path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/texdraw.info

This is texdraw, produced by makeinfo version 4.5 from texdraw.texi.

  This file documents TeXdraw, a system for producing PostScript
drawings from TeX.

  Copyright (C) 1993-95 Peter Kabal

  Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

  Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.


File: texdraw,  Node: Top,  Next: Introduction,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)

TeXdraw
*******

  TeXdraw is a collection of macros that allow drawings to be created
from _within_ TeX.

  This is edition 2.0 of the TeXdraw documentation.

* Menu:

* Introduction::
* TeXdraw Commands::
* Drawing Segments and Scaling::
* Using TeXdraw with LaTeX::
* More Details::
* PostScript Commands::
* TeXdraw Toolbox::
* Examples::
* Command Listing::

Indices
* Concept Index::
* Command Index::

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Introduction

* Distribution::

TeXdraw Commands

* Accessing TeXdraw::
* Command syntax::
* TeXdraw coordinates::
* Coordinate specification::
* Line vectors::
* TeX text::
* Circles and arcs::
* Bezier curves::
* Fill commands::

Drawing Segments and Scaling

* Drawing segments::
* Drawing paths::
* Saving positions::
* Scaling coordinates::
* Drawing size::
* Initial current position::

Using TeXdraw with LaTeX

* PostScript printer drivers::

More Details

* Errors while using TeXdraw::
* Extending TeXdraw::
* How TeXdraw merges graphics and text::

Extending TeXdraw

* Scaling::
* Resolution::
* Text placement::
* Intermediate PostScript file::

PostScript Commands

TeXdraw Toolbox

* Coordinate parsing::
* Real arithmetic::
* Arrow curve::

Examples

* Block diagram::
* Filter response graph::
* Geometric construction::

Command Listing

Command Index

Concept Index


File: texdraw,  Node: Introduction,  Next: TeXdraw Commands,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Introduction
************

  TeX is a powerful typesetting program which allows for complex text
layouts but by itself lacks a general graphics capability.  However,
when coupled with an appropriate printer driver program, external
graphics files can be inserted into the printed document.  In this mode,
TeX is instructed to leave space for a drawing.  The drawing is
inserted by the printer driver program.  The TeXdraw macros described
here generate the external graphics file from within TeX and generate
the instructions to the the print driver program to position the
graphics at the appropriate position on the page.

  TeXdraw consists of a set of TeX macros that create line drawings and
other figures.  The drawing primitives include solid lines, patterned
lines, Bezier curves, circles and arrows.  Other commands allow for the
filling of a region with a gray level.  The drawing commands generate
PostScript code.  This limits TeXdraw to systems which use PostScript
printers.  TeXdraw also provides commands to position TeX text,
including mathematics, on the drawing.  The final drawing, with text
and graphics, can be positioned on the page like any other TeX box.

  The basic TeXdraw macros for TeX use the `\special' syntax recognized
by the printer driver program `dvips'.  However, when invoked as a
LaTeX2e package, the TeXdraw macros can be used with any of the
PostScript printer driver programs supported by the standard `graphics'
package for LaTeX2e.

  The basic TeXdraw macros provide only simple drawing commands.
However, TeXdraw provides a drawing segment environment which allows
parameter changes and coordinate scaling changes to be kept local to the
drawing segment.  This facility, together with TeX's macro capabilities
allows one to modularize drawing units and extend TeXdraw by building
more complex graphics entities from simpler elements.

* Menu:

* Distribution::


File: texdraw,  Node: Distribution,  Up: Introduction

Distribution information
========================

  The TeXdraw routines are provided free of charge without warranty of
any kind.  Note that the TeXdraw routines are copyrighted.  They may be
distributed freely provided that the recipients also acquire the right
to distribute them freely.  The notices to this effect must be
preserved when the source files are distributed.


File: texdraw,  Node: TeXdraw Commands,  Next: Drawing Segments and Scaling,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top

Using the TeXdraw Commands
**************************

  The main TeXdraw macros (commands) are defined in the file
`texdraw.tex'.  These macros may be used directly in TeX.  The file
`texdraw.sty' provides an interface for use with LaTeX2e.  The
following sections describe the basic commands for TeXdraw.

* Menu:

* Accessing TeXdraw::
* Command syntax::
* TeXdraw coordinates::
* Coordinate specification::
* Line vectors::
* TeX text::
* Circles and arcs::
* Bezier curves::
* Fill commands::


File: texdraw,  Node: Accessing TeXdraw,  Next: Command syntax,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

Accessing TeXdraw
=================

  The form of the user command to run the TeX program depends on which
version of TeX is being used, and which other macro packages are
preloaded as format files.  Typically, installations have at least two
versions of TeX -- plain TeX which includes basic typesetting macros
(usually invoked as `tex') and LaTeX2e which includes the LaTeX2e
typesetting macros (usually invoked as `latex').  An older version of
LaTeX, version 2.09, may also be available.  The TeXdraw macros can be
used with plain TeX and with either version of LaTeX.

  For use with plain TeX, the user must read in the TeXdraw macros from
the file `texdraw.tex'.
     \input texdraw            % Read in the TeXdraw macros
      ...
     \btexdraw
       ...                     % TeXdraw commands to generate a drawing
     \etexdraw

  For use with LaTeX version 2.09, the user reads in the TeXdraw macros
from the file `texdraw.tex' and optionally defines the
`\begin{texdraw}' / `\end{texdraw}' environment.
     \documentstyle[11pt]{article}  % Article style with the 11pt size options
     ...
     \input texdraw            % Read in the TeXdraw macros
     \newenvironment{texdraw}{\leavevmode\btexdraw}{\etexdraw}
      ...
     \begin{texdraw}
       ...                     % TeXdraw commands to generate a drawing
     \end{texdraw}
     ...
     \end{document}

  For use with LaTeX2e, the user must load the `texdraw' package (file
`texdraw.sty').  This package file defines the `\begin{texdraw}' /
`\end{texdraw}' environment, brings in the standard `graphics' package
and reads in the file `texdraw.tex' containing the definitions of the
TeXdraw macros.
     \documentclass[11pt]{article}  % Article class with the 11pt size option
     \usepackage{texdraw}           % TeXdraw commands
     
     \begin{document}
      ...
     \begin{texdraw}
       ...                     % TeXdraw commands to generate a drawing
     \end{texdraw}
      ...
     \end{document}

  As the TeXdraw commands are processed by TeX, an intermediate
PostScript file is generated.  The intermediate PostScript has a name of
the form `NAME.ps1'.  The name part is derived from the name of the
main TeX file being processed.  If more than one drawing is produced,
the digit in the file name extension is incremented.(1)

  The TeXdraw commands to produce a drawing are inserted between
`\btexdraw' and `\etexdraw' commands, or for LaTeX, between
`\begin{texdraw}' and `\end{texdraw}' commands.  This results in a TeX
box of appropriate size containing the drawing generated by the TeXdraw
commands.  The TeXdraw box can be positioned in a document like any
other TeX box.

  The `\centertexdraw{...}' macro centers the box generated by TeXdraw.
The vertical space taken up is equal to the vertical size of the
drawing.  The `\centertexdraw' macro is normally used in vertical mode
(between paragraphs).  A `\par' command (a blank line will do also)
before a `\centertexdraw' command will terminate horizontal mode and
return to vertical mode.  For LaTeX, a structured equivalent to the
`\centertexdraw{...}' command is shown below.
     \begin{center}
     \begin{texdraw}
       ...
     \end{texdraw}
     \end{center}

  The `\everytexdraw' command can be used to define a set of TeXdraw
commands that will be executed at the beginning of every TeXdraw
drawing.  It is invoked as `\everytexdraw{ ...}', with the desired
TeXdraw commands as arguments.

`\btexdraw'
     Start a TeXdraw drawing.  The drawing is terminated with an
     `\etexdraw' command.

`\etexdraw'
     End a TeXdraw drawing started with a `\btexdraw' command.  The
     resulting TeXdraw drawing is placed in a box with height equal to
     the height of the drawing and width equal to the width of the
     drawing.  The depth of the box is zero.

`\begin{texdraw}'
     Start a TeXdraw drawing.  The drawing is terminated with an
     `\end{texdraw}' command.  This command is for use with LaTeX.

`\end{texdraw}'
     End a TeXdraw drawing started with a `\begin{texdraw}' command.
     The resulting TeXdraw drawing is placed in a box with height equal
     to the height of the drawing and width equal to the width of the
     drawing.  The depth of the box is zero.  This command is for use
     with LaTeX.

`\centertexdraw{ ... }'
     Center a TeXdraw box horizontally.  The argument contains TeXdraw
     commands.  The resulting box has the horizontal size `\hsize' and
     height equal to the height of the drawing.

`\everytexdraw{ ... }'
     Specify TeXdraw commands to be executed at the beginning of every
     TeXdraw drawing.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) After the ninth PostScript file, the name of the intermediate
PostScript file takes the form `NAME.p10', with the number increasing
from 10 with each file.


File: texdraw,  Node: Command syntax,  Next: TeXdraw coordinates,  Prev: Accessing TeXdraw,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

Command syntax
==============

  Generally TeXdraw commands that take a single argument need a
terminating blank or newline after the argument.  Arguments that are
self-delimiting, such as coordinates within parentheses and text within
braces, do not need the terminating blank.  However, even when not
needed by the defining syntax of the command, blanks following command
arguments are allowed and ignored within the TeXdraw environment.

  On entering the TeXdraw environment, TeX is in internal vertical mode
(vertical mode inside a `\vbox').  In this mode, spaces can be placed
freely between commands.  However, any other extraneous input that
generates output that is not part of the TeXdraw environment is
disallowed.

  Blank lines are interpreted as paragraph breaks, equivalent to a
`\par' command.  The TeXdraw macro `\centertexdraw' is defined with the
`\long' attribute to allow `\par' commands and blank lines to be
interspersed between TeXdraw commands.  The `\btexdraw' and `\etexdraw'
commands also allow `\par' command and blank lines to be included.


File: texdraw,  Node: TeXdraw coordinates,  Next: Coordinate specification,  Prev: Command syntax,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

TeXdraw coordinates
===================

  The TeXdraw coordinate system has increasing X to the right and
increasing Y upward.  The coordinates (without the unit) are floating
point numbers.  Integer values can be written without a decimal point.
The size of the drawing is determined by the maximum excursions of the
coordinates specified in TeXdraw commands.

  Consider the following example of TeXdraw commands to draw a simple
figure.
     \centertexdraw{
       \drawdim cm  \linewd 0.02
       \move(2 2) \lvec(3 3) \lvec(2 4) \lvec(1 3) \lvec(2 2)
       \textref h:C v:C \htext(2 3){$\sum \rho_n$}
     }
This drawing uses units of centimetres, with a line width of 0.02
cm.  The X coordinate ranges between 1 and 3 while the Y coordinate
ranges between 2 and 4.  When included into a document, the size of the
drawing is 2 cm by 2 cm.  The drawing is placed in a TeX box, with the
lower lefthand corner of the box corresponding to TeXdraw coordinate
`(1 2)' and the upper righthand corner at `(3 4)'.  The
`\centertexdraw' command centers the drawing horizontally.  The
`\textref' command controls the centering of the text.  The text in
this drawing is centered (both horizontally and vertically) at the
coordinate `(2 3)'.


File: texdraw,  Node: Coordinate specification,  Next: Line vectors,  Prev: TeXdraw coordinates,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

Coordinate specification
========================

  Coordinates are specified within parentheses, with blanks (but no
comma) between the values.  Leading blanks and trailing blanks are
permitted within the parentheses.  The coordinates refer to units,
which are specified by the `\drawdim' command.  The default is inches,
but any valid TeX dimension unit can be specified.  Symbolic
specification of saved coordinate values will be discused later (*note
Saving positions::).

