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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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<head><title>1 Introduction</title>
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<meta name="date" content="2005-11-15 18:41:00">
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>
<div class="crosslinks"><p class="noindent">[<a
href="pgfmanualse2.html" >next</a>] [<a
href="#tailpgfmanualse1.html">tail</a>] [<a
href="pgfmanual.html#pgfmanualse1.html" >up</a>] </p></div>
<h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1 </span> <a
id="x2-30001"></a>Introduction</h3>
<!--l. 11--><p class="noindent">The <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> package, where “<span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span>” is supposed to mean “portable graphics format” (or “pretty, good, functional” if
you prefer...), is a package for creating graphics in an “inline” manner. The package defines a number of
<span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span> commands that draw graphics. For example, the code <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">\tikz</span><span
class="cmtt-10"> \draw</span><span
class="cmtt-10"> (0pt,0pt)</span><span
class="cmtt-10"> --</span><span
class="cmtt-10"> (20pt,6pt);</span></span></span> yields the
line <object data="pgfmanual-3.svg" width="28.19987 " height="9.53328 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> and the code <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">\tikz</span><span
class="cmtt-10"> \fill[orange]</span><span
class="cmtt-10"> (1ex,1ex)</span><span
class="cmtt-10"> circle</span><span
class="cmtt-10"> (1ex);</span></span></span> yields <object data="pgfmanual-4.svg" width="12.4814 " height="12.4814 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>.
<!--l. 20--><p class="indent"> In a sense, when using <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> you “program” your graphics, just as you “program” your document
when using <span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span>. This means that you get the advantages of the “<span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span>-approach to typesetting”
also for your graphics: quick creation of simple graphics, precise positioning, the use of macros, often
superior typography. You also inherit all the disadvantages: steep learning curve, no <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">W</small><small
class="small-caps">Y</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small><small
class="small-caps">I</small><small
class="small-caps">W</small><small
class="small-caps">Y</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small></span>, small
changes require a long recompilation time, and the code does not really “show” how things will look
like.
<!--l. 31--><p class="noindent">
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1 </span> <a
id="x2-40001.1"></a>Structure of the System</h4>
<!--l. 33--><p class="noindent">The <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> system consists of different layers:
<!--l. 35--><p class="indent">
<dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span
class="cmbx-10">System layer:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">This layer provides a complete abstraction of what is going on “in the driver.” The driver
is a program like <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">dvips</span></span></span> or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">dvipdfm</span></span></span> that takes a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">.dvi</span></span></span> file as input and generates a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">.ps</span></span></span> or a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">.pdf</span></span></span> file.
(The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pdftex</span></span></span> program also counts as a driver, even though it does not take a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">.dvi</span></span></span> file as input. Never
mind.) Each driver has its own syntax for the generation of graphics, causing headaches to everyone
who wants to create graphics in a portable way. <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span>’s system layer “abstracts away” these differences.
For example, the system command <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">\pgfsys@lineto{10pt}{10pt}</span></span></span> extends the current path to the
coordinate (10pt<span
class="cmmi-10">,</span>10pt) of the current <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>. Depending on whether <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">dvips</span></span></span>, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">dvipdfm</span></span></span>, or
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pdftex</span></span></span> is used to process the document, the system command will be converted to different <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">\special</span></span></span>
commands.
<!--l. 51--><p class="noindent">The system layer is as “minimalistic” as possible since each additional command makes it more work to
port <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> to a new driver. Currently, only drivers that produce PostScript or <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">D</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small> </span>output are supported
and only few of these (hence the name <span
class="cmti-10">portable </span>graphics format is currently a bit boastful). However,
in principle, the system layer could be ported to many different drivers quite easily. It should even be
possible to produce, say, <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">S</small><small
class="small-caps">V</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small> </span>output in conjunction with <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">E</small><small
class="small-caps">X</small>4<small
class="small-caps">H</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small></span>.
<!--l. 61--><p class="noindent">As a user, you will not use the system layer directly.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="cmbx-10">Basic layer:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">The basic layer provides a set of basic commands that allow you to produce complex graphics
in a much easier way than by using the system layer directly. For example, the system layer provides no
commands for creating circles since circles can be composed from the more basic Bézier curves (well,
almost). However, as a user you will want to have a simple command to create circles (at least I do)
instead of having to write down half a page of Bézier curve support coordinates. Thus, the basic layer
provides a command <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">\pgfpathcircle</span></span></span> that generates the necessary curve coordinates for you.
