path: root/Master/texmf-dist/doc/cstex/opmac-u-en.tex

\input opmac

\def\toasciidata{}\def\r{}

\typosize[11/13]

%\def\thefnote{$^{\locfnum}$}
\addto\footstrut{\hang}

\catcode`<=13
\def<#1>{\hbox{$\langle$\it#1\/$\rangle$}}

\activettchar"

\hyperlinks{\Blue}{\Green}
\insertoutline{CONTENTS} \outlines{0} 


\tit OPmac -- macros for plain\TeX\fnotemark1
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
\centerline{\it Petr Ol\v s\'ak, 2012 -- 2016}

\bigskip
\centerline{\url{http://petr.olsak.net/opmac-e.html}}


\fnotetext {This text is second revised version. The first version was
 published in TUGboat 34:1, 2013, pp.~88--96}

\notoc\nonum \sec Contents
\maketoc

\nonum \sec Introduction
%%%%%%%%%%%%

The OPmac package is a set of simple additional macros to plain\TeX{}. It
enables users to take advantage of basic \LaTeX{} functionality: font size
selection, the automatic creation of a table of contents and an index, working
with bibliography databases, tables, references with optional hyperlinks, margin
settings, etc. 

I had been using these macros personally for a long time, but now, after
cleaning up the code a bit and providing both user and technical documentation,
I'm releasing them to the general public along with the new version of
\csplain{}.

My main motivation in publishing OPmac is to provide a set of macros with
solutions to common tasks for plain\TeX{} users. Additionally, I wanted to
demonstrate that it is possible to write \TeX{} code in a simple and effective
style, something that most \LaTeX{} macro packages lack. All of OPmac's macros
are contained within the single file "opmac.tex" in only 1,700
lines. By comparison, the \LaTeX{} code which solves comparable tasks is placed
inside its ``kernel'' along with many \LaTeX{} packages all of which contain
tens of thousands of lines.

The main principles which I followed when creating this macro package, are:

\begitems
  * Simplicity is power.
  * Macros are not universal, but are readable and understandable.
  * User can easily redefine these macros as he/she wishes. 
\enditems

Each part of the macro code is written in order to maximize readability for
human who will want to read it, understand it and change it. 

OPmac package offers a markup language for authors of texts (like \LaTeX),
i.e. the fixed set of tags to define the structure of the document. This
markup is different from the \LaTeX{} markup. It may offer to write the
source text of the document somewhat clearer and more attractive. The OPmac
package, however, does not care for the typography of the document. The simple
sober document is created if no additional macros are used. We assume that
the author of additional macros is able to create a look of the document to
suit specific requirement.

OPmac has a small number of additional packages: "fontfam", "pdfuni",
"opmac-xetex" and "opmac-bib" (see the end of
\url{http://petr.olsak.net/opmac-e.html} page). Moreover, there exist many
tens of little OPmac tricks comparable with \LaTeX{} packages mentioned on
\url{http://petr.olsak.net/opmac-tricks-e.html} page.

\secnum=-1

\sec Using OPmac
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

OPmac is not compiled as a format. For using it in plain\TeX{}, you can simply
"\input opmac" at the beginning of your document. The example of the simple
document follows:

\begtt
\input opmac
\typosize[11/13]   % setting the basic font size and the baselineskip
\margins/1 a4 (1,1,1,1)in   % setting 1in margins for A4 paper

Here is a text.
\bye
\endtt

You can use \TeX, pdf\TeX, Xe\TeX{} or lua\TeX{} with plain \TeX{} format 
(classical "plain.tex", "etex.src" or \csplain{}).
The \csplain{} is recommended but it is not explicitly requested if you
don't need to use Czech/Slovak specific features\fnote
{Warnings: ``falling back to ASCII sorting''
or ``CZ/SK outline-conversion is off'' may occur without \csplain{}.}.


\sec Selection of font family
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

OPmac doesn't select a special default font family. The default is the same as in
plain \TeX{} (CM fonts) or \CS{}plain (CS fonts). It is possible to "\input"
so called ``font-files'' for loading a font family, i.\,e.\ typically four
variants of fonts "\rm", "\bf", "\it" and "\bi". The font-files use
primitive command "\font" for loading individual fonts.

You need not to remember names: use
"\fontfam[<FamilyName>]" macro which loads the appropriate font-file. The
argument "<FamilyName>" is case insensitive and spaces are ignored. So,
"\fontfam[Times Roman]" is equal to "\fontfam[TimesRoman]" and it is equal
to "\fontfam[timesroman]". Several aliases are prepared, thus
"\fontfam[times]" can be used for loading Times Roman family too.

If you write "\fontfam[?]" then all available font families are listed on
the terminal and in the log file. The listing looks like:

\begtt
[LM Fonts]  {\caps \sans \ttset ...} {\rm \bf \it \bi } +AMS (8z 8t u)
[TG Heros]  {\caps \cond} {\rm \bf \it \bi } +TX (8z 8t)
 ...
\endtt

The "<FamilyName>" is followed by the list of {\em modifiers} of basic
variant selectors, then available basic variant selectors are listed. After
plus character, the default set of math fonts used together with given
family is named. The available font encodings are written in round brackets.
More information about "\fontfam" macro can be found in the "fontfam.tex"
file.

The varinats are selected by basic selectors ("\rm", "\bf", "\it", "\bi").
The modifiers of basic variants ("\caps", "\cond" for example) can
be used immediately before a basic variant selector and they
can be (independently) combined: "\caps\it" or "\cond\caps\bf". The
modifiers can be followed by "\fam" command (instead of basic variant
selector). Then current variant is kept (but modified) and all consecutive
basic variant selectors (in a group) are modified too. 
If modifiers are followed by "\one" sequence (instead variant selector) 
then only current variant is modified. More about font modifers are
mentioned in the "cs-heros.tex" file and in the article "kpfonts-plain.pdf".

The "\fontfam[Catalog]" prints a font catalogue of all configured font
families.


\sec Font sizes
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The commands for font size setting described below, for variant selectors and
modifiers desribed above have local validity. If you put them into a group, 
the font features are selected locally.

The command "\typosize[<fontsize>/<baselineskip>]" sets the font size of text and
math fonts and baselineskip. If one of these two parameters is empty, the
corresponding feature stays unchanged. The metric unit is supposed "pt" and
this unit isn't written in parameters. You can change the unit by the
command "\ptunit=<something-else>", for instance "\ptunit=1mm".
Examples:

\begtt
\typosize[10/12]   % default of plainTeX
\typosize[11/12.5] % font 11pt, baseline 12.5pt
\typosize[8/]      % font 8pt, baseline unchanged
\endtt

The command
"\typoscale[<font-factor>/<baselineskip-factor>]"
sets the text and math fonts
size and baselineskip as a multiple of the current fonts size and
baselineskip. The factor is written in "scaled"-like way, it means that 1000
means factor one. The empty parameter is equal to the parameter 1000,
i.e. the value stays unchanged. Examples:

\begtt
\typoscale[800/800]    % fonts and baselineskip re-size to 80 %
\typoscale[\magstep2/] % fonts bigger 1,44times
\endtt

The sizes declared by these macros (for example in titles) are relative to the
basic size selected for the current font (this may be arbitrary size, not only
10pt).

