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+package constant;
+use 5.005;
+use strict;
+use warnings::register;
+
+use vars qw($VERSION %declared);
+$VERSION = '1.20';
+
+#=======================================================================
+
+# Some names are evil choices.
+my %keywords = map +($_, 1), qw{ BEGIN INIT CHECK END DESTROY AUTOLOAD };
+$keywords{UNITCHECK}++ if $] > 5.009;
+
+my %forced_into_main = map +($_, 1),
+ qw{ STDIN STDOUT STDERR ARGV ARGVOUT ENV INC SIG };
+
+my %forbidden = (%keywords, %forced_into_main);
+
+my $str_end = $] >= 5.006 ? "\\z" : "\\Z";
+my $normal_constant_name = qr/^_?[^\W_0-9]\w*$str_end/;
+my $tolerable = qr/^[A-Za-z_]\w*$str_end/;
+my $boolean = qr/^[01]?$str_end/;
+
+BEGIN {
+ # We'd like to do use constant _CAN_PCS => $] > 5.009002
+ # but that's a bit tricky before we load the constant module :-)
+ # By doing this, we save 1 run time check for *every* call to import.
+ no strict 'refs';
+ my $const = $] > 5.009002;
+ *_CAN_PCS = sub () {$const};
+}
+
+#=======================================================================
+# import() - import symbols into user's namespace
+#
+# What we actually do is define a function in the caller's namespace
+# which returns the value. The function we create will normally
+# be inlined as a constant, thereby avoiding further sub calling
+# overhead.
+#=======================================================================
+sub import {
+ my $class = shift;
+ return unless @_; # Ignore 'use constant;'
+ my $constants;
+ my $multiple = ref $_[0];
+ my $pkg = caller;
+ my $flush_mro;
+ my $symtab;
+
+ if (_CAN_PCS) {
+ no strict 'refs';
+ $symtab = \%{$pkg . '::'};
+ };
+
+ if ( $multiple ) {
+ if (ref $_[0] ne 'HASH') {
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::croak("Invalid reference type '".ref(shift)."' not 'HASH'");
+ }
+ $constants = shift;
+ } else {
+ unless (defined $_[0]) {
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::croak("Can't use undef as constant name");
+ }
+ $constants->{+shift} = undef;
+ }
+
+ foreach my $name ( keys %$constants ) {
+ # Normal constant name
+ if ($name =~ $normal_constant_name and !$forbidden{$name}) {
+ # Everything is okay
+
+ # Name forced into main, but we're not in main. Fatal.
+ } elsif ($forced_into_main{$name} and $pkg ne 'main') {
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' is forced into main::");
+
+ # Starts with double underscore. Fatal.
+ } elsif ($name =~ /^__/) {
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' begins with '__'");
+
+ # Maybe the name is tolerable
+ } elsif ($name =~ $tolerable) {
+ # Then we'll warn only if you've asked for warnings
+ if (warnings::enabled()) {
+ if ($keywords{$name}) {
+ warnings::warn("Constant name '$name' is a Perl keyword");
+ } elsif ($forced_into_main{$name}) {
+ warnings::warn("Constant name '$name' is " .
+ "forced into package main::");
+ }
+ }
+
+ # Looks like a boolean
+ # use constant FRED == fred;
+ } elsif ($name =~ $boolean) {
+ require Carp;
+ if (@_) {
+ Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' is invalid");
+ } else {
+ Carp::croak("Constant name looks like boolean value");
+ }
+
+ } else {
+ # Must have bad characters
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' has invalid characters");
+ }
+
+ {
+ no strict 'refs';
+ my $full_name = "${pkg}::$name";
+ $declared{$full_name}++;
+ if ($multiple || @_ == 1) {
+ my $scalar = $multiple ? $constants->{$name} : $_[0];
+ # The constant serves to optimise this entire block out on
+ # 5.8 and earlier.
+ if (_CAN_PCS && $symtab && !exists $symtab->{$name}) {
+ # No typeglob yet, so we can use a reference as space-
+ # efficient proxy for a constant subroutine
+ # The check in Perl_ck_rvconst knows that inlinable
+ # constants from cv_const_sv are read only. So we have to:
+ Internals::SvREADONLY($scalar, 1);
+ $symtab->{$name} = \$scalar;
+ ++$flush_mro;
+ } else {
+ *$full_name = sub () { $scalar };
+ }
+ } elsif (@_) {
+ my @list = @_;
+ *$full_name = sub () { @list };
+ } else {
+ *$full_name = sub () { };
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ # Flush the cache exactly once if we make any direct symbol table changes.
