

\question
This is the second question.

\begin{parts}
\part
This is a part.

\part
This is also a part.

\begin{subparts}
\subpart
This is a subpart.

\subpart
This is a periscope.

\subpart
This is a pair of diving planes.

\subpart
\begin{subsubparts}
\subsubpart
This is a subsubpart.

\subsubpart
The lower surface of a diving plane?

\subsubpart
The ocean floor, perhaps?

\end{subsubparts}
\end{subparts}

\part
It's sad to be apart.

\end{parts}

\question
\begin{parts}
\part
\begin{subparts}
\subpart
This is a subpart.

\subpart
This is another subpart.
\end{subparts}
\part
This is another part.

\end{parts}


\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\question
\begin{parts}
\part
What do you do with a drunken sailor?

\part
Is your answer different if it is before noon?
  
\end{parts}

\question
This is the second question.

\begin{parts}
\part
This is a part.

\part
This is also a part.

\begin{subparts}
\subpart
This is a subpart.

\subpart
This is a periscope.

\subpart
This is a pair of diving planes.

\subpart
\begin{subsubparts}
\subsubpart
This is a subsubpart.

\subsubpart
The lower surface of a diving plane?

\subsubpart
The ocean floor, perhaps?

\end{subsubparts}
\end{subparts}

\part
It's sad to be apart.

\end{parts}

\question
\begin{parts}
\part
\begin{subparts}
\subpart
This is a subpart.

\subpart
This is another subpart.
\end{subparts}
\part
This is another part.

\end{parts}


\end{questions}

The numbers and letters used to number questions, parts, subparts, and
subsubparts can be customized; see section~\ref{sec:CustNumb}.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Multiple choice questions}
\label{sec:MulChc}

There are two environments for listing the possible answers to a
multiple choice question:
\begin{itemize}
\item The \verb"choices" environment creates a list with the choices
  as the items in the list (see section~\ref{sec:choices}).
\item The \verb"oneparchoices" environment lists all of the choices in
  a single paragraph (that is a continuation of the paragraph
  preceding the environment unless you leave a blank line before
  beginning the environment) (see section~\ref{sec:oneparchoices}).
\end{itemize}
Both of these environments use upper case letters (i.e., ``A'', ``B'',
``C'', \ldots) to label the choices; to change this, see
section~\ref{sec:CustNumb}.  Both of these environments allow you to
designate one or more choices as correct choices and to have the
correct choices printed with emphasis when solutions are being printed
(see section~\ref{sec:CorrectChoice}).

If you don't want the students to just circle the correct choices, you
can use the \verb"\answerline" command to print a line on which the
answer should be written (see section~\ref{sec:ShortAns}).  The
\verb"\anwerline" command allows you to include as an optional
argument the answer to the question, and the answer will be printed on
the line when solutions are bing printed (see
section~\ref{sec:AnsShortAns}).



%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{The \texttt{choices} environment}
\label{sec:choices}

For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
\question
One of these things is not like the others; one of these things is not
the same.  Which one is different?
\begin{choices}
\choice John
\choice Paul

\choice

George

\choice Ringo

\choice Socrates

\end{choices}
    
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
Then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\question
One of these things is not like the others; one of these things is not
the same.  Which one is different?
\begin{choices}
\choice John
\choice Paul

\choice

George

\choice Ringo

\choice Socrates

\end{choices}
    
\end{questions}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{The \texttt{oneparchoices} environment}
\label{sec:oneparchoices}

If instead of the \verb"choices" environment in the example of
section~\ref{sec:choices} you use a \verb"oneparchoices" environment,
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\question
One of these things is not like the others; one of these things is not
the same.  Which one is different?
\begin{oneparchoices}
\choice John
\choice Paul

\choice

George

\choice Ringo

\choice Socrates

\end{oneparchoices}
    
\end{questions}

If you insert a blank line before the \verb"\begin{oneparchoices}",
  then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\question
One of these things is not like the others; one of these things is not
the same.  Which one is different?

\begin{oneparchoices}
\choice John
\choice Paul

\choice

George

\choice Ringo

\choice Socrates

\end{oneparchoices}
    
\end{questions}


If you insert a blank line before the \verb"\begin{oneparchoices}" and
\verb"\answerline" after the \verb"\end{oneparchoices}" (see
section~\ref{sec:ShortAns} for a description of the \verb"\answerline"
command), then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\question
One of these things is not like the others; one of these things is not
the same.  Which one is different?

\begin{oneparchoices}
\choice John
\choice Paul

\choice

George

\choice Ringo

\choice Socrates

\end{oneparchoices}
\answerline

\end{questions}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Solutions to multiple choice questions}
\label{sec:CorrectChoice}

The \verb"exam" document class defines several environments for
solutions (see section~\ref{sec:solutions}), the contents of which
will be printed only if you use the document class option
\verb"answers" (as in \verb"\documentclass[answers]{exam}") or give
the command \verb"\printanswers" (see section~\ref{sec:answers}).  The
\verb"choices" (see section~\ref{sec:choices}) and
\verb"oneparchoices" (see section~\ref{sec:oneparchoices})
environments allow you to designate one or more of the choices as
correct choices, and to have the correct choices printed differently
from the others when solutions are being printed.

The command to define a correct choice is \verb"\CorrectChoice".  When
solutions are not being printed, \verb"\CorrectChoice" is equivalent
to \verb"\choice".  When solutions are being printed, though, any
choices that were created with \verb"\CorrectChoice" (rather than with
\verb"\choice") will be printed subject to the declarations in the
argument of the
\begin{center}
  \verb"\CorrectChoiceEmphasis"
\end{center}
command.  The default situation was created by the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\CorrectChoiceEmphasis{\bfseries}"
\end{center}
and so when solutions are being printed the correct choices are
printed in boldface by default.
For example, if \verb"\printanswers" is in effect and you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question One of these things is not like the others; one of these
  things is not the same.  Which one is different?
  \begin{oneparchoices}
    \choice John
    \choice Paul
    \choice George
    \choice Ringo
    \CorrectChoice Socrates
  \end{oneparchoices}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\printanswers
\begin{questions}
  \question One of these things is not like the others; one of these
  things is not the same.  Which one is different?
  \begin{oneparchoices}
    \choice John
    \choice Paul
    \choice George
    \choice Ringo
    \CorrectChoice Socrates
  \end{oneparchoices}
\end{questions}
\noprintanswers
If, e.g., you give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\usepackage{color}"
\end{center}  
in the preamble of your document (i.e., after the
\verb"\documentclass" command and before the \verb"\begin{document}"
command) and then give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\CorrectChoiceEmphasis{\color{red}}"
\end{center}
then the correct choices will be printed in red (assuming that your
printer can produce that color).  For another example, if you give the
command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\CorrectChoiceEmphasis{\color{red}\bfseries}"
\end{center}
then the correct choices will be printed in boldface red (again
assuming that your printer can produce that color).

To avoid confusion, \verb"\correctchoice" is defined to be a synonym
for \verb"\CorrectChoice" and \verb"\correctchoiceemphasis" is defined
to be a synonym for \verb"\CorrectChoiceEmphasis".

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Point values for the questions}
\label{sec:points}

Each of the commands \verb"\question", \verb"\part", \verb"\subpart",
and \verb"\subsubpart" takes an optional argument, which is the number
of points for that question, part, subpart, or subsubpart.  The
default setup is that
\begin{itemize}
\item the point value is printed at the beginning of the question (or
  part, or subpart, or subsubpart) (this can be changed to printing in
  either the left or right margins on the first line of the question
  or in the right margin at the end of the question; see
  section~\ref{sec:whereprint} and section~\ref{sec:DrpPts}), and
\item the point value is enclosed in parentheses (this can be changed
  to either square brackets or a box; see section~\ref{sec:Boxed}).
\end{itemize}
Both of these things can be further customized; see
section~\ref{sec:qformat} and section~\ref{sec:pointformat}.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Where the points will be printed}
\label{sec:whereprint}

The default is that the point value will be inserted at the beginning
of the question (or part, or subpart, or subsubpart) in parentheses,
but
\begin{itemize}
\item the command \verb"\pointsinmargin" will cause the point values
  to be set in the left margin,
\item the command \verb"\pointsinrightmargin" will cause the point
  values to be set in the right margin, and
\item the commands \verb"\nopointsinmargin" and
  \verb"\nopointsinrightmargin" are equivalent, and either of them
  will  revert to the default situation.
\end{itemize}
All of these print the point values on the first line of the question
(or part, or subpart, or subsubpart).  There is also a way to print
the point values on the \emph{last} line of the question (or part,
etc.); for this, see section~\ref{sec:DrpPts}.

\medbreak

For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
\question[20]
Why is there air?


\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part[10]
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part[10]
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then, with the default setup, you'll get
\nopointsinmargin
\begin{questions}
\question[20]
Why is there air?


\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part[10]
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part[10]
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\end{questions}
(To change the word ``points'', see the commands described in
section~\ref{sec:pointname}.)

\bigskip
If you give the command \verb"\pointsinmargin", then the above input
will produce instead
\pointsinmargin
\begin{questions}
\question[20]
Why is there air?


\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part[10]
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part[10]
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\end{questions}
(To have a word (e.g., ``points'', or ``\%'') inside the parentheses
with the point values, see the \verb"\marginpointname" command in
section~\ref{sec:pointname}.)


\bigskip 

If you give the command \verb"\pointsinrightmargin", then the above
input will produce instead
\pointsinrightmargin
\begin{questions}
\question[20]
Why is there air?


\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part[10]
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part[10]
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\end{questions}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Printing the points at the end of the question}
\label{sec:DrpPts}

Instead of having the point value of a question (or part, or subpart,
or subsubpart) printed on the first line of a question, you can have
it printed in the right margin opposite the \emph{last} line, or even
opposite a blank line following the paragraph.  This is done with the
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pointsdroppedatright"
  \quad and \quad
  \verb"\droppoints"
\end{center}
commands.

If you give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pointsdroppedatright"
\end{center}
then point values are not printed until you give the command
\verb"\droppoints" (and they're not printed at all if you don't give
the command \verb"\droppoints").  The only exception to this rule is
that if you've given a \verb"\qformat" command (see
section~\ref{sec:qformat}), then question number lines are printed as
specified by the argument to the \verb"\qformat" command even if you
have given the command \verb"\pointsdroppedatright".

The command \verb"\droppoints" should be given only at the end of a
paragraph or between paragraphs; if you give it within a paragraph, it
causes the paragraph to end.  \verb"\droppoints" prints the point
value in the right margin, formatted as it is when you give the
command \verb"\pointsinrightmargin", except that the points appear
opposite the last line of the paragraph (or, if the command
\verb"\droppoints" is given between paragraphs, then additional
vertical space is left between the paragraphs and the points are
printed opposite the blank space).  The formatting can be changed by
giving the commands \verb"\bracketedpoints", \verb"\boxedpoints", or
\verb"\marginpointname" (see section~\ref{sec:pointname}) just as if
\verb"\pointsinrightmargin" were in effect.  The command
\verb"\droppoints" actually works this way even if one of the commands
\begin{center}
  \verb"\nopointsinmargin",\quad \verb"\pointsinmargin",\quad or\quad
  \verb"\pointsinrightmargin"
\end{center}
is in effect, but if you use it that way the points will appear twice
on the page, which is probably not what you want.


For example, if you give the command \verb"\pointsdroppedatright" and
then type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
\question[10]
Describe the implications of the Michelson-Morley ink drop experiment
for the use of punctuation marks such as colons and semicolons that
require multiple drops of ink.
\droppoints

\question[10]
Prove that the second dual of a finite dimensional real vector space
is naturally isomorphic to the given vector space, except when the
weapon chosen is a single shot pistol.\droppoints

\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\pointsdroppedatright
\begin{questions}
\question[10]
Describe the implications of the Michelson-Morley ink drop experiment
for the use of punctuation marks such as colons and semicolons that
require multiple drops of ink.
\droppoints

\question[10]
Prove that the second dual of a finite dimensional real vector space
is naturally isomorphic to the given vector space, except when the
weapon chosen is a single shot pistol.\droppoints

\end{questions}
and if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
\question[10]
Describe the implications of the Michelson-Morley ink drop experiment
for the use of punctuation marks such as colons and semicolons that
require multiple drops of ink.

\droppoints

\question[10]
Prove that the second dual of a finite dimensional real vector space
is naturally isomorphic to the given vector space, except when the
weapon chosen is a single shot pistol.

\droppoints
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\question[10]
Describe the implications of the Michelson-Morley ink drop experiment
for the use of punctuation marks such as colons and semicolons that
require multiple drops of ink.

\droppoints

\question[10]
Prove that the second dual of a finite dimensional real vector space
is naturally isomorphic to the given vector space, except when the
weapon chosen is a single shot pistol.

\droppoints
\end{questions}
\nopointsinmargin
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Half points}
\label{sec:Half}

The point values of questions, parts, subparts, and subsubparts can
include half points.  To specify half points, you either type 
\begin{center}
  \verb"\half"
\end{center}
immediately following the integer part of the point value or just type
\verb"\half" as the entire point value. That is, the valid point
values and their (default) printed appearances are:
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{0.1in}}rccccccc}
    Typed:& \verb"0"& \verb"\half"& \verb"1"& \verb"1\half"& \verb"2"&
      \verb"2\half"& $\cdots$\\[1ex]
    Printed:& 0& \half& 1& 1\half& 2& 2\half& $\cdots$
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
If you prefer, you can cause the fraction \half{} to be printed as
\makeatletter
\horiz@half.
\makeatother
To do this, you give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\usehorizontalhalf"
\end{center}
after which the printed appearance of point values will be
\usehorizontalhalf
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{0.1in}}rccccccc}
    Typed:& \verb"0"& \verb"\half"& \verb"1"& \verb"1\half"& \verb"2"&
      \verb"2\half"& $\cdots$\\[1ex]
    Printed:& 0& \half& 1& 1\half& 2& 2\half& $\cdots$
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
If you want to return to using the default appearance, you can do that
by giving the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\useslantedhalf"
\end{center}
\useslantedhalf



%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Surrounding the points: Parentheses, brackets, or a box}
\label{sec:Boxed}

If you prefer having the points enclosed in brackets instead of in
parentheses, give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\bracketedpoints"
\end{center}
For example, if you give the command \verb"\bracketedpoints", then the
questions typed above will produce
\nopointsinmargin
\bracketedpoints
\begin{questions}
\question[20]
Why is there air?


\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part[10]
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part[10]
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\end{questions}


If you prefer having the points enclosed in a box instead of in
parentheses, give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\boxedpoints"
\end{center}
For example, if you give the command \verb"\boxedpoints", then the
questions typed above will produce
\nopointsinmargin
\boxedpoints
\begin{questions}
\question[20]
Why is there air?


\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part[10]
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part[10]
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\end{questions}
If you give the commands \verb"\boxedpoints" and
\verb"\pointsinmargin", then the above questions will produce
\boxedpoints
\pointsinmargin
\begin{questions}
\question[20]
Why is there air?


\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part[10]
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part[10]
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\end{questions}
If you give the commands \verb"\bracketedpoints" and
\verb"\pointsinrightmargin", then the above questions will produce
%
\bracketedpoints
\pointsinrightmargin
\begin{questions}
\question[20]
Why is there air?


\question
What if there were no air?

\begin{parts}
\part[10]
Describe the effect on the balloon industry.

\part[10]
Describe the effect on the aircraft industry.
\end{parts}

\end{questions}
Other combinations of these commands will produce similar effects.

If you want to switch back and forth between formats during the exam,
you can do so by giving one of the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\boxedpoints"\\
    \verb"\bracketedpoints"\\
    \verb"\noboxedpoints"\\
    \verb"\nobracketedpoints"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
whenever you want to switch.  (The commands
\verb"\nobracketedpoints" and \verb"\noboxedpoints" are equivalent;
they both return to the default of putting parentheses around the
points.)

If you want some text (e.g., `` points'', or ``\%'') automatically
inserted along with the point values when using either
\verb"\pointsinmargin" or \verb"\pointsinrightmargin", see the command
\verb"\marginpointname" in section~\ref{sec:pointname}.



%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Using a substitute for the word ``points''}
\label{sec:pointname}

With the default setup, the number of points is inserted before the
text of the question followed by a single space and the word ``point''
if the number of points is either \half{} or 1 and by the word
``points'' otherwise.  That is, the default is
\verb"\nopointsinmargin" and \verb"\noboxedpoints" (see sections
\ref{sec:whereprint} and \ref{sec:Boxed}), and if you type
\nopointsinmargin \noboxedpoints
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question[1]
  This is a short question.

  \question[5]
  This is a longer question, requiring more thought.
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question[1]
  This is a short question.

