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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
"HTML Tidy for Linux (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
<title>References for TeX and Friends</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="tex-refs.css" />
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" />
</head>
<body>
<div xml:lang="en" class="book" title=
"References for TeX and Friends" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title"><a id="idp425680" name="idp425680"></a>References
for TeX and Friends</h1>
</div>
<div>
<div class="author">
<h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Michael</span>
<span class="surname">Wiedmann</span></h3>
<div class="affiliation">
<div class="address">
<p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href=
"mailto:mw%20at%20miwie%20dot%20in-berlin%20dot%20de">mw&nbsp;at&nbsp;miwie&nbsp;dot&nbsp;in-berlin&nbsp;dot&nbsp;de</a>&gt;</code></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; ? Stephen Gilmore</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; ? Torsten Martinsen</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 1988, 1994 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 1994 - 1996 Torsten
Martinsen</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002, 2003 Peter Karp,
Michael Wiedmann</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2004 - 2012 Michael
Wiedmann</p>
</div>
<div>
<div class="legalnotice" title="License"><a id="idp270624" name=
"idp270624"></a>
<p class="legalnotice-title"><strong>License</strong></p>
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
no Back-Cover Texts.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="revhistory">
<table border="2" cellspacing="4" width="100%" summary=
"Revision history">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Revision
History</b></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Revision 0.4.1</td>
<td align="left">2012-12-03</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Removed obsolete file still referenced
in Makefile (no visible changes)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Revision 0.2.0</td>
<td align="left">2003-01-11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="2">License changed to <a class="ulink"
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html" target="_top">GNU Free
Documentation License</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Revision 0.0.1</td>
<td align="left">2002-06-21</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="2">This version was adapted from the
edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, converted to DocBook XML
using <a class="ulink" href="http://www.tldp.org/downloads/"
target="_top">texi2db</a>, and further edited manually.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr /></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="preface"><a href=
"#preface">Preface</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="preface"><a href=
"#credits">Credits</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#tex">1 TeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#plaintex">1
PlainTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#plaintex-ovw">1.1
Overview</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex">2 LaTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#opt-latex">2.1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#overview">2.2 Overview of LaTeX
and Local Guide</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#commands">2.3
Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parameters">2.4
Parameters</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex-packages">3 LaTeX
Packages</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#amsmath">3.1 <code class=
"filename">amsmath</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#dcolumn">3.2 <code class=
"filename">dcolumn</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#float">3.3 <code class=
"filename">float</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#fontenc">3.4 <code class=
"filename">fontenc</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#german">3.5 <code class=
"filename">german</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#graphics">3.6 <code class=
"filename">graphics</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#hyperref">3.7 <code class=
"filename">hyperref</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#inputenc">3.8 <code class=
"filename">inputenc</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#komascript">3.9 <code class=
"filename">KOMA-Script</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#mathpazo">3.10 <code class=
"filename">mathpazo</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#varioref">3.11 <code class=
"filename">varioref</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#small-packages">3.12 Several
Small Packages</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#generic-packages">4 Generic
Packages</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pictex">4.1 PiCTeX
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pstricks">4.2
PSTricks</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#fontinst">5 <code class=
"filename">fontinst</code> (tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#context">6 ConTeXt
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#context-ovw">6.1
Overview</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#texinfo">7 Texinfo
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#pdftex">2
pdfTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-file-line-error-style">1.1 <code class=
"filename">--file-line-error-style</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-fmt">1.2
<code class="filename">--fmt format</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-help">1.3
<code class="filename">--help</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ini">1.4
<code class="filename">--ini</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-interaction-mode">1.5 <code class=
"filename">--interaction mode</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ipc">1.6
<code class="filename">--ipc</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ipc-start">1.7
<code class="filename">--ipc-start</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-jobname-name">1.8
<code class="filename">--jobname name</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug">1.9 <code class=
"filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-maketex">1.10
<code class="filename">--maketex fmt</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-no-maketex">1.11
<code class="filename">--no-maketex fmt</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-output-comment">1.12 <code class=
"filename">--output-comment string</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-parse-first-line">1.13 <code class=
"filename">--parse-first-line</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-progname">1.14
<code class="filename">--progname name</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-recorder">1.15
<code class="filename">--recorder</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-shell-escape">1.16 <code class=
"filename">--shell-escape</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-translate-file">1.17 <code class=
"filename">--translate-file tcxname</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-version">1.18
<code class="filename">--version</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-environment">2
Environment</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#metafont">3 Metafont
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#metapost">4
MetaPost</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-file-line-error-style">1.1 <code class=
"filename">--file-line-error-style</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-help">1.2
<code class="filename">--help</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-ini">1.3
<code class="filename">--ini</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-intercation">1.4 <code class=
"filename">--interaction mode</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-jobname">1.5
<code class="filename">--jobname name</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-kpathsea-debug">1.6 <code class=
"filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-mem">1.7
<code class="filename">--mem mem</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-parse-first-line">1.8 <code class=
"filename">--parse-first-line</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-progname">1.9
<code class="filename">--progname name</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-recorder">1.10
<code class="filename">--recorder</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-T">1.11
<code class="filename">-T</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-translate-file">1.12 <code class=
"filename">--translate-file tcxname</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-troff">1.13
<code class="filename">--troff</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-version">1.14
<code class="filename">--version</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-environment">2
Environment</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#bibtex">5
BibTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-parameters">1
Parameters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-command-qualifiers">2
Command Qualifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bib-files">3 bib
files</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-string-command">3.1
<code class="filename">@STRING</code> command</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-entry-format">3.2 Entry
Format</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-entry-types">3.3 Entry
Types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-field-text">3.4 Field
Text</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-field-types">3.5 Field
Types</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-files">4 bst
files</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-abbr">4.1
<code class="filename">ABBRV.BST</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-alpha">4.2
<code class="filename">ALPHA.BST</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-plain">4.3
<code class="filename">PLAIN.BST</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-sample">4.4
<code class="filename">SAMPLE.BST</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-unsrt">4.5
<code class="filename">UNSRT.BST</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#makeindex">6
Make-Index</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-c">1.1
<code class="filename">-c</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-g">1.2
<code class="filename">-g</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-i">1.3
<code class="filename">-i</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-l">1.4
<code class="filename">-l</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-q">1.5
<code class="filename">-q</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-r">1.6
<code class="filename">-r</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-s-sty">1.7
<code class="filename">-s sty</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-o-ind">1.8
<code class="filename">-o ind</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-t-log">1.9
<code class="filename">-t log</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-p-no">1.10
<code class="filename">-p no</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-L">1.11
<code class="filename">-L</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-T">1.12
<code class="filename">-T</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-style-file">2 Style
File</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-style">2.1 Input
Style Specifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#makeindex-output-style-specs">2.2 Output Style
Specifiers</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-example">3
Example</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-ordering">4
Ordering</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-special-effects">5
Special Effects</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#xindy">7 xindy</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list">1 Command
List</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing">1.1 Processing
Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list-markup">1.2
Markup Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#xindy-command-list-raw-index">1.3 Raw Index
Interface</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-invoking">2 Invoking
xindy</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-invoking-cmdline">2.1
Command Line Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-search-path">2.2 Search
Path</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#appendices">A
Appendices</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#issues">1 Bugs / Known Issues /
Missing Features</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#about">2 About this
Document</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#release-news">3 Release
News</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#gfdl">4 GNU Free Documentation
License</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="index"><a href=
"#tex-refs-idx">Index</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="list-of-tables">
<p><strong>List of Tables</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt>1.1 <a href="#table-newcommand">Options for <code class=
"literal">\newcommand</code></a></dt>
<dt>1.2 <a href="#table-newenvironment">Options for <code class=
"literal">\newenvironment</code></a></dt>
<dt>1.3 <a href="#table-newtheorem">Options for <code class=
"literal">\newtheorem</code></a></dt>
<dt>1.4 <a href="#table-tabbing">Commands in a <code class=
"literal">tabbing</code> environment</a></dt>
<dt>1.5 <a href="#table-tabular">Commands used inside a
<code class="literal">tabular</code> environment</a></dt>
<dt>1.6 <a href="#table-standard-styles">Standard styles
distributed with BibTeX</a></dt>
<dt>1.7 <a href="#table-math-mode">Three environments that put
LaTeX in math mode</a></dt>
<dt>1.8 <a href="#table-math-miscellany">Math Miscellany</a></dt>
<dt>1.9 <a href="#table-typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>1.10 <a href="#table-standard-type-size-commands">Standard type
size commands</a></dt>
<dt>1.11 <a href="#table-low-level-font-commands">Low-level font
commands</a></dt>
<dt>1.12 <a href="#table-special-coordinates">Special coordinates
and angles</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="preface" title="Preface">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="preface" name="preface"></a>Preface</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>LaTeX2e is a document preparation system implemented as a macro
package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program.</p>
<p>LaTeX was originally conceived by Leslie Lamport.</p>
<p>This updated LaTeX reference is by no means complete, but it's a
first step towards a more complete LaTeX reference! We welcome if
we'll get pointed to missing commands or even better when you make
additions and further improvements and send them to the
authors.</p>
<p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.tug.org" target="_top">TUG
(TeX User Group)</a> and <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.dante.de" target="_top">DANTE (German TeX User
Group)</a> both have excellent FAQ's which answer many questions or
give great pointers to additional resources both on the internet or
in books. Most if not all missing packages can also be found on the
CTAN servers.</p>
<p>This reference is not meant to replace the package documentation
or the standard literature like the LaTeX handbook and the LaTeX
companion. Look there for detailed descriptions of the commands and
even mostly more options and examples.</p>
<p>The authors intend to extend this documentation to other TeX
related packages (e.g. ConTeXt, MetaPost, Metafont, etc.).
Contributions are very welcome!</p>
</div>
<div class="preface" title="Credits">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="credits" name="credits"></a>Credits</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp250720" class="indexterm" name="idp250720"></a>
<p>The following people have contributed substantial parts to this
documentation project or helped in some other way (listed
alphabetically):</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Karl Berry</p>
<a id="idp245776" class="indexterm" name="idp245776"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Wolfgang Borgert</p>
<a id="idp248064" class="indexterm" name="idp248064"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Ramon Casellas</p>
<a id="idp294304" class="indexterm" name="idp294304"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Holger Danielsson</p>
<a id="idp296592" class="indexterm" name="idp296592"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">James Devenish</p>
<a id="idp298880" class="indexterm" name="idp298880"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Hubert Gaesslein</p>
<a id="idp301168" class="indexterm" name="idp301168"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Peter Karp</p>
<a id="idp303456" class="indexterm" name="idp303456"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Rolf Niepraschk</p>
<a id="idp305744" class="indexterm" name="idp305744"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Hans Fredrik Nordhaug</p>
<a id="idp308032" class="indexterm" name="idp308032"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Simon Pepping</p>
<a id="idp2040400" class="indexterm" name="idp2040400"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Bob Stayton</p>
<a id="idp2042688" class="indexterm" name="idp2042688"></a></li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara">Herbert Voss</p>
<a id="idp2044976" class="indexterm" name="idp2044976"></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:lang="en" class="chapter" title="Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;TeX"
lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="tex" name=
"tex"></a>Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;TeX</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#plaintex">1
PlainTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#plaintex-ovw">1.1
Overview</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex">2 LaTeX</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#opt-latex">2.1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#overview">2.2 Overview of LaTeX
and Local Guide</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#commands">2.3
Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parameters">2.4
Parameters</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex-packages">3 LaTeX
Packages</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#amsmath">3.1 <code class=
"filename">amsmath</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#dcolumn">3.2 <code class=
"filename">dcolumn</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#float">3.3 <code class=
"filename">float</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#fontenc">3.4 <code class=
"filename">fontenc</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#german">3.5 <code class=
"filename">german</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#graphics">3.6 <code class=
"filename">graphics</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#hyperref">3.7 <code class=
"filename">hyperref</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#inputenc">3.8 <code class=
"filename">inputenc</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#komascript">3.9 <code class=
"filename">KOMA-Script</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#mathpazo">3.10 <code class=
"filename">mathpazo</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#varioref">3.11 <code class=
"filename">varioref</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#small-packages">3.12 Several
Small Packages</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#generic-packages">4 Generic
Packages</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pictex">4.1 PiCTeX
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pstricks">4.2
PSTricks</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#fontinst">5 <code class=
"filename">fontinst</code> (tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#context">6 ConTeXt
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#context-ovw">6.1
Overview</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#texinfo">7 Texinfo
(tbd.)</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1 PlainTeX">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="plaintex" name=
"plaintex"></a>1 PlainTeX</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp2050448" class="indexterm" name="idp2050448"></a>
<div class="section" title="1.1 Overview">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="plaintex-ovw" name="plaintex-ovw"></a>1.1
Overview</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>For a really excellent reference of all TeX primitive control
sequences see David Bausum's<a id="idp2053504" class="indexterm"
name="idp2053504"></a> <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.tug.org/utilities/plain/cseq.html" target=
"_top"><span class="emphasis"><em>TeX Primitive Control
Sequences</em></span></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2 LaTeX">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="latex" name=
"latex"></a>2 LaTeX</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="note" title="Note" style=
"margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The original file <code class="filename">latex2e.texi</code>
contains the following copyright and permission notice:</p>
<p><span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">Permission is
granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.</span>&rdquo;</span></p>
<p><span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">Permission is
granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual
under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.</span>&rdquo;</span></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1 Options">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="opt-latex" name="opt-latex"></a>2.1
Options</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6690976" class="indexterm" name="idp6690976"></a>
<p>LaTeX understands the following command line options.</p>
<div class="section" title="2.1.1 -file-line-error-style">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-file-line-error-style" name=
"opt-latex-file-line-error-style"></a>2.1.1 <code class=
"filename">-file-line-error-style</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6694720" class="indexterm" name="idp6694720"></a>
<p>Print error messages in the form <code class=
"literal">file:line:error</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.2 -fmt=FMTNAME">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-fmt" name=
"opt-latex-fmt"></a>2.1.2 <code class=
"filename">-fmt=FMTNAME</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6699120" class="indexterm" name="idp6699120"></a>
<p>Use <code class="literal">FMTMAME</code> instead of program name
or a %&amp; line.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.3 -ini">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-ini" name=
"opt-latex-ini"></a>2.1.3 <code class="filename">-ini</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6703520" class="indexterm" name="idp6703520"></a>
<p>Be <span class="command"><strong>initex</strong></span>, for
dumping formats; this is implicitly true if the program is called
as <span class="command"><strong>initex</strong></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.4 -interaction=STRING">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-interaction-mode" name=
"opt-latex-interaction-mode"></a>2.1.4 <code class=
"filename">-interaction=STRING</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6708544" class="indexterm" name="idp6708544"></a>
<p>Set interaction mode (<code class=
"literal">STRING=batchmode/nonstopmode/scrollmode/errorstopmode</code>).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.5 -ipc">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-ipc" name=
"opt-latex-ipc"></a>2.1.5 <code class="filename">-ipc</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6712944" class="indexterm" name="idp6712944"></a>
<p>Send DVI output to a socket as well as the usual output
file.</p>
<p>Note: not available on all systems.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.6 -ipc-start">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-ipc-start" name=
"opt-latex-ipc-start"></a>2.1.6 <code class=
"filename">-ipc-start</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6717104" class="indexterm" name="idp6717104"></a>
<p>As <code class="literal">-ipc</code>, and also start the server
at the other end.</p>
<p>Note: not available on all systems.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.7 -jobname=STRING">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-jobname-name" name=
"opt-latex-jobname-name"></a>2.1.7 <code class=
"filename">-jobname=STRING</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6721888" class="indexterm" name="idp6721888"></a>
<p>Set the job name to <code class="literal">STRING</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.8 -kpathsea-debug=NUMBER">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-kpathsea-debug" name=
"opt-latex-kpathsea-debug"></a>2.1.8 <code class=
"filename">-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6726288" class="indexterm" name="idp6726288"></a>
<p>Sets path searching debugging flags according to the bits of
<code class="literal">NUMBER</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.9 [-no]-maketex=FMT">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-no-maketex" name=
"opt-latex-no-maketex"></a>2.1.9 <code class=
"filename">[-no]-maketex=FMT</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6730688" class="indexterm" name="idp6730688"></a>
<p>Disable/enable <span class=
"command"><strong>mktexFMT</strong></span> generation
(FMT=tex/tfm).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.10 -mltex">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-mltex" name=
"opt-latex-mltex"></a>2.1.10 <code class=
"filename">-mltex</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6735088" class="indexterm" name="idp6735088"></a>
<p>Enable MLTeX extensions such as <code class=
"literal">\charsubdef</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.11 -output-comment=STRING">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-output-comment" name=
"opt-latex-output-comment"></a>2.1.11 <code class=
"filename">-output-comment=STRING</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6739488" class="indexterm" name="idp6739488"></a>
<p>use <code class="literal">STRING</code> for DVI file comment
instead of date.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.12 -parse-first-line">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-parse-first-line" name=
"opt-latex-parse-first-line"></a>2.1.12 <code class=
"filename">-parse-first-line</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6743888" class="indexterm" name="idp6743888"></a>
<p>Parse of the first line of the input file.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.13 -progname=STRING">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-progname" name=
"opt-latex-progname"></a>2.1.13 <code class=
"filename">-progname=STRING</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6747664" class="indexterm" name="idp6747664"></a>
<p>Set program (and fmt) name to <code class=
"literal">STRING</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.14 -recorder">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-recorder" name=
"opt-latex-recorder"></a>2.1.14 <code class=
"filename">-recorder</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6752064" class="indexterm" name="idp6752064"></a>
<p>Enable filename recorder.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.15 -shell-escape">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-shell-escape" name=
"opt-latex-shell-escape"></a>2.1.15 <code class=
"filename">-shell-escape</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6755840" class="indexterm" name="idp6755840"></a>
<p>Enable <code class="literal">\write18{SHELL COMMAND}</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.16 -src-specials">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-src-specials" name=
"opt-latex-src-specials"></a>2.1.16 <code class=
"filename">-src-specials</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6760240" class="indexterm" name="idp6760240"></a>
<p>Insert source specials into the DVI file.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.17 -src-specials=WHERE">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-src-specials-where" name=
"opt-latex-src-specials-where"></a>2.1.17 <code class=
"filename">-src-specials=WHERE</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6764016" class="indexterm" name="idp6764016"></a>
<p>Insert source specials in certain places of the DVI file.
<code class="literal">WHERE</code> is a comma-separated value list:
<code class="literal">cr display hbox math par parend
vbox</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.18 -translate-file=TCXNAME">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-translate-file-tcxname" name=
"opt-latex-translate-file-tcxname"></a>2.1.18 <code class=
"filename">-translate-file=TCXNAME</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6769040" class="indexterm" name="idp6769040"></a>
<p>Use the <code class="literal">TCX</code> file <code class=
"literal">TCXNAME</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.19 -help">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-help" name=
"opt-latex-help"></a>2.1.19 <code class=
"filename">-help</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6774064" class="indexterm" name="idp6774064"></a>
<p>Display this help and exit.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.20 -version">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="opt-latex-version" name=
"opt-latex-version"></a>2.1.20 <code class=
"filename">-version</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6777840" class="indexterm" name="idp6777840"></a>
<p>Output version information and exit.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2 Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="overview" name="overview"></a>2.2 Overview
of LaTeX and Local Guide</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6781760" class="indexterm" name="idp6781760"></a><a id=
"idp6782512" class="indexterm" name="idp6782512"></a>
<p>The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program
and the LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it
processes an input file containing the text of a document with
interspersed commands that describe how the text should be
formatted. It produces at least three files as output:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>Device Independent</em></span>, or
<code class="filename">.dvi</code> file. This contains commands
that can be translated into commands for a variety of output
devices. You can view the output of LaTeX by using a program such
as <code class="literal">xdvi</code>, which actually uses the
<code class="filename">.dvi</code> file.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>transcript</em></span> or
<code class="filename">.log</code> file that contains summary
information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in
the input file.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>An <span class="emphasis"><em>auxiliary</em></span> or
<code class="filename">.aux</code> file. This is used by LaTeX
itself, for things such as sectioning.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult
<em class="citetitle">The TeXbook</em> by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN
0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the American Mathematical
Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.</p>
<p>For a description of LaTeX, you should consult:</p>
<p><em class="citetitle">LaTeX: A Document Preparation System</em>,
by Leslie Lamport,<a id="idp6796768" class="indexterm" name=
"idp6796768"></a> Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2nd edition,
1994.</p>
<p><em class="citetitle">The LaTeX Companion</em>, by Michel
Goossens,<a id="idp6798800" class="indexterm" name=
"idp6798800"></a> Frank Mittelbach, <a id="idp6799808" class=
"indexterm" name="idp6799808"></a> and Alexander Samarin,<a id=
"idp6800816" class="indexterm" name="idp6800816"></a>
Addison-Wesley, 1994.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3 Commands">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="commands" name="commands"></a>2.3
Commands</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of
a <code class="literal">\</code> followed by either (a) a string of
letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square
brackets, <code class="literal">[]</code>, are optional while
arguments contained in braces, <code class="literal">{}</code>, are
required.</p>
<p>NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case
unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.</p>
<div class="section" title="2.3.1 Counters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="counters" name="counters"></a>2.3.1
Counters</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6807984" class="indexterm" name="idp6807984"></a><a id=
"idp6808736" class="indexterm" name="idp6808736"></a>
<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the
environment or command that produces the number, except with no
<code class="literal">\</code> (<code class="literal">enumi</code>
- <code class="literal">enumiv</code> are used for the nested
enumerate environment). Below is a list of the counters used in
LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
part            paragraph       figure          enumi
chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
section         page            footnote        enumiii
subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
subsubsection
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-addtocounter" name=
"cmd-addtocounter"></a><code class=
"literal">\addtocounter</code></h5>
<a id="idp6814944" class="indexterm" name="idp6814944"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\addtocounter</code> command
increments the <code class="literal">counter</code> by the amount
specified by the <code class="literal">value</code> argument. The
<code class="literal">value</code> argument can be negative.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-alph-title" name=
"cmd-alph-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\alph{counter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6819808" class="indexterm" name="idp6819808"></a><a id=
"idp6820560" class="indexterm" name="idp6820560"></a>
<p>This command causes the value of the <code class=
"literal">counter</code> to be printed in alphabetic characters.
The <code class="literal">\alph</code> command uses lower case
alphabetic alphabetic characters, i.e., <code class="literal">a, b,
c...</code> while the <code class="literal">\Alph</code> command
uses upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., <code class=
"literal">A, B, C...</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-arabic-title" name=
"cmd-arabic-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\arabic{counter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6826048" class="indexterm" name="idp6826048"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\arabic</code> command causes the
value of the <code class="literal">counter</code> to be printed in
Arabic numbers, i.e., <code class="literal">3</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-fnsymbol-title" name=
"cmd-fnsymbol-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\fnsymbol{counter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6830288" class="indexterm" name="idp6830288"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\fnsymbol</code> command causes the
value of the <code class="literal">counter</code> to be printed in
a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
footnotes.</p>
<p>NB. <code class="literal">counter</code> must have a value
between 1 and 9 inclusive.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newcounter-title" name=
"cmd-newcounter-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\newcounter{foo}[counter]</code></h5>
<a id="idp6835040" class="indexterm" name="idp6835040"></a><a id=
"idp6835792" class="indexterm" name="idp6835792"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\newcounter</code> command defines a
new counter named <code class="literal">foo</code>. The counter is
initialized to zero.</p>
<p>The optional argument <code class="literal">[counter]</code>
causes the counter <code class="literal">foo</code> to be reset
whenever the counter named in the optional argument is
incremented.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-refstepcounter-title" name=
"cmd-refstepcounter-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\refstepcounter{counter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6841152" class="indexterm" name="idp6841152"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\refstepcounter</code> command works
like <code class="literal">\stepcounter</code>. See <a class="link"
href="#cmd-stepcounter-title" title=
"2.3.1.&nbsp;\stepcounter{counter}">\stepcounter</a>, except it
also defines the current <code class="literal">\ref</code> value to
be the result of <code class="literal">\thecounter</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-roman-title" name=
"cmd-roman-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\roman{counter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6858944" class="indexterm" name="idp6858944"></a><a id=
"idp6859696" class="indexterm" name="idp6859696"></a>
<p>This command causes the value of the <code class=
"literal">counter</code> to be printed in Roman numerals. The
<code class="literal">\roman</code> command uses lower case Roman
numerals, i.e., <code class="literal">i, ii, iii...</code>, while
the <code class="literal">\Roman</code> command uses upper case
Roman numerals, i.e., <code class="literal">I, II,
III...</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-stepcounter-title" name=
"cmd-stepcounter-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\stepcounter{counter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6865184" class="indexterm" name="idp6865184"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\stepcounter</code> command adds one
to the <code class="literal">counter</code> and resets all
subsidiary counters.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-setcounter-title" name=
"cmd-setcounter-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\setcounter{counter}{value}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6868800" class="indexterm" name="idp6868800"></a><a id=
"idp6869552" class="indexterm" name="idp6869552"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\setcounter</code> command sets the
value of the <code class="literal">counter</code> to that specified
by the <code class="literal">value</code> argument.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-usecounter-title" name=
"cmd-usecounter-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\usecounter{counter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6873792" class="indexterm" name="idp6873792"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\usecounter</code> command is used in
the second argument of the <code class="literal">list</code>
environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the
list items.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-value-title" name=
"cmd-value-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\value{counter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6877520" class="indexterm" name="idp6877520"></a><a id=
"idp6878272" class="indexterm" name="idp6878272"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\value</code> command produces the
value of the <code class="literal">counter</code> named in the
mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer
or number, such as the second argument of a <code class=
"literal">\setcounter</code> or <code class=
"literal">\addtocounter</code> command, or in:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
</pre>
<p>It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.2 Cross References">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="cross-references" name=
"cross-references"></a>2.3.2 Cross References</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6884544" class="indexterm" name="idp6884544"></a>
<p>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to
refer the reader to them, as in <span class="emphasis"><em>See
Figure 3 for more details.</em></span> A smarter version of the
cross reference commands is available in the package <a class=
"link" href="#varioref" title="3.11 varioref"><code class=
"literal">varioref</code></a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-label-title" name=
"cmd-label-title"></a><code class="literal">\label{key}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6888528" class="indexterm" name="idp6888528"></a>
<p>A <code class="literal">\label</code> command appearing in
ordinary text assigns to the <code class="literal">key</code> the
number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a
numbered environment assigns that number to the <code class=
"literal">key</code>.</p>
<p>A <code class="literal">key</code> can consist of any sequence
of letters, digits, or punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase
letters are different.</p>
<p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it
is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix
separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">cha</code> for
chapters</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">sec</code> for
lower-level sectioning commands</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">fig</code> for
figures</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">tab</code> for
tables</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">eq</code> for
equations</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code class=
"literal">fig:bandersnatch</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-pageref" name=
"cmd-pageref"></a><code class="literal">\pageref{key}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6902624" class="indexterm" name="idp6902624"></a><a id=
"idp6903376" class="indexterm" name="idp6903376"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\pageref</code> command produces the
page number of the place in the text where the corresponding
<code class="literal">\label</code> command appears. ie. where
<code class="literal">\label{key}</code> appears. For a smart
version see <a class="link" href="#cmd-vpageref"><code class=
"literal">\vpageref</code></a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-ref-title" name=
"cmd-ref-title"></a><code class="literal">\ref{key}</code></h5>
<a id="idp6908720" class="indexterm" name="idp6908720"></a><a id=
"idp6909472" class="indexterm" name="idp6909472"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\ref</code> command produces the
number of the sectional unit, equation number, ... of the
corresponding <code class="literal">\label</code> command. For a
smart version see <a class="link" href="#cmd-vref">\vref</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.3 Definitions">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="definitions" name="definitions"></a>2.3.3
Definitions</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newcommand-title" name=
"cmd-newcommand-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\newcommand</code></h5>
<a id="idp6915344" class="indexterm" name="idp6915344"></a><a id=
"idp6916096" class="indexterm" name="idp6916096"></a><a id=
"idp6916848" class="indexterm" name="idp6916848"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
</pre>
<p>These commands define (or redefine) a command.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-newcommand" name=
"table-newcommand"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.1.&nbsp;Options for
<code class="literal">\newcommand</code></strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Options for \newcommand" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">cmd</td>
<td align="justify">A command name beginning with a <code class=
"literal">\</code>. For <code class="literal">\newcommand</code> it
must not be already defined and must not begin with <code class=
"literal">\end</code>; for <code class=
"literal">\renewcommand</code> it must already be defined.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">args</td>
<td align="justify">An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of
arguments of the command being defined. The default is for the
command to have no arguments.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">def</td>
<td align="justify">If this optional parameter is present, it means
that the command's first argument is optional. The default value of
the optional argument is <code class="literal">def</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">definition</td>
<td align="justify">The text to be substituted for every occurrence
of <code class="literal">cmd</code>; a parameter of the form
<code class="literal">#n</code> in <code class="literal">cmd</code>
is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution
takes place.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newenvironment-title" name=
"cmd-newenvironment-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\newenvironment</code></h5>
<a id="idp6935872" class="indexterm" name="idp6935872"></a><a id=
"idp6936624" class="indexterm" name="idp6936624"></a><a id=
"idp6937376" class="indexterm" name="idp6937376"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
</pre>
<p>These commands define or redefine an environment.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-newenvironment" name=
"table-newenvironment"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.2.&nbsp;Options for
<code class="literal">\newenvironment</code></strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Options for \newenvironment" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">nam</td>
<td align="justify">The name of the environment. For <code class=
"literal">\newenvironment</code> there must be no currently defined
environment by that name, and the command <code class=
"literal">\nam</code> must be undefined. For <code class=
"literal">\renewenvironment</code> the environment must already be
defined.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">args</td>
<td align="justify">An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of
arguments of the newly-defined environment. The default is no
arguments. Arguments can only be used in te <code class=
"literal">{begdef}</code> part.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">default</td>
<td align="justify">If this is specified, the first argument is
optional, and <code class="literal">default</code> gives the
default value for that argument.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">begdef</td>
<td align="justify">The text substituted for every occurrence of
<code class="literal">\begin{nam}</code>; a parameter of the form
<code class="literal">#n</code> in <code class="literal">cmd</code>
is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution
takes place.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">enddef</td>
<td align="justify">The text substituted for every occurrence of
<code class="literal">\end{nam}</code>. It may not contain any
argument parameters.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newtheorem-title" name=
"cmd-newtheorem-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\newtheorem</code></h5>
<a id="idp6957904" class="indexterm" name="idp6957904"></a><a id=
"idp6958656" class="indexterm" name="idp6958656"></a><a id=
"idp6959408" class="indexterm" name="idp6959408"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
\newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
</pre>
<p>This command defines a theorem-like environment.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-newtheorem" name=
"table-newtheorem"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.3.&nbsp;Options for
<code class="literal">\newtheorem</code></strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Options for \newtheorem" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">env_name</td>
<td align="justify">The name of the environment to be defined. A
string of letters. It must not be the name of an existing
environment or counter.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">caption</td>
<td align="justify">The text printed at the beginning of the
environment, right before the number. This may simply say
<span class="emphasis"><em>Theorem</em></span>, for example.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">within</td>
<td align="justify">The name of an already defined counter, usually
of a sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem
counter <span class="bold"><strong>within</strong></span> the
sectional unit.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">numbered_like</td>
<td align="justify">The name of an already defined theorem-like
environment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<p>The <code class="literal">\newtheorem</code> command may have at
most one optional argument.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newfont-title" name=
"cmd-newfont-title"></a><code class="literal">\newfont</code></h5>
<a id="idp6974816" class="indexterm" name="idp6974816"></a><a id=
"idp6975568" class="indexterm" name="idp6975568"></a><a id=
"idp6976320" class="indexterm" name="idp6976320"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\newfont{cmd}{font_name}</code></p>
<p>Defines the command name <code class="literal">cmd</code>, which
must not be currently defined, to be a declaration that selects the
font named <code class="literal">font_name</code> to be the current
font.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.4 Document Classes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="document-classes" name=
"document-classes"></a>2.3.4 Document Classes</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp6980944" class="indexterm" name="idp6980944"></a><a id=
"idp6981696" class="indexterm" name="idp6981696"></a><a id=
"idp6982448" class="indexterm" name="idp6982448"></a><a id=
"idp6983200" class="indexterm" name="idp6983200"></a><a id=
"idp6983952" class="indexterm" name="idp6983952"></a><a id=
"idp6984704" class="indexterm" name="idp6984704"></a><a id=
"idp6985456" class="indexterm" name="idp6985456"></a>
<p>Valid LaTeX document classes include:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">article</li>
<li class="listitem">report</li>
<li class="listitem">letter</li>
<li class="listitem">book</li>
<li class="listitem">slides</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Other document classes are often available. See <a class="link"
href="#overview" title=
"2.2 Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide">Overview</a>, for details.
They are selected with the following command:</p>
<p><code class="literal">\documentclass [options]
{class}</code></p>
<p>All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (<code class=
"literal">10pt</code> is default):</p>
<p><code class="literal">10pt, 11pt, 12pt</code></p>
<p>All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size
(default is letter):</p>
<p>a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper,
executivepaper</p>
<p>Miscellaneous options:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">landscape --- selects landscape format.
Default is portrait.</li>
<li class="listitem">titlepage, notitlepage --- selects if there
should be a separate title page.</li>
<li class="listitem">leqno --- equation number on left side of
equations. Default is right side.</li>
<li class="listitem">fleqn --- displayed formulas flush left.
Default is centered.</li>
<li class="listitem">openbib --- use <span class=
"emphasis"><em>open</em></span> bibliography format.</li>
<li class="listitem">draft, final --- mark/do not mark overfull
boxes with a rule. Default is final.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>These options are not available with the slides class:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">oneside, twoside --- selects one- or twosided
layout. Default is oneside, except for the book class.</li>
<li class="listitem">openright, openany --- determines if a chapter
should start on a right-hand page. Default is openright for
book.</li>
<li class="listitem">onecolumn, twocolumn --- one or two columns.
Defaults to one column.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>The slides class offers the option <code class=
"literal">clock</code> for printing the time at the bottom of each
note.</p>
<p>If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a
comma.</p>
<p>Additional packages are loaded by a</p>
<p><a id="usepackage-linkend" name="usepackage-linkend"></a>
<code class="literal">\usepackage[options]{pkg}</code> <a id=
"idp7008832" class="indexterm" name="idp7008832"></a></p>
<p>command. If you specify more than one package, they must be
separated by a comma. <a id="idp7010080" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7010080"></a> <a id="idp7010832" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7010832"></a></p>
<p>Any options given in the <code class=
"literal">\documentclass</code> command that are unknown by the
selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code class="literal">\usepackage</code>. <a id="idp7013344" class=
"indexterm" name="idp7013344"></a> <a id="idp7014096" class=
"indexterm" name="idp7014096"></a></p>
<a id="idp7014976" class="indexterm" name="idp7014976"></a></div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.5 Layout">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="layout" name="layout"></a>2.3.5
Layout</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the
page.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-flushbottom-title" name=
"cmd-flushbottom-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\flushbottom</code></h5>
<a id="idp7018688" class="indexterm" name="idp7018688"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\flushbottom</code> declaration makes
all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space when
necessary to fill out the page.</p>
<p>This is the standard if twocolumn mode is selected.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-onecolumn-title" name=
"cmd-onecolumn-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\onecolumn</code></h5>
<a id="idp7022208" class="indexterm" name="idp7022208"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a
new page and produces single-column output.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-raggedbottom-title" name=
"cmd-raggedbottom-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\raggedbottom</code></h5>
<a id="idp7025296" class="indexterm" name="idp7025296"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes
all pages the height of the text on that page. No extra vertical
space is added.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-twocolumn-title" name=
"cmd-twocolumn-title"></a><code class=
"literal">\twocolumn</code></h5>
<a id="idp7028416" class="indexterm" name="idp7028416"></a><a id=
"idp7029168" class="indexterm" name="idp7029168"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\twocolumn[text]</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a
new page and produces two-column output. If the optional
<code class="literal">text</code> argument is present, it is
typeset in one-column mode.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.6 Environments">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="env-latex" name="env-latex"></a>2.3.6
Environments</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7034128" class="indexterm" name="idp7034128"></a><a id=
"idp7034880" class="indexterm" name="idp7034880"></a><a id=
"idp7035632" class="indexterm" name="idp7035632"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making
environments. Each environment begins and ends in the same
manner.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{environment-name}
 .
 .
 .
\end{environment-name}
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-array" name="env-array"></a>array</h5>
<a id="idp7038736" class="indexterm" name="idp7038736"></a><a id=
"idp7039488" class="indexterm" name="idp7039488"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{array}
</pre>
<p>Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a
single mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the
alignment within them. Each column, <code class=
"literal">coln</code>, is specified by a single letter that tells
how items in that row should be formatted.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">c</code> --- for
centered</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">l</code> --- for flush
left</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">r</code> --- for flush
right</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Column entries must be separated by an <code class=
"literal">&amp;</code>. Column entries may include other LaTeX
commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with the string
<code class="literal">\\</code>.</p>
<p>Note that the <code class="literal">array</code> environment can
only be used in math mode, so normally it is used inside an
<code class="literal">equation</code> environment.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-center" name=
"env-center"></a><code class="literal">center</code></h5>
<a id="idp7051984" class="indexterm" name="idp7051984"></a><a id=
"idp7052736" class="indexterm" name="idp7052736"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{center}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{center}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">center</code> environment allows you
to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within
the left and right margins on the current page. Each line must be
terminated with the string <code class="literal">\\</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-centering" name=
"cmd-centering"></a><code class="literal">\centering</code></h5>
<a id="idp7057296" class="indexterm" name="idp7057296"></a><a id=
"idp7058048" class="indexterm" name="idp7058048"></a><a id=
"idp7058800" class="indexterm" name="idp7058800"></a>
<p>This declaration corresponds to the <code class=
"literal">center</code> environment. This declaration can be used
inside an environment such as <code class="literal">quote</code> or
in a <code class="literal">parbox</code>. The text of a figure or
table can be centered on the page by putting a <code class=
"literal">\centering</code> command at the beginning of the figure
or table environment.</p>
<p>Unlike the <code class="literal">center</code> environment, the
<code class="literal">\centering</code> command does not start a
new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.
To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration
must contain the blank line or <code class="literal">\end</code>
command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph
unit.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-description" name=
"env-description"></a><code class="literal">description</code></h5>
<a id="idp7066928" class="indexterm" name="idp7066928"></a><a id=
"idp7067680" class="indexterm" name="idp7067680"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{description}
\item [label] First item
\item [label] Second item
 .
 .
 .
\end{description}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">description</code> environment is used
to make labelled lists. The <code class="literal">label</code> is
bold face and flushed right.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-enumerate" name=
"env-enumerate"></a><code class="literal">enumerate</code></h5>
<a id="idp7072112" class="indexterm" name="idp7072112"></a><a id=
"idp7072864" class="indexterm" name="idp7072864"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Second item
 .
 .
 .
\end{enumerate}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">enumerate</code> environment produces
a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up
to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other
paragraph-making environments.</p>
<p>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code class=
"literal">\item</code> command. There must be at least one
<code class="literal">\item</code> command within the
environment.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">enumerate</code> environment uses the
<code class="literal">enumi</code> through <code class=
"literal">enumiv</code> counters (see <a class="link" href=
"#counters" title="2.3.1 Counters">Counters</a>). The type of
numbering can be changed by redefining <code class=
"literal">\theenumi</code> etc.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-eqnarray" name=
"env-eqnarray"></a><code class="literal">eqnarray</code></h5>
<a id="idp7082000" class="indexterm" name="idp7082000"></a><a id=
"idp7082752" class="indexterm" name="idp7082752"></a><a id=
"idp7083504" class="indexterm" name="idp7083504"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{eqnarray}
math formula 1 \\
math formula 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{eqnarray}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">eqnarray</code> environment is used to
display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much
like a three-column <code class="literal">array</code> environment,
with consecutive rows separated by <code class="literal">\\</code>
and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code class=
"literal">&amp;</code>.</p>
<p>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has
a <code class="literal">\nonumber</code> command.</p>
<a id="idp7089168" class="indexterm" name="idp7089168"></a>
<p>The command <code class="literal">\lefteqn</code> is used for
splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in
display style flush left in a box of zero width.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-equation" name=
"env-equation"></a><code class="literal">equation</code></h5>
<a id="idp7092320" class="indexterm" name="idp7092320"></a><a id=
"idp7093072" class="indexterm" name="idp7093072"></a><a id=
"idp7093824" class="indexterm" name="idp7093824"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{equation}
 math formula
\end{equation}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">equation</code> environment centers
your equation on the page and places the equation number in the
right margin.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-figure" name=
"env-figure"></a><code class="literal">figure</code></h5>
<a id="idp7097568" class="indexterm" name="idp7097568"></a><a id=
"idp7098320" class="indexterm" name="idp7098320"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{figure}[placement]

 body of the figure

\caption{figure title}
\end{figure}
</pre>
<a id="idp7099792" class="indexterm" name="idp7099792"></a>
<p>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and
are usually <span class="emphasis"><em>floated</em></span> to a
convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be split
between two pages.</p>
<p>The optional argument <code class="literal">[placement]</code>
determines where LaTeX will try to place your figure. There are
four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="literal">h</code> (Here) - at the position in the
text where the figure environment appears.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="literal">t</code> (Top) - at the top of a text
page.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="literal">b</code> (Bottom) - at the bottom of a
text page.</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="literal">p</code> (Page of floats) - on a separate
float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>The standard report and article classes use the default
placement <code class="literal">tbp</code>.</p>
<p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX
commands, etc. you wish. The <code class="literal">\caption</code>
command allows you to title your figure.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-flushleft" name=
"env-flushleft"></a><code class="literal">flushleft</code></h5>
<a id="idp7113328" class="indexterm" name="idp7113328"></a><a id=
"idp7114080" class="indexterm" name="idp7114080"></a><a id=
"idp7114832" class="indexterm" name="idp7114832"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{flushleft}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{flushleft}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">flushleft</code> environment allows
you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed
left, to the left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with
the string <code class="literal">\\</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-raggedright" name=
"cmd-raggedright"></a><code class=
"literal">\raggedright</code></h5>
<a id="idp7119376" class="indexterm" name="idp7119376"></a><a id=
"idp7120128" class="indexterm" name="idp7120128"></a><a id=
"idp7120880" class="indexterm" name="idp7120880"></a><a id=
"idp7121632" class="indexterm" name="idp7121632"></a>
<p>This declaration corresponds to the <code class=
"literal">flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be
used inside an environment such as <code class=
"literal">quote</code> or in a <code class=
"literal">parbox</code>.</p>
<p>Unlike the <code class="literal">flushleft</code> environment,
the <code class="literal">\raggedright</code> command does not
start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of
the declaration must contain the blank line or <code class=
"literal">\end</code> command (of an environment like quote) that
ends the paragraph unit.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-flushright" name=
"env-flushright"></a><code class="literal">flushright</code></h5>
<a id="idp7128960" class="indexterm" name="idp7128960"></a><a id=
"idp7129712" class="indexterm" name="idp7129712"></a><a id=
"idp7130464" class="indexterm" name="idp7130464"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{flushright}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{flushright}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">flushright</code> environment allows
you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed
right, to the right-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with
the string <code class="literal">\\</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-raggedleft" name=
"cmd-raggedleft"></a><code class="literal">\raggedleft</code></h5>
<a id="idp7134992" class="indexterm" name="idp7134992"></a><a id=
"idp7135744" class="indexterm" name="idp7135744"></a><a id=
"idp7136496" class="indexterm" name="idp7136496"></a><a id=
"idp7137248" class="indexterm" name="idp7137248"></a>
<p>This declaration corresponds to the <code class=
"literal">flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be
used inside an environment such as <code class=
"literal">quote</code> or in a <code class=
"literal">parbox</code>.</p>
<p>Unlike the <code class="literal">flushright</code> environment,
the <code class="literal">\raggedleft</code> command does not start
a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or <code class=
"literal">\end</code> command (of an environment like quote) that
ends the paragraph unit.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-itemize" name=
"env-itemize"></a><code class="literal">itemize</code></h5>
<a id="idp7144576" class="indexterm" name="idp7144576"></a><a id=
"idp7145328" class="indexterm" name="idp7145328"></a><a id=
"idp7146080" class="indexterm" name="idp7146080"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
 .
 .
 .
\end{itemize}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">itemize</code> environment produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>bulleted</em></span> list. Itemizations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can
also be nested within other paragraph-making environments.</p>
<p>Each item of an <code class="literal">itemized</code> list
begins with an <code class="literal">\item</code> command. There
must be at least one <code class="literal">\item</code> command
within the environment.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">itemize</code> environment uses the
<code class="literal">itemi</code> through <code class=
"literal">itemiv</code> counters (see <a class="link" href=
"#counters" title="2.3.1 Counters">Counters</a>). The type of
numbering can be changed by redefining <code class=
"literal">\theitemi</code> etc.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-letter" name=
"env-letter"></a><code class="literal">letter</code></h5>
<a id="idp7156192" class="indexterm" name="idp7156192"></a>
<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a class=
"link" href="#letters" title="2.3.9 Letters">Letters</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-list" name="env-list"></a><code class=
"literal">list</code></h5>
<a id="idp7159264" class="indexterm" name="idp7159264"></a><a id=
"idp7160016" class="indexterm" name="idp7160016"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">list</code> environment is a generic
environment which is used for defining many of the more specific
environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in
macros.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{list}{label}{spacing}
\item First item
\item Second item
 .
 .
 .
\end{list}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">{label}</code> argument specifies how
items should be labelled. This argument is a piece of text that is
inserted in a box to form the label. This argument can and usually
does contain other LaTeX commands.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">{spacing}</code> argument contains
commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This
argument will most often be null, i.e., <code class=
"literal">{}</code>. This will select all default spacing which
should suffice for most cases.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-minipage" name=
"env-minipage"></a><code class="literal">minipage</code></h5>
<a id="idp7167424" class="indexterm" name="idp7167424"></a><a id=
"idp7168176" class="indexterm" name="idp7168176"></a><a id=
"idp7168928" class="indexterm" name="idp7168928"></a><a id=
"idp7169680" class="indexterm" name="idp7169680"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width}
 text
\end{minipage}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">minipage</code> environment is similar
to a <code class="literal">\parbox</code> command. It takes the
same optional <code class="literal">position</code> argument and
mandatory <code class="literal">width</code> argument. You may use
other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.</p>
<p>Footnotes in a <code class="literal">minipage</code> environment
are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting
footnotes in figures or tables. A <code class=
"literal">\footnote</code> or <code class=
"literal">\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at the
bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the <code class="literal">mpfootnote</code> counter instead of
the ordinary <code class="literal">footnote</code> counter See
<a class="link" href="#counters" title=
"2.3.1 Counters">Counters</a>.</p>
<p>NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong
minipage.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-picture" name=
"env-picture"></a><code class="literal">picture</code></h5>
<a id="idp7180336" class="indexterm" name="idp7180336"></a><a id=
"idp7181088" class="indexterm" name="idp7181088"></a><a id=
"idp7181840" class="indexterm" name="idp7181840"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
 .
 .
 picture commands
 .
 .
\end{picture}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">picture</code> environment allows you
to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text,
lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in
the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a
number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign --- a number
like <code class="literal">5</code>, <code class=
"literal">2.3</code> or <code class="literal">-3.1416</code>. A
coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length
<code class="literal">\unitlength</code>, so if <code class=
"literal">\unitlength</code> has been set to <code class=
"literal">1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length
of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of <code class=
"literal">\unitlength</code> anywhere you want, using the
<code class="literal">\setlength</code> command, but strange things
will happen if you try changing it inside the picture
environment.</p>
<p>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code class=
"literal">(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying the point with x-coordinate
<code class="literal">2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code class=
"literal">-5</code>. Coordinates are specified in the usual way
with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left
corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an
argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to
delimit the argument.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">picture</code> environment has one
mandatory argument, which is a <code class=
"literal">position</code>. It specifies the size of the picture.
The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height
determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">picture</code> environment also has an
optional <code class="literal">position</code> argument, following
the <code class="literal">size</code> argument, that can change the
origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
(thereby determining the origin). For example, if <code class=
"literal">\unitlength</code> has been set to <code class=
"literal">1mm</code>, the command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
</pre>
<p>produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200
millimetres, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the
origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate
optional argument.</p>
<p>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size
of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture
really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the
picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used
by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it.</p>
<p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the
<code class="literal">\put</code> command. The command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\put (11.3,-.3){...}
</pre>
<p>puts the object specified by <code class="literal">...</code> in
the picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).
The reference points for various objects will be described
below.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\put</code> command creates an
<span class="bold"><strong>LR box</strong></span>. You can put
anything in the text argument of the <code class=
"literal">\put</code> command that you'd put into the argument of
an <code class="literal">\mbox</code> and related commands. When
you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of
the box.</p>
<p>Picture commands:</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-circle" name=
"cmd-circle"></a><code class="literal">\circle{diameter},
\circle*{diameter}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7208560" class="indexterm" name="idp7208560"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\circle</code> command produces a
circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible.
If the <code class="literal">*</code>-form of the command is used,
LaTeX draws a solid circle.</p>
<p>Note that only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-dashbox" name=
"cmd-dashbox"></a><code class="literal">\dashbox</code></h5>
<a id="idp7213072" class="indexterm" name="idp7213072"></a>
<p>Draws a box with a dashed line.</p>
<p><code class=
"literal">\dashbox{dash_length}(width,height){...}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\dashbox</code> has an extra argument
which specifies the width of each dash. A dashed box looks best
when the <code class="literal">width</code> and <code class=
"literal">height</code> are multiples of the <code class=
"literal">dash_length</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-frame" name=
"cmd-frame"></a><code class="literal">\frame{...}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7219472" class="indexterm" name="idp7219472"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\frame</code> command puts a
rectangular frame around the object specified in the argument. The
reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra
space is put between the frame and the object.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-framebox-op-picture-cp" name=
"cmd-framebox-op-picture-cp"></a><code class=
"literal">\framebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7222592" class="indexterm" name="idp7222592"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\framebox</code> command is exactly
the same as the <code class="literal">\makebox</code> command,
except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
creates.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">framebox</code> command produces a
rule of thickness <code class="literal">\fboxrule</code>, and
leaves a space <code class="literal">\fboxsep</code> between the
rule and the contents of the box.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-line" name="cmd-line"></a><code class=
"literal">\line(x slope,y slope){length}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7228576" class="indexterm" name="idp7228576"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\line</code> command draws a line of
the specified <code class="literal">length</code> and <code class=
"literal">slope</code>.</p>
<p>Note that LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x
and y have integer values from -6 through 6.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-linethickness" name=
"cmd-linethickness"></a><code class=
"literal">\linethickness{dimension}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7233712" class="indexterm" name="idp7233712"></a>
<p>Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a
picture environment to be <code class="literal">dimension</code>,
which must be a positive length. It does not affect the thickness
of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter circles drawn by
<code class="literal">\oval</code> to form the corners of an
oval.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-makebox-op-picture-cp" name=
"cmd-makebox-op-picture-cp"></a><code class=
"literal">\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7237616" class="indexterm" name="idp7237616"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\makebox</code> command for the
picture environment is similar to the normal <code class=
"literal">\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a
<code class="literal">width</code> and <code class=
"literal">height</code> in multiples of <code class=
"literal">\unitlength</code>.</p>
<p>The optional argument, <code class="literal">[position]</code>,
specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up
to two of the following:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">t</code> - Moves the
item to the top of the rectangle</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">b</code> - Moves the
item to the bottom</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">l</code> - Moves the
item to the left</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">r</code> - Moves the
item to the right</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>See <a class="link" href="#cmd-makebox" title=
"2.3.17.&nbsp;\makebox">\makebox</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-multiput" name=
"cmd-multiput"></a><code class="literal">\multiput(x coord,y
coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7251104" class="indexterm" name="idp7251104"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\multiput</code> command can be used
when you are putting the same object in a regular pattern across a
picture.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-oval" name="cmd-oval"></a><code class=
"literal">\oval(width,height)[portion]</code></h5>
<a id="idp7254224" class="indexterm" name="idp7254224"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\oval</code> command produces a
rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument, <code class=
"literal">[portion]</code>, allows you to select part of the
oval.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">t</code> - Selects the
top portion</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">b</code> - Selects the
bottom portion</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">r</code> - Selects the
right portion</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">l</code> - Selects the
left portion</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Note that the <span class="emphasis"><em>corners</em></span> of
the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20
pt, so large <span class="emphasis"><em>ovals</em></span> will look
more like boxes with rounded corners.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-put" name="cmd-put"></a><code class=
"literal">\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code></h5>
<a id="idp7264976" class="indexterm" name="idp7264976"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\put</code> command places the item
specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-shortstack" name=
"cmd-shortstack"></a><code class=
"literal">\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7268080" class="indexterm" name="idp7268080"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\shortstack</code> command produces a
stack of objects. The valid positions are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">r</code> - Moves the
objects to the right of the stack</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">l</code> - Moves the
objects to the left of the stack</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">c</code> - Moves the
objects to the centre of the stack (default)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-vector" name=
"cmd-vector"></a><code class="literal">\vector(x slope,y
slope){length}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7275744" class="indexterm" name="idp7275744"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\vector</code> command draws a line
with an arrow of the specified length and slope. The <code class=
"literal">x</code> and <code class="literal">y</code> values must
lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-quotation" name=
"env-quotation"></a><code class="literal">quotation</code></h5>
<a id="idp7280080" class="indexterm" name="idp7280080"></a><a id=
"idp7280832" class="indexterm" name="idp7280832"></a><a id=
"idp7281584" class="indexterm" name="idp7281584"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{quotation}
 text
\end{quotation}
</pre>
<p>The margins of the <code class="literal">quotation</code>
environment are indented on the left and the right. The text is
justified at both margins and there is paragraph indentation.
Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-quote" name=
"env-quote"></a><code class="literal">quote</code></h5>
<a id="idp7285424" class="indexterm" name="idp7285424"></a><a id=
"idp7286176" class="indexterm" name="idp7286176"></a><a id=
"idp7286928" class="indexterm" name="idp7286928"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{quote}
 text
\end{quote}
</pre>
<p>The margins of the <code class="literal">quote</code>
environment are indented on the left and the right. The text is
justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text
produces a new paragraph.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-tabbing" name=
"env-tabbing"></a><code class="literal">tabbing</code></h5>
<a id="idp7290736" class="indexterm" name="idp7290736"></a><a id=
"idp7291488" class="indexterm" name="idp7291488"></a><a id=
"idp7292240" class="indexterm" name="idp7292240"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{tabbing}
text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
second row \&gt;  \&gt; more \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{tabbing}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">tabbing</code> environment provides a
way to align text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and
tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary
typewriter.</p>
<p>It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is
constant and known in advance.</p>
<p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the
<code class="literal">tabular</code> environment.</p>
<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code class=
"literal">tabbing</code> environment:</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-tabbing" name="table-tabbing"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.4.&nbsp;Commands in a
<code class="literal">tabbing</code> environment</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Commands in a tabbing environment" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">\= <a id="idp7302176" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7302176"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Sets a tab stop at the current position.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\&gt; <a id="idp7304192" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7304192"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Advances to the next tab stop.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\&lt; <a id="idp7306208" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7306208"></a></td>
<td align="justify">This command allows you to put something to the
left of the local margin without changing the margin. Can only be
used at the start of the line.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\+ <a id="idp7308416" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7308416"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\- <a id="idp7310560" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7310560"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\' <a id="idp7312704" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7312704"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Moves everything that you have typed so far in
the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent
<code class="literal">\&gt;</code>, <code class=
"literal">\&lt;</code>, <code class="literal">\'</code>,
<code class="literal">\\</code>, or <code class=
"literal">\kill</code> command, to the right of the previous
column, flush against the current column's tab stop.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\` <a id="idp7318112" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7318112"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Allows you to put text flush right against any
tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the
right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The
<code class="literal">\`</code> command moves all the text that
follows it, up to the <code class="literal">\\</code> or
<code class="literal">\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the
line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be
no <code class="literal">\&gt;</code> or <code class=
"literal">\'</code> command between the <code class=
"literal">\`</code> and the command that ends the line.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\kill <a id="idp7324320" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7324320"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Sets tab stops without producing text. Works
just like <code class="literal">\\</code> except that it throws
away the current line instead of producing output for it. The
effect of any <code class="literal">\=</code>, <code class=
"literal">\+</code> or <code class="literal">\-</code> commands in
that line remain in effect.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\pushtabs <a id="idp7329056" class="indexterm"
name="idp7329056"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful
for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a
<code class="literal">tabbing</code> environment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\poptabs <a id="idp7331840" class="indexterm"
name="idp7331840"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Restores the tab stop positions saved by the
last <code class="literal">\pushtabs</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\a <a id="idp7334560" class="indexterm" name=
"idp7334560"></a></td>
<td align="justify">In a <code class="literal">tabbing</code>
environment, the commands <code class="literal">\=</code>,
<code class="literal">\'</code> and <code class="literal">\`</code>
do not produce accents as normal. Instead, the commands
<code class="literal">\a=</code>, <code class="literal">\a'</code>
and <code class="literal">\a`</code> are used.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional
format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
    \&gt; begin \= \+ \\
        \&gt; if \= n $&gt;$ 1 then \+ \\
                  fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
              else \+ \\
                  fact := 1; \-\- \\
              end;\\
\end{tabbing}
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-table" name=
"env-table"></a><code class="literal">table</code></h5>
<a id="idp7343712" class="indexterm" name="idp7343712"></a><a id=
"idp7344464" class="indexterm" name="idp7344464"></a><a id=
"idp7345216" class="indexterm" name="idp7345216"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{table}[placement]