`\drawdim DIM'
     Set the units to DIM.  The argument DIM can be any valid TeX
     dimension unit.  The units are used to interpret coordinate
     values.  Examples of valid units: `cm', `mm', `in', `pt', and `bp'.

  Examples of coordinate and scaling specifications:
`\drawdim {cm} \move(2 2)'
     Set the units to centimetres, move to a position 2 cm to the right
     and 2 cm up from the origin of the drawing coordinate system.

`\drawdim bp'
     Set the units to big points.

`\lvec ( 2.2 +5.5) \lvec(2.3 -2) \lvec(2.2 5.4 )'
     Examples of acceptable coordinate specifications.


File: texdraw,  Node: Line vectors,  Next: TeX text,  Prev: Coordinate specification,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

Line vectors
============

  TeXdraw implements moves, line vectors and arrow vectors.  There are
both absolute and relative motion versions of these vector commands.
TeXdraw maintains a current position.  Lines are drawn from the current
position to a new coordinate, with the new coordinate becoming the new
current position.  An explicit move can be used to establish a new
current position.  The position `(0 0)' is used if there is no move to
an initial current position.

  The `\move' and `\rmove' commands establish a new current position
without drawing a line.  The `\lvec' and `\rlvec' commands draw a line
from the current position to a new position, which then becomes the new
current position.  The `\avec' and `\ravec' commands draw a line with
an arrowhead from the current position to a new coordinate, which then
becomes the new current position.  The tip of the arrow is at the new
current position.  The direction of the arrow follows the direction of
the line.  Since this direction is undefined for zero length vectors,
these are not allowed for `\avec' or `\ravec'.  Zero length arrow
vectors will generate a PostScript print error: `undefinedresult'.  For
any non-zero length vector, the full size arrowhead is drawn, even if
that arrowhead is longer than the line length.

  The absolute motion versions of these commands specify the coordinate
of the final position.

`\move (X Y)'
     Move to coordinate `(X Y)'.  The new current position is `(X Y)'.

`\lvec (X Y)'
     Draw a line from the current position to coordinate `(X Y)'.  The
     new current position is `(X Y)'.

`\avec (X Y)'
     Draw a line with an arrowhead from the current position to `(X
     Y)'.  The new current position is `(X Y)'.  The arrowhead is
     aligned with the line, with the tip at `(X Y)'.

  The relative motion versions of these commands interpret the
coordinates as displacements relative to the current position.  Given
the displacements `(DX DY)' as a parameter, each of the relative motion
commands moves DX units in the X direction and DY units in the Y
direction.

`\rmove (DX DY)'
     Move from the current position, DX units in the X direction and DY
     units in the Y direction.  The final position becomes the new
     current position.

`\rlvec (DX DY)'
     Draw a line from the current position, DX units in the X direction
     and DY units in the Y direction.  The final position becomes the
     new current position.

`\ravec (DX DY)'
     Draw a line with an arrowhead from the current position, DX units
     in the X direction and Y units in the Y direction.  The final
     position becomes the new current position.  The arrowhead is
     aligned with the line, with the tip at the new current position.

  Lines can be customized with commands to change the line width, line
pattern and line gray level rendition.  In addition, commands for
changing the type and size of the arrowhead are available.

`\linewd WIDTH'
     Set the line width to WIDTH units.  Initially WIDTH is 0.01 inches
     (corresponding to 3 pixels at 300 pixels to the inch).

`\lpatt (PATTERN)'
     Set lines to have the pattern `(PATTERN)'.  A pattern is a
     sequence of on/off lengths separated by blanks and enclosed in
     parentheses.  The lengths alternately specify the length of a dash
     and the length of a gap between dashes.  Each length is
     interpreted using the current scaling and drawing units.  The
     pattern is used cyclically.  The empty pattern signifies a solid
     line.  The initial line pattern is a solid line, corresponding to
     the empty pattern `\lpatt ()'.

`\setgray LEVEL'
     Set the gray level of lines.  Gray levels are real values from 0
     (black) through intermediate values (gray) to 1 (white).  The
     initial gray level is 0 corresponding to black.

`\arrowheadtype t:TYPE'
     Set the arrowhead type to TYPE, where TYPE is one of `F', `T',
     `W', `V', or `H'.  There are two kinds of arrowheads.  The first
     kind is a triangle.  There are 3 variants: type `T' is an empty
     triangle, type `F' is a filled triangle (using the current gray
     level for lines), type `W' is a triangle filled with white.  The
     second kind of arrowhead is an open ended Vee.  There are 2
     variants: type `V' has the stem continue to the tip, type `H' has
     the stem stop at the base of the arrowhead.  The initial arrowhead
     type is `T'.

`\arrowheadsize l:LENGTH w:WIDTH'
     Set the arrowhead size to be LENGTH units long and WIDTH units
     wide.  The width is measured across the "base" of the arrowhead.
     The initial arrowhead size has a LENGTH of 0.16 inches and a WIDTH
     of 0.08 inches.

  Note that the lines which outline the arrowhead will be drawn with the
same line pattern used for the stem.  Normally, arrow vectors are drawn
with the line pattern set for a solid line.  Note that the fill level
used for the `F' variant of the arrowhead uses the same gray level as
used for lines.  The difference between the `T' variant and the `W'
variant only shows up if the arrowhead is placed over non-white areas
of the drawing.  The `W' variant obliterates the area under the
arrowhead.

  Examples of line parameter and arrowhead settings are shown in the
following code.
     \centertexdraw{
       \drawdim in
       \linewd 0.03 \setgray 0.6 \arrowheadtype t:F \avec(0 0.5)
       \linewd 0.01 \setgray 0   \arrowheadtype t:V \avec(0.5 0.5)
       \linewd 0.015 \lpatt(0.067 0.1) \lvec (1 0)
       \linewd 0.02 \lpatt() \arrowheadtype t:T \avec(1.5 0.5)
       \arrowheadtype t:H \avec(2.0 0.5)
       \setgray 0.4 \arrowheadtype t:W \avec(3.0 0)
     }


File: texdraw,  Node: TeX text,  Next: Circles and arcs,  Prev: Line vectors,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

TeX text
========

  Text may be superimposed on the drawing.  The text argument of the
`\htext' command is in horizontal mode.  This text can be ordinary
text, math mode expressions, or even more complicated boxes consisting
of tables and the like.  The resulting TeX text is placed in a box.
The reference point of the box can be chosen to be one of nine
locations: horizontally left, center or right; vertically top, center or
bottom.  The `\htext' command takes one of two forms.

`\htext (X Y){TEXT}'
`\htext {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT
     horizontally with the text reference point at the coordinate `(X
     Y)'.  The new current position is `(X Y)'.  The second form of
     this command places the TeX text TEXT horizontally with the text
     reference point at the current position.  The text reference point
     is set with the `\textref' command.

  Text can be placed vertically using the `\vtext' command.  The text
argument is in horizontal mode.  The TeX text is placed in a box and
then rotated counterclockwise.  The reference point is the point in the
box, _before_ rotation of the text.  Not all PostScript printer drivers
support vertical text.

`\vtext (x y){TEXT}'
`\vtext {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT vertically
     with the text reference point at the coordinate `(X Y)'.  The new
     current position is `(X Y)'.  The second form of this command
     places the TeX text TEXT vertically with the text reference point
     at the current position.  In both cases, the TeX text is placed in
     a box and the box is rotated counterclockwise by 90 degrees about
     the text reference point.  The text reference point is set with
     the `\textref' command.

  Text can be placed at an arbitrary angle using the `\rtext' command.
The text argument is in horizontal mode.  The TeX text is placed in a
box and then rotated counterclockwise.  The reference point is the
point in the box, _before_ rotation of the text.  Not all PostScript
printer drivers support rotated text.

`\rtext td:ANGLE (x y){TEXT}'
`\rtext td:ANGLE {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT at an
     angle with the text reference point at the coordinate `(X Y)'.
     The new current position is `(X Y)'.  The second form of this
     command places the TeX text TEXT at an angle with the text
     reference point at the current position.  In both cases, the TeX
     text is placed in a box and the box is rotated counterclockwise by
     ANGLE degrees about the text reference point.  The text reference
     point is set with the `\textref' command.

  The reference point for subsequent TeX text in a `\htext', `\vtext'
or `\rtext' command is set with the `\textref' command.

`\textref h:H-REF v:V-REF'
     Set the text reference point for subsequent text commands.  The
     horizontal reference point H-REF is one of `L', `C' or `R' (left,
     center or right).  The vertical reference point V-REF is one of
     `T', `C' or `B' (top, center or bottom).  For rotated text, the
     reference point is determined before rotation.  The initial text
     reference point corresponds to `\textref h:L v:B'.

The font used to render the text is determined as for any other TeX
text.  Normally the font used outside of TeXdraw is in effect.  If
desired, other fonts can be specified as part of the text.  Any font
changes within a TeXdraw text command remain local to that command.

  Only the coordinate of the text reference point in a `\htext',
`\vtext' or `\rtext' command is used in calculating the size of the
drawing.  This means that text itself can spill outside of the drawing
area determined by TeXdraw.  The area of the drawing can be increased
to include the text by issuing additional `\move' commands.

     \centertexdraw{
                  \avec(-0.75 -0.25) \textref h:R v:C \htext{H-text}
       \move(0 0) \avec(-0.75 +0.25) \textref h:R v:B \htext{H-text}
       \move(0 0) \avec(0 +0.5)      \textref h:L v:T \vtext{V-text}
       \move(0 0) \avec(+0.75 +0.25) \textref h:L v:B \htext{H-text}
       \move(0 0) \avec(+0.75 -0.25) \textref h:L v:C \htext{H-text}
     }


File: texdraw,  Node: Circles and arcs,  Next: Bezier curves,  Prev: TeX text,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

Circles, ellipses and arcs
==========================

  TeXdraw supplies commands to generate circles, ellipses and arcs.
There are two forms of the circle command.  The `\lcir' command draws a
circle of given radius.  The `\fcir' command draws a filled circle.  In
the latter case, the circle is filled by a specified gray level.  For
the filled circle, the line defining the circumference of the circle is
not drawn.  Note that the gray level area filled in by the `\fcir'
command is opaque, even if the fill is chosen to be white.  For either
form of the circle command, the drawing size is increased if necessary
to contain the circle.

  The `\lellip' command generates an ellipse specified by the radius of
the ellipse in the X direction and the radius of the ellipse in the Y
direction.  The ellipse is symmetrical about horizontal and vertical
lines drawn through the current point.  The `\fellip' command draws a
filled ellipse.  In the latter case, the ellipse is filled by a
specified gray level.  For the filled ellipse, the line defining the
boundary of the ellipse is not drawn.  For either form of the ellipse
command, the drawing size is increased if necessary to contain the
ellipse.

  The `\larc' command generates a counterclockwise arc specified by a
start angle in degrees and an end angle in degrees.  The center of the
arc is the current position.  Only the arc is drawn, not the line
joining the center to the beginning of the arc.  Note that the `\larc'
command does not affect the size of the drawing.

`\lcir r:RADIUS'
     Draw a circle with center at the current position.  The radius is
     specified by RADIUS.  This command draws a line along the
     circumference of the circle.  The drawing size is increased if
     necessary to contain the circle.

`\fcir f:LEVEL r:RADIUS'
     Draw a filled circle with center at the current position.  The
     radius is specified by RADIUS.  The circle is painted with the
     gray level specified by LEVEL.  A gray level of 1 corresponds to
     white, with decreasing values getting darker.  The level 0 is full
     black.  This command does not draw a line along the circumference.
     The drawing size is increased if necessary to contain the circle.

`\lellip rx:X-RADIUS ry:Y-RADIUS'
     Draw an ellipse with center at the current position.  The radius
     in the X direction is specified by X-RADIUS.  The radius in the Y
     direction is specified by Y-RADIUS.  The drawing size is increased
     if necessary to contain the ellipse.