  \question[5]
  This is a longer question, requiring more thought.
\end{questions}
The way this is achieved is:
\begin{itemize}
\item There is a command 
  \begin{center}
    \verb"\points"
  \end{center}
  whose default definition expands to the word `point' if the number
  of points is either \half{} or 1 and to `points' otherwise.  (This
  behavior can be modified by the command \verb"\pointpoints"; see
  below.)
\item There is a command 
  \begin{center}
    \verb"\pointname{Text}"
  \end{center}
  that causes `Text' to be inserted following the number of points of
  a question, part, subpart, or subsubpart.  The default setup is the
  result of the command
  \begin{center}
    \verb"\pointname{ \points}"
  \end{center}
  (Note the single space before the command \verb"\points".)
\end{itemize}

There is also a command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pointpoints{SingularText}{PluralText}"
\end{center}
that changes the behavior of the \verb"\points" command so that it
expands to `SingularText' if the number of points is \half{} or 1 and
to `PluralText' otherwise.  (The default is the result of the command
\verb"\pointpoints{point}{points}".)  Thus, if you give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pointpoints{Punkt}{Punkte}"
\end{center}
then typing the questions above would result in
\pointpoints{Punkt}{Punkte}
\begin{questions}
  \question[1]
  This is a short question.

  \question[5]
  This is a longer question, requiring more thought.
\end{questions}
There is also a command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\marksnotpoints"
\end{center}
that is equivalent to the two commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\pointpoints{mark}{marks}"\\
    \verb"\bonuspointpoints{mark (bonus)}{marks (bonus)}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
(the command \verb"\bonuspointpoints" is described in
section~\ref{sec:Bonus}).  That command would cause the above
questions to be printed as \pointpoints{mark}{marks}
\begin{questions}
  \question[1]
  This is a short question.

  \question[5]
  This is a longer question, requiring more thought.
\end{questions}

\bigskip

For another example, if you give the command
\begin{center}
\verb"\pointname{\%}"
\end{center}
then the above questions would be printed as
%
\pointname{\%}
\nopointsinmargin
\noboxedpoints
\begin{questions}
  \question[1]
  This is a short question.

  \question[5]
  This is a longer question, requiring more thought.
\end{questions}
\pointname{ \points}


\subsubsection*{Using \texttt{\char`\\marginpointname}}

Similarly, the command \verb"\marginpointname" can be used to affect
the text set with the number of points when \verb"\pointsinmargin" or
\verb"\pointsinrightmargin" is in effect.  For example, if you give
the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\pointsinmargin"\\
    \verb"\marginpointname{\%}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
and then type
\begin{verbatim}
\question[25]
Where, oh where, has my little dog gone?
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\pointsinmargin
\noboxedpoints
\marginpointname{\%}
\begin{questions}
\question[25]
Where, oh where, has my little dog gone?
\end{questions}
unless, e.g., you've also given the command \verb"\boxedpoints" (see
section~\ref{sec:Boxed}), in which case you'll get
%
\pointsinmargin
\boxedpoints
\marginpointname{\%}
\begin{questions}
\question[25]
Where, oh where, has my little dog gone?
\end{questions}
If you give the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\marksnotpoints"\\
    \verb"\marginpointname{ \points}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
then the above will print
\noboxedpoints
\marginpointname{ \points}
\marksnotpoints
\begin{questions}
\question[25]
Where, oh where, has my little dog gone?
\end{questions}
\nopointsinmargin
\marginpointname{}
\pointpoints{point}{points}
\bonuspointpoints{point (bonus)}{points (bonus)}

Using the default is equivalent to giving the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\marginpointname{}"
\end{center}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Using \texttt{\char`\\marginpointname} and enlarging
  the margins}
\label{sec:margins}

The default margins are not very large, and so if you use
\verb"\marginpointname" (see section~\ref{sec:pointname}) to place any
words along with the point values in the margin, you may run out of
room.  The solution to this problem is to enlarge the margins by using
the \verb"\extrawidth" command with a negative argument to
\emph{decrease} the width of the text area, and thus \emph{increase}
the width of the margins.  For example, the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
    \verb"\extrawidth{-1in}"\\
    \verb"\marginpointname{ \points}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
will increase each of the left and right margins by one half inch,
which will easily leave room for the word ``points''.  (See
section~\ref{sec:pagesize} for a discussion of the \verb"\extrawidth"
command.)

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Completely customizing the points}
\label{sec:pointformat}

If the customizations described in section~\ref{sec:Boxed} and
section~\ref{sec:pointname} (using \verb"\bracketedpoints",
\verb"\boxedpoints", \verb"\pointpoints", \verb"\pointname", and
\verb"\marginpointname") aren't sufficient, and you don't want to use
the \verb"\qformat" command to create a customized question number
line (see section~\ref{sec:qformat}), you can completely customize the
way the points are printed by using the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\pointformat"\\
    \verb"\bonuspointformat"
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
The \verb"\pointformat" command controls the printing of ``regular''
points (i.e., non-bonus points) and the \verb"\bonuspointformat"
command controls the printing of bonus points (see
section~\ref{sec:Bonus}).

Each of the commands \verb"\pointformat" and \verb"\bonuspointformat"
takes one argument, and that argument is what actually appears on the
page whether the points are being printed at the beginning of the
question (the default), in the left margin (because of
\verb"\pointsinmargin"), in the right margin (because of
\verb"\pointsinrightmargin"), or dropped in the right margin at the
end of the question (because of \verb"\pointsdroppedatright").  The
arguments to \verb"\pointformat" and \verb"\bonuspointformat" should
contain either the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\thepoints"
\end{center}
(which for non-bonus points prints the number of points followed by
the argument to the last \verb"\pointname" command and for bonus
points prints the number of bonus points followed by the argument to
the last \verb"\bonuspointname" command; see
section~\ref{sec:pointname}) or the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\themarginpoints"
\end{center}
(which for non-bonus points prints the number of points followed by
the argument to the last \verb"\marginpointname" command and for bonus
points prints the number of bonus points followed by the argument to
the last \verb"\marginbonuspointname" command; see
section~\ref{sec:pointname}).  If the argument doesn't contain either
\verb"\thepoints" or \verb"\themarginpoints", then the number of
points will not appear.

For example, the command \verb"\bracketedpoints" is equivalent to
either
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\pointformat{[\thepoints]}"\\
    \verb"\bonuspointformat{[\thepoints]}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
if the points are being printed at the beginning of the question, or
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\pointformat{[\themarginpoints]}"\\
    \verb"\bonuspointformat{[\themarginpoints]}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
if the points are being printed in one of the margins.

For another example, the command \verb"\boxedpoints" is equivalent to
either
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\pointformat{\fbox{\thepoints}}"\\
    \verb"\bonuspointformat{\fbox{\thepoints}}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
if the points are being printed at the beginning of the question, or
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\pointformat{\fbox{\themarginpoints}}"\\
    \verb"\bonuspointformat{\fbox{\themarginpoints}}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
if the points are being printed in one of the margins.

For another example, the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \pointsinmargin
  \marginpointname{\%}
  \pointformat{\slshape (\themarginpoints)}
  \question[3] What is the point?  
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
will produce
\begin{questions}
  \pointsinmargin
  \marginpointname{\%}
  \pointformat{\slshape (\themarginpoints)}
  \question[3] What is the point?  
\end{questions}

For another example, the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \pointsinrightmargin
  \marginpointname{\%}
  \pointformat{\fbox{\bfseries\boldmath\themarginpoints}}
  \question[3\half] What is the point?  
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
will produce
\begin{questions}
  \pointsinrightmargin
  \marginpointname{\%}
  \pointformat{\fbox{\bfseries\boldmath\themarginpoints}}
  \question[3\half] What is the point?  
\end{questions}
\nopointsinmargin (Note: The commands \verb"\bfseries" and
\verb"\boldmath" are both needed here because the \half{} printed when
you use half points is printed in math mode while the rest of the
points are printed in text mode.)

For another example, the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \pointname{}
  \pointformat{\bfseries\boldmath(Points for this problem: \thepoints)}
  \question[3\half] What is the point?  
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
will produce
\begin{questions}
  \pointname{}
  \pointformat{\bfseries\boldmath(Points for this problem: \thepoints)}
  \question[3\half] What is the point?  
\end{questions}
% Put things back to the default situation, so we don't mess up
% later examples:
\noboxedpoints
\nopointsinmargin
\pointname{ \points}




%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Questions that begin with a parts environment}

If a question begins with a parts environment, then the question
number and the number of the first part in the parts environment will
be printed on the same line (see section~\ref{sec:parts}).  Thus, if
points are assigned to both the question and to the first part, both
of those point values will be printed on the same line.  (Note: This
was not true in versions of the \verb"exam" document class earlier
than 2.3.  In those versions, only the later of the two point values
would actually be printed.)  If \verb"\pointsinmargin" or
\verb"\pointsinrightmargin" are in effect (see
section~\ref{sec:whereprint}), then the two point values will be
printed on top of each other, which is probably not what you want.
The same problem arises if a part begins with a subparts environment
or if a subpart begins with a subsubparts environment.

If you want to assign points to both a question and to each part of a
parts environment, and if the first part will begin on the same line
as the question, the solution is to either use the default location
(i.e., \verb"\nopointsinmargin") or to put some of the points in the
margin and others not.  For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \pointsinmargin
  \noaddpoints
  \question[10]
  \begin{parts}
    \nopointsinmargin
    \addpoints
    \part[5] Who put the ``bop'' in the ``bop, sh-bop, sh-bop''?
    \part[5] Who put the ``ram'' in the ``rama, rama ding-dong''?
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \pointsinmargin
  \noaddpoints
  \question[10]
  \begin{parts}
    \nopointsinmargin
    \addpoints
    \part[5] Who put the ``bop'' in the ``bop, sh-bop, sh-bop''?
    \part[5] Who put the ``ram'' in the ``rama, rama ding-dong''?
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}




%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Adding up the points for a question}
\label{sec:addup}

If you use the document class option \verb"addpoints" (as in
\verb"\documentclass[addpoints]{exam}") or give the command
\verb"\addpoints" (see section~\ref{sec:addpoints}), then you can use
the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\droptotalpoints"
\end{center}
to put into the right margin the total number of points for the
current question (including the points for all parts, subparts, and
subsubparts).  (Section~\ref{sec:adding} describes a different way to
print the total number of points for a question.)  The command
\verb"\droptotalpoints" should be given only at the end of a paragraph
or between paragraphs; if you give it within a paragraph, it causes
the paragraph to end.  \verb"\droptotalpoints" prints the total points
for the current question in the right margin, formatted by default as:
\par\nobreak\medskip
\makeatletter
\leavevmode\nobreak\hfill
\rlap{%\hskip\rightmargin  % Defined by the list environment
  \hskip\@rightmargin % Defined by exam.cls
  \hskip-\rightpointsmargin
  \llap{Total for Question 2: 25}%
}% rlap
\makeatother
\par\medskip\noindent
(Note: The number of points is followed by the argument to the most
recently executed \verb"\marginpointname" command (see
section~\ref{sec:pointname}), which by default is empty.)

If the current question is worth any bonus points (see
section~\ref{sec:Bonus}), then those bonus points will not be counted
by the \verb"\droptotalpoints" command, but they will be counted by
the
\begin{center}
  \verb"\droptotalbonuspoints"
\end{center}
command, which puts into the right margin the total number of bonus
points for the current question, formatted by default as:
\par\nobreak\medskip
\makeatletter
\leavevmode\nobreak\hfill
\rlap{%\hskip\rightmargin  % Defined by the list environment
  \hskip\@rightmargin % Defined by exam.cls
  \hskip-\rightpointsmargin
  \llap{Total for Question 2: 10 (bonus)}%
}% rlap
\makeatother
\par\medskip\noindent
(Note: The number of bonus points is followed by the argument to the
most recently executed \verb"\marginbonuspointname" command (see
section~\ref{sec:Bonus}), which by default is `` (bonus)''.)

You can change the format used by the \verb"\droptotalpoints" command
with the
\begin{center}
  \verb"\totalformat"
\end{center}
command.  It takes one argument, and that argument becomes the command
to print the total points, right justified a distance of
\verb"\rightpointsmargin" from the right edge of the paper.  The
argument can contain the command
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
    \verb"\totalpoints"& to print the number of points, and\\
    \verb"\thequestion"& to print the question number.
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
(\verb"\totalpoints" expands to
\verb"\pointsofquestion{\arabic{question}}"; see
section~\ref{sec:pointsofq} for a discussion of the
\verb"\pointsofquestion" command.)  For example, if you give the
command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\totalformat{Question \thequestion: \totalpoints}"
\end{center}
then the total number of points will be printed in the format
\par\nobreak\medskip
\makeatletter
\leavevmode\nobreak\hfill
\rlap{%\hskip\rightmargin  % Defined by the list environment
  \hskip\@rightmargin % Defined by exam.cls
  \hskip-\rightpointsmargin
  \llap{Question 2: 25}%
}% rlap
\makeatother
\par\medskip\noindent
and if you give the command
\begin{center}
\verb"\totalformat{\fbox{Total: \totalpoints}}"
\end{center}
then the total number of points will be printed as
\par\nobreak\medskip
\makeatletter
\leavevmode\nobreak\hfill
\rlap{%\hskip\rightmargin  % Defined by the list environment
  \hskip\@rightmargin % Defined by exam.cls
  \hskip-\rightpointsmargin
  \llap{\fbox{Total: 25}}%
}% rlap
\makeatother
\par\medskip\noindent

Thus, if you've given the commands 
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\addpoints"\\
    \verb"\bracketedpoints"\\
    \verb"\pointdroppedatright"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
and you type
\begin{verbatim}
\question
\begin{parts}
\part[10]
In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.
\droppoints
\part[10]
What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to
make the earth into a regular icosahedron?
\droppoints
\end{parts}
\droptotalpoints
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\addpoints
\pointsdroppedatright
\bracketedpoints
\begin{questions}
\question
\begin{parts}
\part[10]
In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.
\droppoints
\part[10]
What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to
make the earth into a regular icosahedron?
\droppoints
\end{parts}
  \leavevmode\unskip\nobreak\hfill
\makeatletter
  \rlap{\hskip\rightmargin  % Defined by the list environment
        \hskip\@rightmargin % Defined by exam.cls
        \hskip-\rightpointsmargin
        \llap{Total for Question 1: 20}%
  }% rlap
\makeatother
  \par
%\droptotalpoints
\end{questions}
\noaddpoints
\nopointsinmargin
\nobracketedpoints
If you've also given the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\totalformat{Total for Question \thequestion: [\totalpoints]}"
\end{center}
then you'll get
\addpoints
\pointsdroppedatright
\bracketedpoints
\begin{questions}
\question
\begin{parts}
\part[10]
In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.
\droppoints
\part[10]
What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to
make the earth into a regular icosahedron?
\droppoints
\end{parts}
%\droptotalpoints
  \leavevmode\unskip\nobreak\hfill
\makeatletter
  \rlap{\hskip\rightmargin  % Defined by the list environment
        \hskip\@rightmargin % Defined by exam.cls
        \hskip-\rightpointsmargin
        \llap{Total for Question 1: [20]}%
  }% rlap
\makeatother
  \par
\end{questions}
\noaddpoints
\nopointsinmargin
\nobracketedpoints

To change the format used by the \verb"\droptotalbonuspoints" command,
you use the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\bonustotalformat"
\end{center}
which is analogous to the \verb"\totalformat" command.  The argument
to \verb"\bonustotalformat" can contain the command
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
    \verb"\totalbonuspoints"& to print the number of bonus points, and\\
    \verb"\thequestion"& to print the question number.
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
(\verb"\totalbonuspoints" expands to
\verb"\bonuspointsofquestion{\arabic{question}}"; see
section~\ref{sec:BonusTables} for a discussion of the
\verb"\bonuspointsofquestion" command.)

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Margin sizes when using \texttt{\char`\\pointsinmargin}
  and \texttt{\char`\\pointsinrightmargin}}


\begin{itemize}
\item If you give the command \verb"\pointsinmargin", then the points
  are printed right justified in the left margin, with the right edge
  a distance of \verb"\marginpointsep" from the left edge of the text
  area.  The default value of \verb"\marginpointsep" is the result of
  the command
  \begin{center}
    \verb"\setlength{\marginpointssep}{5pt}"
  \end{center}
  and you can change it by giving a new \verb"\setlength" command.
  
\item If you give the command \verb"\pointsinrightmargin", then the
  points are printed right justified in the right margin, with the
  right edge a distance of \verb"\rightpointsmargin" from the right
  edge of the paper.  The default value of \verb"\rightpointsmargin"
  is the result of the command
  \begin{center}
    \verb"\setlength{\rightpointsmargin}{1cm}"
  \end{center}
  and you can change it by giving a new \verb"\setlength" command.
\end{itemize}

You can change the width of the text area (and, thus, change the width
of the margins) with the \verb"\extrawidth" command (see
section~\ref{sec:margins}).