 body of the table

\caption{table title}
\end{table}
</pre>
<p>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
usually <span class="emphasis"><em>floated</em></span> to a
convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split
between two pages.</p>
<p>The optional argument <code class="literal">[placement]</code>
determines where LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four
places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">h</code> : Here - at the
position in the text where the table environment appears.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">t</code> : Top - at the
top of a text page.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">b</code> : Bottom - at
the bottom of a text page.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">p</code> : Page of
floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no
text, only floats.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>The standard <code class="literal">report</code> and
<code class="literal">article</code> classes use the default
placement <code class="literal">[tbp]</code>.</p>
<p>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX
commands, etc., you wish. The <code class="literal">\caption</code>
command allows you to title your table.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-tabular" name=
"env-tabular"></a><code class="literal">tabular</code></h5>
<a id="idp7360416" class="indexterm" name="idp7360416"></a><a id=
"idp7361168" class="indexterm" name="idp7361168"></a><a id=
"idp7361920" class="indexterm" name="idp7361920"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{tabular}
</pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{tabular*}
</pre>
<p>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of
rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and
optional arguments consist of:</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-tabular" name="table-tabular"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.5.&nbsp;Commands used inside
a <code class="literal">tabular</code> environment</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Commands used inside a tabular environment" border=
"0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">width</td>
<td align="justify">Specifies the width of the <code class=
"literal">tabular*</code> environment. There must be rubber space
between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
width.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">pos</td>
<td align="justify">Specifies the vertical position; default is
alignment on the centre of the environment.
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">t</code> - align on top
row</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">b</code> - align on
bottom row</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">cols</td>
<td align="justify">Specifies the column formatting. It consists of
a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the
sequence of columns and intercolumn material.
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">l</code> - A column of
left-aligned items.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">r</code> - A column of
right-aligned items.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">c</code> - A column of
centred items.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">|</code> - A vertical
line the full height and depth of the environment.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">@{text}</code> - This
inserts <code class="literal">text</code> in every row. An
@-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted
between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and
the adjacent items must be included in text. An <code class=
"literal">\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an @-expression causes
an extra space of width <code class="literal">wd</code> to appear
to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by
another <code class="literal">\extracolsep</code> command. Unlike
ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by
an @-expression. An <code class="literal">\extracolsep</code>
command can be used only in an @-expression in the <code class=
"literal">cols</code> argument.</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara"><code class="literal">p{wd}</code> - Produces a
column with each item typeset in a parbox of width <code class=
"literal">wd</code>, as if it were the argument of a <code class=
"literal">\parbox[t]{wd}</code> command. However, a <code class=
"literal">\\</code> may not appear in the item, except in the
following situations:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">inside an environment like <code class=
"literal">minipage</code>, <code class="literal">array</code>, or
<code class="literal">tabular</code>.</li>
<li class="listitem">inside an explicit <code class=
"literal">\parbox</code>.</li>
<li class="listitem">in the scope of a <code class=
"literal">\centering</code>, <code class=
"literal">\raggedright</code>, or <code class=
"literal">\raggedleft</code> declaration. The latter declarations
must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a
<code class="literal">p</code>-column element.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">*{num}{cols}</code> -
Equivalent to <code class="literal">num</code> copies of
<code class="literal">cols</code>, where <code class=
"literal">num</code> is any positive integer and <code class=
"literal">cols</code> is any list of column-specifiers, which may
contain another <code class="literal">*-expression</code>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<p>These commands can be used inside a <code class=
"literal">tabular</code> environment:</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-cline" name=
"cmd-cline"></a><code class="literal">\cline{i-j}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7407632" class="indexterm" name="idp7407632"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\cline</code> command draws horizontal
lines across the columns specified, beginning in column
<code class="literal">i</code> and ending in column <code class=
"literal">j</code>, which are identified in the mandatory
argument.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hline" name=
"cmd-hline"></a><code class="literal">\hline</code></h5>
<a id="idp7412064" class="indexterm" name="idp7412064"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\hline</code> command will draw a
horizontal line the width of the table. It's most commonly used to
draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of the
table.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-multicolumn" name=
"cmd-multicolumn"></a><code class=
"literal">\multicolumn</code></h5>
<a id="idp7415248" class="indexterm" name="idp7415248"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\multicolumn</code> is used to make an
entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory argument,
<code class="literal">cols</code>, specifies the number of columns
to span. The second mandatory argument, <code class=
"literal">pos</code>, specifies the formatting of the entry;
<code class="literal">c</code> for centred, <code class=
"literal">l</code> for flushleft, <code class="literal">r</code>
for flushright. The third mandatory argument, <code class=
"literal">text</code>, specifies what text is to make up the
entry.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-vline" name=
"cmd-vline"></a><code class="literal">\vline</code></h5>
<a id="idp7423152" class="indexterm" name="idp7423152"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\vline</code> command will draw a
vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An
<code class="literal">\hfill</code> command can be used to move the
line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
@-expression.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-thebibliography" name=
"env-thebibliography"></a><code class=
"literal">thebibliography</code></h5>
<a id="idp7427024" class="indexterm" name="idp7427024"></a><a id=
"idp7427776" class="indexterm" name="idp7427776"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
 .
 .
 .
\end{thebibliography}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment
produces a bibliography or reference list. In the <code class=
"literal">article</code> class, this reference list is labelled
<span class="emphasis"><em>References</em></span>; in the
<code class="literal">report</code> class, it is labelled
<span class="emphasis"><em>Bibliography</em></span>.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">widest-label</code>:
Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the widest
item label produces by the <code class="literal">\bibitem</code>
commands.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-bibitem" name=
"cmd-bibitem"></a><code class=
"literal">\bibitem[label]{cite_key}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7436240" class="indexterm" name="idp7436240"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\bibitem</code> command generates an
entry labelled by <code class="literal">label</code>. If the
<code class="literal">label</code> argument is missing, a number is
generated as the <code class="literal">label</code>, using the
<code class="literal">enumi</code> counter. The <code class=
"literal">cite_key</code> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and
punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an
entry on the <code class="filename">.aux</code> file containing
<code class="literal">cite_key</code> and the item's <code class=
"literal">label</code>. When this <code class=
"filename">.aux</code> file is read by the <code class=
"literal">\begin{document}</code> command, the item's <code class=
"literal">label</code> is associated with <code class=
"literal">cite_key</code>, causing the reference to <code class=
"literal">cite_key</code> by a <code class="literal">\cite</code>
command to produce the associated <code class=
"literal">label</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-cite" name="cmd-cite"></a><code class=
"literal">\cite[text]{key_list}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7448832" class="indexterm" name="idp7448832"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">key_list</code> argument is a list of
citation keys. This command generates an in-text citation to the
references associated with the keys in <code class=
"literal">key_list</code> by entries on the <code class=
"filename">.aux</code> file read by the <code class=
"literal">\begin{document}</code> command.</p>
<p>The optional <code class="literal">text</code> argument will
appear after the citation, i.e. <code class=
"literal">\cite[p.~2f.]{knuth}</code> might produce `[Knuth, p.
2]'.</p>
<p><a id="idp7454592" class="indexterm" name="idp7454592"></a> The
package <code class="literal">cite.sty</code> allows a line break
in the <code class="literal">\cite</code> reference and can sort
numerical entries.</p>
<p><a id="idp7457232" class="indexterm" name="idp7457232"></a>
<code class="literal">overcite.sty</code> makes citations like
footnotes.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-nocite" name=
"cmd-nocite"></a><code class=
"literal">\nocite{key_list}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7460224" class="indexterm" name="idp7460224"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\nocite</code> command produces no
text, but writes <code class="literal">key_list</code>, which is a
list of one or more citation keys, on the <code class=
"filename">.aux</code> file. <code class=
"literal">\nocite{*}</code> uses all entries from the BibTeX
database.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="using-bibtex" name=
"using-bibtex"></a>Using BibTeX</h5>
<a id="idp7465232" class="indexterm" name="idp7465232"></a><a id=
"idp7466016" class="indexterm" name="idp7466016"></a><a id=
"idp7467504" class="indexterm" name="idp7467504"></a><a id=
"idp7468336" class="indexterm" name="idp7468336"></a><a id=
"idp7469504" class="indexterm" name="idp7469504"></a>
<p>If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the
<code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment. Instead,
you include the lines</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\bibliographystyle{style}
\bibliography{bibfile}
</pre>
<p>where <code class="literal">style</code> refers to a file
<code class="literal">style.bst</code>, which defines how your
citations will look.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-standard-styles" name=
"table-standard-styles"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.6.&nbsp;Standard styles
distributed with BibTeX</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Standard styles distributed with BibTeX" border=
"0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">alpha</td>
<td align="justify">Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from
name of author and year of publication.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">plain</td>
<td align="justify">Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">unsrt</td>
<td align="justify">Like <code class="literal">plain</code>, but
entries are in order of citation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">abbrv</td>
<td align="justify">Like <code class="literal">plain</code>, but
more compact labels.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to
the demands of various publications.</p>
<p>The argument to <code class="literal">\bibliography</code>
refers to the file <code class="literal">bibfile.bib</code>, which
should contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries
referred to via <code class="literal">\cite</code> and <code class=
"literal">\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-theorem" name=
"env-theorem"></a><code class="literal">theorem</code></h5>
<a id="idp7489328" class="indexterm" name="idp7489328"></a><a id=
"idp7490080" class="indexterm" name="idp7490080"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{theorem}
 theorem text
\end{theorem}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">theorem</code> environment produces
<span class="emphasis"><em>Theorem x</em></span> in boldface
followed by your theorem text.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-titlepage" name=
"env-titlepage"></a><code class="literal">titlepage</code></h5>
<a id="idp7494080" class="indexterm" name="idp7494080"></a><a id=
"idp7494832" class="indexterm" name="idp7494832"></a><a id=
"idp7495584" class="indexterm" name="idp7495584"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{titlepage}
 text
\end{titlepage}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">titlepage</code> environment creates a
title page, i.e. a page with no printed page number or heading. It
also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting
the title page is left to you. The <code class=
"literal">\today</code> command comes in handy for title pages.
<a id="idp7498704" class="indexterm" name="idp7498704"></a></p>
<p>Note that you can use the <code class=
"literal">\maketitle</code> (see <a class="link" href=
"#cmd-maketitle" title="2.3.15.&nbsp;\maketitle">\maketitle</a>)
command to produce a standard title page.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-verbatim" name=
"env-verbatim"></a><code class="literal">verbatim</code></h5>
<a id="idp7502448" class="indexterm" name="idp7502448"></a><a id=
"idp7503200" class="indexterm" name="idp7503200"></a><a id=
"idp7503952" class="indexterm" name="idp7503952"></a><a id=
"idp7504704" class="indexterm" name="idp7504704"></a><a id=
"idp7505456" class="indexterm" name="idp7505456"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{verbatim}
 text
\end{verbatim}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">verbatim</code> environment is a
paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX to print exactly what
you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns
and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
typewriter.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-verb" name="cmd-verb"></a><code class=
"literal">\verb char literal_text char</code> <code class=
"literal">\verb*char literal_text char</code></h5>
<a id="idp7510608" class="indexterm" name="idp7510608"></a><a id=
"idp7511360" class="indexterm" name="idp7511360"></a>
<p>Typesets <code class="literal">literal_text</code> exactly as
typed, including special characters and spaces, using a typewriter
(<code class="literal">\tt</code>) type style. There may be no
space between <code class="literal">\verb</code> or <code class=
"literal">\verb*</code> and <code class="literal">char</code>
(space is shown here only for clarity). The <code class=
"literal">*-form</code> differs only in that spaces are printed</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-verse" name=
"env-verse"></a><code class="literal">verse</code></h5>
<a id="idp7517584" class="indexterm" name="idp7517584"></a><a id=
"idp7518336" class="indexterm" name="idp7518336"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{verse}
 text
\end{verse}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">verse</code> environment is designed
for poetry, though you may find other uses for it.</p>
<p>The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the
lines of each stanza with <code class="literal">\\</code>, and use
one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.7 Footnotes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="footnotes" name="footnotes"></a>2.3.7
Footnotes</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7523456" class="indexterm" name="idp7523456"></a>
<p>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be
produced with one command, the <code class=
"literal">\footnote</code> command. They can also be produced with
two commands, the <code class="literal">\footnotemark</code> and
the <code class="literal">\footnotetext</code> commands. See the
specific command for information on why you would use one over the
other.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-cmd-footnote" name=
"cmd-cmd-footnote"></a><code class=
"literal">\footnote[number]{text}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7527936" class="indexterm" name="idp7527936"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\footnote</code> command places the
numbered footnote <code class="literal">text</code> at the bottom
of the current page. The optional argument, <code class=
"literal">number</code>, is used to change the default footnote
number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode;
i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code class=
"literal">\chapter</code>, in figures, tables or in a <code class=
"literal">tabular</code> environment.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-footnotemark" name=
"cmd-footnotemark"></a><code class=
"literal">\footnotemark</code></h5>
<a id="idp7533616" class="indexterm" name="idp7533616"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\footnotemark</code> command puts the
footnote <code class="literal">number</code> in the text. This
command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the
footnote is supplied by the <code class=
"literal">\footnotetext</code> command.</p>
<p>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
markers referring to the same footnote by using</p>
<p><code class="literal">\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]</code></p>
<p>after the first <code class="literal">\footnote</code>
command.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-footnotetext" name=
"cmd-footnotetext"></a><code class=
"literal">\footnotetext[number]{text}</code></h5>
<a id="idp7540416" class="indexterm" name="idp7540416"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\footnotetext</code> command produces
the <code class="literal">text</code> to be placed at the bottom of
the page. This command can come anywhere after the <code class=
"literal">\footnotemark</code> command. The <code class=
"literal">\footnotetext</code> command must appear in outer
paragraph mode.</p>
<p>The optional argument, <code class="literal">number</code>, is
used to change the default footnote number.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.8 Lengths">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="lengths" name="lengths"></a>2.3.8
Lengths</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7546496" class="indexterm" name="idp7546496"></a>
<p>A <code class="literal">length</code> is a measure of distance.
Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newlength" name=
"cmd-newlength"></a><code class="literal">\newlength</code></h5>
<a id="idp7549872" class="indexterm" name="idp7549872"></a><a id=
"idp7550624" class="indexterm" name="idp7550624"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\newlength{\gnat}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\newlength</code> command defines the
mandatory argument, <code class="literal">\gnat</code>, as a
<code class="literal">length</code> command with a value of
<code class="literal">0in</code>. An error occurs if a <code class=
"literal">\gnat</code> command already exists.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-setlength" name=
"cmd-setlength"></a><code class="literal">\setlength</code></h5>
<a id="idp7556992" class="indexterm" name="idp7556992"></a><a id=
"idp7557744" class="indexterm" name="idp7557744"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\setlength{\gnat}{length}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\setlength</code> command is used to
set the value of a <code class="literal">length</code> command. The
<code class="literal">length</code> argument can be expressed in
any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (<code class=
"literal">in</code>), millimetres (<code class=
"literal">mm</code>), points (<code class="literal">pt</code>),
etc.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-addtolength" name=
"cmd-addtolength"></a><code class=
"literal">\addtolength</code></h5>
<a id="idp7564992" class="indexterm" name="idp7564992"></a><a id=
"idp7565744" class="indexterm" name="idp7565744"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\addtolength{\gnat}{length}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\addtolength</code> command increments
<span class="emphasis"><em>length command</em></span> by the amount
specified in the <code class="literal">length</code> argument. It
can be a negative amount.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-settodepth" name=
"cmd-settodepth"></a><code class="literal">\settodepth</code></h5>
<a id="idp7570496" class="indexterm" name="idp7570496"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\settodepth</code> command sets the
value of a <code class="literal">length</code> command equal to the
depth of the <code class="literal">text</code> argument.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-settoheight" name=
"cmd-settoheight"></a><code class=
"literal">\settoheight</code></h5>
<a id="idp7575488" class="indexterm" name="idp7575488"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\settoheight</code> command sets the
value of a <code class="literal">length</code> command equal to the
height of the <code class="literal">text</code> argument.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-settowidth" name=
"cmd-settowidth"></a><code class="literal">\settowidth</code></h5>
<a id="idp7580480" class="indexterm" name="idp7580480"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\settowidth{\gnat}{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\settowidth</code> command sets the
value of a <code class="literal">length</code> command equal to the
width of the <code class="literal">text</code> argument.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="predefined-lengths-title" name=
"predefined-lengths-title"></a><code class="literal">Predefined
lengths</code></h5>
<a id="idp7585472" class="indexterm" name="idp7585472"></a><a id=
"idp7586224" class="indexterm" name="idp7586224"></a>
<p><a id="cmd-length-pre-width" name=
"cmd-length-pre-width"></a><code class="literal">\width</code>
<a id="idp7587968" class="indexterm" name="idp7587968"></a></p>
<p><a id="cmd-length-pre-height" name=
"cmd-length-pre-height"></a><code class="literal">\height</code>
<a id="idp7589840" class="indexterm" name="idp7589840"></a></p>
<p><a id="cmd-length-pre-depth" name=
"cmd-length-pre-depth"></a><code class="literal">\depth</code>
<a id="idp7591712" class="indexterm" name="idp7591712"></a></p>
<p><a id="cmd-length-pre-totalheight" name=
"cmd-length-pre-totalheight"></a><code class=
"literal">\totalheight</code> <a id="idp7593584" class="indexterm"
name="idp7593584"></a></p>
<p>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
box-making commands See <a class="link" href="#spaces-and-boxes"
title="2.3.17 Spaces &amp; Boxes">Spaces &amp; Boxes</a>. They
specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box. <code class=
"literal">\totalheight</code> equals <code class=
"literal">\height</code> + <code class="literal">\depth</code>. To
make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size,
e.g., say</p>
<p><code class="literal">\makebox[2\width]{Get a
stretcher}</code></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.9 Letters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="letters" name="letters"></a>2.3.9
Letters</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7599872" class="indexterm" name="idp7599872"></a><a id=
"idp7600624" class="indexterm" name="idp7600624"></a>
<p>You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and
business. The <code class="literal">letter</code> document class is
designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make
just one if you so desire.</p>
<p>Your <code class="filename">.tex</code> source file has the same
minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have
the following commands as a minimum:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\documentclass{letter}
\begin{document}
 ... letters ...
\end{document}
</pre>
<p>Each letter is a <code class="literal">letter</code>
environment, whose argument is the name and address of the
recipient. For example, you might have:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.\\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
  ...
\end{letter}
</pre>
<p>The letter itself begins with the <code class=
"literal">\opening</code> command. The text of the letter follows.
It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no sense in
a letter, like <code class="literal">\chapter</code>, do not work.
The letter closes with a <code class="literal">\closing</code>
command.</p>
<p>After the <code class="literal">closing</code>, you can have
additional material. The <code class="literal">\cc</code> command
produces the usual <span class="emphasis"><em>cc: ...</em></span>.
There's also a similar <code class="literal">\encl</code> command
for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use
<code class="literal">\\</code> to separate the items.</p>
<p>These commands are used with the <code class=
"literal">letter</code> class:</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-address" name=
"cmd-address"></a>\address</h5>
<a id="idp7614784" class="indexterm" name="idp7614784"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\address{Return address}</code></p>
<p>The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the
envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by
<code class="literal">\\</code> commands. If you do not make an
<code class="literal">\address</code> declaration, then the letter
will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard
letterhead. (See <a class="link" href="#overview" title=
"2.2 Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide">Overview</a>, for details
on your local implementation). If you give an <code class=
"literal">\address</code> declaration, then the letter will be
formatted as a personal letter.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-cc" name="cmd-cc"></a>\cc</h5>
<a id="idp7620624" class="indexterm" name="idp7620624"></a><a id=
"idp7621376" class="indexterm" name="idp7621376"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob
McKenna}</code></p>
<p>Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each
name is printed on a separate line.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-closing" name=
"cmd-closing"></a>\closing</h5>
<a id="idp7624384" class="indexterm" name="idp7624384"></a><a id=
"idp7625136" class="indexterm" name="idp7625136"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\closing{text}</code></p>
<p>The letter closes with a <code class="literal">\closing</code>
command, i.e.,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\closing{Best Regards,}
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-encl" name="cmd-encl"></a>\encl</h5>
<a id="idp7629264" class="indexterm" name="idp7629264"></a><a id=
"idp7630016" class="indexterm" name="idp7630016"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\encl{CV\\Certificates}</code></p>
<p>Generate a list of enclosed material.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-location" name=
"cmd-location"></a>\location</h5>
<a id="idp7632896" class="indexterm" name="idp7632896"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\location{address}</code></p>
<p>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only
appears if the <code class="literal">firstpage</code> pagestyle is
selected.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-makelabels" name=
"cmd-makelabels"></a>\makelabels</h5>
<a id="idp7636496" class="indexterm" name="idp7636496"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\makelabels{number}</code></p>
<p>If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a
sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the
letters.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-name" name="cmd-name"></a>\name</h5>
<a id="idp7639872" class="indexterm" name="idp7639872"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\name{June Davenport}</code></p>
<p>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the
return address.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-opening" name=
"cmd-opening"></a>\opening</h5>
<a id="idp7642848" class="indexterm" name="idp7642848"></a><a id=
"idp7643600" class="indexterm" name="idp7643600"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\opening{text}</code></p>
<p>The letter begins with the <code class="literal">\opening</code>
command. The mandatory argument, <code class="literal">text</code>,
is whatever text you wish to start your letter, i.e.,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\opening{Dear Joe,} 
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-ps" name="cmd-ps"></a>\ps</h5>
<a id="idp7648432" class="indexterm" name="idp7648432"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\ps</code></p>
<p>Use this command before a postscript.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-signature" name=
"cmd-signature"></a>\signature</h5>
<a id="idp7651312" class="indexterm" name="idp7651312"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\signature{Harvey Swick}</code></p>
<p>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter
underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go on
separate lines should be separated by <code class=
"literal">\\</code> commands.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-startbreaks" name=
"cmd-startbreaks"></a>\startbreaks</h5>
<a id="idp7655008" class="indexterm" name="idp7655008"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\startbreaks</code></p>
<p>Used after a <code class="literal">\stopbreaks</code> command to
allow page breaks again.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-stopbreaks" name=
"cmd-stopbreaks"></a>\stopbreaks</h5>
<a id="idp7658512" class="indexterm" name="idp7658512"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\stopbreaks</code></p>
<p>Inhibit page breaks until a <code class=
"literal">\startbreaks</code> command occurs.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-telephone" name=
"cmd-telephone"></a>\telephone</h5>
<a id="idp7662016" class="indexterm" name="idp7662016"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\telephone{number}</code></p>
<p>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
<code class="literal">firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.10 Line &amp; Page Breaking">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="line-and-page-breaking" name=
"line-and-page-breaking"></a>2.3.10 Line &amp; Page Breaking</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7665984" class="indexterm" name="idp7665984"></a><a id=
"idp7666736" class="indexterm" name="idp7666736"></a><a id=
"idp7667488" class="indexterm" name="idp7667488"></a>
<p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To
produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines,
and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments,
you do the line breaking yourself with the <code class=
"literal">\\</code> command, but LaTeX usually does it for you.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-bslash" name="cmd-bslash"></a>\\</h5>
<a id="idp7671200" class="indexterm" name="idp7671200"></a><a id=
"idp7671952" class="indexterm" name="idp7671952"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\\[extra-space],
\\*[extra-space]</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\\</code> command tells LaTeX to start
a new line. It has an optional argument, <code class=
"literal">extra-space</code>, that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be
a negative amount.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\\*</code> command is the same as the
ordinary <code class="literal">\\</code> command except that it
tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-dash-op-hyphenation-cp" name=
"cmd-dash-op-hyphenation-cp"></a>\-</h5>
<a id="idp7678704" class="indexterm" name="idp7678704"></a><a id=
"idp7679456" class="indexterm" name="idp7679456"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it
may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at
hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct hyphenation
points. The <code class="literal">\-</code> command is used for the
exceptional cases.</p>
<p>Note that when you insert <code class="literal">\-</code>
commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those
points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might
otherwise have chosen.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-cleardoublepage" name=
"cmd-cleardoublepage"></a>\cleardoublepage</h5>
<a id="idp7685120" class="indexterm" name="idp7685120"></a><a id=
"idp7685872" class="indexterm" name="idp7685872"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\cleardoublepage</code> command ends
the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far
appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style,
it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page,
producing a blank page if necessary.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-clearpage" name=
"cmd-clearpage"></a>\clearpage</h5>
<a id="idp7688784" class="indexterm" name="idp7688784"></a><a id=
"idp7689536" class="indexterm" name="idp7689536"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\clearpage</code> command ends the
current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far
appeared in the input to be printed.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-enlargethispage" name=
"cmd-enlargethispage"></a>\enlargethispage</h5>
<a id="idp7692304" class="indexterm" name="idp7692304"></a><a id=
"idp7693056" class="indexterm" name="idp7693056"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\enlargethispage{size}</code></p>
<p><code class="literal">\enlargethispage*{size}</code></p>
<p>Enlarge the <code class="literal">\textheight</code> for the
current page by the specified amount; e.g. <code class=
"literal">\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one
additional line.</p>
<p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the
page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an
explicit <code class="literal">\pagebreak</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-samepage" name=
"cmd-samepage"></a>\samepage</h5>
<a id="idp7699312" class="indexterm" name="idp7699312"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\samepage</code></p>
<p>The object in the argument <code class="literal">{}</code>
should be on the current page.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-fussy" name=
"cmd-fussy"></a>\fussy</h5>
<a id="idp7702816" class="indexterm" name="idp7702816"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\fussy</code></p>
<p>This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy
about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between words,
but may produce overfull boxes.</p>
<p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code class=
"literal">\sloppy</code> command. <a class="link" href=
"#cmd-sloppy" title="2.3.10.&nbsp;\sloppy">\sloppy</a></p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hyphenation" name=
"cmd-hyphenation"></a>\hyphenation</h5>
<a id="idp7707856" class="indexterm" name="idp7707856"></a><a id=
"idp7708608" class="indexterm" name="idp7708608"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\hyphenation{words}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\hyphenation</code> command declares
allowed hyphenation points, where <code class=
"literal">words</code> is a list of words, separated by spaces, in
which each hyphenation point is indicated by a <code class=
"literal">-</code> character.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-linebreak" name=
"cmd-linebreak"></a>\linebreak</h5>
<a id="idp7713552" class="indexterm" name="idp7713552"></a><a id=
"idp7714304" class="indexterm" name="idp7714304"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\linebreak[number]</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\linebreak</code> command tells LaTeX
to break the current line at the point of the command. With the
optional argument, <code class="literal">number</code>, you can
convert the <code class="literal">\linebreak</code> command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\linebreak</code> command causes LaTeX
to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newline" name=
"cmd-newline"></a>\newline</h5>
<a id="idp7721184" class="indexterm" name="idp7721184"></a><a id=
"idp7721936" class="indexterm" name="idp7721936"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\newline</code> command breaks the
line right where it is. It can only be used in paragraph mode.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newpage" name=
"cmd-newpage"></a>\newpage</h5>
<a id="idp7724672" class="indexterm" name="idp7724672"></a><a id=
"idp7725424" class="indexterm" name="idp7725424"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\newpage</code> command ends the
current page. In contrast to <a class="link" href="#cmd-pagebreak"
title="2.3.10.&nbsp;\pagebreak">\pagebreak</a> it can produce a
partly empty page, even when <a class="link" href=
"#cmd-flushbottom-title" title=
"2.3.5.&nbsp;\flushbottom">\flushbottom</a> is active.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-nolinebreak" name=
"cmd-nolinebreak"></a>\nolinebreak</h5>
<a id="idp7729456" class="indexterm" name="idp7729456"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\nolinebreak[number]</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\nolinebreak</code> command prevents
LaTeX from breaking the current line at the point of the command.
With the optional argument, <code class="literal">number</code>,
you can convert the <code class="literal">\nolinebreak</code>
command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number
from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request
is.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-nopagebreak" name=
"cmd-nopagebreak"></a>\nopagebreak</h5>
<a id="idp7734864" class="indexterm" name="idp7734864"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\nopagebreak[number]</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\nopagebreak</code> command prevents
LaTeX from breaking the current page at the point of the command.
With the optional argument, <code class="literal">number</code>,
you can convert the <code class="literal">\nopagebreak</code>
command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number
from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request
is.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-pagebreak" name=
"cmd-pagebreak"></a>\pagebreak</h5>
<a id="idp7740272" class="indexterm" name="idp7740272"></a><a id=
"idp7741024" class="indexterm" name="idp7741024"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\pagebreak[number]</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\pagebreak</code> command tells LaTeX
to break the current page at the point of the command. With the
optional argument, <code class="literal">number</code>, you can
convert the <code class="literal">\pagebreak</code> command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-sloppy" name=
"cmd-sloppy"></a>\sloppy</h5>
<a id="idp7746448" class="indexterm" name="idp7746448"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\sloppy</code></p>
<p>This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This
can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between
words.</p>
<p>Lasts until a <code class="literal">\fussy</code> command is
issued. <a class="link" href="#cmd-fussy" title=
"2.3.10.&nbsp;\fussy">\fussy</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.11 Making Paragraphs">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="making-paragraphs" name=
"making-paragraphs"></a>2.3.11 Making Paragraphs</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7751872" class="indexterm" name="idp7751872"></a><a id=
"idp7752624" class="indexterm" name="idp7752624"></a>
<p>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines ---
lines not containing even a <code class="literal">%</code>. A blank
line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started,
such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning
command.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-indent" name=
"cmd-indent"></a>\indent</h5>
<a id="idp7755536" class="indexterm" name="idp7755536"></a><a id=
"idp7756288" class="indexterm" name="idp7756288"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\indent</code></p>
<p>This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of
the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation
where it would otherwise be suppressed.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-noindent" name=
"cmd-noindent"></a>\noindent</h5>
<a id="idp7759376" class="indexterm" name="idp7759376"></a><a id=
"idp7760128" class="indexterm" name="idp7760128"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\noindent</code></p>
<p>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the
paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of
a paragraph.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-par" name="cmd-par"></a>\par</h5>
<a id="idp7763184" class="indexterm" name="idp7763184"></a><a id=
"idp7763936" class="indexterm" name="idp7763936"></a>
<p>Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or
environment definitions easier to read.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.12 Margin Notes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="margin-notes" name=
"margin-notes"></a>2.3.12 Margin Notes</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7766448" class="indexterm" name="idp7766448"></a><a id=
"idp7767200" class="indexterm" name="idp7767200"></a><a id=
"idp7767952" class="indexterm" name="idp7767952"></a>
<p>The command <code class="literal">\marginpar[left]{right}</code>
creates a note in the margin. The first line will be at the same
height as the line in the text where the <code class=
"literal">\marginpar</code> occurs.</p>
<p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <code class=
"literal">right</code>, the text will be placed</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">in the right margin for one-sided layout</li>
<li class="listitem">in the outside margin for two-sided
layout</li>
<li class="listitem">in the nearest margin for two-column
layout.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>By issuing the command <code class=
"literal">\reversemarginpar</code>, you can force the marginal
notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin.</p>
<p>When you specify both arguments, <code class=
"literal">left</code> is used for the left margin, and <code class=
"literal">right</code> is used for the right margin.</p>
<p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a <code class=
"literal">\hspace{0pt}</code> command.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.13 Math Formulae">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="math-formulae" name=
"math-formulae"></a>2.3.13 Math Formulae</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7779168" class="indexterm" name="idp7779168"></a><a id=
"idp7779920" class="indexterm" name="idp7779920"></a><a id=
"idp7780672" class="indexterm" name="idp7780672"></a><a id=
"idp7781424" class="indexterm" name="idp7781424"></a><a id=
"idp7782176" class="indexterm" name="idp7782176"></a><a id=
"idp7782928" class="indexterm" name="idp7782928"></a><a id=
"idp7783680" class="indexterm" name="idp7783680"></a><a id=
"idp7784432" class="indexterm" name="idp7784432"></a>
<div class="table"><a id="table-math-mode" name=
"table-math-mode"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.7.&nbsp;Three environments
that put LaTeX in math mode</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Three environments that put LaTeX in math mode"
border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">math</td>
<td align="justify">For Formulae that appear right in the
text.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">displaymath</td>
<td align="justify">For Formulae that appear on their own
line.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">equation</td>
<td align="justify">The same as the displaymath environment except
that it adds an equation number in the right margin.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<p>The <code class="literal">math</code> environment can be used in
both paragraph and LR mode, but the <code class=
"literal">displaymath</code> and <code class=
"literal">equation</code> environments can be used only in
paragraph mode. The <code class="literal">math</code> and
<code class="literal">displaymath</code> environments are used so
often that they have the following short forms:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\(...\)     instead of     \begin{math}...\end{math}

