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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/greek/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/greek/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 080390536ea..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/greek/gentle-gr/gentl-gr.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7675 +0,0 @@ -%% File: gentl-gr.tex -%% -%% M. Doob's "Gentle Introduction to TeX" (Updated 01/04/90) -%% translated into Modern Greek by Dimitrios Filippou (including -%% an extra chapter on typesetting Greek texts by TeX). -%% -%% Version: 1.000 (11 jan 2001) -%% -%% A NOTE TO THE CODE READER -%% -%% Thanks for your interest in the Modern Greek translation of Michael -%% Doob's "A Gentle Introduction to TeX". Any comments on this manual -%% would be appreciated. These may be typesetting, Greek, English or TeX -%% criticisms. -%% -%% This file is a complete TeX input file, but, in order to run it -%% smoothly, you will need to have the KD* Greek fonts (that is -%% Dryllerakis' GreeKTeX fonts version 3.1, or, better, version 4.0a) -%% installed on your system. If you don't have these fonts, you may get -%% them by ftp from any CTAN site or from "laotzu.doc.ic.ac.uk". In -%% case you have KD* fonts on your system, just run this file through TeX -%% and print out the resulting "DVI" file. Note that you don't need -%% to load any special Greek TeX format (*.fmt) file. -%% -%% If you are familiar with TeX, the macros at the top of the file have -%% a few switches which you may want to set. If you have problems or -%% can't run TeX at all, you may try to print the PostScript(TM) file that -%% comes with it. In the worst case, you may write to Michael Doob and -%% he'll send you a hard copy of his original English text (sorry, the -%% translator cannot offer such a service!). You can also get a bound copy -%% of the English original from the TeX Users Group (e-mail: tug@tug.org). -%% -%% Please, note that this translation is copyrighted by the translator. The -%% complete copyright statement says: -%% -%% "The present document is distributed by the author and the translator -%% in the hope that it will be useful to the reader. However, the author -%% and the translator are not prepared to provide further information at -%% this time, and do not accept any liability for the use of this -%% document for any purpose. No part of the present document may be -%% reproduced in any form for commercial or any other profit-driven -%% use. Limited reproduction and distribution is permitted only for -%% purely educational purposes. Also, the TeX Users Group (TUG) or any -%% TeX Local User Group (LUG) can distribute these files in a commercial -%% fashion, provided that profits go to TUG or to the respective LUGs." -%% -%% The above statement should not be violated! -%% -%% Author: Michael Doob -%% Department of Mathematics -%% The University of Manitoba -%% Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 -%% Canada -%% mdoob@uofmcc (bitnet) -%% mdoob@ccu.umanitoba.ca (internet) -%% -%% Translator: Dimitrios Filippou -%% Kato Gatzea -%% GR-385 00 Volos -%% Greece -%% dfilipp@danaos.ntua.gr (internet) -%% -%% -%% CHARACTER LISTING -%% -%% Here is a character listing to check to be sure that no -%% unwanted translations took place within the bowels of the net. -%% -%% Upper case letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ -%% Lower case letters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz -%% round parentheses, square brackets, curly braces: () [] {} -%% Exclaim, at, sharp, dollar, percent: ! @ # $ % -%% Caret, ampersand, star, underscore, hyphen: ^ & * _ - -%% vertical bar, backslash, tilde, backprime, plus: | \ ~ ` + -%% plus, equal, prime, quote, colon: + = ' " : -%% less than, greater than, slash, question, comma: < > / ? , -%% period, semicolon: . ; -%% -%% HISTORY -%% -%% Translation started: Jan. 1994 -%% First draft completed: Mar. 1997 (ver. 0.9) -%% First public release (Internet): May 8, 1997 (ver. 0.992) -%% -%% Revisions: -%% -%% May 8, 1997 (ver. 0.993, not released): A few typos only. -%% June 1, 1997 (ver. 0.994, released): Lots of typos corrected. -%% Corrected the doubleside output macros. -%% July 29, 1997 (ver. 0.995, not released): A few more typos. -%% Feb 04, 1998 (ver. 0.996, released): Lots of typos corrected. -%% Added a note on Greek stigma numeral. -%% Feb. 05, 1998 (ver. 0.997, released): A few typos. -%% July 27, 1998 (ver. 0.998, released): A few typos. -%% Jan. 27, 1999 (ver. 0.999, released): Added info. about -%% Syropoulos' Greek book on LaTeX. -%% Mar. 20, 2001 (ver. 1.000, released): Final version. The next -%% version is a printed book! - -%% Now here comes the code with the macros used in the manual. If you are -%% already familiar with TeX, you may want to fiddle with them. In -%% particular, the hooks are left to generate a new control word index and -%% table of contents if you change section 1.2, or section 10. - - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Version/Edition no. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\def\version{1,000} -\def\grversiondate{20`h Mart'iou 2001} - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%% Here are the fonts other than the sixteen defined in %%%%%%%% -%%%%%%%% plain.tex that are used. Note that only "cmr" fonts %%%%%%%% -%%%%%%%% are used for latin-alphabet texts (DF) %%%%%%%% - -\font\brm=cmr10 scaled \magstep1 -\font\halfrm=cmr10 scaled \magstephalf -\font\eightrm=cmr8 -\font\eightit=cmti8 -\font\bbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep2 -\font\bbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep3 -\font\bbbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep4 -\font\bbbbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep5 -\font\sf=cmss10 -\font\lchapfont=cmbx10 scaled \magstep2 % lchapfont = latin "chapter" font -\font\lsecfont=cmbx10 scaled \magstep1 % lsecfont = latin "section" font -\font\sc=cmcsc10 - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%% Here are the Greek fonts added by DF %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\font\tengr=kdgr10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt regular greek -\font\ninegr=kdgr9 scaled \magstep0 % 9 pt .... -\font\eightgr=kdgr8 scaled \magstep0 % 8 pt .... -\font\tengb=kdbf10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt reg. greek bold -\font\ninegb=kdbf9 scaled \magstep0 % 9 pt .... -\font\eightgb=kdbf8 scaled \magstep0 % 8 pt .... -\font\chapfont=kdbf10 scaled \magstep2 % 14.4 pt .... ("chapfont") -\font\secfont=kdbf10 scaled \magstep1 % 12 pt .... ("secfont") -\font\tengs=kdsl10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt reg. greek slanted -\font\tengi=kdti10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt greek "pseudo-italics" -\font\tengt=kdtt10 scaled \magstep0 % 10 pt greek typewritter - -%%% and here are some oblivious characters - -\def\digamma{\char'020} %%%%% digamma (or former 6) %%%% -\def\stigma{\char'143} %%%%% stigma (or latter 6) %%%%% -\def\Koppa{\char'022} %%%%% capital Qoppa (or 90) %%%% -\def\koppa{\char'023} %%%%% small qoppa (or 90) %%%%%% -\def\varkoppa{\char'021} %%%%% a small qoppa variant %%%% -%%% which has been mistakenly -%%% identified by KD as \stigma -\def\sampi{\char'024} %%%%% sampi (or 900) %%%%%%%%%%% -\def\numbertick{\char'003} %%%%% upper tick for ordinal Greek numbers -\def\pretick{\char'004} %%%%% lower tick for Greek thousands - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% document dimensions, etc. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -%%%% \vbadness=10000 %%%%%% I don't want to hear about underfull vboxes -\raggedbottom %%%%%% delete this line for aligned page bottoms - \hsize=5.5 in - \vsize=7.0 in - \voffset=.75 in - \hoffset=.5 in -\parskip=\baselineskip -\widowpenalty=1000 \clubpenalty=1000 %%% I hate widows and orphans! %%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Shall we print double-side or single-side? %%%%%%%%%% - -\newif \ifdoubleside -\doublesidefalse % use this line if you want to print single-side -%\doublesidetrue % use this line if you want to print double-side - % (you may have to do some fiddling with your printer - % driver so as to align both sides). - -\newdimen\paperwidth % true paperwidth (set below) -\newdimen\oddleftmargin % true left margin of an odd page (set below) -\newdimen\oddrightmargin % true right margin of an odd page (set below) -\newdimen\evensideshift % even-numbered pages shift to the left (set below) - -\newif\iflettersize -\lettersizetrue %%% to print on A4 paper, comment out this line -%%% \lettersizefalse %%% and uncomment this. -\iflettersize\paperwidth=8,5 true in % set paperwidth -\else\paperwidth=210 true mm\fi -\oddleftmargin=1 true in % set oddleftmargin -\advance\oddleftmargin by \hoffset -\oddrightmargin=\paperwidth % set oddrightmargin -\advance\oddrightmargin by -\hsize -\advance\oddrightmargin by -\oddleftmargin -\evensideshift=\oddrightmargin % set evensideshift -\advance\evensideshift by -\oddleftmargin - -\def\newplainoutput{% - \ifodd\pageno% - \shipout\vbox{% - \makeheadline\pagebody\makefootline}% - \advancepageno - \ifnum\outputpenalty>-2000 - \else\dosupereject - \fi% - \else - \shipout\hbox{\hglue\evensideshift\vbox{% - \makeheadline\pagebody\makefootline}}% - \advancepageno - \ifnum\outputpenalty>-2000 - \else\dosupereject - \fi% - \fi -} - -\ifdoubleside\output{\newplainoutput} -\else\output{\plainoutput} -\fi - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%% choosing between Canadian (British) and American spellings %%%%% - -\newif \ifcanspell -\canspelltrue %%%% Canadian spelling -% \canspellfalse %%%% use this line for American spelling -\def\centimetre{\ifcanspell centimetre\else centimeter\fi} - \let\centimeter=\centimetre -\def\centre{\ifcanspell centre\else center\fi} - \let\center=\centre -\def\centred{\ifcanspell centred\else centered\fi} - \let\centered=\centred - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% headline routines %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% changed by DF to Greek ones %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\def\gentleheadline{% - \vbox {\hrule% - \line {\strut \vrule \quad \tengr E>isagwg`h st`o {\tenrm \TeX } - (<ellhnik`h mtf.)\null - \hfil - \ifnum \secnum > 0 Kef.\ \the\secnum: \fi \sectiontitle \quad - \vrule}% - \hrule}% -} - -%%%%%%%%%%%% we don't want any headlines on title pages %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\newif \iftitlepage \titlepagetrue -\headline= - {\iftitlepage \hfil \global\titlepagefalse \else \gentleheadline \fi} -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% define contents and index files %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -%%% Normally the contents and index are hard coded into the input file. %%% -%% To generate new ones, use \writingcontentstrue and \writingindextrue. %% - -\newif \ifwritingcontents -\newif \ifwritingindex -\newwrite\contents \newwrite\index - -\writingcontentsfalse -\writingindexfalse -%%%\writingcontentstrue %%% use this line to make the contents -%%%\writingindextrue %%% use this line to make the index - -\ifwritingcontents \openout\contents=contents.tex \fi -\ifwritingindex \openout\index=index.tex - \def\toindex#1{\immediate\write\index{#1 \the\pageno}} - \else \def\toindex#1{} \fi -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% determine whether answers are printed %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\newif \ifwritinganswers -%%%\writinganswersfalse %%% use this line to suppress answer section -\writinganswerstrue %%% use this line to include answer section -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% footnote macro with counter %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\newcount\footnotenum \footnotenum=0 -\def\fnote#1{\advance \footnotenum by 1% -\footnote{$^{\the\footnotenum}$}{#1}} - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% exercise, section, and subsection macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\newcount\exno %%%%%% counter for exercises %%%%%%%% -\newcount\secnum \secnum=0 %%%% counter for section numbers %%%% -\newcount\subsecnum - -\def\section#1{ - \vfill\eject %%%%% new section starts on a new page - %%%\ifodd\pageno \else\ \vfill\eject \fi %start on an odd page - \advance\secnum by 1 \subsecnum=0 \exno=0 - \ifnum \secnum = 1 \pageno=1 \fi - \ifnum \secnum > 0 - \leftline{\chapfont Kef'alaio \the\secnum} - \vskip 3pt \fi - \leftline{\chapfont #1} - \def\sectiontitle{#1} - \vskip\baselineskip - \hrule - \vskip 1cm - \ifwritingcontents \write\contents{\string\line\string{#1 - \string\dotfill{} - \ifnum \pageno < 0 \romannumeral-\pageno - \else \the\pageno \fi - \string}}\fi - \titlepagetrue} - -\def\subsection#1{\advance\subsecnum by 1 - \vskip 30pt - \leftline{\secfont \the\secnum .