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Custom question number lines: The \texttt{\char`\\qformat}
command}
\label{sec:qformat}

The default setup is for the question number to appear in the left
margin and for the text of the question to begin on that line.  It's
possible to change this so that the text of the question starts on the
line following the question number, and the format of the line
containing the question number is determined by the user.  This is
done using the \verb"\qformat" command.  (There is also a
\verb"\noqformat" command, which reverts to the default setup.)

To use the \verb"\qformat" command, you give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\qformat{Format specification}"
\end{center}
where `Format specification' must contain some stretchability (e.g.,
at least one \verb"\hfill" or \verb"\dotfill" or \verb"\hrulefill" or
\ldots) and can contain the commands
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb"\thequestion", which expands to the question number,
\item \verb"\thepoints", which expands to
  \begin{itemize}
  \item nothing, if no points were specified for the question,
  \item the number of points followed by the argument to the last
    \verb"\pointname" command, if this is a ``regular'' question
    (i.e., not a bonus question; see section~\ref{sec:Bonus}), and
  \item the number of bonus points followed by the argument to the
    last \verb"\bonuspointname" command, if this is a bonus question
    (see section~\ref{sec:Bonus})
  \end{itemize}
  (see section~\ref{sec:pointname} for a discussion of the
  \verb"\pointname" and \verb"\bonuspointname" commands), and
\item \verb"\totalpoints", which expands to the total number of points
  specified for the question and all of its parts, subparts, and
  subsubparts (see section~\ref{sec:addup}).  The command
  \verb"\totalpoints" expands to
  \verb"\pointsofquestion{\arabic{question}}".
\end{itemize}
For example, if you give the commands
%
\pointname{ \points}
\pointpoints{point}{points}
\begin{verbatim}
\qformat{Question \thequestion \dotfill \thepoints}
\begin{questions}
\question[10]
What did Billy Joe MacAllister throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge?
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\qformat{Question \thequestion \dotfill \thepoints}
\begin{questions}
\question[10]
What did Billy Joe MacAllister throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge?
\end{questions}
%
\medskip
If you instead use the command
\begin{verbatim}
\qformat{\textbf{Question \thequestion}\quad (\thepoints)\hfill}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\qformat{\textbf{Question \thequestion}\quad (\thepoints)\hfill}
\question[10]
What did Billy Joe MacAllister throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge?
\end{questions}
%
\medskip
If you instead use the command
\begin{verbatim}
\qformat{\hfill Question \thequestion\hfill (\thepoints)}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
\qformat{\hfill Question \thequestion\hfill (\thepoints)}
\question[10]
What did Billy Joe MacAllister throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge?
\end{questions}
\noqformat

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Adding up the points for a question}
\label{sec:adding}

You can combine \verb"\qformat" with the \verb"\totalpoints" command
(see section~\ref{sec:addup}): If you assign points only to parts,
subparts, and subsubparts of questions, but none to the questions
themselves, and you give the command
\begin{verbatim}
\qformat{Question \thequestion\dotfill \emph{\totalpoints\ points}}
\end{verbatim}
(you must have used the document class option \verb"addpoints" or
given the command \verb"\addpoints" in order to use the
\verb"\totalpoints" command; see section~\ref{sec:addpoints}), then
you can type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part[10]
    In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.
    \part[10]
    What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to make
    the earth into a regular icosahedron?
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
and you'll get
%
\nopointsinmargin
\qformat{Question \thequestion\dotfill \emph{20 points}}
\begin{questions}
  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part[10]
    In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.
    \part[10]
    What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to make
    the earth into a regular icosahedron?
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
\noqformat

For another method of printing the total points for a question, see
the \verb"\droptotalpoints" command in section~\ref{sec:addup}.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Titled questions}
\label{sec:Titled}

When using a grading table or point table indexed by question number
(see sections \ref{sec:GradeTables} and~\ref{sec:PointTables}) it's
possible to replace the question numbers in the table with titles for
the questions.  This is done using the \verb"\titledquestion" command
(see section~\ref{sec:TitledQues}), and you can then print the title
in places other than the table using the \verb"\thequestiontitle"
command (see section~\ref{sec:questiontitle}).

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{\texttt{\char`\\titledquestion}}
\label{sec:TitledQues}

The command \verb"\titledquestion" is a replacement for
\verb"\question"; it has one required argument (the title) and one
optional argument (the point value), as in
\begin{center}
  \verb"\titledquestion{Question \thequestion: Concepts}"
\end{center}
which sets the question title to ``Question 2: Concepts'' (if this is
the second question) and doesn't set any point values, or
\begin{center}
  \verb"\titledquestion{Design}[10]"
\end{center}
which sets the question title to ``Design'' and sets the point value
to ``10''.  Note that the question title doesn't include the number of
the question unless you put it there using the \verb"\thequestion"
command.

Using \verb"\titledquestion" instead of \verb"\question" doesn't
change the appearance of the question (unless you use
\verb"\thequestiontitle" in the argument of a \verb"\qformat" command;
see section~\ref{sec:questiontitle}).  The only direct effect of using
\verb"\titledquestion" instead of \verb"\question" is that if you
print a grading table indexed by question number (see
section~\ref{sec:GradeTables}), then the title of the question will
replace the number of the question in the table.  To have the title of
the question appear in the question itself, see the example in
section~\ref{sec:questiontitle}.

If you create a grading table or point table indexed by question
number and you create a question using the \verb"\titledquestion"
command, then the number of the question won't appear in the table
unless you include \verb"\thequestion" in the title of the question.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{\texttt{\char`\\thequestiontitle}}
\label{sec:questiontitle}

The command \verb"\thequestiontitle" expands to
\begin{itemize}
\item the title of the question (if the question was defined using a
  \verb"\titledquestion" command) or
\item the number of the question (if the question was defined using a
  \verb"\question" command).
\end{itemize}
This is for use in the argument of a \verb"\qformat" command (see
section~\ref{sec:qformat}), so that you can have the question title
appear in the question itself, and not just in a grading table or
point table.

The contents of \verb"\thequestiontitle" don't appear anywhere in the
question itself unless you do something to make them appear.  For
example, if you give the command
\begin{center}
\verb"\qformat{Question \thequestion: \thequestiontitle\dotfill\thepoints}"
\end{center}
and then type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \titledquestion{History of Empirical Aerodynamics}[10]
  What did Billy Joe MacAllister throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge?
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \qformat{Question \thequestion: \thequestiontitle\dotfill\thepoints}
  \titledquestion{History of Empirical Aerodynamics}[10]
  What did Billy Joe MacAllister throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge?
\end{questions}
\noqformat

If the command \verb"\thequestiontitle" is never used, then the only
effect of using the command \verb"\titledquestion" instead of the
command \verb"\question" is that, in a grading table or point table
indexed by question number, this question will be indexed by the title
of the question rather than by the question number, and the title of
the question will never appear except in the table.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Bonus points}
\label{sec:Bonus}

It's possible to create questions, parts, subparts, or subsubparts
that are worth \emph{bonus points}, instead of regular points.  To do
this, you use the command
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad instead of\qquad}l}
    \verb"\bonusquestion"& \verb"\question",\\
    \verb"\bonustitledquestion"& \verb"\titledquestion",\\
    \verb"\bonuspart"& \verb"\part",\\
    \verb"\bonussubpart"& \verb"\subpart", and\\
    \verb"\bonussubsubpart"& \verb"\subsubpart".
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
If you don't assign any points to these commands then using them is
equivalent to using the corresponding non-bonus commands.  If you do
assign points, though, then
\begin{itemize}
\item the points are typeset differently (see below),
\item the points are not counted by the \verb"\gradetable" or
  \verb"\pointtable" commands (see sections \ref{sec:GradeTables}
  and~\ref{sec:PointTables}), though they \emph{are} counted by the
  \verb"\bonusgradetable" and \verb"\bonuspointtable" commands (see
  section~\ref{sec:BonusTables}),
\item the points are not counted by the \verb"\droptotalpoints"
  command (see section~\ref{sec:addup}), though they are counted by
  the \verb"\droptotalbonuspoints" command (see below),
\item the points are not counted by the \verb"\pointsofquestion" (see
  section~\ref{sec:pointsofq}) or \verb"\pointsonpage" (see
  section~\ref{sec:pointsonp}) commands, though they \emph{are}
  counted by the \verb"\bonuspointsofquestion" and
  \verb"\bonuspointsonpage" (see section~\ref{sec:BonusTables})
  commands, and
\item the points are not counted by the \verb"\numpoints" command (see
  section~\ref{sec:Count}), though they \emph{are} counted by the
  \verb"\numbonuspoints" command (see section~\ref{sec:Count}).
\end{itemize}

The default setup is that if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question[10] Who discovered America?
  \bonusquestion[1] On what day of the week did he do it?
  \bonusquestion[2] What color shirt was he wearing?
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question[10] Who discovered America?
  \bonusquestion[1] On what day of the week did he do it?
  \bonusquestion[2] What color shirt was he wearing?
\end{questions}

There is also a command \verb"\bonuspointpoints" that is analogous to
\verb"\pointpoints" (see section~\ref{sec:pointname}); the default
setup was created by the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\bonuspointpoints{point (bonus)}{points (bonus)}"
\end{center}
and if you give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\bonuspointpoints{bonus point}{bonus points}"
\end{center}
then typing the above would produce
\begin{questions}
  \bonuspointpoints{bonus point}{bonus points}
  \question[10] Who discovered America?
  \bonusquestion[1] On what day of the week did he do it?
  \bonusquestion[2] What color shirt was he wearing?
\end{questions}
There are also commands 
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\bonuspointname" and\\
    \verb"\marginbonuspointname"
  \end{tabular}
  \qquad that are analogous to\qquad
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\pointname" and\\
    \verb"\marginpointname"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
(see section~\ref{sec:pointname}), and commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\droptotalbonuspoints",\\
    \verb"\bonustotalformat", and\\
    \verb"\totalbonuspoints"
  \end{tabular}
  \qquad that are analogous to\qquad
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\droptotalpoints",\\
    \verb"\totalformat", and\\
    \verb"\totalpoints"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
(see section~\ref{sec:addup}).


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Counting the questions and adding up the points}
\label{sec:Count}

The \verb"exam" document class automatically counts the numbers of
questions, parts, and subparts, and makes these numbers available as
the macros
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\numquestions"\\
    \verb"\numparts"\\
    \verb"\numsubparts"\\
    \verb"\numsubsubparts"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
These numbers are also printed on the screen when you run \LaTeX{} and
they are placed into the \verb".log" file as well.  If you have more
than one \verb"questions" environment (for example, if your exam has
several parts, with the questions in each part numbered beginning with
``1''), then \verb"\numquestions" will hold the total number of
questions on the exam.  If you do have more than one \verb"questions"
environment, though, you won't be able to use the \verb"\gradetable"
or \verb"\pointtable" commands (see section~\ref{sec:Tables}).

If you use the document class option \verb"addpoints" or give the
command \verb"\addpoints" (see section~\ref{sec:addpoints}), then the
class will add the total number of points and the total number of
bonus points (see section~\ref{sec:Bonus}) that you've given to all of
the questions, parts, subparts, and subsubparts of the exam, and make
those totals available in the macros
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\numpoints"\\
    \verb"\numbonuspoints"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
as well as displaying those totals on the screen when you run \LaTeX{}
and placing them into the \verb".log" file.  You can then type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  This exam has \numquestions\ questions, for a total of \numpoints\ 
  points and \numbonuspoints\ bonus points.
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
and you'll get
\begin{center}
  This exam has 8 questions, for a total of 120 points and 10 bonus
  points.
\end{center}

\emph{Warning}: If \verb"addpoints" is in effect, your point values
for questions, parts, subparts, and subsubparts must not contain
anything other than digits and the command \verb"\half" (see
section~\ref{sec:Half}).  For example, if you \emph{don't} give the
command \verb"\addpoints", then you can type
\begin{center}
  \verb"\question[10\%]"
\end{center}
with no problems, but this will cause errors if you've given the
command \verb"\addpoints".  The correct way to accomplish what you
want is to give the command \verb"\marginpointname{\%}" or
\verb"\pointname{\%}" and then type \verb"\question[10]" (see
section~\ref{sec:pointname}). 

If you want to temporarily turn off the adding of points (for example,
if you list both the total points for each question and the points for
each part, but you don't want to count the points twice), you can give
the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\noaddpoints"
\end{center}
to turn off the adding of points and the command \verb"\addpoints" to
turn it back on.

If \verb"addpoints" is in effect, then you can create grading tables
(see section~\ref{sec:GradeTables}) and point tables (see
section~\ref{sec:PointTables}) and use the commands
\verb"\pointsofquestion" (see section~\ref{sec:pointsofq}) and
\verb"\pointsonpage" (see section~\ref{sec:pointsonp}).

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Referring to specific questions by number (cross
  references)}

You can use the standard \LaTeX{} commands \verb"\label" and
\verb"\ref" to refer to questions (or parts, or subparts, or
subsubparts) by number.  For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
The first question is question number~\ref{ques:first}.
Question number~\ref{ques:second} has both a good part
(part~\ref{part:good}) and a bad part (part~\ref{part:bad}).

\begin{questions}
\question
\label{ques:first}
This is the first question.

\question
\label{ques:second}
\begin{parts}
\part
\label{part:good}
This is the good part.

\part
\label{part:bad}
This is the \emph{bad} part.
\end{parts}

\question
Is there a question?
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get:

\medskip

The first question is question number~\ref{ques:first}.
Question number~\ref{ques:second} has both a good part
(part~\ref{part:good}) and a bad part (part~\ref{part:bad}).

\begin{questions}
\question
\label{ques:first}
This is the first question.

\question
\label{ques:second}
\begin{parts}
\part
\label{part:good}
This is the good part.

\part
\label{part:bad}
This is the \emph{bad} part.
\end{parts}

\question
Is there a question?
\end{questions}



\bigskip

As with all other cross references in \LaTeX, you'll have to run your
file through \LaTeX{} \emph{twice} to be sure that all the cross
references are correct.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Customizing the numbers}
\label{sec:CustNumb}

The default setup is that:
\begin{questions}
  \question Question numbers are arabic, and are followed by a period.
  \begin{parts}
    \part Part numbers are lower case letters, and are enclosed in
    parentheses.
    \begin{subparts}
      \subpart Subpart numbers are lower case roman, and are followed
      by a period.
      \begin{subsubparts}
        \subsubpart Subsubpart numbers are greek, and are followed by
        a right parenthesis.
        \begin{choices}
          \choice Choices are upper case letters, and are followed by
          a period.
        \end{choices}
      \end{subsubparts}
    \end{subparts}
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
All of this can be changed.

\bigskip

To change the type of numbering, you would redefine the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\thequestion"\\
    \verb"\thepartno"\\
    \verb"\thesubpart"\\
    \verb"\thesubsubpart"\\
    \verb"\thechoice"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
(Note: The second one listed there is \verb"\thepartno", \emph{not}
\verb"\thepart".  The command \verb"\thepart" refers to the counter
used in the article document class standard sectioning command
\verb"\part".)  The numbering commands available are
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
    \verb"\arabic"& Regular arabic integers\\
    \verb"\alph"& Lower case letters\\
    \verb"\Alph"& Upper case letters\\
    \verb"\roman"& Lower case roman numbers\\
    \verb"\Roman"& Upper case roman numbers\\
    \verb"\greeknum"& Greek letters
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
and any of these can be applied to the counters \verb"question",
\verb"partno", \verb"subpart", \verb"subsubpart", and \verb"choice".
(The \verb"\greeknum" command is defined by the exam document class,
but all of the others are standard \LaTeX{} commands.)

For example, to have questions numbered using upper case roman numbers
and parts numbered using upper case letters, you would give the
commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\renewcommand\thequestion{\Roman{question}}"\\
    \verb"\renewcommand\thepartno{\Alph{partno}}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}

\bigskip


The ``decorations'' around the numbers (i.e., the periods, or
parentheses, or \ldots) are determined by the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\questionlabel"\\
    \verb"\partlabel"\\
    \verb"\subpartlabel"\\
    \verb"\subsubpartlabel"\\
    \verb"\choicelabel"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
the default definitions of which are:
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\newcommand\questionlabel{\thequestion.}"\\
    \verb"\newcommand\partlabel{(\thepartno)}"\\
    \verb"\newcommand\subpartlabel{\thesubpart.}"\\
    \verb"\newcommand\subsubpartlabel{\thesubsubpart)}"\\
    \verb"\newcommand\choicelabel{\thechoice.}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
You can change any of these by giving \verb"\renewcommand" commands to
redefine them.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Customizing the list parameters}
\label{sec:CustList}

Each of the environments \verb"questions", \verb"parts",
\verb"subparts", \verb"subsubparts", and \verb"choices" is implemented
as a \verb"list" environment.  This section describes commands for
advanced users who want to customize the list parameters
(\verb"\topsep", \verb"\partopsep", \verb"\itemsep", \verb"\parsep",
etc.) for the lists that those environments create.