There are times however, when one would like to make a font change relative to
the documents ``base'' font size instead of the current font (e.g. when
typesetting footnotes). The macro "\typobase" provides an easy way to perform
such changes. The ``base'' font size is set with the first use of either
"\typosize" or "\typoscale" and this size is restored by "\typobase". Example:

\begtt
\typosize[12/14]    % if first use of \typosize, then this sets the "base"
...
{\typoscale[16/18]  % bigger size (for example title font)
 ...
 \typobase\typoscale[750/750] % reduced to 75% of [12/14] (i.e. [9/10.5])
 ...           % this is caculated from "base", no from actual title font
}
\endtt

The size of the current font can be changed by the command
"\thefontsize[<font-size>]" or can be rescaled by
"\thefontscale[<factor>]". These macros don't change math fonts sizes nor
baselineskip.

The "\resizefont", "\regfont" and "\resizeall" commands (documented in
\csplain) can be used even if
the used format is not \csplain. The best
design size of the font for desired size is selected. 
For example "\typosize[18/]" selects the font "cmr17 at 18pt".

The "\em" macro acts as "\it" if the current font is "\rm", acts as "\rm" if
the current font is "\it", acts as "\bi" if the current font is "\bf" and
acts as "\bf" if the current font is "\bi". The "\/" spaces are inserted
automatically. Example:

\begtt
This is {\em important} text.     % = This is {\it important\/} text.
\it This is {\em important} text. % = This is\/ {\rm important} text.
\bf This is {\em important} text. % = This is {\bi important\/} text.
\bi This is {\em important} text. % = This is\/ {\bf important} text.
\endtt


\sec Parts of the document
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The document can be divided into chapters, sections and subsections and titled
by "\tit" command. The parameters are separed by the end of current line (no
braces are used):

\begtt
\tit Document title <end of line>
\chap Chapter title <end of line>
\sec Section title <end of line>
\secc Subsection title <end of line>
\endtt

The chapters are numbered by one number, sections by two numbers
(chapter.section) and subsections by three numbers. If there are no chapters
then section have only one number and subsection two.

The implicit design of the titles of chapter etc.\ are implemented in the
macros "\printchap", "\printsec" and "\printsecc". User can simply change
these macros if he/she needs another behavior.

The first paragraph after the title of chapter, section and subsection is
not indented but you can type "\let\firstnoindent=\relax" if you need all
paragraphs indented.

If a title is so long then it breaks to more lines. It is better to hint the
breakpoints because \TeX{} does not interpret the meaning of the title.
User can put the "\nl" (it means newline) macro to the breakpoints.

The chapter, section or subsection isn't numbered if the "\nonum" precedes.
And the chapter, section or subsection isn't delivered to the table of
contents if "\notoc" precedes.


\sec Another numbered objects
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Apart from chapters, sections and subsections, there are another
automatically numbered objects: equations and captions for tables and
figures.

If user write the "\eqmark" as the last element of the display mode then
this equation is numbered. The format is one number in brackets. This number
is reset in each section. 

If the "\eqalignno" is used, then user can put "\eqmark" to the last column
before "\cr". For example:

\begtt
\eqalignno{
    a^2+b^2 &= c^2 \cr
          c &= \sqrt{a^2+b^2} & \eqmark \cr}
\endtt

The next numbered object is caption which is tagged by "\caption/t" for
tables and "\caption/f" for figures. Example:

\begtt
\hfil\table{rl}{
    age   & value \crl\noalign{\smallskip}
    0--1  & unmeasured \cr 
    1--6  & observable \cr
    6--12 & significant \cr
   12--20 & extremal \cr
   20--40 & normal \cr
   40--60 & various \cr
   60--$\infty$ & moderate}
\par\nobreak\medskip
\caption/t The dependency of the computer-dependency on the age.
\endtt

This example produces:

\bigskip
{\def\addto#1#2{\expandafter\def\expandafter#1\expandafter{#1#2}}
\hfil\table{rl}{age   & value \crl\noalign{\smallskip}
                0--1  & unmeasured \cr 
                1--6  & observable \cr
                6--12 & significant \cr
               12--20 & extremal \cr
               20--40 & normal \cr
               40--60 & various \cr
               60--$\infty$ & moderate}
\par\nobreak\medskip
{      \leftskip=\parindent plus1fil
      \rightskip=\parindent plus-1fil
      \parfillskip=0pt plus2fil \noindent
{\bf Table 2.3} The dependency of the com\-puter-dependency on the age.\par}
}
\bigskip

The word ``Table'' followed by a number is added by the macro 
"\caption/t". The macro "\caption/f" creates the word figure.
The caption text is centered. If it occupies more lines then the 
last line is centered.

The added word (table, figure) depends on the actual number of the
"\language" register. OPmac implements the mapping from "\language"
numbers to the languages and the mapping from languages to the generated
words.

If you wish to make the table or figure as floating object, you need to use
plain\TeX{} macros "\midinsert", "\topinsert" and "\endinsert".

Each automatically numbered object can be referenced, if the 
"\label[<label>]" command precedes. The reference commands are 
"\ref[<label>]" and "\pgref[<label>]". Example:

\begtt
\label[beatle] \sec About Beatles

\label[comp-dependence]
\hfil\table{rl}{...} % the table
\caption/t The dependency of the computer-dependency on the age.

\label[pythagoras]
$$ a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \eqmark $$

Now we can point to the section~\ref[beatle] on the page~\pgref[beatle] 
or write about the equation~\ref[pythagoras]. Finally there 
is an interesting Table~\ref[comp-dependence].
\endtt

If there are forward referenced objects then user have to run \TeX{} twice.
During each pass, the working "*.ref" file (with refereces data) is created
and this file is used (if it exists) at the begin of the document.

You can create a reference to whatever else by commands
"\label[<label>]\wlabel{<text>}". The connection between "<label>" and
"<text>" is established. The "\ref[<label>]" will print "<text>".


\sec Lists 
%%%%%%%%%%

The list of items is surrounded by "\begitems" and "\enditems" commands.
The asterisk ("*") is active within this environment and it starts one item.
The item style can be chosen by "\style" parameter written after "\begitems":

\begtt
\style o % small bullet
\style O % big bullet (default)
\style - % hyphen char
\style n % numbered items 1., 2., 3., ...
\style N % numbered items 1), 2), 3), ...
\style i % numbered items (i), (ii), (iii), ...
\style I % numbered items I, II, III, IV, ...
\style a % items of type a), b), c), ...
\style A % items of type A), B), C), ...
\style x % small rectangle
\style X % big rectangle
\endtt

Another style can be defined by the command "\sdef{item:<style>}{<text>}".
Default item can be redefined by "\def\normalitem{<text>}".
The list environments can be nested. Each new level of item is indented by
next multiple of "\iindent" which is set to "\parindent" by default.
The vertical space at begin and end of the environment is inserted by the
macro "\iiskip".