`\fellip f:LEVEL rx:X-RADIUS ry:Y-RADIUS'
     Draw a filled ellipse with center at the current position.  The
     radius in the X direction is specified by X-RADIUS.  The radius in
     the Y direction is specified by Y-RADIUS.  The ellipse is painted
     with the gray level specified by LEVEL.  A gray level of 1
     corresponds to white, with decreasing values getting darker.  The
     level 0 is full black.  This command does not draw a line along
     the boundary of the ellipse.  The drawing size is increased if
     necessary to contain the ellipse.

`\larc r:RADIUS sd:START-ANGLE ed:END-ANGLE'
     Draw a counterclockwise arc.  The center of the arc is at the
     current position.  The radius is specified by RADIUS.  The start
     and end angles (in degrees) are specified by START-ANGLE and
     END-ANGLE.  This command does not affect the limits (size) of the
     drawing.

  As an example, the following commands draw a filled circle, and
superimpose an arc.
     \centertexdraw{
       \linewd 0.02
       \fcir f:0.7 r:1
       \larc r:1 sd:45 ed:135
       \lvec (+0.707 +0.707) \move (0 0) \lvec (-0.707 +0.707)
     }

  Note that for the arc command, the resulting figure can spill outside
of the TeXdraw box as determined by the maximum excursions of the
coordinates.  Extra moves can be used to compensate for the size of the
arc.


File: texdraw,  Node: Bezier curves,  Next: Fill commands,  Prev: Circles and arcs,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

Bezier curves
=============

  Bezier curves in TeXdraw use 4 reference coordinates, two as the end
points and two others to control the shape of the curve.  Let the 4
points be `(X0 Y0)', `(X1 Y1)', `(X2 Y2)' and `(X3 Y3)'.  The curve
starts out tangent to the line joining the first two points and ends up
tangent to the line joining the second two points.  The control points
"pull" at the curve to control the curvature.  The amount of pull
increases with the distance of the control point from the endpoint.

  As the parameter u varies from 0 to 1, the coordinates of the Bezier
curve are given by a pair of parametric cubic equations,

x(u) = (1-u)^3 x0  + 3u (1-u)^2 x1  + 3u^2 (1-u) x2  + u^3 x3

y(u) = (1-u)^3 y0  + 3u (1-u)^2 y1  + 3u^2 (1-u) y2  + u^3 y3 .

`\clvec (X1 Y1)(X2 Y2)(X3 Y3)'
     Draw a Bezier curve from the current position to the coordinate
     `(X3 Y3)' which becomes the new current position.  The coordinates
     `(X1 Y1)' and `(X2 Y2)' serve as control points for the curve.
     Only the last coordinate given is used to update the size of the
     drawing.

Note that only 3 coordinate pairs are specified.  The other point is the
current position before the `\clvec' command is executed.  Only the
last coordinate specified in the `\clvec' command is used to determine
the extent of the drawing.  While the Bezier curve passes through the
old current position and the new current position, in general the curve
will not reach the intermediate control points.  The curve is always
entirely enclosed by the convex quadrilateral defined by the two end
points and the two control points.  Note that the curve may pass
outside the limits of the drawing as determined by the end point of the
curve.

  A simple Bezier curve is produced by the following example.
     \btexdraw
       \move (0 0)
       \clvec (0 1)(1 0)(1 1)
     \etexdraw


File: texdraw,  Node: Fill commands,  Prev: Bezier curves,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

Fill commands
=============

  PostScript deals with paths consisting of line segments.  The paths
can be closed and the interior of the closed region filled.  From
TeXdraw, paths start with a `\move' or `\rmove' command and continue
with `\lvec', `\rlvec' or `\clvec' commands.  The TeXdraw fill commands
close the path and fill the interior of the closed region.  Closing the
path means that effectively another `\lvec' line is drawn from the last
point specified to the initial point.  TeXdraw provides two forms of
the fill command.  The `\ifill' fills the interior of the region with
the given gray level.  The lines defining the path are not drawn.  The
`\lfill' command fills the region defined by the closed path and draws
a line along the enclosing path.  Note for both forms of the fill
command, the gray level used for filling is opaque, even if the gray
level is chosen to be white.

`\lfill f:LEVEL'
     Close the current path, draw the line around the path using the
     current grey level for lines and paint the interior of the region
     with specified gray level LEVEL.  Gray levels are real values from
     0 (black) through intermediate values (grays) to 1 (white).

`\ifill f:LEVEL'
     Close the current path and paint the interior of the region with
     gray level LEVEL.  The line around the path is not drawn.  Gray
     levels are real values from 0 (black) through intermediate values
     (grays) to 1 (white).

  The following example draws a "flag" with the interior filled in.  The
path around the boundary is given in a clockwise order to define a
closed path.  We could take advantage of the fact that the fill command
will close an open path to eliminate one of the `\lvec' commands.
     \centertexdraw{
     \move (0.5 0)
     \lvec (0 0.5) \clvec (0.5 0.85)(1 0.65)(1.5 1)
     \lvec (2 0.5) \clvec (1.5 0.15)(1 0.35)(0.5 0)
     \lfill f:0.8
     }

  In TeXdraw, the `\move' command always terminates any previous paths
and starts a new path.  Commands that change line parameters (e.g.
`\setgray' or `\lpatt') also terminate paths and start new paths.  The
circle, ellipse and arc commands do not affect the definition of the
current path.  The `\avec' command is not appropriate for defining a
path to be filled.  It ends a subpath at its tail and begins a new
subpath at its tip.  Filling a region defined by a path with subpaths
is more complicated in that each subpath is closed before filling.


File: texdraw,  Node: Drawing Segments and Scaling,  Next: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX,  Prev: TeXdraw Commands,  Up: Top

Drawing Segments and Scaling
****************************

  TeXdraw provides individually scaled segments which can be used to
create relocatable drawing modules.

* Menu:

* Drawing segments::
* Drawing paths::
* Saving positions::
* Scaling coordinates::
* Drawing size::
* Initial current position::


File: texdraw,  Node: Drawing segments,  Next: Drawing paths,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

Drawing segments
================

  A TeXdraw drawing segment allows for local modifications of
parameters and relative positioning.  A TeXdraw segment is delimited by
a `\bsegment' command and an `\esegment' command.  Inside the segment,
the initial current position is `(0 0)'.  Any changes to parameters
such as the gray level and the line width, remain local to the segment.
Segments are implemented in TeX using a `\begingroup' and `\endgroup'.
Segments can be nested.

`\bsegment'
     Start a drawing segment.  The coordinate system is shifted such
     that the current position corresponds to the coordinate `(0 0)'.
     Changes to scaling, position and line parameters stay local to the
     drawing segment.

`\esegment'
     End a drawing segment.  The current position in effect before the
     corresponding `\bsegment' command is restored.  The scaling and
     line parameter values revert to those in effect before the
     corresponding `\bsegment' command was invoked.


File: texdraw,  Node: Drawing paths,  Next: Saving positions,  Prev: Drawing segments,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

Drawing paths
=============

  Certain subtle interactions occur between drawing segments and fill
operations.  In PostScript, lines are drawn by first defining a path,
then later stroking the path to draw the line.  In TeXdraw, this
stroking occurs when the line is terminated, say by a `\move' command.
PostScript paths are interrupted by, but continue after a drawing
segment.  This means that a path started before a segment may not be
stroked (drawn) until after the segment ends.  Consider the following
example.
     \move (0 0)
     \lvec (1 1)
     \bsegment
       \move (-0.25 -0.25)
       \fcir f:0.8 r:0.5
     \esegment
     \move (0 0)
A PostScript path is started at `(0 0)' and continues with a line
to `(1 1)'.  This path is interrupted by the segment.  The filled
circle is drawn next.  After the segment, the path continues and is not
stroked until the `\move (0 0)' command after the end of the segment.
This means that the line appears on top of the filled region.

  If the fill operation is to cover the line, the path must be stroked
before the fill operation.  From TeXdraw, the move commands `\move' and
`\rmove', and the end TeXdraw command `\etexdraw' terminate a path and
cause it to be stroked.  Within a segment, the end segment command
`\esegment' also terminates and strokes a path.  In the example above,
the line can be stroked by inserting a move command (such as a `\rmove
(0 0)' which does not affect the position), before the start of the
segment.


File: texdraw,  Node: Saving positions,  Next: Scaling coordinates,  Prev: Drawing paths,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

Saving positions
================

  The `\savecurrpos' command saves the current position.  The saved
position is an absolute position, not one relative to a segment.  The
position saving mechanism is global; the position can be saved within a
nested segment and then used outside of the segment.  The X and Y
coordinates of the position are saved separately as named coordinates.
The names are of the form `*NAME', with the leading `*' being
obligatory.  A companion command, `\savepos', saves a given coordinate
(relative to the current segment) as an absolute symbolic position.

`\savecurrpos (*PX *PY)'
     Save the current position as the absolute position referenced by
     `(*PX *PY)'.

`\savepos (X Y)(*PX *PY)'
     Save the coordinate position `(X Y)' as the absolute position
     referenced by `(*PX *PY)'.  The coordinate `(X Y)' is interpreted
     in the normal fashion as a coordinate relative to the current
     segment, using the current scaling factors and drawing unit.

  The symbolic names used to specify a saved position can consist of any
characters that are not special to TeX, but must start with a `*'
character.  The symbolic names can be used as the X and/or Y coordinate
in any command that needs a coordinate.  Symbolic coordinates are not
normally used with relative motion commands such as `\rlvec' or
`\rmove'.  If used with relative motion, the corresponding displacement
is equal to the symbolic coordinate value.

  On exit from a segment, the position and graphics state on entry is
restored.  Any changes to line types, scaling and position are
discarded.  However, it is sometimes useful alter the position on exit
from a segment.  The `\savepos' command allows for the saving of a
position within the segment.  This position can be restored after the
`\esegment' with a `\move' command using the saved symbolic position.
This approach can be used to build modules which operate in a manner
analogous to the basic relative motion line vector commands.

  The following example defines a macro which draws a box 0.75 inches
wide by 0.5 inches high containing centered text.  On leaving the macro
the position will be set at a point on the righthand side of the box.
     \def\tbox #1{\bsegment
                    \lvec (0 +0.25)    \lvec (0.75 +0.25)
                    \lvec (0.75 -0.25) \lvec (0 -0.25) \lvec (0 0)
                    \textref h:C v:C \htext (0.375 0){#1}
                    \savepos (0.75 0)(*ex *ey)
                  \esegment
                  \move (*ex *ey)}
With this definition, we can treat `\tbox' in the same way as the
basic vector commands, stringing them together to form a block diagram
as in this example.
     \centertexdraw{
       \ravec (1 0) \tbox{$H(z)$} \ravec (1 0)
     }


File: texdraw,  Node: Scaling coordinates,  Next: Drawing size,  Prev: Saving positions,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

Scaling coordinates
===================

  There are two scale factors available, the unit scale factor and the
segment scale factor.  The overall scale factor is the product of these
two.  There are absolute and relative versions of commands to change
these scale factors.

  The unit scale factor is normally used to affect global scale changes.
Changes to the unit scale factor remains local to a segment, but
propagate to inferior segments.  The default value is unity.

  The segment scale factor is used for local scale changes.  It remains
local to a segment.  The segment scale factor is reset to unity on entry
into each segment.  This means that changes to the segment scale factor
do not propagate to inferior segments.

`\setunitscale SCALE'
     Set the unit scaling to SCALE.  The argument SCALE is a real
     number which is used to scale coordinate values.  The overall
     scaling factor is the product of the unit scale factor and the
     segment scale factor.

`\relunitscale VALUE'
     Adjust the unit scale factor by multiplying by VALUE.  This has
     the effect of multiplying the overall scale factor by the same
     factor.  The overall scaling factor is the product of the unit
     scale factor and the segment scale factor.