The \verb"exam" document class includes the expansion of
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad when creating a\qquad}l@{\qquad}l}
    \verb"\questionshook"&\verb"questions"&environment,\\
    \verb"\partshook"&\verb"parts"&environment,\\
    \verb"\subpartshook"&\verb"subparts"&environment,\\
    \verb"\subsubpartshook"&\verb"subsubparts"&environment, and\\
    \verb"\choiceshook"&\verb"choices"&environment.
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
The \verb"exam" document class defines these as follows:
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
    \verb"\newcommand\questionshook{}"\\
    \verb"\newcommand\partshook{}"\\
    \verb"\newcommand\subpartshook{}"\\
    \verb"\newcommand\subsubpartshook{}"\\
    \verb"\newcommand\choiceshook{}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
Thus, by default, these commands have no effect, but you can change
any of them with a \verb"\renewcommand" command.  Thus, if you
redefine, e.g., \verb"\questionshook" to expand to commands that set
values for some of the list parameters, then those values will be used
in the \verb"questions" environment.

For example, if you give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\renewcommand\questionshook{\setlength{\itemsep}{1in}}"
\end{center}
then there will be an additional one inch of blank space inserted
between questions (since the questions are the items in a
\verb"questions" environment).  For another example, if you give the
command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\renewcommand\partshook{\setlength{\topsep}{0.5in}}"
\end{center}
then each parts environment will have an additional one half inch of
space before and after the environment.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Escaping the indentation: \texttt{\char`\\uplevel} and
  \texttt{\char`\\fullwidth}}
\label{sec:uplevel}

There are two commands provided for printing text with a left margin
smaller than the one currently in effect: \verb"\uplevel" and
\verb"\fullwidth".  Each of these commands takes one argument and
typesets the argument with an altered left margin.  The main uses for
these commands are including instructions for a group of questions
(see section~\ref{sec:Instructions}) and naming the parts of a long
exam (see section~\ref{sec:Naming}), but you can use them however you
like.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Including instructions for a group of questions}
\label{sec:Instructions}

If you are inside of a parts environment and you want to give
directions for the next few parts, then those directions should be
indented to the level of the question of which they are parts, i.e.,
up one level.  If you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Why did you come to Casablanca?

  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    Why, Oh why, Oh why, Oh; why did I ever leave Ohio?

    \uplevel{The following two parts should be answered in classical
      Greek:}
    \part
    Why do birds sing?

    \part
    Why do fools fall in love?

  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Why did you come to Casablanca?

  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    Why, Oh why, Oh why, Oh; why did I ever leave Ohio?

    \uplevel{The following two parts should be answered in classical
      Greek:}
    \part
    Why do birds sing?

    \part
    Why do fools fall in love?

  \end{parts}
\end{questions}

If you want to give instructions for a group of questions, then the
indenting for those instructions should be to the outer left margin,
i.e., up one level.  For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Approximate $\displaystyle \int_0^1 \sin x^2 \, dx$ within $.001$ of
  its true value.

  \uplevel{Questions \ref{exact-start} through~\ref{exact-end} should
    be evaluated completely, not just approximated.}

  \question
  \label{exact-start}
  $\displaystyle \int_0^1 \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$

  \question
  $\displaystyle \int_0^1 \frac{1}{1+x^2}\, dx$

  \question
  \label{exact-end}
  $\displaystyle \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin^3 x \cos x \, dx$
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Approximate $\displaystyle \int_0^1 \sin x^2 \, dx$ within $.001$ of
  its true value.

  \uplevel{Questions \ref{exact-start} through~\ref{exact-end} should
    be evaluated completely, not just approximated.}

  \question
  \label{exact-start}
  $\displaystyle \int_0^1 \frac{x^2 \, dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$

  \question
  $\displaystyle \int_0^1 \frac{1}{1+x^2}\, dx$

  \question
  \label{exact-end}
  $\displaystyle \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin^3 x \cos x \, dx$
\end{questions}

If you want to give instructions that use the full width of the page
(rather than just going up one level of indentation), then use the
\verb"\fullwidth" command.  For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question
  This is the first question.

  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    This is the first part.

    \part
    This is the second part.
    \begin{subparts}
      \subpart
      This is a subpart.
      
      \fullwidth{When you finish this exam, you should go back and
        reexamine your work, both on this exam and in your life up
        until the day of this exam, for any errors that you may have
        made.}

      \subpart
      This is another subpart.
    \end{subparts}
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question
  This is the first question.

  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    This is the first part.

    \part
    This is the second part.
    \begin{subparts}
      \subpart
      This is a subpart.
      
      \fullwidth{When you finish this exam, you should go back and
        reexamine your work, both on this exam and in your life up
        until the day of this exam, for any errors that you may have
        made.}

      \subpart
      This is another subpart.
    \end{subparts}
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Naming the parts of a long exam}
\label{sec:Naming}

There are two ways of naming the parts of a long exam.  The first way
uses the \verb"\fullwidth" and \verb"\uplevel" commands (see
section~\ref{sec:Namefullwidth}), and the other way uses the standard
\verb"\part" and \verb"\section" commands (see
section~\ref{sec:NameSection}).


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Using \texttt{\char`\\uplevel} and
  \texttt{\char`\\fullwidth}}
\label{sec:Namefullwidth}

To place a section name in the exam, just use a \verb"\fullwidth"
command (see section~\ref{sec:uplevel}) and include whatever font
changing commands that you want to use.  For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Is there, is there balm in Gilead?

  \fullwidth{\Large \textbf{Essay questions}}
  
  \question
  Explain how the cooling of matter in the centuries following the big
  bang has influenced the British parliamentary system of government.

  \fullwidth{\Large \textbf{Laboratory questions}}

  \question
  In the cabinet below your laboratory bench you will find a single
  edged razor blade, several C-clamps, and a bottle of whiskey.
  Remove your appendix.  Do not suture until your work has been
  inspected.
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Is there, is there balm in Gilead?

  \fullwidth{\Large \textbf{Essay questions}}
  
  \question
  Explain how the cooling of matter in the centuries following the big
  bang has influenced the British parliamentary system of government.

  \fullwidth{\Large \textbf{Laboratory questions}}

  \question
  In the cabinet below your laboratory bench you will find a single
  edged razor blade, several C-clamps, and a bottle of whiskey.
  Remove your appendix.  Do not suture until your work has been
  inspected.
\end{questions}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Using the standard sectioning commands}
\label{sec:NameSection}

The exam document class is built upon the standard article document
class, and so the sectioning commands used with the article document
class can be used here as well.  In particular, you can give the
commands \verb"\part", \verb"\part*", \verb"\section", and
\verb"\section*".  The definitions made in \verb"exam.cls" ensure that
if a \verb"\part" command appears \emph{outside of a parts
  environment} it will be interpreted as a sectioning command, while
if it appears \emph{inside of a parts environment} it will be
interpreted as beginning a new part of a question.

You can give these commands in the middle of a questions environment
so as not to interrupt the numbering of the questions, or you can end
a questions environment, give a sectioning command, and then start a
new questions environment (which would reset the question counter to
start again with number~1).  If you have more than one questions
environment, though, then you will be unable to use any of the
commands that create grading tables or point tables (see
section~\ref{sec:Tables}) or the commands that change the headers and
footers depending on whether or not a question spans multiple pages
(see section~\ref{sec:QuesSpan}).

If you give any of these commands while inside of a questions
environment, then the section titles will be indented to the same
extent that questions are indented unless they are given as the
argument of a \verb"\fullwidth" or \verb"\uplevel" command.  These
commands have the advantage, however, that the unstarred versions
provide automatic numbering of the parts or sections.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Leaving space for the answers}
\label{sec:LeaveSpace}

There are three different kinds of space that you can create:
\begin{itemize}
\item Blank space (see section~\ref{sec:BlankSpace}),
\item space filled with lines (see section~\ref{sec:FillLines}), and
\item space filled with dotted lines (see
  section~\ref{sec:FillDotLines}).
\end{itemize}
If you type solutions using a \verb"solution", \verb"solutionorlines",
or \verb"solutionordottedlines" environment (see
section~\ref{sec:solutions}), then you can arrange for space to be
created only when the solutions are not being printed; see
section~\ref{sec:SolSpace}.

You can also create answer lines for short answer questions (see
section~\ref{sec:ShortAns}).

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Leaving blank space}
\label{sec:BlankSpace}

To leave blank space on the page for the answer to a question, you
should use the \verb"\vspace*" command.  For example, the command
\verb"\vspace*{1in}" inserts one inch of vertical space after the line
in which it appears.  (If it appears in between paragraphs, then it
inserts the space right there.)  You can also use the \verb"\vspace"
command, the difference being that space inserted by \verb"\vspace"
will be deleted if it occurs at the top of a new page, whereas space
inserted by \verb"\vspace*" will never be deleted.

If you want to equally distribute the blank space among the questions
on the page, then just put \verb"\vspace*{\fill}" after each question
on the page and use \verb"\newpage" to end the page.

You can also leave blank space when solutions are not being printed by
using an optional argument with a \verb"solution" environment; see
section~\ref{sec:SolSpace}.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Printing lined space for answers}
\label{sec:FillLines}

You can fill space with lines with the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\fillwithlines{length}"
\end{center}
which fills vertical space of height \verb"length" with horizontal
lines that run the length of the current line.  That is, they extend
from the current left margin (which depends on whether we're in a
question, part, subpart, or subsubpart) to the right margin.

\medskip

For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question 
  In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.

  \fillwithlines{1in}
  
  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to make
    the earth into a regular icosahedron?

    \fillwithlines{1in}

    \part
    Where should the field generator be constructed if you want one of
    the vertices to be located at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich?

    \fillwithlines{1in}

  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question 
  In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.

  \fillwithlines{1in}
  
  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to make
    the earth into a regular icosahedron?

    \fillwithlines{1in}

    \part
    Where should the field generator be constructed if you want one of
    the vertices to be located at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich?

    \fillwithlines{1in}

  \end{parts}
\end{questions}

\medskip
The distance between the lines is \verb"\linefillheight", the default
value of which is set with the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\setlength\linefillheight{.25in}"
\end{center}
That value can be changed by giving a new \verb"\setlength" command.
The thickness of the lines is \verb"\linefillthickness", the default
value of which is set with the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\setlength\linefillthickness{0.1pt}"
\end{center}
and that value can also be changed by giving a new \verb"\setlength"
command.

If you want to fill the remaining space on the page with lines, you
should give the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\fillwithlines{\fill}"\\
    \verb"\newpage"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
If you want to equally distribute the space for answers among the
questions on the page, then just put \verb"\fillwithlines{\fill}"
after each question on the page and use \verb"\newpage" to end the
page.

You can also insert lined space when solutions are not being printed
by including an optional argument with the \verb"solutionorlines"
environment; see section~\ref{sec:SolSpace}.
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Printing dotted lined space}
\label{sec:FillDotLines}

You can fill space with dotted lines with the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\fillwithdottedlines{length}"
\end{center}
which fills vertical space of height \verb"length" with dotted
horizontal lines that run the length of the current line.  That is,
they extend from the current left margin (which depends on whether
we're in a question, part, subpart, or subsubpart) to the right
margin.  The command \verb"\fillwithdottedlines" is almost identical
to the \verb"\fillwithlines" command (see
section~\ref{sec:FillLines}), except that the lines created are dotted
and the distance between the lines is \verb"\dottedlinefillheight".
The default value of \verb"\dottedlinefillheight" is set by the
command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\setlength\dottedlinefillheight{.25in}"
\end{center}
and that value can be changed by giving a new \verb"\setlength"
command.

For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question 
  In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.

  \fillwithdottedlines{1in}
  
  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to make
    the earth into a regular icosahedron?

    \fillwithdottedlines{1in}

    \part
    Where should the field generator be constructed if you want one of
    the vertices to be located at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich?

    \fillwithdottedlines{1in}

  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question 
  In no more than one paragraph, explain why the earth is round.

  \fillwithdottedlines{1in}
  
  \question
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    What changes to the van Allen radiation belt are needed to make
    the earth into a regular icosahedron?

    \fillwithdottedlines{1in}

    \part
    Where should the field generator be constructed if you want one of
    the vertices to be located at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich?

    \fillwithdottedlines{1in}

  \end{parts}
\end{questions}

If you want to fill the remaining space on the page with dotted lines,
you should give the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\fillwithdottedlines{\fill}"\\
    \verb"\newpage"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
If you want to equally distribute the space for answers among the
questions on the page, then just put
\verb"\fillwithdottedlines{\fill}" after each question on the page and
use \verb"\newpage" to end the page.

You can also insert dotted lined space when solutions are not being
printed by including an optional argument with the
\verb"solutionordottedlines" environment; see
section~\ref{sec:SolSpace}.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Short answer questions}
\label{sec:ShortAns}


The exam class can print answer lines for short answer questions.  The
command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\answerline"
\end{center}
leaves blank vertical space of length \verb"\answerskip" and then
inserts a horizontal line of length \verb"\answerlinelength" at the
right margin, preceded by the number of the current question, part,
subpart, or subsubpart.  The default values of \verb"\answerskip" and
\verb"\answerlinelength" are set by the commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\setlength\answerskip{2ex}"\\
    \verb"\setlength\answerlinelength{1in}"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
and these can be changed by giving new \verb"\setlength" commands.
If you use the command \verb"\answerline" outside of a
\verb"questions" environment, then the number before the line will be
omitted.

For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Who's buried in Grant's tomb?
  \answerline

  \question
  What was the color of George Washington's white horse?
  \answerline

  \question
  Which is heavier: A pound of feathers, or a pound of lead?
  \answerline
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Who's buried in Grant's tomb?
  \answerline

  \question
  What was the color of George Washington's white horse?
  \answerline

  \question
  Which is heavier: A pound of feathers, or a pound of lead?
  \answerline
\end{questions}
and if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Answer the following questions on the lines at the right:  
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    Who's buried in Grant's tomb? \answerline
  
    \part
    \begin{subparts}
      \subpart
      What light through yonder window breaks? \answerline

      \subpart
      To be, or not to be; that is the question? \answerline
    \end{subparts}
  
    \part
    What was the color of George Washington's white horse? \answerline
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question
  Answer the following questions on the lines at the right:  
  \begin{parts}
    \part
    Who's buried in Grant's tomb? \answerline
  
    \part
    \begin{subparts}
      \subpart
      What light through yonder window breaks? \answerline

      \subpart
      To be, or not to be; that is the question? \answerline
    \end{subparts}
  
    \part
    What was the color of George Washington's white horse? \answerline
  \end{parts}
\end{questions}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Printing the answers to short answer questions}
\label{sec:AnsShortAns}

The \verb"\answerline" command can take an optional argument so that
you can have the answer to the question printed on the answer line
when answers are being printed (see section~\ref{sec:answers}).  When
answers are not being printed, the optional argument is ignored.

When answers are being printed, the optional argument is printed
subject to the declarations in the argument of the last
\verb"\CorrectChoiceEmphasis" command (which by default is
\verb"\bfseries"; see section~\ref{sec:CorrectChoice}), and it is
printed a distance of \verb"\answerclearance" above the line.  The
default value of \verb"\answerclearance" is set with the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\setlength\answerclearance{0.2ex}"
\end{center}
and it can be changed with a \verb"\setlength" command.  The optional
argument is centered on the answer line unless it is longer than the
line, in which case it extends to the right of the line.

For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question Who was the fifth Beatle? \answerline[Murray the K]
  \question What is the answer to the ultimate question of life, the
  universe, and everything? \answerline[42]
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
and if \verb"\noprintanswers" (the default) is in effect, you'll get
\begin{questions}
  \question Who was the fifth Beatle? \answerline[Murray the K]
  \question What is the answer to the ultimate question of life, the
  universe, and everything? \answerline[42]
\end{questions}
while if \verb"\printanswers" is in effect, you'll get \printanswers
\begin{questions}
  \question Who was the fifth Beatle? \answerline[Murray the K]
  \question What is the answer to the ultimate question of life, the
  universe, and everything? \answerline[42]
\end{questions}
\noprintanswers


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Including solutions}
\label{sec:solutions}
 
There are three environments for printing solutions to the problems:
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{rll}
    The& \verb"solution"& environment,\\
    the& \verb"solutionorlines"& environment, and\\
    the& \verb"solutionordottedlines"& environment.
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
If you use these environments without any optional arguments, then
they are identical: They print either the solution or nothing at all.
Whether or not solutions are printed is controlled by the two commands
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l}
    \verb"\printanswers"\\
    \verb"\noprintanswers"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
Using these commands to turn printing of solutions on and off, you can
print the solutions for the entire exam or for only certain parts of
it.  The default is that solutions are \emph{not} printed.  There is
also an \verb"answers" option to the \verb"exam" document class, used
as in
\begin{center}
  \verb"\documentclass[answers]{exam}"
\end{center}
that is equivalent to giving the command \verb"\printanswers" at the
beginning of the document (see section~\ref{sec:answers}).