\sec Table of contents
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The "\maketoc" command prints the table of contents of all "\chap", "\sec"
and "\secc" used in the document. These data are read from external "*.ref" file, so
you have to run \TeX{} more than once (typically three times if the table of
contents is at the beginning of the document). 

The name of the section with table of contents is not printed. The direct usage
of "\chap" or "\sec" isn't recommended here because the table of contents 
is typically not referenced to itself. You can print the unnumbered and unreferenced
title of the section by the code:

\begtt
\nonum\notoc\sec Table of Contents
\endtt

The title of chapters etc.\ are written into the external file and they are
read from this file in a next run of \TeX. This technique can induce some
problems when a somewhat complicated macro is used in the title. OPmac
solves this problem by different way than \LaTeX. User can set the
problematic macro as ``robust'' by "\addprotect\macro" declaration. The
"\macro" itself cannot be redefined. The common macros used in OPmac which
can be occur in the titles are declared by this way. For example:

\begtt
\addprotect~ \addprotect\TeX \addprotect\thefontsize \addprotect\em
\endtt


\sec Making the index 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The index can be included into document by "\makeindex" macro. No external
program is needed, the alphabetical sorting are done inside \TeX{} at macro
level.

The "\ii" command (insert to index) declares the word separated by the space
as the index item. This declaration is represented as invisible atom on the
page connected to the next visible word. The page number of the page where
this atom occurs is listed in the index entry. So you can type:

\begtt
The \ii resistor resistor is a passive electrical component ...
\endtt

You cannot double the word if you use the "\iid" instead "\ii":

\begtt
The \iid resistor is a passive electrical component ...
or:
Now we'll deal with the \iid resistor .
\endtt

Note that the dot or comma have to be separated by space when "\iid" is
used. This space (before dot or comma) is removed by the macro in 
the current text.

The multiple-words entries are commonly organized in the index by the format
(for example): 

\medskip

linear~dependency  11, 40--50

--- independency 12, 42--53

--- space 57, 76

--- subspace 58

\medskip

To do this you have to declare the parts of the words by the "/" separator.
Example:

\begtt
{\bf Definition.}
\ii linear/space,vector/space
{\em Linear space} (or {\em vector space}) is a nonempty set of...
\endtt

The number of the parts of one index entry is unlimited. Note, that you can
spare your typing by the comma in the "\ii" parameter. The previous example
is equivalent to "\ii linear/space" "\ii vector/space".

Maybe you need to propagate to the index the similar entry to the
linear/space in the form space/linear. You can do this by the shorthand ",@"
at the end of the "\ii" parameter. Example:

\begtt
\ii linear/space,vector/space,@
is equivalent to:
\ii linear/space,vector/space \ii space/linear,space/vector
\endtt

If you really need to insert the space into the index entry, write ``"~"''.

The "\makeindex" creates the list of alphabetically sorted index entries
without the title of the section and without creating more columns. OPmac
provides another macros for more columns: 

\begtt
\begmulti <number of columns>
<text>
\endmulti
\endtt

The columns will be balanced. The Index can be printed by the following
code:

\begtt
\sec Index\par
\begmulti 3 \makeindex \endmulti
\endtt

Only ``pure words'' can be propagated to the index by the "\ii" command. It
means that there cannot be any macro, \TeX{} primitive, math selector etc.
But there is another possibility to create such complex index entry. Use
``pure equivalent'' in the "\ii" parameter and map this equivalent to the
real word which is printed in the index by "\iis" command. Example:

\begtt
The \ii chiquadrat $\chi$-quadrat method is 
...
If the \ii relax "\relax" command is used then \TeX\ is relaxing.
...
\iis chiquadrat {$\chi$-quadrat}
\iis relax {{\tt \char`\\relax}}
...
\endtt

The "\iis <equivalent> {<text>}" creates one entry in the ``dictionary 
of the exceptions''. The sorting is done by the "<equivalent>" but the
"<text>" is printed in the index entry list.

The special sorting by the Czech or Slovak standard of alphabetical sorting
is activated if \csplain{} is used and if "\language" register is set to the
Czech or Slovak hyphenation patterns when "\makeindex" is in progress. The
main difference from English sorting is that ``ch'' is treated as one
character between h and i.


\sec Colors
%%%%%%%%%%%

The colors selection macros are working only if pdf\TeX-like engine (or
Xe\TeX) is used.
OPmac provides a small number of color selectors: 
{\localcolor\Blue "\Blue"}, 
{\localcolor\Red "\Red"}, 
{\localcolor\Brown "\Brown"},
{\localcolor\Green "\Green"}, 
{\localcolor\Yellow "\Yellow"}, 
{\localcolor\Cyan "\Cyan"}, 
{\localcolor\Magenta "\Magenta"}, 
{"\White"}, 
{\localcolor\Grey "\Grey"}, 
{\localcolor\LightGrey "\LightGrey"} and
"\Black". User can define more
such selectors by setting the CMYK components. For example

\begtt
\def\Orange{\setcmykcolor{0 0.5 1 0}}
\endtt

The current color in CMYK format is saved in the "\currentcolor" macro, thus you
can save it to your macro "\let\yourmacro=\currentcolor" and you can return to
this color by "\setcmykcolor\yourmacro".

The color selectors work globally by default. It means that colors don't
respect the \TeX{} groups and you have to return back to the black
typesetting explicitly by the "\Black" selector. 

OPmac provides the macro "\localcolor". If it is used then the
colors return back to the original value after \TeX{} groups automatically.
The macro has local validity. You can use it at begin of your document 
(for all \TeX{} broups) or only in selected \TeX{} group (for this group 
and nested goups). Example:

\begtt
\Red The text is red
{\localcolor \Blue here is blue {\Green and green} 
             restored blue \Brown and brown}
now the text is red.
\endtt

\def\coloron#1#2#3{%
   \setbox0=\hbox{#3}\leavevmode
   {\localcolor\rlap{#1\strut \vrule width\wd0}#2\box0}%
}
The more usable example follows. It defines a macro which creates the
\coloron\Yellow\Brown{colored text on the} 
\coloron\Yellow\Brown{colored background}. Usage:
"\coloron<background><foreground>{<text>}"

The "\coloron" can be defined as follows:

\begtt
\def\coloron#1#2#3{%
   \setbox0=\hbox{#3}\leavevmode
   {\localcolor\rlap{#1\strut \vrule width\wd0}#2\box0}%
}
\coloron\Yellow\Brown{The brown text on the yellow backround}
\endtt

{\bf The watermark} is grey text on the backrounf of the page. OPmac offers
an example: the macro "\draft" which creates grey scaled and rotated text
DRAFT on the background of every page.