\[...\]     instead of     \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
</pre>
<p>In fact, the <code class="literal">math</code> environment is so
common that it has an even shorter form:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
$ ... $     instead of     \(...\)
</pre>
<a id="idp7799472" class="indexterm" name="idp7799472"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="subscripts-and-superscripts-title" name=
"subscripts-and-superscripts-title"></a>Subscripts &amp;
Superscripts</h5>
<a id="idp7801088" class="indexterm" name="idp7801088"></a><a id=
"idp7801840" class="indexterm" name="idp7801840"></a><a id=
"idp7802592" class="indexterm" name="idp7802592"></a><a id=
"idp7803344" class="indexterm" name="idp7803344"></a>
<p>To get an expression <span class="emphasis"><em>exp</em></span>
to appear as a subscript, you just type <code class=
"literal">_{</code><span class=
"emphasis"><em>exp</em></span><code class="literal">}</code> . To
get <span class="emphasis"><em>exp</em></span> to appear as a
superscript, you type <code class="literal">^{</code><span class=
"emphasis"><em>exp</em></span> <code class="literal">}</code>.
LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in
the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has
both a subscript and a superscript.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="math-symbols-title" name=
"math-symbols-title"></a>Math Symbols</h5>
<a id="idp7809568" class="indexterm" name="idp7809568"></a><a id=
"idp7810320" class="indexterm" name="idp7810320"></a><a id=
"idp7811072" class="indexterm" name="idp7811072"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="spacing-in-math-mode-title" name=
"spacing-in-math-mode-title"></a>Spacing in Math Mode</h5>
<a id="idp7812688" class="indexterm" name="idp7812688"></a><a id=
"idp7813440" class="indexterm" name="idp7813440"></a>
<p>In a <code class="literal">math</code> environment, LaTeX
ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing that it thinks
is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in mathematics
texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following
four commands for use in math mode:</p>
<a id="idp7816656" class="indexterm" name="idp7816656"></a><a id=
"idp7817408" class="indexterm" name="idp7817408"></a><a id=
"idp7818160" class="indexterm" name="idp7818160"></a><a id=
"idp7818912" class="indexterm" name="idp7818912"></a>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="literal">\;</code> - a thick space</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="literal">\:</code> - a medium space</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="literal">\,</code> - a thin space</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p><code class="literal">\!</code> - a negative thin space</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="math-miscellany-title" name=
"math-miscellany-title"></a>Math Miscellany</h5>
<a id="idp7825808" class="indexterm" name="idp7825808"></a>
<div class="table"><a id="table-math-miscellany" name=
"table-math-miscellany"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.8.&nbsp;Math
Miscellany</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Math Miscellany" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-cdots" name=
"cmd-math-misc-cdots"></a>\cdots<a id="idp7830896" class=
"indexterm" name="idp7830896"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots
are raised to the centre of the line.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-ddots" name=
"cmd-math-misc-ddots"></a>\ddots <a id="idp7833520" class=
"indexterm" name="idp7833520"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces a diagonal ellipsis.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-frac" name=
"cmd-math-misc-frac"></a>\frac{num}{den} <a id="idp7835776" class=
"indexterm" name="idp7835776"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces the fraction <code class=
"literal">num</code> divided by <code class=
"literal">den</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-ldots" name=
"cmd-math-misc-ldots"></a>\ldots <a id="idp7839280" class=
"indexterm" name="idp7839280"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces an ellipsis. This command works in any
mode, not just math mode.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-overbrace" name=
"cmd-math-misc-overbrace"></a>\overbrace{text} <a id="idp7841632"
class="indexterm" name="idp7841632"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Generates a brace over text.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-overline" name=
"cmd-math-misc-overline"></a>\overline{text} <a id="idp7843888"
class="indexterm" name="idp7843888"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Causes the argument text to be overlined.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-sqrt" name=
"cmd-math-misc-sqrt"></a>\sqrt[root]{arg} <a id="idp7846144" class=
"indexterm" name="idp7846144"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces the square root of its argument. The
optional argument, <code class="literal">root</code>, determines
what root to produce, i.e., the cube root of <code class=
"literal">x+y</code> would be typed as <code class=
"literal">$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-underbrace" name=
"cmd-math-misc-underbrace"></a>\underbrace{text} <a id="idp7850448"
class="indexterm" name="idp7850448"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Generates text with a brace underneath.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-underline" name=
"cmd-math-misc-underline"></a>\underline{text} <a id="idp7852704"
class="indexterm" name="idp7852704"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Causes the argument text to be underlined. This
command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-vdots" name=
"cmd-math-misc-vdots"></a>\vdots <a id="idp7855216" class=
"indexterm" name="idp7855216"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Produces a vertical ellipsis.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a id="cmd-math-misc-ensuremath" name=
"cmd-math-misc-ensuremath"></a>\ensuremath{} <a id="idp7857600"
class="indexterm" name="idp7857600"></a></td>
<td align="justify">It's argument is set in math mode. This is
needed for own definitions.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" /></div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.14 Modes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="modes" name="modes"></a>2.3.14 Modes</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7860720" class="indexterm" name="idp7860720"></a><a id=
"idp7861472" class="indexterm" name="idp7861472"></a><a id=
"idp7862224" class="indexterm" name="idp7862224"></a><a id=
"idp7862976" class="indexterm" name="idp7862976"></a><a id=
"idp7863728" class="indexterm" name="idp7863728"></a>
<p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of
three modes:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">paragraph mode</li>
<li class="listitem">Math mode</li>
<li class="listitem">Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for
short</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or
when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing
commands.</p>
<p><span class="emphasis"><em>Paragraph mode</em></span> is the
most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks
the lines into pages. LaTeX is in <span class="emphasis"><em>math
mode</em></span> when it's generating a mathematical formula. In
<span class="emphasis"><em>LR mode</em></span>, as in paragraph
mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of
words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode,
LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in
LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an <code class=
"literal">\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left
to right inside a single box, and then complain because the
resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.</p>
<p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an
<code class="literal">\mbox</code> command. You can get it to enter
a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it
enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several
text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put
LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or
environments will be called a <code class="literal">parbox</code>.
When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to
be in <span class="emphasis"><em>inner paragraph mode</em></span>.
Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called
<span class="emphasis"><em>outer paragraph mode</em></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.15 Page Styles">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="page-styles" name="page-styles"></a>2.3.15
Page Styles</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7879632" class="indexterm" name="idp7879632"></a><a id=
"idp7880384" class="indexterm" name="idp7880384"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\documentclass</code> command
determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The
page style determines what goes in them.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-maketitle" name=
"cmd-maketitle"></a>\maketitle</h5>
<a id="idp7883152" class="indexterm" name="idp7883152"></a><a id=
"idp7883904" class="indexterm" name="idp7883904"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\maketitle</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\maketitle</code> command generates a
title on a separate title page. In the <code class=
"literal">article</code> class, <code class=
"literal">\maketitle</code> will also switch to pagestyle
<code class="literal">plain</code>. See <a class="link" href=
"#page-styles" title="2.3.15 Page Styles">Page Styles</a> for
commands to change page numbering.</p>
<p>Information used to produce the title is obtained from the
following declarations:</p>
<p>See <a class="link" href="#page-styles" title=
"2.3.15 Page Styles">Page Styles</a> for the commands to give the
information.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-author" name=
"cmd-author"></a>\author</h5>
<a id="idp7891680" class="indexterm" name="idp7891680"></a><a id=
"idp7892432" class="indexterm" name="idp7892432"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\author{names}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\author</code> command declares the
author(s), where <code class="literal">names</code> is a list of
authors separated by <code class="literal">\and</code> commands.
Use <code class="literal">\\</code> to separate lines within a
single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's
institution or address.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-date" name="cmd-date"></a>\date</h5>
<a id="idp7897952" class="indexterm" name="idp7897952"></a><a id=
"idp7898704" class="indexterm" name="idp7898704"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\date{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\date</code> command declares
<span class="emphasis"><em>text</em></span> to be the document's
date. With no <code class="literal">\date</code> command, the
current date is used.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-thanks" name=
"cmd-thanks"></a>\thanks</h5>
<a id="idp7903216" class="indexterm" name="idp7903216"></a><a id=
"idp7903968" class="indexterm" name="idp7903968"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\thanks{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\thanks</code> command produces a
<code class="literal">\footnote</code> to the title.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-title" name=
"cmd-title"></a>\title</h5>
<a id="idp7908096" class="indexterm" name="idp7908096"></a><a id=
"idp7908848" class="indexterm" name="idp7908848"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\title{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\title</code> command declares
<code class="literal">text</code> to be the title. Use <code class=
"literal">\\</code> to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a
long title.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-pagenumbering" name=
"cmd-pagenumbering"></a>\pagenumbering</h5>
<a id="idp7913984" class="indexterm" name="idp7913984"></a><a id=
"idp7914736" class="indexterm" name="idp7914736"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\pagenumbering{num_style}</code></p>
<p>Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of
<code class="literal">num_style</code> are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">arabic</code> - Arabic
numerals</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">roman</code> - Lowercase
Roman numerals</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">Roman</code> - Uppercase
Roman numerals</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">alph</code> - Lowercase
letters</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">Alph</code> - Uppercase
letters</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-pagestyle" name=
"cmd-pagestyle"></a>\pagestyle</h5>
<a id="idp7924624" class="indexterm" name="idp7924624"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\pagestyle{option}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\pagestyle</code> command changes the
style from the current page on throughout the remainder of your
document.</p>
<p>The valid options are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">plain</code> - Just a
plain page number.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">empty</code> - Produces
empty heads and feet - no page numbers.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">headings</code> - Puts
running headings on each page. The document style specifies what
goes in the headings.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">myheadings</code> - You
specify what is to go in the heading with the <code class=
"literal">\markboth</code> or the <code class=
"literal">\markright</code> commands.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-markboth" name=
"cmd-markboth"></a>\markboth</h5>
<a id="idp7935344" class="indexterm" name="idp7935344"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\markboth{left head}{right head}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">\markboth</code> command is used in
conjunction with the page style <code class=
"literal">myheadings</code> for setting both the left and the right
heading. You should note that a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>left-hand heading</em></span> is generated by the
last <code class="literal">\markboth</code> command before the end
of the page, while a <span class="emphasis"><em>right-hand
heading</em></span> is generated by the first <code class=
"literal">\markboth</code> or <code class=
"literal">\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one,
otherwise by the last one before the page.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-markright" name=
"cmd-markright"></a>\markright</h5>
<a id="idp7942144" class="indexterm" name="idp7942144"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
\markright{right head}
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">\markright</code> command is used in
conjunction with the page style <code class=
"literal">myheadings</code> for setting the right heading, leaving
the left heading unchanged. You should note that a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>left-hand heading</em></span> is generated by the
last <code class="literal">\markboth</code> command before the end
of the page, while a <span class="emphasis"><em>right-hand
heading</em></span> is generated by the first <code class=
"literal">\markboth</code> or <code class=
"literal">\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one,
otherwise by the last one before the page.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-thispagestyle" name=
"cmd-thispagestyle"></a>\thispagestyle</h5>
<a id="idp7948960" class="indexterm" name="idp7948960"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\thispagestyle{option}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\thispagestyle</code> command works in
the same manner as the <code class="literal">\pagestyle</code>
command except that it changes the style for the current page
only.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.16 Sectioning">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="sectioning" name="sectioning"></a>2.3.16
Sectioning</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7953568" class="indexterm" name="idp7953568"></a><a id=
"idp7954320" class="indexterm" name="idp7954320"></a><a id=
"idp7955072" class="indexterm" name="idp7955072"></a><a id=
"idp7955824" class="indexterm" name="idp7955824"></a><a id=
"idp7956576" class="indexterm" name="idp7956576"></a><a id=
"idp7957328" class="indexterm" name="idp7957328"></a>
<p>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text
into units.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-sectioning-part" name=
"cmd-sectioning-part"></a><code class="literal">\part</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-sectioning-chapter" name=
"cmd-sectioning-chapter"></a><code class="literal">\chapter</code>
(report and book class only)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-sectioning-section" name=
"cmd-sectioning-section"></a><code class=
"literal">\section</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-sectioning-subsection" name=
"cmd-sectioning-subsection"></a><code class=
"literal">\subsection</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-sectioning-subsubsection" name=
"cmd-sectioning-subsubsection"></a><code class=
"literal">\subsubsection</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-sectioning-paragraph" name=
"cmd-sectioning-paragraph"></a><code class=
"literal">\paragraph</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-sectioning-subparagraph" name=
"cmd-sectioning-subparagraph"></a><code class=
"literal">\subparagraph</code></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,</p>
<p><code class="literal">\chapter[optional]{title}</code></p>
<p>In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory
argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other
places:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p>The table of contents</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>The running head at the top of the page</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two
places as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation,
the sectioning commands have an <code class=
"literal">optional</code> argument that provides the text for these
other two purposes.</p>
<p>All sectioning commands have <code class=
"literal">*</code>-forms that print a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>title</em></span>, but do not include a number and
do not make an entry in the table of contents.</p>
<a id="idp7975504" class="indexterm" name="idp7975504"></a><a id=
"idp7976256" class="indexterm" name="idp7976256"></a>
<p><a id="cmd-sectioning-appendix" name=
"cmd-sectioning-appendix"></a><code class=
"literal">\appendix</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\appendix</code> command changes the
way sectional units are numbered. The <code class=
"literal">\appendix</code> command generates no text and does not
affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is
something like</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\chapter{The First Chapter}
 ...
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.17 Spaces &amp; Boxes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="spaces-and-boxes" name=
"spaces-and-boxes"></a>2.3.17 Spaces &amp; Boxes</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp7981952" class="indexterm" name="idp7981952"></a><a id=
"idp7982704" class="indexterm" name="idp7982704"></a>
<p>All the predefined length parameters See <a class="link" href=
"#predefined-lengths-title" title=
"2.3.8.&nbsp;Predefined lengths">Predefined lengths</a> can be used
in the arguments of the box-making commands.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-dotfill" name=
"cmd-dotfill"></a>\dotfill</h5>
<a id="idp7985408" class="indexterm" name="idp7985408"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\dotfill</code> command produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>rubber length</em></span> that produces
dots instead of just spaces.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hfill" name=
"cmd-hfill"></a>\hfill</h5>
<a id="idp7988416" class="indexterm" name="idp7988416"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\hfill</code> fill command produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>rubber length</em></span> which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hrulefill" name=
"cmd-hrulefill"></a>\hrulefill</h5>
<a id="idp7991520" class="indexterm" name="idp7991520"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\hrulefill</code> fill command
produces a <span class="emphasis"><em>rubber length</em></span>
which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a
horizontal rule.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-hspace" name=
"cmd-hspace"></a>\hspace</h5>
<a id="idp7994640" class="indexterm" name="idp7994640"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\hspace{length},
\hspace*{length}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\hspace</code> command adds horizontal
space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that
LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative
as well as positive space with an <code class=
"literal">\hspace</code> command. Adding negative space is like
backspacing.</p>
<p>LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line.
If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional
<code class="literal">*</code> argument. Then the space is never
removed.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-addvspace" name=
"cmd-addvspace"></a>\addvspace</h5>
<a id="idp8001216" class="indexterm" name="idp8001216"></a><a id=
"idp8001968" class="indexterm" name="idp8001968"></a><a id=
"idp8002720" class="indexterm" name="idp8002720"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\addvspace{length}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\addvspace</code> command normally
adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space
has already been added to the same point in the output by a
previous <code class="literal">\addvspace</code> command, then this
command will not add more space than needed to make the natural
length of the total vertical space equal to <code class=
"literal">length</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-bigskip" name=
"cmd-bigskip"></a>\bigskip</h5>
<a id="idp8008256" class="indexterm" name="idp8008256"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\bigskip</code> command is equivalent
to <code class="literal">\vspace{bigskipamount}</code> where
<code class="literal">bigskipamount</code> is determined by the
document class.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-medskip" name=
"cmd-medskip"></a>\medskip</h5>
<a id="idp8012864" class="indexterm" name="idp8012864"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\medskip</code> command is equivalent
to <code class="literal">\vspace{medskipamount}</code> where
<code class="literal">medskipamount</code> is determined by the
document class.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-smallskip" name=
"cmd-smallskip"></a>\smallskip</h5>
<a id="idp8017408" class="indexterm" name="idp8017408"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\smallskip</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\smallskip</code> command is
equivalent to <code class="literal">\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>
where <code class="literal">smallskipamount</code> is determined by
the document class.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-vfill" name=
"cmd-vfill"></a>\vfill</h5>
<a id="idp8022928" class="indexterm" name="idp8022928"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\vfill</code> fill command produces a
rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-vspace" name=
"cmd-vspace"></a>\vspace</h5>
<a id="idp8026048" class="indexterm" name="idp8026048"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\vspace{length},
\vspace*{length}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\vspace</code> command adds vertical
space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that
LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative
as well as positive space with an <code class=
"literal">\vspace</code> command.</p>
<p>LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If
you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional
<code class="literal">*</code> argument. Then the space is never
removed.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-fbox" name="cmd-fbox"></a>\fbox</h5>
<a id="idp8033392" class="indexterm" name="idp8033392"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\fbox{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\fbox</code> command is exactly the
same as the <code class="literal">\mbox</code> command, except that
it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-framebox" name=
"cmd-framebox"></a>\framebox</h5>
<a id="idp8037904" class="indexterm" name="idp8037904"></a>
<p><code class=
"literal">\framebox[width][position]{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\framebox</code> command is exactly
the same as the <code class="literal">\makebox</code> command,
except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
creates.</p>
<p>The framebox command produces a rule of thickness <code class=
"literal">\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code class=
"literal">\fboxsep</code> between the rule and the contents of the
box.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="env-lrbox" name="env-lrbox"></a>lrbox</h5>
<a id="idp8044752" class="indexterm" name="idp8044752"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text
\end{lrbox}</code></p>
<p>This is the environment form of <code class=
"literal">\sbox</code>.</p>
<p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code class=
"literal">cmd</code>, which must have been declared with
<code class="literal">\newsavebox</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-makebox" name=
"cmd-makebox"></a>\makebox</h5>
<a id="idp8050640" class="indexterm" name="idp8050640"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\makebox[width][position]{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\makebox</code> command creates a box
just wide enough to contain the <code class="literal">text</code>
specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional
<code class="literal">width</code> argument. The position of the
text within the box is determined by the optional <code class=
"literal">position</code> argument.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">c</code> --- centred
(default)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">l</code> ---
flushleft</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">r</code> ---
flushright</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">s</code> --- stretch
from left to right margin. The text must contain stretchable space
for this to work.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>See <a class="link" href="#cmd-makebox-op-picture-cp" title=
"2.3.6.&nbsp;\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}">\makebox
(picture)</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-mbox" name="cmd-mbox"></a>\mbox</h5>
<a id="idp8064032" class="indexterm" name="idp8064032"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\mbox{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\mbox</code> command creates a box
just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument.</p>
<p>Use this command to prevent text from being split across
lines.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-newsavebox" name=
"cmd-newsavebox"></a>\newsavebox</h5>
<a id="idp8068592" class="indexterm" name="idp8068592"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\newsavebox{cmd}</code></p>
<p>Declares <code class="literal">cmd</code>, which must be a
command name that is not already defined, to be a bin for saving
boxes.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-parbox" name=
"cmd-parbox"></a>\parbox</h5>
<a id="idp8072704" class="indexterm" name="idp8072704"></a>
<p><code class=
"literal">\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}</code></p>
<p>A <code class="literal">parbox</code> is a box whose contents
are created in <code class="literal">paragraph</code> mode. The
<code class="literal">\parbox</code> has two mandatory
arguments:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">width</code> - specifies
the width of the parbox, and</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">text</code> - the text
that goes inside the parbox.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>LaTeX will position a <code class="literal">parbox</code> so its
centre lines up with the centre of the text line. The optional
<span class="emphasis"><em>position</em></span> argument allows you
to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox (default is
top).</p>
<p>If the <span class="emphasis"><em>height</em></span> argument is
not given, the box will have the natural height of the text.</p>
<p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>inner-pos</em></span> argument
controls the placement of the text inside the box. If it is not
specified, <span class="emphasis"><em>position</em></span> is
used.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">t</code> --- text is
placed at the top of the box.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">c</code> --- text is
centred in the box.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">b</code> --- text is
placed at the bottom of the box.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">s</code> --- stretch
vertically. The text must contain vertically stretchable space for
this to work.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>A <code class="literal">\parbox</code> command is used for a
parbox containing a small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside.
In particular, you shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making
environments inside a <code class="literal">\parbox</code>
argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a
paragraph-making environment, you should use a <code class=
"literal">minipage</code> environment See <a class="link" href=
"#env-minipage" title="2.3.6.&nbsp;minipage">minipage</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-raisebox" name=
"cmd-raisebox"></a>\raisebox</h5>
<a id="idp8094976" class="indexterm" name="idp8094976"></a>
<p><code class=
"literal">\raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\raisebox</code> command is used to
raise or lower text. The first mandatory argument specifies how
high the text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative
amount). The text itself is processed in <code class="literal">LR
mode</code>.</p>
<p>Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a
different size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX
would normally think it has. The <code class=
"literal">\raisebox</code> command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it
is.</p>
<p>The first optional argument, <code class=
"literal">extend-above</code>, makes LaTeX think that the text
extends above the line by the amount specified. The second optional
argument, <code class="literal">extend-below</code>, makes LaTeX
think that the text extends below the line by the amount
specified.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-rule" name="cmd-rule"></a>\rule</h5>
<a id="idp8105536" class="indexterm" name="idp8105536"></a>
<p><code class=
"literal">\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\rule</code> command is used to
produce horizontal lines. The arguments are defined as follows:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">raise-height</code> -
specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">width</code> - specifies
the length of the rule (mandatory)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">thickness</code> -
specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-savebox" name=
"cmd-savebox"></a>\savebox</h5>
<a id="idp8114176" class="indexterm" name="idp8114176"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}</code></p>
<p>This command typeset <code class="literal">text</code> in a box
just as for <code class="literal">\makebox</code>. However, instead
of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin <code class=
"literal">cmd</code>, which must have been declared with
<code class="literal">\newsavebox</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-sbox" name="cmd-sbox"></a>\sbox</h5>
<a id="idp8120368" class="indexterm" name="idp8120368"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\sbox{cmd}\{text}</code></p>
<p>This commands typesets <code class="literal">text</code> in a
box just as for <code class="literal">\mbox</code>. However,
instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in <code class=
"literal">cmd</code>, which must have been declared with
<code class="literal">\newsavebox</code>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-usebox" name=
"cmd-usebox"></a>\usebox</h5>
<a id="idp8126672" class="indexterm" name="idp8126672"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\usebox{cmd}</code></p>
<p>Prints the box most recently saved in bin <code class=
"literal">cmd</code> by a <code class="literal">\savebox</code>
command.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.18 Special Characters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="special-characters" name=
"special-characters"></a>2.3.18 Special Characters</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8132064" class="indexterm" name="idp8132064"></a><a id=
"idp8132880" class="indexterm" name="idp8132880"></a><a id=
"idp8133696" class="indexterm" name="idp8133696"></a><a id=
"idp8134512" class="indexterm" name="idp8134512"></a>
<p>The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are
called <span class="emphasis"><em>special printing
characters</em></span>, or simply <span class=
"emphasis"><em>special characters</em></span>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
# $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
</pre>
<p>Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file,
you are doing something special. If you simply want the character
to be printed just as any other letter, include a <code class=
"literal">\</code> in front of the character. For example,
<code class="literal">\$</code> will produce <code class=
"literal">$</code> in your output.</p>
<p>One exception to this rule is the <code class="literal">\</code>
itself because <code class="literal">\\</code> has its own special
meaning. A <code class="literal">\</code> is produced by typing
<code class="literal">$\backslash$</code> in your file.</p>
<p>Also, <code class="literal">\~</code> means `place a tilde
accent over the following letter', so you will probably want to use
<code class="literal">\verb</code> instead.</p>
<a id="idp8145728" class="indexterm" name="idp8145728"></a><a id=
"idp8146544" class="indexterm" name="idp8146544"></a><a id=
"idp8147360" class="indexterm" name="idp8147360"></a>
<p>In addition, you can access any character of a font once you
know its number by using the <code class="literal">\symbol</code>
command. For example, the character used for displaying spaces in
the <code class="literal">\verb*</code> command has the code
decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code class=
"literal">\symbol{32}</code>.</p>
<p>You can also specify octal numbers with <code class=
"literal">'</code> or hexadecimal numbers with <code class=
"literal">"</code>, so the previous example could also be written
as <code class="literal">\symbol{'40}</code> or <code class=
"literal">\symbol{"20}</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.19 Special Symbols">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="special-symbols" name=
"special-symbols"></a>2.3.19 Special Symbols</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8156048" class="indexterm" name="idp8156048"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="accents-on-chars-title" name=
"accents-on-chars-title"></a>Accents on Characters</h5>
<a id="idp8158960" class="indexterm" name="idp8158960"></a>
<p>The rules differ somewhat depending whether you are in <a class=
"link" href="#modes" title="2.3.14 Modes">text mode</a>, <a class=
"link" href="#modes" title="2.3.14 Modes">math modes</a>, or the
<a class="link" href="#env-tabbing" title=
"2.3.6.&nbsp;tabbing">tabbing environment</a>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp8163120" name="idp8163120"></a>Text
Mode</h5>
<p>The following accents may be placed on letters. Although
<span class="emphasis"><em>o</em></span> is used in most of the
example, the accents may be placed on any letter. Accents may even
be placed above a <span class="emphasis"><em>missing</em></span>
letter; for example, <code class="literal">\~{}</code> produces a
tilde over a blank space.</p>
<p>The following commands may be used only in paragraph or LR
mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\`{o}</code> produces a
grave accent, <span class="emphasis"><em>&ograve;</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\'{o}</code> produces an
acute accent, <span class="emphasis"><em>&oacute;</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\^{o}</code> produces a
circumflex, <span class="emphasis"><em>&ocirc;</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\"{o}</code> produces an
umlaut or dieresis, <span class=
"emphasis"><em>&ouml;</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\H{o}</code> produces a
long Hungarian umlaut</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\~{o}</code> produces a
tilde, <span class="emphasis"><em>&otilde;</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\c{c}</code> produces a
cedilla, <span class="emphasis"><em>&ccedil;</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\={o}</code> produces a
macron accent (a bar over the letter)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\b{o}</code> produces a
bar under the letter</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\.{o}</code> produces a
dot over the letter</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\d{o}</code> produces a
dot under the letter</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\u{o}</code> produces a
breve over the letter</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\v{o}</code> produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>v</em></span> over the letter</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\t{oo}</code> produces a
<span class="emphasis"><em>tie</em></span> (inverted u) over the
two letters</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Note that the letters <span class="emphasis"><em>i</em></span>
and <span class="emphasis"><em>j</em></span> require special
treatment when they are given accents because it is often desirable
to replace the dot with the accent. For this purpose, the commands
<code class="literal">\i</code> and <code class="literal">\j</code>
can be used to produce dotless letters.</p>
<p>For example,</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\^{\i}</code> should be
used for i, circumflex, &icirc;</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\"{\i}</code> should be
used for i, umlaut, &iuml;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="accents-chars-math" name=
"accents-chars-math"></a>Math Mode</h5>
<p>Several of the above and some similar accents can also be
produced in math mode. The following commands may be used
<span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> in math mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\hat{o}</code> is
similar to the circumflex (cf. <code class=
"literal">\^</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\widehat{oo}</code> is a
wide version of <span class="emphasis"><em>\hat</em></span> over
several letters</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\check{o}</code> is a
vee or check (cf. <code class="literal">\v</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\tilde{o}</code> is a
tilde (cf. <code class="literal">\~</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\widetilde{oo}</code> is
a wide version of <code class="literal">\tilde</code> over several
letters</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\acute{o}</code> is an
acute accent (cf. <code class="literal">\`</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\grave{o}</code> is a
grave accent (cf. <code class="literal">&gt;\'</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\dot{o}</code> is a dot
over the letter (cf. <code class="literal">\.</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\ddot{o}</code> is a
double dot over the letter</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\breve{o}</code> is a
breve (cf. <code class="literal">\u</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\bar{o}</code> is a
macron (cf. <code class="literal">\=</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\vec{o}</code> is a
vector (arrow) over the letter</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="accents-chars-tabbing" name=
"accents-chars-tabbing"></a>Tabbing Environment</h5>
<p>Some of the accent marks used in running text have other uses in
the <a class="link" href="#env-tabbing" title=
"2.3.6.&nbsp;tabbing">Tabbing Environment</a>. In that case they
can be created with the following command:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">&gt;\a'</code> for an
acute accent</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\a`</code> for a grave
accent</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\a=</code> for a macron
accent</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="arrows-title" name=
"arrows-title"></a>Arrows</h5>
<a id="idp8231888" class="indexterm" name="idp8231888"></a>
<p>LaTeX provides commands for all sorts of arrows. The following
commands are used only in math mode.</p>
<p>In general the command names are created from <code class=
"literal">left</code>, <code class="literal">right</code>,
<code class="literal">up</code>, or <code class=
"literal">down</code>. <code class="literal">leftright</code> gives
a double headed arrow. Prefacing with <code class=
"literal">long</code> gives a longer arrow. Capitalizing the first
letter gives a double-shanked arrow.</p>
<p>Examples are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\leftarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Leftarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class=
"literal">\longleftarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class=
"literal">\Longleftarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\rightarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Rightarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class=
"literal">\longrightarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class=
"literal">\Longrightarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class=
"literal">\leftrightarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class=
"literal">\Leftrightarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class=
"literal">\longleftrightarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\uparrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\downarrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Uparrow</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">&gt;\nearrow</code>
points from southwest to northeast</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\searrow</code> points
from northwest to southeast</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\swarrow</code> points
from northeast to southwest</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\nwarrow</code> points
from southeast to northwest</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>The <code class="literal">\stackrel</code> command is useful for
putting things over or under your arrow.</p>
<p>See also:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><a class="link" href="#math-symbols-title"
title="2.3.13.&nbsp;Math Symbols">Math Symbols</a></li>
<li class="listitem"><a class="link" href=
"#binary-and-relational-ops-title" title=
"2.3.19.&nbsp;Binary and Relational Operators">Binary and
Relational Operators</a></li>
<li class="listitem"><a class="link" href="#greek-letters-title"
title="2.3.19.&nbsp;Greek Letters">Greek Letters</a></li>
<li class="listitem"><a class="link" href="#misc-symbols-title"
title="2.3.19.&nbsp;Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous
Symbols</a></li>
<li class="listitem"><a class="link" href=
"#variable-math-size-symbols-title" title=
"2.3.19.&nbsp;Variable Size Math Symbols">Variable Size Math
Symbols</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="binary-and-relational-ops-title" name=
"binary-and-relational-ops-title"></a>Binary and Relational
Operators</h5>
<a id="idp8273408" class="indexterm" name="idp8273408"></a><a id=
"idp8274480" class="indexterm" name="idp8274480"></a><a id=
"idp8275552" class="indexterm" name="idp8275552"></a><a id=
"idp8277040" class="indexterm" name="idp8277040"></a>
<p>Some <span class="emphasis"><em>math</em></span> symbols are
obtained by typing the corresponding keyboard character. Examples
include</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
+ - = &lt; &gt; 
</pre>
<div class="note" title="Note" style=
"margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>plus, minus, and equal sign may be used in either text or math
mode, but &lt; and &gt; are math mode only (they produce inverted
exclamation and question marks, respectively, in text mode).</p>
</div>
<p>The following commands may be used only in math mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\pm</code> plus or minus
sign</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\mp</code> minus or plus
sign</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\times</code> times (an
"x")</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\div</code> divided by
sign</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\ast</code> an asterisk
(centered)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\star</code> a
five-point star (centered)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\bullet</code> a
bullet</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\circ</code> an open
bullet</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\cdot</code> a centered
dot</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\leq</code> less than or
equal to</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\ll</code> much less
than</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\subset</code> is a
subset of</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\geq</code> greater than
or equal to</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\gg</code> much greater
than</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\equiv</code>
equivalence symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\sim</code> similar
to</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\simeq</code> similar or
equal to</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\approx</code>
approximately equal to</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\neq</code> not equal
to</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\per</code>
"perpendicular to" symbols</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\propto</code>
proportional to</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Note that <span class="emphasis"><em>greater than</em></span>
and <span class="emphasis"><em>less than</em></span> are obtained
simply by entering <code class="literal">&gt;</code> and
<code class="literal">&lt;</code>.</p>
<p>A slash, indicating <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>
can be placed through a symbol (or a letter) with the <code class=
"literal">\not</code> command. For example, not less than is
<code class="literal">\not&lt;</code> and not less than or equal to
is <code class="literal">\not\leq</code>. If the slash isn't
properly positioned it can be moved by putting a math mode spacing
command between the <code class="literal">\not</code>and the
symbol.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="delimiters-title" name=
"delimiters-title"></a>Delimiters</h5>
<a id="idp8319136" class="indexterm" name="idp8319136"></a>
<p>Delimiters are objects which act logically like parentheses.
These can be used only in math mode.</p>
<p>The delimiters recognized by LaTeX include:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">(</code> (left
parenthesis)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">)</code> (right
parenthesis)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">[</code> (left
bracket)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">]</code> (right
bracket)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\{</code> (left
brace)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\}</code> (right
brace)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">|</code> (vertical
line)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\vert</code> (vertical
line)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\|</code> (double
vertical lines)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Vert</code> (double
vertical lines)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">/</code> (slash)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\backslash</code>
(backslash)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\langle</code> (left
angle bracket)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\rangle</code> (right
angle bracket)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\uparrow</code>
(uparrow)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\downarrow</code> (down
arrow)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\updownarrow</code>
(up/down arrow)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp8345328" name="idp8345328"></a>Making
Delimiters the Right Size</h5>
<p>Delimiters in formulas should be big enough to <span class=
"emphasis"><em>fit</em></span> around the formulas they delimit
(for example arround arrays). To obtain <span class=
"emphasis"><em>stretchable</em></span> delimiters (LaTeX makes them
the appropriate size) type a <code class="literal">\left</code> or
<code class="literal">\right</code> command before the delimiter.
<code class="literal">\left</code> and <code class=
"literal">\right</code> commands must come in matching pairs,
although the delimiters themselves need not be the same. Thus,
<code class="literal">\left \{ ... \right \[</code> produces a
legal pair. In cases where only one delimiter is desired, it is
possible to make the matching delimiter <span class=
"emphasis"><em>invisible</em></span> by typing a period
(<code class="literal">.</code>) after the command, i.e.,
<code class="literal">\left.</code> or <code class=
"literal">\right.</code></p>
<p>In an <a class="link" href="#env-eqnarray" title=
"2.3.6.&nbsp;eqnarray">eqnarray</a> environment the matching
<code class="literal">\left</code> and <code class=
"literal">\right</code> cannot be split between lines and it may be
necessary to use an <span class=
"emphasis"><em>invisible</em></span> <code class=
"literal">\right.</code> and <code class="literal">\left.</code> to
terminate and begin parts on different lines. In this case a second
problem may arise, since the size of the delimiters will be chosen
only for the <span class="emphasis"><em>local part</em></span>, so
that the size of the <span class="emphasis"><em>visible</em></span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>left</em></span> and <span class=
"emphasis"><em>right</em></span> delimiters might not match. The
solution is to trick LaTeX into thinking that both parts have the
same vertical height. This can be done by placing a strut, that is
a zero-width <code class="literal">\rule</code>. It can also be
accomplished with the <code class="literal">\vphantom</code>
command, which I have not found documented, but which appears to
work.</p>
<p><code class="literal">\vphantom{construct}</code> creates a
zero-width object with the height of <code class=
"literal">construct</code>. The argument can contain things such as
<code class="literal">\frac</code> or the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>variable size math symbols</em></span> and should be
chosen according to what is in the section with the delimiter you
want to match.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp8366256" name="idp8366256"></a>Some
Examples</h5>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp8366944" name="idp8366944"></a>A six-j
symbol</h5>
<pre class="programlisting">
\[ \left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
a &amp; b &amp; c \\
d &amp; e &amp; f \end{array}
\right&gt;\} \]
</pre>
<p>This should be displayed something like (insofar as it can be
rendered in "ascii art"):</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
( a b c )
-       -
( d e f )
</pre>
<p>Note that the <code class="literal">\[ ... \]</code> set this
off as <span class="emphasis"><em>Display Math</em></span>, and
that the <span class="emphasis"><em>Array Environment</em></span>
is used to generate the three centered columns inside the
braces.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp8371424" name="idp8371424"></a>A
"multiple choice" equation</h5>
<pre class="programlisting">
\[ f(x) =
   \left\{ \begin{array}{l}
       0, x &lt; 0 \\ 1, x = 0 \\
       2, x &gt; 0 \end{array} \right. \]
</pre>
<p>will be displayed as</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
        ( 0, x &lt; 0
f(x) =  - 1, x = 0
        ( 2, x &gt; 0
</pre>
<p>Note that the <span class="emphasis"><em>invisible</em></span>
<code class="literal">\right</code> delimiter is specified using a
<span class="emphasis"><em>period</em></span>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="ellipsis-title" name=
"ellipsis-title"></a>Ellipsis</h5>
<a id="idp8377040" class="indexterm" name="idp8377040"></a>
<p>Ellipses (three dots) can be produced by the following
commands</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\ldots</code>
horizontally at bottom of line</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\cdots</code>
horizontally center of line (math mode only)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\ddots</code> diagonal
(math mode only)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\vdots</code> vertical
(math mode only)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="greek-letters-title" name=
"greek-letters-title"></a>Greek Letters</h5>
<a id="idp8385840" class="indexterm" name="idp8385840"></a>
<p>These commands may be used only in math mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\alpha</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\beta</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\gamma</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\delta</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\epsilon</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\varepsilon</code>
(variation, script-like)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\zeta</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\eta</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\theta</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\vartheta</code>
(variation, script-like)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\iota</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\kappa</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\lambda</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\mu</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\nu</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\xi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\pi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\varpi</code>
(variation)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\rho</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\varrho</code>
(variation, with the tail)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\sigma</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\varsigma</code>
(variation, script-like)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\tau</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\upsilon</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\phi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\varphi</code>
(variation, script-like)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\chi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\psi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\omega</code></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Capital letters:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Gamma</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Delta</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Theta</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Lambda</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Xi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Pi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Sigma</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Upsilon</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Phi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Psi</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">\Omega</code></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>See also:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><a class="link" href="#math-symbols-title"
title="2.3.13.&nbsp;Math Symbols">Math Symbols</a></li>
<li class="listitem"><a class="link" href="#accents-on-chars-title"
title="2.3.19.&nbsp;Accents on Characters">Accents</a></li>
<li class="listitem"><a class="link" href="#misc-symbols-title"
title="2.3.19.&nbsp;Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous
Symbols</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="misc-symbols-title" name=
"misc-symbols-title"></a>Miscellaneous Symbols</h5>
<a id="idp8444672" class="indexterm" name="idp8444672"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp8446160" name="idp8446160"></a>Some
symbols for math</h5>
<p>The following symbols are also used only in math mode</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-aleph" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-aleph"></a><code class="literal">\aleph</code>
Hebrew aleph</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-hbar" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-hbar"></a><code class="literal">\hbar</code>
h-bar, Planck's constant</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-imath" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-imath"></a><code class="literal">\imath</code>
variation on <span class="emphasis"><em>i</em></span>; no dot</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-jmath" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-jmath"></a><code class="literal">\jmath</code>
variation on <span class="emphasis"><em>j</em></span>; no dot</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-ell" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-ell"></a><code class="literal">\ell</code> script
(loop) <span class="emphasis"><em>l</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-wp" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-wp"></a><code class="literal">\wp</code> fancy
script lowercase <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-re" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-re"></a><code class="literal">\Re</code> script
capital <span class="emphasis"><em>R</em></span> (<span class=
"emphasis"><em>Real</em></span>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-im" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-im"></a><code class="literal">\Im</code> script
capital <span class="emphasis"><em>I</em></span> (<span class=
"emphasis"><em>Imaginary</em></span>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-prime" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-prime"></a><code class="literal">\prime</code>
prime (also obtained by typing <code class="literal">'</code>)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-nabla" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-nabla"></a><code class="literal">\nabla</code>
inverted capital Delta</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-surd" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-surd"></a><code class="literal">\surd</code>
radical (square root) symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-angle" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-angle"></a><code class="literal">\angle</code>
angle symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-forall" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-forall"></a><code class="literal">\forall</code>
<span class="emphasis"><em>for all</em></span> (inverted A)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-exists" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-exists"></a><code class="literal">\exists</code>
<span class="emphasis"><em>exists</em></span> (left-facing E)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-partial" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-partial"></a><code class="literal">\partial</code>
partial derivative symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-infty" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-infty"></a><code class="literal">\infty</code>
infinity symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-triangle" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-triangle"></a><code class=
"literal">\triangle</code> open triangle symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-box" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-box"></a><code class="literal">\Box</code> open
square</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-diamond" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-diamond"></a><code class="literal">\Diamond</code>
open diamond</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-flat" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-flat"></a><code class="literal">\flat</code>
music: flat symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-natural" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-natural"></a><code class="literal">\natural</code>
music: natural symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-clubsuit" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-clubsuit"></a><code class=
"literal">\clubsuit</code> playing cards: club suit symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-diamondsuit" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-diamondsuit"></a><code class=
"literal">\diamondsuit</code> playing cards: diamond suit
symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-heartsuit" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-heartsuit"></a><code class=
"literal">\heartsuit</code> playing cards: heart suit symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-misc-symbol-spadsuit" name=
"cmd-misc-symbol-spadsuit"></a><code class=
"literal">\spadesuit</code> playing cards: space suit symbol</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp8498480" name="idp8498480"></a>Some
Other Symbols</h5>
<p>The following symbols can be used in any mode:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-other-symbol-dag" name=
"cmd-other-symbol-dag"></a><code class="literal">\dag</code>
dagger</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-other-symbol-ddag" name=
"cmd-other-symbol-ddag"></a>&gt;<code class="literal">\ddag</code>
double dagger</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-other-symbol-s" name=
"cmd-other-symbol-s"></a>&gt;<code class="literal">\S</code>
section symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-other-symbol-p" name=
"cmd-other-symbol-p"></a>&gt;<code class="literal">\P</code>
paragraph symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-other-symbol-copyright" name=
"cmd-other-symbol-copyright"></a>&gt;<code class=
"literal">\copyright</code> copyright symbol</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-other-symbol-pounds" name=
"cmd-other-symbol-pounds"></a>&gt;<code class=
"literal">\pounds</code> British pound sterling symbol</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp8511904" name=
"idp8511904"></a>Calligraphic Style Letters</h5>
<p>Twenty-six calligraphic letters are provided (the upper case
alphabet). These can only be used in math mode.</p>
<p>In LaTeX 2.09 they are produced with the <code class=
"literal">\cal</code> declaration:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
${\cal A}$
</pre>
<p>In LaTeX2e they are obtained with the <code class=
"literal">\mathcal</code> command:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
$\mathcal{CAL}$
</pre>
<h5 class="title"><a id="math-functions-title" name=
"math-functions-title"></a>Math Functions</h5>
<a id="idp8518432" class="indexterm" name="idp8518432"></a>
<p>Functions like <span class="emphasis"><em>log</em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em>cos</em></span> are normally used in
math mode. However, inmath mode strings of letters are treated as a
product of variables, which would normally be displayed in math
italics rather than a text font which would be appropriate for
these functions. To get proper display of such functions they are
generated with LaTeX commands.</p>
<p>Some of these commands are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-arccos" name=
"cmd-math-func-arccos"></a><code class=
"literal">\arccos</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-arcsin" name=
"cmd-math-func-arcsin"></a><code class=
"literal">\arcsin</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-arctan" name=
"cmd-math-func-arctan"></a><code class=
"literal">\arctan</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-cos" name=
"cmd-math-func-cos"></a><code class="literal">\cos</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-cosh" name=
"cmd-math-func-cosh"></a><code class="literal">\cosh</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-cot" name=
"cmd-math-func-cot"></a><code class="literal">\cot</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-coth" name=
"cmd-math-func-coth"></a><code class="literal">\coth</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-csc" name=
"cmd-math-func-csc"></a><code class="literal">\csc</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-deg" name=
"cmd-math-func-deg"></a><code class="literal">\deg</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-det" name=
"cmd-math-func-det"></a><code class="literal">\det</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-dim" name=
"cmd-math-func-dim"></a><code class="literal">\dim</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-exp" name=
"cmd-math-func-exp"></a><code class="literal">\exp</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-gcd" name=
"cmd-math-func-gcd"></a><code class="literal">\gcd</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-hom" name=
"cmd-math-func-hom"></a><code class="literal">\hom</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-inf" name=
"cmd-math-func-inf"></a><code class="literal">\inf</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-ker" name=
"cmd-math-func-ker"></a><code class="literal">\ker</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-lg" name=
"cmd-math-func-lg"></a><code class="literal">\lg</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-lim" name=
"cmd-math-func-lim"></a><code class="literal">\lim</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-liminf" name=
"cmd-math-func-liminf"></a><code class=
"literal">\liminf</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-limsup" name=
"cmd-math-func-limsup"></a><code class=
"literal">\limsup</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-ln" name=
"cmd-math-func-ln"></a><code class="literal">\ln</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-log" name=
"cmd-math-func-log"></a><code class="literal">\log</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-max" name=
"cmd-math-func-max"></a><code class="literal">\max</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-min" name=
"cmd-math-func-min"></a><code class="literal">\min</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-sec" name=
"cmd-math-func-sec"></a><code class="literal">\sec</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-sin" name=
"cmd-math-func-sin"></a><code class="literal">\sin</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-sinh" name=
"cmd-math-func-sinh"></a><code class="literal">\sinh</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-sup" name=
"cmd-math-func-sup"></a><code class="literal">\sup</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-tan" name=
"cmd-math-func-tan"></a><code class="literal">\tan</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-tanh" name=
"cmd-math-func-tanh"></a><code class="literal">\tanh</code></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Two commands are provided for the "modulus" function</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-bmod" name=
"cmd-math-func-bmod"></a><code class="literal">\bmod</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-func-pmod" name=
"cmd-math-func-pmod"></a><code class="literal">\pmod{}</code></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>The former would be used to write "a mod b" as <code class=
"literal">a \bmod b</code> and the latter, which requires an
argument that is displayed in parentheses, would be used to write
"n = i (mod j)" as <code class="literal">n = i \pmod{j}</code></p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="variable-math-size-symbols-title" name=
"variable-math-size-symbols-title"></a>Variable Size Math
Symbols</h5>
<a id="idp8579440" class="indexterm" name="idp8579440"></a>
<p>The size of some mathematical symbols, notably summation signs,
product signs, and integral signs, depends on the environment in
which they appear (i.e., <code class="literal">displaymath</code>
as opposed to <code class="literal">math</code> environments.</p>
<p>These include:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-sum" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-sum"></a><code class="literal">\sum</code> a
summation sign (capital sigma)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-prod" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-prod"></a><code class="literal">\prod</code> a
product (capital pi)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-coprod" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-coprod"></a><code class="literal">\coprod</code> a
coproduct (inverted capital pi)</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-int" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-int"></a><code class="literal">\int</code> an
integral sign</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-oint" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-oint"></a><code class="literal">\oint</code> a
surface (circular) integral sign</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigcup" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-bigcup"></a><code class="literal">\bigcup</code>
big "U"</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigcap" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-bigcap"></a><code class="literal">\bigcap</code>
big inverted "U"</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigvee" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-bigvee"></a><code class="literal">\bigvee</code>
big "V"</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigwedge" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-bigwedge"></a><code class=
"literal">\bigwedge</code> big inverted "V"</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigodot" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-bigodot"></a><code class="literal">\bigodot</code>
big "O" with dot at center</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigotimes" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-bigotimes"></a><code class=
"literal">\bigotimes</code> big "O" with cross inside</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-bigoplus" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-bigoplus"></a><code class=
"literal">\bigoplus</code> big "O" with a + inside</li>
<li class="listitem"><a id="cmd-math-symbol-biguplus" name=
"cmd-math-symbol-biguplus"></a><code class=
"literal">\biguplus</code> big "U" with a + inside</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>The <code class="literal">\sqrt</code> command also produces a
variable size symbol appropriate for the size of hte radicand
argument.</p>
<p>The "limits" associated with these symbols are entered as
<span class="emphasis"><em>subscripts</em></span> for entries
appearing below the symbol and as <span class=
"emphasis"><em>superscripts</em></span> for entries appearing above
the symbol. For example the sum from n=0 to infinity of
x<sup>n</sup> would be entered as</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x_{n}
</pre>
<p>The actual placement of the limits depends on whether this is in
<code class="literal">displaymath</code> mode in which case they
are placed below/above or in <span class=
"emphasis"><em>math</em></span> mode in running text in which case
they are placed as regular subscripts and superscripts.</p>
<p>Note that it is possible to treat several of these symbols (a
common example would be a double sum) as a single symbol for
placing limits above and/or below by using the <code class=
"literal">\mathop</code> command.</p>
<p><span class="emphasis"><em>Hats</em></span> and <span class=
"emphasis"><em>tildes</em></span> over symbols which stretch (as
best they can) to the correct size for their arguments are produced
by <code class="literal">\widehat</code> and <code class=
"literal">\widetilde</code></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.20 Splitting the Input">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="splitting-the-input" name=
"splitting-the-input"></a>2.3.20 Splitting the Input</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8618352" class="indexterm" name="idp8618352"></a><a id=
"idp8619136" class="indexterm" name="idp8619136"></a>
<p>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting
the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to
split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate
files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one
whose name you type when you run LaTeX.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-include-title" name=
"cmd-include-title"></a>\include</h5>
<a id="idp8622240" class="indexterm" name="idp8622240"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\include{file}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\include</code> command is used in
conjunction with the <code class="literal">\includeonly</code>
command for selective inclusion of files. The <code class=
"literal">file</code> argument is the first name of a file,
denoting <code class="filename">file.tex</code>. If <code class=
"literal">file</code> is one the file names in the file list of the
<code class="literal">\includeonly</code> command or if there is no
<code class="literal">\includeonly</code> command, the <code class=
"literal">\include</code> command is equivalent to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
</pre>
<p>except that if the file <code class="filename">file.tex</code>
does not exist, then a warning message rather than an error is
produced. If the file is not in the file list, the <code class=
"literal">\include</code> command is equivalent to <code class=
"literal">\clearpage</code>.</p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\include</code> command may not appear
in the preamble or in a file read by another <code class=
"literal">\include</code> command.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-includeonly-title" name=
"cmd-includeonly-title"></a>\includeonly</h5>
<a id="idp8636864" class="indexterm" name="idp8636864"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\includeonly{</code><span class=
"emphasis"><em>file_list</em></span><code class=
"literal">}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\includeonly</code> command controls
which files will be read in by an <code class=
"literal">\include</code> command. <span class=
"emphasis"><em>file_list</em></span> should be a comma-separated
list of filenames. Each filename must match exactly a filename
specified in a <code class="literal">\include</code> command. This
command can only appear in the preamble.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-input-title" name=
"cmd-input-title"></a>\input</h5>
<a id="idp8643840" class="indexterm" name="idp8643840"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\input{file}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\input</code> command causes the
indicated <code class="literal">file</code> to be read and
processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the
current file at that point. The file name may be a complete file
name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file
<code class="filename">file.tex</code> is used.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.21 Starting &amp; Ending">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="starting-and-ending" name=
"starting-and-ending"></a>2.3.21 Starting &amp; Ending</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8650144" class="indexterm" name="idp8650144"></a><a id=
"idp8650960" class="indexterm" name="idp8650960"></a>
<p>Your input file must contain the following commands as a
minimum:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\documentclass{class}
\begin{document}
  ... your text goes here ...
\end{document}
</pre>
<p>where the <code class="literal">class</code> selected is one of
the valid classes for LaTeX. See <a class="link" href=
"#document-classes" title="2.3.4 Document Classes">Document
Classes</a> (and see <a class="link" href="#overview" title=
"2.2 Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide">Overview</a>), for details
of the various document classes available locally.</p>
<p>You may include other LaTeX commands between the <code class=
"literal">\documentclass</code> and the <code class=
"literal">\begin{document}</code> commands (i.e., in the
`preamble').</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.22 Table of Contents">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="table-of-contents" name=
"table-of-contents"></a>2.3.22 Table of Contents</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8660416" class="indexterm" name="idp8660416"></a>
<p>A table of contents is produced with the <code class=
"literal">\tableofcontents</code> <a id="idp8662256" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8662256"></a> command. You put the command
right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the
rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not automatically
start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of
contents, include a <code class="literal">\newpage</code> command
after the <code class="literal">\tableofcontents</code>
command.</p>
<p>There are similar commands <code class=
"literal">\listoffigures</code> <a id="idp8666416" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8666416"></a> and <code class=
"literal">\listoftables</code> <a id="idp8667952" class="indexterm"
name="idp8667952"></a> for producing a list of figures and a list
of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for
the table of contents.</p>
<p>NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot
have the <code class="literal">\nofiles</code> <a id="idp8670096"
class="indexterm" name="idp8670096"></a> command in your
document.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-addcontentsline-title" name=
"cmd-addcontentsline-title"></a>\addcontentsline</h5>
<a id="idp8672336" class="indexterm" name="idp8672336"></a>
<p><code class=
"literal">\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\addcontentsline</code> command adds
an entry to the specified list or table where:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">file</code> is the
extension of the file on which information is to be written:
<code class="literal">toc</code> (table of contents), <code class=
"literal">lof</code> (list of figures), or <code class=
"literal">lot</code> (list of tables).</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p class="simpara"><code class="literal">sec_unit</code> controls
the formatting of the entry. It should be one of the following,
depending upon the value of the file argument:</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">toc</code> --- the name
of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection.</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">lof</code> ---
figure</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">lot</code> ---
table</li>
</ol>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">entry</code> is the text
of the entry.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-addtocontents-title" name=
"cmd-addtocontents-title"></a>\addtocontents</h5>
<a id="idp8687536" class="indexterm" name="idp8687536"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\addtocontents{file}{text}</code></p>
<p>The <code class="literal">\addtocontents</code> command adds
text (or formatting commands) directly to the file that generates
the table of contents or list of figures or tables.</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">file</code> is the
extension of the file on which information is to be written:
<code class="literal">toc</code> (table of contents), <code class=
"literal">lof</code> (list of figures), or <code class=
"literal">lot</code> (list of tables).</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">text</code> is the
information to be written.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.23 Terminal Input/Output">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="terminal-input-slash-output" name=
"terminal-input-slash-output"></a>2.3.23 Terminal Input/Output</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8697776" class="indexterm" name="idp8697776"></a><a id=
"idp8698592" class="indexterm" name="idp8698592"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-typein-title" name=
"cmd-typein-title"></a>\typein</h5>
<a id="idp8700464" class="indexterm" name="idp8700464"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\typein[cmd]{msg}</code></p>
<p>Prints <code class="literal">msg</code> on the terminal and
causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input,
ending with return. If the <code class="literal">cmd</code>
argument is missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been
included in the input file in place of the <code class=
"literal">\typein</code> command. If the <code class=
"literal">cmd</code> argument is present, it must be a command
name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the
typed input.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="cmd-typeout-title" name=
"cmd-typeout-title"></a>\typeout</h5>
<a id="idp8707360" class="indexterm" name="idp8707360"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\typeout{msg}</code></p>
<p>Prints <code class="literal">msg</code> on the terminal and in
the <code class="literal">log</code> file. Commands in <code class=
"literal">msg</code> that are defined with <code class=
"literal">\newcommand</code> or <code class=
"literal">\renewcommand</code> are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.</p>
<p>LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single
space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to
<code class="literal">msg</code>. A <code class=
"literal">\space</code> command in <code class="literal">msg</code>
causes a single space to be printed. A <code class=
"literal">^^J</code> in <code class="literal">msg</code> prints a
newline.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.3.24 Typefaces">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="typefaces" name="typefaces"></a>2.3.24
Typefaces</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8719168" class="indexterm" name="idp8719168"></a><a id=
"idp8719984" class="indexterm" name="idp8719984"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">typeface</code> is specified by giving
the <span class="emphasis"><em>size</em></span> and <span class=
"emphasis"><em>style</em></span>. A typeface is also called a
<span class="emphasis"><em>font</em></span>.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="styles-title" name=
"styles-title"></a>\Styles</h5>
<a id="idp8724480" class="indexterm" name="idp8724480"></a><a id=
"idp8725296" class="indexterm" name="idp8725296"></a><a id=
"idp8726112" class="indexterm" name="idp8726112"></a>
<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.</p>
<p>These commands are used like <code class=
"literal">\textit{italics text}</code>. The corresponding command
in parenthesis is the <span class="emphasis"><em>declaration
form</em></span>, which takes no arguments. The scope of the
declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
of the current group.</p>
<p>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say
<code class="literal">\sffamily\bfseries</code> to get sans serif
boldface.</p>
<p>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms;
e.g. <code class=
"literal">\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-typefaces" name=
"table-typefaces"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Table&nbsp;1.9.&nbsp;Typefaces</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Typefaces" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textrm (\rmfamily) <a id="idp8736432" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8736432"></a> <a id="idp8737248" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8737248"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Roman.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textit (\itshape) <a id="idp8739408" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8739408"></a> <a id="idp8740224" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8740224"></a>, \emph <a id="idp8741072" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8741072"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Emphasis (toggles between \textit and
\textrm).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textmd (\mdseries) <a id="idp8743264" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8743264"></a> <a id="idp8744080" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8744080"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Medium weight (default). The opposite of
boldface.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textbf (\bfseries) <a id="idp8746288" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8746288"></a> <a id="idp8747104" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8747104"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Boldface.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textup (\upshape) <a id="idp8749264" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8749264"></a> <a id="idp8750080" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8750080"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Upright (default). The opposite of
slanted.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textsl (\slshape) <a id="idp8752272" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8752272"></a> <a id="idp8753088" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8753088"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Slanted.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textsf (\sffamily) <a id="idp8755248" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8755248"></a> <a id="idp8756064" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8756064"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Sans serif.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textsc (\scshape) <a id="idp8758224" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8758224"></a> <a id="idp8759040" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8759040"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Small caps.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\texttt (\ttfamily) <a id="idp8761200" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8761200"></a> <a id="idp8762016" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8762016"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Typewriter.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\textnormal (\normalfont) <a id="idp8764176"
class="indexterm" name="idp8764176"></a> <a id="idp8764992" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8764992"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Main document font.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathrm <a id="idp8767152" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8767152"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Roman, for use in math mode.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathbf <a id="idp8769312" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8769312"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Boldface, for use in math mode. For bold
symbols or complete equations take a look at <a class="link" href=
"#boldsymbol-linkend"><code class="literal">\boldsymbol</code></a>
and <a class="link" href="#cmd-bm"><code class=
"literal">\bm</code></a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathsf <a id="idp8774144" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8774144"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Sans serif, for use in math mode.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathtt <a id="idp8776304" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8776304"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Typewriter, for use in math mode.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathit <a id="idp8778464" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8778464"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Italics, for use in math mode, e.g. variable
names with several letters.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathnormal <a id="idp8780672" class="indexterm"
name="idp8780672"></a></td>
<td align="justify">For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type
style declaration.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\mathcal <a id="idp8782880" class="indexterm"
name="idp8782880"></a></td>
<td align="justify">`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math
mode.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<p>In addition, the command <code class=
"literal">\mathversion{bold}</code> <a id="idp8785776" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8785776"></a> can be used for switching to
bold letters and symbols in formulas. <code class=
"literal">\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="sizes-title" name=
"sizes-title"></a>Sizes</h5>
<a id="idp8788656" class="indexterm" name="idp8788656"></a><a id=
"idp8789472" class="indexterm" name="idp8789472"></a><a id=
"idp8790288" class="indexterm" name="idp8790288"></a>
<p>The following standard type size commands are supported by
LaTeX.</p>
<p>The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope
of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or
the end of the current group.</p>
<p>You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g.
<code class="literal">\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-standard-type-size-commands" name=
"table-standard-type-size-commands"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.10.&nbsp;Standard type size
commands</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Standard type size commands" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">\tiny<a id="idp8798272" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8798272"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\scriptsize <a id="idp8800768" class="indexterm"
name="idp8800768"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\footnotesize <a id="idp8803008" class="indexterm"
name="idp8803008"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\small <a id="idp8805248" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8805248"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\normalsize <a id="idp8807488" class="indexterm"
name="idp8807488"></a></td>
<td align="justify">(default)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\large <a id="idp8809760" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8809760"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\Large <a id="idp8812000" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8812000"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\LARGE <a id="idp8814240" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8814240"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\huge <a id="idp8816480" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8816480"></a></td>
<td align="justify"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\Huge <a id="idp8818720" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8818720"></a></td>
<td align="justify">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<h5 class="title"><a id="low-dash-level-font-commands-title" name=
"low-dash-level-font-commands-title"></a>Low-level font
commands</h5>
<a id="idp8821680" class="indexterm" name="idp8821680"></a><a id=
"idp8822496" class="indexterm" name="idp8822496"></a>
<p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the
available ones. For full details, you should consult Chapter 7 of
<em class="citetitle">The LaTeX Companion</em>.</p>
<div class="table"><a id="table-low-level-font-commands" name=
"table-low-level-font-commands"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.11.&nbsp;Low-level font
commands</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Low-level font commands" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontencoding{enc} <a id="idp8829152" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8829152"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Select font encoding. Valid encodings include
<code class="literal">OT1</code> and <code class=
"literal">T1</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontfamily{family} <a id="idp8832816" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8832816"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Select font family. Valid families include:
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">cmr</code> for Computer
Modern Roman</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">cmss</code> for Computer
Modern Sans Serif</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">cmtt</code> for Computer
Modern Typewriter</li>
</ul>
</div>
and numerous others.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontseries{series} <a id="idp8839504" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8839504"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Select font series. Valid series include:
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">m</code> Medium
(normal)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">b</code> Bold</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">c</code> Condensed</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">bc</code> Bold
condensed</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">bx</code> Bold
extended</li>
</ul>
</div>
and various other combinations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontshape{shape} <a id="idp8848528" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8848528"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">n</code> Upright
(normal)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">it</code> Italic</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">sl</code> Slanted
(oblique)</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">sc</code> Small
caps</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">ui</code> Upright
italics</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">ol</code> Outline</li>
</ul>
</div>
The two last shapes are not available for most font families.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\fontsize{size}{skip} <a id="idp8858864" class=
"indexterm" name="idp8858864"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Set font size. The first parameter is the font
size to switch to; the second is the <code class=
"literal">\baselineskip</code> to use. The unit of both parameters
defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the baselineskip should be
1.2 times the font size.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\selectfont <a id="idp8861936" class="indexterm"
name="idp8861936"></a></td>
<td align="justify">The changes made by calling the four font
commands described above do not come into effect until <code class=
"literal">\selectfont</code> is called.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} <a id=
"idp8864928" class="indexterm" name="idp8864928"></a></td>
<td align="justify">Equivalent to calling <code class=
"literal">\fontencoding</code>, <code class=
"literal">\fontfamily</code>, <code class=
"literal">\fontseries</code> and <code class=
"literal">\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, followed by
<code class="literal">\selectfont</code>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" /></div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.4 Parameters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="parameters" name="parameters"></a>2.4
Parameters</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8872224" class="indexterm" name="idp8872224"></a>
<p>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
TeX uses <code class="filename">.tex</code> as a default file
extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input
from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a
string as a parameter to the command; e.g.</p>
<p><code class="literal">latex \scrollmode\input foo.tex</code></p>
<p>will process <code class="filename">foo.tex</code> without
pausing after every error.</p>
<p>Output files are always created in the current directory. When
you fail to specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names
on the file specification associated with the logical name
TEX_OUTPUT, typically <code class="literal">texput.log</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3 LaTeX Packages">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="latex-packages" name=
"latex-packages"></a>3 LaTeX Packages</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8881376" class="indexterm" name="idp8881376"></a>
<div class="section" title="3.1 amsmath">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="amsmath" name="amsmath"></a>3.1
<code class="filename">amsmath</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8884448" class="indexterm" name="idp8884448"></a><a id=
"idp8885264" class="indexterm" name="idp8885264"></a>
<p><code class="literal">amsmath</code> consists of several
packages to aid in typesetting math.</p>
<div class="variablelist"><a id="boldsymbol-linkend" name=
"boldsymbol-linkend"></a>
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\boldsymbol</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8889984" class="indexterm" name="idp8889984"></a>
<p>Produces a bold math symbol. When not only a single symbol, but
a complete equation has to be bold you might consider using the
superior <a class="link" href="#cmd-bm"><code class=
"literal">\bm</code></a> command which takes better care of
spacing.</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="pmb-linkend" name="pmb-linkend"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\pmb</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8894896" class="indexterm" name="idp8894896"></a>
<p>Can be used for mathematic symbols, when no bold version is
available. It prints the standard symbol several times slightly
shifted and is inferior to a real bold font!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.2 dcolumn">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="dcolumn" name="dcolumn"></a>3.2
<code class="filename">dcolumn</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8899488" class="indexterm" name="idp8899488"></a><a id=
"idp8900304" class="indexterm" name="idp8900304"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\usepackage{dcolumn}</code></p>
<p>Defines a system for defining columns of entries in an
<code class="literal">array</code> or <code class=
"literal">tabular</code> which are to be aligned on a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>decimal point</em></span>.</p>
<p>This package defines <code class="literal">D</code> to be a
column specifier with three arguments:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
D{sep.tex}{sep.dvi}{decimal places}
</pre>
<p><code class="literal">sep.tex</code> should be a single
character, this is used as the separator in the <code class=
"literal">.tex</code> file. It will usually be '<code class=
"literal">.</code>' or '<code class="literal">,</code>'.</p>
<p><code class="literal">sep.dvi</code> is used as the separator in
the output.</p>
<p><code class="literal">decimal places</code> should be the
maximum number of decimal places in the column.</p>
<p><code class="literal">\newcolumntype</code> can be used to
define own column types.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3 float">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="float" name="float"></a>3.3 <code class=
"filename">float</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8915328" class="indexterm" name="idp8915328"></a>
<div class="note" title="Note" style=
"margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from the documentation of
<code class="filename">float</code> v1.3d of 2001/11/08.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">This style option
improves the interface for defining objects such as figures and
tabels in LaTeX. It adds the notion of a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>float style</em></span> that governs the appearance
of floats.</span>&rdquo;</span></p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newfloat{&lt;placement&gt;}{&lt;ext&gt;}[&lt;within&gt;]</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8921072" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8921072"></a><a id="idp8921888" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8921888"></a>
<p>Add a new class of floats.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\floatstyle{&lt;style&gt;}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8925456" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8925456"></a><a id="idp8926272" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8926272"></a>
<p>Sets a default float style.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\floatname{&lt;style&gt;}{&lt;name&gt;}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8929808" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8929808"></a><a id="idp8930624" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8930624"></a>
<p>Define the <span class="emphasis"><em>float name</em></span>
used in the caption of a float.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\floatplacement{&lt;&gt;}{&lt;placement&gt;}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8934608" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8934608"></a><a id="idp8935424" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8935424"></a>
<p>Resets the default placement specifier of a class of floats.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\restylefloat&lt;style&gt;</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8938976" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8938976"></a><a id="idp8939792" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8939792"></a>
<p>Change styles for the standard float types <code class=
"literal">figure</code> and <code class="literal">table</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\listof{&lt;type&gt;}{&lt;title&gt;}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8944768" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8944768"></a><a id="idp8945584" class="indexterm" name=
"idp8945584"></a>
<p>Produces a list of all floats of a given class.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.4 fontenc">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="fontenc" name="fontenc"></a>3.4
<code class="filename">fontenc</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8950272" class="indexterm" name="idp8950272"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}</code></p>
<p>chooses T1-fonts and allows correct automatic hyphenation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.5 german">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="german" name="german"></a>3.5 <code class=
"filename">german</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp8954880" class="indexterm" name="idp8954880"></a><a id=
"idp8955696" class="indexterm" name="idp8955696"></a>
<p>Das <code class="literal">german</code> Paket mu&szlig; geladen
sein:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"a</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8960208" class="indexterm" name="idp8960208"></a>
<p>erzeugt ein <span class="emphasis"><em>&auml;</em></span></p>
<p>entsprechend <code class="literal">"o</code>, <code class=
"literal">"u</code>, <code class="literal">"A</code>, <code class=
"literal">"O</code>, <code class="literal">"U</code>, <code class=
"literal">"s (&szlig;)</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"ck</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8968464" class="indexterm" name="idp8968464"></a>
<p>wird bei Trennung zu <code class="literal">k-k</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"ff</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8972512" class="indexterm" name="idp8972512"></a>
<p>wird bei Trennung zu <code class="literal">ff-f</code></p>
<p>entsprechend <code class="literal">"ll</code>, <code class=
"literal">"mm</code>, <code class="literal">"pp</code>,
<code class="literal">"rr</code>, <code class=
"literal">"tt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\glqq</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8980512" class="indexterm" name="idp8980512"></a>
<p>oder <code class="literal">"`</code> erzeugt untere doppelte
Anf&uuml;hrungszeichen</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="cmd-grqq" name="cmd-grqq"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\grqq</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8985248" class="indexterm" name="idp8985248"></a>
<p>oder <code class="literal">"'</code> erzeugt obere doppelte
Anf&uuml;hrungszeichen</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\glq</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8989552" class="indexterm" name="idp8989552"></a>
<p>erzeugt untere einfache Anf&uuml;hrungszeichen</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\flqq</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8993120" class="indexterm" name="idp8993120"></a>
<p>oder <code class="literal">"&lt;</code> doppelte linke
franz&ouml;sische Anf&uuml;hrungszeichen</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\frqq</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp8997424" class="indexterm" name="idp8997424"></a>
<p>oder <code class="literal">"&gt;</code> doppelte rechte
franz&ouml;sische Anf&uuml;hrungszeichen</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\flq</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9001728" class="indexterm" name="idp9001728"></a>
<p>einfache linke franz&ouml;sische Anf&uuml;hrungszeichen</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\frq</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9005296" class="indexterm" name="idp9005296"></a>
<p>einfache rechte franz&ouml;sische Anf&uuml;hrungszeichen</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"|</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9008832" class="indexterm" name="idp9008832"></a>
<p>verhindert eine Ligatur an der Stelle</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\-</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9012272" class="indexterm" name="idp9012272"></a>
<p>markiert m&ouml;gliche Trennstelle, im restlichen Wort ist keine
Trennung mehr m&ouml;glich</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"-</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9015904" class="indexterm" name="idp9015904"></a>
<p>Trennvorschlag, der Rest des Wortes kann noch automatisch
getrennt werden</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">""</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9019488" class="indexterm" name="idp9019488"></a>
<p>Trennvorschlag, bei dem bei einer Trennung kein Bindestrich
eingef&uuml;gt wird</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"~</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9023056" class="indexterm" name="idp9023056"></a>
<p>Bindestrich, an dem nicht getrennt werden darf</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"=</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9026512" class="indexterm" name="idp9026512"></a>
<p>Bindestrich, an dem getrennt werden darf</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dq</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9030016" class="indexterm" name="idp9030016"></a>
<p>erzeugt ein nicht-typographisches gerades
Anf&uuml;hrungszeichen</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\texttt{\dq}
</pre></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">&lt;</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9034288" class="indexterm" name="idp9034288"></a>
<p>oder <code class="literal">\dq</code> ergibt das
Zoll-Zeichen</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.6 graphics">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="graphics" name="graphics"></a>3.6
<code class="filename">graphics</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp9039840" class="indexterm" name="idp9039840"></a><a id=
"idp9040656" class="indexterm" name="idp9040656"></a>
<p>Look up details in <code class="filename">grfguide</code>.</p>
<div class="section" title="3.6.1 \includegraphics">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="includegraphics" name=
"includegraphics"></a>3.6.1 \includegraphics</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp9044768" class="indexterm" name="idp9044768"></a>
<p><code class=
"literal">\includegraphics[]{picture-name}</code></p>
<p>File extensions of the graphics should be omitted, so it's
easier to change the format (for example for pdf or ps output).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.6.2 \graphicspath">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="graphicspath" name=
"graphicspath"></a>3.6.2 \graphicspath</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp9048736" class="indexterm" name="idp9048736"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\graphicspath{dir-list}</code></p>
<p><code class="literal">dir-list</code> is a list of absolute or
relative paths, where the command <a class="link" href=
"#includegraphics" title="3.6.1 \includegraphics"><code class=
"literal">\includegraphics{}</code></a> searches for the graphic
files:</p>
<p><code class="literal">\graphicspath{{eps/}{tiff/}}</code> would
cause the system to look in the subdirectories <code class=
"literal">eps</code> and <code class="literal">tiff</code> of the
current directory. This is unix syntax, on a Mac it would be:</p>
<p><code class="literal">\graphicspath{{:eps:}{:tiff:}}</code></p>
<p>Under Windows/DOS use also the slash <code class=
"literal">/</code> to separate directories. Not all tex
installations can handle filenames with spaces. So it's better to
avoid them.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.7 hyperref">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="hyperref" name="hyperref"></a>3.7
<code class="filename">hyperref</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp9060176" class="indexterm" name="idp9060176"></a><a id=
"idp9061248" class="indexterm" name="idp9061248"></a>
<p>For more infos read in the book <span class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX
Web Companion</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Mit LaTeX
ins Web</em></span>.</p>
<div class="section" title="3.7.1 Options">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="hyperref-options" name=
"hyperref-options"></a>3.7.1 Options</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">4</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9067600" class="indexterm" name="idp9067600"></a>
<p>use Acrobat 4 features (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, legalpaper,
letterpaper, executivepaper</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9071872" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9071872"></a><a id="idp9073776" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9073776"></a><a id="idp9075680" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9075680"></a><a id="idp9077584" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9077584"></a><a id="idp9079488" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9079488"></a><a id="idp9081392" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9081392"></a>
<p>use the specified paper size.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">anchorcolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9084912" class="indexterm" name="idp9084912"></a>
<p>set color of anchors (default: <code class=
"literal">black</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">backref</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9089152" class="indexterm" name="idp9089152"></a>
<p>do bibliographical back references (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">baseurl</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9093408" class="indexterm" name="idp9093408"></a>
<p>set base URL for document (default: <code class=
"literal">empty</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9097664" class="indexterm" name="idp9097664"></a>
<p>make bookmarks (default: <code class="literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarksnumbered</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9101904" class="indexterm" name="idp9101904"></a>
<p>put section numbers in bookmarks (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarksopen</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9106160" class="indexterm" name="idp9106160"></a>
<p>open up bookmark tree (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarksopenlevel</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9110448" class="indexterm" name="idp9110448"></a>
<p>level to which bookmarks are open (default: <code class=
"literal">\maxdimen</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">bookmarkstype</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9114704" class="indexterm" name="idp9114704"></a>
<p>to specify which `toc' file to mimic toc.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">breaklinks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9118240" class="indexterm" name="idp9118240"></a>
<p>allow links to break over lines (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">citebordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9122496" class="indexterm" name="idp9122496"></a>
<p>color of border around cites (default: <code class="literal">0 1
0</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">citecolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9126752" class="indexterm" name="idp9126752"></a>
<p>color of citation links (default: <code class=
"literal">green</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">colorlinks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9130992" class="indexterm" name="idp9130992"></a>
<p>color links (default: <code class="literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">debug</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9135232" class="indexterm" name="idp9135232"></a>
<p>provide details of anchors defined (same as verbose, default:
<code class="literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">draft</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9139520" class="indexterm" name="idp9139520"></a>
<p>do not do any hyper linking (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">dvipdf, dvipdfm, dvips, dvipsone, dviwindo,
hypertex,</span> <span class="term">latex2html, pdftex, tex4ht,
textures, ps2pdf, vtex</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9144256" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9144256"></a><a id="idp9146160" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9146160"></a><a id="idp9148064" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9148064"></a><a id="idp9149968" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9149968"></a><a id="idp9151872" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9151872"></a><a id="idp9153776" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9153776"></a><a id="idp9155680" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9155680"></a><a id="idp9157584" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9157584"></a><a id="idp9159488" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9159488"></a><a id="idp9161392" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9161392"></a><a id="idp9163296" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9163296"></a>
<p>use the specified backend.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">extension</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9166816" class="indexterm" name="idp9166816"></a>
<p>suffix of linked files (default: <code class=
"literal">dvi</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">filebordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9171072" class="indexterm" name="idp9171072"></a>
<p>color of border around file links (default: <code class=
"literal">0 .5 .5</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">filecolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9175328" class="indexterm" name="idp9175328"></a>
<p>color of file links (default: <code class=
"literal">cyan</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">frenchlinks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9179568" class="indexterm" name="idp9179568"></a>
<p>use small caps instead of color for links (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">hyperfigures</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9183840" class="indexterm" name="idp9183840"></a>
<p>make figures hyper links (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">hyperindex</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9188096" class="indexterm" name="idp9188096"></a>
<p>set up hyperlinked indices (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">hypertexnames</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9192352" class="indexterm" name="idp9192352"></a>
<p>use guessable names for links (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">implicit</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9196608" class="indexterm" name="idp9196608"></a>
<p>redefine LaTeX internals (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">linkbordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9201296" class="indexterm" name="idp9201296"></a>
<p>color of border around links (default: <code class="literal">1 0
0</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">linkcolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9205552" class="indexterm" name="idp9205552"></a>
<p>color of links (default: <code class="literal">red</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">linktocpage</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9209808" class="indexterm" name="idp9209808"></a>
<p>make page number, not text, be link on TOC, LOF and LOT
(default: <code class="literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">menubordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9214096" class="indexterm" name="idp9214096"></a>
<p>color of border around menu links (default: <code class=
"literal">1 0 0</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">menucolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9218352" class="indexterm" name="idp9218352"></a>
<p>color for menu links (default: <code class=
"literal">red</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">naturalnames</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9222560" class="indexterm" name="idp9222560"></a>
<p>use LaTeX-computed names for links (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">nesting</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9227264" class="indexterm" name="idp9227264"></a>
<p>allow nesting of links (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pageanchor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9231504" class="indexterm" name="idp9231504"></a>
<p>put an anchor on every page (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pagebackref</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9235760" class="indexterm" name="idp9235760"></a>
<p>backreference by page number (default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pagebordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9240016" class="indexterm" name="idp9240016"></a>
<p>color of border around page links (default: <code class=
"literal">1 1 0</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pagecolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9244272" class="indexterm" name="idp9244272"></a>
<p>color of page links (default: <code class=
"literal">red</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfauthor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9248480" class="indexterm" name="idp9248480"></a>
<p>text for PDF Author field (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfborder</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9252016" class="indexterm" name="idp9252016"></a>
<p>width of PDF link border (default: <code class="literal">0 0
1</code>; <code class="literal">0 0 0</code> for <code class=
"literal">colorlinks</code>)</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfcenterwindow</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9257712" class="indexterm" name="idp9257712"></a>
<p>position the document window center of the screen (default:
<code class="literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfcreator</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9261984" class="indexterm" name="idp9261984"></a>
<p>text for PDF Creator field (default: LaTeX with hyperref
package).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdffitwindow</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9265984" class="indexterm" name="idp9265984"></a>
<p>resize document window to fit document size (default:
<code class="literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfhighlight</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9270256" class="indexterm" name="idp9270256"></a>
<p>set highlighting of PDF links (default: <code class=
"literal">/I</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfkeywords</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9274480" class="indexterm" name="idp9274480"></a>
<p>text for PDF Keywords field (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfmenubar</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9278016" class="indexterm" name="idp9278016"></a>
<p>make PDF viewer's menu bar visible (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfnewwindow</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9282272" class="indexterm" name="idp9282272"></a>
<p>make links that open another PDF file start a new window
(default: <code class="literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfpagelayout</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9286560" class="indexterm" name="idp9286560"></a>
<p>set layout of PDF pages (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfpagemode</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9290096" class="indexterm" name="idp9290096"></a>
<p>set default mode of PDF display (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfpagescrop</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9293648" class="indexterm" name="idp9293648"></a>
<p>set crop size of PDF document (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfpagetransition</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9297184" class="indexterm" name="idp9297184"></a>
<p>set PDF page transition style (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfproducer</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9300720" class="indexterm" name="idp9300720"></a>
<p>text for PDF Producer field (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfstartpage</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9304256" class="indexterm" name="idp9304256"></a>
<p>page at which PDF document opens (default: <code class=
"literal">1</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfstartview</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9308480" class="indexterm" name="idp9308480"></a>
<p>starting view of PDF document (default: <code class=
"literal">/Fit</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfsubject</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9312736" class="indexterm" name="idp9312736"></a>
<p>text for PDF Subject field (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdftitle</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9316368" class="indexterm" name="idp9316368"></a>
<p>text for PDF Title field(default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdftoolbar</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9319840" class="indexterm" name="idp9319840"></a>
<p>make PDF toolbar visible (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfview</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9324096" class="indexterm" name="idp9324096"></a>
<p>PDF `view' when on link traversal (default: empty).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">pdfwindowui</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9327696" class="indexterm" name="idp9327696"></a>
<p>make PDF user interface elements visible (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">plainpages</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9331968" class="indexterm" name="idp9331968"></a>
<p>do page number anchors as plain arabic (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">raiselinks</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9336240" class="indexterm" name="idp9336240"></a>
<p>raise up links (for HyperTeX backend; default: <code class=
"literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">runbordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9340512" class="indexterm" name="idp9340512"></a>
<p>color of border around run links (default: <code class=
"literal">0 .7 .7</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">unicode</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9344768" class="indexterm" name="idp9344768"></a>
<p>Unicode encoded pdf strings (default: <code class=
"literal">true</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">urlbordercolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9349024" class="indexterm" name="idp9349024"></a>
<p>color of border around URL links (default: <code class=
"literal">0 1 1</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">urlcolor</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9353280" class="indexterm" name="idp9353280"></a>
<p>color of URL links (default: <code class=
"literal">magenta</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">verbose</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9357520" class="indexterm" name="idp9357520"></a>
<p>be chatty (default: <code class="literal">false</code>).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.7.2 Commands">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="hyperref-commands" name=
"hyperref-commands"></a>3.7.2 Commands</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\texorpdfstring{TeX-string}{pdf-string}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9364528" class="indexterm" name="idp9364528"></a>
<p>allows different texts for PDF or TeX creation.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\section{The role of \texorpdfstring{H$_2$O}{water}}
</pre></dd>
<dt><a id="href" name="href"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\href{URL}{Text}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9370096" class="indexterm" name="idp9370096"></a>
<p>the text will be resolved into a URL. The URL must be complete,
according to a base-url which might be defined in a <a class="link"
href="#cmd-hyperbaseurl"><code class=
"literal">\hyperbaseurl</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\href{http://www.karpfenteich.net/pit/}{Peter's input tips}
</pre></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a id="cmd-hyperbaseurl" name=
"cmd-hyperbaseurl"></a><code class=
"literal">\hyperbaseurl{URL}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9376624" class="indexterm" name="idp9376624"></a>
<p>defines a base URL, which is preset to a given URL. This helps
to make portable documents.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\hyperimage{image-URL}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9380608" class="indexterm" name="idp9380608"></a>
<p>includes the picture of the URL reference.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\hyperref{URL}{category}{name}{text}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\hyperref[mark]{text}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9385424" class="indexterm" name="idp9385424"></a>
<p><code class="literal">text</code> is activated as a hyperlink to
the point which is defined with a <a class="link" href=
"#cmd-label-title" title="2.3.2.&nbsp;\label{key}"><code class=
"filename">\label</code></a> command with the symbolic name
<code class="literal">mark</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\hyperlink{name}{text}</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class=
"literal">\hyertarget{name}{text}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9393072" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9393072"></a><a id="idp9394976" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9394976"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\hyperlink</code> creates an internal link
to an object which is somewhere defined with a <code class=
"literal">\hypertarget</code> command.</p>
<p>For HTML the command <code class="literal">\hyperlink</code>
inserts a <code class="literal">#</code> character in front of each
link. Thus it'll refer to the topical document, while <code class=
"literal">\href</code> will expect a complete URL.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\autoref{marker}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9402864" class="indexterm" name="idp9402864"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\autoref</code> is a substitution for the
standard <code class="literal">\ref</code> command. It inserts a
context sensitive phrase.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
see \autoref{foo}
</pre>
<p>for a <code class="literal">\label</code> in a section will
output <span class="emphasis"><em>see section 3</em></span> for an
example.</p>
<p>There are macros to change the default output with the help of
the <code class="literal">\renewcommand</code>:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\figurename             *\figurename*
\tablename              *\tablename*
\partname               *\partname*
\appendixname           *\appendixname*
\equationname           *\equationname*
\Itemname               *\Itemname*
\chaptername            *\chaptername*
\sectionname            *\sectionname*
\subsectionname         *\subsesctionname*
\subsubsectionname      *\subsubsectionname*
\paragraphname          *\paragraphname*
\Hfootnotename          *\Hfootnotename*
\AMSname                *\AMSname*
\theoremname            *\theoremname*
</pre></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a id="cmd-nolinkurl" name=
"cmd-nolinkurl"></a><code class=
"literal">\nolinkurl</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9413248" class="indexterm" name="idp9413248"></a>
<p>Allows line breaks in a verbatim like environment like
<code class="literal">\url</code>, but without the hyperlink
function. This is useful to define own commands like this
example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\newcommand*{\urlw}[1]{\href{http://www.#1}%
            {\nolinkurl{www.#1}}}
</pre>
<p>This new defined command <code class="literal">\urlw</code>
allows the user to typeset a linkable (this function is offered by
<code class="literal">\href</code>) <code class=
"literal">www.example.org</code> address in the latex source like
this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\urlw{example.org}
</pre>
<p>This will produce the string <code class=
"literal">www.example.org</code> which is hyperlinked and breakable
(when the driver like pdfTeX allows line breaks in links).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.8 inputenc">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="inputenc" name="inputenc"></a>3.8
<code class="filename">inputenc</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp9424944" class="indexterm" name="idp9424944"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\usepackage[encoding
name]{inputenc}</code></p>
<p>Allows to specify an input encoding for direct input of
character codes &gt; 127, e.g. accented characters.</p>
<p>Important encodings are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">latin9,
latin1</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Linux, Unix, VMS</p>
<a id="idp9429952" class="indexterm" name="idp9429952"></a><a id=
"idp9430768" class="indexterm" name="idp9430768"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">ansinew</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Windows (codepage 1252)</p>
<a id="idp9433584" class="indexterm" name="idp9433584"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">cp850</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">OS/2, MSDOS (codpage 850)</p>
<a id="idp9436544" class="indexterm" name="idp9436544"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">applemac</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Apple Macintosh</p>
<a id="idp9439360" class="indexterm" name="idp9439360"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.9 KOMA-Script">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="komascript" name="komascript"></a>3.9
<code class="filename">KOMA-Script</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp9442992" class="indexterm" name="idp9442992"></a><a id=
"idp9444032" class="indexterm" name="idp9444032"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">KOMA-Script</code> package has a very
detailed and well written documentation. Read the <code class=
"literal">scrguide</code> for further information! :-)</p>
<div class="section" title="3.9.1 Page-Layout">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="komascript-page-layout" name=
"komascript-page-layout"></a>3.9.1 Page-Layout</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><code class="literal">\typearea[BCOR]{DIV}</code></p>
<a id="idp9450080" class="indexterm" name="idp9450080"></a>
<p><code class=
"literal">\areaset[BCOR]{Breite}{H&ouml;he}</code></p>
<a id="idp9451936" class="indexterm" name="idp9451936"></a></div>
<div class="section" title="3.9.2 Options">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="komascript-options" name=
"komascript-options"></a>3.9.2 Options</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">headinclude, headexclude,</span>
<span class="term">footinclude, footexclude</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9456288" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9456288"></a><a id="idp9457472" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9457472"></a><a id="idp9458544" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9458544"></a><a id="idp9459616" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9459616"></a>
<p>will determine if headers and footers are used in the
calculation of the page size. Default is exclude. Include will make
the text area smaller.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">DIV</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9462448" class="indexterm" name="idp9462448"></a>
<p>is a factor which determins how large the used page size is.
This method takes care of good typography.</p>
<p>Try values between 10 and 15. Higher values will cause smaller
margins. An example would be: <code class=
"literal">DIV12</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">BCOR</span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9466400" class="indexterm" name="idp9466400"></a>
<p>Binding correction. Takes care of the loss of the visible paper
size when the paper is cut and a book is bound.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.9.3 Letter Class scrlttr2">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="komascript-scrlttr2" name=
"komascript-scrlttr2"></a>3.9.3 Letter Class <code class=
"literal">scrlttr2</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp9470720" class="indexterm" name="idp9470720"></a>
<p>This reference is based on the excellent <code class=
"literal">scrguien.pdf</code> from 2002-09-06.</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9473376" name=
"idp9473376"></a>Options</h5>
<a id="idp9474064" class="indexterm" name="idp9474064"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9475968" name="idp9475968"></a>Defining
Options Later</h5>
<a id="idp9476656" class="indexterm" name="idp9476656"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\KOMAoptions{options
list}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Use this to change options after loading the class. List single
or multiple options, separated by commas.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9481408" name="idp9481408"></a>Page
Layout Options</h5>
<a id="idp9482096" class="indexterm" name="idp9482096"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">paper=format</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines the paper format.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">BCOR=length</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">DIV=value</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">headlines=count</code></span></dt>
<dd>Divisor, binding correction, and number of headlines.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">enlargefirstpage</code></span></dt>
<dd>If <span class="emphasis"><em>true</em></span> some more text
would fit on the first page</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9492960" name="idp9492960"></a>Other
Layout Options</h5>
<a id="idp9493648" class="indexterm" name="idp9493648"></a><a id=
"idp9495552" class="indexterm" name="idp9495552"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">twoside</code></span></dt>
<dd>Activate possibilities of a double-sided document, but stay
with with the one-sided layout as far as possible.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">cleardoublepage=style</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Inserted pages by <code class=
"literal">\cleardoublepage</code> get one of these page styles:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">empty</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">plain</code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="literal">standard</code></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">headsepline</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">footsepline</code></span></dt>
<dd>Insert a separator line below the head or above the foot.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">mpinclude</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">mpexclude</code></span></dt>
<dd>These two options of the <code class="literal">typearea</code>
package should not be used with <code class=
"literal">scrlttr2</code>.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">pagenumber=position</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">This option defines if and where a page number
will be placed. Possible values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">bot</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">foot</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in foot, horizontal position not changed</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">botcenter</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">botcentered</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">botmiddle</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">footcenter</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">footcentered</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">footmiddle</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number infoot,centered</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">botleft</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">footleft</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in foot, left justified</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">botrigth</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">footright</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in foot, right justified</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">center</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">centered</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">middle</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number centered horizontally, vertical position not
changed</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">false</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">no</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">off</code></span></dt>
<dd>No page number</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">head</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">top</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in head, horizontal position not changed</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">headcenter</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">headcentered</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">headmiddle</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">topcenter</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">topcentered</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">topmiddle</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in head, centered</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">headleft</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">topleft</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in head, left justified</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">headright</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">topright</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in head, right justified</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">left</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number left, vertical position not changed</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">right</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number right, vertical position not changed</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="simpara">Default is <code class=
"literal">botcenter</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">parskip=value</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Mark paragraphs alternatively by vertical skip.
Possible values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">false</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">off</code></span></dt>
<dd>Paragraph indentation instead of verticalk space</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">full</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">on</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">true</code></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space between paragraphs; at least 1 em free
space in the last line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">full*</code></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space betwen paragraphs; at least a quarter
of a line free space at the end of a paragraph.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">full+</code></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space betwen paragraphs; at least a third of
aline free space at the end of a paragraph.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">full-</code></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space betwen paragraphs; last line of a
paragraph may be arbitrarily filled.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">half</code></span></dt>
<dd>Half a line vertical space between paragraphs; at least 1 em
free space in the last line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">half*</code></span></dt>
<dd>Half a line vertical space between paragraphs; at least a
quarter of a line free space at the end of a paragraph.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">half+</code></span></dt>
<dd>Half a line vertical space between paragraphs; at least a third
of a line free space at the end of a paragraph.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">half-</code></span></dt>
<dd>One line vertical space between paragraphs; last line may be
arbitrarily filled.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="simpara">Default is <code class=
"literal">false</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9584448" name="idp9584448"></a>Font
Options</h5>
<a id="idp9585136" class="indexterm" name="idp9585136"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fontsize=size</code></span></dt>
<dd>Font size of the document. Defaults to <code class=
"literal">12pt</code>.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9590560" name="idp9590560"></a>Options
for Letterhead and Address</h5>
<a id="idp9591264" class="indexterm" name="idp9591264"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromalign</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Defines the placement of the from address in the
letterhead. Possible values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">center</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">centered</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">middle</code></span></dt>
<dd>Return address centered.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">false</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">no</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">off</code></span></dt>
<dd>Standard design for return address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">left</code></span></dt>
<dd>Left justified return address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">rigth</code></span></dt>
<dd>Right justified return address.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="simpara">Default is <code class="literal">left</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromrule</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Allows to place a horizontal rule within return
address. Possible values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">afteraddress</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">below</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">true</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">yes</code></span></dt>
<dd>Line below return address</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">aftername</code></span></dt>
<dd>Line right below sender's name</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">false</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">no</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">off</code></span></dt>
<dd>No line.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="simpara">Default is <code class=
"literal">false</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromphone</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the phone number will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromfax</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the facsimile number will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromemail</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the email address will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromurl</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the URL will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromlogo</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether the logo will be part of the return
address.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">addrfield</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether a return address field will be set.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">backaddress</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines whether a return address for window envelopes will be
set.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subject</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Choose of your subject should have a title and
if the subject should be set before or after the opening. Possible
values are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">afteropening</code></span></dt>
<dd>Set subject after opening.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">beforeopening</code></span></dt>
<dd>Set subject before opening.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">titled</code></span></dt>
<dd>Add title to subject.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">untitled</code></span></dt>
<dd>Do not add title to subject.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="simpara">Defaults are <code class=
"literal">beforeopening</code> and <code class=
"literal">untitled</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">locfield</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Toggle between presets for the field width of
additionbal sender attributes.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">narrow</code></span></dt>
<dd>Small sender supplement field.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">wide</code></span></dt>
<dd>Wide sender supplement field.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="simpara">Default is <code class=
"literal">narrow</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">foldmarks</code></span></dt>
<dd>Activates fold marks.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">numericaldate</code></span></dt>
<dd>Toggles between standard, language-dependent date presentation
and a short, numerical one.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">refline</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines that the reference line may extend beyond the normal
type area.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9664320" name="idp9664320"></a>Format
Options</h5>
<a id="idp9665008" class="indexterm" name="idp9665008"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">draft</code></span></dt>
<dd>Toggles between the final and the draft version.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9669728" name="idp9669728"></a>Letter
Class Option Files</h5>
<a id="idp9670432" class="indexterm" name="idp9670432"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\LoadLetterOption{name}</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p class="simpara">Load a <code class="literal">lco</code> file.
<code class="literal">name</code> is the filename without
suffix.</p>
<p>Predefined <code class="literal">lco</code> files:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">DIN</code></span></dt>
<dd>For A4 size paper, complying with DIN 676.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">DINmtext</code></span></dt>
<dd>For A4 size paper, complying with DIN 676, but using an
alternate layout with more text on the first page.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">KOMAold</code></span></dt>
<dd>Fo AQ4 paper size using a layout close to the obsolete
<code class="literal">scrlettr</code> class.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">SN</code></span></dt>
<dd>For Swiss letters with address field on the right side,
according to SN 010 130</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">SNleft</code></span></dt>
<dd>For Swiss letters with address field on the left side.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\LetterOptionNeedsPaperSize{option name}{paper
size}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Useful to be abel to emit warnings if the user selects a
different paper size from the one the <code class=
"literal">lco</code> file is based on.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9692256" name="idp9692256"></a>General
Document Properties</h5>
<a id="idp9692928" class="indexterm" name="idp9692928"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9694848" name="idp9694848"></a>Font
Selection</h5>
<a id="idp9695536" class="indexterm" name="idp9695536"></a>
<p>See also the section for <span class="emphasis"><em>Changing
Fonts</em></span> in KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">backaddress</code></span></dt>
<dd>Back address for a window envelope</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">descriptionlabel</code></span></dt>
<dd>Label in a <code class="literal">description</code>
environment</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromaddress</code></span></dt>
<dd>Sender's address in letterhead</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromname</code></span></dt>
<dd>Sender's address in letterhead if different from <code class=
"literal">fromaddress</code></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">pagefoot</code></span></dt>
<dd>Footer, sometimes header of a page</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">pagehead</code></span></dt>
<dd>Header, sometimes footer of a page</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">pagenumber</code></span></dt>
<dd>Page number in footer or header</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subject</code></span></dt>
<dd>Subject in the opening</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">title</code></span></dt>
<dd>Headline in the opening</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9718656" name="idp9718656"></a>Page
Style</h5>
<a id="idp9719344" class="indexterm" name="idp9719344"></a>
<p>See also the section for <span class="emphasis"><em>Page
Style</em></span> in KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">empty</code></span></dt>
<dd>Entirely empty headers and footers</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">plain</code></span></dt>
<dd>Empty head and and only page number in header or footer</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">headings</code></span></dt>
<dd>Automatic page headings</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">myheadings</code></span></dt>
<dd>Manual page headings</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9731008" name=
"idp9731008"></a>Variables</h5>
<a id="idp9731696" class="indexterm" name="idp9731696"></a>
<p>The main difference between a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>command</em></span> and a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>variable</em></span> is that a command usually
triggers an action whereas a variable only consists of plain text.
Furthermore a variable can have an additional description.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newkomavar[description]{name}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newkomavar*[description]{name}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\addtoreffields{name}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9738592" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9738592"></a><a id="idp9740496" class="indexterm" name=
"idp9740496"></a>
<p class="simpara"><code class="literal">\newkomavar</code> defines
a new variable, addressed with <code class=
"literal">name</code>.</p>
<p class="simpara">The command <code class=
"literal">\addtoreffields</code> adds the variable <code class=
"literal">name</code> to the reference fields. See section
<a class="link" href="#scrlttr-business-line" title=
"3.9.3.&nbsp;Business Line">Business Line</a>.</p>
<p class="simpara">The command <code class=
"literal">\newkomavar*</code> works like <code class=
"literal">\newkomavar</code> with an additional call of the command
<code class="literal">\addtoreffields</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Overview of all variables:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">backaddress</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9752048" class="indexterm" name="idp9752048"></a>
<p class="simpara">Back address for window envelopes</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">backaddressseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9755968" class="indexterm" name="idp9755968"></a>
<p class="simpara">Separator within the back address</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">ccseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9759888" class="indexterm" name="idp9759888"></a>
<p class="simpara">Separator between title of additional recipients
and additional recipients</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">customer</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9763856" class="indexterm" name="idp9763856"></a>
<p class="simpara">Customer number</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">date</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9767760" class="indexterm" name="idp9767760"></a>
<p class="simpara">Date</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">emailseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9771664" class="indexterm" name="idp9771664"></a>
<p class="simpara">Separator between e-mail name and e-mail
address</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">enclseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9775616" class="indexterm" name="idp9775616"></a>
<p class="simpara">Separator between title of enclosure and and
enclosures</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">faxseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9779568" class="indexterm" name="idp9779568"></a>
<p class="simpara">Separator between title of fax and fax
number</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromaddress</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9783520" class="indexterm" name="idp9783520"></a>
<p class="simpara">Sender's address without its name</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">frombank</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9787440" class="indexterm" name="idp9787440"></a>
<p class="simpara">Sender's bank account</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromemail</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9791344" class="indexterm" name="idp9791344"></a>
<p class="simpara">Sender's e-mail</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromfax</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9795248" class="indexterm" name="idp9795248"></a>
<p class="simpara">Sender's fax number</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromlogo</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9799152" class="indexterm" name="idp9799152"></a>
<p class="simpara">Commands for inserting the sender's logo</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromname</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9803088" class="indexterm" name="idp9803088"></a>
<p class="simpara">Complete name of the sender</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromphone</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9807008" class="indexterm" name="idp9807008"></a>
<p class="simpara">Sender's telephone number</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromurl</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9810928" class="indexterm" name="idp9810928"></a>
<p class="simpara">URL of the sender</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">invoice</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9814832" class="indexterm" name="idp9814832"></a>
<p class="simpara">Invoice number</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">location</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9818736" class="indexterm" name="idp9818736"></a>
<p class="simpara">More details of the sender</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">myref</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9822656" class="indexterm" name="idp9822656"></a>
<p class="simpara">Sender's reference</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">place</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9826560" class="indexterm" name="idp9826560"></a>
<p class="simpara">Place</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">placeseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9830464" class="indexterm" name="idp9830464"></a>
<p class="simpara">Separator between place and date</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">phoneseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9834384" class="indexterm" name="idp9834384"></a>
<p class="simpara">Separator between title of telephone and
telephone number</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">signature</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9838336" class="indexterm" name="idp9838336"></a>
<p class="simpara">Signature beneath the ending of the letter</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">specialmail</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9842272" class="indexterm" name="idp9842272"></a>
<p class="simpara">Special mail</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subject</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9846176" class="indexterm" name="idp9846176"></a>
<p class="simpara">Subject</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subjectseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9850080" class="indexterm" name="idp9850080"></a>
<p class="simpara">Separator between title of subject and
subject</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">title</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9854032" class="indexterm" name="idp9854032"></a>
<p class="simpara">Letter title</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">toname</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9857936" class="indexterm" name="idp9857936"></a>
<p class="simpara">Complete name of recipient</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">toaddress</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9861856" class="indexterm" name="idp9861856"></a>
<p class="simpara">Address of recipient without its name</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">yourmail</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9865776" class="indexterm" name="idp9865776"></a>
<p class="simpara">Date of recipient's mail</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">yourref</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9869696" class="indexterm" name="idp9869696"></a>
<p class="simpara">Recipient's reference</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\setkomavar{name}[description]{content}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\setkomavar*{name}{description}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9875216" class="indexterm" name="idp9875216"></a>
<p class="simpara"><code class="literal">\setkomavar</code> sets
the content of the variable <code class="literal">name</code>. The
optional argument sets the <code class="literal">description</code>
of the variable.</p>
<p class="simpara"><code class="literal">\setkomavar*</code> only
sets the <code class="literal">description</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\usekomavar[command]{name}</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class=
"literal">\usekomavar*[command]{name}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9884544" class="indexterm" name="idp9884544"></a>
<p class="simpara"><code class="literal">\usekomavar</code> gives
you access to the content of the variable <code class=
"literal">name</code>.</p>
<p class="simpara"><code class="literal">\usekomavar*</code> gives
you access to the <code class="literal">description</code> of the
variable <code class="literal">name</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ifkomavarempty{name}{true}{false}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ifkomavarempty*{name}{true}{false}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp9893824" class="indexterm" name="idp9893824"></a>
<p class="simpara">The <code class="literal">true</code> argument
will be executed if the content or description is empty. Otherwise
the <code class="literal">false</code> argument will be
executed.</p>
<p class="simpara">The starred version handles the description of a
variable, the variant without star the content.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9898704" name="idp9898704"></a>Pseudo
Lengths</h5>
<a id="idp9899392" class="indexterm" name="idp9899392"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\@newplength{name}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Defines a new pseudo length</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\useplength{name}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Access value of pseudo length <code class=
"literal">name</code></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\setlengthtoplength[factor]{length}{pseudo length}</code>
,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\addtolengthplength[factor]{length}{pseudo
length}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Assign a multiple of <code class="literal">pseudo length</code>
to a real <code class="literal">length</code>. Adds a multiple of
<code class="literal">pseudo length</code> to <code class=
"literal">length</code>.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\@setplength[factor]{pseudo length}{value}</code>
,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\@addtoplength[factor]{pseudo
length}{value}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Assign a multiple of a <code class="literal">value</code> to a
<code class="literal">pseudo length</code>. Adds <code class=
"literal">value</code> to <code class="literal">pseudo
length</code>.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9919360" name="idp9919360"></a>Letter
Declaration</h5>
<a id="idp9920048" class="indexterm" name="idp9920048"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9921952" name=
"idp9921952"></a>Letterhead</h5>
<a id="idp9922640" class="indexterm" name="idp9922640"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">firstheadvpos</code></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between the top of the sheet and the letterhead.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">firstheadwidth</code></span></dt>
<dd>Width of the letterhead.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromname</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fromaddress</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">fromphone</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">fromfax</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">fromemail</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">fromurl</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">fromlogo</code></span></dt>
<dd>This variables give all statements concerning the sender
necessary to create the letterhead.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">phoneseparator</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">faxseparator</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">emailseparator</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">urlseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd>Separators for variables in letterhead.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\firsthead{construction}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Create letterhead freely.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9942880" name=
"idp9942880"></a>Footer</h5>
<a id="idp9943568" class="indexterm" name="idp9943568"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">firstfootvpos</code></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between footer and upper border of the sheet.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">firstfootwidth</code></span></dt>
<dd>Width of letter's firstpage footer.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\firstfoot{Construction}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Set definition for first page's footer</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9952336" name=
"idp9952336"></a>Address</h5>
<a id="idp9953024" class="indexterm" name="idp9953024"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">toaddrvpos</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">toaddrhpos</code></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between address window of a window envelope and the
upper and left border of the sheet.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">toaddrwidth</code></span></dt>
<dd>Width of the address window.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">toaddrindent</code></span></dt>
<dd>Value of indentation for the address from the left border.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">backaddress</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">backaddressseparator</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">backaddrheight</code></span></dt>
<dd>Double backslashes within return address will be exchanged with
<code class="literal">backaddressseparator</code>. Height of the
return address field.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">specialmail</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">specialmailindent</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">specialmailrightindent</code></span></dt>
<dd>Optionally set between return address and addressee.
<code class="literal">specialmailindent</code> and <code class=
"literal">specialmailrightindent</code> determine left and right
indentation.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">toname</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">toaddress</code></span></dt>
<dd>Usually not set directly by the user.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\begin{letter}[options]{address}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Major point of the letter class.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\AtBeginLetter{command}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Hook for commands run at begin of a letter.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp9979184" name="idp9979184"></a>Sender's
Extension</h5>
<a id="idp9979872" class="indexterm" name="idp9979872"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">locwidth</code></span></dt>
<dd>Declares width of sender's extensions.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">location</code></span></dt>
<dd>Content of sender's extension.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="scrlttr-business-line" name=
"scrlttr-business-line"></a>Business Line</h5>
<a id="idp9987696" class="indexterm" name="idp9987696"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">refvpos</code></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between upper border of sheet and business line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">refwidth</code></span></dt>
<dd>Available width for the business line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">refaftervskip</code></span></dt>
<dd>Vertical space to be inserted beneath business line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">place</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">placeseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd>If all variables for business line are empty, the content of
<code class="literal">place</code> and <code class=
"literal">placeseparator</code> will be set, followed by content of
<code class="literal">date</code>.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">yourref</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">yourmail</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">myref</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">customer</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">invoice</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">date</code></span></dt>
<dd>Typical fields for business lines.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10007648" name="idp10007648"></a>Title
and Subject Line</h5>
<a id="idp10008336" class="indexterm" name="idp10008336"></a><a id=
"idp10010240" class="indexterm" name="idp10010240"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">title</code></span></dt>
<dd>Additional tile. Set centered beneath the business line.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">subject</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subjectseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd>Set the subject of the letter, optional prefixed by a
label.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10017824" name=
"idp10017824"></a>Further Issues</h5>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">tfoldmarkvpos</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">bfoldmarkvpos</code></span></dt>
<dd>Position of upper and lower fold mark.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">foldmarkhpos</code></span></dt>
<dd>Distance between fold marks and the sheet's left border.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">frombank</code></span></dt>
<dd>Internally not used yet.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\nexthead{construction}</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class=
"literal">\nextfoot{construction}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Create letter head or foot for the following pages freely.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10029040" name="idp10029040"></a>The
Text</h5>
<a id="idp10029728" class="indexterm" name="idp10029728"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10031632" name=
"idp10031632"></a>Opening</h5>
<a id="idp10032320" class="indexterm" name="idp10032320"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\opening{opening}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Set the opening of the letter.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10037008" name=
"idp10037008"></a>Footnotes</h5>
<a id="idp10037696" class="indexterm" name="idp10037696"></a>
<p>See section <span class="emphasis"><em>Footnotes</em></span> in
KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10040560" name=
"idp10040560"></a>Lists</h5>
<a id="idp10041184" class="indexterm" name="idp10041184"></a>
<p>See section <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> in
KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10044048" name="idp10044048"></a>Margin
Notes</h5>
<a id="idp10044672" class="indexterm" name="idp10044672"></a>
<p>See section <span class="emphasis"><em>Margin Notes</em></span>
in KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10047536" name="idp10047536"></a>Text
Emphasis</h5>
<a id="idp10048160" class="indexterm" name="idp10048160"></a>
<p>See section <span class="emphasis"><em>Logical Markup of
Text</em></span> in KOMA-Script (still to be written).</p>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10051024" name=
"idp10051024"></a>Closing Part</h5>
<a id="idp10051648" class="indexterm" name="idp10051648"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10053552" name=
"idp10053552"></a>Closing</h5>
<a id="idp10054240" class="indexterm" name="idp10054240"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">signature</code></span></dt>
<dd>Inlcudes an explanation for the inscription. Defaults to
<code class="literal">\usekomavar{fromname}</code>.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\closing{closing
phrase}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Typesets the colsing phrase follwoed by a vertical space and
the contents fo variable <code class=
"literal">signature</code>.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">sigindent</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">sigbeforevskip</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\raggedsignature</code></span></dt>
<dd>Indentation of the box for closing phrase, inscription and
signature (defaults to 0mm). Vertical space between closing phrase
and signature (defaults to two lines). Alignment inside the
box.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10066320" name=
"idp10066320"></a>Postscript, Carbon Copy, and Enclosures</h5>
<a id="idp10067024" class="indexterm" name="idp10067024"></a><a id=
"idp10068928" class="indexterm" name="idp10068928"></a><a id=
"idp10070832" class="indexterm" name="idp10070832"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\ps</code></span></dt>
<dd>Set a postscript.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\cc{distribution
list}</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">ccseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd>Set a ddistribution list. If the contents of <code class=
"literal">ccseparator</code> isn't empty then the name and the
content of the variable is inserted prior to distribution
list.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\encl{enclosures}</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">enclseparator</code></span></dt>
<dd>Same structur as the distribution list.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10081984" name=
"idp10081984"></a>Language Support</h5>
<a id="idp10082672" class="indexterm" name="idp10082672"></a>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10084576" name=
"idp10084576"></a>Language Selection</h5>
<a id="idp10085264" class="indexterm" name="idp10085264"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\captionenglish</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\captionUSenglish</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\captionamerican</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\captionbritish</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\captionUKenglish</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\captiongerman</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\captionngerman</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\captionaustrian</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\captionfrench</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\captionitalian</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\captionspanish</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\captiondutch</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\captioncroatian</code></span></dt>
<dd>If the used language selection scheme does not support
switching the language the above commands can be used
directly.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\dateenglish</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\dateUSenglish</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\dateamerican</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\datebritish</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\dateUKenglish</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\dategerman</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\datengerman</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\dateaustrian</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">\datefrench</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\dateitalian</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\datespanish</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">\datedutch</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\datecrotian</code></span></dt>
<dd>Numerical date representation.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10111648" name=
"idp10111648"></a>Language-Dependent Terms</h5>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\yourrefname</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\youremailname</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">\myrefname</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\customername</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\invoicename</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\subjectname</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\ccname</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\enclname</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\headtoname</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\headfromname</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\datename</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\pagename</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\phonename</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\faxname</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\emailname</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\wwwname</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\bankname</code></span></dt>
<dd>These defintions can be modified to support a new language of
for private customization.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10128272" name=
"idp10128272"></a>Defining Language Terms</h5>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\providecaptioname{language}{term}{definition}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newcaptioname{language}{term}{defintion}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\renewcaptionname{language}{term}{definition}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Assign a <span class="emphasis"><em>definition</em></span> for
a <span class="emphasis"><em>language</em></span> to a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>term</em></span>.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp10134800" name=
"idp10134800"></a>Address Files and Circular Letters</h5>
<a id="idp10135504" class="indexterm" name="idp10135504"></a><a id=
"idp10137408" class="indexterm" name="idp10137408"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\adrentry{Lastname}{Firstname}{Address}{Telephone}{F1}{F2}{Comment}{Key}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Address entry for address files. The file extension has to be
<code class="literal">.adr</code>!</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\addrentry{Lastname}{Firstname}{Address}{Telephone}{F1}{F2}{F3}{F4}{Key}</code></span></dt>
<dd>This command supports four freely definable parameters for an
address entry.</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\adrchar{initial
letter}</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\addrchar{initial letter}</code></span></dt>
<dd>Separator for address entries. Ignored by <code class=
"literal">scrlttr2</code>.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.9.4 Address Files with scraddr">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="komascript-scraddr" name=
"komascript-scraddr"></a>3.9.4 Address Files with <code class=
"literal">scraddr</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10151008" class="indexterm" name="idp10151008"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\InputAddressFile{file
name}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10154304" class="indexterm" name="idp10154304"></a>
<p class="simpara">Read the contents of the given address file.
Filename extension has to be <code class="literal">.adr</code> and