\the\subsecnum\ #1} - \nobreak - \ifwritingcontents - \write\contents{\string\line\string{\string\qquad{}#1 - \string\dotfill{} \the\pageno\string}}\fi - } - -\def\exercise{\global\advance \exno by 1 - \vskip\baselineskip - \noindent $\triangleright$ {\tengb - >'Askhsh \the\secnum.\the\exno}\quad - } -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%% Definitions of control sequences for characters in the typewriter font %% -%%%% for short phrases this is easier than using a literal construction. %%% - -\def\\{\char92{}} %%%%% backslash %%%%% -\def\_{\char'137{}} %%%%% underscore %%%%% -\def\lb{\char'173{}} %%%%% left brace %%%%% -\def\rb{\char'175{}} %%%%% right brace %%%%% -\def\sp{\char32{}} %%%%% special space symbol %%%%% -\def\underscore{\leavevmode \kern .06em \vbox {\hrule width.3em}} - -\def\beginliteral{ -\vskip\baselineskip -\begingroup -\tt -\obeylines -%{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ } -\catcode`\@=0 -\parskip=0pt\parindent=0pt -\catcode`\$=12\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\^=12\catcode`\#=12 -\catcode`\_=12\catcode`\~=12 -\def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf} -\catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\%=12\catcode`\\=12 -} - -\def\endliteral{\endgroup} -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%% inhibit hyphenation of typewriter text %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%% grouping to make input listing in typewriter type %%%%%%%%%%% - -\def\beginuser{\vskip\parskip - \everypar={\nobreak} - \begingroup - \tt \obeylines \parskip=0pt \parindent=0pt} - -\def\enduser{\endgroup} - - -%%%%%%%%%%% macro to construct tables (easily) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%%% parameters: title goes between brackets, rest of the %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%%% paragraph is the table %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\def\maketable[#1]#2\par{ -\setbox1=\vbox{#2} -\vskip\baselineskip -\centerline{ - \vbox{ - \hbox to \wd1{\secfont \hss #1 \hss} - \vskip 12pt - \box1 - } -}\par -} - -%%%%%%%%%%% end of macro to construct tables %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%% macro to put a box around the text %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\def\makebox#1#2#3% vsize, hsize, inserted text -{\hbox{\vrule - \vbox to #1{\hrule \vss - \hbox to #2{\hss#3\hss}\vss - \hrule}\vrule}} - -\def\displaytext#1{$$\hbox{#1}$$} - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LaTeX etc. logos %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em - T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} - -\def\AMSTeX{{$\cal A$}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox - {$\cal M$}\kern-.125em{$\cal S$}-\TeX} - -\def\greektex{{\sc GreeK}{\rm \TeX}} - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%% macro to put TeX references in right margin %%%%%%%%%%%%% -%%%%%%%%% (doesn't work very well with double-side printing) %%%%%%%%% - -\newdimen\theight -\def\TeXref#1{% - \vadjust{% - \setbox0=\vbox{\setbox1=\hbox{\sevenrm\qquad\TeX book:\qquad}% - \setbox2=\hbox to \wd1{% - \sevenrm\null\hfil #1\hfil\null}% - \box1\vskip -.5ex\box2}% - \theight=\ht0 - \advance\theight by \dp0 \advance\theight by \lineskip - \kern -\theight \vbox to \theight{\rightline{\rlap{\box0}}% - \vss}}% -}% - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%% macro to write the date out the date and time %%%%%%%%%%% -%%%%%%%%%%%% TeXbook p. 406 for date %%%%%%%%%%% -%%%%%%%%%%%% Changed to Greek date (DF) %%%%%%%%%%%% - -\def\grtoday{\number\day% -\ifnum\day=20 `h\else\ifnum\day=30 `h\else h\fi\fi %%% 20th, 30th take - %%% an accent -\space \ifcase\month\or >Ianouar'iou\or