All of these environments can take an optional argument, which is an
amount of space to be inserted when solutions are not being printed
(see section~\ref{sec:SolSpace}).  The only differences between these
environments is that if this optional argument is used and solutions
are not being printed, then
\begin{itemize}
\item the \verb"solution" enviroment inserts that amount of blank
  space, as if you had given a \verb"\vspace*" command (see
  section~\ref{sec:BlankSpace}),
\item the \verb"solutionorlines" environment inserts that amount of
  space with ruled lines, as if you had given a \verb"\fillwithlines"
  command (see section~\ref{sec:FillLines}), and
\item the \verb"solutionordottedlines" environment inserts that amount
  of space with dotted lines, as if you had given a
  \verb"\fillwithdottedlines" command (see
  section~\ref{sec:FillDotLines}).
\end{itemize}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Printing the solution in a box}
\label{sec:SolutionAppearance}

By default, the solution is printed inside of a box (i.e., an
\verb"\fbox"), and if the solution is broken across pages, then each
piece is enclosed in a box.  There is also a \verb"\shadedsolutions"
command to instead have the solution printed in a \verb"\colorbox"
(i.e., printed on a shaded background); for this, you must load the
\verb"color" package and your printer must be capable of printing
color, or at least grayscale (see section~\ref{sec:shaded}).

\medskip

For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question Did you mutter something?

  \begin{solution}
    Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
    Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--- While I
    nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some
    one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.  ``\,'Tis some
    visitor,'' I muttered, ``tapping at my chamber door--- Only this
    and nothing more.''
  \end{solution}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
and you've given the command \verb"\printanswers" or used the document
class option \verb"answers" (see section~\ref{sec:answers}), then
you'll get \bigskip
\begin{questions}
  \question Did you mutter something?

  \begin{TheSolution}
    Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
    Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--- While I
    nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some
    one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.  ``\,'Tis some
    visitor,'' I muttered, ``tapping at my chamber door--- Only this
    and nothing more.''
  \end{TheSolution}
\end{questions}
\bigskip
The result would be exactly the same if the above \verb"solution"
environment were replaced by either a \verb"solutionorlines" or
\verb"solutionordottedlines" environment.

By default, the solution is printed in a box whose width equals that
of the text of the current question (or part, or subpart, or
subsubpart).  That is, the indentation at the left of the solution
equals the current level of indentation.  You can change this by
enclosing the \verb"solution", \verb"solutionorlines", or
\verb"solutionordottedlines" environment in the argument of a
\verb"\fullwidth" or \verb"\uplevel" command (see
section~\ref{sec:uplevel}).  For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{questions}
  \question Did you mutter something?
  
  \fullwidth{\begin{solution}
    Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
    Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--- While I
    nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some
    one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.  ``\,'Tis some
    visitor,'' I muttered, ``tapping at my chamber door--- Only this
    and nothing more.''
  \end{solution}}
\end{questions}
\end{verbatim}
and you've given the command \verb"\printanswers" or used the
document class option \verb"answers", then you'll get
\bigskip
\begin{questions}
  \question Did you mutter something?

  \fullwidth{\begin{TheSolution}
    Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
    Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--- While I
    nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some
    one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.  ``\,'Tis some
    visitor,'' I muttered, ``tapping at my chamber door--- Only this
    and nothing more.''
  \end{TheSolution}}
\end{questions}

With all of these environments, if solutions are not being printed
then the contents of the environment are ignored.  If, however, you
include the optional argument (see section~\ref{sec:SolSpace}), then
the requested amount of space (blank, lined, or dotted lined) will be
inserted when the solution isn't printed.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Printing the solution on a shaded background}
\label{sec:shaded}

If you load the \verb"color" package with the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\usepackage{color}"
\end{center}
in the preamble of your document (i.e., after the
\verb"\documentclass" command and before the \verb"\begin{document}"
  command), then you can give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\shadedsolutions"
\end{center}
This will cause solutions to be printed on a shaded background, which
by default is a light gray.  (Most laser printers can at least print
grayscale when printing with the correct driver.)  If you want to
change the color of the shading, you can do so by redefining the color
\verb"SolutionColor".  For example, if you give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\definecolor{SolutionColor}{rgb}{0.8,0.9,1}"
\end{center}
then the solutions will be printed on a light blue background
(assuming that your printer is capable of producing that color).

If you want to switch back to printing solutions inside of an
\verb"\fbox", you can do so by giving the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\framedsolutions"
\end{center}
which returns you to the default situation.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Customizing the heading of the solution}
\label{sec:SolCust}


The word ``\textbf{Solution:}'' that you see at the beginning of the
solutions printed by the \verb"solution", \verb"solutionorlines", and
\verb"solutionordottedlines" environments can be changed by redefining
the command \verb"\solutiontitle".  The default value was created by
the command
\begin{center}
\verb"\newcommand{\solutiontitle}{\noindent\textbf{Solution:}\enspace}"
\end{center}
If, for example, you give the command
\begin{center}
\verb"\renewcommand{\solutiontitle}{\noindent\textbf{Solution:}\par\noindent}"
\end{center}
then the \verb"solution" environment above would print
\renewcommand{\solutiontitle}{\noindent\textbf{Solution:}\par\noindent}
\par\bigskip
\begin{questions}
\question Did you mutter something?

\begin{TheSolution}
  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over
  many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--- While I
  nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some
  one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.  ``\,'Tis some
  visitor,'' I muttered, ``tapping at my chamber door--- Only this and
  nothing more.''
\end{TheSolution}
\end{questions}
\renewcommand{\solutiontitle}{\noindent\textbf{Solution:}\enspace}

The appearance of the \verb"solution", \verb"solutionorlines", and
\verb"solutionordottedlines" environments can actually be totally
customized, if you're up to defining a \LaTeX{} environment.  The
appearance of the solution typed into any of these environments is
defined by an environment called \verb"TheSolution", and you can
change the definition of \verb"TheSolution" with a
\verb"\renewenvironment" command.  That is, the \verb"solution"
environment decides whether the command \verb"\printanswers" has been
given and, if so, it feeds the contents of the \verb"solution"
environment into a \verb"TheSolution" environment.  (The behavior of a
\verb"solutionorlines" or \verb"solutionordottedlines" environment is
similar.)  If you use \verb"\renewenvironment" to change the
definition of the \verb"TheSolution" environment, you'll be changing
the way the solution is printed.  For the default definition of the
\verb"TheSolution" environment, see the file \verb"exam.cls".


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Leaving space for the answers when solutions aren't
  printed}
\label{sec:SolSpace}

Each of the \verb"solution", \verb"solutionorlines", and
\verb"solutionordottedlines" environments takes an optional argument:
\begin{itemize}
\item In a \verb"solution" environment this is an amount of blank
  space to be left (just as if you had used a \verb"\vspace*" command;
  see section~\ref{sec:BlankSpace}) when solutions are not being
  printed,
\item in a \verb"solutionorlines" environment this is an amount of
  lined space to be left (just as if you had used a
  \verb"\fillwithlines" command; see section~\ref{sec:FillLines}) when
  solutions are not being printed, and
\item in a \verb"solutionordottedlines" environment this is an amount
  of dotted lined space to be left (just as if you had used a
  \verb"\fillwithdottedlines" command; see
  section~\ref{sec:FillDotLines}) when solutions are not being
  printed.
\end{itemize}
For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{solution}[2in]
  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over
  many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--- While I
  nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some
  one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.  ``\,'Tis some
  visitor,'' I muttered, ``tapping at my chamber door--- Only this and
  nothing more.''
\end{solution}
\end{verbatim}
then there will be 2 inches of blank space inserted (as if you had
given the command \verb"\vspace*{2in}"; see
section~\ref{sec:BlankSpace}) when solutions are not being printed, if
you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{solutionorlines}[2in]
  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over
  many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--- While I
  nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some
  one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.  ``\,'Tis some
  visitor,'' I muttered, ``tapping at my chamber door--- Only this and
  nothing more.''
\end{solutionorlines}
\end{verbatim}
then there will be 2 inches of lined space inserted (as if you had
given the command \verb"\fillwithlines{2in}"; see
section~\ref{sec:FillLines}) when solutions are not being printed, and
if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{solutionordottedlines}[2in]
  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over
  many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--- While I
  nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some
  one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.  ``\,'Tis some
  visitor,'' I muttered, ``tapping at my chamber door--- Only this and
  nothing more.''
\end{solutionorlines}
\end{verbatim}
then there will be 2 inches of dotted lined space inserted (as if you
had given the command \verb"\fillwithdottedlines{2in}"; see
section~\ref{sec:FillDotLines}) when solutions are not being printed.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Changes depending on whether or not solutions are
  being printed}
\label{sec:ifprintanswers}

The command \verb"\ifprintanswers" is provided in case you want to
vary what appears on the exam in ways other than those provided by the
solution environments (see section~\ref{sec:solutions}), the
\verb"\CorrectChoice" command in multiple choice environments (see
section~\ref{sec:CorrectChoice}), and the optional argument to the
\verb"\answerline" command (see section~\ref{sec:AnsShortAns}).  You
use this command by typing
\begin{verbatim}
\ifprintanswers
  Stuff to appear only when answers are being printed.
\else
  Stuff to appear only when answers are not being printed.
\fi
\end{verbatim}
The \verb"\else" clause is optional; you can also type
\begin{verbatim}
\ifprintanswers
  Stuff to appear only when answers are being printed.
\fi  
\end{verbatim}
If you want something printed only when answers are not being printed,
you can type
\begin{verbatim}
\ifprintanswers
\else
  Stuff to appear only when answers are not being printed.
\fi
\end{verbatim}
Since the \verb"exam" document class automatically loads the
\verb"ifthen" package, you can accomplish the same things using the
\verb"\ifthenelse" command:
\begin{verbatim}
\ifthenelse{\boolean{printanswers}}
  {Stuff to appear only when answers are being printed.}
  {Stuff to appear only when answers are not being printed.}
\end{verbatim}
If you use \verb"\ifthenelse", then \verb"both" cases must be present,
even if you leave one of them empty.  Thus, e.g., if you want to print
something only when answers are not being printed, you'd type
\begin{verbatim}
\ifthenelse{\boolean{printanswers}}
  {}
  {Stuff to appear only when answers are not being printed.}
\end{verbatim}





% 
% If you want to ``Stuff'' only when answers aren't being printed, you
% can say either
% 
%   \ifprintanswers
%   \else
%     Stuff
%   \fi
% 
% or
% 
%   \ifthenelse{\boolean{printanswers}}{}{Stuff}



%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Grading tables and point tables}
\label{sec:Tables}

\newlength\cwidth

The \verb"exam" document class can print either
\begin{itemize}
\item a grading table, indexed either by question number or by page
  number, which lists the points possible and leaves space for you to
  fill in (by hand) the points earned (see
  section~\ref{sec:GradeTables}), or
\item a point table, indexed either by question number or by page
  number, which lists the points possible but does not leave space for
  you to fill in the points earned (see
  section~\ref{sec:PointTables}).
\end{itemize}
It's also possible to print either a grading table or point table to
cover only part of the exam (see section~\ref{sec:PartialTable}).

If the exam has any bonus points (see section~\ref{sec:Bonus}), then
the bonus points will be ignored by the tables described in sections
\ref{sec:GradeTables}, \ref{sec:PointTables},
and~\ref{sec:PartialTable}, but it's possible to print bonus grading
tables and bonus point tables that list the bonus points and ignore
the non-bonus points (see section~\ref{sec:BonusTables}).


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Grading tables indexed by question number or by page
  number}
\label{sec:GradeTables}

The \verb"exam" document class can print a grading table, indexed
either by question number or by page number.  That is, you can print
\begin{itemize}
\item a table listing the question numbers (or question titles for
  questions created using the \verb"\titledquestion" command instead
  of the \verb"\question" command; see section~\ref{sec:Titled}) and
  the total points possible for each question (including all of its
  parts, subparts, and subsubparts) and leaving space for you to fill
  in (by hand) the points earned on each question, or
\item a table listing each page that has at least one question, part,
  subpart, or subsubpart with points assigned to it, the total number
  of points possible on that page, and leaving space for you to fill
  in (by hand) the points earned on that page.
\end{itemize}
In order to use this feature you must either include the optional
argument \verb"addpoints" in your \verb"\documentclass" command (as in
\verb"\documentclass[addpoints]{exam}") or give the command
\verb"\addpoints" (see section~\ref{sec:addpoints}), and there must be
only one \verb"questions" environment in the entire exam.  In
addition, you must run \LaTeX{} twice after making any changes to the
file in order to make sure that the point values are correct on a
grading table indexed by question number and at least three times for
a grading table indexed by page number.  (Since the table appears on
the third run of \LaTeX{}, and the space it occupies can change the
page on which each question falls, it may take a fourth run of
\LaTeX{} for the table to have the points per page correct.)

The command to create a grading table is 
\begin{center}
  \verb"\gradetable"
\end{center}
and it takes two optional arguments:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The first optional argument can be either \verb"[v]" or
  \verb"[h]", to choose between a vertically oriented table and a
  horizontally oriented table, and
\item the second optional argument can be either \verb"[questions]" or
  \verb"[pages]", to choose between a table indexed by question number
  and a table indexed by page number.
\end{enumerate}
That is,
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb"\gradetable[v][questions]" prints a vertically oriented
  table indexed by question number,
\item \verb"\gradetable[h][questions]" prints a horizontally oriented
  table indexed by question number,
\item \verb"\gradetable[v][pages]" prints a vertically oriented table
  indexed by page number, and
\item \verb"\gradetable[h][pages]" prints a horizontally oriented
  table indexed by page number.
\end{itemize}
If you leave out the optional arguments (i.e., if you give the command
as ``\verb"\gradetable"'') you'll get a vertically oriented table
indexed by question number.

For example, if the exam has 8 questions, each worth a total of 15
points, and you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \gradetable[v][questions]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
    \hline
    Question& Points& Score\\
    \hline
    1& 15& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    2& 15& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    3& 15& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    4& 15& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    5& 15& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    6& 15& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    7& 15& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    8& 15& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    Total:& 120&\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
and if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \gradetable[h][questions]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
    \hline
    Question:& 1& 2& 3& 4& 5& 6& 7& 8& Total\\
    \hline
    Points:&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    120\\
    \hline
    Score:&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
The number of points listed for a question is the sum of the point
values for that question and all of its parts, subparts, and
subsubparts.

If those 8 questions are distributed two to a page on each of pages 2
through 5 and if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \gradetable[v][pages]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
    \hline
    Page& Points& Score\\
    \hline
    2& 30& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    3& 30& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    4& 30& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    5& 30& \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}\\
    \hline
    Total:& 120&\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
and if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \gradetable[h][pages]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|}
    \hline
    Page:& 2& 3& 4& 5& Total\\
    \hline
    Points:&
    30&
    30&
    30&
    30&
    120\\
    \hline
    Score:&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}
    \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}

\emph{Warning:} If you have a large number of questions on
the exam, then these tables can easily become too large to fit on the
page.  If this becomes a problem, then you can use the
\verb"\pointsofquestion" command (see section~\ref{sec:pointsofq}) or
the \verb"\pointsonpage" command (see section~\ref{sec:pointsonp}) to
create a custom \verb"tabular" environment that has more rows (or
columns) than the tables produced by the \verb"gradingtable" command.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Point tables indexed by question number or by page
  number}
\label{sec:PointTables}

Point tables are similar to grading tables (see
section~\ref{sec:GradeTables}), except that there is no place in the
table to fill in the points earned.

The command to create a point table is 
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pointtable"
\end{center}
and it takes two optional arguments:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The first optional argument can be either \verb"[v]" or
  \verb"[h]", to choose between a vertically oriented table and a
  horizontally oriented table, and
\item the second optional argument can be either \verb"[questions]" or
  \verb"[pages]", to choose between a table indexed by question number
  and a table indexed by page number.
\end{enumerate}
That is,
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb"\pointtable[v][questions]" prints a vertically oriented
  table indexed by question number,
\item \verb"\pointtable[h][questions]" prints a horizontally oriented
  table indexed by question number,
\item \verb"\pointtable[v][pages]" prints a vertically oriented table
  indexed by page number, and
\item \verb"\pointtable[h][pages]" prints a horizontally oriented
  table indexed by page number.
\end{itemize}
If you leave out the optional arguments (i.e., if you give the command
as ``\verb"\pointtable"'') you'll get a vertically oriented table
indexed by question number.