`\setsegscale SCALE'
     Set the segment scale factor.  The argument SCALE is a real number
     which is used to scale coordinate values.  The overall scale
     factor is the product of the unit scale factor and the segment
     scale factor.

`\relsegscale VALUE'
     Adjust the segment scale factor by multiplying by VALUE.  This has
     the effect of multiplying the current overall scale factor by the
     same factor.  The overall scaling factor is the product of the
     unit scale factor and the segment scale factor.

  In addition to the unit scale factor and the segment scale factor, the
scaling can be controlled by the choice of drawing units with the
command `\drawdim' (*note Coordinate specification::).

`\drawdim cm \setunitscale 2.54'
     Set the units to centimetres scaled by 2.54.  Together these
     commands are effectively the same as `\drawdim in'.

  The segment scale can be used to allow scale changes in segments so
that values are in more convenient units.  For example suppose
dimensions in a segment are multiples of one third of an inch.  The
segment scale can be set once to make 1 drawing unit equal 0.3333
inches.  From that point on, coordinates can be specified with integer
values.

  The following example defines a macro to draw a rectangular box which
is twice as wide as it is high.  The width is specified as an argument.
     \def\mybox #1{\bsegment
                     \setsegscale #1
                     \lvec (0 +0.25) \lvec (1 +0.25) \lvec (1 -0.25)
                     \lvec (0 -0.25) \lvec (0 0)
                   \esegment}


File: texdraw,  Node: Drawing size,  Next: Initial current position,  Prev: Scaling coordinates,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

Drawing size
============

  The effective size of the drawing is determined by the maximum
excursions of the coordinates supplied to TeXdraw commands.  The
minimum and maximum scaled X and Y coordinates are tallied.  Note that
`\move' commands contribute to the determination of the calculated size
of the drawing, even though they do not generate visible lines.  The
circle and ellipse commands add a compensation for the radii of circles
and ellipses.  The final TeXdraw drawing is placed in a TeX box with
lower lefthand corner corresponding to `('X-min Y-min`)' and upper
righthand corner at `('X-max Y-max`)'.

  Text generated by `\htext', `\vtext' or `\rtext' can spill outside
the box as determined above.  Only the text reference point is
guaranteed to be in the drawing box.  Arcs can also spill outside the
drawing box.  Note also that the widths of lines, and the sizes of
arrowheads do not affect the size of the drawing.  The calculated size
of the drawing will never be larger than the actual size of the
drawing.  In extreme cases in which text or lines extend far outside
the drawing, extra `\move' commands should be used to establish the
size of the drawing so that the TeXdraw box includes all of the drawing.

  TeXdraw provides the `\drawbb' command to draw a box which indicates
the effective size of the drawing.  Whenever `\drawbb' is invoked, a
ruled box is drawn around the drawing as it has been sized up to that
point.  Normally `\drawbb' is invoked just before the end of a drawing
to indicate the effective size of the final drawing.

`\drawbb'
     Draw a ruled box around the effective size of a drawing produced by
     TeXdraw commands.


File: texdraw,  Node: Initial current position,  Prev: Drawing size,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

Initial current position
========================

  The first operation in a drawing should be a move to establish the
current position.  The current position can be established explicitly
through a `\move' command or a text positioning command such as
`\htext' with a coordinate.  However, if an attempt is made to use a
drawing command which needs a current position and none has been
established, TeXdraw implicitly sets the initial current position to
`(0 0)'.  The size of the TeXdraw figure is normally determined from
the sequence of coordinates specified, but will include the implicit
initial position in case another initial position has not been
explicitly specified.


File: texdraw,  Node: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX,  Next: More Details,  Prev: Drawing Segments and Scaling,  Up: Top

Using TeXdraw with LaTeX
************************

  The LaTeX typesetting system uses a structured approach to declaring
typesetting environments.  For LaTeX2e, the `texdraw' package defines
the `texdraw' environment.  The TeXdraw environment is started with a
`\begin{texdraw}' command and terminated with an `\end{texdraw}'
command.  All of the basic TeXdraw commands can be used within the
`texdraw' environment.

  As an example, a LaTeX2e variant of an earlier example can be
constructed as follows.
     \documentclass{article}
     \usepackage{texdraw}
      ...
     \begin{document}
      ...
     \newcommand{\tbox}[1]{%
        \bsegment
          \lvec (0 +0.25)    \lvec (0.75 +0.25)
          \lvec (0.75 -0.25) \lvec (0 -0.25) \lvec (0 0)
          \textref h:C v:C \htext (0.375 0){#1}
          \savepos (0.75 0)(*ex *ey)
        \esegment
        \move (*ex *ey)}
     \begin{center}
     \begin{texdraw}
       \ravec (1 0) \tbox{$H(z)$} \ravec (1 0)
     \end{texdraw}
     \end{center}
      ...
     \end{document}

  This example illustrates the use of the LaTeX command `\newcommand'
as an alternative to the plain TeX command `\def'.  Instead of the
basic TeXdraw command `\centertexdraw', a nested combination of the
LaTeX centering environment and the TeXdraw environment is used.

* Menu:

* PostScript printer drivers::


File: texdraw,  Node: PostScript printer drivers,  Up: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX

PostScript printer drivers
==========================

  The `texdraw' package uses the printer driver interface provided by
the standard LaTeX2e `graphics' package.  Any options to the `texdraw'
package are passed to the `graphics' package.  Specifically, the name
of the PostScript driver to be used can be specified as an option to
the `texdraw' package.  With no explicit printer driver option, the
default printer driver associated with the `graphics' package is used.

  The `texdraw' package can be used with any of the printer drivers
supported by the `graphics' package that allow for the importation of
PostScript graphics files, viz., `dvips', `xdvi', `dvi2ps', `dvialw',
`dvilaser', `dvipsone', `dviwindo', `dvitops', `oztex', `psprint',
`textures', `pctexps', and `pctexwin'.  Not all of these drivers
support the text rotation needed for the TeXdraw commands `\vtext' and
`\rtext'.  Of the drivers listed above, only the following support
support text rotation: `dvips', `xdvi', `dvi2ps', `dvitops',
`textures', and `pctexps'.


File: texdraw,  Node: More Details,  Next: PostScript Commands,  Prev: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX,  Up: Top

More Details
************

  The first part of this chapter offers some suggestions for strategies
to isolate errors in TeX and TeXdraw input.  The second part of this
chapter discusses implementational issues.  An awareness of these issues
is useful if TeXdraw is to be extended.

* Menu:

* Errors while using TeXdraw::
* Extending TeXdraw::
* How TeXdraw merges graphics and text::


File: texdraw,  Node: Errors while using TeXdraw,  Next: Extending TeXdraw,  Up: More Details

Errors while using TeXdraw
==========================

  TeX input is notoriously difficult to debug.  If TeX reports errors,
so much the better.  If the cause is not immediately obvious, consider
using a binary search strategy, removing sections of code with the
premature insertion of the `\bye' (or `\end{document}' for LaTeX)
command (with the appropriate closing of any open groups and the like).
Other strategies include the insertion of `\message{I am here}' at
appropriate places.  Try using `\tracingmacros=1'.  Many problems turn
out to be due to an incorrect number of macro arguments or incorrectly
delimited macro arguments.  The `\tracingmacros=1' option writes the
macro arguments and macro expansions to the TeX log file.

  Certain errors may not manifest themselves until well after the
offending command.  For instance, if a closing parenthesis is missing
from a TeXdraw coordinate, TeX continues searching for the parenthesis.
If one is found, perhaps many lines later, the TeXdraw error message
`invalid coordinate' will be printed at this later point.

  All input in the TeXdraw environment should be intended for
interpretation by TeXdraw commands.  TeXdraw places text inside a zero
size box (the text itself extends outside the box).  Extraneous input
manifests itself as a non-zero size TeXdraw text box. This causes the
TeXdraw text and the PostScript graphics to be displaced from one
another.  An error message is issued if a non-zero width TeXdraw text
box is detected.  If this error message appears, look for unintended
character sequences amongst the commands to TeXdraw.

  Several TeXdraw commands pass their arguments "raw" to the PostScript
file.  That means that invalid arguments can generate PostScript errors
when the document is printed.  For instance the argument of the
`\setgray' command is passed straight through to the PostScript file.
If this argument is non-numeric, a PostScript error results.  Not all
PostScript printers report errors back to the user.  The print may just
stop prematurely.  One approach to debugging is to use a PostScript
previewer on a workstation. That way, one can determine at which point
in the drawing the PostScript error occurs.


File: texdraw,  Node: Extending TeXdraw,  Next: How TeXdraw merges graphics and text,  Prev: Errors while using TeXdraw,  Up: More Details

Extending TeXdraw
=================

  TeXdraw is implemented using a combination of TeX commands and
PostScript code.  This section discusses some of the implementational
issues as they relate to extending TeXdraw.

  TeXdraw as implemented, offers a basic set of drawing features.
These are adequate for certain tasks such as producing block diagrams.
There are different approaches to extending TeXdraw to include other
functions.  In some cases, the desired functionality can be achieved by
writing a TeX macro which builds on top of the existing TeXdraw
commands.  As these extensions become more complex, the limitations of
TeX for computations become increasingly evident.  In other cases,
access to different features of PostScript is desired.  The appropriate
approach would be to write new PostScript procedures which can be
accessed by TeX macros.

  Included with TeXdraw is a set of macros for directly accessing
PostScript functions.  These are described in an appendix (*note
PostScript Commands::).

  TeXdraw also comes with a toolbox of routines for handling much of
the user interface, converting between different coordinate
representations and the like.  The macros for coordinate decoding and
for computations involving coordinates are described in an appendix
(*note TeXdraw Toolbox: TeXdraw Toolbox.).

* Menu:

* Scaling::
* Resolution::
* Text placement::
* Intermediate PostScript file::


File: texdraw,  Node: Scaling,  Next: Resolution,  Up: Extending TeXdraw

Scaling
-------

  The scaling commands provided in TeXdraw are designed to affect only
the coordinate values specified in commands.  For instance, changing the
`\setunitscale' value changes the interpretation of the coordinate in
an `\avec (X Y)' command, but does not change the line width or
arrowhead sizes in effect.  None of the TeXdraw scaling commands affect
the size of TeX text produced by, for instance, the `\htext' command.
Scale changes will however affect the positioning of text for
subsequent commands.

  The line parameters are changed only if the corresponding commands to
change them are issued.  If the `\linewd' command is given, the current
coordinate scaling is used to determine the line width.  To achieve a
behaviour more like a global scaling, whenever the scale factor is
changed, the line parameters should be set again.


File: texdraw,  Node: Resolution,  Next: Text placement,  Prev: Scaling,  Up: Extending TeXdraw

Resolution
----------

  TeXdraw scales coordinates before passing them to PostScript.
Keeping track of the coordinate scaling is necessary, in any event, to
allow TeXdraw to compute the maximum excursions of the coordinates.
TeXdraw uses pixel units in its PostScript code.  One pixel unit is
equal to 1/300 of an inch.  TeXdraw issues PostScript commands with
integer valued pixel coordinates.  This sets the positioning resolution
for TeXdraw.  The passing of integer valued coordinates which
correspond to the device resolution keeps lines aligned with the device
grid; parallel lines of the same width will be rendered with the same
width.

  The position saving mechanism in TeXdraw (*note Saving positions::)
associates the pixel coordinates of a position with the specified name.

  TeXdraw uses the limited real number representation provided by TeX.
These operations are based on the representation of dimensions as
real-valued numbers of points.  Internally in TeX, dimensions are
stored 32-bit values, normalized so that 1 pt corresponds to the scaled
point (sp) value of 65536.  Dimensions with magnitudes between 0.000015
pt and 32767 pt can be represented.  This is also the dynamic range of
the TeXdraw pixel coordinates passed to PostScript.  TeXdraw must
convert from user supplied coordinates using the scaling factor (which
itself consists of two components, the unit scale and the segment scale)
and a pixel conversion factor.  The use of limited precision real
numbers in these computations can cause accumulation of error when
relative scaling is used repeatedly.