\sec Hyperlinks, outlines
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

If the command "\hyperlinks{<color-in>}{<color-out>}" is used at the beginning of
the file, then the following objects are hyperlinked when PDF output is used:

\begitems
* numbers generated by "\ref" or "\pgref",
* numbers of chapters, sections and subsections in the table of contents,
* numbers or marks generated by "\cite" command (bibliography references),
* texts printed by "\url" command.
\enditems

The last object is an external link and it is colored by
"<color-out>". Others links are internal and they are colored by
"<color-in>". Example:

\begtt
\hyperlinks \Blue \Green % internal links blue, URLs green.
\endtt

You can use another marking of active links: by frames which are visible in
the PDF viewer but invisible when the document is printed. The way to do it
is to define the macros "\pgborder", "\tocborder", "\citeborder",
"\refborder" and "\urlborder" as the triple of RGB components of the used
color. Example:

\begtt
\def\tocborder {1 0 0}  % links in table of contents: red frame
\def\pgborder {0 1 0}   % links to pages: green frame
\def\citeborder {0 0 1} % links to references: blue frame
\endtt

By default these macros are not defined. It means that no frames are created.

There are ``low level'' commands to create the links. You can specify the
destination of the internal link by "\dest[<type>:<label>]". The
active text linked to the "\dest" can be created by
"\link[<type>:<label>]{<color>}{<text>}". The "<type>" parameter is one of
the "toc", "pg", "cite", "ref" or another special for your purpose. 

The "\url" macro prints its parameter in "\tt" font and creates a potential
breakpoints in it (after slash or dot, for example). If "\hyperlinks"
declaration is used then the parameter of "\url" is treated as an external URL link.
An example: "\url{http://www.olsak.net}" creates \url{http://www.olsak.net}.
The charecters {\tt\%}, "\", "#", "$", "{" and "}" have to be protected by %$
backslash in the "\url" argument, the other special charecters "~", "_",
"^", "&" can be written as single character. You can insert the "\|" command 
in the "\url" argument as a potential breakpoint.

If the linked text have to be different than the URL, you can use
"\ulink[<url>]{text}" macro. For example:

\begtt
\ulink[http://petr.olsak.net/opmac-e.html]{OPmac page}
\endtt
creates
\ulink[http://petr.olsak.net/opmac-e.html]{OPmac page}.

The PDF format provides ``outlines'' which are notes placed in the special frame of
the PDF viewer. These notes can be managed as structured and hyperlinked
table of contents of the document. The command "\outlines{<level>}" creates
such outlines from data used for table of contents in the document. The
"<level>" parameter gives the level of opened sub-outlines
in the default view. The deeper levels can be open by mouse click on the
triangle symbol after that.\looseness=-1

The strings used in PDF outlines are converted if \csplain{} is used: the
accents are stripped off because they can make problems in outlines. But
user can use "\input pdfuni" in order to convert these strings to internal
UNICODE representation.

The command "\insertoutline{<text>}" inserts next entry into PDF outlines at
the main level~0. This entry can be placed before table of contents (created
by "\outlines") or after it.


\sec Verbatim
%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The display verbatim text have to be surrounded by the "\begtt" and
"\endtt" couple. 
The inline verbatim have to be tagged (before and after) 
by a character which is declared by
"\activettchar<char>". For example "\activettchar"{\tt\char`"} 
declares the
{\tt\char`"} for inline verbatim markup. 

If the numerical register "\ttline" is set to the non-negative value then
display verbatim will number the lines. The first line has the number
"\ttline+1" and when the verbatim ends then the "\ttline" value is equal to the
number of last line printed. Next "\begtt...\endtt" environment will follow
the line numbering. OPmac sets "\ttline=-1" by default.

The indentation of each line in display verbatim is controlled by
"\ttindent" register. This register is set to the "\parindent" when
"opmac.tex" is read. User have to change its value if the "\parindent" is
changed after reading of "opmac.tex".

The "\begtt" starts internal group in which the catcodes are changed. Then
the "\tthook" macro is run. This macro is empty by default and user can
control fine behavior by it. For example the cactodes can be reset here. If
you need to define active character in the "\tthook", use "\adef" as in the
following example:

{\def\tthook{\adef@{\string\endtt}}
\begtt
\def\tthook{\adef!{?}\adef?{!}}
\begtt
Each occurrence of the exclamation mark will be changed to 
the question mark and vice versa. Really? You can try it! 
@
\endtt
}

The "\adef" command sets its parameter as active {\it after\/}
the body of "\tthook" is read. So you can't worry about active
categories. 

There are tips for global "\tthook" definitions here:

\begtt
\def\tthook{\typosize[9/11]}     % setting font size for verbatim
\def\tthook{\ttline=0}           % each listing will be numbered from one
\def\tthook{\adef{ }{\char`\ }}  % visualisation of spaces
\endtt

You can print verbatim listing from external files by "\verbinput" command. 
Examples:

\begtt
\verbinput (12-42) program.c  % listing from program.c, only lines 12-42
\verbinput (-60) program.c    % print from begin to the line 60
\verbinput (61-) program.c    % from line 61 to the end
\verbinput (-) program.c      % whole file is printed
\verbinput (70+10) program.c  % from line 70, only 10 lines printed
\verbinput (+10) program.c    % from the last line read, print 10 lines 
\vebrinput (-5+7) program.c   % from the last line read, skip 5, print 7
\verbinput (+) program.c      % from the last line read to the end
\endtt


The "\ttline" influences the line numbering by the same way as in
"\begtt...\endtt" environment. If "\ttline=-1" then real line numbers are
printed (this is default). If "\ttline"{\tt\char`\<-1} then no line 
numbers are printed. 

The "\verbinput" can be controlled by "\tthook", "\ttindent" just like
in "\begtt...\endtt".


\sec Tables
%%%%%%%%%%%

The macro "\table{<declaration>}{<data>}" provides similar "<declaration>"
as in \LaTeX: you can use letters "l", "r", "c", each letter declares 
one column (aligned to left, right, center respectively). 
These letters can be combined by the ``{\tt\char`\|}'' character 
(vertical line). Example

\begtt
\table{||lc|r||}{                  \crl
   Month    & commodity & price    \crli \tskip.2em
   January  & notebook   & \$ 700  \cr
   February & skateboard & \$ 100  \cr
   July     & yacht      & k\$ 170 \crl}
\endtt
%
generates the following result:

\bigskip
\hfil\table{||lc|r||}{               \crl
   Month    & commodity & price \crli 
                                     \tskip.2em
   January  & notebook   &  \$ 700    \cr
   February & skateboard &  \$ 100    \cr
   July     & yacht      & k\$ 170   \crl}
\bigskip

Apart from "l", "r", "c" declarators, you can use the "p{<size>}" declarator
which declares the column of given width. More preciselly, a long text in
the table cell is printed as an paragraph with given width.
To avoid the problems with narrow left-right aligned paragraphs you can write
"p{<size>\raggedright}", then the paragraph will be only left aligned.

An arbitrary part of the "<declaration>" can be repeated by a "<number>"
prefixed. For example ``"3c"'' means ``"ccc"'' or ``"c 3{|c}"'' means
``"c|c|c|c"''. Note that spaces in the <declaration> are ignored and you 
can use them in
order to more legibility.
 