Febrouar'iou\or Mart'iou\or ->April'iou\or Ma"'iou\or >Ioun'iou\or >Ioul'iou\or A>ugo'ustou\or -Septembr'iou\or >Oktwbr'iou\or Noembr'iou\or Dekembr'iou\fi -\space \number\year} - -\newcount\hour \newcount\minute -\hour=\time \divide \hour by 60 -\minute=\time -\loop \ifnum \minute > 59 \advance \minute by -60 \repeat -\def\writetime{\ifnum \hour<13 \number\hour:% % supresses leading 0's - \ifnum \minute<10 0\fi% % so add it it - \number\minute - \ifnum \hour < 12 \ p.m. \else \ m.m. \fi % Greek time (DF) - \else \advance \hour by -12 \number\hour:% % supresses leading 0's - \ifnum \minute<10 0\fi% % add it in - \number\minute \ m.m. \fi} % Greek time (DF) - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%% Macro which puts a date stamp on the last page %%%%%%%%% -%%%%% according to the Greek typography traditions (DF) %%%%%%%%% - -\def\datestamp{% - \vfill\eject % Put datestamp on a new page. - \null\titlepagetrue\nopagenumbers - \ifodd\pageno % If page is odd leave it blank. - \else - \vfill\eject - \fi - \titlepagetrue\nopagenumbers % No page numbers and no headline. - \hbadness = 10000 % Don't complain for horizontal underfull. - \null\vfill % Put datestamp in the page centre. - \centerline{\vbox{% % Create a square vbox of 2.0 in width. - \noindent\parfillskip 0pt \hsize 2.0 in - {\eightgr T O B I B L I O - ((M I A E U K O L H E I S A G W G H S T O {\eightrm \TeX})) - (E L L H N I K H M E T A F R A S H, E K D O S H \version) - E T O I M A S J H K E A P O T O N M E T A F R A S T H M E E - P I M E L E I A T O U I D I O U T H N \grversiondate\ K A I - S T O I Q E I O J E T H J H K E M E T O {\eightrm \TeX} T H - N \grtoday, <'wra \writetime% -}% end eightgr -}% end vbox -}% end centerline -$$ \clubsuit $$ % we add a bit of decoration -\vfill\null -} % end Greek datestamp - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%% Here we do some fiddling to get around with the %%%%%%%% -%%%%%%%%%%%% circumflex accent in Greek text! %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\catcode`\~=12 % we de-activate the ~ -\def\NB{\penalty10000\ } % and we use \NB as an unbreakable tie - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% NOW WE START WITH THE TEXT %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -%%% Cover pages %%%%%%% - -{\nopagenumbers - -%%% The front cover %%%%%%%%% - -\def\coverpage{% -\titlepagetrue -\topinsert \vskip 6 cm \endinsert -\centerline{\chapfont M'ia e>'ukolh e>isagwg`h st`o {\lchapfont \TeX}} -\vskip 15 pt -\centerline{\secfont >egqeir'idio a>utodidaskal'iac} -\vskip 2cm -\leftline{\rm Michael Doob} -\leftline{\rm Department of Mathematics} -\leftline{\rm The University of Manitoba} -\leftline{\rm Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2} -\vskip\baselineskip -\leftline{{\tt MDOOB@UOFMCC.BITNET}} -\leftline{{\tt mdoob@ccu.umanitoba.ca}} -\vskip 1cm -\leftline{\tengs Met'afrash ka`i prosarmog`h st`hn neoellhnik`h -gl'wssa:} -\vskip .5\baselineskip -\leftline{\tengr Dhm'htrioc >A. Fil'ippou} -\leftline{\tengr K'atw Gatz'ea} -\leftline{\rm GR-385 00 \tengr B'oloc} -\vfill\eject -} % end definition of coverpage - -\coverpage % Now we put the coverpage - -%%% Back front cover (or blank page) %%%%%%% - -\titlepagetrue -\null\vfill\eject - -%%% Small title page %%%%%%% - -\titlepagetrue -\null\vfil -\centerline{\secfont MIA EUKOLH EISAGWGH STO {\lsecfont \TeX}} -\vfil\vfil -\null\eject - -%%% Edition and copyright page %%%%%% - -\titlepagetrue - -\newdimen\squaredimen -\def\square#1{\setbox0=\hbox{\rm #1}% - \dp0=.4ex \squaredimen=\ht0 - \ifdim \wd0 > \ht0 \squaredimen=\wd0\fi - \advance \squaredimen by \dp0 - \ht0=\squaredimen \advance \squaredimen by \dp0 - \leavevmode - \lower .4ex \vbox{% - \hsize=\squaredimen - \hrule - \hbox to \squaredimen{\vrule\hfil\box0\hfil\vrule}% - \hrule height .4pt depth 0pt}} - -\noindent -\tengr T`o prwt'otupo >agglik`o >egqeir'idio kuklof'orhse -st`o {\rm Internet} t`o 1990 ka`i >apot'elese t`hn b'ash to~u -bibl'iou:\ {\rm Michael Doob}, {\sl \TeX: Starting from \square1} -(1993), po`u ku\-klo\-fore~i >ap`o t`on >ekdotik`o o>~iko {\rm -Springer--Verlag (ISBN 3-540-56441-1} >`h 0-387-56441-1). <H <ellhnik`h -met'afrash to~u bi\-bl'iou, m`e t'itlo {\tengs T`o pr~wto b~hma st`o} {\sl -\TeX}, kuklof'orhse t`o 2000 >ap`o t`ic >Ekd'oseic Para\-th\-rh\-t`hc t~hc -Jessalon'ikhc ({\rm ISBN 960-374-081-0}). - -\vfill -\item{{\rm\copyright}} Gi`a t`o prwt'otupo ke'imeno: {\rm -Michael Doob}, 1990. -{\parskip=0pt\item{} Gi`a t`hn <ellhnik`h met'afrash: Dhm'htrioc ->A. Fil'ippou, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001. -} - -{\rm\item{\copyright} For the original text in English: -Michael Doob, 1990. -\parskip=0pt\item{} For the translation in Modern Greek: -Dimitrios Filippou, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001. -} - -\noindent {\tengs T`o par`on >'entupo diat'ijetai >ap`o t`on suggraf'ea -ka`i t`on metafrast'h tou m`e t`hn >elp'ida <'oti j`a fane~i qr'hsimo -st`on >anagn'wsth. <Wst'oso, t'oso <o suggraf'eac <'oso ka`i <o -metafrast`hc d`en br'iskontai s`e j'esh n`a prosf'eroun periss'oterec -sqetik`ec plhrofor'iec, o>'ute >apod'eqontai e>uj'unec gi`a <'opoiec -sun'epeiec mpore~i n`a >'eqei <h qr'hsh to~u >ent'upou. <H >anaparagwg`h -to~u pa\-r'ontoc >ent'upou, >`h m'erouc a>uto~u, s`e <opoi\-ad'h\-pote -mor\-f`h gi`a >emporik`h >`h >'allh kerdoskopik`h qr'h\-sh ->apagore'uetai. >Epitr'epetai <h periorism'enh >anaparagwg`h ka`i -dianom'h tou m'onon gi`a kajar`a >ekpaideutiko`uc skopo'uc. >Ep'ishc, <h -<om'ada {\sl\TeX{} Users Group (TUG)} ka`i <opoiad'hpote topik`h m`h -kerdoskopik`h <om'ada {\sl\TeX{} (Local User Group, LUG)} >'eqoun t`o -dika'iwma n`a >anapar'agoun <eto~uto ke'imeno ka`i t`a sqetik`a >arqe~ia -gi`a >emporik`o skop'o, >ef'' <'oson m'eroc to~u k'erdouc diat'ijetai -gi`a to`uc skopo`uc to~u {\sl TUG} >`h t~wn >antisto'iqwn {\sl LUG}. } - -\noindent {\sl The present document is distributed by the author and the -translator in the hope that it will be useful to the reader. However, -the author and the translator are not prepared to provide further -information at this time, and do not accept any liability for the use of -this document for any purpose. No part of the present document may be -reproduced in any form for commercial or any other profit-driven use. -Limited reproduction and distribution is permitted for purely -educational purposes. Also, the \TeX{} Users Group (TUG) or any -non-profit \TeX{} Local User Group (LUG) can distribute this document -and the related files in a commercial fashion, provided that profits go -to TUG or to the respective LUGs.} \eject - -%%% Titles again %%%%%%%% - -\coverpage - -%%% Back big titles page (or blank page) %%%%%%% - -\titlepagetrue -\null\vfill\eject - -%%% End of coverpages %%%%%%% -} % end of nopagenumbers - -\secnum=-3 \pageno=-1 - -\section{E>isagwg`h} - -\tengr - ->`Ac po~ume pr~wta t`a >'asqhma n'ea: t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <'ena -meg'alo ka`i polus'unjeto pr'ogram\-ma po`u proqwre~i ((pol`u p'eran -to~u kanoniko~u)) st`hn prosp'ajei'a tou n`a par'agei >'omorfa -stoiqeio\-je\-thm'ena >'entupa. A>ut`h <h po\-lu\-plo\-k'o\-th\-ta to~u -{\rm \TeX} mpore~i kat`a kai\-ro`uc n`a prokal'esei >an'elpista ->apotel'esmata. Ka`i t'wra t`a kal`a n'ea: <apl`a ke'imena e>~inai -pol`u e>'ukolo n`a stoi\-qei\-o\-jethjo~un m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. ->'Etsi, mpore~i n`a xekin'hsei kane`ic t`hn qr'hsh to~u {\rm \TeX} st`hn -stoi\-qei\-ojes'ia sqetik`a <apl~wn >ent'upwn ka`i kat'opin, m`e t`hn ->ap'okthsh pe'irac, n`a proqwr'hsei st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia pi`o -polupl'okwn >ent'upwn. - -Skop`oc a>uto~u to~u >egqeirid'iou e>~inai n`a e>isag'agei t`on ->arq'ario >`h ka`i t`on >entel~wc >an'ideo to~u {\rm \TeX} st`hn qr'hsh -a>uto~u to~u progr'ammatoc pern'wntac >ap`o t`ic pi`o <apl`ec -katast'aseic st`ic pl'eon pol'uplokec. Proqwr'wntac diadoqik`a >ap`o -t`o <'ena kef'alaio st`o >'allo, >ese~ic, o<i >ana\-gn~wstec to~u ->egqeirid'iou j`a de~ite t`ic <ikan'otht'ec sac st`o {\rm \TeX} suneq~wc -n`a belti'wnontai ka`i j`a mpore~ite n`a <etoim'azete <'olo kai pi`o -poik'ila ka`i pol'uploka >'entupa. - -<Or'iste merik`ec >ak'oma sumboul'ec: S`e k'aje kef'alaio <up'arqoun ->ask'hseic; m'hn >amele~ite n`a t`ic k'anete! <O m'onoc tr'opoc gi`a -n`a m'ajete t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai n`a t`o qrhsimopoie~ite. Ka`i >ak'oma -kal'utera, peiramatisje~ite m'onoi sac m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}; prospaj~hste -n`a epil'usete k'apoiec parallag`ec t~wn >ask'hsewn. M'hn fob'aste, -d`en <up'arqei kam'ia per'iptwsh n`a prokal'esete zhmi`a st`o >'idio -t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e t`a peir'amat'a sac. Mpore~ite n`a bre~ite t`hn -pl'hrh l'ush t~wn perissot'erwn >ask'hsewn r'iqnontac m'ia -mati`a st`o >arqe~io {\tt gentle.tex}, dhl.