has to be omitted in the argument.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\Name{Key}</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\FirstName{Key}</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\LastName{Key}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\Address{Key}</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\Telephone{Key}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">\FreeI{Key}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\FreeII{Key}</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\Comment{Key}</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\FreeIII{Key}</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\FreeIV{Key}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10166368" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10166368"></a><a id="idp10168272" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10168272"></a><a id="idp10170176" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10170176"></a><a id="idp10172080" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10172080"></a><a id="idp10173984" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10173984"></a><a id="idp10175888" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10175888"></a><a id="idp10177792" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10177792"></a><a id="idp10179696" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10179696"></a><a id="idp10181600" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10181600"></a><a id="idp10183504" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10183504"></a>
<p class="simpara">Access to the data in address file. <code class=
"literal">\Name</code> is a concatenation of <code class=
"literal">\FirstName</code> and <code class=
"literal">\LastName</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">AdrFreeIVempty</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">AdrFreeIVshow</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">AdrFreeIVwarn</code>,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">AdrFreeIVstop</code></span></dt>
<dd>Package warning options. Defaults to <code class=
"literal">AdrFreeIVshow</code>.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.10 mathpazo">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="mathpazo" name="mathpazo"></a>3.10
<code class="filename">mathpazo</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10196240" class="indexterm" name="idp10196240"></a><a id=
"idp10197056" class="indexterm" name="idp10197056"></a>
<p>Math fonts for the use with the Palatino font.</p>
<div class="section" title="3.10.1 \upDelta / \upOmega">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="upDelta-upOmega" name=
"upDelta-upOmega"></a>3.10.1 \upDelta / \upOmega</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10200624" class="indexterm" name="idp10200624"></a><a id=
"idp10201440" class="indexterm" name="idp10201440"></a>
<p>Math fonts for the use with the Palatino font.</p>
<p>Package options are:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">[slantedGreek]</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Uppercase Greek will be typeset slanted.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">[noBBpl]</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not use PazoMathBlackboardBold as (partial) blackboard bold
font (e.g with <code class="literal">\mathbb{R}</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">[osf]</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Make the font family <code class="literal">pplj</code> (Palatino
with old style numerals) the default roman font, and use an
alternative version of the virtual math italic fonts (<code class=
"literal">zplmrj7m</code> and <code class=
"literal">zplmbj7m</code>) with upright Palatino old style numerals
for use with the <code class="literal">\oldstylenums</code>
command.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">[osfeqnnum]</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Use old style numerals for equation numbering.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.11 varioref">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="varioref" name="varioref"></a>3.11
<code class="filename">varioref</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10217888" class="indexterm" name="idp10217888"></a><a id=
"idp10218704" class="indexterm" name="idp10218704"></a>
<p>Smarter version of the original latex2e <a class="link" href=
"#cross-references" title="2.3.2 Cross References">cross reference
commands</a>. Generated strings are customizable, Babel options are
recognized (further info in the package documentation).</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><a id="cmd-vref" name=
"cmd-vref"></a><code class="literal">\vref</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><a id="cmd-vpageref" name=
"cmd-vpageref"></a><code class=
"literal">\vpageref</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10225120" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10225120"></a><a id="idp10226192" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10226192"></a>
<p><code class="literal">\vref</code> is similar to <code class=
"literal">\ref</code> but adds an additional page reference, like
<span class="emphasis"><em>on the facing page</em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em>on page 27</em></span> whenever the
corresponding <a class="link" href="#cmd-label-title" title=
"2.3.2.&nbsp;\label{key}"><code class="filename">\label</code></a>
is not on the same page.</p>
<p><code class="literal">\vpageref</code> is a variation of
<code class="literal">\pageref</code> with similar
functionality.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\vrefrange</code>,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\vpagerefrange</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10235552" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10235552"></a><a id="idp10236624" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10236624"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">\v...range</code> commands take two
labels as arguments and produce strings which depend on wether or
not these labels fall onto a single page or on different pages.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\vref*</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">\vpageref*</code>,</span>
<span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\vpagerefrange*</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Star * variants do not add any space before the generated text
for situations like:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(\vref{foo} ...)
</pre></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.12 Several Small Packages">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="small-packages" name=
"small-packages"></a>3.12 Several Small Packages</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10245536" class="indexterm" name="idp10245536"></a><a id=
"idp10246352" class="indexterm" name="idp10246352"></a><a id=
"idp10247168" class="indexterm" name="idp10247168"></a>
<p>Must be loaded with the usual <a class="link" href=
"#usepackage-linkend"><code class="literal">\usepackage</code></a>
command. Further info for a package to be found in the
documentation (dvi, pdf, ps) or in the <code class=
"literal">sty</code>-file itself.</p>
<div class="section" title="3.12.1 bm">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bm-package" name="bm-package"></a>3.12.1
<code class="filename">bm</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10253488" class="indexterm" name="idp10253488"></a><a id=
"idp10254528" class="indexterm" name="idp10254528"></a><a id=
"idp10255984" class="indexterm" name="idp10255984"></a>
<p>Bold math symbols or equations with better spacing then the
<code class="literal">\boldsymbold</code> command. <a id=
"idp10258528" class="indexterm" name="idp10258528"></a> If possible
load after other packages which redefine the fonts. When no bold
font is available for a certain char <code class=
"literal">bm</code> will use <span class="emphasis"><em>poor man's
bold</em></span> <a class="link" href="#pmb-linkend"><code class=
"literal">\pmb</code></a>.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><a id="cmd-bm" name=
"cmd-bm"></a><code class="literal">\bm</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10264528" class="indexterm" name="idp10264528"></a>
<p>Produces bold math symbol or equation.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\unboldmath</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10267584" class="indexterm" name="idp10267584"></a>
<p>Can be used to set parts of an equation unbold.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.12.2 url">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="url-package" name="url-package"></a>3.12.2
<code class="filename">url</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10272016" class="indexterm" name="idp10272016"></a><a id=
"idp10273056" class="indexterm" name="idp10273056"></a>
<p>Defines line breakable hyperlinked (uses <a class="link" href=
"#hyperref" title="3.7 hyperref">hyperref</a> package) verbatim
input for urls and e-mail addresses.</p>
<p>Example: <code class="literal">\url{http://example.org}</code>
outputs <code class="literal">http://example.org</code>.</p>
<p>Related commands are <a class="link" href="#href"><code class=
"literal">\href</code></a> and <a class="link" href=
"#cmd-nolinkurl"><code class="literal">\nolinkurl</code></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4 Generic Packages">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="generic-packages"
name="generic-packages"></a>4 Generic Packages</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.1 PiCTeX (tbd.)">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pictex" name="pictex"></a>4.1 PiCTeX
(tbd.)</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10284000" class="indexterm" name="idp10284000"></a>
<p>tbd.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2 PSTricks">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pstricks" name="pstricks"></a>4.2
PSTricks</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10287792" class="indexterm" name="idp10287792"></a>
<div class="section" title="4.2.1 Overview">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="pstricks-ovw" name=
"pstricks-ovw"></a>4.2.1 Overview</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The idea behind the PSTricks package of Timothy van Zandt <a id=
"idp10288208" class="indexterm" name="idp10288208"></a> is to
provide most of the PostScript language in LaTeX and TeX
syntax.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2 Commands and Parameters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="pstricks-commands" name=
"pstricks-commands"></a>4.2.2 Commands and Parameters</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.1 Color">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-color" name=
"pstricks-color"></a>4.2.2.1 Color</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10296496" class="indexterm" name="idp10296496"></a><a id=
"idp10298576" class="indexterm" name="idp10298576"></a><a id=
"idp10300416" class="indexterm" name="idp10300416"></a><a id=
"idp10302320" class="indexterm" name="idp10302320"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newgray{color}{num}</code> ,</span> <span class=
"term"><code class="literal">\newrgbcolor{color}{num1 num2
num3}</code> ,</span> <span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newhsbcolor{color}{num1 num2 num3}</code> ,</span>
<span class="term"><code class="literal">\newcmykcolor{color}{num1
num2 num3 num4}</code></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Note that these commands are obsolete for LaTeX. Load PSTricks
with <code class="literal">\usepackage{pstcol}</code> and use the
standard LaTeX color commands instead.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.2 Setting graphics parameters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-setting" name=
"pstricks-setting"></a>4.2.2.2 Setting graphics parameters</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psset{par1=value1,par2=value2,...}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10315824" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10315824"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"4.2.2.3 Dimensions, coordinates and angles">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-dimensions" name=
"pstricks-dimensions"></a>4.2.2.3 Dimensions, coordinates and
angles</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pssetlength{cmd}{dim}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10321808" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10321808"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">unit=dim, xunit=dim,
yunit=dim, yunit=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10325584" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10325584"></a><a id="idp10327536" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10327536"></a><a id="idp10329440" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10329440"></a><a id="idp10331344" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10331344"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">1cm</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\degrees[num]</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10336160" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10336160"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\radians</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10339904" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10339904"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.4 Basic graphics parameters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-basic" name=
"pstricks-basic"></a>4.2.2.4 Basic graphics parameters</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">linewidth=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10345760" class="indexterm" name="idp10345760"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">.8pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">linecolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10350608" class="indexterm" name="idp10350608"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">black</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">showpoints=true/false</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10355456" class="indexterm" name="idp10355456"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">false</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.5 Lines and polygons">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-lines" name=
"pstricks-lines"></a>4.2.2.5 Lines and polygons</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">linearc=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10362448" class="indexterm" name="idp10362448"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">framearc=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10367152" class="indexterm" name="idp10367152"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">cornersize=relative/absolute</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10371984" class="indexterm" name="idp10371984"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">relative</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psline*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)...(xn,yn)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10376864" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10376864"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\qline(coor0)(coor1)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10380656" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10380656"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pspolygon*[par](x0,y0)(x1,y1)(x2,y2)...(xn,yn)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10384480" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10384480"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psframe*[par](x0,y0)(x1,y1)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10388240" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10388240"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.6 Arcs, circles and ellipses">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-arcs" name=
"pstricks-arcs"></a>4.2.2.6 Arcs, circles and ellipses</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pscircle*[par](x0,y0){radius}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10394160" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10394160"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\qdisk(coor){radius}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10397904" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10397904"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pswedge*[par](x0,y0){radius}{angle1}{angle2}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10401680" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10401680"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psellipse*[par](x0,y0)(x1,y1)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10405440" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10405440"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psarc*[par]{arrows}(x,y){radius}{angleA}{angleB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10409216" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10409216"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psarcn*[par]{arrows}(x,y){radius}{angleA}{angleB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10412992" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10412992"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">arcsep=dim,
arcsepA=dim, arcsepB=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10416800" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10416800"></a><a id="idp10418704" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10418704"></a><a id="idp10420608" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10420608"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0pt</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.7 Curves">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-curves" name=
"pstricks-curves"></a>4.2.2.7 Curves</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psbezier*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10427600" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10427600"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\parabola*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10431360" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10431360"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pscurve*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)...(xn,yn)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10435120" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10435120"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psecurve*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)...(xn,yn)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10438896" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10438896"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psccurve*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)...(xn,yn)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10442672" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10442672"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">curvature=num1 num2
num3</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10446480" class="indexterm" name="idp10446480"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">1 .1 0</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.8 Dots">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-dots" name=
"pstricks-dots"></a>4.2.2.8 Dots</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psdots*[par](x1,y1)(x2,y2)...(xn,yn)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10453424" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10453424"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">dotstyle=style</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10457168" class="indexterm" name="idp10457168"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">*</code></p>
<p class="simpara">Dots: <code class="literal">*, o, +, triangle,
triangle*, square, square*, pentagon, pentagon*, |</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">dotscale=num1
num2</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10463024" class="indexterm" name="idp10463024"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">1</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">dotangle=angle</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10467840" class="indexterm" name="idp10467840"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.9 Grids">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-grids" name=
"pstricks-grids"></a>4.2.2.9 Grids</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psgrid(x0,y0)(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10474768" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10474768"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gridwidth=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10478512" class="indexterm" name="idp10478512"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">.8pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gridcolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10483232" class="indexterm" name="idp10483232"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">black</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">griddots=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10487952" class="indexterm" name="idp10487952"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gridlabels=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10492640" class="indexterm" name="idp10492640"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">10pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gridlabelcolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10497360" class="indexterm" name="idp10497360"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">black</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subgriddiv=int</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10502080" class="indexterm" name="idp10502080"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">5</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subgridwidth=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10506768" class="indexterm" name="idp10506768"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">.4pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subgridcolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10511488" class="indexterm" name="idp10511488"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">gray</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">subgriddots=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10516208" class="indexterm" name="idp10516208"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.10 Plots">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-plots" name=
"pstricks-plots"></a>4.2.2.10 Plots</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\fileplot*[par]{file}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10522928" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10522928"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\dataplot*[par]{commands}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10526688" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10526688"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\savedata{command}[data]</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10530448" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10530448"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\readdata{command}{file}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10534208" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10534208"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\listplot*[par]{list}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10537952" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10537952"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psplot*[par]{xmin}{xmax}{function}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10541712" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10541712"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\parametricplot*[par]{tmin}{tmax}{function}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10545488" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10545488"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">plotstyle=style</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10549232" class="indexterm" name="idp10549232"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">line</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">plotpoints=int</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10553952" class="indexterm" name="idp10553952"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">50</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.11 Coordinate systems">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-coordinate" name=
"pstricks-coordinate"></a>4.2.2.11 Coordinate systems</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">origin={coor}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10561008" class="indexterm" name="idp10561008"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class=
"literal">0pt,0pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">swapaxes=true</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10565728" class="indexterm" name="idp10565728"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">false</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.12 Line styles">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-line-styles" name=
"pstricks-line-styles"></a>4.2.2.12 Line styles</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">linestyle=style</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10572624" class="indexterm" name="idp10572624"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">solid</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">dash=dim1
dim2</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10577344" class="indexterm" name="idp10577344"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">5pt
3pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">dotsep=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10582064" class="indexterm" name="idp10582064"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">3pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">border=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10586752" class="indexterm" name="idp10586752"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">0pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">bordercolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10591440" class="indexterm" name="idp10591440"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">white</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">doubleline=true/false</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10596160" class="indexterm" name="idp10596160"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">false</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">doublesep=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10600880" class="indexterm" name="idp10600880"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class=
"literal">1.25\pslinewidth</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">doublecolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10605600" class="indexterm" name="idp10605600"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">white</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">shadow=true/false</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10610320" class="indexterm" name="idp10610320"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">false</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">shadowsize=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10615040" class="indexterm" name="idp10615040"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">3pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">shadowangle=angle</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10619728" class="indexterm" name="idp10619728"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">-45</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">shadowcolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10624416" class="indexterm" name="idp10624416"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class=
"literal">darkgray</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">dimen=outer/inner/middle</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10629152" class="indexterm" name="idp10629152"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">outer</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.13 Fill styles">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-fill-styles" name=
"pstricks-fill-styles"></a>4.2.2.13 Fill styles</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fillstyle=style</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10636048" class="indexterm" name="idp10636048"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">none</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">fillcolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10640768" class="indexterm" name="idp10640768"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">white</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">hatchwidth=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10645488" class="indexterm" name="idp10645488"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">.8pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">hatchsep=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10650208" class="indexterm" name="idp10650208"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">4pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">hatchcolor=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10654944" class="indexterm" name="idp10654944"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">black</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">hatchangle=rot</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10659664" class="indexterm" name="idp10659664"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">45</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.14 Arrowheads and such">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-arrowheads" name=
"pstricks-arrowheads"></a>4.2.2.14 Arrowheads and such</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">arrows=style</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10666624" class="indexterm" name="idp10666624"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">-</code></p>
<p class="simpara">Arrows: <code class="literal">-, &lt;-&gt;,
&gt;-&lt;, &lt;&lt;-&gt;&gt;, &gt;&gt;-&lt;&lt;, |-|, |*-|*, [-],
(-), o-o, *-*, oo-oo, **-**, c-c, cc-cc, C-C</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">arrowsize=dim
num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10672640" class="indexterm" name="idp10672640"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">2pt 3</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">arrowlength=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10677360" class="indexterm" name="idp10677360"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">1.4</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">arrowinset=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10682048" class="indexterm" name="idp10682048"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">.4</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">tbarsize=dim
num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10686736" class="indexterm" name="idp10686736"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">2pt 5</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">bracketlength=num,
rbracketlength=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10691472" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10691472"></a><a id="idp10693376" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10693376"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">.15</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">dotsize=dim
num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10698112" class="indexterm" name="idp10698112"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">.5pt
2.5</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">arrowscale=num1
num2</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10702832" class="indexterm" name="idp10702832"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">1</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.15 Custom styles">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-custom" name=
"pstricks-custom"></a>4.2.2.15 Custom styles</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newpsobject{name}{object}{par1=value1,...}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10709648" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10709648"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newpsstyle{name}{par1=value1,...}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10713456" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10713456"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.16 The basics">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-basics" name=
"pstricks-basics"></a>4.2.2.16 The basics</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pscustom*[par]{commands}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10719232" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10719232"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.17 Parameters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-parameters" name=
"pstricks-parameters"></a>4.2.2.17 Parameters</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">linetype=int</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10725200" class="indexterm" name="idp10725200"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.18 Graphics objects">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-graphics-objects" name=
"pstricks-graphics-objects"></a>4.2.2.18 Graphics objects</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">liftpen=0/1/2</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10732144" class="indexterm" name="idp10732144"></a>
<p class="simpara">Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.19 Safe tricks">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="safe-tricks" name=
"safe-tricks"></a>4.2.2.19 Safe tricks</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\newpath</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10738960" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10738960"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\moveto(coor)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10742704" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10742704"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\closepath</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10746448" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10746448"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\stroke[par]</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10750192" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10750192"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\fill[par]</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10753936" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10753936"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\gsave</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10757680" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10757680"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\grestore</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10761424" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10761424"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\translate(coor)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10765168" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10765168"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\scale{num1
num2}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10768912" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10768912"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rotate{angle}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10772656" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10772656"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\swapaxes</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10776400" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10776400"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\msave</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10780144" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10780144"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\mrestore</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10783888" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10783888"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\openshadow[par]</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10787632" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10787632"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\closedshadow[par]</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10791376" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10791376"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\movepath(coor)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10795120" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10795120"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.20 Pretty safe tricks">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pretty-safe-tricks" name=
"pretty-safe-tricks"></a>4.2.2.20 Pretty safe tricks</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\lineto(coor)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10800848" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10800848"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rlineto(coor)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10804592" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10804592"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\curveto(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10808352" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10808352"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rcurveto(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10812112" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10812112"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.21 For hackers only">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="hackers" name="hackers"></a>4.2.2.21 For
hackers only</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\code{code}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10818000" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10818000"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\dim{dim}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10821744" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10821744"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\coor(x1,y1)(x2,y2)...(xn,yn)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10825504" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10825504"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rcoor(x1,y1)(x2,y2)...(xn,yn)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10829264" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10829264"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\file{file}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10833008" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10833008"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\arrows{arrows}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10836752" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10836752"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\setcolor{color}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10840496" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10840496"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.22 Pictures">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pictures" name="pictures"></a>4.2.2.22
Pictures</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pspicture*[baseline](x0,y0)(x1,y1)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10846400" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10846400"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\endpspicture</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10850144" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10850144"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"4.2.2.23 Placing and rotating whatever">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="placing" name="placing"></a>4.2.2.23
Placing and rotating whatever</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rput*[refpoint]{rotation}(x,y){stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10856016" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10856016"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\uput*{labelsep}[refangle]{rotation}(x,y){stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10859792" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10859792"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pslabelsep</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10863536" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10863536"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">labelsep=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10867280" class="indexterm" name="idp10867280"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">5pt</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.24 Repetition">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-repetition" name=
"pstricks-repetition"></a>4.2.2.24 Repetition</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\multirput*[refpoint]{angle}(x0,y0)(x1,y1){int}{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10874352" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10874352"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\multips{angle}(x0,y0)(x1,y1){int}{graphics}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10878128" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10878128"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.25 Axes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-axes" name=
"pstricks-axes"></a>4.2.2.25 Axes</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp10882176" class="indexterm" name="idp10882176"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psaxes*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="informaltable">
<table border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span class=
"emphasis"><em>Horizontal</em></span></td>
<td align="left"><span class=
"emphasis"><em>Vertical</em></span></td>
<td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Dflt</em></span></td>
<td align="justify"><span class=
"emphasis"><em>Description</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Ox=num</td>
<td align="left">Oy=num</td>
<td align="left">0</td>
<td align="justify">Label at origin.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Dx=num</td>
<td align="left">Dy=num</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
<td align="justify">Label increment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">dx=dim</td>
<td align="left">oy=dim</td>
<td align="left">0pt</td>
<td align="justify">Dist btwn labels.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">labels=all/x/y/none</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10902272" class="indexterm" name="idp10902272"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">all</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">showorigin=true/false</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10907184" class="indexterm" name="idp10907184"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">true</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">ticks=all/x/y/none</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10912032" class="indexterm" name="idp10912032"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">all</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">tickstyle=full/top/bottom</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10916864" class="indexterm" name="idp10916864"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">full</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">ticksize=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10921760" class="indexterm" name="idp10921760"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">3pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\psxlabel,
\psylabel</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10926624" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10926624"></a><a id="idp10928528" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10928528"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">axesstyle=axes/frame/none</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10932336" class="indexterm" name="idp10932336"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">axes</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.26 Framed boxes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-framed" name=
"pstricks-framed"></a>4.2.2.26 Framed boxes</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">framesep=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10939376" class="indexterm" name="idp10939376"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">3pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">boxsep=true/false</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10944192" class="indexterm" name="idp10944192"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">true</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psframebox*[par]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10949104" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10949104"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psdblframebox*[par]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10952912" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10952912"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psshadowbox*[par]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10956672" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10956672"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pscirclebox*[par]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10960432" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10960432"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\cput*[par]{angle}(x,y){stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10964192" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10964192"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psovalbox*[par]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10967984" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10967984"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.27 Clipping">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-clipping" name=
"pstricks-clipping"></a>4.2.2.27 Clipping</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\clipbox[dim]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10973760" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10973760"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\psclip{graphics} ...
\endpsclip</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10977520" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10977520"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.28 Rotation and scaling boxes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-rotation" name=
"pstricks-rotation"></a>4.2.2.28 Rotation and scaling boxes</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rotateleft{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10983360" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10983360"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rotateright{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10987104" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10987104"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rotatedown{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10990848" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10990848"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\scalebox{num1
num2}{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10994656" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10994656"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\scaleboxto(x,y){stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp10998400" class="indexterm" name=
"idp10998400"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.29 Nodes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-nodes" name=
"pstricks-nodes"></a>4.2.2.29 Nodes</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\rnode[refpoint]{name}{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11004144" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11004144"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\Rnode(x,y){name}{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11007904" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11007904"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\RnodeRef</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11011648" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11011648"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pnode(x,y){name}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11015392" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11015392"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\cnode*[par](x,y){radius}{name}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11019152" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11019152"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\circlenode*[par]{name}{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11022912" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11022912"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\cnodeput*[par]{angle}(x,y){name}{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11026688" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11026688"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ovalnode*[par]{name}{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11030448" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11030448"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.30 Node connections">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-connections" name=
"pstricks-connections"></a>4.2.2.30 Node connections</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">nodesep=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11036352" class="indexterm" name="idp11036352"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">offset=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11041216" class="indexterm" name="idp11041216"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">arm=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11046032" class="indexterm" name="idp11046032"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">10pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">angle=angle</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11050848" class="indexterm" name="idp11050848"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">arcangle=angle</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11055712" class="indexterm" name="idp11055712"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">8</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">ncurv=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11060528" class="indexterm" name="idp11060528"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">.67</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">loopsize=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11065440" class="indexterm" name="idp11065440"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">1cm</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncline*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11070272" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11070272"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncLine*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11074032" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11074032"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\nccurve*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11077792" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11077792"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncarc*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11081552" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11081552"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncbar*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11085312" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11085312"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncdiag*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11089120" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11089120"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncdiagg*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11092880" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11092880"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncangle*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11096640" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11096640"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncangles*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11100400" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11100400"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\ncloop*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11104160" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11104160"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\nccircle*[par]{arrows}{node}{radius}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11107920" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11107920"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pcline*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11111728" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11111728"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pccurve*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11115488" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11115488"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pcarc*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11119248" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11119248"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pcbar*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11123008" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11123008"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pcdiag*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11126768" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11126768"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pcangle*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11130528" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11130528"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pcloop*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11134288" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11134288"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"4.2.2.31 Attaching labels to node connections">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-attaching" name=
"pstricks-attaching"></a>4.2.2.31 Attaching labels to node
connections</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\lput*[refpoint]{rotation}(pos){stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11140336" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11140336"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\aput*[labelsep]{angle}(pos){stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11144096" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11144096"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\bput*[labelsep]{angle}(pos){stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11147856" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11147856"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\mput*[refpoint]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11151600" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11151600"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\Aput*[labelsep]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11155344" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11155344"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\Bput*[labelsep]{stuff}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11159088" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11159088"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.32 Coils and zigzags">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-coils" name=
"pstricks-coils"></a>4.2.2.32 Coils and zigzags</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pscoil*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11164944" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11164944"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psCoil*[par]{angle1}{angle2}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11168704" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11168704"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pszigzag*[par]{arrows}(x0,y0)(x1,y1)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11172464" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11172464"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">coilwidth=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11176208" class="indexterm" name="idp11176208"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">1cm</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">coilheight=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11181024" class="indexterm" name="idp11181024"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">1</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">coilarm=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11185840" class="indexterm" name="idp11185840"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">.5cm</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">coilaspect=angle</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11190736" class="indexterm" name="idp11190736"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">45</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">coilinc=angle</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11195552" class="indexterm" name="idp11195552"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">10</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\nccoil*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11200432" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11200432"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\nczigzag*[par]{arrows}{nodeA}{nodeB}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11204192" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11204192"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pccoil*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11208000" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11208000"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pczigzag*[par]{arrows}(x1,y1)(x2,y2)</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11211760" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11211760"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.33 Special coordinates">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-coordinates" name=
"pstricks-coordinates"></a>4.2.2.33 Special coordinates</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><code class="literal">\SpecialCoor</code></p>
<a id="idp11216848" class="indexterm" name="idp11216848"></a>
<div class="table"><a id="table-special-coordinates" name=
"table-special-coordinates"></a>
<p class="title"><strong>Table&nbsp;1.12.&nbsp;Special coordinates
and angles</strong></p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary="Special coordinates and angles" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span class=
"emphasis"><em>Coordinate</em></span></td>
<td align="left"><span class=
"emphasis"><em>Example</em></span></td>
<td align="justify"><span class=
"emphasis"><em>Description</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(x,y)</td>
<td align="left">(3,4)</td>
<td align="justify">Cartesian coordinate.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(r;a)</td>
<td align="left">(3;110)</td>
<td align="justify">Polar coordinate.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(node)</td>
<td align="left">(A)</td>
<td align="justify">Center of node.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">([par]node)</td>
<td align="left">([angle=45]A)</td>
<td align="justify">Relative to node.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(!ps)</td>
<td align="left">(!5 3.3 2 exp)</td>
<td align="justify">Raw PostScript.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(coor1|coor2)</td>
<td align="left">(A|1in;30)</td>
<td align="justify">Combination.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table summary="Special coordinates and angles" border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="justify" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="auto-generated">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="auto-generated">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>Angle</em></span></td>
<td align="left"><span class=
"emphasis"><em>Example</em></span></td>
<td align="justify"><span class=
"emphasis"><em>Description</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">num</td>
<td align="left">45</td>
<td align="justify">Angle.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">(coor)</td>
<td align="left">(-1,1)</td>
<td align="justify">Coordinate (vector).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">!ps</td>
<td align="left">!33 sqrt</td>
<td align="justify">Raw PostScript.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<br class="table-break" />
<p><code class="literal">\NormalCoor</code></p>
<a id="idp11251264" class="indexterm" name="idp11251264"></a></div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.34 Overlays">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-overlays" name=
"pstricks-overlays"></a>4.2.2.34 Overlays</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\overlaybox
stuff\endoverlaybox</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11256768" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11256768"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\psoverlay{string}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11260512" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11260512"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\putoverlaybox{string}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11264304" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11264304"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gradbegin=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11268048" class="indexterm" name="idp11268048"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">gradbegin</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gradend=color</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11272896" class="indexterm" name="idp11272896"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">gradend</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gradlines=int</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11277744" class="indexterm" name="idp11277744"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">500</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gradmidpoint=num</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11282608" class="indexterm" name="idp11282608"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">.9</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">gradangle=angle</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11287472" class="indexterm" name="idp11287472"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"4.2.2.35 Typesetting text along a path">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-path" name=
"pstricks-path"></a>4.2.2.35 Typesetting text along a path</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pstextpath[pos](x,y){graphics
object}{text}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11294528" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11294528"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"4.2.2.36 Stroking and filling character paths">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-stroking" name=
"pstricks-stroking"></a>4.2.2.36 Stroking and filling character
paths</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pscharpath*[par]{text}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11300480" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11300480"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pscharclip*[par]{text} ...
\endpscharclip</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11304304" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11304304"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.37 Exporting EPS files">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-exporting" name=
"pstricks-exporting"></a>4.2.2.37 Exporting EPS files</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\TeXtoEPS ...
\endTeXtoEPS</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11310240" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11310240"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\PSTtoEPS[par]{file}{graphics objects}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11314000" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11314000"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">bbllx=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11317744" class="indexterm" name="idp11317744"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">-1pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">bblly=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11322592" class="indexterm" name="idp11322592"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">-1pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">bburx=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11327440" class="indexterm" name="idp11327440"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">1pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">bbury=dim</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11332304" class="indexterm" name="idp11332304"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">1pt</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">headerfile=file</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11337120" class="indexterm" name="idp11337120"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">s</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">headers=none/all/user</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11341936" class="indexterm" name="idp11341936"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">none</code></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.38 Boxes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-boxes" name=
"pstricks-boxes"></a>4.2.2.38 Boxes</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\psmathboxtrue,
\psmathboxfalse</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11348944" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11348944"></a><a id="idp11350848" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11350848"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\everypsbox{commands}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11354592" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11354592"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">\pslongbox{name}{cmd}</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11358336" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11358336"></a></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\psverbboxtrue,
\psverbboxfalse</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11362096" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11362096"></a><a id="idp11364000" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11364000"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.39 Tips and More Tricks">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="pstricks-tricks" name=
"pstricks-tricks"></a>4.2.2.39 Tips and More Tricks</h5>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\pslbrace,
\psrbrace</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11369824" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11369824"></a><a id="idp11371728" class="indexterm" name=
"idp11371728"></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"4.2.3 List of Additional PSTricks Packages">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="pstricks-add-packages" name=
"pstricks-add-packages"></a>4.2.3 List of Additional PSTricks
Packages</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/psgo/"
target="_top"><code class="literal">psgo</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>Draw Go diagrams</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-blur/"
target="_top"><code class="literal">pst-blur</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for "blurred" shadows</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://dominique.rodriguez.9online.fr/pst-eucl/" target=
"_top"><code class="literal">pst-euc</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>G&eacute;om&eacute;trie en LaTeX et PSTricks</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.tug.org/applications/PSTricks/More/pst-fr3d.tar.gz"
target="_top"><code class="literal">pst-fr3d</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>Three dimensional framed Boxes</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-ghsb/"
target="_top"><code class="literal">pst-ghsb</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for HSB Gradients</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-gr3d/"
target="_top"><code class="literal">pst-gr3d</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for 3D grids</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://members.aol.com/ManuelLuque2/optique.htm" target=
"_top"><code class="literal">pst-lens</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>Optique g&eacute;om&eacute;trique</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/pstricks/generic/" target=
"_top"><code class="literal">pst-node</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for nodes</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://members.aol.com/Mluque5130/pst-ob3d.tar.gz" target=
"_top"><code class="literal">pst-ob3d</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>A PSTricks package for three dimensional basic objects</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.tug.org/applications/PSTricks/Physics/Oscilloscopes/"
target="_top"><code class="literal">pst-osci</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>Oscilloscopes with PSTricks</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.dante.de/pub/tex/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-poly/"
target="_top"><code class="literal">pst-poly</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>Polygons with PSTricks</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/graphics/pstricks/generic/" target=
"_top"><code class="literal">pst-tree</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>PSTricks package for trees</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.ensta.fr/~diam/latex/pst-uml/" target=
"_top"><code class="literal">pst-uml</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>Draw easily diagrams with UML notation</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://perso.enst.fr/~lombardy/Vauc/" target="_top"><code class=
"literal">vaucansom.sty</code></a></span></dt>
<dd>Drawing automata</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="5 fontinst (tbd.)">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="fontinst" name=
"fontinst"></a>5 <code class="filename">fontinst</code> (tbd.)</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11414640" class="indexterm" name="idp11414640"></a>
<p>tbd.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="6 ConTeXt (tbd.)">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="context" name=
"context"></a>6 ConTeXt (tbd.)</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11417680" class="indexterm" name="idp11417680"></a><a id=
"idp11418688" class="indexterm" name="idp11418688"></a>
<div class="section" title="6.1 Overview">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="context-ovw" name="context-ovw"></a>6.1
Overview</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>ConTeXt is based on PlainTeX and MetaPost and gets controlled
with some Perl scripts. It's mainly targeted towards layout
oriented users and especially useful for presentations. It's
extensible by the use of modules and has in it's base distribution
already a large amount of functionality. The preferred output
format is PDF, but DVI is possible too.</p>
<p>Some of the unique features of ConTeXt are:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Inline XML (including MathML, ChemML, and
PhysML)</li>
<li class="listitem">really good XML support in general</li>
<li class="listitem">inline MetaPost</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="7 Texinfo (tbd.)">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="texinfo" name=
"texinfo"></a>7 Texinfo (tbd.)</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11428560" class="indexterm" name="idp11428560"></a>
<p>tbd.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:lang="en" class="chapter" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;pdfTeX" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="pdftex" name=
"pdftex"></a>Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;pdfTeX</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-file-line-error-style">1.1 <code class=
"filename">--file-line-error-style</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-fmt">1.2
<code class="filename">--fmt format</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-help">1.3
<code class="filename">--help</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ini">1.4
<code class="filename">--ini</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-interaction-mode">1.5 <code class=
"filename">--interaction mode</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ipc">1.6
<code class="filename">--ipc</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-ipc-start">1.7
<code class="filename">--ipc-start</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-jobname-name">1.8
<code class="filename">--jobname name</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug">1.9 <code class=
"filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-maketex">1.10
<code class="filename">--maketex fmt</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-no-maketex">1.11
<code class="filename">--no-maketex fmt</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-output-comment">1.12 <code class=
"filename">--output-comment string</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-parse-first-line">1.13 <code class=
"filename">--parse-first-line</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-progname">1.14
<code class="filename">--progname name</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-recorder">1.15
<code class="filename">--recorder</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-shell-escape">1.16 <code class=
"filename">--shell-escape</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#pdftex-option-translate-file">1.17 <code class=
"filename">--translate-file tcxname</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-option-version">1.18
<code class="filename">--version</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#pdftex-environment">2
Environment</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<a id="idp11432784" class="indexterm" name="idp11432784"></a>
<div class="note" title="Note" style=
"margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from <code class=
"filename">pdftex(1)</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1 Options">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="pdftex-options" name=
"pdftex-options"></a>1 Options</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11436624" class="indexterm" name="idp11436624"></a>
<p>pdfTeX understands the following command line options.</p>
<div class="section" title="1.1 --file-line-error-style">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-file-line-error-style" name=
"pdftex-option-file-line-error-style"></a>1.1 <code class=
"filename">--file-line-error-style</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11440816" class="indexterm" name="idp11440816"></a>
<p>Print error messages in the form <code class=
"literal">file:line:error</code> which is similar to the way many
compilers format them.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2 --fmt format">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-fmt" name=
"pdftex-option-fmt"></a>1.2 <code class="filename">--fmt
format</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11445776" class="indexterm" name="idp11445776"></a>
<p>Use <code class="literal">format</code> as the name of the
format to be used, instead of the name by which pdfTeX was called
or a <code class="literal">%&amp;</code> line.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.3 --help">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-help" name=
"pdftex-option-help"></a>1.3 <code class=
"filename">--help</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11452096" class="indexterm" name="idp11452096"></a>
<p>Print help message and exit.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.4 --ini">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-ini" name=
"pdftex-option-ini"></a>1.4 <code class=
"filename">--ini</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11456384" class="indexterm" name="idp11456384"></a>
<p>Be <span class="command"><strong>pdfinitex</strong></span>, for
dumping formats; this is implicitly true if the program is called
as <span class="command"><strong>pdfinitex</strong></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.5 --interaction mode">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-interaction-mode" name=
"pdftex-option-interaction-mode"></a>1.5 <code class=
"filename">--interaction mode</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11462112" class="indexterm" name="idp11462112"></a>
<p>Sets the interaction mode. The mode can be one of <code class=
"literal">batchmode</code>, <code class=
"literal">nonstopmode</code>, <code class=
"literal">scrollmode</code>, and <code class=
"literal">errorstopmode</code>. The meaning of these modes is the
same as that of the corresponding <code class=
"literal">\commands</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.6 --ipc">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-ipc" name=
"pdftex-option-ipc"></a>1.6 <code class=
"filename">--ipc</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11469856" class="indexterm" name="idp11469856"></a>
<p>Send DVI or PDF output to a socket as well as the usual output
file. Whether this option is available is the choice of the
installer.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.7 --ipc-start">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-ipc-start" name=
"pdftex-option-ipc-start"></a>1.7 <code class=
"filename">--ipc-start</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11474208" class="indexterm" name="idp11474208"></a>
<p>As <code class="literal">--ipc</code>, and starts the server at
the other end as well. Whether this option is available is the
choice of the installer.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.8 --jobname name">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-jobname-name" name=
"pdftex-option-jobname-name"></a>1.8 <code class=
"filename">--jobname name</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11479360" class="indexterm" name="idp11479360"></a>
<p>Use <code class="literal">name</code> for the job name, instead
of deriving it from the name of the input file.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.9 --kpathsea-debug bitmask">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug" name=
"pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug"></a>1.9 <code class=
"filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11484304" class="indexterm" name="idp11484304"></a>
<p>Sets path searching debugging flags according to the
<code class="literal">bitmask</code>. See the Kpathsea manual for
details.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.10 --maketex fmt">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-maketex" name=
"pdftex-option-maketex"></a>1.10 <code class="filename">--maketex
fmt</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11489376" class="indexterm" name="idp11489376"></a>
<p>Enable <span class="command"><strong>mktexfmt</strong></span>,
where <code class="literal">fmt</code> must be one of <code class=
"literal">tex</code> or <code class="literal">tfm</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.11 --no-maketex fmt">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-no-maketex" name=
"pdftex-option-no-maketex"></a>1.11 <code class=
"filename">--no-maketex fmt</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11496608" class="indexterm" name="idp11496608"></a>
<p>Disable <span class="command"><strong>mktexfmt</strong></span>,
where <code class="literal">fmt</code> must be one of <code class=
"literal">tex</code> or <code class="literal">tfm</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.12 --output-comment string">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-output-comment" name=
"pdftex-option-output-comment"></a>1.12 <code class=
"filename">--output-comment string</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11503648" class="indexterm" name="idp11503648"></a>
<p>Use <code class="literal">string</code> for the DVI file comment
instead of the date.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.13 --parse-first-line">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-parse-first-line" name=
"pdftex-option-parse-first-line"></a>1.13 <code class=
"filename">--parse-first-line</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11508704" class="indexterm" name="idp11508704"></a>
<p>If the first line of the main input file begins with
<code class="literal">%&amp;</code> parse it to look for a dump
name or a <code class="literal">--translate-file</code> option.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.14 --progname name">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-progname" name=
"pdftex-option-progname"></a>1.14 <code class="filename">--progname
name</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11514432" class="indexterm" name="idp11514432"></a>
<p>Pretend to be program <code class="literal">name</code>. This
affects both the format used and the search paths.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.15 --recorder">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-recorder" name=
"pdftex-option-recorder"></a>1.15 <code class=
"filename">--recorder</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11519424" class="indexterm" name="idp11519424"></a>
<p>Enable the filename recorder. This leaves a trace of the files
opened for input and output in a file with extension <code class=
"literal">.fls</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.16 --shell-escape">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-shell-escape" name=
"pdftex-option-shell-escape"></a>1.16 <code class=
"filename">--shell-escape</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11524592" class="indexterm" name="idp11524592"></a>
<p>Enable the <code class="literal">\write18{command}</code>
construct. The command can be any Bourne shell command. This
construct is normally disallowed for security reasons.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.17 --translate-file tcxname">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-translate-file" name=
"pdftex-option-translate-file"></a>1.17 <code class=
"filename">--translate-file tcxname</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11529696" class="indexterm" name="idp11529696"></a>
<p>Use the <code class="literal">tcxname</code> translation
table.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.18 --version">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="pdftex-option-version" name=
"pdftex-option-version"></a>1.18 <code class=
"filename">--version</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11534720" class="indexterm" name="idp11534720"></a>
<p>Print version information and exit.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2 Environment">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="pdftex-environment"
name="pdftex-environment"></a>2 Environment</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11538416" class="indexterm" name="idp11538416"></a>
<p>See the Kpathsearch library documentation (the `Path
specifications' node) for the details of how the environment
variables are used when searching. The <span class=
"command"><strong>kpsewhich</strong></span> utility can be used to
query the values of the variables.</p>
<p>One caveat: In most pdfTeX formats, you cannot use ~ in a
filename you give directly to pdfTeX, because ~ is an active
character, and hence is expanded, not taken as part of the
filename. Other programs, such as Metafont, do not have this
problem.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">TEXMFOUTPUT</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11544928" class="indexterm" name="idp11544928"></a>
<p class="simpara">Normally, pdfTeX puts its output files in the
current directory. If any output file cannot be opened there, it
tries to open it in the directory specified in the environment
variable <code class="literal">TEXMFOUTPUT</code>. There is no
default value for that variable. For example, if you say
<span class="command"><strong>pdftex paper</strong></span> and the
current directory is not writable, if <code class=
"literal">TEXMFOUTPUT</code> has the value <code class=
"literal">/tmp</code>, pdfTeX attempts to create <code class=
"literal">/tmp/paper.log</code> (and <code class=
"literal">/tmp/paper.pdf</code>, if any output is produced.)</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">TEXINPUTS</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11555008" class="indexterm" name="idp11555008"></a>
<p class="simpara">Search path for <code class=
"literal">\input</code> and <code class="literal">\openin</code>
files. This should probably start with ``.'', so that user files
are found before system files. An empty path component will be
replaced with the paths defined in the <code class=
"filename">texmf.cnf</code> file. For example, set <code class=
"literal">TEXINPUTS</code> to <code class=
"literal">".:/home/usr/tex:"</code> to prepend the current direcory
and <code class="literal">``/home/user/tex''</code> to the standard
search path.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">TEXFONTS</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11563792" class="indexterm" name="idp11563792"></a>
<p class="simpara">earch path for font metric (<code class=
"literal">.tfm</code>) files.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">TEXFORMATS</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11568720" class="indexterm" name="idp11568720"></a>
<p class="simpara">Search path for format files.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">TEXPOOL</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11572928" class="indexterm" name="idp11572928"></a>
<p class="simpara">Search path for <span class=
"command"><strong>pdfinitex</strong></span> internal strings.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">TEXEDIT</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11577856" class="indexterm" name="idp11577856"></a>
<p class="simpara">Command template for switching to editor. The
default, usually <span class="command"><strong>vi</strong></span>,
is set when pdfTeX is compiled.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:lang="en" class="chapter" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Metafont (tbd.)" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="metafont" name=
"metafont"></a>Chapter&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Metafont (tbd.)</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11584672" class="indexterm" name="idp11584672"></a>
<p>tbd.</p>
</div>
<div xml:lang="en" class="chapter" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;MetaPost" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="metapost" name=
"metapost"></a>Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;MetaPost</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-file-line-error-style">1.1 <code class=
"filename">--file-line-error-style</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-help">1.2
<code class="filename">--help</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-ini">1.3
<code class="filename">--ini</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-intercation">1.4 <code class=
"filename">--interaction mode</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-jobname">1.5
<code class="filename">--jobname name</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-kpathsea-debug">1.6 <code class=
"filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-mem">1.7
<code class="filename">--mem mem</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-parse-first-line">1.8 <code class=
"filename">--parse-first-line</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-progname">1.9
<code class="filename">--progname name</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-recorder">1.10
<code class="filename">--recorder</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-T">1.11
<code class="filename">-T</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#metapost-option-translate-file">1.12 <code class=
"filename">--translate-file tcxname</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-troff">1.13
<code class="filename">--troff</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-option-version">1.14
<code class="filename">--version</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#metapost-environment">2
Environment</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<a id="idp11588048" class="indexterm" name="idp11588048"></a>
<div class="note" title="Note" style=
"margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from <code class=
"filename">mpost(1)</code>.</p>
</div>
<p>MetaPost is a programming language much like Knuth's Metafont
except that it outputs PostScript programs instead of bitmaps.
Borrowed from Metafont are the basic tools for creating and
manipulating pictures. These include numbers, coordinate pairs,
cubic splines, affine transformations, text strings, and boolean
quantities. Additional features facilitate integrating text and
graphics and accessing special features of PostScript such as
clipping, shading, and dashed lines. Another feature borrowed from
Metafont is the ability to solve linear equations that are given
implicitly, thus allowing many programs to be written in a largely
declarative style. By building complex operations from simpler
ones, MetaPost achieves both power and exibility.</p>
<div class="section" title="1 Options">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="metapost-options"
name="metapost-options"></a>1 Options</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11593248" class="indexterm" name="idp11593248"></a>
<p>MetaPost understands the following command line options.</p>
<div class="section" title="1.1 --file-line-error-style">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-file-line-error-style"
name="metapost-option-file-line-error-style"></a>1.1 <code class=
"filename">--file-line-error-style</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11597104" class="indexterm" name="idp11597104"></a>
<p>Print error messages in the form <code class=
"literal">file:line:error</code> which is similar to the way many
compilers format them.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2 --help">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-help" name=
"metapost-option-help"></a>1.2 <code class=
"filename">--help</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11602064" class="indexterm" name="idp11602064"></a>
<p>Print help message and exit.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.3 --ini">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-ini" name=
"metapost-option-ini"></a>1.3 <code class=
"filename">--ini</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11606304" class="indexterm" name="idp11606304"></a>
<p>Be <span class="command"><strong>inimpost</strong></span>, for
dumping bases; this is implicitly true if the program is called as
<span class="command"><strong>inimpost</strong></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.4 --interaction mode">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-intercation" name=
"metapost-option-intercation"></a>1.4 <code class=
"filename">--interaction mode</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11612032" class="indexterm" name="idp11612032"></a>
<p>Sets the interaction mode. The mode can be one of <code class=
"literal">batchmode</code>, <code class=
"literal">nonstopmode</code>, <code class=
"literal">scrollmode</code>, and <code class=
"literal">errorstopmode</code>. The meaning of these modes is the
same as that of the corresponding commands.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.5 --jobname name">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-jobname" name=
"metapost-option-jobname"></a>1.5 <code class="filename">--jobname
name</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11619200" class="indexterm" name="idp11619200"></a>
<p>Use <code class="literal">name</code> for the job name, instead
of deriving it from the name of the input file.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.6 --kpathsea-debug bitmask">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-kpathsea-debug" name=
"metapost-option-kpathsea-debug"></a>1.6 <code class=
"filename">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11624256" class="indexterm" name="idp11624256"></a>
<p>Sets path searching debugging flags according to the
<code class="literal">bitmask</code>. See the Kpathsea manual for
details.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.7 --mem mem">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-mem" name=
"metapost-option-mem"></a>1.7 <code class="filename">--mem
mem</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11629312" class="indexterm" name="idp11629312"></a>
<p>Use <code class="literal">mem</code> as the name of the mem to
be used, instead of the name by which MetaPost was called or a
<code class="literal">%&amp;</code> line.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.8 --parse-first-line">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-parse-first-line" name=
"metapost-option-parse-first-line"></a>1.8 <code class=
"filename">--parse-first-line</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11635168" class="indexterm" name="idp11635168"></a>
<p>If the first line of the main input file begins with
<code class="literal">%&amp;</code> parse it to look for a dump
name or a <code class="literal">--translate-file</code> option.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.9 --progname name">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-progname" name=
"metapost-option-progname"></a>1.9 <code class=
"filename">--progname name</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11640976" class="indexterm" name="idp11640976"></a>
<p>Pretend to be program <code class="literal">name</code>. This
affects both the format used and the search paths.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.10 --recorder">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-recorder" name=
"metapost-option-recorder"></a>1.10 <code class=
"filename">--recorder</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11645920" class="indexterm" name="idp11645920"></a>
<p>Enable the filename recorder. This leaves a trace of the files
opened for input and output in a file with extension <code class=
"literal">.fls.</code></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.11 -T">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-T" name=
"metapost-option-T"></a>1.11 <code class="filename">-T</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11650768" class="indexterm" name="idp11650768"></a>
<p>Produce TROFF output.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.12 --translate-file tcxname">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-translate-file" name=
"metapost-option-translate-file"></a>1.12 <code class=
"filename">--translate-file tcxname</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11655008" class="indexterm" name="idp11655008"></a>
<p>Use the <code class="literal">tcxname</code> translation
table.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.13 --troff">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-troff" name=
"metapost-option-troff"></a>1.13 <code class=
"filename">--troff</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11659968" class="indexterm" name="idp11659968"></a>
<p>As -T.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.14 --version">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="metapost-option-version" name=
"metapost-option-version"></a>1.14 <code class=
"filename">--version</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11664192" class="indexterm" name="idp11664192"></a>
<p>Print version information and exit.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2 Environment">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="metapost-environment"
name="metapost-environment"></a>2 Environment</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11667936" class="indexterm" name="idp11667936"></a>
<p>See the Kpathsearch library documentation (the `Path
specifications' node) for the details of how the environment
variables are use when searching. The <span class=
"command"><strong>kpsewhich</strong></span> utility can be used to
query the values of the variables.</p>
<p>If the environment variable <code class=
"literal">TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set, MetaPost attempts to put its
output files in it, if they cannot be put in the current
directory.</p>
<p>Here is a list of the environment variables which affect the
behavior of MetaPost:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">MPINPUTS</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11674064" class="indexterm" name="idp11674064"></a>
<p class="simpara">Search path for input files.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">MFINPUTS</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11677984" class="indexterm" name="idp11677984"></a>
<p class="simpara">Auxiliary search path for input files with
<code class="literal">.mf</code> extensions.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">MPSUPPORT</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11682656" class="indexterm" name="idp11682656"></a>
<p class="simpara">Directory for various tables for handling
included TeX and troff.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">MPXCOMMAND</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11687056" class="indexterm" name="idp11687056"></a>
<p class="simpara">The name of a shell script that converts
embedded typesetting commands to a form that MetaPost understands.
Defaults: <code class="literal">makempx</code> for TeX and
<code class="literal">troffmpx</code> for troff.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">TEX</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11692944" class="indexterm" name="idp11692944"></a>
<p class="simpara">The version of TeX - or LaTeX - to use when
processing <span class="command"><strong>btex</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>verbatimtex</strong></span> commands.
Default TeX. This version of MetaPost allows you to use a
<code class="literal">`%&amp;format'</code> line instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">TROFF</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11700416" class="indexterm" name="idp11700416"></a>
<p class="simpara">The troff pipeline for <span class=
"command"><strong>btex</strong></span> and <span class=
"command"><strong>verbatimtex</strong></span> commands. Default
<code class="literal">eqn -d\$\$ | troff</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">MPEDIT</code></span></dt>
<dd><a id="idp11706336" class="indexterm" name="idp11706336"></a>
<p class="simpara">A command template for invoking an editor.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>A <code class="literal">.mem</code> file is a binary file that
permits fast loading of macro packages. MetaPost reads the default
<code class="literal">plain.mem</code> unless another <code class=
"literal">.mem</code> file is specified at the start of the first
line with an <code class="literal">&amp;</code> just before it.
There is also an <code class="literal">mfplain.mem</code> that
simulates plain Metafont so that MetaPost can read <code class=
"literal">.mf</code> fonts. (Plain Metafont is described in
<span class="emphasis"><em>The Metafontbook</em></span>).</p>
<p>Experts can create <code class="literal">.mem</code> files by
invoking <span class="command"><strong>inimpost</strong></span> and
giving macro definitions followed by a dump command.</p>
<p>The MetaPost language is similar to Metafont, but the manual
<span class="emphasis"><em>A User's Manual for MetaPost</em></span>
assumes no knowledge of Metafont. MetaPost does not have bitmap
output commands or Metafont's online display mechanism.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:lang="en" class="chapter" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;BibTeX" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="bibtex" name=
"bibtex"></a>Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;BibTeX</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-parameters">1
Parameters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-command-qualifiers">2
Command Qualifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bib-files">3 bib
files</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-string-command">3.1
<code class="filename">@STRING</code> command</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-entry-format">3.2 Entry
Format</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-entry-types">3.3 Entry
Types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-field-text">3.4 Field
Text</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-field-types">3.5 Field
Types</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-files">4 bst
files</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-abbr">4.1
<code class="filename">ABBRV.BST</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-alpha">4.2
<code class="filename">ALPHA.BST</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-plain">4.3
<code class="filename">PLAIN.BST</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-sample">4.4
<code class="filename">SAMPLE.BST</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex-bst-unsrt">4.5
<code class="filename">UNSRT.BST</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<a id="idp11719920" class="indexterm" name="idp11719920"></a>
<div class="note" title="Note" style=
"margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from the HTML helppages
for BibTeX of Norman Walsh (Version 1.0, 12 Apr 94).</p>
</div>
<p>Invokes the BibTeX utility to compile a bibliography file for
LaTeX. Full details can be found in "LaTeX: A Document Preparation
System" by Leslie Lamport.</p>
<div class="section" title="1 Parameters">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="bibtex-parameters"
name="bibtex-parameters"></a>1 Parameters</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11724784" class="indexterm" name="idp11724784"></a>
<p><code class="literal">bibliography-file-spec</code></p>
<p>Specifies the name of the bibliography database file to be
compiled by BibTeX. If the file specification does not include a
file type, BibTeX assumes a default type of BIB.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2 Command Qualifiers">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id=
"bibtex-command-qualifiers" name="bibtex-command-qualifiers"></a>2
Command Qualifiers</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11729888" class="indexterm" name="idp11729888"></a>
<p><code class="literal">/BIBINPUTS
/BIBINPUTS=(name,...)</code></p>
<p>Specify directories containing input files, and the order in
which they will be searched to locate each input file. A null value
in the list indicates the current directory. The search procedure
TeX uses to locate input files is to first search your default
directory and then search each of the directories specified by the
<code class="literal">/BIBINPUTS</code> option.</p>
<p>Default is <code class="literal">/BIBINPUTS=(TEX_BIB:)</code>;
TeX looks in the directory associated with the logical name
<code class="literal">TEX_BIB.</code></p>
<p><code class="literal">/STATS /STATS /NOSTATS [D]</code></p>
<p>This qualifier is used while debugging <code class=
"literal">.BST</code> files to determine BIBTEX memory usage.</p>
<p><code class="literal">/TEXINPUTS
/TEXINPUTS=(name,...)</code></p>
<p>Specify directories containing input files, and the order in
which they will be searched to locate each input file. A null value
in the list indicates the current directory. The search procedure
TeX uses to locate input files is to first search your default
directory and then search each of the directories specified by the
<code class="literal">/TEXINPUTS</code> option.</p>
<p>Default is <code class="literal">/TEXINPUTS=(TEX_INPUTS)</code>;
TeX looks in the directory associated with the logical name
<code class="literal">TEX_INPUTS</code>.</p>
<p><code class="literal">/TRACE /TRACE /NOTRACE [D]</code></p>
<p>This qualifier is used while debugging <code class=
"literal">.BST</code> files to follow program flow.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3 bib files">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="bibtex-bib-files"
name="bibtex-bib-files"></a>3 bib files</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11746736" class="indexterm" name="idp11746736"></a>
<p>This help entry contains the same information as Appendix B of
the LaTeX manual. It describes the format of a bibliography
database (<code class="literal">.BIB</code>) file.</p>
<p>A bibliography database file may contains two types of entry -
an abbreviation definition or a reference entry for citation.</p>
<div class="section" title="3.1 @STRING command">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-string-command" name=
"bibtex-string-command"></a>3.1 <code class=
"filename">@STRING</code> command</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11752400" class="indexterm" name="idp11752400"></a>
<p>The <code class="literal">@STRING</code> command is used to
define abbreviations for use by BibTeX within the bibliography
database file. The command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
 @string{jgg1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}
</pre>
<p>defines 'jgg1' to be the abbreviation for the string "Journal of
Gnats and Gnus, Series~1". Parentheses can be used in place of the
outermost braces in the @string command, and braces can be used
instead of the quotation marks. The text must have matching
braces.</p>
<p>The case of letters is ignored in an abbreviation as well as in
the command name @string, so the command above could have been
written:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
 @STRING{JgG1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"} 
</pre>
<p>A <code class="literal">@string</code> command can appear
anywhere before or between entries in a bibliography database file.
However, it must come before any use of the abbreviation, so a
sensible place for <code class="literal">@string</code> commands is
at the beginning of the file. A <code class=
"literal">@string</code> command in the bibliography database file
takes precedence over a definition made by the bibliography style,
so it can be used to change the definition of an abbreviation such
as 'Feb'.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.2 Entry Format">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-format" name=
"bibtex-entry-format"></a>3.2 Entry Format</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11762464" class="indexterm" name="idp11762464"></a>
<p>A bibliography database file contains a series of reference
entries like the following:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
 @BOOK{kn:gnus,
       AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",
       TITLE  = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
       PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
       ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk}             }
</pre>
<p>The <code class="literal">@BOOK</code> states that this is an
entry of type book. various entry types are described below. The
'kn:gnus' is the citation key, as it appears in the argument of a
<code class="literal">\cite</code> command referring to the
entry.</p>
<p>This entry has four fields, named <code class=
"literal">AUTHOR</code>, <code class="literal">TITLE</code>,
<code class="literal">PUBLISHER</code> and <code class=
"literal">ADDRESS</code>. The meanings of these and other fields
are described below. A field consists of the name, an '=' character
with optional space around it, followed by its text. The text of a
field is a string of characters, with no unmatched braces,
surrounded by either a pair of braces or a pair of '"' characters.
Entry fields are separated from one another, and from the citation
key, by commas. A comma may have optional space around it.</p>
<p>The outermost braces that surround the entire entry may be
replaced by parentheses. As in TeX input files, an end-of-line
character counts as a space and one space is equivalent to many
spaces. Unlike TeX, BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry
type, citation key and field names. The above entry could have been
typed as follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@BOOK(kn:gnus, author = {Donald E. Knudson},
      TITLE  = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
      PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
      ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk}             )
</pre>
<p>However, the case of letters does matter to LaTeX, so the
citation key ("kn:gnus" in the example above) should appear exactly
the same in all <code class="literal">\cite</code> commands in the
LaTeX input file.</p>
<p>The quotes or braces can be omitted around text consisting
entirely of numerals. The following two fields are equivalent:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
Volume = "27"           Volume = 27
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.3 Entry Types">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types" name=
"bibtex-entry-types"></a>3.3 Entry Types</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11779008" class="indexterm" name="idp11779008"></a>
<p>When entering a reference in the bibliography database, the
first thing to decide is what type of entry it is. No fixed
classification scheme can be complete, but BibTeX provides enough
entry types to handle almost any reference reasonably well.</p>
<p>References to different types of publications contain different
information; a reference to a journal might include the volume and
number of the journal, which is usually not meaningful for a book.
Therefore, database entries of different types have different
fields for each entry type, the fields are divided into three
classes:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">Required</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>omitting the field will produce an error message and may result
in a badly formatted bibliography entry. If the required
information is not meaningful, you are using the wrong entry
type.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">Optional</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>the field's information will be used if present, but can be
omitted without causing any formatting problems. A reference should
contain any available information that might help the reader, so
you should include the optional field if it is applicable.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">Ignored</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>the field is ignored. BibTeX ignores any field that is not
required or optional, so you can include any fields you want in a
bibliography entry. It's often a good idea to put all relevant
information about a reference in its bibliography entry - even
information that may never appear in the bibliography. For example,
if you want to keep an abstract of a paper in a computer file, put
it in an 'abstract' field in the paper's bibliography entry. The
bibliography database file is likely to be as good a place as any
for the abstract, and it is possible to design a bibliography style
for printing selected abstracts.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry type.</p>
<div class="section" title="3.3.1 article entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-article" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-article"></a>3.3.1 article entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11791424" class="indexterm" name="idp11791424"></a>
<p>An article from a journal or magazine.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@ARTICLE{citation_key,
         required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-journal" title=
"3.5.10 journal field">journal</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-volume" title=
"3.5.22 volume field">volume</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-number" title=
"3.5.14 number field">number</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-pages" title="3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-month" title=
"3.5.12 month field">month</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-note" title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-key" title=
"3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.2 book entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-book" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-book"></a>3.3.2 book entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11806640" class="indexterm" name="idp11806640"></a>
<p>A book with an explicit publisher.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@BOOK{citation_key,
      required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>
or <a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-editor" title=
"3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-title" title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher" title=
"3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-volume" title=
"3.5.22 volume field">volume</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-series" title=
"3.5.19 series field">series</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-edition" title=
"3.5.6 edition field">edition</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.3 booklet entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-booklet" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-booklet"></a>3.3.3 booklet entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11823008" class="indexterm" name="idp11823008"></a>
<p>A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher
or sponsoring institution.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@BOOKLET{citation_key,
         required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-howpublished" title=
"3.5.8 howpublished field">howpublished</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-year" title=
"3.5.23 year field">year</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-note" title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-key" title=
"3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.4 conference entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-conference" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-conference"></a>3.3.4 conference entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11835488" class="indexterm" name="idp11835488"></a>
<p>An article in the proceedings of a conference. This entry is
identical to the 'inproceedings' entry and is included for
compatibility with another text formatting system.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@CONFERENCE{citation_key,
            required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-booktitle" title=
"3.5.4 booktitle field">booktitle</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-editor" title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-pages" title=
"3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-organization" title=
"3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-publisher" title=
"3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.5 inbook entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-inbook" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-inbook"></a>3.3.5 inbook entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11851600" class="indexterm" name="idp11851600"></a>
<p>A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or a range of
pages.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@INBOOK{citation_key,
        required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>
or <a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-editor" title=
"3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-title" title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-chapter" title=
"3.5.5 chapter field">chapter</a> and/or <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-pages" title="3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher" title=
"3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-volume" title=
"3.5.22 volume field">volume</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-series" title=
"3.5.19 series field">series</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-edition" title=
"3.5.6 edition field">edition</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.6 incollection entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-incollection" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-incollection"></a>3.3.6 incollection entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11869248" class="indexterm" name="idp11869248"></a>
<p>A part of a book with its own title.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@INCOLLECTION{citation_key,
              required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-booktitle" title=
"3.5.4 booktitle field">booktitle</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-editor" title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-pages" title=
"3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-organization" title=
"3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-publisher" title=
"3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.7 inproceedings entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-inproceedings" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-inproceedings"></a>3.3.7 inproceedings
entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11885024" class="indexterm" name="idp11885024"></a>
<p>An article in the proceedings of a conference.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@INPROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
               required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-booktitle" title=
"3.5.4 booktitle field">booktitle</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-editor" title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-pages" title=
"3.5.16 pages field">pages</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-organization" title=
"3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-publisher" title=
"3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.8 manual entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-manual" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-manual"></a>3.3.8 manual entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11900864" class="indexterm" name="idp11900864"></a>
<p>Technical documentation.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@MANUAL{citation_key,
        required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-organization" title=
"3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-edition" title=
"3.5.6 edition field">edition</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-year" title=
"3.5.23 year field">year</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-note" title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-key" title=
"3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.9 mastersthesis entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-mastersthesis" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-mastersthesis"></a>3.3.9 mastersthesis
entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11914032" class="indexterm" name="idp11914032"></a>
<p>A Master's thesis.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@MASTERSTHESIS{citation_key,
               required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-school" title=
"3.5.18 school field">school</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.10 misc entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-misc" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-misc"></a>3.3.10 misc entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11926432" class="indexterm" name="idp11926432"></a>
<p>Use this type when nothing else seems appropriate.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@MISC{citation_key,
      required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: none</p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-howpublished" title=
"3.5.8 howpublished field">howpublished</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-year" title=
"3.5.23 year field">year</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-note" title="3.5.13 note field">note</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-key" title=
"3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.11 phdthesis entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-phdthesis" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-phdthesis"></a>3.3.11 phdthesis entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11938032" class="indexterm" name="idp11938032"></a>
<p>A PhD thesis.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@PHDTHESIS{citation_key,
           required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-school" title=
"3.5.18 school field">school</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.12 proceedings entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-proceedings" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-proceedings"></a>3.3.12 proceedings entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11950336" class="indexterm" name="idp11950336"></a>
<p>The proceedings of a conference.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@PROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
             required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-title" title="3.5.20 title field">title</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-year" title=
"3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-editor" title="3.5.7 editor field">editor</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-publisher" title=
"3.5.17 publisher field">publisher</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-organization" title=
"3.5.15 organization field">organization</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.13 techreport entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-techreport" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-techreport"></a>3.3.13 techreport entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11963568" class="indexterm" name="idp11963568"></a>
<p>A report published by a school or other institution, usually
numbered within a series.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@TECHREPORT{citation_key,
            required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-institution" title=
"3.5.9 institution field">institution</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year" title="3.5.23 year field">year</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-type"
title="3.5.21 type field">type</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-number" title=
"3.5.14 number field">number</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address" title=
"3.5.1 address field">address</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-note" title=
"3.5.13 note field">note</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.3.14 unpublished entry">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-entry-types-unpublished" name=
"bibtex-entry-types-unpublished"></a>3.3.14 unpublished entry</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11978032" class="indexterm" name="idp11978032"></a>
<p>A document with an author and title, but not formally
published.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@UNPUBLISHED{citation_key,
             required_fields [, optional_fields] }
</pre>
<p>Required fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author" title="3.5.3 author field">author</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-title" title=
"3.5.20 title field">title</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-note" title="3.5.13 note field">note</a></p>
<p>Optional fields: <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month" title="3.5.12 month field">month</a>,
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-field-types-year" title=
"3.5.23 year field">year</a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key" title="3.5.11 key field">key</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.4 Field Text">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-text" name=
"bibtex-field-text"></a>3.4 Field Text</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11988768" class="indexterm" name="idp11988768"></a>
<p>The text of the field is enclosed in braces or double quote
characters. A part of the text is said to be enclosed in braces if
it lies inside a matching pair of braces other than the ones
enclosing the entire entry or the entire field text.</p>
<p>BibTeX manipulates the case of letters in the field text as
described in the subtopics below.</p>
<div class="section" title="3.4.1 Names">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-text-names" name=
"bibtex-field-text-names"></a>3.4.1 Names</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp11993216" class="indexterm" name="idp11993216"></a>
<p>The text of an author or editor field represents a list of
names. The bibliography style determines the format in which the
name is printed: whether the first name or last name appears first,
if the full first name or just the first initial is used, etc. The
bibliography file entry simply tells BibTeX what the name is.</p>
<p>You should type an author's complete name and let the
bibliography style decide what to abbreviate. (But an author's
complete name may be "Donald~E. Knuth" or even "J.~P.~Morgan"; you
should type it the way the author would like it to appear, if
that's known.)</p>
<p>Most names can be entered in the obvious way, either with or
without a comma, as in the following examples:</p>
<p>"John Paul Jones" "Jones, John Paul" "Ludwig von Beethoven" "von
Beethoven, Ludwig"</p>
<p>Some people have multiple last names - for example, Per Brinch
Hansen's last name is Brinch~Hansen. His name should be typed with
a comma:</p>
<p>"Brinch Hansen, Per"</p>
<p>To understand why, you must understand how BibTeX handles names
(for what follows, a "name" corresponds to a person).</p>
<p>Each name consists of four parts: First, von, Last, and~Jr; each
part consists of a (possibly empty) list of name-tokens. For
example the First part of Per Brinch~Hansen's name has the single
token "Per"; the Last part has two, "Brinch" and "Hansen"; and the
von and Jr parts are empty. If you had typed</p>
<p>"Per Brinch Hansen"</p>
<p>instead, BibTeX would erroneously think "Brinch" were a
First-part token, just as "Paul" is a First-part token in
"John~Paul Jones".</p>
<p>Here's another example:</p>
<p>"Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vallee Poussin"</p>
<p>This name has four tokens in the First part, two in the von, and
two in the Last. Here BibTeX knows where one part ends and the
other begins because the tokens in the von part begin with
lower-case letters.</p>
<p>If you want BibTeX to consider something a single token, enclose
it in braces. You should do this, for example, if a comma is part
of a name:</p>
<p>"{Barnes and Noble, Inc.}" "{Barnes and} {Noble, Inc.}"
"{Barnes} {and} {Noble,} {Inc.}"</p>
<p>The braces surrounding the comma keep "Inc." from being
interpreted as a First token; this name has only a Last part, with
either one, two, or four tokens (there must be a space separating
the tokens in the second and third forms). Probably the second form
is slightly more meaningful, but don't lose sleep over this since
only rarely will an institution be an author or editor.</p>
<p>So the two names</p>
<p>"von Beethoven, Ludwig" "{von Beethoven}, Ludwig"</p>
<p>are considered by BibTeX to be different names. In the first,
"Beethoven" is the Last part and "von" is the von part; in the
second, which in this case happens to be incorrect, the Last part
has a single token and there's no von part. The bibliography style
will probably print both the same, but it may alphabetize and label
them differently.</p>
<p>"Juniors" pose a special problem. Most people having "Jr." in
their name precede it with a comma. Such a name should be entered
as follows:</p>
<p>"Ford, Jr., Henry"</p>
<p>However, a few people do not use a comma. They are handled by
considering the "Jr." to be part of the last Last token:</p>
<p>"{Steele Jr.}, Guy L." "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}"</p>
<p>This name has no Jr part.</p>
<p>To summarize, you may type a name in one of three forms:</p>
<p>"First von Last" "von Last, First" "von Last, Jr, First"</p>
<p>You may almost always use the first form; you shouldn't if
either there's a Jr part or the Last part has multiple tokens but
there's no von part.</p>
<p>If there are multiple authors or editors, their names must be
separated by the word "and", surrounded by spaces, not enclosed in
braces:</p>
<p>AUTHOR = "Ralph Alpher and Bethe, Hans and George Gamow"</p>
<p>Since BibTeX interprets commas as separating parts of a name and
"and" as separating names themselves, this example has three
coauthors: Ralph Alpher, Hans Bethe, and George Gamow. If the word
"and" appears as part of a name, it must be enclosed in braces, as
in the example of "Barnes and Noble,~Inc." given above. If you have
too many names to list in a field, you can end the list with "and
others"; the standard styles appropriately append an "et al."</p>
<p>BibTeX's rules are actually a bit more complicated than
indicated here, but this description will suffice for most
names.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.4.2 Titles">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-text-titles" name=
"bibtex-field-text-titles"></a>3.4.2 Titles</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12016768" class="indexterm" name="idp12016768"></a>
<p>The bibliography style determines whether or not a title is
capitalized; the titles of books usually are, the title of articles
usually are not. You type a title the way it should appear if it is
capitalized (you should capitalize everything but articles and
unstressed conjunctions and prepositions, and even these should be
capitalized as the first word or the first after a colon):</p>
<p>TITLE = "The Agony and the Ecstasy"</p>
<p>BibTeX will change uppercase letters to lowercase if
appropriate. Uppercase letters that should not be changed are
enclosed in braces. The following two titles are equivalent; the
"A" of "Africa" will not be made lowercase.</p>
<p>"The Gnats and Gnus of {Africa}" "The Gnats and Gnus of
{A}frica"</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.4.3 Abbreviations">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-text-abbr" name=
"bibtex-field-text-abbr"></a>3.4.3 Abbreviations</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12022560" class="indexterm" name="idp12022560"></a>
<p>Instead of an ordinary text string, the text of a field can be
replaced by an abbreviation for it. An abbreviation is a string of
characters that starts with a letter and does not contain a space
or any of the following ten characters:</p>
<p><code class="literal">" # % ' ( ) , = { }</code></p>
<p>The abbreviation is typed in place of the text field, with no
braces or quotation marks. If 'jgg1' is an abbreviation for</p>
<p>Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1</p>
<p>then the following are equivalent:</p>
<p>JOURNAL = jgg1 JOURNAL = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus,
Series~1"</p>
<p>Some abbreviations are predefined by the bibliography style.
These always include the usual 3 letter abbreviations for the
month: jan, feb, mar etc.</p>
<p>Bibliography styles usually contain abbreviations for the names
of commonly referenced journals. Consult the Local Guide for a list
of the predefined abbreviations for the bibliography styles
available.</p>
<p>You can define your own abbreviations by using BibTeX's
<code class="literal">@STRING</code> command.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3.5 Field Types">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types" name=
"bibtex-field-types"></a>3.5 Field Types</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12031968" class="indexterm" name="idp12031968"></a>
<p>Below is a list of all fields recognized by the standard
bibliography styles. An entry can also contain other fields, which
are ignored by those styles.</p>
<p>BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the field names.</p>
<div class="section" title="3.5.1 address field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-address" name=
"bibtex-field-types-address"></a>3.5.1 address field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12036352" class="indexterm" name="idp12036352"></a>
<p>Publisher's address. For major publishing houses, just the city
is given. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving
the complete address.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
ADDRESS = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.2 annote field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-annote" name=
"bibtex-field-types-annote"></a>3.5.2 annote field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12041232" class="indexterm" name="idp12041232"></a>
<p>An annotation, used only for annotated bibliography styles
(which are not among the standard ones).</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
ANNOTE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.3 author field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-author" name=
"bibtex-field-types-author"></a>3.5.3 author field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12046016" class="indexterm" name="idp12046016"></a>
<p>The name(s) of the author(s).</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
AUTHOR = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.4 booktitle field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-booktitle" name=
"bibtex-field-types-booktitle"></a>3.5.4 booktitle field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12050720" class="indexterm" name="idp12050720"></a>
<p>Title of a book, part of which is being cited.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
BOOKTITLE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.5 chapter field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-chapter" name=
"bibtex-field-types-chapter"></a>3.5.5 chapter field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12055440" class="indexterm" name="idp12055440"></a>
<p>A chapter number.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
CHAPTER = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.6 edition field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-edition" name=
"bibtex-field-types-edition"></a>3.5.6 edition field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12060128" class="indexterm" name="idp12060128"></a>
<p>The edition of a book - for example, "second".</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
EDITION = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.7 editor field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-editor" name=
"bibtex-field-types-editor"></a>3.5.7 editor field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12064848" class="indexterm" name="idp12064848"></a>
<p>Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an "author" field, then
the "editor" field gives the editor of the book or collection in
which the reference appears.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
EDITOR = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.8 howpublished field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-howpublished" name=
"bibtex-field-types-howpublished"></a>3.5.8 howpublished field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12069696" class="indexterm" name="idp12069696"></a>
<p>How something strange has been published.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
HOWPUBLISHED = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.9 institution field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-institution" name=
"bibtex-field-types-institution"></a>3.5.9 institution field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12074432" class="indexterm" name="idp12074432"></a>
<p>The institution that published the work.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
INSTITUTION = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.10 journal field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-journal" name=
"bibtex-field-types-journal"></a>3.5.10 journal field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12079168" class="indexterm" name="idp12079168"></a>
<p>A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals;
see the Local Guide.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
JOURNAL = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.11 key field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-key" name=
"bibtex-field-types-key"></a>3.5.11 key field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12083904" class="indexterm" name="idp12083904"></a>
<p>Used for alphabetizing and creating a label when the "author"
and "editor" fields are missing. This field should not be confused
with the citation key that appears in the <code class=
"literal">\cite</code> command and at the beginning of the
entry.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
KEY = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.12 month field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-month" name=
"bibtex-field-types-month"></a>3.5.12 month field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12089520" class="indexterm" name="idp12089520"></a>
<p>The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished
work, in which it was written.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
MONTH = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.13 note field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-note" name=
"bibtex-field-types-note"></a>3.5.13 note field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12094272" class="indexterm" name="idp12094272"></a>
<p>Any additional information that can help the reader.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
NOTE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.14 number field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-number" name=
"bibtex-field-types-number"></a>3.5.14 number field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12099008" class="indexterm" name="idp12099008"></a>
<p>The number of a journal, magazine, or technical report. An issue
of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and
number; the organization that issues a technical report usually
gives it a number.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
NUMBER = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.15 organization field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-organization" name=
"bibtex-field-types-organization"></a>3.5.15 organization
field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12103920" class="indexterm" name="idp12103920"></a>
<p>The organization sponsoring a conference.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
ORGANIZATION = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.16 pages field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-pages" name=
"bibtex-field-types-pages"></a>3.5.16 pages field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12108656" class="indexterm" name="idp12108656"></a>
<p>A page number or range of numbers such as "42--111"; you may
also have several of these, separating them with commas:
"7,41,73--97". The standard styles convert a single dash to a
double. &gt;</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PAGES = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.17 publisher field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-publisher" name=
"bibtex-field-types-publisher"></a>3.5.17 publisher field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12113744" class="indexterm" name="idp12113744"></a>
<p>The publisher's name.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
PUBLISHER = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.18 school field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-school" name=
"bibtex-field-types-school"></a>3.5.18 school field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12118448" class="indexterm" name="idp12118448"></a>
<p>The name of the school where a thesis was written.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SCHOOL = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.19 series field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-series" name=
"bibtex-field-types-series"></a>3.5.19 series field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12123168" class="indexterm" name="idp12123168"></a>
<p>The name of a series or set of books. When citing an entire
book, the the "title" field gives its title and an optional
"series" field gives the name of a series in which the book is
published.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
SERIES = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.20 title field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-title" name=
"bibtex-field-types-title"></a>3.5.20 title field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12128048" class="indexterm" name="idp12128048"></a>
<p>The work's title.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
TITLE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.21 type field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-type" name=
"bibtex-field-types-type"></a>3.5.21 type field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12132704" class="indexterm" name="idp12132704"></a>
<p>The type of a technical report - for example, "Research
Note".</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
TYPE = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.22 volume field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-volume" name=
"bibtex-field-types-volume"></a>3.5.22 volume field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12137440" class="indexterm" name="idp12137440"></a>
<p>The volume of a journal or multivolume book work.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
VOLUME = field_text
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="3.5.23 year field">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="bibtex-field-types-year" name=
"bibtex-field-types-year"></a>3.5.23 year field</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12142128" class="indexterm" name="idp12142128"></a>
<p>The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it
was written. This field's text should contain only numerals.</p>
<p>Format:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
YEAR = field_text
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4 bst files">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="bibtex-bst-files"
name="bibtex-bst-files"></a>4 bst files</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12147168" class="indexterm" name="idp12147168"></a>
<p>Bibliography style files define the style of a bibliography
source list.</p>
<p>The standard bibliography style files are <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-bst-plain" title="4.3 PLAIN.BST"><code class=
"filename">PLAIN</code></a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-bst-unsrt" title="4.5 UNSRT.BST"><code class=
"filename">UNSRT</code></a>, <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-bst-alpha" title="4.2 ALPHA.BST"><code class=
"filename">ALPHA</code></a> and <a class="link" href=
"#bibtex-bst-abbr" title="4.1 ABBRV.BST"><code class=
"filename">ABBRV</code></a>.</p>
<p>If you want to make a bibliography style of your own, look at
<a class="link" href="#bibtex-bst-sample" title=
"4.4 SAMPLE.BST"><code class="filename">SAMPLE.BST</code></a>.</p>
<div class="section" title="4.1 ABBRV.BST">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-abbr" name=
"bibtex-bst-abbr"></a>4.1 <code class=
"filename">ABBRV.BST</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12159760" class="indexterm" name="idp12159760"></a>
<p>This style is the same as the style defined in <code class=
"filename">PLAIN.BST</code>, except that entries are more compact
because first names, month names and journal names are
abbreviated.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.2 ALPHA.BST">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-alpha" name=
"bibtex-bst-alpha"></a>4.2 <code class=
"filename">ALPHA.BST</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12164832" class="indexterm" name="idp12164832"></a>
<p>This style is the same as the style defined in <code class=
"filename">PLAIN.BST</code> except that entry labels like "Knu66",
formed from the author's name and the year of publication, are
used.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.3 PLAIN.BST">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-plain" name=
"bibtex-bst-plain"></a>4.3 <code class=
"filename">PLAIN.BST</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12169904" class="indexterm" name="idp12169904"></a>
<p>This style is formatted more or less as suggested by Mary-Claire
van Leunen in "A Handbook for Scholars" (Alfred A. Knopf, New York,
1979). Entries are sorted alphabetically and are labelled with
numbers.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.4 SAMPLE.BST">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-sample" name=
"bibtex-bst-sample"></a>4.4 <code class=
"filename">SAMPLE.BST</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12174320" class="indexterm" name="idp12174320"></a>
<p>This is a sample bibliography style file meant to help you
construct a new style. It creates a bibliography in which entries
appear as follows:</p>
<p>[Jones79] Jones, R. L. and Richards, P. Q. The Birds and the
Bees. {\it Journal of Irreproducible Results 4}, 2 (Jan. 1979),
27-33.</p>
<p>[Jones82a] Jones, P. G. The Bees and the Trees ... (1982).</p>
<p>[Jones82b] Jones, R. L. The Trees and the Peas ... (1982).</p>
<p>[Krist74] Kristofferson, R. P. Peopl and Places ... (1974)</p>
<p>It should illustrate how you write a style file. The functions
are described in an informal Pascal-like style in comments. Because
of the way while loops and if-then-else statements must use
functions, the following convention is used. If a while loop is
labeled 'foo' in the informal description, then its test and body
are the functions named 'foo.test' and 'foo.body'. If an if
statement is labeled 'foo', then its two clauses are the functions
named 'foo.then' and 'foo.else'. (Null clauses just use the 'skip$'
function.) Note that because functions have to be defined in terms
of already-defined functions, the actual function definitions are
given in a 'bottom-up' order.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4.5 UNSRT.BST">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="bibtex-bst-unsrt" name=
"bibtex-bst-unsrt"></a>4.5 <code class=
"filename">UNSRT.BST</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12182448" class="indexterm" name="idp12182448"></a>
<p>This style is that same as <code class=
"filename">PLAIN.BST</code> except that entries appear in the order
of their first citation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:lang="en" class="chapter" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Make-Index" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="makeindex" name=
"makeindex"></a>Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Make-Index</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-options">1
Options</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-c">1.1
<code class="filename">-c</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-g">1.2
<code class="filename">-g</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-i">1.3
<code class="filename">-i</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-l">1.4
<code class="filename">-l</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-q">1.5
<code class="filename">-q</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-r">1.6
<code class="filename">-r</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-s-sty">1.7
<code class="filename">-s sty</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-o-ind">1.8
<code class="filename">-o ind</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-t-log">1.9
<code class="filename">-t log</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-p-no">1.10
<code class="filename">-p no</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-L">1.11
<code class="filename">-L</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-option-T">1.12
<code class="filename">-T</code></a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-style-file">2 Style
File</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-style">2.1 Input
Style Specifiers</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#makeindex-output-style-specs">2.2 Output Style
Specifiers</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-example">3
Example</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-ordering">4
Ordering</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#makeindex-special-effects">5
Special Effects</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<a id="idp12187760" class="indexterm" name="idp12187760"></a>
<div class="note" title="Note" style=
"margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The contents of this section was taken from the HTML helppages
for Make-Index of Norman Walsh (Version 1.0, 12 Apr 94).</p>
<p>Some obvious errors in this documentation have been corrected
according to <code class="filename">makeindex(1L)</code>.</p>
<p>Additional information was taken from <code class=
"filename">makeindex(1L)</code> and the program source files as
found in teTeX 2.0.2.</p>
</div>
<p>Make-Index is a general purpose index processor. It takes one or
more raw index files (normally generated by a formatter), sorts the
entries, and produces the actual index file. It is not dependent on
any particular format of raw index file, although the <code class=
"literal">.idx</code> file generated by LaTeX is the default. Up to
three levels (0, 1, and 2) of subitem nesting within the same entry
is supported. The input format may be redefined in a style file so
that raw index or glossary output from other formatters may be
processed. The style file also defines the style of output index
file. Unless specified otherwise, the file name base of the first
input file (<code class="literal">idx0</code>) is used to determine
other related input/output files. The default input file type is
<code class="literal">.idx</code>.</p>
<div class="section" title="1 Options">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="makeindex-options"
name="makeindex-options"></a>1 Options</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12198800" class="indexterm" name="idp12198800"></a>
<p>Make-Index is a Unix program, and therefore has a Unix-style
command line. Instead of qualifiers delimited with a slash
(<code class="literal">/</code>), Make-Index options are delimited
with a hyphen (<code class="literal">-</code>).</p>
<div class="section" title="1.1 -c">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-c" name=
"makeindex-option-c"></a>1.1 <code class="filename">-c</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12204800" class="indexterm" name="idp12204800"></a>
<p>Enable blank compression. By default every blank counts in the
index key. The <code class="literal">-c</code> option ignores
leading and trailing blanks and tabs and compresses intermediate
ones to a single space.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2 -g">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-g" name=
"makeindex-option-g"></a>1.2 <code class="filename">-g</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12209856" class="indexterm" name="idp12209856"></a>
<p>Employ German word ordering in the index, in accord with rules
set forth in DIN 5007. The quote character must be redefined in a
style file (for example, redefine quote as <code class=
"literal">'+'</code>). If the quote character is not redefined,
Make-Index will produce an error message and abort.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.3 -i">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-i" name=
"makeindex-option-i"></a>1.3 <code class="filename">-i</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12215424" class="indexterm" name="idp12215424"></a>
<p>Use <code class="literal">stdin</code> as the input file. When
this option is specified and the <code class="literal">-o</code> is
not, output is written to <code class="literal">stdout</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.4 -l">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-l" name=
"makeindex-option-l"></a>1.4 <code class="filename">-l</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12221792" class="indexterm" name="idp12221792"></a>
<p>Use letter ordering. Default is word ordering (explained in the
<a class="link" href="#makeindex-ordering" title=
"4 Ordering">Ordering</a> section).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.5 -q">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-q" name=
"makeindex-option-q"></a>1.5 <code class="filename">-q</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12227040" class="indexterm" name="idp12227040"></a>
<p>Quiet mode, send no messages to <code class=
"literal">stderr</code>. By default progress and error messages are
sent to <code class="literal">stderr</code> as well as the
transcript file. The <code class="literal">-q</code> option
disables the <code class="literal">stderr</code> messages.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.6 -r">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-r" name=
"makeindex-option-r"></a>1.6 <code class="filename">-r</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12234176" class="indexterm" name="idp12234176"></a>
<p>Disable implicit page range formation. By default three or more
successive pages will be automatically abbreviated as a range (e.g.
1--5). The <code class="literal">-r</code> option disables it,
making the explicit range operators the only way to create page
ranges (see the <a class="link" href="#makeindex-special-effects"
title="5 Special Effects">Special Effects</a> section below).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.7 -s sty">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-s-sty" name=
"makeindex-option-s-sty"></a>1.7 <code class="filename">-s
sty</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12240224" class="indexterm" name="idp12240224"></a>
<p>Take <code class="literal">sty</code> as the style file. There
is no default for the style file name. The environment variable
INDEXSTYLE defines the path where the style file should be
found.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.8 -o ind">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-o-ind" name=
"makeindex-option-o-ind"></a>1.8 <code class="filename">-o
ind</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12245328" class="indexterm" name="idp12245328"></a>
<p>Take <code class="literal">ind</code> as the output index file.
By default the file name base of the first input file <code class=
"literal">idx0</code> concatenated with the extension <code class=
"literal">.ind</code> is used as the output file name.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.9 -t log">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-t-log" name=
"makeindex-option-t-log"></a>1.9 <code class="filename">-t
log</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12251840" class="indexterm" name="idp12251840"></a>
<p>Take <code class="literal">log</code> as the transcript file. By
default the file name base of the first input file <code class=
"literal">idx0</code> concatenated with the extension <code class=
"literal">.ilg</code> is used as the transcript file name.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.10 -p no">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-p-no" name=
"makeindex-option-p-no"></a>1.10 <code class="filename">-p
no</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12258352" class="indexterm" name="idp12258352"></a>
<p>Set the starting page number of the output index file to be
<code class="literal">no</code>. This is useful when the index file
is to be formatted separately. Other than pure numbers, three
special cases are allowed for no: <code class="literal">any</code>,
<code class="literal">odd</code>, and <code class=
"literal">even</code>. In these special cases, the starting page
number is determined by retrieving the last page number from the
source log file. The source log file name is determined by
concatenating the file name base of the first raw index file
(<code class="literal">idx0</code>) with the extension <code class=
"literal">.log</code>. The last source page is obtained by
searching backward in the log file for the first instance of a
number included in <code class="literal">[...]</code>. If a page
number is missing or the log file is not found, no attempt will be
made to set the starting page number. The meaning of each of these
cases follows:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">any</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The starting page is the last source page number plus 1.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">odd</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The starting page is the first odd page following the last
source page number.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">even</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The starting page is the first even page following the last
source page number.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.11 -L">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-L" name=
"makeindex-option-L"></a>1.11 <code class="filename">-L</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12273584" class="indexterm" name="idp12273584"></a>
<p>Sort based on locale settings. String comparisons for sorting
are done using <span class=
"command"><strong>strcoll(3)</strong></span>, which compares
strings according to the current locale category <code class=
"literal">LC_COLLATE</code>.</p>
<p>Not available on all systems (depends on compile time
settings).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.12 -T">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-option-T" name=
"makeindex-option-T"></a>1.12 <code class="filename">-T</code></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12279792" class="indexterm" name="idp12279792"></a>
<p>Special support for Thai documents.</p>
<p>Not available on all systems (depends on compile time
settings).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2 Style File">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="makeindex-style-file"
name="makeindex-style-file"></a>2 Style File</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12283920" class="indexterm" name="idp12283920"></a>
<p>The style file format is very simple. It is a list of
<code class="literal">&lt;specifier, attribute&gt;</code> pairs.
There are two types of specifiers (input and output). The pairs
don't have to obey any particular order in the file. A line lead by
`<code class="literal">%</code>' is a comment. The following is a
list of all the specifiers and their respective arguments where
<code class="literal">&lt;string&gt;</code> is an arbitrary string
delimited by double quotes (<code class="literal">"..."</code>),
<code class="literal">&lt;char&gt;</code> is a single letter
embraced by single quotes (<code class="literal">'...'</code>), and
<code class="literal">&lt;number&gt;</code> is a nonnegative
integer. The maximum length of a <code class=
"literal">&lt;string&gt;</code> is 144. Notice that a backslash
must be escaped (by an extra backslash) in the string quotation.
Anything not specified in the style file will be assigned a default
value, which is shown on a separate line. This file can reside
anywhere in the path defined by the environment variable
<code class="envar">INDEXSTYLE</code>.</p>
<div class="section" title="2.1 Input Style Specifiers">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-style" name=
"makeindex-style"></a>2.1 Input Style Specifiers</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12293760" class="indexterm" name="idp12293760"></a>
<div class="section" title="2.1.1 actual &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-actual-char" name=
"makeindex-actual-char"></a>2.1.1 actual &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12296400" class="indexterm" name="idp12296400"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">@</code></p>
<p>The symbol which indicates that the next entry is to appear in
the actual index file.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.2 arg_close &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-arg-close" name=
"makeindex-arg-close"></a>2.1.2 arg_close &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12301072" class="indexterm" name="idp12301072"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">}</code></p>
<p>This is the closing delimiter for the index entry argument.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.3 arg_open &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-style-arg-open" name=
"makeindex-style-arg-open"></a>2.1.3 arg_open &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12305792" class="indexterm" name="idp12305792"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">{</code></p>
<p>This is the opening delimiter for the index entry argument.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.4 encap &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-encap-char" name=
"makeindex-encap-char"></a>2.1.4 encap &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12310336" class="indexterm" name="idp12310336"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">|</code></p>
<p>The symbol which indicates that the rest of the argument list is
to be used as the encapsulating command for the page number.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.5 escape &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-escape-char" name=
"makeindex-escape-char"></a>2.1.5 escape &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12315072" class="indexterm" name="idp12315072"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">\\</code></p>
<p>The symbol which escapes the next letter, unless its preceding
letter is escape. In other words, quote is used to escape the
letter which immediately follows it. But if it is preceded by
escape, it does not escape anything.</p>
<p>Notice that the two symbols must be distinct.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.6 keyword &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-style-string" name=
"makeindex-style-string"></a>2.1.6 keyword &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12320288" class="indexterm" name="idp12320288"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\\indexentry"</code></p>
<p>This is the command which tells Make-Index that its argument is
an index entry.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.7 level &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-level-char" name=
"makeindex-level-char"></a>2.1.7 level &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12325360" class="indexterm" name="idp12325360"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">!</code></p>
<p>The delimiter which denotes a new level of subitem.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.8 quote &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-quote-char" name=
"makeindex-quote-char"></a>2.1.8 quote &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12329888" class="indexterm" name="idp12329888"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"</code></p>
<p><code class="literal">quote</code> is used to escape the letter
which immediately follows it, but if it is preceded by escape, it
is treated as a ordinary character. These two symbols must be
distinct.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.9 range_close &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-range-close" name=
"makeindex-range-close"></a>2.1.9 range_close &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12335216" class="indexterm" name="idp12335216"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">)</code></p>
<p>The closing delimiter indicating the end of an explicit page
range.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.1.10 range_open &lt;char&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-range-open" name=
"makeindex-range-open"></a>2.1.10 range_open &lt;char&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12339680" class="indexterm" name="idp12339680"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">(</code></p>
<p>The opening delimiter indicating the beginning of an explicit
page range.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2 Output Style Specifiers">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-style-specs" name=
"makeindex-output-style-specs"></a>2.2 Output Style Specifiers</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12344320" class="indexterm" name="idp12344320"></a>
<div class="section" title="2.2.1 page_compositor &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-page-compositor" name=
"makeindex-page-compositor"></a>2.2.1 page_compositor
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12347008" class="indexterm" name="idp12347008"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"-"</code></p>
<p>This specifier is used to separate a range of page numbers.</p>
<p>Officially undocumented!</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.2 preamble &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-preamble-string" name=
"makeindex-output-preamble-string"></a>2.2.2 preamble
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12352112" class="indexterm" name="idp12352112"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\\begin{theindex}\n"</code></p>
<p>The preamble of actual index file.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.3 postamble &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-postamble-string" name=
"makeindex-output-postamble-string"></a>2.2.3 postamble
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12356736" class="indexterm" name="idp12356736"></a>
<p>Default: <code class=
"literal">"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"</code></p>
<p>The postamble of actual index file.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.4 setpage_prefix &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-setpage-prefix" name=
"makeindex-output-setpage-prefix"></a>2.2.4 setpage_prefix
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12361376" class="indexterm" name="idp12361376"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n
\\setcounter{page}{"</code></p>
<p>The prefix of the command which sets the starting page
number.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.5 setpage_suffix &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-setpage-suffix" name=
"makeindex-output-setpage-suffix"></a>2.2.5 setpage_suffix
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12366064" class="indexterm" name="idp12366064"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"}\n"</code></p>
<p>The suffix of the command which sets the starting page
number.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.6 group_skip &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-group-skip" name=
"makeindex-output-group-skip"></a>2.2.6 group_skip
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12370736" class="indexterm" name="idp12370736"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n\n \\indexspace\n"</code></p>
<p>The vertical space to be inserted before a new group begins.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.7 heading_prefix &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-heading-prefix-string"
name="makeindex-output-heading-prefix-string"></a>2.2.7
heading_prefix &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12375408" class="indexterm" name="idp12375408"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">""</code></p>
<p>The header prefix to be inserted before a new letter begins.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.8 heading_suffix &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-heading-suffix-string"
name="makeindex-output-heading-suffix-string"></a>2.2.8
heading_suffix &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12380048" class="indexterm" name="idp12380048"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">""</code></p>
<p>The header suffix to be inserted before a new letter begins.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.9 headings_flag &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-headings-flag" name=
"makeindex-output-headings-flag"></a>2.2.9 headings_flag
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12384624" class="indexterm" name="idp12384624"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">0</code></p>
<p>The flag indicating the condition of inserting new letter
header. Default is 0, which means no header. Positive means insert
an uppercase letter between prefix and suffix. Negative means
insert a lowercase letter.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"2.2.10 symhead_positive &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-symhead-positive" name=
"makeindex-output-symhead-positive"></a>2.2.10 symhead_positive
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12389376" class="indexterm" name="idp12389376"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"Symbols"</code></p>
<p>Heading for symbols to be inserted if <code class=
"literal">headings_flag</code> is positive.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"2.2.11 symhead_negative &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-symhead-negative" name=
"makeindex-output-symhead-negative"></a>2.2.11 symhead_negative
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12394752" class="indexterm" name="idp12394752"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"symbols"</code></p>
<p>Heading for symbols to be inserted if <code class=
"literal">headings_flag</code> is negative.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"2.2.12 numhead_positive &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-numhead-positive" name=
"makeindex-output-numhead-positive"></a>2.2.12 numhead_positive
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12400128" class="indexterm" name="idp12400128"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"Numbers"</code></p>
<p>Heading for numbers to be inserted if <code class=
"literal">headings_flag</code> is positive.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"2.2.13 numhead_negative &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-numhead-negative" name=
"makeindex-output-numhead-negative"></a>2.2.13 numhead_negative
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12405504" class="indexterm" name="idp12405504"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"numbers"</code></p>
<p>Heading for numbers to be inserted if <code class=
"literal">headings_flag</code> is negative.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.14 item_0 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-0" name=
"makeindex-output-item-0"></a>2.2.14 item_0 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12410784" class="indexterm" name="idp12410784"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n \\item "</code></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between two primary (level 0)
items.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.15 item_1 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-1" name=
"makeindex-output-item-1"></a>2.2.15 item_1 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12415360" class="indexterm" name="idp12415360"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n \\subitem "</code></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between two secondary (level 1)
items.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.16 item_2 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-2" name=
"makeindex-output-item-2"></a>2.2.16 item_2 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12419984" class="indexterm" name="idp12419984"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n \\subsubitem "</code></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between two level 2 items.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.17 item_01 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-01" name=
"makeindex-output-item-01"></a>2.2.17 item_01 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12424672" class="indexterm" name="idp12424672"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n \\subitem "</code></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between a level 0 item and a level 1
item.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.18 item_x1 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-x1" name=
"makeindex-output-item-x1"></a>2.2.18 item_x1 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12429296" class="indexterm" name="idp12429296"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n \\subitem "</code></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between a level 0 item and a level 1
item. The difference between this and previous is that in this case
the level 0 item doesn't have any page numbers.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.19 item_12 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-12" name=
"makeindex-output-item-12"></a>2.2.19 item_12 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12434080" class="indexterm" name="idp12434080"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n \\subsubitem "</code></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between a level 1 item and a level 2
item.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.20 item_x2 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-item-x2" name=
"makeindex-output-item-x2"></a>2.2.20 item_x2 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12438704" class="indexterm" name="idp12438704"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\n \\subsubitem "</code></p>
<p>The command to be inserted between a level 1 item and a level 2
item. The difference between this and previous is that in this case
the level 1 item doesn't have any page numbers.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.21 delim_0 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-0" name=
"makeindex-output-delim-0"></a>2.2.21 delim_0 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12443488" class="indexterm" name="idp12443488"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">", "</code></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between a level 0 key and its first
page number. Default is a comma followed by a blank.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.22 delim_1 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-1" name=
"makeindex-output-delim-1"></a>2.2.22 delim_1 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12448208" class="indexterm" name="idp12448208"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">", "</code></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between a level 1 key and its first
page number. Default is a comma followed by a blank.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.23 delim_2 &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-2" name=
"makeindex-output-delim-2"></a>2.2.23 delim_2 &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12452928" class="indexterm" name="idp12452928"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">", "</code></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between a level 2 key and its first
page number. Default is a comma followed by a blank.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.24 delim_n &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-n" name=
"makeindex-output-delim-n"></a>2.2.24 delim_n &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12457648" class="indexterm" name="idp12457648"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">", "</code></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between two page numbers for the
same key in any level. Default is a comma followed by a blank.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.25 delim_r &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-r" name=
"makeindex-output-delim-r"></a>2.2.25 delim_r &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12462480" class="indexterm" name="idp12462480"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"--"</code></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted between the starting and ending
page numbers of a range.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.26 delim_t &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-delim-t" name=
"makeindex-output-delim-t"></a>2.2.26 delim_t &lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12467104" class="indexterm" name="idp12467104"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">""</code></p>
<p>The delimiter to be inserted at the end of a page list. This
delimiter has no effect on entries which have no associated page
list.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.27 encap_prefix &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-encap-prefix" name=
"makeindex-output-encap-prefix"></a>2.2.27 encap_prefix
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12471824" class="indexterm" name="idp12471824"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\\"</code></p>
<p>The prefix for the command which encapsulates the page
number.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.28 encap_infix &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-encap-infox" name=
"makeindex-output-encap-infox"></a>2.2.28 encap_infix
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12476448" class="indexterm" name="idp12476448"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"{"</code></p>
<p>The prefix for the command which encapsulates the page
number.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.29 encap_suffix &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-encap-suffix" name=
"makeindex-output-encap-suffix"></a>2.2.29 encap_suffix
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12481040" class="indexterm" name="idp12481040"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"}"</code></p>
<p>The suffix for the command which encapsulates the page
number.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.30 line_max &lt;number&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-line-max" name=
"makeindex-output-line-max"></a>2.2.30 line_max &lt;number&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12485664" class="indexterm" name="idp12485664"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">72</code></p>
<p>The maximum length of a line in the output beyond which a line
wraps around.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.31 indent_space &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-indent-space" name=
"makeindex-output-indent-space"></a>2.2.31 indent_space
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12490368" class="indexterm" name="idp12490368"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">"\t\t"</code></p>
<p>The space to be inserted in front of a wrapped line. Default is
two tabs.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.32 indent_length &lt;number&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-indent-length" name=
"makeindex-output-indent-length"></a>2.2.32 indent_length
&lt;number&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12495056" class="indexterm" name="idp12495056"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">16</code></p>
<p>The length of indent_space. In the default case this is 16 (for
2 tabs).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.33 suffix_2p &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-suffix-2p" name=
"makeindex-output-suffix-2p"></a>2.2.33 suffix_2p
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12499744" class="indexterm" name="idp12499744"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">""</code></p>
<p>Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page
number of a two page list. When present, it overrides <code class=
"literal">delim_r</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.34 suffix_3p &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-suffix-3p" name=
"makeindex-output-suffix-3p"></a>2.2.34 suffix_3p
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12505072" class="indexterm" name="idp12505072"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">""</code></p>
<p>Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page
number of a three page list. When present, it overrides
<code class="literal">delim_r</code> and <code class=
"literal">suffix_mp</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2.35 suffix_mp &lt;string&gt;">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="makeindex-output-suffix-mp" name=
"makeindex-output-suffix-mp"></a>2.2.35 suffix_mp
&lt;string&gt;</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12511120" class="indexterm" name="idp12511120"></a>
<p>Default: <code class="literal">""</code></p>
<p>Delimiter to replace the range delimiter and the second page
number of a multiple page list (three or more pages). When present,
it overrides <code class="literal">delim_r</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3 Example">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="makeindex-example"
name="makeindex-example"></a>3 Example</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12516768" class="indexterm" name="idp12516768"></a>
<p>The following example shows a style file called <code class=
"literal">book.isty</code> which defines a stand-alone index for a
book. By stand-alone, we mean it can be formatted independent of
the main source.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
preamble
"\\documentstyle[12pt]{book}
\\begin{document}
\\begin{theindex}
{\\small\n"