The command "\cr" used in the "<data>" part of the table (the end row
separator) is generally known. 
Moreover OPmac defines following similar commands:

\begitems
* "\crl" \dots\ the end of the row with a horizontal line after it.
* "\crli" \dots\ like "\crl" but the horizontal line doesn't intersect the
      vertical double lines.
* "\crlli" \dots\ like "\crli" but horizontal line is doubled.
* "\crlp{<list>}" \dots\ like "\crli" but the lines are drawn only in the
columns mentioned in comma separated "<list>" of their numbers.
The "<list>" can include "<from>-<to>" declarators, for example
"\crlp{1-3,5}" is equal to "\crlp{1,2,3,5}". 
\enditems

The "\tskip<dimen>" command works like the "\noalign{\vskip<dimen>}" 
after "\cr*" commands but it doesn't interrupt the vertical lines.

The configuration macros for "\table" are defined in the following listing
with their default values:

\begtt
\def\tabiteml{\enspace} % left material in each column
\def\tabitemr{\enspace} % right material in each column
\def\tabstrut{\strut}   % strut inserted in each line
\def\vvkern{1pt}        % space between double vertical line
\def\hhkern{1pt}        % space between double horizontal line
\endtt

If you do "\def\tabiteml{$\enspace}\def\tabitemr{\enspace$}" then
the "\table" acts like \LaTeX's array environment.

If there is an item which spans to more than one column in the table then you can use
"\multispan{<number>}" macro from plain \TeX{} or "\mspan<number>[<declaration>]{<text>}"
from OPmac, which spans <number> columns and formats the <text> by the
<declaration>. The <declaration> must include exactly one letter ``"c"'' or
``"l"'' or ``"r"'' and may include characters ``"|"''
for vertical rules. If your table includes vertical rules and you want to
create continuous vertical rules by "\mspan", then use rules in
only after ``"c"'', ``"l"'' or ``"r"'' letter in "\mspan" <declaration>. The
exception is only in the case when "\mspan" includes first
column and the table have rules on the left side. The example of "\mspan" usage is below.

The "\frame{<text>}" makes a frame around "<text>". You can put the whole "\table"
into "\frame" if you need double-ruled border of the table. Example:

\begtt
\frame{\table{|c||l||r|}{ \crl
  \mspan3[|c|]{\bf Title} \crl   \noalign{\kern\hhkern}\crli
  first & second & third  \crlli
  seven & eight  & nine   \crli}}
\endtt
%
creates the following result:

%\bigskip
\hfil\frame{\table{|c||l||r|}{\crl
  \mspan3[|c|]{\bf Title} \crl   \noalign{\kern\hhkern}\crli
  first & second & third  \crlli
  seven & eight  & nine   \crli}}
\bigskip

The "c", "l", "r" and "p" are default <declaration> letters but you can define
more such letters by "\def\tabdeclare<letter>{<left>##<right>}". The
technical documentation "opmac-d.pdf" describes this feature more preciselly.

The rule width of tables (and implicit width of all "\vrule"s and "\hrule"s)
can be set by the command "\rulewidth=<dimen>". The default value given 
by \TeX{} is 0.4pt.

Many tips about tables can be seen on
\url{http://petr.olsak.net/opmac-tricks-e.html}.

\sec Images
%%%%%%%%%%%

The "\inspic <filename>.<extension><space>" inserts the picture stored in
the graphics file  with the name "<filename>.<extension>". 
You can set the picture width by "\picw=<dimen>" before first "\inspic" command
which declares the width of the picture. 
The files can be in the PNG, JPG, JBIG2 or PDF format. The "\inspic" command
works with pdf\TeX{}/Xe\TeX{} only.

The "\picwidth" is an equivalent register to "\picw". Moreover there is an
"\picheight" register which denotes the height of the picture. If both
registers are set then the picture will be (probably) deformed. 

The file is searched in "\picdir". This macro is empty by default, this
means that the file is searched in current directory.

\sec PDF transformations
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

All typesetting elements are transformed in pdf\TeX{} by linear
transformation given by the current transformation matrix. The
"\pdfsetmatrix {<a> <b> <c> <d>}" command makes the internal multiplication
with the current matrix so linear transformations can be composed. The
stack-oriented commands "\pdfsave" and "\pdfrestore" gives a possibility of
storing and restoring the current transformation matrix and current point.
The possition of current point have to be the same from \TeX{}'s point of
view as from transformation point of view when "\pdfrestore" is processed.
Due to this fact the "\pdfsave\rlap{<transformed text>}\pdfrestore" 
or something similar is recomeded.

OPmac provides the macros 

\begtt
\pdfscale{<horizontal-factor>}{<vertical-factor>} 
\pdfrotate{<angle-in-degrees>}
\endtt 

These macros simply calls the
properly "\pdfsetmatrix" primitive command.

It is known that the comosition of transformations is not commutative. It
means that the order is important. You have to read the tranformation
matrices from right to left. Example:

\begtt
First: \pdfsave \pdfrotate{30}\pdfscale{-2}{2}\rlap{text1}\pdfrestore
      % text1 is scaled two times and it is reflected about vertical axis
      % and next it is rotated by 30 degrees left.
second: \pdfsave \pdfscale{-2}{2}\pdfrotate{30}\rlap{text2}\pdfrestore
      % text2 is rotated by 30 degrees left then it is scaled two times
      % and reflected about vertical axis.
third: \pdfsave \pdfrotate{-15.3}\pdfsetmatrix{2 0 1.5 2}\rlap{text3}%
       \pdfrestore % first slanted, then rotated by 15.3 degrees right
\endtt

\bigskip\smallskip
This gives the following result. 
First: \pdfsave \pdfrotate{30}\pdfscale{-2}{2}\rlap{text1}\pdfrestore
second: \pdfsave \pdfscale{-2}{2}\pdfrotate{30}\rlap{text2}\pdfrestore
third: \pdfsave \pdfrotate{-15.3}\pdfsetmatrix{2 0 1.5 2}\rlap{text3}\pdfrestore
\bigskip\bigskip

\sec Footnotes and marginal notes
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The plain\TeX{}'s macro "\footnote" is not redefined. But a new macro 
"\fnote{<text>}" is defined. The footnote mark is added automatically and it
is numbered on each page from one\fnote
{This behavior is changed if {\tt\char`\\runningfnotes} is used: 
the footnotes are numbered from one in whole document in such case.
Alternatives are possible, see OPmac tricks or technical documentation.}. 
The "<text>" is scaled by
"\typoscale[800]". The implicit visual aspect of the footnote mark is defined by
"\def\thefnote{$^{\locfnum}$}".
%\fnote{%
%   Note the right parenthesis in the mark. This isn't bug, this is used in Czech
%   traditional typography. If you need to remove it, you can define
%   {\def\s{\string}\tt\s\def\s\thefnote\s{\$\s^\s{\s\locfnum\s}\$\s}}.
%   }.
User can redefine it, for example:

\begtt
\def\thefnote{\ifcase\locfnum\or *\or**\or***\or$^{\dag}$\or
   $^{\ddag}$\or$^{\dag\dag}$\fi}
\endtt

The "\fnote" macro is fully applicable only in ``normal outer'' paragraph.
It doesn't work inside boxes (tables for example). If you are solving such
case you can use "\fnotemark<number>" inside the box (only the footnote mark is
generated). When the box is finished you can use "\fnotetext{<text>}". This
macro puts the "<text>" to the footnote. The "<number>" after "\fnotemark"
have to be "1" if only one such command is in the box. Second "\fnotemark"
inside the same box have to have the parameter "2" etc. 
The same number of "\fnotetext"s have to be written 
after the box as the number of "\fnotemark"s inserted inside the box.