File: texdraw,  Node: Text placement,  Next: Intermediate PostScript file,  Prev: Resolution,  Up: Extending TeXdraw

Text placement
--------------

  While in the TeXdraw environment, TeX text is placed in a TeX box
while PostScript code is written to the intermediate file.  At the end
of the TeXdraw environment, the size of the drawing is determined.  A
TeX box of this size is created.  The TeX `\special' mechanism is used
to instruct the PostScript driver program to position the PostScript
drawing from the intermediate file in this area.  Next, the text
generated by TeXdraw is positioned and placed in the box.  Note that
when the document is printed, the PostScript drawing is placed on the
page before the TeX text; TeX text will appear on top of graphics.

  The rotation of text is carried out with in-line PostScript code which
does not appear in the intermediate PostScript file.  This code is sent
to the PostScript driver with a `\special' command.  This PostScript
code is embedded in the dvi (device independent) file that TeX produces.


File: texdraw,  Node: Intermediate PostScript file,  Prev: Text placement,  Up: Extending TeXdraw

The intermediate PostScript file
--------------------------------

  The intermediate PostScript file consists of a header, a body and a
trailer following Encapsulated PostScript File (EPSF) standards.  The
header sets up PostScript definitions and default parameter values.  The
trailer includes the `BoundingBox' information which gives the
coordinates in default PostScript units (72 per inch) for the lower
lefthand corner and the upper righthand corner of the drawing.  The body
of the intermediate PostScript file contains the PostScript commands
generated by TeXdraw.

  Many moves in TeXdraw serve only to position text or to reset saved
positions.  TeXdraw buffers move commands in order to be able to
collapse runs of moves.  Only the last move of a run of moves is
actually written to the PostScript file.  However the intermediate moves
still affect the size of the drawing.  The expunging of moves means that
the PostScript file `BoundingBox' information may indicate a drawing
size larger than the PostScript commands themselves would warrant.

  Drawing segments in TeXdraw show up in the PostScript file as saves
and restores of the PostScript graphics state.  Segment starts are
buffered and only written out if necessary.  This way "empty" segments
do not generate output to the PostScript file.  These empty segments
arise if a segment contains only moves and text commands.  The moves
inside the segment are not needed since they are local to the segment,
and the text commands do not generate output to the PostScript file.

  If TeXdraw is used only for moves and text, no intermediate
PostScript file will be created.


File: texdraw,  Node: How TeXdraw merges graphics and text,  Prev: Extending TeXdraw,  Up: More Details

How TeXdraw merges graphics and text
====================================

  TeXdraw creates a box which is the same size as the graphic.  The
printer driver will place the PostScript graphic into this space.  Any
TeX text generated by the TeXdraw commands will be superimposed on this
graphic.

  The LaTeX2e front-end for TeXdraw is enabled by including the
`texdraw' package.  The `texdraw' package automatically invokes the
standard `graphics' package distributed with LaTeX2e.  The `graphics'
package has support for a number of different printer drivers,
including a number for PostScript printers.  Any options to the
`texdraw' package are passed on to the `graphics' package.  Such an
option can be used to select a driver other than the default one.

  Within the `graphics' package, the driver option is used to select
definitions for the low-level macros which generate the `\special'
commands needed to request insertion of a graphics file and to rotate
text.(1) TeXdraw uses the user-level macros defined by the `graphics'
package (*note PostScript printer drivers::).  When not used with the
LaTeX2e front-end, TeXdraw defines versions of these macros that are
suitable for use with the `dvips' printer driver.

  ---------- Footnotes ----------

  (1) Not all PostScript drivers support text rotation.


File: texdraw,  Node: PostScript Commands,  Next: TeXdraw Toolbox,  Prev: More Details,  Up: Top

PostScript Commands
*******************

  This appendix describes a set of macros for accessing some of the
PostScript builtin functions.  Each of these macros issues a single
PostScript command.  The extra services provided by TeXdraw are the
interpretation of coordinates in user units relative to the current
drawing segment and the writing of a pending TeXdraw move to the
PostScript file.  This last operation establishes the current point in
PostScript.  The user of these commands should be familiar with the
concepts of path construction and filling in PostScript.  Further
details on the PostScript functions used can found in the `PostScript
Language Reference Manual, Second Edition', Adobe Systems,
Addison-Wesley, 1990.

  These macros are distributed in file `txdps.tex'.

  The `\PSsetlinecap' and `\PSsetlinejoin' commands control the way
line ends and line joins are rendered.  The default values set by
TeXdraw (round caps and round join) are appropriate for most drawings.
Changes to these parameters apply to the current and subsequent paths.

`\PSsetlinecap TYPE'
     Set the line cap parameter.  The value `0' gives a butt cap; `1'
     gives a round cap; and `2' gives a projecting square cap.  The
     initial value is corresponds to a round cap.

`\PSsetlinejoin TYPE'
     Set the line join parameter.  The value `0' gives a miter join;
     `1' gives a round join; and `2' gives a bevel join.  The initial
     value corresponds to a round join.

  PostScript paths and fill operations can be controlled by a number of
functions.  By design, TeXdraw always maintains a defined PostScript
current point.  Some of the following macros cause the PostScript
current point to become undefined.  The PostScript current point must be
set again (say with a `\PSmoveto' command) before invoking basic
TeXdraw commands.
`\PSstroke'
     Stroke a PostScript path.  The current path is stroked with the
     current gray level (set with `\setgray') and the current line
     pattern (set with `\lpatt').  The PostScript current point becomes
     undefined.

`\PSnewpath'
     Establish a new path.  The PostScript current point becomes
     undefined.

`\PSclosepath'
     Close a subpath.  A new subpath is started.

`\PSfill'
     Fill a region defined by a path.  Each subpath is closed and the
     enclosed regions painted with the current gray level.  The
     PostScript current point becomes undefined.  The gray level can be
     set with the TeXdraw command `\setgray'.

  The following line commands interpret coordinates relative to the
current TeXdraw scaling and drawing segment.  The specified coordinate
affects the drawing size as determined by TeXdraw.
`\PSlineto (X Y)'
     Add a line segment to the current path.  This command is identical
     to the TeXdraw command `\lvec'.  The PostScript current point must
     be defined before this command is issued.

`\PSmoveto (X Y)'
     Move to the coordinate specified by `(X Y)'.  The PostScript
     current point becomes defined.

  The following macros provide access to the general arc commands in
PostScript.  The coordinates are interpreted relative to the current
TeXdraw scaling and drawing segment.  The specified coordinate affects
the drawing size as determined by TeXdraw.
`\PSarc r:RADIUS sd:START-ANGLE ed:END-ANGLE (X Y)'
     Draw a counterclockwise arc.  The center of the arc is at the given
     position.  The radius is specified by RADIUS.  The start and end
     angles (in degrees) are specified by START-ANGLE and END-ANGLE.
     If the PostScript current point is defined, this command also
     draws the line from the current point to the beginning of the arc.
     The line and arc become part of the current path. The current
     point becomes defined.

`\PSarcn r:RADIUS sd:START-ANGLE ed:END-ANGLE (X Y)'
     Draw a clockwise arc.  The center of the arc is at the given
     position.  The radius is specified by RADIUS.  The start and end
     angles (in degrees) are specified by START-ANGLE and END-ANGLE.
     If the PostScript current point is defined, this command also
     draws the line from the current point to the beginning of the arc.
     The line and arc become part of the current path.  The current
     point becomes defined.

  The macro `\writeps' provides the general facility to write arbitrary
PostScript commands to the PostScript file.  This macro is used by the
preceding commands and by the TeXdraw commands themselves.  This
facility has to be used with care since changes in position or scaling
resulting from the PostScript commands are not known to TeXdraw.
`\writeps {<PS-COMMANDS>}'
     Write PostScript commands to the intermediate PostScript file.
     Before the commands are inserted, any pending TeXdraw move is
     written to the PostScript file.  The PostScript scaling gives 300
     units/inch.


File: texdraw,  Node: TeXdraw Toolbox,  Next: Examples,  Prev: PostScript Commands,  Up: Top

TeXdraw Toolbox
***************

  This appendix describes some of the macros supplied with TeXdraw
which can be used to define additional commands for creating drawings.
The macros described here work in the user specified coordinate system.
Some of these toolbox macros are used by the TeXdraw commands
themselves, others are supplied in an auxiliary file `txdtools.tex'.

* Menu:

* Coordinate parsing::
* Real arithmetic::
* Arrow curve::


File: texdraw,  Node: Coordinate parsing,  Next: Real arithmetic,  Up: TeXdraw Toolbox

Coordinate parsing
==================

  The coordinate parsing macro `\getpos' is useful for creating new
commands.  This macro takes care of stripping leading and trailing
blanks from coordinates specified between parentheses.  In addition,
symbolic coordinates are translated to the corresponding relative
coordinate using the segment offset and scaling in effect.

  The macro `\currentpos' returns the relative coordinates of the
current position.  The returned values are relative to the current
segment and the current scaling.  The macro `\cossin' returns the
real-valued cosine and sine of the direction of the line joining two
points.  The macro `\vectlen' returns the length of a vector.  The
results appear as the value of user supplied macro names.

`\getpos (X Y)\MX\MY'
     Decode coordinate values. The coordinates specified by `(X Y)' are
     decoded. Symbolic coordinates are translated to the corresponding
     relative coordinate using the current segment offset and scaling.
     The resulting character strings representing the real-valued
     coordinates are assigned to the macros specified by `\MX' and
     `\MY'.

`\currentpos \MX\MY'
     Return the coordinates of the current position.  The coordinates
     are relative to the current segment offset and scaling.  The
     resulting character strings representing the real-valued
     coordinates are assigned to the macros specified by `\MX' and
     `\MY'.

`\cossin (X1 Y1)(X2 Y2)\COSA\SINA'
     Return the cosine and sine of the direction of a vector joining two
     points.  The cosine and sine of the angle of the vector which goes
     from `(X1 Y1)' to `(X2 Y2)'.  The character strings representing
     these real-valued quantities are assigned to the macros specified
     by `\COSA' and `\SINA'.

`\vectlen (X1 Y1)(X2 Y2)\LEN'
     Return the length of a vector joining two points.  The length of
     the vector is relative to the current scaling.  The character
     string representing the real-valued length is assigned to the
     macro specified by `\LEN'.


File: texdraw,  Node: Real arithmetic,  Next: Arrow curve,  Prev: Coordinate parsing,  Up: TeXdraw Toolbox

Real arithmetic
===============

  The TeXdraw toolbox supplies macros to perform real arithmetic on
coordinate values.  The result appears as the value of a user supplied
macro name.
`\realadd {VALUE1} {VALUE2} \SUM'
     Add two real quantities, assigning the resultant character string
     representing the sum to the macro `\SUM'.

`\realmult {VALUE1} {VALUE2} \PROD'
     Multiply two real quantities, assigning the resultant character
     string representing the product to the macro `\PROD'.

`\realdiv {VALUE1} {VALUE2} \RESULT'
     Divide two real quantities, assigning the resultant character
     string representing the result of VALUE1/VALUE2 to the macro
     `\RESULT'.


File: texdraw,  Node: Arrow curve,  Prev: Real arithmetic,  Up: TeXdraw Toolbox

Arrow curve
===========

  This example illustrates the use of the TeXdraw toolbox routines to
do computations with the coordinates.  The problem will be tackled in
two parts.  First, we will produce a macro to place an arrowhead on a
Bezier curve.  Then given this macro, we will produce a macro which can
draw a "wiggly" line from the current position to a given coordinate.

  The first macro, `\cavec', uses the `\cossin' command to determine
the the cosine and sine of the angle of the line joining the second
control point to the end point of the Bezier curve.  Recall that the
Bezier curve is tangent to this line at the end point.  After drawing
the Bezier curve, the scaling is set locally to absolute units of 0.05
inches.  We go back down the line from the end point by 0.05 inches and
draw an arrow vector to the end point from there.  This arrow vector is
mostly arrowhead, with little or no tail.