postamble
"\n\n}
\\end{theindex}
\\end{document}\n"
</pre>
<p>Suppose a particular book style requires the index (as well as
any chapters) to start from an odd page number. Given <code class=
"literal">foo.idx</code> as the raw index file, the following
command line produces an index in file <code class=
"literal">foo-.ind</code>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
makeindex  -s book.isty  -o foo-.ind  -p odd  foo
</pre>
<p>The reason to use a non-default output file name is to avoid
clobbering the source output (presumably <code class=
"literal">foo.dvi</code>) because if the index is in file
<code class="literal">foo.ind</code>, its output will also be in
<code class="literal">foo.dvi</code> as a result of separate
formatting using . In the example the index is in <code class=
"literal">foo-.ind</code>, its output will be in <code class=
"literal">foo-.dvi</code> and thus introduces no confusion.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4 Ordering">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="makeindex-ordering"
name="makeindex-ordering"></a>4 Ordering</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12529104" class="indexterm" name="idp12529104"></a>
<p>By default <code class="literal">makeindex</code> assumes word
ordering. The <code class="literal">-l</code> option turns it into
letter ordering. The only difference is whether a blank is treated
as an effective letter or not. In word ordering, a blank precedes
any letter in the alphabet, whereas in letter ordering, it doesn't
count at all. This is best illustrated by the following
example:</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<table border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" /></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>word
order</em></span></th>
<th align="left"><span class="emphasis"><em>letter
order</em></span></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">sea lion</td>
<td align="left">seal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">seal</td>
<td align="left">seal lion</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Numbers are sorted in numeric order. For instance,</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<table border="0">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" /></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">9 (nine), 123</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">123 10 (ten), see Derek, Bo</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Letters are first sorted with uppercase and lowercase considered
identical; then, within identical words the uppercase letter
precedes its lowercase counterpart.</p>
<p>Patterns lead by a special symbol precede numbers, which precede
patterns lead by a letter. The symbol here refers to anything not
in the union of digits and English alphabet. This includes those
which follow 'z' in the ASCII chart. As a special case, anything
started with a digit but mixed with non-digits is considered a
symbol-leading pattern instead of a number.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="5 Special Effects">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id=
"makeindex-special-effects" name="makeindex-special-effects"></a>5
Special Effects</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12549376" class="indexterm" name="idp12549376"></a>
<p>In the normal case entries such as</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha}{1}  
\indexentry{alpha!beta}{3}  
\indexentry{alpha!beta!gamma}{10}
</pre>
<p>in the raw index file will be converted to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, 1 
  \subitem beta, 3 
    \subsubitem gamma, 10
</pre>
<p>in the output index file by Make-Index. Notice that the level
symbol (<code class="literal">!</code>) is used to delimit levels
of nesting.</p>
<p>It is possible to make an item appear in a designated form by
using the actual (<code class="literal">@</code>) operator. For
instance,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha@{\it alpha\/}}{1} 
</pre>
<p>will become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item {\it alpha\/} 1
</pre>
<p>after the conversion. The idea is that the pattern preceding
<code class="literal">@</code> is used as sort key, whereas the one
following it is put in the actual result. However, the same key
with and without the actual part are regarded as distinct
entries.</p>
<p>It is also possible to encapsulate a page number with a
designated command using the encap (<code class="literal">|</code>)
operator. For example, in the default case,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|bold}{1}
</pre>
<p>will be converted to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha \bold{1}
</pre>
<p>where <code class="literal">\bold{n}</code> will expand to
<code class="literal">{\bf n}</code>. This allows the encap
operator to be used to set pages in different fonts, thereby
conveying more information about whatever being indexed. For
instance, given the same key the page where its definition appears
can be in one font while where its primary example is given can be
in another, with other ordinary appearances in a third. Notice that
in this example, the three output attributes associated with page
encapsulation <code class="literal">encap_prefix</code>,
<code class="literal">encap_infix</code>, and <code class=
"literal">encap_suffix</code> correspond respectively to backslash,
left brace, and right brace. If this is to be formatted by
languages other than , they would be defined differently.</p>
<p>By the same token, the <code class="literal">encap</code>
operator can be used to make cross references in the index. For
instance,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|see{beta}}{1}
</pre>
<p>will become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha \see{beta}{1}
</pre>
<p>in the output index file after the conversion, where</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\see{beta}{1}
</pre>
<p>will expand to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
{\it see\/} beta
</pre>
<p>Notice that in a cross reference like this the page number
disappears. Therefore, where to insert such a command in the source
is immaterial.</p>
<p>A pair of encap concatenated with <code class=
"literal">range_open</code> (<code class="literal">|(</code>) and
with <code class="literal">range_close</code> (<code class=
"literal">|)</code>) creates an explicit page range. That is,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|(}{1}  
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5}
</pre>
<p>will become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, 1--5
</pre>
<p>Intermediate pages indexed by the same key will be merged into
the range implicitly. This is especially useful when an entire
section about a particular subject is to be indexed, in which case
only the range opening and closing operators need to be inserted at
the beginning and end of the section, respectively.</p>
<p>This explicit page range formation can also include an extra
command to set the page range in a designated font. Thus</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|(bold}{1}  
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5}
</pre>
<p>will become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, \bold{1--5}
</pre>
<p>A couple of special cases are worth mentioning here. First,
entries like</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|(}{1}  
\indexentry{alpha|bold}{3}  
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5} 
</pre>
<p>will be interpreted as</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, \bold{3}, 1--5
</pre>
<p>but with a warning message in the transcript about the encounter
of an inconsistent page encapsulator. Secondly, an explicit range
beginning in a Roman page number and ending in Arabic is considered
an error. In a case like this the range is broken into two
subranges, if possible, one in Roman, the other in Arabic. For
instance,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha|(}{i}
\indexentry{alpha}{iv}
\indexentry{alpha}{3}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{7}
</pre>
<p>will be turned into</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha, 1--iv, 3--7
</pre>
<p>with a warning message in the transcript complaining about the
illegal range formation.</p>
<p>Finally, every special symbol mentioned in this section may be
escaped by the quote operator (<code class="literal">"</code>).
Thus</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{alpha"@beta}{1} 
</pre>
<p>will actually become</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item alpha@beta, 1
</pre>
<p>as a result of executing Make-Index. However, if quote is
preceded by escape (<code class="literal">\</code>), its following
letter is not escaped. That is,</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\indexentry{f\"ur}{1} 
</pre>
<p>means</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\item f\"ur, 1
</pre>
<p>which represents umlaut accented <code class="literal">u</code>
to the family of processors.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:lang="en" class="chapter" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;xindy" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="xindy" name=
"xindy"></a>Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;xindy</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list">1 Command
List</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing">1.1 Processing
Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-command-list-markup">1.2
Markup Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href=
"#xindy-command-list-raw-index">1.3 Raw Index
Interface</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-invoking">2 Invoking
xindy</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-invoking-cmdline">2.1
Command Line Options</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#xindy-search-path">2.2 Search
Path</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<a id="idp12589264" class="indexterm" name="idp12589264"></a>
<div class="note" title="Note" style=
"margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The content of this section was taken from the original
documentation of xindy V2.1 (<code class=
"filename">Doc/manual*.html</code>).</p>
</div>
<p><span class="emphasis"><em>xindy</em></span> means
fle<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>ible <span class=
"emphasis"><em>ind</em></span>exing s<span class=
"emphasis"><em>y</em></span>stem. It is an indexing system that can
be used to generate book-like indexes for arbitrary document
preparation systems. This term includes systems such as TeX and
LaTeX, the Nroff-family or SGML-based systems (e.g. HTML) that
process some kind of text and generate indexing information. It is
not fixed to any specific system, but can be configured for a wide
variety of purposes.</p>
<div class="section" title="1 Command List">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="xindy-command-list"
name="xindy-command-list"></a>1 Command List</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12596352" class="indexterm" name="idp12596352"></a>
<p>Here is the complete list of xindy's commands that may be used
in the index style. The symbol <code class="literal">name</code>
always refers to a string. We separate the commands into the
processing and markup commands. The commands are listed in
alphabetical order.</p>
<p>The parenthesis <code class="literal">[</code> and <code class=
"literal">]</code> denote optional parts of the syntax and
<code class="literal">{</code> and <code class="literal">}</code>
denote the grouping of elements. A vertical bar indicates
alternatives. However, the enclosing round braces <span class=
"emphasis"><em>are</em></span> part of the syntax and must be
supplied.</p>
<div class="section" title="1.1 Processing Commands">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-processing" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing"></a>1.1 Processing Commands</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12604208" class="indexterm" name="idp12604208"></a>
<div class="section" title="1.1.1 define-alphabet">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-alphabet" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-alphabet"></a>1.1.1
<code class="literal">define-alphabet</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12607328" class="indexterm" name="idp12607328"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-alphabet name string-list)
</pre>
<p>Defines <code class="literal">name</code> to be the alphabet
consisting of all elements of the <code class=
"literal">string-list</code>. Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-alphabet "example-alphabet" ("An" "Example" "Alphabet"))
</pre>
<p>defines an alphabet consisting of exactly three symbols. For the
successor relationship holds: <code class=
"literal">succ("An")="Example"</code> and <code class=
"literal">succ("Example")="Alphabet"</code>. The built-in alphabet
<code class="literal">digits</code> is defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-alphabet "digits"
                 ("0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"))
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.2 define-attributes">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-attributes" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-attributes"></a>1.1.2
<code class="literal">define-attributes</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12617264" class="indexterm" name="idp12617264"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-attributes attribute-list)
</pre>
<p>Defines all attributes the raw index may contain. Parameter
<code class="literal">attribute-list</code> is a list of list of
strings. The nesting level must not be more than 2. So <code class=
"literal">(..(..)..)</code> is allowed, whereas <code class=
"literal">(..(..(..)..)..)</code> is not.</p>
<p>The list has two kinds of elements: strings and list of strings.
A single string is treated as if it were a single element list. So
the lists <code class="literal">("definition")</code> and
<code class="literal">( ("definition") )</code> are equivalent. All
elements forming a list are a so-called <span class=
"emphasis"><em>attribute group</em></span>. The members of a group
are written to the output file before any member of the following
groups are written.</p>
<p>Examples of valid attributes lists are:</p>
<p><code class="literal">("definition" "usage")</code> defines two
attribute groups. The first one contains all references with the
attribute <code class="literal">definition</code> and the second
one all with the attribute <code class="literal">usage</code>.</p>
<p><code class="literal">(("definition" "important")
"usage")</code> defines two attribute groups. The first one
contains all references with the attributes <code class=
"literal">definition</code> or <code class=
"literal">important</code> and the second one all with the
attribute <code class="literal">usage</code>. In the attribute
group <code class="literal">("definition" "important")</code> the
attribute <code class="literal">definition</code> overrides
<code class="literal">important</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.3 define-crossref-class">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-crossref-class" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-crossref-class"></a>1.1.3
<code class="literal">define-crossref-class</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12635344" class="indexterm" name="idp12635344"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-crossref-class name [:unverified])
</pre>
<p>Defines <code class="literal">name</code> to be a class of cross
references. We distinguish two types of cross reference classes.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Verified</em></span> cross reference
classes can be checked for dangling references. If for instance a
cross reference points to the non-existent keyword `foo' a warning
is issued and the user is advised to correct the invalid cross
reference. This is the default. If for some reasons this mechanism
must be deactivated the switch <code class=
"literal">:unverified</code> can be used to suppress this
behaviour.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.4 define-letter-group">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-letter-group" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-letter-group"></a>1.1.4
<code class="literal">define-letter-group</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12642592" class="indexterm" name="idp12642592"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group name [:before lgname] [:after lgname]
                          [:prefixes list-of-prefixes])
</pre>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-groups list-of-letter-groups)
</pre>
<p>This command defines a letter group with name <code class=
"literal">name</code>, which must be a string value, grouping all
index entries that have a <span class="emphasis"><em>sort
key</em></span> beginning with the prefix <code class=
"literal">name</code>. The command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "a")
</pre>
<p>is equivalent to the command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "a" :prefixes ("a"))
</pre>
<p>Using the latter form one can associate more than one prefix
with a given letter group. Also further prefixes can be added to an
already existing letter group by simply defining the same letter
group again. This results not in a redefinition but in adding more
prefixes to the currently defined prefixes.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "a")
</pre>
<p>defines a letter group containing all index entries beginning
with the string <code class="literal">"a"</code>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "c" :after       "a")
</pre>
<p>defines a letter group containing all index entries beginning
with the string <code class="literal">"c"</code>. The letter group
appears behind the letter group <code class=
"literal">"a"</code></p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "b" :after "a" :before "c")
</pre>
<p>inserts letter group <code class="literal">"b"</code> between
letter group <code class="literal">"a"</code> and <code class=
"literal">"c"</code>. This allows incremental definition of letter
groups by extending already defined ones.</p>
<p>The arguments <code class="literal">:after</code> and
<code class="literal">:before</code> define a partial order on the
letter groups. xindy tries to convert this partial order into a
total one. If this is impossible due to circular definitions, an
error is reported. If more than one possible total ordering can
result, it is left open which one is used, so one should always
define a complete total order.</p>
<p>The command <code class="literal">define-letter-groups</code>
(with an `s' at the end) is simply an abbreviation for a sequence
of <code class="literal">define-letter-group</code> definitions
where the elements are ordered in the ordering given by the list.
Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-groups ("a" "b" "c")
</pre>
<p>equals the definitions</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-letter-group "a")
(define-letter-group "b" :after "a")
(define-letter-group "c" :after "b")
</pre>
<p>See also commands <code class=
"literal">markup-letter-group-list</code> and <code class=
"literal">markup-letter-group</code> for further information.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.5 define-location-class">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class"></a>1.1.5
<code class="literal">define-location-class</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12667920" class="indexterm" name="idp12667920"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class name layer-list
                       [:min-range-length num]
                       [:hierdepth depth]
                       [:var])
</pre>
<p>Defines <code class="literal">name</code> to be a location class
consisting of the given list of layers. A list of layers consists
of names of basetypes and/or strings representing separators.
Separators must follow the keyword argument <code class=
"literal">:sep</code>. If the keyword <code class=
"literal">:min-range-length</code> is specified we define the
<span class="emphasis"><em>minimum range length</em></span> to be
used when building ranges. The argument <code class=
"literal">num</code> must be a positive integer number or the
keyword <code class="literal">none</code> in which case the
building of ranges is disallowed. If the switch <code class=
"literal">:var</code> is specified the declared class is of type
<span class="emphasis"><em>variable</em></span>, i.e. it is a
<span class="emphasis"><em>var-location-class</em></span>. Since
building of ranges is currently only allowed for standard classes
<code class="literal">:var</code> and <code class=
"literal">:min-range-length</code> must not be used together. The
keyword argument <code class="literal">:hierdepth</code> can be
used to declare that the location references have to be tagged in a
hierarchical form. Its argument <code class="literal">depth</code>
must be an integer number indicating the number of layers the
hierarchy does contain. See command <code class=
"literal">markup-locref-list</code> for more information.
Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class "page-numbers" ("arabic-numbers")
                       :minimum-range-length 3)
</pre>
<p>Defines the location class <code class=
"literal">page-numbers</code> consisting of one layer which is the
alphabet <code class="literal">arabic-numbers</code>. Since the
minimum range length is set to 3 the location references 2, 3 and 4
don't form a range because the range length is only 2. But the
references 6, 7, 8, and 9 are enough to form a range. Some example
instances of this class are <code class="literal">0, 1, ...
2313</code>, etc.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class "sections" :var
   ("arabic-numbers" :sep "."
    "arabic-numbers" :sep "."
    "arabic-numbers"))
</pre>
<p>defines a variable location class. Valid instances are
<code class="literal">1, 1.1, 1.2, 2, 2.4.5</code>, but none of
<code class="literal">2-3</code> (wrong separator), <code class=
"literal">1.2.3.4</code> (more than 3 layers), <code class=
"literal">2.3.iv</code> (roman number instead of arabic one).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.6 define-location-class-order">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class-order" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class-order"></a>1.1.6
<code class="literal">define-location-class-order</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12689984" class="indexterm" name="idp12689984"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class-order list)
</pre>
<p>Defines the order in which the location classes are written to
the output file. The parameter <code class="literal">list</code> is
a list of names of location classes. Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class-order
    ("page-numbers" "sections" "xrefs"))
</pre>
<p>tells the system that the page numbers should appear before the
section numbers and that the cross references should appear at the
end. If this command is omitted, the declaration order of the
location classes in the index style is implicitly used as the
output order. In the case that a location class does not appear in
the list, the output may behave unexpectedly, so one should always
enumerate all used location classes when using this command.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.7 define-rule-set">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-rule-set" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-rule-set"></a>1.1.7
<code class="literal">define-rule-set</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12696928" class="indexterm" name="idp12696928"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-rule-set name
        [ :inherit-from ("rule-set" "rule-set-2") ]
        :rules (&lt;rule&gt;...) )
</pre>
<p>A complete specification of a multi-phase sorting process for a
language requires that some rules have to appear in several
subsequent sorting phases. Rule sets can be used to define a set of
rules that can be instantiated in an arbitrary sorting phase.
Basically, they offer means to separate the definition of sorting
rules from their instantiation, hence, acting as a wrapper for
calls to <code class="literal">sort-rule</code>. They do not add
new functionality that is not already present with <code class=
"literal">sort-rule</code>.</p>
<p>A rule can be of the form:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
&lt;rule&gt; ::= ("pattern" "replacement"
            [:string|:bregexp|:egegexp] [:again])
</pre>
<p>The following incomplete example defines a new rule set of name
<code class="literal">isolatin1-tolower</code> that inherits
definitions from rule set <code class=
"literal">latin-tolower</code>, overriding or adding the sort rules
in the list of <code class="literal">:rules</code>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-rule-set "isolatin1-tolower"

