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-=head1 NAME
-
-perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-=head2 Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
-
-The simplest thing to build is an array of arrays (sometimes imprecisely
-called a list of lists).  It's reasonably easy to understand, and
-almost everything that applies here will also be applicable later
-on with the fancier data structures.
-
-An array of an array is just a regular old array @AoA that you can
-get at with two subscripts, like C<$AoA[3][2]>.  Here's a declaration
-of the array:
-
-    # assign to our array, an array of array references
-    @AoA = (
-	   [ "fred", "barney" ],
-	   [ "george", "jane", "elroy" ],
-	   [ "homer", "marge", "bart" ],
-    );
-
-    print $AoA[2][2];
-  bart
-
-Now you should be very careful that the outer bracket type
-is a round one, that is, a parenthesis.  That's because you're assigning to
-an @array, so you need parentheses.  If you wanted there I<not> to be an @AoA,
-but rather just a reference to it, you could do something more like this:
-
-    # assign a reference to array of array references
-    $ref_to_AoA = [
-	[ "fred", "barney", "pebbles", "bambam", "dino", ],
-	[ "homer", "bart", "marge", "maggie", ],
-	[ "george", "jane", "elroy", "judy", ],
-    ];
-
-    print $ref_to_AoA->[2][2];
-
-Notice that the outer bracket type has changed, and so our access syntax
-has also changed.  That's because unlike C, in perl you can't freely
-interchange arrays and references thereto.  $ref_to_AoA is a reference to an
-array, whereas @AoA is an array proper.  Likewise, C<$AoA[2]> is not an
-array, but an array ref.  So how come you can write these:
-
-    $AoA[2][2]
-    $ref_to_AoA->[2][2]
-
-instead of having to write these:
-
-    $AoA[2]->[2]
-    $ref_to_AoA->[2]->[2]
-
-Well, that's because the rule is that on adjacent brackets only (whether
-square or curly), you are free to omit the pointer dereferencing arrow.
-But you cannot do so for the very first one if it's a scalar containing
-a reference, which means that $ref_to_AoA always needs it.
-
-=head2 Growing Your Own
-
-That's all well and good for declaration of a fixed data structure,
-but what if you wanted to add new elements on the fly, or build
-it up entirely from scratch?
-
-First, let's look at reading it in from a file.  This is something like
-adding a row at a time.  We'll assume that there's a flat file in which
-each line is a row and each word an element.  If you're trying to develop an
-@AoA array containing all these, here's the right way to do that:
-
-    while (<>) {
-	@tmp = split;
-	push @AoA, [ @tmp ];
-    }
-
-You might also have loaded that from a function:
-
-    for $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
-	$AoA[$i] = [ somefunc($i) ];
-    }
-
-Or you might have had a temporary variable sitting around with the
-array in it.
-
-    for $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
-	@tmp = somefunc($i);
-	$AoA[$i] = [ @tmp ];
-    }
-
-It's very important that you make sure to use the C<[]> array reference
-constructor.  That's because this will be very wrong:
-
-    $AoA[$i] = @tmp;
-
-You see, assigning a named array like that to a scalar just counts the
-number of elements in @tmp, which probably isn't what you want.
-
-If you are running under C<use strict>, you'll have to add some
-declarations to make it happy:
-
-    use strict;
-    my(@AoA, @tmp);
-    while (<>) {
-	@tmp = split;
-	push @AoA, [ @tmp ];
-    }
-
-Of course, you don't need the temporary array to have a name at all:
-
-    while (<>) {
-	push @AoA, [ split ];
-    }
-
-You also don't have to use push().  You could just make a direct assignment
-if you knew where you wanted to put it:
-
-    my (@AoA, $i, $line);
-    for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
-	$line = <>;
-	$AoA[$i] = [ split ' ', $line ];
-    }
-
-or even just
-
-    my (@AoA, $i);
-    for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
-	$AoA[$i] = [ split ' ', <> ];
-    }
-
-You should in general be leery of using functions that could
-potentially return lists in scalar context without explicitly stating
-such.  This would be clearer to the casual reader:
-
-    my (@AoA, $i);
-    for $i ( 0 .. 10 ) {
-	$AoA[$i] = [ split ' ', scalar(<>) ];
-    }
-
-If you wanted to have a $ref_to_AoA variable as a reference to an array,
-you'd have to do something like this:
-
-    while (<>) {
-	push @$ref_to_AoA, [ split ];
-    }
-
-Now you can add new rows.  What about adding new columns?  If you're
-dealing with just matrices, it's often easiest to use simple assignment:
-
-    for $x (1 .. 10) {
-	for $y (1 .. 10) {
-	    $AoA[$x][$y] = func($x, $y);
-	}
-    }
-
-    for $x ( 3, 7, 9 ) {
-	$AoA[$x][20] += func2($x);
-    }
-
-It doesn't matter whether those elements are already
-there or not: it'll gladly create them for you, setting
-intervening elements to C<undef> as need be.