     \def\cavec (#1 #2)(#3 #4)(#5 #6){
       \clvec (#1 #2)(#3 #4)(#5 #6)
       \cossin (#3 #4)(#5 #6)\cosa\sina
       \rmove (0 0)
       \bsegment
         \drawdim in \setsegscale 0.05
         \move ({-\cosa} -\sina)  \avec (0 0)
       \esegment}

  Note the use of macros as arguments to a `\move' command.  Minus
signs are put in front of the macros.  However, the value of the macro
`\cosa' or `\sina' could be negative.  Fortunately, TeX accepts two
minus signs in a row and interprets the result as positive.  Note that
the `\rmove (0 0)' command before the beginning of the segment ensures
that the Bezier curve is stroked before the arrowhead is drawn.

  The second macro `\caw' builds on `\cavec'.  The goal is to produce a
wiggly vector that can be used as a pointer in a drawing.  Consider the
following symmetrical normalized Bezier curve.
     \centertexdraw{ \move (0 0) \cavec (1.4 0.1)(-0.4 -0.1)(1 0) }

  This curve has the appropriate wiggle.  Now we want to be able to draw
this curve, appropriately scaled and rotated.  The macro `\caw' needs
to do computations on the coordinates.  First, `\caw' uses the macros
`\getpos' and `\currentpos' to get the positions of the end and start
of the curve.  Next, the length of the vector is calculated using the
macro `\vectlen'.  A local macro `\rotatecoord' is used to rotate a
coordinate pair about the origin, using the cosine and sine of the
rotation angle.  The vector length is used to scale the normalized
curve.  The remaining code draws the rotated, normalized curve.

     \def\caw (#1 #2){
       \currentpos \xa\ya
       \cossin ({\xa} \ya)(#1 #2)\cosa\sina
     
     % The nominal wiggly curve is (0 0) (1+dx dy) (-dx -dy) (1 0)
     % Find the rotated offset (dx dy) -> (du dv)
       \rotatecoord (0.4 0.1)\cosa\sina \du\dv
     
     % calculate the length of the vector
       \vectlen ({\xa} \ya)(#1 #2)\len
     
     % draw the curve in normalized units
       \bsegment
         \setsegscale {\len}
         \realadd \cosa \du \tmpa  \realadd \sina \dv \tmpb
         \cavec ({\tmpa} \tmpb)({-\du} -\dv)({\cosa} \sina)
       \esegment
       \move (#1 #2)}
     
     % rotate a coordinate (x y)
     % arguments: (x y) cosa sina x' y'
     %  x' = cosa * x - sina * y;  y' = sina * x + cosa * y
     \def\rotatecoord (#1 #2)#3#4#5#6{
       \getpos (#1 #2)\xarg\yarg
       \realmult \xarg {#3} \tmpa  \realmult \yarg {#4} \tmpb
       \realadd \tmpa {-\tmpb} #5
       \realmult \xarg {#4} \tmpa  \realmult \yarg {#3} \tmpb
       \realadd \tmpa \tmpb #6}

  Finally, the new macro can be used as follows.
     \centertexdraw{
       \arrowheadtype t:W
       \move (0 0)
       \cavec (1.4 0.1)(-0.4 -0.1)(1 0)
       \move (1 0) \caw (1 1) \htext{tip at \tt (1 1)}
       \move (1 0) \caw (2 1) \htext{tip at \tt (2 1)}
       \move (1 0) \caw (2 0) \htext{tip at \tt (2 0)}
     
     }

  Note that the Bezier curve in the macro `\cavec' lies below the
arrowhead.  The example then draws an arrowhead of type `W' to erase
the part of the line below the arrowhead.


File: texdraw,  Node: Examples,  Next: Command Listing,  Prev: TeXdraw Toolbox,  Up: Top

Examples
********

  This appendix shows examples of the use of TeXdraw.

* Menu:

* Block diagram::
* Filter response graph::
* Geometric construction::


File: texdraw,  Node: Block diagram,  Next: Filter response graph,  Up: Examples

Block diagram of a lattice filter
=================================

  The block diagram of a lattice filter uses a library of extended
commands built from the basic TeXdraw commands.

  The block diagram uses a "delay" block.  This is defined as a segment
which leaves the current position at the end of this block.  A second
macro, `\bdot', draws a "big" dot which is used to mark junctions of
lines.  The `\Ttext' command centers text above a given point.  The
offset to position the text is local to a segment, resulting in no
change to the current point.  Similar macros to position text below a
point (`\Btext'), to the left of a point (`\Ltext') and to the right of
a point (`\Rtext') are used in the final drawing.
     \def\delay {\bsegment
                   \setsegscale 0.3
                   \lvec (0 +0.5) \lvec (1 +0.5) \lvec (1 -0.5)
                   \lvec (0 -0.5) \lvec (0 0)
                   \textref h:C v:C  \htext (0.5 0){$z^{-1}$}
                   \savepos (1 0)(*ex *ey)
                 \esegment
                 \move (*ex *ey)}
     \def\bdot {\fcir f:0 r:0.02 }
     \def\Ttext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:C v:B  \htext (0 +0.06){#1}
                   \esegment}

  Several of the block diagram elements scale with the size of the
summing nodes.  The radius of the circles for the summing nodes is
defined as the macro `\cradius'.  The summing nodes will have enclosed
plus signs, appropriately scaled.  The plus sign is drawn by the macro
`\pluss'.  The macro `\pcir' draws both the circle and the plus sign.
The incoming lines to a summing node will be labelled with plus or
minus signs (characters this time), placed at the appropriate position
with respect to the center of the summing node.  These positions are
given in terms of compass directions.  The macro `\putwnw' places text
west by north-west relative to the center of the summing node.
     \def\cradius {0.08}
     \def\pluss {\bsegment
                    \setsegscale {\cradius}
                    \move (-0.5 0) \lvec (+0.5 0)
                    \move (0 -0.5) \lvec (0 +0.5)
                  \esegment}
     \def\pcir {\lcir r:{\cradius} \pluss}
     \def\puttext (#1 #2)#3{\bsegment
                              \setsegscale {\cradius}
                              \textref h:C v:C \htext (#1 #2){#3}
                            \esegment}
     \def\putwnw #1{\puttext (-1.7 +1.2){#1}}

  The block diagram has vectors arriving and departing from the summing
nodes (circles).  One could calculate the points of intersection of the
lines with the circles, and then enter the values into the TeXdraw
code.  However, in this example, we implement an automated procedure.
Two macros are needed, an arrow vector to a circle (`\avectoc') and an
arrow vector leaving from a circle (`\avecfrc').  The macros will
calculate the point of intersection with the circle and start or end
the vector at the intersection point.

  The arrow macros use scaling and relative positioning inside of a
drawing segment.  In the case of the macro `\avectoc', a move is made
to the final point (center of the circle), then within a drawing
segment, a scaled move is made back towards the initial point to
determine the intersection point with the circle.

     \def\avectoc (#1 #2){\currentpos \xa\ya
                          \cossin ({\xa} \ya)(#1 #2)\cosa\sina
                          \savepos (#1 #2)(*tx *ty)
                          \bsegment
                            \move (*tx *ty)
                            \setsegscale {\cradius}
                            \rmove ({-\cosa} -\sina)
                            \savecurrpos (*ex *ey)
                          \esegment
                          \avec (*ex *ey)
                          \move (#1 #2)}
     \def\avecfrc (#1 #2){\currentpos \xa\ya
                          \cossin ({\xa} \ya)(#1 #2)\cosa\sina
                          \bsegment
                            \setsegscale {\cradius}
                            \move ({\cosa} \sina)
                            \savecurrpos (*ex *ey)
                          \esegment
                          \move (*ex *ey)
                          \avec (#1 #2)}

  Having defined these macros, we are ready to draw the block diagram.
The first and last sections of the lattice filter are very similar,
differing mainly in the text labels.  With more effort, code could be
shared between the commands used to draw these blocks.
     \centertexdraw{
     \drawdim in
     \arrowheadtype t:F  \arrowheadsize l:0.08 w:0.04
     \def\pl {$\scriptscriptstyle +$} \def\mn {$\scriptscriptstyle -$}
     
     \move (0 +0.63) \move (0 -0.60) \move (0 0) % compensate for the text size
     
     % Input to the first stage
     \bsegment
       \Ltext{$x(n)$}
       \lvec (0.3 0) \bdot \lvec (0.3 +0.4) \move (0.3 0) \lvec (0.3 -0.4)
       \savepos (0.3 0)(*ex *ey)
     \esegment
     \move (*ex *ey)
     
     % first lattice stage
     \bsegment
       \move (0 +0.4)  \avectoc (1.7 +0.4)
       \pcir \putwnw{\pl} \puts{\mn}
       \avecfrc (2.1 +0.4)
       \move (0 -0.4)  \avec (0.4 -0.4) \delay \avectoc (1.7 -0.4)
       \pcir \putwsw{\pl} \putn{\mn}
       \avecfrc (2.1 -0.4)
       \move (0.9 +0.4)  \bdot  \avectoc (1.7 -0.4)
       \move (0.9 -0.4)  \bdot  \avectoc (1.7 +0.4)
       \move (0.1 +0.42) \Ttext {$f_0(n)$}
       \move (2.0 +0.42) \Ttext {$f_1(n)$}
       \move (0.1 -0.4)  \Btext {$b_0(n)$}
       \move (2.0 -0.4)  \Btext {$b_1(n)$}
       \textref h:L v:B  \htext (1.15 +0.2){$K_1$}
       \textref h:L v:T  \htext (1.15 -0.2){$K_1$}
       \savepos (2.1 0)(*ex *ey)
     \esegment
     \move (*ex *ey)
     
     % center section
     \bsegment
       \textref h:C v:C \htext (0.3 +0.4){$\cdots$}
       \htext (0.3 -0.4){$\cdots$}
       \savepos (0.6 0)(*ex *ey)
     \esegment
     \move (*ex *ey)
     
     % last lattice stage
     \bsegment
       \move (0 +0.4)  \avectoc (1.7 +0.4)
       \pcir \putwnw{\pl} \puts{\mn}
       \avecfrc (2.3 +0.4) \Rtext{$e(n)$}
       \move (0 -0.4)  \avec (0.4 -0.4) \delay \avectoc (1.7 -0.4)
       \pcir \putwsw{\pl} \putn{\mn}
       \avecfrc (2.1 -0.4)
       \move (0.9 +0.4)  \bdot  \avectoc (1.7 -0.4)
       \move (0.9 -0.4)  \bdot  \avectoc (1.7 +0.4)
       \move (0.1 +0.42) \Ttext {$f_{P-1}(n)$}
       \move (2.0 +0.42) \Ttext {$f_P(n)$}
       \move (0.1 -0.4)  \Btext {$b_{P-1}(n)$}
       \move (2.0 -0.4)  \Btext {$b_P(n)$}
       \textref h:L v:B  \htext (1.15 +0.2){$K_P$}
       \textref h:L v:T  \htext (1.15 -0.2){$K_P$}
     \esegment
     }

  The macros used in this example are similar to the block diagram
macros defined in the file `blockdiagram.tex'.


File: texdraw,  Node: Filter response graph,  Next: Geometric construction,  Prev: Block diagram,  Up: Examples

Filter response graph
=====================

  This example shows the response of a canonical filter.  TeXdraw is
not well suited for general purpose graphing -- it has no coordinate
translation facility nor does it have separate X and Y scaling.
Nonetheless, for certain simple graphs, TeXdraw is adequate.

  In this example, macro `\ticklab' places a labelled axis tick at a
given position.  The data is specified in a straightforward manner,
having been scaled beforehand to give the desired aspect ratio for the
graph.