  :inherit-from ("latin-tolower")

  :rules (("?" "?" :string :again)
          ("?" "?" :string :again)
          ("?" "?" :string :again)
          ("?" "?" :string :again)
          ("?" "?" :string :again)
          ("?" "?" :string :again)
          ("?" "?" :string :again)
       ...
         )
...)
</pre>
<p>Rule sets can be instantiated with the command <code class=
"literal">use-rule-set</code>. For further descriptions on the
sorting model refer to the command <code class=
"literal">sort-rule</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.8 define-sort-rule-orientations">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-sort-rule-orientations" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-define-sort-rule-orientations"></a>1.1.8
<code class="literal">define-sort-rule-orientations</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12710496" class="indexterm" name="idp12710496"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-sort-rule-orientations (orientations...))
</pre>
<p>Defines the order for the different sorting phases. The
currently implemented <span class=
"emphasis"><em>orientations</em></span> are <code class=
"literal">forward</code> and <code class="literal">backward</code>.
This command must precede all <code class=
"literal">sort-rule</code> commands in an index style. It defines
the orientations and implicitly sets the maximum number of sorting
phases performed.</p>
<p>For further descriptions on the sorting model refer to the
command <code class="literal">sort-rule</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.9 merge-rule">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-processing-merge-rule"
name="xindy-command-list-processing-merge-rule"></a>1.1.9
<code class="literal">merge-rule</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12719504" class="indexterm" name="idp12719504"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule pattern replacement [:again]
                                [:bregexp | :eregexp | :string])
</pre>
<p>Defines a keyword mapping rule that can be used to generate the
<span class="emphasis"><em>merge key</em></span> from the
<span class="emphasis"><em>main key</em></span> of an index entry.
This mapping is necessary to map all keywords that are differently
written but belong to the same keyword to the same canonical
keyword.</p>
<p>The parameter <code class="literal">pattern</code> can be a
POSIX-compliant regular expression or an ordinary string. The
implementation uses the GNU Rx regular expression library which
implements the POSIX regular expressions. Regular expressions (REs)
can be specified as <span class="emphasis"><em>basic regular
expressions</em></span> (BREs) or <span class=
"emphasis"><em>extended regular expressions</em></span> (EREs). You
can use the switch <code class="literal">:bregexp</code> to force
the interpretation of the pattern as a BRE, or <code class=
"literal">:eregexp</code> to interpret it as an ERE. If you want
xindy to interpret the pattern literally, use the switch
<code class="literal">:string</code>. If none of these switches is
selected, xindy uses an auto-detection mechanism to decide, if the
pattern is a regular expression or not. If it recognizes the
pattern as a RE, it interprets it as an ERE by default.</p>
<p>The parameter <code class="literal">replacement</code> must be a
string possibly containing the special characters <code class=
"literal">&amp;</code> (substitutes for the complete match) and
<code class="literal">\1 ,..., \9</code> (substituting for the
<span class="emphasis"><em>n</em></span>-th submatch. Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "A" "a")
</pre>
<p>replaces each occurrence of the uppercase letter <code class=
"literal">`A'</code> with its lowercase counterpart.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "\~"([AEOUaeou])" "\1")
</pre>
<p>transforms the TeX umlaut-letters into their stripped
counterparts, such that <code class="literal">`\"A '</code> is
treated as an <code class="literal">`A'</code> afterwards.</p>
<p>The following sequences have a special meaning:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">` ~n
'</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>End of line symbol (<span class=
"emphasis"><em>linefeed</em></span>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">` ~b
'</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The ISO-Latin character with the lowest ordinal number.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">` ~e
'</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The ISO-Latin character with the highest ordinal number.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">` ~~
'</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The tilde character.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">` ~"
'</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The double quote character.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Tilde characters and double quotes have to be quoted themselves
with a tilde character. The special characters <code class=
"literal">` ~b '</code> and <code class="literal">` ~e '</code>
allow the definition of arbitrary sorting orders by rules. In
connection with an additional character every position in the
alphabet can be described. E.g. <code class="literal">` m~e
'</code> is lexicographically placed between <code class=
"literal">`m'</code> and <code class="literal">`n'</code>.</p>
<p>Due to efficiency, rules that just exchange characters or
substitute constant character sequences are not treated as regular
expressions. Therefore, instead of using the rule</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "[A-Z]" "&amp;")
</pre>
<p>it is more efficient (though less comfortable) to use</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "A" "Ax")
(merge-rule "B" "Bx")
...
(merge-rule "Z" "Zx")
</pre>
<p>Usually rules are applied in order of their definition. Rules
with a special prefix precede those that begin with a class of
characters, so that the search pattern <code class=
"literal">`alpha'</code> is checked before <code class=
"literal">`.*'</code>, but <code class="literal">`auto'</code> and
<code class="literal">`a.*'</code> are checked in order of their
definition.</p>
<p>The first rule from a style file that matches the input is
applied and the process restarts behind the substituted text. If no
rule could be applied, the actual character is copied from the
input and the process continues with the next character.</p>
<p>Sometimes it is necessary to apply rules anew to the result of a
transformation. By specifying the keyword argument <code class=
"literal">:again</code> in the merge rule the rule is marked as
mutable, which means that after using this rule the transformation
process shall restart at the same place. E.g. the rule</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-rule "\$(.*)\$" "\1" :again)
</pre>
<p>deletes <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> surrounding
<code class="literal">`$ '</code> symbols from the input.</p>
<p>See also command <code class="literal">sort-rule</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.10 merge-to">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-processing-merge-to"
name="xindy-command-list-processing-merge-to"></a>1.1.10
<code class="literal">merge-to</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12764048" class="indexterm" name="idp12764048"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(merge-to attr-from attr-to [:drop])
</pre>
<p>A merge rule says that the attribute <code class=
"literal">attr-from</code> can be used to build ranges in
<code class="literal">attr-to</code>. Both attributes must name
valid attribute names. The switch <code class=
"literal">:drop</code> indicates, that the original location
reference with attribute <code class="literal">attr-from</code> has
to be dropped (removed), if a successful range was built with
location references in attribute <code class=
"literal">attr-to</code>. A detailed description is given in the
section about processing phases.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.11 require">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-processing-require"
name="xindy-command-list-processing-require"></a>1.1.11
<code class="literal">require</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12772832" class="indexterm" name="idp12772832"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(require filename)
</pre>
<p>This command allows to load more index style modules. The module
is searched in the directories defined in the search path. The file
is read in and processing of the current file continues. The
argument <code class="literal">filename</code> must be a string.
This allows to decompose the index style into several modules that
can be included into the topmost index style file. Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(require "french/alphabet.xdy")
(require "french/sort-rules.xdy")
(require "tex/locations.xdy")
(require "tex/markup.xdy")
</pre>
<p>Submodules can load other submodules as well. If a file is
required that was already loaded, the <code class=
"literal">require</code> command is simply ignored and processing
continues without including this file twice. See also command
searchpath.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.12 searchpath">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-processing-searchpath"
name="xindy-command-list-processing-searchpath"></a>1.1.12
<code class="literal">searchpath</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12780560" class="indexterm" name="idp12780560"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(searchpath {path-string | path-list})
</pre>
<p>This command adds the given paths to the list of paths, xindy
searches for index style files. The argument <code class=
"literal">path-string</code> must be a colon-separated string of
directory names. If this path ends with a colon the default search
path is added to the end of the path list. Example:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(searchpath ".:/usr/local/lib/xindy:/usr/local/lib/xindy/english:")
</pre>
<p>adds the specified directories to the search path. Since the
last path ends with a colon, the built-in search path is added at
the end. Specifying</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(searchpath ("."
             "/usr/local/lib/xindy"
             "/usr/local/lib/xindy/english"
             :default))
</pre>
<p>yields exactly the same result as the example above. Here
<code class="literal">path-list</code> must be a list of strings
and/or the keyword(s) <code class="literal">:default</code> and
<code class="literal">:last</code>. The keyword <code class=
"literal">:default</code> signifies that the default pathnames are
to be inserted at the specified position in the list. The keyword
<code class="literal">:last</code> allows to insert the currently
active paths at the indicated position. Since this allows to insert
the built-in paths at any position and incrementally adding new
paths to the search path, this version of the command ist more
flexible than the first version.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.13 sort-rule">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-processing-sort-rule"
name="xindy-command-list-processing-sort-rule"></a>1.1.13
<code class="literal">sort-rule</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12792192" class="indexterm" name="idp12792192"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(sort-rule pattern replacement [:run level] [:again])
</pre>
<p>Defines a keyword mapping rule that can be used to generate the
<span class="emphasis"><em>sort key</em></span> of an index entry
from the <span class="emphasis"><em>merge key</em></span>. This key
is used to sort the index entries lexicographically after they have
been merged using the merge key.</p>
<p>The argument <code class="literal">:run</code> indicates that
this rule is only in effect a the specified <span class=
"emphasis"><em>level</em></span> (default is level 0). For a
detailed discussion on the definition of sort rules for different
layers refer to the documentation about the new sorting scheme
(<code class="literal">new-sort-rules</code>) that comes with this
distribution.</p>
<p>See command <code class="literal">merge-rule</code> for more
information about keyword rules.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.1.14 use-rule-set">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id=
"xindy-command-list-processing-use-rule-set" name=
"xindy-command-list-processing-use-rule-set"></a>1.1.14
<code class="literal">use-rule-set</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12801904" class="indexterm" name="idp12801904"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
(use-rule-set [:run phase]
              [:rule-set ( &lt;rule-set&gt;... ))
</pre>
<p>This command instantiates the gives rule sets to be in effect at
sorting phase <code class="literal">phase</code>. The order of the
rule sets given with argument <code class=
"literal">:rule-set</code> is significant. Rule set entries of rule
set appearing at the beginning of the list override entries in rule
sets at the end of the list.</p>
<p>The following example declares that in phase 0 the rule sets
<code class="literal">din5007</code> and <code class=
"literal">isolatin1-tolower</code> should be active, whereas in
phase 2 the other rule sets have to be applied.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(use-rule-set :run 0
              :rule-set ("din5007" "isolatin1-tolower"))