For example, if the exam has 8 questions, each worth a total of 15
points, and you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \pointtable[v][questions]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
    \hline
    Question& Points\\
    \hline
    1& 15\\
    \hline
    2& 15\\
    \hline
    3& 15\\
    \hline
    4& 15\\
    \hline
    5& 15\\
    \hline
    6& 15\\
    \hline
    7& 15\\
    \hline
    8& 15\\
    \hline
    Total:& 120\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
and if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \pointtable[h][questions]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
    \hline
    Question:& 1& 2& 3& 4& 5& 6& 7& 8& Total\\
    \hline
    Points:&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    120\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
The number of points listed for a question is the sum of the point
values for that question and all of its parts, subparts, and
subsubparts.

If those 8 questions are distributed two to a page on each of pages 2
through 5 and if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \pointtable[v][pages]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
    \hline
    Page& Points\\
    \hline
    2& 30\\
    \hline
    3& 30\\
    \hline
    4& 30\\
    \hline
    5& 30\\
    \hline
    Total:& 120\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
and if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \pointtable[h][pages]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|}
    \hline
    Page:& 2& 3& 4& 5& Total\\
    \hline
    Points:&
    30&
    30&
    30&
    30&
    120\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}

\emph{Warning:} If you have a large number of questions on
the exam, then these tables can easily become too large to fit on the
page.  If this becomes a problem, then you can use the
\verb"\pointsofquestion" command (see section~\ref{sec:pointsofq}) or
the \verb"\pointsonpage" command (see section~\ref{sec:pointsonp}) to
create a custom \verb"tabular" environment that has more rows (or
columns) than the tables produced by the \verb"pointtable" command.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Table entries as clickable links}
\label{sec:Clickable}

If you put the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\usepackage{hyperref}"
\end{center}
into the preamble of your document (i.e., after the
\verb"\documentclass" command and before the \verb"\begin{document}"
command) and then produce a pdf file (either using dvipdf or 
directly by using pdflatex), then
\begin{itemize}
\item in a grading table or point table indexed by question number the
  question numbers in the table will be clickable links that take you
  to the corresponding question, and
\item in a grading table or point table indexed by page number the
  page numbers in the table will be clickable links that take you to
  the corresponding page.
\end{itemize}
If you create questions using the \verb"\titledquestion" command
instead of the \verb"\question" command (see
section~\ref{sec:Titled}), then a grading table or point table indexed
by question number will show the \emph{titles} of those questions
instead of the numbers of those questions, and those question titles
will be clickable links that take you to the corresponding question.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Partial grading tables and partial point tables}
\label{sec:PartialTable}

The \verb"\partialgradetable" and \verb"\partialpointtable" commands
make it possible to create grading tables and point tables that cover
only part of the exam.  These commands take one required argument, the
name of a grading range defined using the \verb"\begingradingrange"
and \verb"\endgradingrange" commands, plus the same two optional
arguments used in the \verb"\gradetable" and \verb"\pointtable"
commands.

In more detail: You define a grading range by choosing a name with
which to label the range, e.g., ``myrange'', and then put the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\begingradingrange{myrange}"
\end{center}
at the start of the range and the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\endgradingrange{myrange}"
\end{center}
at the end of the range.  To create the table, you say, e.g., 
\begin{center}
  \verb"\partialgradetable{myrange}[v][questions]"
\end{center}
to create a vertically oriented table indexed by those questions that
follow the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\begingradingrange{myrange}"
\end{center}
and precede the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\endgradingrange{myrange}"
\end{center}
If you say
\begin{center}
  \verb"\partialgradetable{myrange}[v][pages]"
\end{center}
then you'll get a vertically oriented table indexed by all pages with
points starting with the page containing the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\begingradingrange{myrange}"
\end{center}
and ending with the page containing the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\endgradingrange{myrange}"
\end{center}
The \verb"\partialpointtable" command is similar to the
\verb"\partialgradetable" command.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{\texttt{\char`\\pointsofquestion}}
\label{sec:pointsofq}

If you use the document class option \verb"addpoints" (as in
\verb"\documentclass[addpoints]{exam}") or give the command
\verb"\addpoints" (see section~\ref{sec:addpoints}), then you can use
the
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pointsofquestion"
\end{center}
command.  This command takes one argument, which must be the number of
a question on the exam, and it prints the total number of points for
that question.  That is:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb"\pointsofquestion{1}" prints the sum of the point values
  for question 1 and all of its parts, subparts, and subsubparts.
\item \verb"\pointsofquestion{2}" prints the sum of the point values
  for question 2 and all of its parts, subparts, and subsubparts.
\item Etc.
\end{itemize}
The \verb"\pointsofquestion" command is used by the \verb"\gradetable"
and \verb"\pointtable" commands (see section~\ref{sec:Tables}),
and it can be used to create a table using \LaTeX's \verb"tabular"
environment when the tables produced using the \verb"\gradetable" and
\verb"\pointtable" commands either don't fit on the page or are
unsuitable for some other reason.  It can also be used in a
\verb"\qformat" command to list the total number of points of all
parts, subparts, and subsubparts of a question on the line with the
question number (see section~\ref{sec:adding}).

The \verb"\pointsofquestion" command ignores any bonus points that you
may have created (see section~\ref{sec:Bonus}).  The
\verb"\bonuspointsofquestion" command, however, counts the bonus
points (see section~\ref{sec:BonusTables}).

%--------------------------------------------------------------------

\subsection{\texttt{\char`\\pointsonpage}}
\label{sec:pointsonp}

If you use the document class option \verb"addpoints" (as in
\verb"\documentclass[addpoints]{exam}") or give the command
\verb"\addpoints" (see section~\ref{sec:addpoints}), then you can use
the \verb"\pointsonpage" command.  This command takes one argument,
which must be the number of a page of the exam, and it prints the
total number of points for all the questions, parts, subparts, and
subsubparts on that page.  That is:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb"\pointsonpage{1}" prints the sum of the point values for
  all questions, etc., on page 1,
\item \verb"\pointsonpage{2}" prints the sum of the point values for
  all questions, etc., on page 2,
\item Etc.
\end{itemize}
This command can be used to create a table using \LaTeX's
\verb"tabular" environment when the tables produced using the
\verb"\gradetable" and \verb"\pointtable" commands either don't fit on
the page or are unsuitable for some other reason.  It can also be used
in headers and footers to print on each page the total number of
points available on that page; for example, the command
\begin{verbatim}
  \runningfooter{}
                {}
                {Points earned: \makebox[1in]{\hrulefill}
                 out of a possible \pointsonpage{\thepage} points}
\end{verbatim}
(see section~\ref{sec:runningfooter}) will produce the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{}{Points earned: \makebox[1in]{\hrulefill} out of a
  possible 20 points} on all pages after the first.  (For another
example, see section~\ref{sec:PtsPgEx}) 

\textbf{Caution:} The command \verb"\pointsonpage{\thepage}" will work
reliably only in headers and footers, since the command
\verb"\thepage" will work reliably only in headers and footers.

The \verb"\pointsonpage" command ignores any bonus points that you may
have created (see section~\ref{sec:Bonus}).  The
\verb"\bonuspointsonpage" command, however, counts the bonus points
(see section~\ref{sec:BonusTables}).

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Bonus grading tables and bonus point tables}
\label{sec:BonusTables}

If your exam contains any bonus points (see section~\ref{sec:Bonus}),
then those bonus points will be ignored by the grading table and point
table commands described in sections \ref{sec:GradeTables},
\ref{sec:PointTables}, and~\ref{sec:PartialTable} and by the
\verb"\pointsofquestion" (see section~\ref{sec:pointsofq}) and
\verb"\pointsonpage" (see section~\ref{sec:pointsonp}) commands.
There are, however, analogous commands that count only the bonus
points and ignore the non-bonus points.  These commands, and the
non-bonus commands to which they correspond, are as follows:
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad\qquad}l}
    Bonus points& Non-bonus points\\[\medskipamount]
    \verb"\bonusgradetable"&        \verb"\gradetable"\\
    \verb"\bonuspointtable"&        \verb"\pointtable"\\
    \verb"\bonuspartialgradetable"& \verb"\partialgradetable"\\
    \verb"\bonuspartialpointtable"& \verb"\partialpointtable"\\[\medskipamount]
    \verb"\bonuspointsofquestion"&  \verb"\pointsofquestion"\\
    \verb"\bonuspointsonpage"&      \verb"\pointsonpage"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
All of the the commands in the first column count bonus points and
ignore non-bonus points, while all of the commands in the second
column count non-bonus points and ignore bonus points.  The
\verb"\bonuspartialgradetable" and \verb"\bonuspartialpointtable"
commands use the same \verb"\begingradingrange" and
\verb"\endgradingrange" commands that are used by the corresponding
non-bonus versions (see section~\ref{sec:PartialTable}).  Just as is
described in section~\ref{sec:Clickable} for their non-bonus
counterparts, if you put the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\usepackage{hyperref}"
\end{center}
into the preamble of your document (i.e., after the
\verb"\documentclass" command and before the \verb"\begin{document}"
command) and then produce a pdf file (either using dvipdf or 
directly by using pdflatex), then
\begin{itemize}
\item in a bonus grading table or bonus point table indexed by
  question number the question numbers (or question titles, if you
  used \verb"\bonustitledquestion"; see section~\ref{sec:Bonus}) in
  the table will be clickable links that take you to the corresponding
  question, and
\item in a bonus grading table or bonus point table indexed by page
  number the page numbers in the table will be clickable links that
  take you to the corresponding page.
\end{itemize}

For example, if the exam has 8 questions, each worth a total of 5
bonus points, and you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \bonusgradetable[h][questions]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
    \hline
    Question:& 1& 2& 3& 4& 5& 6& 7& 8& Total\\
    \hline
    Bonus Points:&
    5&
    5&
    5&
    5&
    5&
    5&
    5&
    5&
    40\\
    \hline
    Score:&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}



%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Customizing the tables}
\label{sec:CustTable}

There are three ways in which you can customize the default appearance
of grading tables and point tables:
\begin{itemize}
\item You can change the words (and the fonts) that appear in the
  table.
\item You can change the minimum width of the blank cells into which
  you will write the scores.
\item You can change the value of \verb"\baselinestretch" used for the
  table.
\end{itemize}
For vertical non-bonus tables (i.e., tables created by
\verb"\gradetable[v]" or \verb"\pointtable[v]"):
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad}l}
    Command& Effect\\
    \verb"\vqword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Question''\\
    \verb"\vpgword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Page''\\
    \verb"\vpword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Points''\\
    \verb"\vsword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Score''\\
    \verb"\vtword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Total:''
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
For horizontal non-bonus tables (i.e., tables created by
\verb"\gradetable[h]" or \verb"\pointtable[h]"):
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad}l}
    Command& Effect\\
    \verb"\hqword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Question:''\\
    \verb"\hpgword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Page:''\\
    \verb"\hpword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Points:''\\
    \verb"\hsword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Score:''\\
    \verb"\htword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Total''
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
For vertical bonus tables (i.e., tables created by
\verb"\bonusgradetable[v]" or \verb"\bonuspointtable[v]"):
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad}l}
    Command& Effect\\
    \verb"\bvqword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Question''\\
    \verb"\bvpgword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Page''\\
    \verb"\bvpword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Bonus Points''\\
    \verb"\bvsword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Score''\\
    \verb"\bvtword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Total:''
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
For horizontal bonus tables (i.e., tables created by
\verb"\bonusgradetable[h]" or \verb"\bonuspointtable[h]"):
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad}l}
    Command& Effect\\
    \verb"\bhqword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Question:''\\
    \verb"\bhpgword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Page:''\\
    \verb"\bhpword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Bonus Points:''\\
    \verb"\bhsword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Score:''\\
    \verb"\bhtword{text}"& substitutes \verb"text" for ``Total''
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
For all tables:
\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad}l}
    \verb"\cellwidth{length}"& changes the minimum width of the blank cells to
    \verb"length"\\
    \verb"\gradetablestretch{number}"& uses \verb"number" as the
    \verb"\baselinestretch"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
If you don't use any of these commands then you get the default
values, which are defined by the commands
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad}l@{\qquad}l}
  \verb"\hqword{Question:}"& \verb"\vqword{Question}"&
                             \verb"\cellwidth{2em}"\\
  \verb"\hpgword{Page:}"&    \verb"\vpgword{Page}"&
                           \verb"\gradetablestretch{1.5}"\\
  \verb"\hpword{Points:}"& \verb"\vpword{Points}"\\
  \verb"\hsword{Score:}"& \verb"\vsword{Score}"\\
  \verb"\htword{Total}"& \verb"\vtword{Total:}"\\[\medskipamount]
  \verb"\bhqword{Question:}"& \verb"\bvqword{Question}"\\
  \verb"\bhpgword{Page:}"&    \verb"\bvpgword{Page}"\\
  \verb"\bhpword{Bonus Points:}"& \verb"\bvpword{Bonus Points}"\\
  \verb"\bhsword{Score:}"& \verb"\bvsword{Score}"\\
  \verb"\bhtword{Total}"& \verb"\bvtword{Total:}"
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\medskip
For example, if you type
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
  \hqword{Aufgabe Nr.:}
  \hpword{Punktzahl:}
  \htword{\textbf{Summe}}
  \hsword{Davon erreicht:}
  \cellwidth{2.2em}
  \gradetable[h][questions]
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
then you'll get
\begin{center}
  \cwidth=2.2em
  \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.5}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
    \hline
    Aufgabe Nr.:& 1& 2& 3& 4& 5& 6& 7& 8& \textbf{Summe}\\
    \hline
    Punktzahl:&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    15&
    120\\
    \hline
    Davon erreicht:&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \hbox to \cwidth{\hfill}&
    \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Changing the page margins}
\label{sec:pagesize}

The exam document class arranges things so that you get one inch
margins at the top, bottom, and sides no matter what size paper you
use, as long as you use the corresponding document class option
(\verb"a4paper", \verb"a5paper", \verb"b5paper", \verb"letterpaper",
\verb"legalpaper", \verb"executivepaper", or \verb"landscape").  You
can change the sizes of these margins by using the commands that
change the size of the printed area.

To change the width of the printed area, you would use the
\verb"\extrawidth" command.  The \verb"\extrawidth" command takes one
argument, and enlarges the width of the printed area by the amount of
the argument.  It keeps the printed area centered as it changes its
width.  If the argument is negative, then the width of the printed
area is decreased.

For example, to enlarge the left and right margins by one half inch
each, you would use the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrawidth{-1in}"
\end{center}
since the printed region must shrink by one inch to allow an
additional one half inch on both sides.  To decrease the left and
right margins to three quarters of an inch each, you would use the
command 
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrawidth{.5in}"
\end{center}
since the printed region must grow by one half inch to decrease both
margins by one quarter of an inch.

To change the height of the printed area, you must choose whether the
top or the bottom of the printed area (or possibly both) should move.
The commands for this are principally intended to allow additional
room for large headers and footers, and so they are called
\verb"\extraheadheight" and \verb"\extrafootheight".  For a full
description of these commands, see section~\ref{sec:extra-room}.

To move the top of the printed region (and any header that's present)
downwards, you use the command \verb"\extraheadheight".  This command
takes one argument, and moves the top of the text and the header down
by this amount (keeping the distance between the header and the text
constant).  Thus, to increase the top margin by three quarters of an
inch, you would give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extraheadheight{.75in}"
\end{center}
To decrease the top margin by one half inch, you would give the
command 
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extraheadheight{-.5in}"
\end{center}
The \verb"\extraheadheight" command takes an optional argument to
provide a top margin on the first page that's different from that on
all other pages.  For an explanation of this, see
section~\ref{sec:extra-room}.


To move the bottom of the printed region (and any footer that's
present) upwards, you use the command \verb"\extrafootheight".  This
command takes one argument, and moves the bottom of the text and the
footer up by this amount (keeping the distance between the footer and
the text constant).  Thus, to increase the bottom margin by three
quarters of an inch, you would give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrafootheight{.75in}"
\end{center}
To decrease the bottom margin by one half inch, you would give the
command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrafootheight{-.5in}"
\end{center}
The \verb"\extrafootheight" command takes an optional argument to
provide a bottom margin on the first page that's different from that
on all other pages.  For an explanation of this, see
section~\ref{sec:extra-room}.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Headers and footers}
\label{sec:headfoot}

The following sections explain all of the technicalities of the
commands that deal with headers and footers.  There are a number of
things to explain here, and so you may find it easier to skip this
section and instead look at the examples in
sections~\ref{sec:beginexamples} through~\ref{sec:endexamples} (on
pages~\pageref{sec:beginexamples} through~\pageref{sec:endexamples}).
You can then refer back to the technical sections for the full story
on whatever isn't clear from the examples.  All of the commands
described in this section should be given in the preamble, i.e., after
the \verb"\documentclass" command and before the
\verb"\begin{document}" command.
  
It's also important to remember that if you use a \verb"coverpages"
environment (described in section~\ref{sec:coverpages}), then the
commands described here affect only the pages in the main section of
the exam, and not the pages of the \verb"coverpages" environment.
There are commands for headers and footers in the cover pages that are
analogous to the commands described in this section; for that, see
section~\ref{sec:Coverhdft}.