     \centertexdraw{
     \arrowheadtype t:F  \arrowheadsize l:0.08 w:0.04
     \def\ds {\displaystyle}
     \def\ticklab (#1 #2)#3{\move(#1 #2)
                            \bsegment
                              \lvec (0 0.05)
                              \textref h:C v:T \htext (0 -0.05){#3}
                            \esegment}
     \def\Rtext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:L v:C \htext (+0.08 0){#1}
                   \esegment}
     
     \move (2.4 -0.3)    % move to set the size
     
     \move (0 0)
     % Axes
     \avec (0 +1.4)
     \move (0 0) \avec (2.2 0) \Rtext{$\omega$}
     \ticklab (0 0)   {0}
     \ticklab (0.8 0) {$\ds {\pi \over 2N} $}
     \ticklab (1.2 0) {$\omega_s$}
     \ticklab (1.6 0) {$\ds {\pi \over N} $}
     
     \linewd 0.025
     \move (0 1)
     \lvec (0.4 1)
     \lvec (0.44 0.998)
     \lvec (0.48 0.988)
     \lvec (0.52 0.973)
     \lvec (0.56 0.951)
      ...
     \lvec (1.08 0.233)
     \lvec (1.12 0.156)
     \lvec (1.16 0.078)
     \lvec (1.20 0)
     \lvec (1.9 0)
     }


File: texdraw,  Node: Geometric construction,  Prev: Filter response graph,  Up: Examples

Geometric construction
======================

  This example shows a geometric construction which places an ellipse
tangent to an enclosing circle.  The size of the ellipse is determined
from geometric considerations.  Macros are used to modularize the code.
The example alters the unit scale factor.  This allows the drawing to be
carried out in units normalized to the radius of the circle.

     \centertexdraw{
     \arrowheadtype t:V \arrowheadsize l:0.08 w:0.04
     \linewd 0.01
     \setunitscale 1.5            % circle will have radius 1.5 inches
     
     \def\Btext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:C v:T \htext (0 -0.04){#1}
                   \esegment}
     \def\Ttext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:C v:B \htext (0 +0.04){#1}
                   \esegment}
     \def\Ltext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:R v:C \htext (-0.04 0){#1}
                   \esegment}
     \def\bdot {\fcir f:0 r:0.0133 }
     \def\vtick {\bsegment
                   \move (0 -0.05) \lvec (0 +0.05)
                 \esegment}
     \def\htick {\bsegment
                   \move (-0.05 0) \lvec (+0.05 0)
                 \esegment}
     \def\Hlen #1#2{\bsegment
                      \vtick \avec ({#1} 0) \vtick \avec (0 0)
                      \relsegscale 0.5
                      \move ({#1} 0) \Ttext {#2}
                    \esegment}
     \def\Vlen #1#2{\bsegment
                      \htick \avec (0 {#1}) \htick \avec (0 0)
                      \relsegscale 0.5
                      \move (0 {#1}) \Ltext {#2}
                    \esegment}
     
     \lcir r:1                         % circle
     \move (-1.05 0) \lvec ( 1.05 0)   % axes
     \move (0 -1.05) \lvec (0  1.05)
     
     \move (0 0) \lvec (0.707 0.707) \bdot
     \rmove (0.02 0.02) \textref h:L v:B \htext {X}
     \move (0.707 -0.707) \bdot
     \textref h:R v:T \htext(-0.02 -0.02){O}
     
     \move (0.5 0)                     % center of ellipse
     \bsegment
       \lellip rx:0.435 ry:0.804
       \bdot \Btext {$\beta_2$}
       \move (0 0.15) \Hlen {0.435}{$|\beta_1{+}\beta_3|$}
       \move (-0.7 0) \Vlen {0.804}{$|\beta_1{-}\beta_3|$}
     \esegment
     }


File: texdraw,  Node: Command Listing,  Next: Command Index,  Prev: Examples,  Up: Top

Alphabetic listing of commands
******************************

`\arrowheadsize l:LENGTH w:WIDTH'
     Set the arrowhead size to be LENGTH units long and WIDTH units
     wide.  The width is measured across the "base" of the arrowhead.
     The initial arrowhead size has a LENGTH of 0.16 inches and a WIDTH
     of 0.08 inches.

`\arrowheadtype t:TYPE'
     Set the arrowhead type to TYPE, where TYPE is one of `F', `T',
     `W', `V', or `H'.  There are two kinds of arrowheads.  The first
     kind is a triangle.  There are 3 variants: type `T' is an empty
     triangle, type `F' is a filled triangle (using the current gray
     level for lines), type `W' is a triangle filled with white.  The
     second kind of arrowhead is an open ended Vee.  There are 2
     variants: type `V' has the stem continue to the tip, type `H' has
     the stem stop at the base of the arrowhead.  The initial arrowhead
     type is `T'.

`\avec (X Y)'
     Draw a line with an arrowhead from the current position to `(X
     Y)'.  The new current position is `(X Y)'.  The arrowhead is
     aligned with the line, with the tip at `(X Y)'.

`\begin{texdraw}'
     Start a TeXdraw drawing.  The drawing is terminated with an
     `\end{texdraw}' command.  This command is for use with LaTeX.

`\bsegment'
     Start a drawing segment.  The coordinate system is shifted such
     that the current position corresponds to the coordinate `(0 0)'.
     Changes to scaling, position and line parameters stay local to the
     drawing segment.

`\btexdraw'
     Start a TeXdraw drawing.  The drawing is terminated with an
     `\etexdraw' command.

`\centertexdraw { ... }'
     Center a TeXdraw box.  The argument contains TeXdraw commands.
     The resulting box has the horizontal size `\hsize' and height equal
     to the height of the drawing.

`\clvec (X1 Y1)(X2 Y2)(X3 Y3)'
     Draw a Bezier curve from the current position to the coordinate
     `(X3 Y3)' which becomes the new current position.  The coordinates
     `(X1 Y1)' and `(X2 Y2)' serve as control points for the curve.
     Only the last coordinate given is used to update the size of the
     drawing.

`\drawbb'
     Draw a ruled box around the effective size of a drawing produced by
     TeXdraw commands.

`\drawdim DIM'
     Set the units to DIM.  The argument DIM can be any valid TeX
     dimension unit.  The units are used to interpret coordinate
     values.  Examples of valid units: `cm', `mm', `in', `pt', and `bp'.

`\end{texdraw}'
     End a TeXdraw drawing started with a `\begin{texdraw}' command.
     The resulting TeXdraw drawing is placed in a box with height equal
     to the height of the drawing and width equal to the width of the
     drawing.  The depth of the box is zero.  This command is for use
     with LaTeX.

`\esegment'
     End a drawing segment.  The current position in effect before the
     corresponding `\bsegment' command is restored.  The scaling and
     line parameter values revert to those in effect before the
     corresponding `\bsegment' was invoked.

`\etexdraw'
     End a TeXdraw drawing started with a `\btexdraw' command.  The
     resulting TeXdraw drawing is placed in a box with height equal to
     the height of the drawing and width equal to the width of the
     drawing.  The depth of the box is zero.

`\everytexdraw { ... }'
     Specify TeXdraw commands to be executed at the beginning of every
     TeXdraw drawing.

`\fcir f:LEVEL r:RADIUS'
     Draw a filled circle with center at the current position.  The
     radius is specified by RADIUS.  The circle is painted with the
     gray level specified by LEVEL.  A gray level of 1 corresponds to
     white, with decreasing values getting darker.  The level 0 is full
     black.  This command does not draw a line along the circumference.
     The drawing size is increased if necessary to contain the circle.

`\fellip f:LEVEL rx:X-RADIUS ry:Y-RADIUS'
     Draw a filled ellipse with center at the current position.  The
     radius in the X direction is specified by X-RADIUS.  The radius in
     the Y direction is specified by Y-RADIUS.  The ellipse is painted
     with the gray level specified by LEVEL.  A gray level of 1
     corresponds to white, with decreasing values getting darker.  The
     level 0 is full black.  This command does not draw a line along
     the boundary of the ellipse.  The drawing size is increased if
     necessary to contain the ellipse.

`\htext (X Y){TEXT}'
`\htext {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT
     horizontally with the text reference point at the coordinate `(X
     Y)'.  The new current position is `(X Y)'.  The second form of
     this command places the TeX text TEXT horizontally with the text
     reference point at the current position.  The text reference point
     is set with the `\textref' command.

`\ifill f:LEVEL'
     Close the current path and paint the interior of the region with
     gray level LEVEL.  The line around the path is not drawn.  Gray
     levels are real values from 0 (black) through intermediate values
     (grays) to 1 (white).

`\larc r:RADIUS sd:START-ANGLE ed:END-ANGLE'
     Draw a counterclockwise arc.  The center of the arc is at the
     current position.  The radius is specified by RADIUS.  The start
     and end angles (in degrees) are specified by START-ANGLE and
     END-ANGLE.  This command does not affect the limits (size) of the
     drawing.

`\lcir r:RADIUS'
     Draw a circle with center at the current position.  The radius is
     specified by RADIUS.  This command draws a line along the
     circumference of the circle.  The drawing size is increased if
     necessary to contain the circle.

`\lellip rx:X-RADIUS ry:Y-RADIUS'
     Draw an ellipse with center at the current position.  The radius
     in the X direction is specified by X-RADIUS.  The radius in the Y
     direction is specified by Y-RADIUS.  The drawing size is increased
     if necessary to contain the ellipse.

`\lfill f:LEVEL'
     Close the current path, draw the line around the path using the
     current grey level for lines and paint the interior of the region
     with specified gray level LEVEL.  Gray levels are real values from
     0 (black) through intermediate values (grays) to 1 (white).

`\linewd WIDTH'
     Set the line width to WIDTH units.  Initially WIDTH is 0.01 inches
     (corresponding to 3 pixels at 300 pixels to the inch).

`\lpatt (PATTERN)'
     Set lines to have the pattern `(PATTERN)'.  A pattern is a
     sequence of on/off lengths separated by blanks and enclosed in
     parentheses.  The lengths alternately specify the length of a dash
     and the length of a gap between dashes.  Each length is
     interpreted using the current scaling and drawing units.  The
     pattern is used cyclically.  The empty pattern signifies a solid
     line.  The initial line pattern is a solid line, corresponding to
     the empty pattern `\lpatt ()'.

`\lvec (X Y)'
     Draw a line from the current position to coordinate `(X Y)'.  The
     new current position is `(X Y)'.

`\move (X Y)'
     Move to coordinate `(X Y)'.  The new current position is `(X Y)'.

`\ravec (DX DY)'
     Draw a line with an arrowhead from the current position, DX units
     in the X direction and Y units in the Y direction.  The final
     position becomes the new current position.  The arrowhead is
     aligned with the line, with the tip at the new current position.

`\relsegscale VALUE'
     Adjust the segment scale factor by multiplying by VALUE.  This has
     the effect of multiplying the current overall scale factor by the
     same factor.  The overall scaling factor is the product of the
     unit scale factor and the segment scale factor.

`\relunitscale VALUE'
     Adjust the unit scale factor by multiplying by VALUE.  This has
     the effect of multiplying the overall scale factor by the same
     factor.  The overall scaling factor is the product of the unit
     scale factor and the segment scale factor.

`\rlvec (DX DY)'
     Draw a line from the current position, DX units in the X direction
     and DY units in the Y direction.  The final position becomes the
     new current position.

`\rmove (DX DY)'
     Move from the current position, DX units in the X direction and DY
     units in the Y direction.  The final position becomes the new
     current position.

`\rtext td:ANGLE (x y){TEXT}'
`\rtext td:ANGLE {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT at an
     angle with the text reference point at the coordinate `(X Y)'.
     The new current position is `(X Y)'.  The second form of this
     command places the TeX text TEXT at an angle with the text
     reference point at the current position.  In both cases, the TeX
     text is placed in a box and the box is rotated counterclockwise by
     ANGLE degrees about the text reference point.  The text reference
     point is set with the `\textref' command.