-
-If you wanted just to append to a row, you'd have
-to do something a bit funnier looking:
-
-    # add new columns to an existing row
-    push @{ $AoA[0] }, "wilma", "betty";
-
-Notice that I I<couldn't> say just:
-
-    push $AoA[0], "wilma", "betty";  # WRONG!
-
-In fact, that wouldn't even compile.  How come?  Because the argument
-to push() must be a real array, not just a reference to such.
-
-=head2 Access and Printing
-
-Now it's time to print your data structure out.  How
-are you going to do that?  Well, if you want only one
-of the elements, it's trivial:
-
-    print $AoA[0][0];
-
-If you want to print the whole thing, though, you can't
-say
-
-    print @AoA;		# WRONG
-
-because you'll get just references listed, and perl will never
-automatically dereference things for you.  Instead, you have to
-roll yourself a loop or two.  This prints the whole structure,
-using the shell-style for() construct to loop across the outer
-set of subscripts.
-
-    for $aref ( @AoA ) {
-	print "\t [ @$aref ],\n";
-    }
-
-If you wanted to keep track of subscripts, you might do this:
-
-    for $i ( 0 .. $#AoA ) {
-	print "\t elt $i is [ @{$AoA[$i]} ],\n";
-    }
-
-or maybe even this.  Notice the inner loop.
-
-    for $i ( 0 .. $#AoA ) {
-	for $j ( 0 .. $#{$AoA[$i]} ) {
-	    print "elt $i $j is $AoA[$i][$j]\n";
-	}
-    }
-
-As you can see, it's getting a bit complicated.  That's why
-sometimes is easier to take a temporary on your way through:
-
-    for $i ( 0 .. $#AoA ) {
-	$aref = $AoA[$i];
-	for $j ( 0 .. $#{$aref} ) {
-	    print "elt $i $j is $AoA[$i][$j]\n";
-	}
-    }
-
-Hmm... that's still a bit ugly.  How about this:
-
-    for $i ( 0 .. $#AoA ) {
-	$aref = $AoA[$i];
-	$n = @$aref - 1;
-	for $j ( 0 .. $n ) {
-	    print "elt $i $j is $AoA[$i][$j]\n";
-	}
-    }
-
-=head2 Slices
-
-If you want to get at a slice (part of a row) in a multidimensional
-array, you're going to have to do some fancy subscripting.  That's
-because while we have a nice synonym for single elements via the
-pointer arrow for dereferencing, no such convenience exists for slices.
-(Remember, of course, that you can always write a loop to do a slice
-operation.)
-
-Here's how to do one operation using a loop.  We'll assume an @AoA
-variable as before.
-
-    @part = ();
-    $x = 4;
-    for ($y = 7; $y < 13; $y++) {
-	push @part, $AoA[$x][$y];
-    }
-
-That same loop could be replaced with a slice operation:
-
-    @part = @{ $AoA[4] } [ 7..12 ];
-
-but as you might well imagine, this is pretty rough on the reader.
-
-Ah, but what if you wanted a I<two-dimensional slice>, such as having
-$x run from 4..8 and $y run from 7 to 12?  Hmm... here's the simple way:
-
-    @newAoA = ();
-    for ($startx = $x = 4; $x <= 8; $x++) {
-	for ($starty = $y = 7; $y <= 12; $y++) {
-	    $newAoA[$x - $startx][$y - $starty] = $AoA[$x][$y];
-	}
-    }
-
-We can reduce some of the looping through slices
-
-    for ($x = 4; $x <= 8; $x++) {
-	push @newAoA, [ @{ $AoA[$x] } [ 7..12 ] ];
-    }
-
-If you were into Schwartzian Transforms, you would probably
-have selected map for that
-
-    @newAoA = map { [ @{ $AoA[$_] } [ 7..12 ] ] } 4 .. 8;
-
-Although if your manager accused you of seeking job security (or rapid
-insecurity) through inscrutable code, it would be hard to argue. :-)
-If I were you, I'd put that in a function:
-
-    @newAoA = splice_2D( \@AoA, 4 => 8, 7 => 12 );
-    sub splice_2D {
-	my $lrr = shift; 	# ref to array of array refs!
-	my ($x_lo, $x_hi,
-	    $y_lo, $y_hi) = @_;
-
-	return map {
-	    [ @{ $lrr->[$_] } [ $y_lo .. $y_hi ] ]
-	} $x_lo .. $x_hi;
-    }
-
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
-perldata(1), perlref(1), perldsc(1)
-
-=head1 AUTHOR
-
-Tom Christiansen <F<tchrist@perl.com>>
-
-Last update: Thu Jun  4 16:16:23 MDT 1998