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Page styles: Headers and/or footers}

It's the \verb"\pagestyle" command that determines whether the exam
will have headers, footers, both, or neither.  The contents of the
header and footer are specified using the commands described in
sections~\ref{sec:header} through~\ref{sec:rules}, but it's the
\verb"\pagestyle" command that determines whether the header and
footer that you construct will actually be placed onto the page.  The
\verb"\pagestyle" command should be given in the preamble, i.e., after
the \verb"\documentclass" command and before the
\verb"\begin{document}" command.

To have both a header and a footer, give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pagestyle{headandfoot}"
\end{center}
If you want every page to have a header but no footer, give the
command

\begin{center}
  \verb"\pagestyle{head}"
\end{center}
To give every page a footer but no header, give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pagestyle{foot}"
\end{center}
Finally, to omit both the header and the footer from the page, give
the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\pagestyle{empty}"
\end{center}


As is true for all \LaTeX{} document classes, you can change the page
style used on a single page by giving the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\thispagestyle{somestyle}"
\end{center}
somewhere on that page (where \verb"somestyle" is the style that you
want to use on that page).  This is most often needed if you use the
\verb"\maketitle" command, since that command inserts a
\verb"\thispagestyle{plain}" immediately following the title.  If you
use the \verb"\maketitle" command and you want the entire document to
use \verb"\pagestyle{headandfoot}", then you'll need to put the
command \verb"\thispagestyle{headandfoot}" immediately after the
\verb"\maketitle" command to override the \verb"\thispagestyle{plain}"
that is inserted by \verb"\maketitle".

The default page style is \verb"headandfoot".  That is, if you don't
give any \verb"\pagestyle" commands, then the header and footer will
appear on every page.  The default header is empty, and the default
footer consists of ``Page $n$'' centered in the footer (where $n$ is
the page number).

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{The three parts of the header} 
\label{sec:header}
The header is specified in three parts:
\begin{itemize}
\item One part to be left justified.
\item One part to be centered.
\item One part to be right justified.
\end{itemize}
There are two different ways in which you can specify the three parts
of the header.  The first uses the single command \verb"\header" to
specify all three parts of the header, or the commands
\verb"\firstpageheader" and \verb"\runningheader" to specify a
different header for the first page (see
section~\ref{sec:runningheader}). The second uses the commands
\verb"\lhead", \verb"\chead", and \verb"\rhead", each of which takes
an optional argument to specify a different header for the first page
(see section~\ref{sec:lhead}).  All of these commands should be given
in the preamble, i.e., after the \verb"\documentclass" command and
before the \verb"\begin{document}" command.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Using \texttt{\char`\\header},
  \texttt{\char`\\firstpageheader} and \texttt{\char`\\runningheader}}
\label{sec:runningheader}

The command \verb"\header{Text 1}{Text 2}{Text 3}" puts ``Text~1''
into the left justified header, ``Text~2'' into the centered header,
and ``Text~3'' into the right justified header on every page.  If you
want the header on the first page to be different from that on the
other pages, then you should use the commands \verb"\firstpageheader"
and \verb"\runningheader", which also take three arguments and affect
either the first page or all pages except the first.


For example, to put the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
on every page of the exam, you would give the command
\begin{verbatim}
\header{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}

If you want to use a header on the first page that's different from
the header used on all other pages, you would use the commands
\verb"\firstpageheader" and \verb"\runningheader" instead of
\verb"\header".  For example, if you want the above header for the
first page, but on all pages after the first you want to have the
header \samplehead{Math 115}{Second Exam (Continued)}{July 4, 1776}{}
then you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\firstpageheader{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\runningheader{Math 115}{Second Exam (Continued)}{July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}

You can leave one or more of the three parts empty.  To have the
header
\samplehead{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
on the first page, with the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{}{Second Exam (Continued)}{}
on all other pages, you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\firstpageheader{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\runningheader{Math 115}{}{Second Exam (Continued)}
\end{verbatim}

Any of the three parts of the header can have multiple lines.  To
specify where the line breaks should go, you just type \verb"\\". 
Thus, to have the header
\samplehead{\bfseries\large Math 115\\Professor Hilbert}{}
       {\bfseries\large First Exam\\July 4, 1776}{}
appear on every page, you would give the command
\begin{verbatim}
\header{\bfseries\large Math 115\\Professor Hilbert}
       {}
       {\bfseries\large First Exam\\July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Using \texttt{\char`\\lhead}, \texttt{\char`\\chead}
  and \texttt{\char`\\rhead}}
\label{sec:lhead}

The command \verb"\lhead{Text}" puts ``Text'' into the left justified
part of the header on every page.  The command
\verb"\lhead[Text 1]{Text 2}" puts ``Text~1'' into the left justified
header on the first page and ``Text~2'' into the left justified header
on all other pages.  The commands \verb"\chead" and \verb"\rhead" have
similar effects on the centered and right justified parts of the
header.


For example, to put the header 
\samplehead{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
on every page of the exam, you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\lhead{Math 115}
\chead{Second Exam}
\rhead{July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}

If you want any of the three parts to have a special version to be
used only on the first page, then you just include that special
version as an optional argument (enclosed in square brackets) to the
command.  For example, if you want the above header for the first
page, but on all pages after the first you want to have the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{Second Exam (Continued)}{July 4, 1776}{}
then you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\lhead{Math 115}
\chead[Second Exam]{Second Exam (Continued)}
\rhead{July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}


You can leave one or more of the three parts empty.  To have the
header
\samplehead{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
on the first page, with the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{}{Second Exam (Continued)}{}
on all other pages, you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\lhead{Math 115}
\chead[Second Exam]{}
\rhead[July 4, 1776]{Second Exam Continued)}
\end{verbatim}

Any of the three parts of the header can have multiple lines.  To
specify where the line breaks should go, you just type \verb"\\". 
Thus, to have the header
\samplehead{\bfseries\large Math 115\\Professor Hilbert}{}
       {\bfseries\large First Exam\\July 4, 1776}{}
appear on every page, you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\lhead{\bfseries\large Math 115\\Professor Hilbert}
\chead{}
\rhead{\bfseries\large First Exam\\July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}


%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection*{Leaving extra room for multiple line headers}

See section~\ref{sec:extra-room} for a description of the
\verb"\extraheadheight" command.

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{The three parts of the footer}
\label{sec:footer}

The footer is composed of three parts, the whole setup being similar
to that for the header (see section~\ref{sec:header}).  There are two
different ways in which you can specify the three parts of the footer.
The first uses the single command \verb"\footer" to specify all three
parts of the footer, or the commands \verb"\firstpagefooter" and
\verb"\runningfooter" to specify a different footer for the first page
(see section~\ref{sec:runningfooter}).  The second uses the commands
\verb"\lfoot", \verb"\cfoot", and \verb"\rfoot", each of which takes
an optional argument to specify a different footer for the first page
(see section~\ref{sec:lfoot}).  All of these commands should be given
in the preamble, i.e., after the \verb"\documentclass" command and
before the \verb"\begin{document}" command.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Using \texttt{\char`\\footer},
  \texttt{\char`\\firstpagefooter} and \texttt{\char`\\runningfooter}}
\label{sec:runningfooter}

The command \verb"\footer{Text 1}{Text 2}{Text 3}" puts ``Text~1''
into the left justified footer, ``Text~2'' into the centered footer
and ``Text~3'' into the right justified footer on every page.  If you
want the footer on the first page to be different from that on the
other pages, then you should use the commands \verb"\firstpagefooter"
and \verb"\runningfooter", which also take three arguments and affect
either the first page or all pages except the first.

For example, to have an empty footer on the first page and the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{Page 3 of 5}{}
on all pages after the first, you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\firstpagefooter{}{}{}
\runningfooter{}{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}{}
\end{verbatim}
(For an explanation of the \verb"\numpages" command, see
section~\ref{sec:numpages}.)  

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection{Using \texttt{\char`\\lfoot}, \texttt{\char`\\cfoot}
  and \texttt{\char`\\rfoot}}
\label{sec:lfoot}

The command \verb"\lfoot{Text}" puts ``Text'' into the left justified
part of the footer on every page.  The command
\verb"\lfoot[Text 1]{Text 2}" puts ``Text~1'' into the left justified
footer on the first page and ``Text~2'' into the left justified footer
on all other pages.  The commands \verb"\cfoot" and \verb"\rfoot" have
similar effects on the centered and right justified parts of the
footer. 

For example, to have an empty footer on the first page and the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{Page 3 of 5}{}
on all pages after the first, you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\lfoot{}
\cfoot{}
\rfoot[]{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\end{verbatim}
(For an explanation of the \verb"\numpages" command, see
section~\ref{sec:numpages}.)  

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection*{Leaving extra room for multiple line footers}

See section~\ref{sec:extra-room} for a description of the
\verb"\extrafootheight" command.

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Leaving extra room for multiple line headers and footers}
\label{sec:extra-room}

\subsubsection*{Headers}
If you specify more than one or two lines for any part of the header,
then you may want to move the header down slightly so that it doesn't
run off of the top of the paper.  The command for this is
\verb"\extraheadheight".  You can also use the \verb"\extraheadheight"
command to adjust the size of the text area.  The
\verb"\extraheadheight" command never changes the distance between the
header and the text.

For example, to move the header and the text an additional half inch
down from the top of the page, you would give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extraheadheight{.5in}"
\end{center}
You can also specify a negative distance to \verb"\extraheadheight" to
move the header up closer to the top of the paper.  For example, the
command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extraheadheight{-.25in}"
\end{center}
moves the header one quarter inch closer to the top of the paper.

If you want to have a different value for \verb"\extraheadheight" on
the first page from that on the pages after the first, then use the
same syntax as in the \verb"\lhead", \verb"\chead", and \verb"\rhead"
commands (see section~\ref{sec:lhead}): Include an optional argument
giving the extra head height for the first page, and the required
argument will apply only to those pages after the first.  For example,
the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extraheadheight[.5in]{.25in}"
\end{center}
gives a half inch of extra head height on the first page and a
quarter inch of extra head height on all pages after the first. 
If you say
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extraheadheight[.5in]{}"
\end{center}
then this will be interpreted as if it was
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extraheadheight[.5in]{0in}"
\end{center}
Note that the braces \emph{must} appear.

If you give an \verb"\extraheadheight" command, it should be in the
preamble, i.e., after the \verb"\documentclass" command and before the
\verb"\begin{document}" command.  The \verb"\extraheadheight" command
can also be used to change the size of the text region (see
section~\ref{sec:pagesize}).

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsubsection*{Footers}
To leave extra room for multiple line footers, you use the command
\verb"\extrafootheight".  To move the footer one half inch higher up
on the paper, you would give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrafootheight{.5in}"
\end{center}
If you wanted to move the footer an eighth of an inch lower down on
the paper, you would give the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrafootheight{-.125in}"
\end{center}

If you want to have a different value for \verb"\extrafootheight" on
the first page from that on the pages after the first, then use the
same syntax as in the \verb"\lfoot", \verb"\cfoot", and \verb"\rfoot"
commands (see section~\ref{sec:lfoot}): Include an optional argument
giving the extra foot height for the first page, and the required
argument will apply only to those pages after the first.  For example,
the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrafootheight[.5in]{.25in}"
\end{center}
gives a half inch of extra foot height on the first page and a
quarter inch of extra foot height on all pages after the first. 
If you say
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrafootheight[.5in]{}"
\end{center}
then this will be interpreted as if it was
\begin{center}
  \verb"\extrafootheight[.5in]{0in}"
\end{center}
Note that the braces \emph{must} appear.

If you give an \verb"\extrafootheight" command, it should be in the
preamble, i.e., after the \verb"\documentclass" command and before the
\verb"\begin{document}" command.  The \verb"\extrafootheight" command
can also be used to change the size of the text region (see
section~\ref{sec:pagesize}).

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Horizontal rules}
\label{sec:rules}

The \verb"exam" document class make it easy to put a horizontal rule
under the header and one above the footer.  It is also easy to do
this for the pages after the first page without affecting the first
page.

\begin{itemize}
\item The command \verb"\runningheadrule" puts a horizontal rule below
  the header on all pages after the first.
\item The command \verb"\firstpageheadrule" puts a rule under the
  header of only the first page.
\item The command \verb"\headrule" is equivalent to the two commands
  \verb"\firstpageheadrule" and \verb"\runningheadrule".
\item The command \verb"\runningfootrule" puts a horizontal rule above
  the footer on all pages after the first.
\item The command \verb"\firstpagefootrule" puts a rule above the
  footer of only the first page.
\item The command \verb"\footrule" is equivalent to the two commands
  \verb"\firstpagefootrule" and \verb"\runningfootrule".
\end{itemize}
For example, to have the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
on the first page, with the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}{\hrule}
on all pages after the first, give either the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\runningheadrule
\header{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}
or the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\runningheadrule
\lhead{Math 115}
\chead{First Exam}
\rhead{July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}
For a description of the command \verb"\header" see
section~\ref{sec:runningheader}; for a description of the commands
\verb"\lhead", \verb"\chead", and \verb"\rhead", see
section~\ref{sec:lhead}.

\bigskip

To have no footer on the first page, and the footer
\samplefoot{\hrule}{}{Page 3 of 5}{}
on all pages after the first, give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\runningfootrule
\lfoot{}
\cfoot[]{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\rfoot{}
\end{verbatim}
(see section~\ref{sec:numpages} for an explanation of the command
\verb"\numpages").

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Listing the number of pages in the exam}
\label{sec:numpages}

The \verb"exam" document class defines the command \verb"\numpages"
so that it will expand to the number of pages in the exam.  Thus, to
have the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}{}
you should either give the command
\begin{verbatim}
\footer{}{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}{}
\end{verbatim}
or the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\lfoot{}
\cfoot{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\rfoot{}
\end{verbatim}
For a description of the command \verb"\footer" see
section~\ref{sec:runningfooter}; for a description of the commands
\verb"\lfoot", \verb"\cfoot", and \verb"\rfoot", see
section~\ref{sec:lfoot}.

As with all other cross referencing commands in \LaTeX, you'll have to
run the file through \LaTeX{} \emph{twice} to be sure that
\verb"\numpages" is correct.

%---------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Treating the last page differently}
\label{sec:lastpage}

If you want to vary the text that appears in the header or footer on
the last page of the exam, you  should use the command
\verb"\iflastpage".  The command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\iflastpage{Text 1}{Text 2}"
\end{center}
expands to `Text~1' on the last page and to `Text~2' on all pages
before the last.  Thus, to have the footer
%
\samplefoot{}{}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}{}
%
on all pages before the last page and the footer
%
\samplefoot{}{}{End of exam}{}
%
on the last page, you should give the command
\begin{verbatim}
\footer{}
       {\iflastpage{End of exam}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}}
       {}
\end{verbatim}
or the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\lfoot{}
\cfoot{\iflastpage{End of exam}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}}
\rfoot{}
\end{verbatim}
For a description of the command \verb"\footer" see
section~\ref{sec:runningfooter}; for a description of the commands
\verb"\lfoot", \verb"\cfoot", and \verb"\rfoot", see
section~\ref{sec:lfoot}.

As with all other cross referencing commands in \LaTeX, you'll have to
run the file through \LaTeX{} \emph{twice} to be sure that
\verb"\iflastpage" correctly detects the last page.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Treating odd and even numbered pages differently}

If you'd like odd and even numbered pages to be treated differently
(perhaps because you'll be printing onto both sides of the paper), you
should use the \verb"\oddeven" command.

The \verb"\oddeven" command takes two arguments.  If the current page
number is odd it expands to the first argument; otherwise, it expands
to the second argument.

For example, to have the page number printed in the right head on odd
numbered pages and in the left head on even numbered pages, you should
give the command
\begin{verbatim}
\header{\oddeven{}{\thepage}}%
       {}%
       {\oddeven{\thepage}{}}
\end{verbatim}
or the commands
\begin{center}
\begin{verbatim}
\lhead{\oddeven{}{\thepage}}
\rhead{\oddeven{\thepage}{}}
\chead{}
\end{verbatim}
\end{center}
If you want the footer of the even numbered pages to be empty and the
footer of the odd numbered pages to contain the centered message
``Please continue\dots'', except that the last page of the exam should
have an empty footer whether its page number is even or odd, then you
should give the command
\begin{verbatim}
\footer{}
       {\oddeven{\iflastpage{}{Please continue\ldots}}{}}
       {}
\end{verbatim}
or the commands
\begin{center}
\begin{verbatim}
\lfoot{}
\rfoot{}
\cfoot{\oddeven{\iflastpage{}{Please continue\dots}}{}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{center}
(see section~\ref{sec:lastpage} for an explanation of
\verb"\iflastpage"). 