`\savecurrpos (*PX *PY)'
     Save the current position as the absolute position referenced by
     `(*PX *PY)'.

`\savepos (X Y)(*PX *PY)'
     Save the coordinate position `(X Y)' as the absolute position
     referenced by `(*PX *PY)'.  The coordinate `(X Y)' is interpreted
     in the normal fashion as a coordinate relative to the current
     segment, using the current scaling factors and drawing unit.

`\setgray LEVEL'
     Set the gray level of lines.  Gray levels are real values from 0
     (black) through intermediate values (gray) to 1 (white).  The
     initial gray level is 0 corresponding to black.

`\setsegscale SCALE'
     Set the segment scale factor.  The argument SCALE is a real number
     which is used to scale coordinate values.  The overall scale
     factor is the product of the unit scale factor and the segment
     scale factor.

`\setunitscale SCALE'
     Set the unit scaling to SCALE.  The argument SCALE is a real
     number which is used to scale coordinate values.  The overall
     scaling factor is the product of the unit scale factor and the
     segment scale factor.

`\texdrawbox { ... }'
     Create a TeXdraw box.  The argument contains TeXdraw commands.
     This macro returns a TeX box with height equal to the height of the
     drawing and width equal to the width of the drawing.  The depth of
     the box is zero.

`\textref h:H-REF v:V-REF'
     Set the text reference point for subsequent text commands.  The
     horizontal reference point H-REF is one of `L', `C' or `R' (left,
     center or right).  The vertical reference point V-REF is one of
     `T', `C' or `B' (top, center or bottom).  For rotated text, the
     reference point is determined before rotation.  The initial text
     reference point corresponds to `\textref h:L v:B'.

`\vtext (x y){TEXT}'
`\vtext {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT vertically
     with the text reference point at the coordinate `(X Y)'.  The new
     current position is `(X Y)'.  The second form of this command
     places the TeX text TEXT vertically with the text reference point
     at the current position.  In both cases, the TeX text is placed in
     a box and the box is rotated counterclockwise by 90 degrees about
     the text reference point.  The text reference point is set with
     the `\textref' command.



File: texdraw,  Node: Command Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Command Listing,  Up: Top

Command Index
*************

* Menu:

* \arc:                                  Circles and arcs.
* \arrowheadsize:                        Line vectors.
* \arrowheadtype:                        Line vectors.
* \avec:                                 Line vectors.
* \begin{texdraw}:                       Accessing TeXdraw.
* \bsegment:                             Drawing segments.
* \btexdraw:                             Accessing TeXdraw.
* \centertexdraw:                        Accessing TeXdraw.
* \clvec:                                Bezier curves.
* \cossin:                               Coordinate parsing.
* \currentpos:                           Coordinate parsing.
* \drawbb:                               Drawing size.
* \drawdim:                              Coordinate specification.
* \end{texdraw}:                         Accessing TeXdraw.
* \esegment:                             Drawing segments.
* \etexdraw:                             Accessing TeXdraw.
* \everytexdraw:                         Accessing TeXdraw.
* \fcir:                                 Circles and arcs.
* \fellip:                               Circles and arcs.
* \getpos:                               Coordinate parsing.
* \htext:                                TeX text.
* \ifill:                                Fill commands.
* \lcir:                                 Circles and arcs.
* \lellip:                               Circles and arcs.
* \lfill:                                Fill commands.
* \linewd:                               Line vectors.
* \lvec:                                 Line vectors.
* \move:                                 Line vectors.
* \PSarc:                                PostScript Commands.
* \PSarcn:                               PostScript Commands.
* \PSclosepath:                          PostScript Commands.
* \PSfill:                               PostScript Commands.
* \PSlineto:                             PostScript Commands.
* \PSmoveto:                             PostScript Commands.
* \PSnewpath:                            PostScript Commands.
* \PSsetlinecap:                         PostScript Commands.
* \PSsetlinejoin:                        PostScript Commands.
* \PSstroke:                             PostScript Commands.
* \ravec:                                Line vectors.
* \realadd:                              Real arithmetic.
* \realdiv:                              Real arithmetic.
* \realmult:                             Real arithmetic.
* \relsegscale:                          Scaling coordinates.
* \relunitscale:                         Scaling coordinates.
* \rlvec:                                Line vectors.
* \rmove:                                Line vectors.
* \rtext:                                TeX text.
* \savecurrpos:                          Saving positions.
* \savepos:                              Saving positions.
* \setgray:                              Line vectors.
* \setsegscale:                          Scaling coordinates.
* \setunitscale:                         Scaling coordinates.
* \textref:                              TeX text.
* \vectlen:                              Coordinate parsing.
* \vtext:                                TeX text.
* \writeps:                              PostScript Commands.
* arc:                                   PostScript Commands.
* arcn:                                  PostScript Commands.
* closepath:                             PostScript Commands.
* fill:                                  PostScript Commands.
* lineto:                                PostScript Commands.
* moveto:                                PostScript Commands.
* newpath:                               PostScript Commands.
* setlinecap:                            PostScript Commands.
* setlinejoin:                           PostScript Commands.
* stroke:                                PostScript Commands.


File: texdraw,  Node: Concept Index,  Prev: Command Index,  Up: Top

Concept Index
*************

* Menu:

* accessing TeXdraw <1>:                 Accessing TeXdraw.
* accessing TeXdraw:                     Using TeXdraw with LaTeX.
* angle of a vector:                     Coordinate parsing.
* arcs <1>:                              Circles and arcs.
* arcs:                                  PostScript Commands.
* arrowhead parameters:                  Line vectors.
* arrows:                                Line vectors.
* Bezier curves:                         Bezier curves.
* circles:                               Circles and arcs.
* command syntax:                        Command syntax.
* coordinate parsing:                    Coordinate parsing.
* coordinate specification:              Coordinate specification.
* coordinate, symbolic:                  Saving positions.
* coordinates:                           TeXdraw coordinates.
* cosine of a vector direction:          Coordinate parsing.
* current position <1>:                  Coordinate parsing.
* current position <2>:                  Line vectors.
* current position:                      Initial current position.
* current position in PostScript:        PostScript Commands.
* curves:                                Bezier curves.
* dashed lines:                          Line vectors.
* direction of a line:                   Coordinate parsing.
* distribution:                          Distribution.
* dotted lines:                          Line vectors.
* drawing segments:                      Drawing segments.
* dvi2ps printer driver:                 PostScript printer drivers.
* dvialw printer driver:                 PostScript printer drivers.
* dvilaser printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
* dvips printer driver <1>:              PostScript printer drivers.
* dvips printer driver <2>:              Introduction.
* dvips printer driver:                  How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* dvipsone printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
* dvitops printer driver:                PostScript printer drivers.
* dviwindo printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
* ellipses:                              Circles and arcs.
* Encapsulated PostScript File:          Intermediate PostScript file.
* errors while using TeXdraw:            Errors while using TeXdraw.
* example, arrow curve:                  Arrow curve.
* example, block diagram:                Examples.
* example, circle and ellipse:           Geometric construction.
* example, graph:                        Filter response graph.
* fill operations, interaction with drawing segments: Drawing paths.
* filled circles:                        Circles and arcs.
* filling regions <1>:                   PostScript Commands.
* filling regions:                       Fill commands.
* graphics package <1>:                  PostScript printer drivers.
* graphics package <2>:                  Accessing TeXdraw.
* graphics package <3>:                  How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* graphics package:                      Introduction.
* graphics placement:                    How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* gray levels for lines:                 Line vectors.
* implementation:                        Extending TeXdraw.
* initial current position:              Initial current position.
* invoking TeXdraw <1>:                  Accessing TeXdraw.
* invoking TeXdraw:                      Using TeXdraw with LaTeX.
* LaTeX <1>:                             Accessing TeXdraw.
* LaTeX <2>:                             Using TeXdraw with LaTeX.
* LaTeX:                                 Introduction.
* length of a vector:                    Coordinate parsing.
* line cap:                              PostScript Commands.
* line join:                             PostScript Commands.
* line width:                            Line vectors.
* lines <1>:                             PostScript Commands.
* lines:                                 Line vectors.
* listing of commands:                   Command Listing.
* moves <1>:                             Line vectors.
* moves:                                 PostScript Commands.
* oztex printer driver:                  PostScript printer drivers.
* painting regions:                      Fill commands.
* paths <1>:                             PostScript Commands.
* paths <2>:                             Drawing paths.
* paths:                                 Fill commands.
* pctexps printer driver:                PostScript printer drivers.
* pctexwin printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
* placement of graphics and text:        How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* plain TeX:                             Accessing TeXdraw.
* position specification:                Coordinate specification.
* positions, saving:                     Saving positions.
* PostScript commands:                   PostScript Commands.
* PostScript printer drivers <1>:        PostScript printer drivers.
* PostScript printer drivers:            How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* printer drivers <1>:                   PostScript printer drivers.
* printer drivers:                       How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* problems while using TeXdraw:          Errors while using TeXdraw.
* psprint driver:                        PostScript printer drivers.
* relative positioning:                  Line vectors.
* relative scaling:                      Scaling coordinates.
* resolution:                            Resolution.
* rotated text <1>:                      PostScript printer drivers.
* rotated text <2>:                      TeX text.
* rotated text <3>:                      Text placement.
* rotated text:                          How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* saving positions:                      Saving positions.
* scaling:                               Scaling.
* scaling coordinates:                   Scaling coordinates.
* segment scale:                         Scaling coordinates.
* segments:                              Drawing segments.
* sine of a vector direction:            Coordinate parsing.
* size of the drawing:                   Drawing size.
* stroking lines <1>:                    PostScript Commands.
* stroking lines:                        Drawing paths.
* symbolic coordinate:                   Saving positions.
* syntax of commands:                    Command syntax.
* texdraw package <1>:                   How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* texdraw package <2>:                   Using TeXdraw with LaTeX.
* texdraw package:                       Accessing TeXdraw.
* text commands:                         TeX text.
* text placement:                        How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* text rotation <1>:                     How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
* text rotation <2>:                     TeX text.
* text rotation <3>:                     PostScript printer drivers.
* text rotation:                         Text placement.
* textures printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
* unit scale:                            Scaling coordinates.
* vectors:                               Line vectors.
* vertical text:                         TeX text.
* width of lines:                        Line vectors.
* xdvi driver:                           PostScript printer drivers.



Tag Table:
Node: Top606
Node: Introduction2013
Node: Distribution4007
Node: TeXdraw Commands4442
Node: Accessing TeXdraw5051
Ref: Accessing TeXdraw-Footnote-19799
Node: Command syntax9962
Node: TeXdraw coordinates11150
Node: Coordinate specification12511
Node: Line vectors13706
Node: TeX text19481
Node: Circles and arcs23795
Node: Bezier curves27792
Node: Fill commands29776
Node: Drawing Segments and Scaling32306
Node: Drawing segments32733
Node: Drawing paths33823
Node: Saving positions35437
Node: Scaling coordinates38329
Node: Drawing size41305
Node: Initial current position43113
Node: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX43900
Node: PostScript printer drivers45369
Node: More Details46494
Node: Errors while using TeXdraw46989
Node: Extending TeXdraw49297
Node: Scaling50855
Node: Resolution51784
Node: Text placement53471
Node: Intermediate PostScript file54531
Node: How TeXdraw merges graphics and text56274
Ref: How TeXdraw merges graphics and text-Footnote-157642
Node: PostScript Commands57699
Node: TeXdraw Toolbox62660
Node: Coordinate parsing63200
Node: Real arithmetic65352
Node: Arrow curve66151
Node: Examples70212
Node: Block diagram70459
Node: Filter response graph77224
Node: Geometric construction78912
Node: Command Listing81197
Node: Command Index92653
Node: Concept Index96690

End Tag Table