(use-rule-set :run 1
              :rule-set ("resolve-umlauts"
                         "resolve-sharp-s"
                         "isolatin1-tolower"
                        ))
</pre>
<p>For a discussion on rule sets refer to command <code class=
"literal">define-rule-set</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2 Markup Commands">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-markup" name=
"xindy-command-list-markup"></a>1.2 Markup Commands</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12812464" class="indexterm" name="idp12812464"></a>
<p>The following commands can be used to define the markup of the
index. They don't have any influence on the indexing process. Since
the markup scheme is characterized by the concept of <span class=
"emphasis"><em>environments</em></span>, the syntax and naming
scheme of all commands follows a simple structure.</p>
<p>The commands can be separated into <span class=
"emphasis"><em>environment</em></span> and <span class=
"emphasis"><em>list-environment</em></span> commands. All commands
of the first group support the keyword arguments <code class=
"literal">:open</code> and <code class="literal">:close</code>,
whereas the second group additionally supports the keyword argument
<code class="literal">:sep</code>. If one of these keyword
arguments is missing, the default markup tag is always the empty
tag. The <code class="literal">:open</code> tag is always printed
before the object itself and the <code class=
"literal">:close</code> tag is always printed after the object has
been printed. If a list is printed the <code class=
"literal">:sep</code> tag is printed between two elements of the
list but not before the first element, or after the last one. All
commands dealing with a list have the suffix <code class=
"literal">`-list'</code> as part of their command name.</p>
<p>Since the number of commands and the heavy usage of <span class=
"emphasis"><em>default</em></span> and <span class=
"emphasis"><em>specialized</em></span> tags makes the markup
somehow complex (but very powerful) we have added a mechanism to
trace the markup tags xindy omits during its markup phase with the
command <code class="literal">markup-trace</code>.</p>
<p>Here follows the list of markup commands in alphabetical order
with some of the commands grouped together.</p>
<div class="section" title="1.2.1 markup-attribute-group-list">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-attribute-group-list" name=
"markup-attribute-group-list"></a>1.2.1 <code class=
"literal">markup-attribute-group-list</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-attribute-group-list [:open string] [:close string]
                             [:sep string])

(markup-attribute-group      [:open string] [:close string]
                             [:group group-num])
</pre>
<p>Location class groups consist of lists of attribute groups. The
markup of this list can be defined with the command <code class=
"literal">markup-attribute-group-list</code>.</p>
<p>To allow different markup for different attribute groups the
command <code class="literal">markup-attribute-group</code> can be
specialized on the group number with the keyword argument
<code class="literal">:group</code> which must be an integer
number. E.g., given are the groups <code class=
"literal">("definition" "theorem")</code> and <code class=
"literal">("default")</code> with group numbers 0 and 1, then</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-attribute-group :open "&lt;group0&gt;" :close &lt;/group0&gt;"
                        :group 0)

(markup-attribute-group :open "&lt;group1&gt;" :close "&lt;/group1&gt;"
                        :group 1)
</pre>
<p>can be used to assign different markup for both groups in a
SGML-based language.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.2 markup-crossref-list">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-crossref-list" name=
"markup-crossref-list"></a>1.2.2 <code class=
"literal">markup-crossref-list</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-crossref-list       [:open string] [:close string]
                            [:sep string]
                            [:class crossref-class])

(markup-crossref-layer-list [:open string] [:close string]
                            [:sep string]
                            [:class crossref-class])

(markup-crossref-layer      [:open string] [:close string]
                            [:class crossref-class])
</pre>
<p>A crossref class group contains cross references of the same
class. The separator between the classes is defined with the
<code class="literal">(markup-locclass-list :sep)</code>-parameter.
A list of cross references can be tagged with the <code class=
"literal">command markup-crossref-list</code> that specializes on
the <code class="literal">:class</code> argument.</p>
<p>Each cross reference is determined by a list of layers
indicating the target of the cross reference. To define a suitable
markup for such a list the <code class="literal">command
markup-crossref-layer-list</code> can be used.</p>
<p>Each layer of a cross reference can be assigned two tags that
specialize on the class of the reference, like all other
commands.</p>
<p>A suitable markup for a cross reference class <code class=
"literal">see</code> within LaTeX2e could look like that:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-crossref-list :class "see" :open "\emph{see} "
                                   :sep  "; ")
(markup-crossref-layer-list :class "see" :sep ",")
(markup-crossref-layer :class "see"
                                   :open "\textbf{" :close "}")
</pre>
<p>An example output could look like <code class="literal">... see
house; garden,winter; greenhouse</code></p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.3 markup-index">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-index" name=
"markup-index"></a>1.2.3 <code class=
"literal">markup-index</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-index [:open string] [:close string]
              [ :flat | :tree | :hierdepth depth ])
</pre>
<p>Defines the markup tags that enclose the whole index via the
<code class="literal">:open</code> and <code class=
"literal">:close</code> parameters. Examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-index :open  "Here comes the index~n"
              :close "That's all folks!~n")
</pre>
<p>defines that the <code class="literal">:open</code> string is
printed before the rest of the index and the <code class=
"literal">:close</code> string appears after the index is
printed.</p>
<p>Additionally one can specify the form of the generated index. It
is possible to produce flat indexes by specifying the switch
<code class="literal">:flat</code>, to generate a tree with the
<code class="literal">:tree</code> switch or any kind of mixture
between both by specifying the depth up to which trees shall be
built with the parameter <code class="literal">:hierdepth</code>.
Its argument depth is the number of layers that can be formed into
a tree. Therefore <code class="literal">:flat</code> is an
abbrevation of <code class="literal">:hierdepth 0</code> and
<code class="literal">:tree</code> is an abbrevation of
<code class="literal">:hierdepth max-depth</code>, with
<code class="literal">max-depth</code> being the maximum number of
layers a keyword has. An example: the keywords</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
("tree" "binary" "AVL")
("tree" "binary" "natural")
</pre>
<p>can be transformed in the following ways:</p>
<p>A flat index (<code class="literal">:flat</code> or <code class=
"literal">:hierdepth 0</code>)</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
tree binary AVL
tree binary natural
</pre>
<p>with <code class="literal">:hierdepth 1</code></p>
<pre class="programlisting">
tree
   binary  AVL
   binary  natural
</pre>
<p>and a tree (<code class="literal">:tree</code> or <code class=
"literal">:hierdepth &gt; 1</code>)</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
tree
   binary
      AVL
      natural
</pre>
<p>Most often one will create tree-like indexes or ones that are
flat.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.4 markup-indexentry-list">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-indexentry-list" name=
"markup-indexentry-list"></a>1.2.4 <code class=
"literal">markup-indexentry-list</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry-list [:open string] [:close string]
                        [:sep string]  [:depth integer])

(markup-indexentry      [:open string] [:close string]
                        [:depth integer])
</pre>
<p>Letter groups consists of a list of index entries. The command
<code class="literal">markup-indexentry-list</code> defines the
markup of these lists. The markup can be specialized on the depth
if the index is hierarchically organized. The command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry-list :open  "\begin{IdxentList}"
                        :close "\end{IdxentList}"
                        :sep   "~n")
</pre>
<p>defines that the index entries of all layers are wrapped into
the given markup tags. If additionally</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry-list :open  "\begin{IdxentListII}"
                        :close "\end{IdxentListII}"
                        :sep   "~n"
                        :depth 2)
</pre>
<p>is defined, all index entry lists of all layers (except layer 2)
are tagged according to the first specification, and the index
entry list within depth 2 are tagged according to the second
rule.</p>
<p>The command <code class="literal">markup-indexentry</code>
defines the markup of an index entry at a given depth. Since index
entries may also contain subentries and the markup for subentries
may be different in different layers, the optional keyword argument
<code class="literal">:depth</code> can be used to assign different
markup for different layers. If depth is ommited the default markup
for all possible depths is defined. The top-most index entries have
depth 0.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry :open  "\begin{Indexentry}"
                   :close "\end{Indexentry}")
</pre>
<p>defines that the index entries of all layers are wrapped into
the given markup tags. If additionally</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-indexentry :open  "\begin{IndexentryII}"
                   :close "\end{IndexentryII}"
                   :depth 2)
</pre>
<p>is defined, all index entries of all layers (except layer 2) are
tagged according to the first specification, and the index entries
with depth 2 are tagged according to the second rule.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.5 markup-keyword-list">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-keyword-list" name=
"markup-keyword-list"></a>1.2.5 <code class=
"literal">markup-keyword-list</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-keyword-list [:open string] [:close string]
                     [:sep string] [:depth integer])

(markup-keyword      [:open string] [:close string]
                     [:depth integer])
</pre>
<p>The print key of an index entry consists of a list of strings.
The markup of this list can be defined with the command
<code class="literal">markup-keyword-list</code>. The keyword
argument <code class="literal">:depth</code> may be specified to
define the markup of the list at a particular depth.</p>
<p>The keyword of an index entry consists of a list of strings.
Each of these components is tagged with the strings defined with
the command <code class="literal">markup-keyword</code>. Since we
maybe need different markup for different layers, the optional
keyword argument can be used to specialize this markup for some
depth.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.6 markup-letter-group-list">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-letter-group-list" name=
"markup-letter-group-list"></a>1.2.6 <code class=
"literal">markup-letter-group-list</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-letter-group-list [:open string] [:close string]
                          [:sep string])

(markup-letter-group  [:open string] [:close string] [:group group-name]
                      [:open-head string] [:close-head string]
                      [:upcase | :downcase | :capitalize])
</pre>
<p>The first command defines the markup of the letter group with
name <code class="literal">group-name</code>. Since the markup of
letter groups often contains the name of the letter group as a part
of it, the other keyword arguments allow an additional markup for
this group name. If one of the parameters <code class=
"literal">:open-head</code> and <code class=
"literal">:close-head</code> is specified additional markup is
added as can be described as follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
&lt;OPEN&gt;
   IF (:open-head OR :close-head)
     &lt;OPEN-HEAD&gt;
       transformer-of(&lt;GROUP-NAME&gt;)
     &lt;CLOSE-HEAD&gt;
   FI
   &lt;INDEXENTRIES...&gt;
&lt;CLOSE&gt;
</pre>
<p>Here, <code class="literal">transformer-of</code> is a function
that possibly transforms the string representing the group name
into another string. The transformers we currently support can be
specified with the switches <code class="literal">:upcase</code>,
<code class="literal">:downcase</code> and <code class=
"literal">:capitalize</code> which result in the corresponding
string conversions. If none of them is specified no transformation
is done at all.</p>
<p>The command <code class="literal">markup-letter-group</code>
defines the markup of the list of letter groups.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.7 markup-locclass-list">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-locclass-list" name=
"markup-locclass-list"></a>1.2.7 <code class=
"literal">markup-locclass-list</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locclass-list [:open string] [:close string]
                      [:sep string])
</pre>
<p>Each index entry contains a list of location class groups. This
markup command can be used to define the markup of this list.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.8 markup-locref">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-locref" name=
"markup-locref"></a>1.2.8 <code class=
"literal">markup-locref</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref [:open string] [:close string]
               [:class locref-class]
               [:attr  attribute]
               [:depth integer])
</pre>
<p>The markup tags of a location reference can be specialized on
the three arguments <code class="literal">:class</code>,
<code class="literal">:attr</code> and additionally, if
sub-references are used, <code class="literal">:depth</code>. Most
often one will only use a tag depending on the attribute. For
example, all location references with the attribute <code class=
"literal">definition</code> should appear in a font series like
bold, emphasizing the importance of this location reference; those
with the attribute <code class="literal">default</code> in font
shape italic. The markup in this case would not specialize on the
depth or any particular class. A valid definition, suitable for a
usage within HTML, could look like this.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref :open "&lt;B&gt;" :close "&lt;/B&gt;" :attr "definition")
(markup-locref :open "&lt;I&gt;" :close "&lt;/I&gt;" :attr "default")
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.9 markup-locref-class">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-locref-class" name=
"markup-locref-class"></a>1.2.9 <code class=
"literal">markup-locref-class</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref-class [:open string] [:close string]
                     [:class locref-class])
</pre>
<p>All location references of a particular location reference class
can be wrapped into the tags defined by this command. It
specializes on the keyword argument <code class=
"literal">:class</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.10 markup-locref-layer">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-locref-layer" name=
"markup-locref-layer"></a>1.2.10 <code class=
"literal">markup-locref-layer</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref-layer      [:open string] [:close string]
                          [:depth integer] [:layer integer]
                          [:class locref-class])

(markup-locref-layer-list [:open string] [:close string]
                          [:sep string]
                          [:depth integer]
                          [:class locref-class])
</pre>
<p>A location reference contains a list of location reference
layers. The second markup command can be used to markup this list.
It specializes on the class of the location references and the
depth (if sub-references are used).</p>
<p>The first command allows to tag the elements of a layer list
differently. The first element of this list can is specialisable
with <code class="literal">:layer 0</code>, the next element with
<code class="literal">:layer 1</code>, etc. See the next example
for an example.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.11 markup-locref-list">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-locref-list" name=
"markup-locref-list"></a>1.2.11 <code class=
"literal">markup-locref-list</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref-list [:open string] [:close string] [:sep string]
                    [:depth integer] [:class locref-class])
</pre>
<p>An attribute group contains a list of location references and/or
ranges. Additionally a layered location reference itself may
contain sub-references that are stored as a list of location
references. We specialize the markup for these lists on the
location class they belong to with the keyword argument
<code class="literal">:class</code>, and on <code class=
"literal">:depth</code> that specializes on the different subentry
levels when using location references with sub-references.</p>
<p>Given is a list of location references that have the class
description</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(define-location-class "Appendix"
                       ("ALPHA" :sep "-" "arabic-numbers")
                       :hierdepth 2)
</pre>
<p>This location class has instances like <code class=
"literal">A-1</code>, <code class="literal">B-5</code>, etc. The
keyword argument <code class="literal">:hierdepth 2</code> informs
xindy to markup these location references in a hierarchical form.
With the commands</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-locref-list            :sep "; "
                     :depth 0  :class "Appendix")
(markup-locref-list  :open " " :sep ","
                     :depth 1  :class "Appendix")
(markup-locref-layer :open "{\bf " :close "}" :layer 0
                     :depth 0  :class "Appendix")
</pre>
<p>we obtain a markup sequence for some example data that could
look like</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
 \bf A} 1,2,5; {\bf B} 5,6,9; {\bf D} 1,5,8; ...
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title="1.2.12 markup-range">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-range" name=
"markup-range"></a>1.2.12 <code class=
"literal">markup-range</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-range [:open string] [:close string] [:sep string]
              [:class locref-class]
              [:length num] [:ignore-end])
</pre>
<p>A range consists of two location references. Markup can be
specified with the <code class="literal">:open</code> and
<code class="literal">:close</code> arguments and one separator
given by the argument <code class="literal">:sep</code>.</p>
<p>Since both location references are tagged with markup defined by
the command <code class="literal">markup-locref</code> a
specialization on attributes or depth is not necessary.
Specialization is allowed on the class they belong to, because the
separator between two location refences may be different for each
location class. Argument <code class="literal">:length</code> can
be used to define different markup for different lengths. In
conjunction with <code class="literal">:length</code> is may be
useful not to print the second location reference at all. For
example, one wishes to markup ranges of length 1 in the form Xf.
instead of X--Y. This can be accomplished with the switch
<code class="literal">:ignore-end</code>.</p>
<p>The markup tags for a range (X,Y) can be described as
follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
&lt;OPEN&gt;
  Markup of location reference X
&lt;SEP&gt;
  IF (not :ignore-end)
     Markup of location reference Y
  FI
&lt;CLOSE&gt;
</pre>
<p>The following tags can be used to define a range of page numbers
(given in a location class <code class=
"literal">page-numbers</code>) without considering the open and
close parameters:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-range :sep "-" :class "page-numbers")
</pre>
<p>Location ranges then appear separated by a hyphen in a form like
this:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
   ..., 5-8, 19-23, ...
</pre></div>
<div class="section" title=
"1.2.13 (markup-trace [:on] [:open string] [:close string])">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="markup-trace" name=
"markup-trace"></a>1.2.13 <code class="literal">(markup-trace [:on]
[:open string] [:close string])</code></h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>This command can be used to activate the tracing of all markup
commands xindy executes. The switch <code class=
"literal">:on</code> activates the trace. If <code class=
"literal">:on</code> is omitted, the command line flag <code class=
"literal">-t</code> can be used as well. All tags which are emitted
but not yet defined explicitly by the user are tagged with a
symbolic notation indicating the commands that must be used to
define this tag. The defaults for the keyword argument <code class=
"literal">:open</code> is <code class="literal">`&lt;'</code> and
for <code class="literal">:close</code> is <code class=
"literal">`&gt;'</code>. The beginning of an example output could
look like:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
&lt;INDEX:OPEN&gt;
  &lt;LETTER-GROUP-LIST:OPEN&gt;
    &lt;LETTER-GROUP:OPEN ["a"]&gt;
      &lt;INDEXENTRY-LIST:OPEN [0]&gt;
        &lt;INDEXENTRY:OPEN [0]&gt;
          &lt;KEYWORD-LIST:OPEN [0]&gt;
            &lt;KEYWORD:OPEN [0]&gt;
 ...
</pre>
<p>We use a simple indentation scheme to make the structure of the
tags visible. The symbolic tag <code class=
"literal">&lt;LETTER-GROUP:OPEN ["a"]&gt;</code> for example
indicates that the tag that can be specified with the command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-letter-group :open "XXX" :group "a" ... )
</pre>
<p>is emitted at this point in the markup process. By incrementally
adding markup commands to the index, more and more tags can be
defined until the whole markup is defined. This general mechanism
should allow everyone understand the markup process. The best is to
start with a small index, define the complete markup and afterwards
process the whole index. Additionally one can enclose the symbolic
tags into an environment that is neutral to the document
preparation system, such as a comment. For TeX this could be</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-trace :open "%%" :close "~n")
</pre>
<p>or a definition in the TeX document like</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\def\ignore#1{}
</pre>
<p>combined with the command</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(markup-trace :open "\ignore{" :close "}")
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="1.3 Raw Index Interface">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-command-list-raw-index" name=
"xindy-command-list-raw-index"></a>1.3 Raw Index Interface</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp12953120" class="indexterm" name="idp12953120"></a>
<p>This section can be skipped if the reader is not interested in
adapting xindy to a new document preparation system.</p>
<p>The raw index is the file that represents the index that is to
be processed. Since many different document preparation systems may
use different forms of index representations, their output must be
transformed in a form readable by xindy. We also could have written
an configurable parser performing this task, but usually a tool
written with some text processing tools such as <span class=
"command"><strong>perl</strong></span>, <span class=
"command"><strong>sed</strong></span> or <span class=
"command"><strong>awk</strong></span> can achieve the same task as
well. Therefore, adapting xindy to a completely different system
can mostly be done by writing an appropriate raw index filter.</p>
<p>The format of the raw index interface of xindy is defined as
follows:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(indexentry { :key string-list [:print string-list]
            | :tkey list-of-layers }
            [:attr string]
            { :locref string  [:open-range | :close-range]
            | :xref string-list } )
</pre>
<p>The pseudo variable <span class=
"emphasis"><em>string</em></span> is a sequence of characters
surrounded by double quotes, e.g.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
"Hi, it's me"  "one"  "a string with two \"double quotes\""
</pre>
<p>are three examples of valid strings. If you need to include a
double quote as a literal character, you must quote it itself with
a backslash as shown in the third example. A <span class=
"emphasis"><em>string list</em></span> is simply a list of strings
separated by whitespaces and surrounded by round braces. An example
of a string list is</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
("This" "is" "a" "list" "of" "strings")
</pre>
<p>So far about the syntax. The semantics of the different elements
are described here.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">:key</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The argument <span class="emphasis"><em>string list</em></span>
defines the keyword of the index entry. It must be a list of
strings, since the keyword may consist of different layers such as
<code class="literal">("heap" "fibonacci")</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">:print</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The optional <span class="emphasis"><em>print key</em></span>
defines the way the keyword has to be printed in the markup
phase.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">:tkey</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Another possibility to define the keys of an index entry is with
the <code class="literal">:tkey</code> keyword argument. It can be
used instead of the <code class="literal">:key</code> and
<code class="literal">:print</code> arguments. Instead of
specifying separately the key and the corresponding print key, we
define the keyword by its layers. Each layer consist of a list of
one or two strings. The first string will be interpreted as the
main key, whereas the second one will become the print key. If the
print key is ommited, the main key is taken instead. So the
definition</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
:tkey (("This") ("is") ("a") ("bang" "BANG !!!"))
</pre>
<p>is equivalent to</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
:key   ("This" "is" "a" "bang")
:print ("This" "is" "a" "BANG !!!")
</pre></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">:locref</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>The reference an index entry describes can be a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>location reference</em></span> or a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>cross reference</em></span>. The switch <code class=
"literal">:locref</code> describes a location reference. Its
optional arguments are <code class="literal">:open-range</code> and
<code class="literal">:close-range</code>. The <span class=
"emphasis"><em>string</em></span> that must be supplied must
somehow encode the location reference. It might look like the
string <code class="literal">"25"</code> representing the page
number 25, or <code class="literal">"Appendix-I"</code>
representing the first appendix numbered in uppercase roman
numerals.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">:open-range,:close-range</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>These are switches that do not take any arguments. They describe
the beginning and ending of a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>range</em></span>, starting or ending from the
location reference that is given by the argument <code class=
"literal">:locref</code>. If they are supplied, the location
reference may have influence on the way ranges are build.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">:xref</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>These arguments choose the second alternative. The argument
<span class="emphasis"><em>string list</em></span> of parameter
<code class="literal">:xref</code> describes where the index entry
should point to.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class=
"literal">:attr</code></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This parameter may be used to tag a location reference with a
certain attribute or it names the class of a cross reference. It
may also used to associate different markup for different
attributes in the markup phase. If this parameter is omitted or is
the empty string, the indexentry is declared to have the attribute
<code class="literal">default</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Some examples:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(indexentry :key ("airplane") :locref "25" :attr "default")
</pre>
<p>defines an index entry with the key <span class=
"emphasis"><em>airplane'</em></span> indexed on page <span class=
"emphasis"><em>25'</em></span>. This index entry has the attribute
<code class="literal">default</code>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(indexentry :key ("house") :xref("building") :attr "see")
</pre>
<p>defines a cross reference with the key <code class=
"literal">house</code> pointing to the term <code class=
"literal">building</code>. This cross reference belongs to the
cross reference class <code class="literal">see</code>.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
(indexentry :key ("house") :xref("building") :open-range)
</pre>
<p>is an invalid specification, since <code class=
"literal">:open-range</code> mustn't be used together with cross
references.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2 Invoking xindy">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="xindy-invoking" name=
"xindy-invoking"></a>2 Invoking xindy</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp13002048" class="indexterm" name="idp13002048"></a>
<div class="section" title="2.1 Command Line Options">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-invoking-cmdline" name=
"xindy-invoking-cmdline"></a>2.1 Command Line Options</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp13004688" class="indexterm" name="idp13004688"></a>
<p>The following command line options are accepted:</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
xindy  [-h] [-t] [-v] [-l logfile] [-o outfile]
       [-L n] [-f filterprog]
       indexstyle raw-index
</pre>
<p>The argument <code class="literal">indexstyle</code> names a
file, containing the index style description. The argument
<code class="literal">raw-index</code> names a file, containing the
raw index. Both arguments are mandatory.</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Gives a short summary of all command line options.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-l</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Writes helpful information into the specified <code class=
"literal">logfile</code>. For example, the keyword mappings are
written into this file, so one can check if the intended mappings
were actually performed this way.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Explicitly defines the name of the <code class=
"literal">output</code> file. If not given, the name of the
<code class="literal">raw-index</code> is used with its extension
changed to <code class="literal">.ind</code> (or added, if it had
no extension at all).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enters tracing mode of the symbolic markup tags. The format of
the emitted tags can be defined with the command <code class=
"literal">markup-trace</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-L</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the xindy logging-level to <code class=
"literal">n</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Run <code class="literal">filterprog</code> on <code class=
"literal">raw-index</code> before reading. The program must act as
a filter reading from <code class="literal">stdin</code> and
writing to <code class="literal">stdout</code>. The most obvious
use of this option in conjunction with TeX is to run <code class=
"literal">-f tex2xindy</code> on the index file prior to reading
the entries into xindy.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Shows the version number of xindy.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Errors and warnings are reported to <code class=
"literal">stdout</code> and additionally to the logfile if
<code class="literal">-l</code> was specified.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2.2 Search Path">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="xindy-search-path" name=
"xindy-search-path"></a>2.2 Search Path</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp13032720" class="indexterm" name="idp13032720"></a>
<p>The system uses the concept of a search path for finding the
index style files and modules. The searchpath can be set with the
environment variable <code class="envar">XINDY_SEARCHPATH</code>
which must contain a list of colon-separated directories. If it
ends with a colon, the built-in searchpath is added to the entire
searchpath. See the command <a class="link" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-searchpath" title=
"1.1.12 searchpath">searchpath</a> for further details.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:lang="en" class="appendix" title=
"Appendix&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Appendices" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="appendices" name=
"appendices"></a>Appendix&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Appendices</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#issues">1 Bugs / Known Issues /
Missing Features</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#about">2 About this
Document</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#release-news">3 Release
News</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="#gfdl">4 GNU Free Documentation
License</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="index"><a href=
"#tex-refs-idx">Index</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" title=
"1 Bugs / Known Issues / Missing Features">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="issues" name=
"issues"></a>1 Bugs / Known Issues / Missing Features</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp13040576" class="indexterm" name="idp13040576"></a>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">PDF</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>A PDF file is no longer supported.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">Texinfo</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Currently we don't know any working solution to convert DocBook
XML to Texinfo (at least not for a complex document). Anyone who
wants to work on this issue is highly welcome. A starting point
could be the <span class="emphasis"><em>docbook2X</em></span>
project at <a class="ulink" href="http://docbook2x.sourceforge.net"
target="_top">http://docbook2x.sourceforge.net</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">vim-help</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Quite a few poeple are asking for a version in vim-help format.
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:srinath@eecs.berkeley.edu" target=
"_top">Srinath Avadhanula</a> has already done some work on
this.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="2 About this Document">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="about" name=
"about"></a>2 About this Document</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a id="idp13051152" class="indexterm" name="idp13051152"></a>
<p>The source format of this document is <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/docbook/" target=
"_top">DocBook XML (V4.3)</a>.</p>
<p>The various output formats were generated using:</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT/" target="_top">xsltproc
(libxml2-2.6.26/libxslt-1.1.26)</a> as XSLT processor</li>
<li class="listitem"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://sourceforge.net/projects/docbook" target="_top">DocBook XSL
Stylesheets (V1.77.1)</a> for HTML and Epub</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>You'll always find the newest version of this document at
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.miwie.org/tex-refs/" target=
"_top">http://www.miwie.org/tex-refs/</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" title="3 Release News">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="release-news" name=
"release-news"></a>3 Release News</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term">V0.4.1 12-12-03</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Removed obsolete file still referenced in
Makefile (no visible changes)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.4.0 12-12-02</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Minor changes for Epub output</li>
<li class="listitem">Added missing IDs on some sections and
tables</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.9 05-05-14</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Consistent naming scheme of IDs to ease the
use of this reference for other projects</li>
<li class="listitem">Added new section <a class="link" href=
"#float" title="3.3 float">float</a> in chapter <a class="link"
href="#latex" title="2 LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.8 04-10-28</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Minor changes in <a class="link" href=
"#page-styles" title="2.3.15 Page Styles">\maketitle</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.7 04-08-26</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Corrected typos and markup errors in chapter
<a class="link" href="#bibtex" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Switched to DocBook XML V4.3</li>
<li class="listitem">Added new section <a class="link" href=
"#opt-latex" title="2.1 Options">Options</a> in chapter <a class=
"link" href="#latex" title="2 LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.6 04-06-21</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Added a note in chapter <a class="link" href=
"#latex" title="2 LaTeX">LaTeX</a> with the copyright and
permission notice of the original file <code class=
"filename">latex2.texi</code></li>
<li class="listitem">Corrected typos and added missing hyperlinks
in chapter <a class="link" href="#xindy" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;xindy">xindy</a></li>
<li class="listitem">PDF file optimized/linearized and some
finetuning</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.5 04-05-01</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Added content to chapters <a class="link"
href="#metapost" title="Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;MetaPost">MetaPost</a>
and <a class="link" href="#pdftex" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Enhanced index for chapter <a class="link"
href="#metapost" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;MetaPost">Make-Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.4 04-04-24</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Version control system changed from CVS to
SVN</li>
<li class="listitem">Added missing entries to chapter <a class=
"link" href="#makeindex" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Make-Index">Make-Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.3 04-01-26</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Corrected again section <a class="link" href=
"#makeindex-output-style-specs" title=
"2.2 Output Style Specifiers">Output Style Specifiers</a> and
<a class="link" href="#makeindex-style" title=
"2.1 Input Style Specifiers">Input Style Specifiers</a> of chapter
<a class="link" href="#makeindex" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Make-Index">Make-Index</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Corrected some symbols in the index</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.2 04-01-16</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Corrected sections <a class="link" href=
"#makeindex-output-style-specs" title=
"2.2 Output Style Specifiers">Output Style Specifiers</a> and
<a class="link" href="#makeindex-style" title=
"2.1 Input Style Specifiers">Input Style Specifiers</a> of chapter
<a class="link" href="#makeindex" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Make-Index">Make-Index</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Enhanced index in PDF</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.1 04-01-06</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">More work on PDF</li>
<li class="listitem">Modularized XSL stylesheet files</li>
<li class="listitem">Corrected some typos</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.3.0 03-12-25</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Changed document root to <span class=
"emphasis"><em>book</em></span></li>
<li class="listitem">More work on PDF version</li>
<li class="listitem">Using new XSL stylesheets V1.64.1</li>
<li class="listitem">Minor fixes</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.6 03-10-27</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Rearranged appendix</li>
<li class="listitem">Work on PDF version</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.5 03-10-17</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Added contents of <a class="link" href="#gfdl"
title="4 GNU Free Documentation License">GNU FDL</a> in
appendix</li>
<li class="listitem">Using new XSL stylesheets V1.62.4</li>
<li class="listitem">Switched to <a class="ulink" href=
"http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT/" target="_top"><code class=
"literal">xsltproc</code></a> as XSLT-processor</li>
<li class="listitem">Reedited some deeply nested sections</li>
<li class="listitem">Changed colors in CSS</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.4 03-09-06</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Added subsection <a class="link" href=
"#dcolumn" title="3.2 dcolumn"><code class=
"literal">dcolumn</code></a></li>
<li class="listitem">Subsection <a class="link" href="#fontenc"
title="3.4 fontenc"><code class="literal">fontenc</code></a>
translated into english</li>
<li class="listitem">Corrected typo in <a class="link" href=
"#cmd-sbox" title="2.3.17.&nbsp;\sbox"><code class=
"filename">\sbox</code></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.3 03-04-12</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Provide PDF output using <a class="ulink"
href="http://www.pragma-ade.com/" target="_top">ConTeXt</a> and
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.hobby.nl/~scaprea/context/index.html" target=
"_top">DocBook In ConTeXt</a> (still experimental)</li>
<li class="listitem">Reedited (beautified) sections LaTeX /
Commands / <a class="link" href="#counters" title=
"2.3.1 Counters">Counters</a> | <a class="link" href=
"#cross-references" title="2.3.2 Cross References">Cross
References</a> | <a class="link" href="#definitions" title=
"2.3.3 Definitions">Definitions</a> | <a class="link" href=
"#layout" title="2.3.5 Layout">Layout</a> | <a class="link" href=
"#env-latex" title="2.3.6 Environments">Environments</a> |
<a class="link" href="#footnotes" title=
"2.3.7 Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.2 03-01-26</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Added bzip2 compressed version of source and
outfiles tarball</li>
<li class="listitem">Using new XSL stylesheets V1.60.1</li>
<li class="listitem">Eliminated more spurious &amp;Acirc;
characters in HTML output</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.1 03-01-18</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Using new XSL stylesheets V1.59.2</li>
<li class="listitem">Eliminated spurious &amp;Acirc;
characters</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.2.0 03-01-11</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Using new XSL stylesheets V1.58.1</li>
<li class="listitem">Minor changes to CSS file</li>
<li class="listitem">License changed to <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html" target="_top">GNU Free
Documentation License</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Added subsection <a class="link" href=
"#pstricks-commands" title="4.2.2 Commands and Parameters">Commands
and Parameters</a> to section <a class="link" href="#pstricks"
title="4.2 PSTricks">PSTricks</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Reworked <a class="link" href="#inputenc"
title="3.8 inputenc">inputenc</a> section</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.1.3 02-10-17</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Started rework of <a class="link" href=
"#komascript" title="3.9 KOMA-Script">KOMA-Script</a> section</li>
<li class="listitem">Added subsection <a class="link" href=
"#pstricks-add-packages" title=
"4.2.3 List of Additional PSTricks Packages">Additional PSTricks
Packages</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Using new XSL stylesheets V1.56.1</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.1.2 02-10-01</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Reworked <a class="link" href="#hyperref"
title="3.7 hyperref">hyperref</a> section</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.1.1 02-09-19</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Added template sections for <a class="link"
href="#pictex" title="4.1 PiCTeX (tbd.)">PiCTeX</a> and <a class=
"link" href="#texinfo" title="7 Texinfo (tbd.)">Texinfo</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Added subsection <a class="link" href=
"#release-news" title="3 Release News">Release News</a> in appendix
<a class="link" href="#about" title="2 About this Document">About
this Document</a></li>
<li class="listitem">Using new XSL stylesheets V1.55.0</li>
<li class="listitem">Added missing CSS file to outfiles
tarball</li>
<li class="listitem">Corrected wrong FPI</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.1.0 02-08-20</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Eliminated trailing '.' in numbered
sections</li>
<li class="listitem">Minor markup errors corrected</li>
<li class="listitem">Reworked CSS file</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.5 02-08-10</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Switched to DocBook XML 4.2</li>
<li class="listitem">Sections 'Bibindex' and 'xindy' completed</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.4 02-07-25</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">Section 'Makeindex' completed</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.3 02-07-13</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">New XSL stylesheets solve bug in creating
index (no other changes)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.2 02-07-05</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">New (template) sections 'fontinst', 'Bibtex',
'Makeindex', and 'xindy'</li>
<li class="listitem">New section 'Special Symbols'</li>
<li class="listitem">Added information for 'german' package</li>
<li class="listitem">Registered as a new project (tex-refs) on
freshmeat.net</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">V0.0.1 02-06-21</span></dt>
<dd>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc" compact="compact">
<li class="listitem">First official announcement</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" title="4 GNU Free Documentation License">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="gfdl" name=
"gfdl"></a>4 GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h5 class="title"><a id="idp13212128" name=
"idp13212128"></a>Version 1.2, November 2002</h5>
<pre class="programlisting">
 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.