The \verb"\oddeven" command can be used reliably only in headers and
footers.  This is because \LaTeX{} generally processes more text than
can fit on the current page before it outputs a page.  When the
\verb"\oddeven" command is encountered it will act as though it will
appear on the current page whether it will actually be printed on that
page or on the following page; in headers and footers this never
creates a problem.


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Questions that span multiple pages}
\label{sec:QuesSpan}

The exam document class provides the commands \verb"\ifcontinuation",
\verb"\ContinuedQuestion", \verb"\ifincomplete", and
\verb"\IncompleteQuestion" to enable headers and footers that announce
whether this page is continuing a question begun on an earlier page
(and, if so, the number of that question) and whether the question at
the bottom of this page continues onto the next page (and, if so, the
number of that question).  

\emph{These commands are only guaranteed to work in headers and
  footers.}  If you use any of them elsewhere, they may be fooled by
\LaTeX's practice of typesetting a bit too much material to fit on a
page before it chooses the page break and ships out the page.  They
also assume that there is only one \verb"questions" environment in the
entire exam.

There is also a command \verb"\nomorequestions" to mark the point at
which the last question ends, which can be useful if you want to
include supplementary material (e.g., tables or figures) at the end of
the exam but you don't want that material to be described as
continuing the last question.

\medskip

In more detail:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb"\ifcontinuation{Text 1}{Text 2}"\\
  Expands to `Text 2' if the first question, part, subpart,
  subsubpart, or choice that begins on this page is a question, and to
  `Text 1' if it's a part, subpart, subsubpart, or choice.  It also
  expands to `Text 1' if no question, part, subpart, subsubpart, or
  choice begins on this page and we're not beyond a page with the
  command \verb"\nomorequestions" or before the page with question
  number 1; otherwise, it expands to `Text2'.
  
  That is, it expands to `Text 2' if
  \begin{itemize}
  \item this page precedes the page containing question number 1,
  \item this page is later than a page with the
    \verb"\nomorequestions" command, or
  \item a question begins on this page before any part, subpart,
    subsubpart, or choice begins,
  \end{itemize}
  and otherwise it expands to `Text 1'.

\item \verb"\ContinuedQuestion"\\
  If a question begun on an earlier page continues on this page, then
  \verb"\ContinuedQuestion" expands to the number of that question.
  
  That is, \verb"\ContinuedQuestion" expands to the number of the last
  question begun before this page if either
  \begin{itemize}
  \item the first question, part, subpart, subsubpart, or choice that
    begins on this page is a part, subpart, subsubpart, or choice, or
  \item this page doesn't contain the beginning of any question, part,
    subpart, subsubpart, or choice.
  \end{itemize}
  
\item \verb"\ifincomplete{Text 1}{Text 2}"\\
    Expands to \verb"Text 1" if we have not yet encountered a
  \verb"\nomorequestions" command and if the last question begun on or
  before this page has a part, subpart, subsubpart, or choice that
  begins on a later page. Otherwise, it expands to \verb"Text 2".
  
\item \verb"\IncompleteQuestion"\\
  If the last question begun on or before this page has a part,
  subpart, subsubpart, or choice that begins on a later page, then
  this expands to the number of that question.
  
\item \verb"\nomorequestions"\\
  No page following the page on which this command was given will be
  considered to continue a question from an earlier page.  Thus, if
  you give this command after the last question is complete, then you
  can include extra material (e.g., tables for use on the exam)
  without having those pages labelled as continuing the last question
  on the exam.
\end{itemize}

\medskip

Thus, to have the header
\samplehead{}{First Exam}{Page 4}{}
%
on all pages that begin a new question and the header
\samplehead{Question 6 continues\ldots}{First Exam}{Page 4}{}
%
on all pages that continue a question begun on a previous page, you
would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\lhead{\ifcontinuation{Question \ContinuedQuestion\ continues\ldots}{}}
\chead{First Exam}
\rhead{Page \thepage}
\end{verbatim}
(See section~\ref{sec:lhead} for an explanation of \verb"\lhead",
\verb"\chead" and \verb"\rhead".)

\medskip

To have the footer
\samplefoot{\hrule}{}{Question 3 continues\ldots}{}
%
on all pages that end with a question that will be continued onto the
next page, the footer
\samplefoot{\hrule}{}{End of Exam}{}
%
on the last page, and the footer
\samplefoot{\hrule}{}{Exam continues\ldots}{}
%
on all other pages, you would give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\footrule
\lfoot{}
\newcommand\continues{\ifincomplete{\incompletemessage}{Exam continues\ldots}}
\newcommand\incompletemessage{Question \IncompleteQuestion\ continues\ldots}
\cfoot{\iflastpage{End of Exam}{\continues}}
\rfoot{}
\end{verbatim}
(See section~\ref{sec:lfoot} for an explanation of \verb"\lfoot",
\verb"\cfoot" and \verb"\rfoot", and section~\ref{sec:lastpage} for an
explanation of \verb"\iflastpage").






%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Examples}

\begin{example}
\label{sec:beginexamples}
To have the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
on the first page, the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{First Exam, Page 2 of 5}{July 4, 1776}{\hrule}
on all pages after the first, and no footer on any page, give the
commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{head}
\runningheadrule
\firstpageheader{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\runningheader{Math 115}
              {First Exam, Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
              {July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}
Alternatively, you could give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{head}
\runningheadrule
\lhead{Math 115}
\chead[First Exam]{First Exam, Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\rhead{July 4, 1776}
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{example}
To have the header
\samplehead{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
on the first page, no header on the pages after the first, no footer
on the first page, and the footer
\samplefoot{\hrule}{Math 115}{First Exam}{Page 2 of 5}
on all pages after the first, give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\runningfootrule
\firstpageheader{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\runningheader{}{}{}
\firstpagefooter{}{}{}
\runningfooter{Math 115}{First Exam}{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\end{verbatim}
Alternatively, you could give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\runningfootrule
\lhead[Math 115]{}
\chead[First Exam]{}
\rhead[July 4, 1776]{}
\lfoot[]{Math 115}
\cfoot[]{First Exam}
\rfoot[]{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{example}
To have the header
\samplehead{\large\bfseries Mathematics 115\\
            First Exam, July 4, 1776}%
           {}{\large\bfseries Name:\enspace\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}}{}
on the first page, the header
\samplehead{\large\bfseries Mathematics 115\\
            First Exam, July 4, 1776}%
           {}{}{}
on all pages after the first, an empty footer on the first page, and
the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{Page 2}{}
on all pages after the first, give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\firstpageheader{\large\bfseries Mathematics 115\\
                  First Exam, July 4, 1776}
                {}
                {\large\bfseries Name:\enspace\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}}
\runningheader{\large\bfseries Mathematics 115\\
               First Exam, July 4, 1776}{}{}
\firstpagefooter{}{}{}
\runningfooter{}{Page \thepage}{}
\end{verbatim}
Alternatively, you could give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\lhead{\large\bfseries Mathematics 115\\ First Exam, July 4, 1776}
\chead{}
\rhead[\large\bfseries Name:\enspace\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}]{}
\lfoot{}
\cfoot[]{Page \thepage}
\rfoot{}
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{example}
To have the header
\samplehead{}
           {Wellesley College\\
             Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
             Mathematics 115}
           {}
           {}
on the first page, the header
\samplehead{}
           {Wellesley College\\
             Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
             Mathematics 115 (Continued)}
           {}
           {}
on all pages after the first, the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{Page 3 of 10}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}
on all pages \emph{except the last} page, and the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{Page 10 of 10}{End of exam.}
on the last page, give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\extraheadheight{.25in}
\firstpageheader{}
                {Wellesley College\\
                  Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
                  Mathematics 115}
                {}
\runningheader{}
              {Wellesley College\\
                Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
                Mathematics 115 (Continued)}
              {}
\footer{}
       {Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
       {\iflastpage{End of exam.}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}}
\end{verbatim}
Alternatively, you could give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\extraheadheight{.25in}
\lhead{}
\chead[Wellesley College\\
        Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
        Mathematics 115]
      {Wellesley College\\
        Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
        Mathematics 115 (Continued)}
\rhead{}
\lfoot{}
\cfoot{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\rfoot{\iflastpage{End of exam.}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{example}
To have the header
\samplehead{}
           {Wellesley College\\
             Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
             Mathematics 115}
           {}
           {}
on the first page, the header
\samplehead{Mathematics 115 (Continued)}{}{Spring, 1993}{}
on all pages after the first, the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{Page 3 of 10}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}
on all pages \emph{except the last} page, and the footer
\samplefoot{}{}{Page 10 of 10}{End of exam.}
on the last page, give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\extraheadheight[.25in]{}
\firstpageheader{}
                {Wellesley College\\
                  Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
                  Mathematics 115}
                {}
\runningheader{Mathematics 115 (Continued)}{}{Spring, 1993}
\footer{}
       {Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
       {\iflastpage{End of exam.}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}}
\end{verbatim}
Alternatively, you could give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\extraheadheight[.25in]{}
\lhead[]{Mathematics 115 (Continued)}
\chead[Wellesley College\\
        Second Semester Final Examination, Spring 1993\\
        Mathematics 115]
      {}
\rhead[]{Spring, 1993}
\lfoot{}
\cfoot{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\rfoot{\iflastpage{End of exam.}{Please go on to the next page\ldots}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{example}
To have the header
%
\samplehead{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
on the first page, the header
%
\samplehead{Question 3 continues\ldots}{First Exam}{Page 3 of 10}{\hrule}
on all pages after the first that continue a question begun on an
earlier page, the header
%
\samplehead{}{First Exam}{Page 3 of 10}{\hrule}
on all pages after the first that don't continue a question begun on
an earlier page, the footer
%
\samplefoot{}{}{}{Question 6 continues on the next page\ldots}
%
on all pages whose last question continues onto the following page,
and no footer on pages that don't have a question that continues onto
the following page, give the commands
%
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\runningheadrule
\newcommand\continuedmessage{%
  \ifcontinuation{Question \ContinuedQuestion\ continues\ldots}{}%
}
\firstpageheader{Math 115}{First Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\runningheader{\continuedmessage}
              {First Exam}
              {Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\footer{}
       {}
       {\ifincomplete{Question \IncompleteQuestion\ continues
         on the next page\ldots}{}}
\end{verbatim}
Alternatively, you could give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\runningheadrule
\newcommand\continuedmessage{%
  \ifcontinuation{Question \ContinuedQuestion\ continues\ldots}{}%
}
\lhead[Math 115]{\continuedmessage}
\chead[First Exam]{First Exam}
\rhead[July 4, 1776]{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\lfoot{}
\cfoot{}
\rfoot{\ifincomplete{Question \IncompleteQuestion\ continues
        on the next page\ldots}{}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{example}
\label{sec:PtsPgEx}
  
To have the header
%
\samplehead{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
%
on the first page, the header
%
\samplehead{Second Exam}{}{July 4, 1776}{}
%
on all pages after the first, no footer on the first page, and the
footer
%
\samplefoot{}{Page 3 of 5}{}{Points earned: \makebox[.5in]{\hrulefill}\\
               out of a possible 20 points}
%
on all pages after the first, give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\firstpageheader{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\runningheader{Second Exam}{}{July 4, 1776}
\runningfooter{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
              {}
              {Points earned: \makebox[.5in]{\hrulefill}\\
                out of a possible \pointsonpage{\thepage} points}
\end{verbatim}
Alternatively, you could give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\lhead[Math 115]{Second Exam}
\chead[Second Exam]{}
\rhead{July 4, 1776}
\lfoot[]{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
\cfoot{}
\rfoot[]{Points earned: \makebox[.5in]{\hrulefill}\\
          out of a possible \pointsonpage{\thepage} points}
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{example}
\label{sec:endexamples}

To have the header
%
\samplehead{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
%
on the first page, the header
%
\samplehead{}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}{}
%
on all odd numbered pages after the first, the header
%
\samplehead{Question 3 continues\ldots}{Math 115}{}{}
%
on all even numbered pages that continue a question begun on an
earlier page, the header
%
\samplehead{}{Math 115}{}{}
%
on all even numbered pages that don't continue a question begun on an
earlier page, the footer
%
\samplefoot{}{}{}{Page 5 of 10\\Question 6 continues\ldots}
%
on all odd numbered pages that have a question that continues onto the
following page, the footer
%
\samplefoot{}{}{}{Page 5 of 10}
%
on all odd numbered pages that don't have a question that continues
onto the following page, and the footer
%
\samplefoot{}{Page 4 of 10}{}{}
%
on all even numbered pages, give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\newcommand\continuedmessage{%
  \ifcontinuation{Question \ContinuedQuestion\ continues\ldots}{}%
}
\newcommand\oddrightfoot{%
  \ifincomplete{Page \thepage\ of \numpages\\
                 Question \IncompleteQuestion\ continues\ldots}%
               {Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
}
\firstpageheader{Math 115}{Second Exam}{July 4, 1776}
\runningheader{\oddeven{}{\continuedmessage}}
              {\oddeven{Second Exam}{Math 115}}
              {\oddeven{July 4, 1776}{}}
\footer{\oddeven{}{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}}
       {}
       {\oddeven{\oddrightfoot}{}}
\end{verbatim}
Alternatively, you could give the commands
\begin{verbatim}
\pagestyle{headandfoot}
\newcommand\continuedmessage{%
  \ifcontinuation{Question \ContinuedQuestion\ continues\ldots}{}%
}
\newcommand\oddrightfoot{%
  \ifincomplete{Page \thepage\ of \numpages\\
                 Question \IncompleteQuestion\ continues\ldots}%
               {Page \thepage\ of \numpages}
}
\lhead[Math 115]{\oddeven{}{\continuedmessage}}
\chead{\oddeven{Second Exam}{Math 115}}
\rhead{\oddeven{July 4, 1776}{}}
\lfoot{\oddeven{}{Page \thepage\ of \numpages}}
\cfoot{}
\rfoot{\oddeven{\oddrightfoot}{}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}


%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Cover pages}
\label{sec:coverpages}

There is a \verb"coverpages" environment that allows you to have one
or more pages before page~1 of the exam.  By default, there are no
headers or footers printed on the cover pages, but if you put the page
number into the headers and/or footers (using the commands described
in section~\ref{sec:Coverhdft}), the page numbers of cover pages are
printed in roman numerals.

The \verb"coverpages" environment must begin and end \emph{before} the
beginning of the \verb"questions" environment.  You begin the
environment with the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\begin{coverpages}"
\end{center}
and you end it with the command
\begin{center}
  \verb"\end{coverpages}"
\end{center}
In between those two commands you can put whatever you want, except
that you are not allowed to begin the \verb"questions" environment
until you've ended the \verb"coverpages" environment.  The command
\verb"\begin{coverpages}" sets the page number to 1 and causes any
page numbers printed (using the commands described in
section~\ref{sec:Coverhdft}) to appear as roman numerals.  The command
\verb"\end{coverpages}" causes the current page to end, sets the page
number of the following page to 1, and changes page numbering back to
arabic numerals.

%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Headers and footers}
\label{sec:Coverhdft}

By default, the headers and footers on the cover pages are empty.  If
you'd like to have headers and/or footers on the cover pages, there
are commands to create them that are completely analogous to the
commands described in section~\ref{sec:headfoot} for headers and
footers in the main part of the document.  The commands for headers
and footers in cover pages and the corresponding commands for the main
exam pages are:

\begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{l@{\qquad\qquad}l}
Cover Pages Commands& Main Pages Commands\\[\medskipamount]
\verb"\coverheader"&\verb"\header"\\
\verb"\coverrunningheader"&\verb"\runningheader"\\
\verb"\coverfirstpageheader"&\verb"\firstpageheader"\\[\medskipamount]

\verb"\coverlhead"&\verb"\lhead"\\
\verb"\coverchead"&\verb"\chead"\\
\verb"\coverrhead"&\verb"\rhead"\\[\medskipamount]

\verb"\coverfooter"&\verb"\footer"\\
\verb"\coverrunningfooter"&\verb"\runningheader"\\
\verb"\coverfirstpagefooter"&\verb"\firstpageheader"\\[\medskipamount]

\verb"\coverlfoot"&\verb"\lfoot"\\
\verb"\covercfoot"&\verb"\cfoot"\\
\verb"\coverrfoot"&\verb"\rfoot"\\[\medskipamount]

\verb"\coverextraheadheight"&\verb"\extraheadheight"\\
\verb"\coverextrafootheight"&\verb"\extrafootheight"
  \end{tabular}
\end{center}
The commands \verb"\coverlhead", \verb"\coverchead",
\verb"\coverrhead", \verb"\coverlfoot", \verb"\covercfoot",
\verb"\coverrfoot", \verb"\coverextraheadheight", and
\verb"\coverextrafootheight" all all take the same optional arguments
(for special treatment of page number 1) as the corresponding commands
for the main pages.  For an explanation of these commands, see
section~\ref{sec:headfoot}.




% The following is necessary to avoid warnings, since we have multiple
% questions environments in this documentation file:
\makeatletter
\@pointschangedfalse
\makeatother




\end{document}
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------------