<!--l. 74--><p class="noindent">The basic layer is consists of a <span
class="cmti-10">core</span>, which consists of several interdependent packages that can only be
loaded <span
class="cmti-10">en bloc, </span>and additional packages that extend the core by more special-purpose commands like
node management or a plotting interface. For instance, the <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">B</small><small
class="small-caps">E</small><small
class="small-caps">A</small><small
class="small-caps">M</small><small
class="small-caps">E</small><small
class="small-caps">R</small> </span>package uses the core, but not all
of the additional packages of the basic layer.
</dd><dt class="description">
<span
class="cmbx-10">Frontend layer:</span> </dt><dd
class="description">A frontend (of which there can be several) is a set of commands or a special syntax that makes
using the basic layer easier. A problem with directly using the basic layer is that code written for this layer is
often too “verbose.” For example, to draw a simple triangle, you may need as many as five commands when
using the basic layer: One for beginning a path at the first corner of the triangle, one for extending the path to
the second corner, one for going to the third, one for closing the path, and one for actually painting the
triangle (as opposed to filling it). With the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">tikz</span></span></span> frontend all this boils down to a single simple <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">M</small><small
class="small-caps">E</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">A</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small><small
class="small-caps">O</small><small
class="small-caps">N</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small></span>-like
command:
<table width="100%"
class="verbatim"><tr class="verbatim"><td
class="verbatim"><div class="verbatim">
\draw (0,0) -- (1,0) -- (1,1) -- cycle;
</div>
</td></tr></table>
<!--l. 94--><p class="nopar">
<!--l. 96--><p class="noindent">There are different frontends:
<ul class="itemize1">
<li class="itemize">The Ti<span
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z frontend is the “natural” frontend for <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span>. It gives you access to all features of <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span>,
but it is intended to be easy to use. The syntax is a mixture of <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">M</small><small
class="small-caps">E</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">A</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small><small
class="small-caps">O</small><small
class="small-caps">N</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small> </span>and <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">R</small><small
class="small-caps">I</small><small
class="small-caps">C</small><small
class="small-caps">K</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small> </span>and
some ideas of myself. This frontend is <span
class="cmti-10">neither </span>a complete <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">M</small><small
class="small-caps">E</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">A</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small><small
class="small-caps">O</small><small
class="small-caps">N</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small> </span>compatibility layer nor a
<span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">R</small><small
class="small-caps">I</small><small
class="small-caps">C</small><small
class="small-caps">K</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small> </span>compatibility layer and it is not intended to become either.
</li>
<li class="itemize">The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pgfpict2e</span></span></span> frontend reimplements the standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span></span> <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{picture}</span></span></span> environment and
commands like <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">\line</span></span></span> or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">\vector</span></span></span> using the <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> basic layer. This layer is not really “necessary”
since the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pict2e.sty</span></span></span> package does at least as good a job at reimplementing the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{picture}</span></span></span>
environment. Rather, the idea behind this package is to have a simple demonstration of how a
frontend can be implemented.</li></ul>
<!--l. 116--><p class="noindent">It would be possible to implement a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pgftricks</span></span></span> frontend that maps <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">R</small><small
class="small-caps">I</small><small
class="small-caps">C</small><small
class="small-caps">K</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small> </span>commands to <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> commands.
However, I have not done this and even if fully implemented, many things that work in <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">R</small><small
class="small-caps">I</small><small
class="small-caps">C</small><small
class="small-caps">K</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small></span> will not
work, namely whenever some <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small><small
class="small-caps">T</small><small
class="small-caps">R</small><small
class="small-caps">I</small><small
class="small-caps">C</small><small
class="small-caps">K</small><small
class="small-caps">S</small></span> command relies too heavily on PostScript trickery. Nevertheless, such
a package might be useful in some situations.</dd></dl>
<!--l. 124--><p class="indent"> As a user of <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> you will use the commands of a frontend plus perhaps some commands of the basic layer.
For this reason, this manual explains the frontends first, then the basic layer, and finally the system
layer.
<!--l. 131--><p class="noindent">
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2 </span> <a
id="x2-50001.2"></a>Comparison with Other Graphics Packages</h4>
<!--l. 133--><p class="noindent">There were two main motivations for creating <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span>:
<ol type="1" class="enumerate1" >
<li class="enumerate" value="1"
><a
id="x2-5002x1"></a>The standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span></span> <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{picture}</span></span></span> environment is not powerful enough to create anything but really
simple graphics. This is certainly not due to a lack of knowledge or imagination on the part of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span></span>’s
designer(s). Rather, this is the price paid for the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{picture}</span></span></span> environment’s portability: It works together
with all backend drivers.