The marginal note can be printed by the "\mnote{<text>}" macro. The <text>
is placed to the right margin on the odd pages and it is placed to the left
margin on the even pages. This is done after second \TeX{} run because the
relevant information is stored in an external file. If you need to place the
notes only to the fixed margin write "\fixmnotes\right" or
"\fixmnotes\left".

The <text> is formatted as a little paragraph with the maximal width
"\mnotesize" ragged left on the left margins or ragged right on the right
margins. The first line of this little paragraph is at the same height as
the invisible mark created by "\mnote" in the current paragraph. The
exceptions are possible by "\mnoteskip" register. You can implement such
exceptions to each "\mnote" manually in final printing in order to margin
notes do not overlap. The positive value of "\mnoteskip" shifts the note up
and negative value shifts it down. For example
"\mnoteskip=2\baselineskip \mnote{<text>}" shifts this (and only this) note 
two lines up.


\sec Bib\TeX ing
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The command "\cite[<label>]" or its variations of the type
\hbox{"\cite[<label-1>,<label-2>,<label-3>]"}
create the citations in the form [42] or [15,~19,~26]. 
If "\shortcitations" is declared at the beginning of the document then continuous sequences of
numbers are re-printed like this: \hbox{[3--5,~7,~9--11]}. If
"\sortcitations" is declared then numbers generated by one "\cite" command
are sorted upward.

If "\nonumcitations" is used then the marks instead numbers are generated
depending on the used bib\TeX{} style. For example the citations look like
[Now08] when "alpha" style is used and like [Nowak, 2008] when "apalike"
style is used.

The "\rcite[<labels>]" creates the same list as "\cite[<labels>]" but without
the outer brackets. Example: "[\rcite[tbn], pg.~13]" creates [4,~pg.13].

The "\ecite[<label>]{<text>}" prints the "<text>" only, but the entry labeled
"<label>" is decided as to be cited. If "\hyperlinks" is used then "<text>"
is linked to the references list.

You can define alternative formating of "\cite" command. Example:

\begtt
\def\cite[#1]{(\rcite[#1])}    % \cite[<label>] creates (27)
\def\cite[#1]{$^{\rcite[#1]}$} % \cite[<label>] creates^{27}
\endtt

The numbers printed by "\cite" correspond to the same numbers generated in
the list of references. There are four possibilities to generate this
references list:

\begitems
* Manually using "\bib[<label>]" commands.
* Using bib\TeX{} and "\usebibtex{<bib-base>}{<bib-style>}" command.
* Using pregenerated "*.bbl" file and "\usebbl/<type> <bbl-base>" command.
* By "\usebib/<type> (<style>) <bbl-base>" command which reads "*.bib"
  databases directly. 
\enditems

These possibilities are documented here in detail:

\medskip\noindent
{\bf References created manually using "\bib[<label>]" command.}

{\def\tthook{\catcode`/=0 \catcode`+=9 }
\begtt
\bib [tbn] P. Ol/v+s/'ak. {\it\TeX{}book naruby.} 468~s. Brno: Konvoj, 1997.
\bib [tst] P. Ol/v+s/'ak. {\it Typografick/'y syst/'em \TeX.}  
           269~s. Praha: CSTUG, 1995.
\endtt
}

If you are using "\nonumcitations" then you need to declare the "<marks>"
used by "\cite" command. To do it you have to use long form of the "\bib"
command which is in the format "\bib[<label>] = {<mark>}". The spaces around
equal sign are mandatory. Example:

{\def\tthook{\catcode`/=0 \catcode`+=9 }
\begtt
\bib [tbn] = {Olšák, 2001} 
    P. Ol/v+s/'ak. {\it\TeX{}book naruby.} 468~s. Brno: Konvoj, 2001.
\endtt
}

{\bf References using bib\TeX.}
The command "\usebibtex{<bib-base>}{<bst-style>}"
 creates the list of cited entries and entries indicated by
"\nocite[<label>]". 
After first \TeX{} run the "*.aux" file is created, so user have to run
the bib\TeX{} by the command "bibtex <document>". After second \TeX{} run 
the bib\TeX's
output is read and after third \TeX{} run all references are properly
created.

The "<bib-base>" is one or more "*.bib" database source files (separated by
spaces and without extension) and the "<bst-style>" is the style used by
bib\TeX. The common styles are "plain", "alpha", "apalike", "ieeetr",
"unsrt". 

\medskip\noindent
{\bf Using pregenerated "*.bbl" file by bib\TeX.}
You can create the temporary file ("mybase.tex", for example) 
which looks like:

\begtt
\input opmac  
\genbbl{<bib-base>}{<bst-style>}  
\end
\endtt
%
After first \TeX{} run the "mybase.aux" is generated. Then you can run
"bibtex mybase" which generates the ".bbl" file with all entries from the
"<bib-base>" "*.bib" file(s). Second \TeX{} run on the file "mybase.tex" generates
the printed form of the list of all bib entries with labels. This is usable
printed matter, you can place it to your notice board when you create
your document. Finally you can insert to your real document one of the
following commands:

\begtt
\usebbl/a mybase  % print all entries from mybase.bbl (a=all) 
\usebbl/b mybase  % print only \cited and \nocided entries
                  % sorted by mybase.bbl  (b=bbl)
\usebbl/c mybase  % print only \cited and \nocited entries
                  % sorted by \cite-order (c=cite)
\endtt

Sometimes the pure \LaTeX{} command occurs (unfortunately) 
in the ".bib" database or bib\TeX{}
style. User can define such commands in the "\bibtexhook" macro which is a
hook started inside the group before ".bbl" file is read. Example:

\begtt
\def\bibtexhook{\def\emph##1{{\em##1}}\def\frac##1##2{{##1\over##2}}}
\endtt

\noindent
{\bf Direct reading of ".bib" files} is possible by "\usebib" macro.
This macro reads macro package "opmac-bib.tex" (on demand) which uses the external 
package "librarian.tex" by Paul Isambert. The usage is similar to previous case:

\begtt
                           % print only \cited and \nocited entries
\usebib/c (<style>) <bib-base> % sorted by \cite-order (c=cite),
\usebib/s (<style>) <bib-base> % sorted by style (s=style).
\endtt

The "<bib-base>" is one or more "*.bib" database source files (separated by
spaces and without extension) and the "<style>" is the part of the filename
"opmac-bib-<style>.tex" where the formatting of the references list is
defined. Possible styles are "simple" or "iso690". The behavior of
"opmac-bib.tex" and "opmac-bib-iso690.tex" is full documented in these files
(after "\endinput" command).