+ mro::method_changed_in($pkg) if _CAN_PCS && $flush_mro;
+}
+
+1;
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+ use constant PI => 4 * atan2(1, 1);
+ use constant DEBUG => 0;
+
+ print "Pi equals ", PI, "...\n" if DEBUG;
+
+ use constant {
+ SEC => 0,
+ MIN => 1,
+ HOUR => 2,
+ MDAY => 3,
+ MON => 4,
+ YEAR => 5,
+ WDAY => 6,
+ YDAY => 7,
+ ISDST => 8,
+ };
+
+ use constant WEEKDAYS => qw(
+ Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
+ );
+
+ print "Today is ", (WEEKDAYS)[ (localtime)[WDAY] ], ".\n";
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This pragma allows you to declare constants at compile-time.
+
+When you declare a constant such as C<PI> using the method shown
+above, each machine your script runs upon can have as many digits
+of accuracy as it can use. Also, your program will be easier to
+read, more likely to be maintained (and maintained correctly), and
+far less likely to send a space probe to the wrong planet because
+nobody noticed the one equation in which you wrote C<3.14195>.
+
+When a constant is used in an expression, Perl replaces it with its
+value at compile time, and may then optimize the expression further.
+In particular, any code in an C<if (CONSTANT)> block will be optimized
+away if the constant is false.
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+As with all C<use> directives, defining a constant happens at
+compile time. Thus, it's probably not correct to put a constant
+declaration inside of a conditional statement (like C<if ($foo)
+{ use constant ... }>).
+
+Constants defined using this module cannot be interpolated into
+strings like variables. However, concatenation works just fine:
+
+ print "Pi equals PI...\n"; # WRONG: does not expand "PI"
+ print "Pi equals ".PI."...\n"; # right
+
+Even though a reference may be declared as a constant, the reference may
+point to data which may be changed, as this code shows.
+
+ use constant ARRAY => [ 1,2,3,4 ];
+ print ARRAY->[1];
+ ARRAY->[1] = " be changed";
+ print ARRAY->[1];
+
+Dereferencing constant references incorrectly (such as using an array
+subscript on a constant hash reference, or vice versa) will be trapped at
+compile time.
+
+Constants belong to the package they are defined in. To refer to a
+constant defined in another package, specify the full package name, as
+in C<Some::Package::CONSTANT>. Constants may be exported by modules,
+and may also be called as either class or instance methods, that is,
+as C<< Some::Package->CONSTANT >> or as C<< $obj->CONSTANT >> where
+C<$obj> is an instance of C<Some::Package>. Subclasses may define
+their own constants to override those in their base class.
+
+The use of all caps for constant names is merely a convention,
+although it is recommended in order to make constants stand out
+and to help avoid collisions with other barewords, keywords, and
+subroutine names. Constant names must begin with a letter or
+underscore. Names beginning with a double underscore are reserved. Some
+poor choices for names will generate warnings, if warnings are enabled at
+compile time.
+
+=head2 List constants
+
+Constants may be lists of more (or less) than one value. A constant
+with no values evaluates to C<undef> in scalar context. Note that
+constants with more than one value do I<not> return their last value in
+scalar context as one might expect. They currently return the number
+of values, but B<this may change in the future>. Do not use constants
+with multiple values in scalar context.
+
+B<NOTE:> This implies that the expression defining the value of a
+constant is evaluated in list context. This may produce surprises:
+
+ use constant TIMESTAMP => localtime; # WRONG!
+ use constant TIMESTAMP => scalar localtime; # right
+
+The first line above defines C<TIMESTAMP> as a 9-element list, as
+returned by C<localtime()> in list context. To set it to the string
+returned by C<localtime()> in scalar context, an explicit C<scalar>
+keyword is required.
+
+List constants are lists, not arrays. To index or slice them, they
+must be placed in parentheses.
+
+ my @workdays = WEEKDAYS[1 .. 5]; # WRONG!
+ my @workdays = (WEEKDAYS)[1 .. 5]; # right
+
+=head2 Defining multiple constants at once
+
+Instead of writing multiple C<use constant> statements, you may define
+multiple constants in a single statement by giving, instead of the
+constant name, a reference to a hash where the keys are the names of
+the constants to be defined. Obviously, all constants defined using
+this method must have a single value.
