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\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[author-year]{amsrefs}
\newcommand{\latin}{\emph}
\begin{document}
\title{Evolutionary walks through a land plant morphospace}
\author{Karl J. Niklas}
\def\jinfo{Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 50, No. 330, pp. 39-52,
January 1999, \copyright\ Oxford University Press 1999}
\maketitle
\section{Introduction}
Wright's protocol has been successfully recast in terms of spatial
domains containing all (or at least many) of the conceivable
morphological variants (`morphospaces' \latin{sensu}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Thomas and Reif, 1993).
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\ocite{TR93}).
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
In this paper, I review the construction of a morphospace for early land
plants
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%(Niklas and Kerchner, 1984; Niklas, 1997a, b)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\cites{NK84,N97-adaptive-walks,N97-effects}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
and show how it can be used \ldots.
\ldots\ horizontally cantilevered branches impose the largest bending
moments on subtending branches
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%(Niklas, 1992, 1994a).
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\cites{N92,N94-allometry}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\ldots\ This definition removes the sharp dichotomy said to exist
between `object' and `process' complexity (i.e. the number of different
parts in an organic system versus the number of different interactions
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%among them; McShea, 1996).
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
among them \cite{M96}).
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\ldots\ fossil record for Devonian and Carboniferous vascular land
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%plants (Niklas et al., 1980, 1983; Gensel and Andrews, 1984).
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
plants \cites{NTK80,NTK83,GA84}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{bibsection}
\begin{biblist}
\bib*{HSW80}{collection}{
editor={Hecht, M.},
editor={Steere, W.},
editor={Wallace, B.},
date={1980},
title={Evolutionary biology},
publisher={Plenum Publishing},
address={New York},
}
\bib{fn95}{article}{
author={Farnsworth, K. D.},
author={Niklas, K. J.},
date={1995},
title={Theories of optimization, form and function in branching
architectures in plants},
journal={Functional Ecology},
volume={9},
pages={355\ndash 363},
}
\typeout{}
\typeout{ [Testing some of the amsrefs warning messages ...]}
\bib{GMW81}{book}{
author={Gill, P. E.},
author={Murray, W.}
author={Wright, M. H.},
date={1981},
title={Practical optimization},
publisher={Academic Press},
address={London},
}
\bib{GA84}{book}{
author={Gensel, P. G.},
author={Andrews, H. N.},
date={1984},
title={Plant life in the Devonian},
publisher={Praeger Press},
address={New York},
}
\bib{M96}{article}{
author={McShea, D. W.},
date={1996},
title={Metazoan complexity and evolution: is there a trend},
journal={Evolution},
volume={50},
pages={477\ndash 492},
}
\bib{MWWW73}{book}{
author={Meredith, D. D.},
author={Wong, K. W.},
author={Woodhead, R. W.},
author={Wortman, R. H.},
date={1973},
title={Design and planning of engineering systems},
publisher={Prentice-Hall},
address={Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey},
}
\bib{N92}{book}{
author={Niklas, K. J.},
date={1992},
title={Plant biomechanics: an engineering approach to plant form and
function},
publisher={University of Chicago Press},
address={Illinois},
}
\bib{N94-allometry}{book}{
author={Niklas, K. J.},
date={1994},
title={Plant allometry: the scaling of form and process},
publisher={University of Chicago Press},
address={Illinois},
}
\bib{N94-simulation}{article}{
author={Niklas, K. J.},
date={1994},
title={Simulation of organic shape: the roles of phenomenology and
mechanism},
journal={Journal of Morphology},
volume={219},
pages={243\ndash 246},
}
\bib{N97-adaptive-walks}{article}{
author={Niklas, K. J.},
date={1997},
title={Adaptive walks through fitness landscapes for early vascular
land plants},
journal={American Journal of Botany},
volume={84},
pages={16\ndash 25},
}
\bib{N97-effects}{article}{
author={Niklas, K. J.},
date={1997},
title={Effects of hypothetical developmental barriers and abrupt
environmental changes on adaptive walks in a computer-generated
domain for early vascular land plants},
journal={Paleobiology},
volume={23},
pages={63\ndash 76},
}
\bib{NK84}{article}{
author={Niklas, K. J.},
author={Kerchner, V.},
date={1984},
title={Mechanical and photosynthetic constraints on the evolution of
plant shape},
journal={Paleobiology},
volume={10},
pages={79\ndash 101},
}
\bib{NTK80}{article}{
author={Niklas, K. J.},
author={Tiffney, B. H.},
author={Knoll, A. H.},
date={1980},
title={Apparent changes in the diversity of fossil plants: a
preliminary assessment},
xref={HSW80},
volume={12},
pages={1\ndash 89},
}
\bib{NTK83}{article}{
author={Niklas, K. J.},
author={Tiffney, B. H.},
author={Knoll, A. H.},
date={1983},
title={Patterns in vascular land plant diversification},
journal={Nature},
volume={303},
pages={614\ndash 616},
}
\bib{TR93}{article}{
author={Thomas, R. D. K.},
author={Reif, W.-E.},
% This is just to show what the warning looks like for an empty field:
author={},
date={1993},
title={The skeleton space: a finite set of organic designs},
journal={Evolution},
volume={47},
pages={341\ndash 360},
}
\end{biblist}
\end{bibsection}
\end{document}
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