\medskip\noindent
{\bf Formatting of the references list} is controlled by the "\printb" macro.
It is called at the begin of each entry. The default "\printb" macro prints
the number of the entry in square brackets. If the "\nonumcitations" is set
then no numbers are printed, only all lines (but no first one) are indented.
The "\printb" macro can use the following values: "\the\bibnum" (the number
of the entry) and "\the\bibmark" (the mark of the entry used when
"\nonumcitations" is set). Examples:

\begtt
% The numbers are without square brackets:
\def\printbib{\hangindent=\parindent \indent \llap{\the\bibnum. }}
% Printing of <marks> when \nonumcitations is set:
\def\printbib{\hangindent=\parindent \noindent [\the\bibmark]\quad}
\endtt 

Next examples can be found on the 
\ulink[http://petr.olsak.net/opmac-tricks-e.html]{OPmac tricks WWW page}.


\sec Typesetting math
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

There are two files for math typesetting prepared in \csplain:

\begitems
* "ams-math.tex" loads the AMS math fonts visual compatible with Computer
  modern.
* "tx-math.tex" loads the TX fonts visual compatible with Times.
\enditems

OPmac reads the first file "ams-math.tex" by default. If you are using font
files from \csplain{} ("ctimes.tex", "cbookman.tex", "cs-termes.tex" etc.)
then the second math-file "tx-math.tex" is loaded.

This section describes the features of the macros from "ams-math.tex" or
"tx-math.tex". More documentation is written in these files themselves. 

Hundreds math symbols and operators like in AMS\TeX{} are accesible. 
For example  "\alpha" $\alpha$, "\geq" $\geq$, "\sum" $\sum$, 
"\sphericalangle" $\sphericalangle$, "\bumpeq", $\bumpeq$. See AMS\TeX{}
manual (or TX-fonts manual) for complete list of symbols.

The following math alphabets are available:

{\def\tthook{\catcode`\$=3 \catcode`/=0 \medmuskip=0mu \adef{ }{ }}%
\begtt
\mit     % mathematical variables    $abc-xyz,ABC-XYZ$
\it      % text italics              $/it abc-xyz,ABC-XYZ$
\rm      % text roman                $/rm abc-xyz,ABC-XYZ$
\cal     % normal calligraphics      $/cal ABC-XYZ$
\script  % script                    $/script ABC-XYZ$
\frak    % fracture                  $/frak abc-xyz,ABC-XYZ$
\bbchar  % double stroked letters    $/bbchar ABC-XYZ$
\bf      % sans serif bold           $/bf abc-xyz,ABC-XYZ$
\bi      % sans serif bold slanted   $/bi abc-xyz,ABC-XYZ$
\endtt
}

The last two selectors "\bf" and "\bi" select the sans serif fonts regardless
current text font family. The reason is that these shapes are used for
vectors and matrices in Czech math typesetting.

The math fonts are scaled by "\typosize" and "\typoscale" macros.
Two math fonts collections are prepared: "\normalmath" for normal weight
and "\boldmath" for bold. The first one is set by default.
There is an example for math typesetting in titles:

\begtt
\def\title#1\par{\centerline{\typosize[17/]\bf\boldmath #1}}
\title The title with math $\int_a^b f(x) {\rm d}x$ is here
\endtt

Variables are printed by special math italics when "ams-math.tex" is loaded
and by text italics of the current text font when "tx-math.tex" is loaded.
You can change this behavior by following commands:

\begtt
\itvariables  % variables typeset by text italics.
\mitvariables % variables typeset by math italics.
\endtt
%
{\bf Note:} Due to the features described in this section (AMS symbols, "\bbchar",
"\script", "\frak" characters and sans serif bold in math) more special fonts are loaded
(from AMS package and from EC fonts). If you dislike such dependency, you
can follow the \ulink[http://petr.olsak.net/opmac-tricks-e.html\#onlycm]{OPmac trick 0111}.


\sec Setting the margins
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

OPmac declares paper formats a4, a4l (landscape~a4), a5, a5l, b5, letter and
user can declare another own format by "\sdef":

\begtt
\sdef{pgs:b5l}{(250,176)mm} 
\sdef{pgs:letterl}{(11,8.5)in}
\endtt

The "\margins" command declares margins of the document. This command have
the following parameters:

\begtt
\margins/<pg> <fmt> (<left>,<right>,<top>,<bot>)<unit>
  example:
\margins/1 a4 (2.5,2.5,2,2)cm
\endtt

Parameters are:

\begitems
* <pg> \dots\ "1" or "2" specifies one-page or two-pages design.
* <fmt> \dots\ paper format (a4, a4l, a5, letter, etc. or user defined).
* <left>, <right>, <top>, <bot> \dots\ gives the amount of left, right,
      top and bottom margins.
* <unit> \dots\ unit used for values <left>, <right>, <top>, <bot>.
\enditems

Each of the parameters <left>, <right>, <top>, <bot> can be empty.
If both <left> and <right> are nonempty then "\hsize" is set. Else "\hsize"
is unchanged. If both <left> and <right> are empty then typesetting area is
centered in the paper format. The analogical rule works when <top> or <bot>
parameter is empty ("\vsize" instead "\hsize" is used). Examples:

\begtt
\margins/1 a4 (,,,)mm   % \hsize, \vsize untouched, 
                        % typesetting area centered
\margins/1 a4 (,2,,)cm  % right margin set to 2cm
                        % \hsize, \vsize untouched, vertically centered
\endtt

If "<pg>=1" then all pages have the same margins. If "<pg>=2" then the
declared margins are true for odd pages. The margins at the even pages are
mirrored in such case, it means that <left> is replaced by <right> and vice
versa.

The "<fmt>" can be in the form "(<width>,<height>)<unit>" where "<unit>" is
optional. If it is missing then "<unit>" after margins specification is
used. For example:

\begtt
\margins/1 (100,200) (7,7,7,7)mm
\endtt
%
declares the paper 100$\times$200\,mm with all four margins 7\,mm. The spaces
before and after "<fmt>" parameter are necessery.

The command "\magscale[<factor>]" scales the whole typesetting area. The
fixed point of such scaling is the so called the ``Knuth's point'': 1in
below and 1in right of paper sides. Typesetting (breakpoints etc.) is
unchanged. All units are relative after such scaling. Only paper formats
dimensions stays unscaled. Example:

\begtt
\margins/2 a5 (22,17,19,21)mm
\magscale[1414] \margins/1 a4 (,,,)mm
\endtt
%
The first line sets the "\hsize" and "\vsize" and margins for final
printing at a5 format. The setting on the second line centers the scaled 
typesetting area to the true a4 paper while breaking points for paragraphs
and pages are unchanged. It may be usable for 
review printing. After review is done, the second line can be commented out.

\sec The last page
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

The number of the last page (it may be different from number of pages) is
stored in the "\lastpage" register after first \TeX{} run if the working "*.ref" 
file is open. This file isn't open for every documents; only for those
where the forward references are printed or table of contents is created.
If the "*.ref" file isn't open for your document and you need to use the "\lastpage"
register then you have to write the command "\openref". This command opens
the "*.ref" file immediatelly.