\ st`on k'wdika po`u -sunt'aqjhke gi`a t`hn paragwg`h to~u >aggliko~u prwt'otupou <eto'utou -to~u >egqeirid'iou. >Ep'ishc, j`a parathr'hsete p`wc st`o dex`i -perij'wrio to~u >egqeirid'iou <up'arqoun >anafor`ec s`e sel'idec t~hc -((B'iblou to~u {\rm \TeX})), {\sl The \TeX book}\fnote{{\rm Addison -Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1984, ISBN 0-201-13448-9.}}. >E`an -qrei'azetai n`a >embaj'unete s`e ak'omh periss'oterec leptom'ereiec, d`en ->'eqete par`a n`a >anatr'exete st`ic sugkekrim'enec a>ut`ec sel'idec -to~u {\sl \TeX book}\null. - -Parepipt'ontoc, s`e <eto~uto t`o >egqeir'idio, po~u ka`i po~u ->eskemm'ena j`a l'eme ka`i >ap`o kan'ena yemat'aki; t`o k'anoume m`e -kal`h pr'ojesh ka`i m`e m'ono skop`o n`a >apokr'uyoume pi`o pol'uplokec -katast'aseic (>`ac po~ume <'oti t`o k'anoume ((poihtik~h| ->ade'ia|)){}). <'Oso <h empeir'ia sac st`o {\rm \TeX} j`a megal'wnei, -t'oso ka`i j`a g'ineste pi`o <ikano`i st`o n`a br'iskete a>ut`a t`a ->aj~wa yemat'akia mac. - -T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai pr'ogramma po`u qarakthr'izetai <wc {\rm public -domain}, dhl.\ diat'ijetai dwre'an. Dhmiourg'oc tou e>~inai <o -kajhght`hc plhroforik~hc st`o Panepist'hmio {\rm Stanford} t~wn H.P.A, -{\rm Donald Knuth} (Nt'onalnt Kano'uj). >E`an t`o pr'ogramma a>ut`o ->'ebgaine st`hn >agor`a <wc >emporik`o pro"i'on, s'igoura <h >ax'ia tou -j`a >'eftane s`e qili'adec dol\-l'aria --- gi`a n`a m`hn mil'hsoume ka`i -s`e draqm'ec! <O m`h kerdo\-skopik`oc >organism`oc {\rm \TeX\ Users -Group (TUG)} e>~inai a>ut`oc po`u dia\-j'etei >ant'igrafa ka`i n'eec -belti'wseic to~u progr'ammatoc {\rm \TeX}\null. >Ep'ishc, <o ->organism`oc {\rm TUG} >ekd'idei t`a periodik`a {\sl TUGboat\/} ka`i -{\sl \TeX{} and TUG News\/} <'opou dhmosie'uontai plhrofor'iec -sqetik`ec m`e n'eec >exel'ixeic t'oso s`e j'emata logismiko~u -(progr'ammata, k.lp.)\ <'oso ka`i s`e j'emata <uliko~u (<upologist'ec, -k.lp.)\ po`u >'eqoun >'amesh sq'esh m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T`o n`a -g'inei k'apoioc m'eloc to~u {\rm TUG} d`en kost'izei par`a >el'aqista; ->e`an >endiaf'ereste, >arke~i n`a gr'ayete <'ena gr'amma st`hn -die'ujunsh: -{\rm -\vskip\baselineskip -\centerline{\TeX{} Users Group} -\centerline{P.O. Box 869} -\centerline{Santa Barbara, CA 93102} -\centerline{U.S.A.} -\centerline{e-mail: {\tt tug@tug.org}} -\centerline{http://{\tt www.tug.org}} -} % end roman - -A>ut`o t`o >egqeir'idio d`en j`a mporo~use n`a de~i t`o f~wc t~hc -<hm'erac qwr`ic t`hn bo'hjeia k'apoiwn >'allwn >at'omwn. >Exairetik`a -meg'alhc >ax'iac <up~hrxe <h prosektik`h >an'a\-gnwsh ka`i o<i -<upode'ixeic t~wn parak'atw >at'omwn: - \begingroup \catcode`\~=13 \rm - \frenchspacing -Waleed A.~Al-Salam (University of Alberta), -Debbie L.~Alspaugh (University of California), -Nelson H.~F.~Beebe (University of Utah), -Barbara Beeton (American Mathematical Society), -Bart Childs (Texas A.~\&~M.~University), -Mary Coventry (University of Washington), -Dimitrios Diamantaras (Temple University), -Roberto Dominimanni (Naval Underwater Systems Center), -Victor Eijkhout (University of Nijmegen), -Moshe Feder (St.~Lawrence University), -Josep~M.~Font (Uviversidad Barcelona), -Jonas de Miranda Gomes (Instituto de Matematica Pura e Aplicada, Brazil), -Rob Gross (Boston College), -Klaus Hahn (University of Marburg), -Anita Hoover (University of Delaware), -J\"urgen Koslowski (Macalester College), -Kees van der Laan (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), -John Lee (Northrop Corporation), -Silvio Levy (Princeton University), -Robert Messer (Albion College), -Emily H.