</li>
<li class="enumerate" value="2"
><a
id="x2-5004x2"></a>The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{pstricks}</span></span></span> package is certainly powerful enough to create any conceivable kind of graphic, but it
is not portable at all. Most importantly, it does not work with <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pdftex</span></span></span> nor with any other driver that
produces anything but PostScript code.</li></ol>
<!--l. 149--><p class="indent"> The <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> package is a trade-off between portability and expressive power. It is not as portable as <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{picture}</span></span></span> and
perhaps not quite as powerful as <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{pspicture}</span></span></span>. However, it is more powerful than <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{picture}</span></span></span> and more portable
than <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">{pspicture}</span></span></span>.
<!--l. 154--><p class="noindent">
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.3 </span> <a
id="x2-60001.3"></a>Utilities: Page Management</h4>
<!--l. 156--><p class="noindent">The <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> package include a special subpackage called <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pgfpages</span></span></span>, which is used to assemble several pages into a single
page. This package is not really about creating graphics, but it is part of <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> nevertheless, mostly because its
implementation uses <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> heavily.
<!--l. 161--><p class="indent"> The subpackage <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pgfpages</span></span></span> provides commands for assembling several “virtual pages” into a single “physical
page.” The idea is that whenever <span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span> has a page ready for “shipout,” <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pgfpages</span></span></span> interrupts this shipout and
instead stores the page to be shipped out in a special box. When enough “virtual pages” have been accumulated in
this way, they are scaled down and arranged on a “physical page,” which then <span
class="cmti-10">really </span>shipped out. This mechanism
allows you to create “two page on one page” versions of a document directly inside <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span></span> without the use of any
external programs.
<!--l. 171--><p class="indent"> However, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pgfpages</span></span></span> can do quite a lot more than that. You can use it to put logos and watermark on pages, print
up to 16 pages on one page, add borders to pages, and more.
<!--l. 178--><p class="noindent">
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.4 </span> <a
id="x2-70001.4"></a>How to Read This Manual</h4>
<!--l. 180--><p class="noindent">This manual describes both the design of the <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> system and its usage. The organization is very roughly according
to “user-friendliness.” The commands and subpackages that are easiest and most frequently used are described first,
more low-level and esoteric features are discussed later.
<!--l. 186--><p class="indent"> If you have not yet installed <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span>, please read the installation first. Second, it might be a good idea to read the
tutorial. Finally, you might wish to skim through the description of Ti<span
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z. Typically, you will not need to read the
sections on the basic layer. You will only need to read the part on the system layer if you intend to write your own
frontend or if you wish to port <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> to a new driver.
<!--l. 193--><p class="indent"> The “public” commands and environments provided by the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">pgf</span></span></span> package are described throughout the text. In
each such description, the described command, environment or option is printed in red. Text shown in green is
optional and can be left out.
<!--l. 200--><p class="noindent">
<h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.5 </span> <a
id="x2-80001.5"></a>Getting Help</h4>
<!--l. 202--><p class="noindent">When you need help with <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> and Ti<span
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z, please do the following:
<!--l. 205--><p class="indent">
<ol type="1" class="enumerate1" >
<li class="enumerate" value="1"
><a
id="x2-8002x1"></a>Read the manual, at least the part that has to do with your problem.
</li>
<li class="enumerate" value="2"
><a
id="x2-8004x2"></a>If that does not solve the problem, try having a look at the sourceforge development page for <span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> and
Ti<span
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z (see the title of this document). Perhaps someone has already reported a similar problem and
someone has found a solution.
</li>
<li class="enumerate" value="3"
><a
id="x2-8006x3"></a>On the website you will find numerous forums for getting help. There, you can write to help forums,
file bug reports, join mailing lists, and so on.
</li>
<li class="enumerate" value="4"
><a
id="x2-8008x4"></a>Before you file a bug report, especially a bug report concerning the installation, make sure that this
is really a bug. In particular, have a look at the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">.log</span></span></span> file that results when you <span class="TEX">T<span
class="E">E</span>X</span> your files. This
<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">.log</span></span></span> file should show that all the right files are loaded from the right directories. Nearly all installation
problems can be resolved by looking at the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span
class="cmtt-10">.log</span></span></span> file.
</li>
<li class="enumerate" value="5"
><a
id="x2-8010x5"></a><span
class="cmti-10">As a last resort </span>you can try to email me (the author). I do not mind getting emails, I simply get
way too many of them. Because of this, I cannot guarantee that your emails will be answered timely
or even at all. Your chances that your problem will be fixed are somewhat higher if you mail to the
<span
class="cmcsc-10"><small
class="small-caps">P</small><small
class="small-caps">G</small><small
class="small-caps">F</small></span> mailing list (naturally, I read this list and answer questions when I have the time).
</li>
<li class="enumerate" value="6"
><a
id="x2-8012x6"></a>Please, do not phone me in my office. If you need a hotline, buy a commercial product.</li></ol>
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