+
+ use constant {
+ FOO => "A single value",
+ BAR => "This", "won't", "work!", # Error!
+ };
+
+This is a fundamental limitation of the way hashes are constructed in
+Perl. The error messages produced when this happens will often be
+quite cryptic -- in the worst case there may be none at all, and
+you'll only later find that something is broken.
+
+When defining multiple constants, you cannot use the values of other
+constants defined in the same declaration. This is because the
+calling package doesn't know about any constant within that group
+until I<after> the C<use> statement is finished.
+
+ use constant {
+ BITMASK => 0xAFBAEBA8,
+ NEGMASK => ~BITMASK, # Error!
+ };
+
+=head2 Magic constants
+
+Magical values and references can be made into constants at compile
+time, allowing for way cool stuff like this. (These error numbers
+aren't totally portable, alas.)
+
+ use constant E2BIG => ($! = 7);
+ print E2BIG, "\n"; # something like "Arg list too long"
+ print 0+E2BIG, "\n"; # "7"
+
+You can't produce a tied constant by giving a tied scalar as the
+value. References to tied variables, however, can be used as
+constants without any problems.
+
+=head1 TECHNICAL NOTES
+
+In the current implementation, scalar constants are actually
+inlinable subroutines. As of version 5.004 of Perl, the appropriate
+scalar constant is inserted directly in place of some subroutine
+calls, thereby saving the overhead of a subroutine call. See
+L<perlsub/"Constant Functions"> for details about how and when this
+happens.
+
+In the rare case in which you need to discover at run time whether a
+particular constant has been declared via this module, you may use
+this function to examine the hash C<%constant::declared>. If the given
+constant name does not include a package name, the current package is
+used.
+
+ sub declared ($) {
+ use constant 1.01; # don't omit this!
+ my $name = shift;
+ $name =~ s/^::/main::/;
+ my $pkg = caller;
+ my $full_name = $name =~ /::/ ? $name : "${pkg}::$name";
+ $constant::declared{$full_name};
+ }
+
+=head1 CAVEATS
+
+In the current version of Perl, list constants are not inlined
+and some symbols may be redefined without generating a warning.
+
+It is not possible to have a subroutine or a keyword with the same
+name as a constant in the same package. This is probably a Good Thing.
+
+A constant with a name in the list C<STDIN STDOUT STDERR ARGV ARGVOUT
+ENV INC SIG> is not allowed anywhere but in package C<main::>, for
+technical reasons.
+
+Unlike constants in some languages, these cannot be overridden
+on the command line or via environment variables.
+
+You can get into trouble if you use constants in a context which
+automatically quotes barewords (as is true for any subroutine call).
+For example, you can't say C<$hash{CONSTANT}> because C<CONSTANT> will
+be interpreted as a string. Use C<$hash{CONSTANT()}> or
+C<$hash{+CONSTANT}> to prevent the bareword quoting mechanism from
+kicking in. Similarly, since the C<< => >> operator quotes a bareword
+immediately to its left, you have to say C<< CONSTANT() => 'value' >>
+(or simply use a comma in place of the big arrow) instead of
+C<< CONSTANT => 'value' >>.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Readonly> - Facility for creating read-only scalars, arrays, hashes.
+
+L<Const> - Facility for creating read-only variables. Similar to C<Readonly>,
+but uses C<SvREADONLY> instead of C<tie>.
+
+L<Attribute::Constant> - Make read-only variables via attribute
+
+L<Scalar::Readonly> - Perl extension to the C<SvREADONLY> scalar flag
+
+L<Hash::Util> - A selection of general-utility hash subroutines (mostly
+to lock/unlock keys and values)
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+Please report any bugs or feature requests via the perlbug(1) utility.
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+Tom Phoenix, E<lt>F<rootbeer@redcat.com>E<gt>, with help from
+many other folks.
+
+Multiple constant declarations at once added by Casey West,
+E<lt>F<casey@geeknest.com>E<gt>.
+
+Documentation mostly rewritten by Ilmari Karonen,
+E<lt>F<perl@itz.pp.sci.fi>E<gt>.
+
+This program is maintained by the Perl 5 Porters.
+The CPAN distribution is maintained by SE<eacute>bastien Aperghis-Tramoni
+E<lt>F<sebastien@aperghis.net>E<gt>.
+
+=head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
+
+Copyright (C) 1997, 1999 Tom Phoenix
+
+This module is free software; you can redistribute it or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=cut