0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.


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This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
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A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
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2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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   may not be included in the Modified Version.
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   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

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Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
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Entitled "Endorsements".


6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.


7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.


8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.


9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.


10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.


ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

    Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.
</pre></div>
<div class="index" title="Index">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="tex-refs-idx" name=
"tex-refs-idx"></a>Index</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="index">
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>Symbols</h3>
<dl>
<dt>$, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\!, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\' (tabbing), <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\(, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\), <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\+, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\,, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\- (hyphenation), <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\- (tabbing) , <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\;, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\&lt; , <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\=, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\&gt;, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\a, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\addcontentsline, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\address, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\addtocontents, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\addtocounter{counter}{value}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\addtolength, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\addvspace, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\alph, <a class="indexterm" href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\Alph, <a class="indexterm" href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\appendix, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\arabic, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\areaset, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-page-layout">Page-Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\author, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\backslash, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-characters">Special Characters</a></dt>
<dt>\begin, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\bfseries, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\bibitem, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\bibliography, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\bibliographystyle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\bigskip, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\bm, <a class="indexterm" href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>\boldsymbol, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#amsmath">amsmath</a></dt>
<dt>\boldsymbold, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>\caption, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\cc, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\cdots, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\centering, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\chapter, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\circle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\cite, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\cleardoublepage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\clearpage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\cline, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\closing, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\COLON, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\dashbox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\date, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\ddots, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\depth, <a class="indexterm" href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\documentclass, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>\dotfill, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\emph, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\encl, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\end, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\enlargethispage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\ensuremath{}, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\fbox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\floatname, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\floatplacement, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\floatstyle, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\flushbottom, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#layout">Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\fnsymbol, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\fontencoding, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\fontfamily, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\fontseries, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\fontshape, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\fontsize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\footnote, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
<dt>\footnotemark, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
<dt>\footnotesize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\footnotetext, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
<dt>\frac, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\frame, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\framebox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a>, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\fussy, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\graphicspath, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#graphicspath">\graphicspath</a></dt>
<dt>\height, <a class="indexterm" href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\hfill, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\hline, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\hrulefill, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\hspace, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\huge, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\Huge, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\hyphenation, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\include, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#splitting-the-input">Splitting the Input</a></dt>
<dt>\includegraphics, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#includegraphics">\includegraphics</a></dt>
<dt>\includeonly, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#splitting-the-input">Splitting the Input</a></dt>
<dt>\indent, <a class="indexterm" href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>\input, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#splitting-the-input">Splitting the Input</a></dt>
<dt>\item, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\itshape, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\kill, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\label, <a class="indexterm" href="#cross-references">Cross
References</a></dt>
<dt>\large, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\Large, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\LARGE, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\ldots, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\lefteqn, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\line, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\linebreak, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\linethickness, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\listof, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\listoffigures, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\listoftables, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\location, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\makebox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\makebox (picture), <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\makelabels, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\maketitle, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\markboth, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\markright, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\mathbf, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathcal, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathit, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathnormal, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathrm, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathsf, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathtt, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mathversion, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\mbox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\mdseries, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\medskip, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\multicolumn, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\multiput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\name, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\newcommand, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>\newcounter, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\newenvironment, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>\newfloat, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\newfont, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>\newlength, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\newline, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\newpage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\newsavebox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\newtheorem, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>\nocite, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\nofiles, <a class="indexterm" href="#table-of-contents">Table
of Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\noindent, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#making-paragraphs">Making Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>\nolinebreak, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\nopagebreak, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\normalfont, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\normalsize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\onecolumn, <a class="indexterm" href="#layout">Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\opening, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\oval, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\overbrace, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\overline, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\pagebreak, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\pagenumbering, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\pageref, <a class="indexterm" href="#cross-references">Cross
References</a></dt>
<dt>\pagestyle, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\par, <a class="indexterm" href="#making-paragraphs">Making
Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>\paragraph, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\parbox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\pmb, <a class="indexterm" href="#amsmath">amsmath</a></dt>
<dt>\poptabs, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\ps, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\pushtabs, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\put, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\raggedbottom, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#layout">Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\raggedleft, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\raggedright, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\raisebox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\ref, <a class="indexterm" href="#cross-references">Cross
References</a></dt>
<dt>\refstepcounter, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\restylefloat, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\rmfamily, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\roman, <a class="indexterm" href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\Roman, <a class="indexterm" href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\rule, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\samepage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\savebox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\sbox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\scriptsize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\scshape, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\selectfont, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\setcounter, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\setlength, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\settodepth, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\settoheight, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\settowidth, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\sffamily, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\shortstack, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\signature, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\sloppy, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\slshape, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\small, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\smallskip, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\sqrt, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\startbreaks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\stepcounter, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\stopbreaks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\subparagraph, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\subsection, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\subsubsection, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>\symbol, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-characters">Special Characters</a></dt>
<dt>\tableofcontents, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></dt>
<dt>\telephone, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>\textbf, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textit, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textmd, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textnormal, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textrm, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textsc, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textsf, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textsl, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\texttt, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\textup, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\thanks, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\thispagestyle, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\tiny, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\title, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>\today, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\totalheight, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\ttfamily, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\twocolumn, <a class="indexterm" href="#layout">Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\typearea, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-page-layout">Page-Layout</a></dt>
<dt>\typein, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#terminal-input-slash-output">Terminal Input/Output</a></dt>
<dt>\typeout, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#terminal-input-slash-output">Terminal Input/Output</a></dt>
<dt>\unboldmath, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>\underbrace, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\underline, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\upDelta, <a class="indexterm" href="#upDelta-upOmega">\upDelta
/ \upOmega</a></dt>
<dt>\upOmega, <a class="indexterm" href="#upDelta-upOmega">\upDelta
/ \upOmega</a></dt>
<dt>\upshape, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\usebox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\usecounter, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\usefont, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>\usepackage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>\value, <a class="indexterm" href="#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>\vdots, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\vector, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\verb, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\vfill, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\vline, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>\vpageref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>\vpagerefrange, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>\vref, <a class="indexterm" href="#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>\vrefrange, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>\vspace, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\width, <a class="indexterm" href="#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>\[, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\\, <a class="indexterm" href="#line-and-page-breaking">Line
&amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>\], <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>\` (tabbing), <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>^, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>_, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>A</h3>
<dl>
<dt>About this Document, <a class="indexterm" href="#about">About
this Document</a></dt>
<dt>Accents, <a class="indexterm" href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Accessing any character of a font, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-characters">Special Characters</a></dt>
<dt>Aligning Equations, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>amsmath, <a class="indexterm" href="#amsmath">amsmath</a></dt>
<dt>ansinew, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>Appendix, creating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>applemac, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>array, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Arrays, math, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Arrows, <a class="indexterm" href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>article class, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Author, for titlepage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>B</h3>
<dl>
<dt>BCOR, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>Bibliography, creating (automatically), <a class="indexterm"
href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Bibliography, creating (manually), <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>BibTeX, <a class="indexterm" href="#bibtex">BibTeX</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>bib files, <a class="indexterm" href="#bibtex-bib-files">bib
files</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>@STRING command, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-string-command">@STRING command</a></dt>
<dt>Entry Format, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-format">Entry Format</a></dt>
<dt>Entry Types, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types">Entry Types</a></dt>
<dt>Field Text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-text">Field Text</a></dt>
<dt>Field Types, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types">Field Types</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>bst files, <a class="indexterm" href="#bibtex-bst-files">bst
files</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>ABBRV.BST, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-bst-abbr">ABBRV.BST</a></dt>
<dt>ALPHA.BST, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-bst-alpha">ALPHA.BST</a></dt>
<dt>PLAIN.BST, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-bst-plain">PLAIN.BST</a></dt>
<dt>SAMPLE.BST, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-bst-sample">SAMPLE.BST</a></dt>
<dt>UNSRT.BST, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-bst-unsrt">UNSRT.BST</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Command Qualifiers, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-command-qualifiers">Command Qualifiers</a></dt>
<dt>Entry Types</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>article entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-article">article entry</a></dt>
<dt>book entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-book">book entry</a></dt>
<dt>booklet entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-booklet">booklet entry</a></dt>
<dt>conference entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-conference">conference entry</a></dt>
<dt>inbook entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-inbook">inbook entry</a></dt>
<dt>incollection entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-incollection">incollection entry</a></dt>
<dt>inproceedings entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-inproceedings">inproceedings entry</a></dt>
<dt>manual entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-manual">manual entry</a></dt>
<dt>mastersthesis entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-mastersthesis">mastersthesis entry</a></dt>
<dt>misc entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-misc">misc entry</a></dt>
<dt>phdthesis entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-phdthesis">phdthesis entry</a></dt>
<dt>proceedings entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-proceedings">proceedings entry</a></dt>
<dt>techreport entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-techreport">techreport entry</a></dt>
<dt>unpublished entry, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-entry-types-unpublished">unpublished entry</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Field Text</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Abbreviations, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-text-abbr">Abbreviations</a></dt>
<dt>Names, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-text-names">Names</a></dt>
<dt>Titles, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-text-titles">Titles</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Field Types</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>address field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-address">address field</a></dt>
<dt>annote field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-annote">annote field</a></dt>
<dt>author field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-author">author field</a></dt>
<dt>booktitle field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-booktitle">booktitle field</a></dt>
<dt>chapter field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-chapter">chapter field</a></dt>
<dt>edition field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-edition">edition field</a></dt>
<dt>editor field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-editor">editor field</a></dt>
<dt>howpublished field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-howpublished">howpublished field</a></dt>
<dt>institution field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-institution">institution field</a></dt>
<dt>journal field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-journal">journal field</a></dt>
<dt>key field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-key">key field</a></dt>
<dt>month field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-month">month field</a></dt>
<dt>note field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-note">note field</a></dt>
<dt>number field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-number">number field</a></dt>
<dt>organization field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-organization">organization field</a></dt>
<dt>pages field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-pages">pages field</a></dt>
<dt>publisher field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-publisher">publisher field</a></dt>
<dt>school field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-school">school field</a></dt>
<dt>series field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-series">series field</a></dt>
<dt>title field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-title">title field</a></dt>
<dt>type field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-type">type field</a></dt>
<dt>volume field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-volume">volume field</a></dt>
<dt>year field, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-field-types-year">year field</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Parameters, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#bibtex-parameters">Parameters</a></dt>
<dt>using, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Binary Operators, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>bm, <a class="indexterm" href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>book class, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Boxes, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>C</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Cc list, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>center, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Centering text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Centering text, environment for, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Characters, reserved, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-characters">Special Characters</a></dt>
<dt>Characters, special, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-characters">Special Characters</a></dt>
<dt>cite.sty, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Classes of document, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Commands, defining new ones, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Computer programs, typesetting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>ConTeXt, <a class="indexterm" href="#context">ConTeXt
(tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>Counters, a list of, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>Counters, creating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>Counters, getting the value of, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>Counters, setting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>cp850, <a class="indexterm" href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>Creating letters, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Creating pictures, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Creating tables, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Credits, <a class="indexterm" href="#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Cross referencing, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#cross-references">Cross References</a></dt>
<dt>Cross referencing using page number, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#cross-references">Cross References</a></dt>
<dt>Cross referencing using section number, <a class="indexterm"
href="#cross-references">Cross References</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>D</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Date, for titlepage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>dcolumn, <a class="indexterm" href="#dcolumn">dcolumn</a></dt>
<dt>Defining a new command, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Defining new environments, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Defining new fonts, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Defining new theorems, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Delimiters, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>description, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Displaying quoted text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation, <a class=
"indexterm" href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>DIV, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>Document Classes, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>E</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Ellipsis, <a class="indexterm" href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Enclosed material, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Ending &amp; Starting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#starting-and-ending">Starting &amp; Ending</a></dt>
<dt>Enlarge current page, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>enumerate, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Environments, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Environments, defining, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>eqnarray, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>equation, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Equations, aligning, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Equations, environment for, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>exponent, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>F</h3>
<dl>
<dt>figure, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Figures, footnotes in, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>float, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>\floatname, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\floatplacement, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\floatstyle, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\listof, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\newfloat, <a class="indexterm" href="#float">float</a></dt>
<dt>\restylefloat, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#float">float</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Flushing a page, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>flushleft, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>flushright, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Font commands, low-level, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Font Sizes, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Font Styles, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>fontenc, <a class="indexterm" href="#fontenc">fontenc</a></dt>
<dt>fontinst, <a class="indexterm" href="#fontinst">fontinst
(tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>Fonts, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Fonts, new commands for, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>footexclude, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>footinclude, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>Footnotes in figures, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Footnotes, creating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
<dt>Formatting Text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Formulae, environment for, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Formulae, maths, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>G</h3>
<dl>
<dt>german, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>!-, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"", <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"=, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"a, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"ck, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"ff, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"|, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>"~, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>&lt;, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\-, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\dq, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\flq, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\flqq, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\frq, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\frqq, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\glq, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\glqq, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>\grqq, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Global options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>graphics, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#graphics">graphics</a></dt>
<dt>Greek letters, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Greek Letters, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>H</h3>
<dl>
<dt>headexclude, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>headinclude, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hyperref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref">hyperref</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>commands</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>\autoref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\href, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hyperbaseurl, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hyperimage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hyperlink, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hyperref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\hypertarget, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\nolinkurl, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
<dt>\texorpdfstring, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-commands">Commands</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>options</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>4, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>a4paper, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>a5paper, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>anchorcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>b5paper, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>backref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>baseurl, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarksnumbered, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarksopen, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarksopenlevel, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>bookmarkstype, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>breaklinks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>citebordercolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>citecolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>colorlinks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>debug, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>draft, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dvipdf, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dvipdfm, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dvips, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dvipsone, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>dviwindo, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>executivepaper, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>extension, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>filebordercolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>filecolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>frenchlinks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hyperfigures, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hyperindex, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hypertex, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>hypertexnames, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>implicit, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>latex2html, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>legalpaper, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>letterpaper, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>linkbordercolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>linkcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>linktocpage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>menubordercolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>menucolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>naturalnames, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>nesting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pageanchor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pagebackref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pagebordercolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pagecolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfauthor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfborder, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfcenterwindow, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfcreator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdffitwindow, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfhighlight, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfkeywords, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfmenubar, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfnewwindow, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfpagelayout, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfpagemode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfpagescrop, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfpagetransition, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfproducer, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfstartpage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfstartview, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfsubject, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdftex, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdftitle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdftoolbar, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfview, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>pdfwindowui, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>plainpages, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>raiselinks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>runbordercolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>tex4ht, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>textures, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>unicode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>urlbordercolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>urlcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>verbose, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
<dt>vtex, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref-options">Options</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Hyphenation, defining, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Hyphenation, forcing, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>I</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Indent, forcing, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#making-paragraphs">Making Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Indent, suppressing, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#making-paragraphs">Making Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Input file, splitting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#splitting-the-input">Splitting the Input</a></dt>
<dt>Input/Output, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#terminal-input-slash-output">Terminal Input/Output</a></dt>
<dt>inputenc, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>Inserting figures, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>itemize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>J</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Justification, ragged left, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Justification, ragged right, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>K</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Known Issues, <a class="indexterm" href="#issues">Bugs / Known
Issues / Missing Features</a></dt>
<dt>KOMA-Script, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript">KOMA-Script</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>scraddr, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>\Address{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\Comment{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FirstName{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FreeIII{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FreeII{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FreeIV{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\FreeI{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\InputAddressFile, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\LastName{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\Name{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
<dt>\Telephone{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scraddr">Address Files with scraddr</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>scrlttr2, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>address, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>address files, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>backaddress, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>backaddressseparator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>business line, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>carbon copy, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>ccseparator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>circular letters, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>Closing, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>Closing Part, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>customer, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>date, <a class="indexterm" href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>emailseparator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>enclosure, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>enclseparator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>faxseparator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>font options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>font selection, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>footer, <a class="indexterm" href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>footnotes, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>format options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromaddress, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>frombank, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromemail, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromfax, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromlogo, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromname, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromphone, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>fromurl, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>general document properties, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>invoice, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>language selection, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>language support, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>letter class option files, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>letter declaration, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>letterhead, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>lists, <a class="indexterm" href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>location, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>margin notes, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>myref, <a class="indexterm" href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>Opening, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>options for letterhead and address, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>other layout, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>page layout, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>page style, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>phoneseparator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>place, <a class="indexterm" href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>placeseparator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>postscript, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>pseudo lengths, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>sender's extension, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>signature, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>specialmail, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>subject, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>subject line, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>subjectseparator, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>text, <a class="indexterm" href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>text emphasis, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>title, <a class="indexterm" href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>title line, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>toaddress, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>toname, <a class="indexterm" href="#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter
Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>variables, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>yourmail, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>yourref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\addtoreffields, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\ifkomavarempty, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\KOMAoptions{}, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\newkomavar, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\setkomavar, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
<dt>\usekomavar, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript-scrlttr2">Letter Class scrlttr2</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>L</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Labelled lists, creating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>LaTeX</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex">Options</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>-file-line-error-style, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-file-line-error-style">-file-line-error-style</a></dt>
<dt>-fmt=FMTNAME, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-fmt">-fmt=FMTNAME</a></dt>
<dt>-help, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-help">-help</a></dt>
<dt>-ini, <a class="indexterm" href="#opt-latex-ini">-ini</a></dt>
<dt>-interaction=STRING, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-interaction-mode">-interaction=STRING</a></dt>
<dt>-ipc, <a class="indexterm" href="#opt-latex-ipc">-ipc</a></dt>
<dt>-ipc-start, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-ipc-start">-ipc-start</a></dt>
<dt>-jobname=STRING, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-jobname-name">-jobname=STRING</a></dt>
<dt>-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-kpathsea-debug">-kpathsea-debug=NUMBER</a></dt>
<dt>-mltex, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-mltex">-mltex</a></dt>
<dt>-output-comment=STRING, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-output-comment">-output-comment=STRING</a></dt>
<dt>-parse-first-line, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-parse-first-line">-parse-first-line</a></dt>
<dt>-progname=STRING, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-progname">-progname=STRING</a></dt>
<dt>-recorder, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-recorder">-recorder</a></dt>
<dt>-shell-escape, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-shell-escape">-shell-escape</a></dt>
<dt>-src-specials, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-src-specials">-src-specials</a></dt>
<dt>-src-specials=WHERE, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-src-specials-where">-src-specials=WHERE</a></dt>
<dt>-translate-file=TCXNAME, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-translate-file-tcxname">-translate-file=TCXNAME</a></dt>
<dt>-version, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-version">-version</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>LaTeX overview, <a class="indexterm" href="#overview">Overview
of LaTeX and Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>LaTeX Packages, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#latex-packages">LaTeX Packages</a></dt>
<dt>latin1, <a class="indexterm" href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>latin9, <a class="indexterm" href="#inputenc">inputenc</a></dt>
<dt>Layout commands, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Left-justifying text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Left-justifying text, environment for, <a class="indexterm"
href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Left-to-right mode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, adding to, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, defining a new, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, defining and using, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, predefined, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Lengths, setting value of, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>letter, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>letter class, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Letters, <a class="indexterm" href="#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Letters, ending, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Letters, starting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#letters">Letters</a></dt>
<dt>Line Breaking, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Line breaks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Lines in tables, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lining text up in columns using tab stops, <a class="indexterm"
href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lining text up in tables, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>list, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lists of items, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lists of items, generic, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Lists of items, numbered, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Loading additional packages, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Low-level font commands, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>LR mode, <a class="indexterm" href="#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>lrbox, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>M</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Make-Index, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex">Make-Index</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Example, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-example">Example</a></dt>
<dt>Input Style Specifiers, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-style">Input Style Specifiers</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>actual, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-actual-char">actual &lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>arg_close, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-arg-close">arg_close &lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>arg_open, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-style-arg-open">arg_open &lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>encap, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-encap-char">encap
&lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>escape, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-escape-char">escape &lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>keyword, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-style-string">keyword &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>level, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-level-char">level
&lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>quote, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-quote-char">quote
&lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>range_close, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-range-close">range_close &lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>range_open, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-range-open">range_open &lt;char&gt;</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-options">Options</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>-c, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-c">-c</a></dt>
<dt>-g, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-g">-g</a></dt>
<dt>-i, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-i">-i</a></dt>
<dt>-l, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-l">-l</a></dt>
<dt>-L, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-L">-L</a></dt>
<dt>-o ind, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-o-ind">-o
ind</a></dt>
<dt>-p no, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-p-no">-p
no</a></dt>
<dt>-q, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-q">-q</a></dt>
<dt>-r, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-r">-r</a></dt>
<dt>-s sty, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-s-sty">-s
sty</a></dt>
<dt>-T, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-T">-T</a></dt>
<dt>-t log, <a class="indexterm" href="#makeindex-option-t-log">-t
log</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Ordering, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-ordering">Ordering</a></dt>
<dt>Output Style Specifiers, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-style-specs">Output Style Specifiers</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>delim_0, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-delim-0">delim_0 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>delim_1, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-delim-1">delim_1 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>delim_2, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-delim-2">delim_2 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>delim_n, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-delim-n">delim_n &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>delim_r, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-delim-r">delim_r &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>delim_t, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-delim-t">delim_t &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>encap_infix, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-encap-infox">encap_infix &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>encap_prefix, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-encap-prefix">encap_prefix
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>encap_suffix, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-encap-suffix">encap_suffix
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>group_skip, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-group-skip">group_skip &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>headings_flag, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-headings-flag">headings_flag
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>heading_prefix, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-heading-prefix-string">heading_prefix
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>heading_suffix, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-heading-suffix-string">heading_suffix
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>indent_length, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-indent-length">indent_length
&lt;number&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>indent_space, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-indent-space">indent_space
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>item_0, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-item-0">item_0 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>item_01, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-item-01">item_01 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>item_1, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-item-1">item_1 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>item_12, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-item-12">item_12 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>item_2, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-item-2">item_2 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>item_x1, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-item-x1">item_x1 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>item_x2, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-item-x2">item_x2 &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>line_max, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-line-max">line_max &lt;number&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>numhead_negative, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-numhead-negative">numhead_negative
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>numhead_positive, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-numhead-positive">numhead_positive
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>page_compositor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-page-compositor">page_compositor
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>postamble, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-postamble-string">postamble
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>preamble, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-preamble-string">preamble
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>setpage_prefix, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-setpage-prefix">setpage_prefix
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>setpage_suffix, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-setpage-suffix">setpage_suffix
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>suffix_2p, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-suffix-2p">suffix_2p &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>suffix_3p, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-suffix-3p">suffix_3p &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>suffix_mp, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-suffix-mp">suffix_mp &lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>symhead_negative, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-symhead-negative">symhead_negative
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
<dt>symhead_positive, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-output-symhead-positive">symhead_positive
&lt;string&gt;</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Special Effects, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-special-effects">Special Effects</a></dt>
<dt>Style File, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#makeindex-style-file">Style File</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Making a title page, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Making paragraphs, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#making-paragraphs">Making Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Margin Notes, <a class="indexterm" href="#margin-notes">Margin
Notes</a></dt>
<dt>Math Formulae, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Math Functions, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Math Miscellany, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Math mode, <a class="indexterm" href="#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>Math mode, entering, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Math mode, spacing, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Math Symbols, Variable Size, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>mathpazo, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#mathpazo">mathpazo</a></dt>
<dt>Maths symbols, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Metafont, <a class="indexterm" href="#metafont">Metafont
(tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>MetaPost, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost">MetaPost</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Environment, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>MFINPUTS, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>MPEDIT, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>MPINPUTS, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>MPSUPPORT, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>MPXCOMMAND, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEX, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TROFF, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-environment">Environment</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-options">Options</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>--file-line-error-style, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-file-line-error-style">--file-line-error-style</a></dt>
<dt>--help, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-help">--help</a></dt>
<dt>--ini, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-ini">--ini</a></dt>
<dt>--interaction mode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-intercation">--interaction mode</a></dt>
<dt>--jobname name, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-jobname">--jobname name</a></dt>
<dt>--kpathsea-debug bitmask, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-kpathsea-debug">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</a></dt>
<dt>--mem mem, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-mem">--mem mem</a></dt>
<dt>--parse-first-line, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-parse-first-line">--parse-first-line</a></dt>
<dt>--progname name, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-progname">--progname name</a></dt>
<dt>--recorder, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-recorder">--recorder</a></dt>
<dt>--translate-file tcxname, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-translate-file">--translate-file tcxname</a></dt>
<dt>--troff, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-troff">--troff</a></dt>
<dt>--version, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#metapost-option-version">--version</a></dt>
<dt>-T, <a class="indexterm" href="#metapost-option-T">-T</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>minipage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Minipage, creating a, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Modes, <a class="indexterm" href="#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>Multicolumn text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#layout">Layout</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>N</h3>
<dl>
<dt>New line, starting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>New line, starting (paragraph mode), <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>New Page, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Notes in the margin, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#margin-notes">Margin Notes</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>O</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Operators</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Binary, <a class="indexterm" href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Relational, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Options, global, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>overcite.sty, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Overview of LaTeX, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#overview">Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>P</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Packages</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>amsmath, <a class="indexterm" href="#amsmath">amsmath</a></dt>
<dt>bm, <a class="indexterm" href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>bm.sty, <a class="indexterm" href="#bm-package">bm</a></dt>
<dt>dcolumn, <a class="indexterm" href="#dcolumn">dcolumn</a></dt>
<dt>german, <a class="indexterm" href="#german">german</a></dt>
<dt>graphics, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#graphics">graphics</a></dt>
<dt>hyperref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#hyperref">hyperref</a></dt>
<dt>KOMA-Script, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#komascript">KOMA-Script</a></dt>
<dt>mathpazo, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#mathpazo">mathpazo</a></dt>
<dt>Several Small Packages, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#small-packages">Several Small Packages</a></dt>
<dt>url, <a class="indexterm" href="#url-package">url</a></dt>
<dt>varioref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Packages, loading, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Page break, forcing, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Page Breaking, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Page Formatting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Page numbering, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>Page styles, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>Paragraph mode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#modes">Modes</a></dt>
<dt>Paragraph, starting a new, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#making-paragraphs">Making Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Paragraphs, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#making-paragraphs">Making Paragraphs</a></dt>
<dt>Parameters, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#parameters">Parameters</a></dt>
<dt>pdfTeX, <a class="indexterm" href="#pdftex">pdfTeX</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Environment, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>TEXEDIT, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXFONTS, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXFORMATS, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXINPUTS, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXMFOUTPUT, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
<dt>TEXPOOL, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-environment">Environment</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-options">Options</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>--file-line-error-style, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-file-line-error-style">--file-line-error-style</a></dt>
<dt>--fmt format, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-fmt">--fmt format</a></dt>
<dt>--help, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-help">--help</a></dt>
<dt>--ini, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-ini">--ini</a></dt>
<dt>--interaction mode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-interaction-mode">--interaction mode</a></dt>
<dt>--ipc, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-ipc">--ipc</a></dt>
<dt>--ipc-start, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-ipc-start">--ipc-start</a></dt>
<dt>--jobname name, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-jobname-name">--jobname name</a></dt>
<dt>--kpathsea-debug bitmask, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-kpathsea-debug">--kpathsea-debug bitmask</a></dt>
<dt>--maketex fmt, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-maketex">--maketex fmt</a></dt>
<dt>--no-maketex fmt, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-no-maketex">--no-maketex fmt</a></dt>
<dt>--output-comment string, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-output-comment">--output-comment string</a></dt>
<dt>--parse-first-line, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-parse-first-line">--parse-first-line</a></dt>
<dt>--progname name, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-progname">--progname name</a></dt>
<dt>--recorder, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-recorder">--recorder</a></dt>
<dt>--shell-escape, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-shell-escape">--shell-escape</a></dt>
<dt>--translate-file tcxname, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-translate-file">--translate-file tcxname</a></dt>
<dt>--version, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pdftex-option-version">--version</a></dt>
<dt>[-no]-maketex=FMT, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#opt-latex-no-maketex">[-no]-maketex=FMT</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>People</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Bausum, David, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#plaintex-ovw">Overview</a></dt>
<dt>Berry, Karl, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Borgert, Wolfgang, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Casellas, Ramon, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Danielsson, Holger, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Devenish, James, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Gaesslein, Hubert, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Goossens, Michel, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#overview">Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>Hagen, Hans, <a class="indexterm" href="#context">ConTeXt
(tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>Karp, Peter, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Lamport, Leslie, <a class="indexterm" href="#overview">Overview
of LaTeX and Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>Mittelbach, Frank, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#overview">Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>Niepraschk, Rolf, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Nordhaug, Hans Fredrik, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Pepping, Simon, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>Samarin, Alexander, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#overview">Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide</a></dt>
<dt>Stayton, Bob, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
<dt>van Zandt, Timothy, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-ovw">Overview</a></dt>
<dt>Voss, Herbert, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#credits">Credits</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>PiCTeX, <a class="indexterm" href="#pictex">PiCTeX
(tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>picture, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Pictures, creating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>PlainTeX, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#plaintex">PlainTeX</a></dt>
<dt>Poetry, an environment for, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Predefined lengths, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#lengths">Lengths</a></dt>
<dt>Programs, typesetting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>PSTricks, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks">PSTricks</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>commands</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>\aput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\Aput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\arrows, <a class="indexterm" href="#hackers">For hackers
only</a></dt>
<dt>\bput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\Bput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\circlenode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\clipbox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-clipping">Clipping</a></dt>
<dt>\closedshadow, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\closepath, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\cnode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\cnodeput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\code, <a class="indexterm" href="#hackers">For hackers
only</a></dt>
<dt>\coor, <a class="indexterm" href="#hackers">For hackers
only</a></dt>
<dt>\cput, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-framed">Framed
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\curveto, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pretty-safe-tricks">Pretty safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\dataplot, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\degrees, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>\dim, <a class="indexterm" href="#hackers">For hackers
only</a></dt>
<dt>\endpspicture, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pictures">Pictures</a></dt>
<dt>\everypsbox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\file, <a class="indexterm" href="#hackers">For hackers
only</a></dt>
<dt>\fileplot, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\fill, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\grestore, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\gsave, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\lineto, <a class="indexterm" href="#pretty-safe-tricks">Pretty
safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\listplot, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\lput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\movepath, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\moveto, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\mput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-attaching">Attaching labels to node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\mrestore, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\msave, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\multips, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-repetition">Repetition</a></dt>
<dt>\multirput, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-repetition">Repetition</a></dt>
<dt>\ncangle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncangles, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncarc, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncbar, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\nccircle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\nccoil, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and
zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\nccurve, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncdiag, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncdiagg, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncline, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncLine, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\ncloop, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\nczigzag, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils
and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\newcmykcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-color">Color</a></dt>
<dt>\newgray, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-color">Color</a></dt>
<dt>\newhsbcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-color">Color</a></dt>
<dt>\newpath, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\newpsobject, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-custom">Custom styles</a></dt>
<dt>\newpsstyle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-custom">Custom styles</a></dt>
<dt>\newrgbcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-color">Color</a></dt>
<dt>\NormalCoor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-coordinates">Special coordinates</a></dt>
<dt>\openshadow, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\ovalnode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\overlaybox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>\parabola, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\parametricplot, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\pcangle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcarc, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcbar, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pccoil, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and
zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\pccurve, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcdiag, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcline, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pcloop, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>\pczigzag, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils
and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\pnode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\psarc, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs,
circles and ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\psarcn, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs,
circles and ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\psaxes, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>\psbezier, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\psccurve, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\pscharclip, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-stroking">Stroking and filling character paths</a></dt>
<dt>\pscharpath, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-stroking">Stroking and filling character paths</a></dt>
<dt>\pscircle, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs,
circles and ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\pscirclebox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psclip, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-clipping">Clipping</a></dt>
<dt>\pscoil, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and
zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\psCoil, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and
zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\pscurve, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\pscustom, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-basics">The
basics</a></dt>
<dt>\psdblframebox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psdots, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dots">Dots</a></dt>
<dt>\psecurve, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>\psellipse, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs,
circles and ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\psframe, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and
polygons</a></dt>
<dt>\psframebox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psgrid, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>\pslabelsep, <a class="indexterm" href="#placing">Placing and
rotating whatever</a></dt>
<dt>\pslbrace, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-tricks">Tips
and More Tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\psline, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and
polygons</a></dt>
<dt>\pslongbox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psmathboxfalse, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psmathboxtrue, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psovalbox, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-framed">Framed
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psoverlay, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>\pspicture, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pictures">Pictures</a></dt>
<dt>\psplot, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\pspolygon, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-lines">Lines
and polygons</a></dt>
<dt>\psrbrace, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-tricks">Tips
and More Tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\psset, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-setting">Setting
graphics parameters</a></dt>
<dt>\pssetlength, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>\psshadowbox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-framed">Framed boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\pstextpath, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-path">Typesetting text along a path</a></dt>
<dt>\PSTtoEPS, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS files</a></dt>
<dt>\psverbboxfalse, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\psverbboxtrue, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-boxes">Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\pswedge, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs,
circles and ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>\psxlabel, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>\psylabel, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>\pszigzag, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils
and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>\putoverlaybox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>\qline, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and
polygons</a></dt>
<dt>\radians, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>\rcoor, <a class="indexterm" href="#hackers">For hackers
only</a></dt>
<dt>\rcurveto, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pretty-safe-tricks">Pretty safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\readdata, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\rlineto, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pretty-safe-tricks">Pretty safe tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\rnode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\Rnode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\RnodeRef, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-nodes">Nodes</a></dt>
<dt>\rotate, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\rotatedown, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\rotateleft, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\rotateright, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\rput, <a class="indexterm" href="#placing">Placing and
rotating whatever</a></dt>
<dt>\savedata, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>\scale, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\scalebox, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\scaleboxto, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-rotation">Rotation and scaling boxes</a></dt>
<dt>\setcolor, <a class="indexterm" href="#hackers">For hackers
only</a></dt>
<dt>\SpecialCoor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-coordinates">Special coordinates</a></dt>
<dt>\stroke, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\swapaxes, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\TeXtoEPS, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS files</a></dt>
<dt>\translate, <a class="indexterm" href="#safe-tricks">Safe
tricks</a></dt>
<dt>\uput, <a class="indexterm" href="#placing">Placing and
rotating whatever</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>parameter</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>angle, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>arcangle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>arcsep, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs,
circles and ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>arcsepA, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs,
circles and ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>arcsepB, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-arcs">Arcs,
circles and ellipses</a></dt>
<dt>arm, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>arrowinset, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>arrowlength, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>arrows, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>arrowscale, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>arrowsize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>axesstyle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>bbllx, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS files</a></dt>
<dt>bblly, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS files</a></dt>
<dt>bburx, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS files</a></dt>
<dt>bbury, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS files</a></dt>
<dt>border, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>bordercolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>boxsep, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-framed">Framed
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>bracketlength, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>coilheight, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils
and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>coilinc, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils and
zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>coilwidth, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-coils">Coils
and zigzags</a></dt>
<dt>cornersize, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-lines">Lines
and polygons</a></dt>
<dt>curvature, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-curves">Curves</a></dt>
<dt>dash, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>dimen, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>dotangle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dots">Dots</a></dt>
<dt>dotscale, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dots">Dots</a></dt>
<dt>dotsep, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>dotsize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>dotstyle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dots">Dots</a></dt>
<dt>doublecolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>doubleline, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>doublesep, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>fillcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>fillstyle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>framearc, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and
polygons</a></dt>
<dt>framesep, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-framed">Framed
boxes</a></dt>
<dt>gradangle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gradbegin, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gradend, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gradlines, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gradmidpoint, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-overlays">Overlays</a></dt>
<dt>gridcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>griddots, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>gridlabelcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>gridlabels, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>gridwidth, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>hatchangle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>hatchcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>hatchsep, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>hatchwidth, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-fill-styles">Fill styles</a></dt>
<dt>headerfile, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS files</a></dt>
<dt>headers, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-exporting">Exporting EPS files</a></dt>
<dt>labels, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>labelsep, <a class="indexterm" href="#placing">Placing and
rotating whatever</a></dt>
<dt>liftpen, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-graphics-objects">Graphics objects</a></dt>
<dt>linearc, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-lines">Lines and
polygons</a></dt>
<dt>linecolor, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-basic">Basic
graphics parameters</a></dt>
<dt>linestyle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>linetype, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-parameters">Parameters</a></dt>
<dt>linewidth, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-basic">Basic
graphics parameters</a></dt>
<dt>loopsize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-connections">Node connections</a></dt>
<dt>ncurv, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>nodesep, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>offset, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-connections">Node
connections</a></dt>
<dt>origin, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-coordinate">Coordinate systems</a></dt>
<dt>plotpoints, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>plotstyle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-plots">Plots</a></dt>
<dt>rbracketlength, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>runit, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>shadow, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-line-styles">Line
styles</a></dt>
<dt>shadowangle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>shadowcolor, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>shadowsize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-line-styles">Line styles</a></dt>
<dt>showorigin, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>showpoints, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-basic">Basic
graphics parameters</a></dt>
<dt>subgriddots, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>subgridwidth, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-grids">Grids</a></dt>
<dt>swapaxes, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-coordinate">Coordinate systems</a></dt>
<dt>tbarsize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-arrowheads">Arrowheads and such</a></dt>
<dt>ticks, <a class="indexterm" href="#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>ticksize, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>tickstyle, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-axes">Axes</a></dt>
<dt>unit, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>xunit, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates and angles</a></dt>
<dt>yunit, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#pstricks-dimensions">Dimensions, coordinates and angles</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>Q</h3>
<dl>
<dt>quotation, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>quote, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying, <a class=
"indexterm" href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Quoted text, displaying, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>R</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Ragged left text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Ragged left text, environment for, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Ragged right text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Ragged right text, environment for, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Relational Operators, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Remarks in the margin, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#margin-notes">Margin Notes</a></dt>
<dt>report class, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#document-classes">Document Classes</a></dt>
<dt>Reserved Characters, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-characters">Special Characters</a></dt>
<dt>Right-justifying text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Right-justifying text, environment for, <a class="indexterm"
href="#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>S</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Sectioning, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#sectioning">Sectioning</a></dt>
<dt>Several Small Packages, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#small-packages">Several Small Packages</a></dt>
<dt>Simulating typed text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Sizes of text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Small Packages, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#small-packages">Several Small Packages</a></dt>
<dt>Space, inserting vertical, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>Spaces, <a class="indexterm" href="#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces
&amp; Boxes</a></dt>
<dt>Spacing, within Math mode, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#math-formulae">Math Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Special Characters, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-characters">Special Characters</a></dt>
<dt>Splitting the input file, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#splitting-the-input">Splitting the Input</a></dt>
<dt>Starting &amp; Ending, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#starting-and-ending">Starting &amp; Ending</a></dt>
<dt>Starting on a right-hand page, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#line-and-page-breaking">Line &amp; Page Breaking</a></dt>
<dt>Styles of text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Styles, page, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>Subscript, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Superscript, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dt>Symbols, <a class="indexterm" href="#math-formulae">Math
Formulae</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Miscellaneous, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#special-symbols">Special Symbols</a></dt>
<dt>Special, <a class="indexterm" href="#special-symbols">Special
Symbols</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>T</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Tab stops, using, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>tabbing, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>table, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Table of Contents, creating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></dt>
<dt>Tables, creating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>tabular, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Terminal Input/Output, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#terminal-input-slash-output">Terminal Input/Output</a></dt>
<dt>Texinfo, <a class="indexterm" href="#texinfo">Texinfo
(tbd.)</a></dt>
<dt>Thanks, for titlepage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>thebibliography, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>theorem, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Theorems, defining, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#definitions">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt>Theorems, typesetting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Title making, <a class="indexterm" href="#page-styles">Page
Styles</a></dt>
<dt>Title pages, creating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Title, for titlepage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#page-styles">Page Styles</a></dt>
<dt>titlepage, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Typed text, simulating, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Typeface Sizes, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Typeface Styles, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
<dt>Typefaces, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#typefaces">Typefaces</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>U</h3>
<dl>
<dt>url, <a class="indexterm" href="#url-package">url</a></dt>
<dt>Using BibTeX, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>V</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Variables, a list of, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#counters">Counters</a></dt>
<dt>varioref, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#varioref">varioref</a></dt>
<dt>verbatim, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Verbatim text, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>verse, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#env-latex">Environments</a></dt>
<dt>Vertical space, inserting, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#spaces-and-boxes">Spaces &amp; Boxes</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="indexdiv">
<h3>X</h3>
<dl>
<dt>xindy, <a class="indexterm" href="#xindy">xindy</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Command List, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list">Command List</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Markup Commands, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-markup">Markup Commands</a></dt>
<dt>Raw Index Interface, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-raw-index">Raw Index Interface</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Invoking, <a class="indexterm" href="#xindy-invoking">Invoking
xindy</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>Command Line Options, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-invoking-cmdline">Command Line Options</a></dt>
<dt>Search Path, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-search-path">Search Path</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>Processing Commands, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing">Processing Commands</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>define-alphabet, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-define-alphabet">define-alphabet</a></dt>
<dt>define-attributes, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-define-attributes">define-attributes</a></dt>
<dt>define-crossref-class, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-define-crossref-class">define-crossref-class</a></dt>
<dt>define-letter-group, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-define-letter-group">define-letter-group</a></dt>
<dt>define-location-class, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class">define-location-class</a></dt>
<dt>define-location-class-order, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-define-location-class-order">define-location-class-order</a></dt>
<dt>define-rule-set, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-define-rule-set">define-rule-set</a></dt>
<dt>define-sort-rule-orientations, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-define-sort-rule-orientations">define-sort-rule-orientations</a></dt>
<dt>merge-rule, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-merge-rule">merge-rule</a></dt>
<dt>merge-to, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-merge-to">merge-to</a></dt>
<dt>require, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-require">require</a></dt>
<dt>searchpath, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-searchpath">searchpath</a></dt>
<dt>sort-rule, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-sort-rule">sort-rule</a></dt>
<dt>use-rule-set, <a class="indexterm" href=
"#xindy-command-list-processing-use-rule-set">use-rule-set</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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