There is an example for footlines in the format ``current page / last
page'': 

\begtt
\footline={\hss \rm \thefontsize[10]\the\pageno/\the\lastpage \hss}
\endtt

\sec Using other language
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

OPmac supports all languages but only English, Czech and Slovak languages
are immediately ready for use. When using another language, you have to do
little more work. First of all, use \TeX{} engine and \TeX{} format ready
for such language (with hyphenation patterns preloaded). In order to not
fall to the ``encoding hell'', I recommend to use Unicode engine ("xetex" or
"luatex") and to use Unicode font family where all characters and letters
needed for your language are prepared.

The "xetex" and "luatex" run with e\TeX{} plain format (generated from
"etex.src" sources) by default. This format includes hyphenation tables for
all languages. For example, you can select Spanish language by
"\uselanguage{espanol}".

OPmac needs to know the translation of three auto-generated words
``Chapter'', ``Table'' and ``Figure'' for selected language. And this
language is marked by its ISO 639-1 code, "es" for Spanish, for example.

If you are using e\TeX{} plain format you
must set the connection between long language name and short ISO code 
by the macro "\isolangset{<long-name>}{<iso-code>}". This command does nothing if
\csplain{} is used, because \csplain{} sets ISO codes during format generation.

The full example with Spanish language follows. Use "xetex example"
or "luatex example" for compiling this.

\mubyte \ntie ^^c3^^b1\endmubyte \def\ntie{\~n}
\mubyte \ccedilla ^^c3^^a7\endmubyte \def\ccedilla{\c c}
\mubyte \Ccedilla ^^c3^^87\endmubyte \def\Ccedilla{\c C}

\begtt
\input opmac

\ifx\directlua\undefined \else \ifx\luafonts\undefined \input luafonts
\fi\fi  % lua code to re-define \font primitive, irrelevant in XeTeX

\font\tenrm="DejaVu Serif"    % Unicode font family, 
\font\tenbf="DejaVu Serif/B"  % where all needed characters are ready  
\font\tenit="DejaVu Serif/I"
\font\tenbi="DejaVu Serif/IB"
\tenrm

\input tx-math   % Math setting using TX fonts

\isolangset {espanol}{es}
\sdef{mt:chap:es}{Capítulo}   % Chapter in es
\sdef{mt:t:es}{Cuadro}        % Table in es
\sdef{mt:f:es}{Figura}        % Figure in es

\uselanguage{espanol} % Spanish hyphenation + autogenerated words
\typosize[12/14.4]

\tit Mañana

\sec Mañana

Mañana.

\caption/f Test % generates the text "Figura 1.1 Test"

\bye
\endtt

When sorting the index by "\makeindex" in the non-\csplain{} format, OPmac
writes a warning: ``falling back to ASCII sorting''.
If you want to use sorting rules given for your language, 
you must define the macro "\sortingdata<iso-code>". And you can optionally
define the "\specsortingdata<iso-code>" macro. Example:
{\emergencystretch=2em\par}

\begtt
\def\sortingdataes {aAäÄáÁ,bB,cCçÇ,^^P^^Q^^R,dD,...,zZ,.}
\def\specsortingdataes {ch:^^P Ch:^^Q CH:^^R}
\endtt

There are groups of letters separated by comma and ended by comma-dot in
the macro "\sortingdata<iso-code>". (In the example above, three dots must
be replaced by real data by the user.) All letters in one group are not
distinguished during first step of sorting (primary sorting). If some items
are equal from this point of view then the secondary sorting is processed
for such items where all mentioned letters are distinguished in the order
given in the macro. 

Sorting algorithm can treat couple of letters (like Dz, Ch etc.) as one letter 
if the macro "\specsortingdata<iso-code>" is defined. There is
a space separated list of items in the form "<couple>:<one-token>". The
replacing from <couple> to <one-token> is done before sorting, so you can
use "<one-token>" in the "\sortingdata<iso-code>" macro. The "<one-token>"
must be something special not used as the letter of the alphabet. The usage of "^^A",
"^^B" etc. is recommended but you must avoid the "^^I" and "^^M" because
these characters have special catcode.

The macro "\sortingdata<iso-code>" (if it is defined and the hyphenation of
given language is selected) has precedence before an internal "\sortingdata"
defined in OPmac. The internal "\sortingdata" are optimized for Czech,
Slovak and English languages.

The list of ignored characters for sorting point of view is defined in the
"\setignoredchars" macro. OPmac defines this macro like:

{\catcode`\<=12
\begtt
\def\setignoredchars{\setlccodes ,.;.?.!.:.'.".|.(.).[.].<.>.=.+.{}{}}
\endtt
}%
It means that comma, semicolon, question mark, \dots, plus mark are treated
as dot and dot is ignored by sorting algorithm. You can redefine this macro,
but you must keep the format, keep "\setlccodes" in the front and "{}{}" in
the end.


\sec Summary
%%%%%%%%%%%%

\def\tthook{\adef!{\string\endtt}\adef&{\kern.25em}}
\begtt
\tit Title (terminated by end of line)
\chap Chapter Title (terminated by end of line)
\sec Section Title (terminated by end of line)
\secc Subsection Title (terminanted by end of line)

\maketoc         % table of contents generation
\ii item1,item2  % insertion the items to the index
\makeindex       % the index is generated

\label [labname]  % link target location
\ref [labname]    % link to the chapter, section, subsection, equation
\pgref [labname]  % link to the page of the chapter, section, ...

\caption/t  % a numbered table caption
\caption/f  % a numbered caption for the picture
\eqmark     % a numbered equation

\begitems       % start list of the items
\enditems       % end of list of the items
\begtt          % start verbatim text
!          % end verbatim text
\activettchar X % initialization character X for in-text verbatim
\verbinput      % verbatim extract from the external file
\begmulti num   % start multicolumn text (num columns)
\endmulti       % end multicolumn text

\cite [labnames]  % refers to the item in the lits of references
\rcite [labnames] % similar to \cite but [] are not printed.
\sortcitations \shortcitations \nonumcitations % cite format
\bib [labname]  % an item in the list of references
\usebibtex {bib-base}{bst-style}  % use BibTeX for bibliography
\genbbl {bib-base}{bst-style}     % prepare the bbl file generation
\usebbl/? bbl-base   % use pre-generated bbl file, ? in {a,b,c}
\usebib/? (style) bib-base % direct using of .bib file, ? in {s,c}

\fontfam [FamilyName] % selection of font family
\typosize [font-size/baselineskip] % size setting of typesetting
\typoscale [factor-font/factor-baselineskip] % size scaling
\thefontsize [size] \thefontscale [factor]   % current font size

\inspic file.ext    % insert a picture, extensions: jpg, png, pdf
\table {rule}{data} % simple macro for the tables like in LaTeX

\fnote    % footnote (local numbering on each page)
\mnote    % note in the margin (left or right by page number)

\hyperlinks {color-in}{color-out} % PDF links activate as clickable
\outlines {level}   % PDF will have a table of contents in the left tab

\magscale[factor]  % resize typesetting, line/page breaking unchanged
\margins/pg format (left, right, top, bottom)unit % margins setting
\endtt

\end