~Moore (Grinnell College), -Young Park (University of Maryland), -Craig Platt (University of Manitoba), -David Roberts (Colorado), -Kauko Saarinen (University of Jyv\"askyl\"a), -Jim Wright (Iowa State University) -{\tengr ka`i} -Dominik Wujastyk (Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine). - \endgroup - ->Epipl'eon, poll`a >'alla >'atoma mo~u >'esteilan merik`a >`h ka`i -pl'hrh dik'a touc ((topik`a >egqeir'i\-dia)) to~u {\rm \TeX}\null. -Pi`o sugkekrim'ena, o<i parak'atw >'eqoun gr'ayei shmei'wseic >ep'anw -st`o {\rm \TeX} o<i <opo~iec <up~hrxan shmantik`h bo'hjeia gi`a t`hn -proetoimas'ia <eto'utou to~u >egqeirid'iou: - \begingroup \catcode`\~=13 \rm - \frenchspacing -Elizabeth Barnhart (TV Guide), -Stephan v.~Bechtolsheim (Purdue University), -Nelson H.~F.~Beebe (University of Utah) - {\tengr ka`i} Leslie Lamport (Digital Equipment Corporation), -Marie McPart\-land-Conn {\tengr ka`i} Laurie Mann (Stratus Computer), -Robert Messer (Albion College), -Noel Peterson (Library of Congress), -Craig Platt (University of Manitoba), -Alan Spragens (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, - {\tengr t'wra m`e t`hn} Apple Computers), -Christina Thiele (Carleton University) -{\tengr ka`i} Daniel M.~Zirin (California Institute of Technology). - \endgroup -\vfill\eject - -\section{E>isagwg`h st`hn <ellhnik`h met'afrash} - -<'Opwc gr'afei ka`i <o suggraf'eac st`hn dik'h tou e>isagwg'h, t`o {\rm -\TeX} e>~inai <'ena pr'ogramma stoiqeiojes'iac keim'enou (ka`i >'oqi ->epexergas'iac) polus'unjeto ka`i >'oqi >idiait'erwc filik`o st`on -qr'hsth. A>ut`oc e>~inai <'enac l'ogoc gi`a t`on <opo~io <h -dhmotik'othta to~u {\rm \TeX} d`en >'eqei katorj'wsei n`a fj'asei a>ut`h -t~wn programm'atwn >epexergas'iac keim'enou <'opwc t`o {\rm Word}, t`o -{\rm WordPerfect}, k.lp. - -<'Enac de'uteroc l'ogoc gi`a t`on <opo~io t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en e>~inai -t'oso gnwst`o <'oso t`a progr'ammata >epexergas'iac keim'enou e>~inai -kajar`a j'ema {\rm marketing}. T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai dhmio'urghma -<en`oc >an\-jr'w\-pou, to~u {\rm Donald Knuth}, <o <opo~ioc d`en >'ebale -skop`o t~hc zw~hc tou t`o n`a gem'isei t`o portof'oli tou ka`i gi''\NB -a>ut`o >apof'asise n`a t`o diaj'esei dwre`an st`o koin'o (m'esw| to~u -dikt'uou {\rm Internet}, k.lp.). St`o >'idio pne~uma prosfor~ac, -pollo`i >'alloi sun'ebalan st`hn pro'wjhsh ka`i >ex'elixh to~u {\rm -\TeX}\null. >'Etsi s'hmera mil~ame gi`a ((pak'eta)) <'opwc t`o {\rm -\LaTeX}, ((<ellhnik`o {\rm \TeX})), ((rwsik`o {\rm \TeX})), k.>'a., po`u -m~ac diat'ijontai dwre`an m'esw| to~u {\rm Internet} >`h >ant`i mi~ac -sumbolik~hc tim~hc >ap`o t`on >organism`o {\rm \TeX\ Users Group}. - -T`o par`on >egqeir'idio >apotele~i >ep'ishc m'eroc a>ut~hc t~hc -prosfor~ac pr`oc t`o koin`o >ap`o t`on {\rm Michael Doob}, <o <opo~ioc -e>~iqe >ep'ishc t`hn kalws'unh n`a >epitr'eyei t`hn met'afrash to~u ->egqeirid'iou st`hn neoellhnik`h gl'wssa. T`o xek'inhma t~hc -met'afrashc st`hn neoellhnik`h gl'wssa >'egine pr`oc t`o t'eloc to~u -1993. <O kakomo'irhc <o metafrast`hc >'elpize t'ote p`wc m'esa s`e -<'ena >'etoc j`a t`hn e>~iqe <'etoimh --- <am''\NB d'e! Mesol'abhsan <o -Strat'oc, t`o y'aximo gi`a doulei'a, >all`a ka`i >'allec trikum'iec -proswpik'ec, m`e >apot'elesma <h met'afrash n`a <oloklhrwje~i kat`a t`hn ->'anoixh to~u 1997. - -O<i >anagn~wstec to~u >egqeirid'iou j`a diapist'wsoun --- ka`i >'iswc -n`a >apogohteujo~un >ep'ishc --- <'oti t`o periss'otero m'eroc t~hc -met'afrashc >asqole~itai m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn >ent'upwn, ->`h genik'wtera >ent'upwn po`u sthr'izontai st`o latinik`o >alf'abhto -(p.q., gallik'a, >ispanik'a, k.lp.). T`o {\rm \TeX} <up~hrxe -dhmio'urghma <en`oc >aggl'ofwnou ka`i sunep~wc, <'enac >arq'arioc st`o -{\rm \TeX} j`a bre~i pi`o e>'ukolo n`a k'anei t`ic pr~wtec tou dokim`ec -m`e t`o pr'ogramma stoiqeiojet'wntac >ag\-gli\-k`a ke'imena. <Wst'oso, -st`o t'eloc t~hc met'afrashc >'eqei prosteje~i >ap`o t`on metafrast`h -<'ena kef'alaio gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhnik~wn keim'enwn m`e t`o -{\rm \TeX}\null. <'Osoi nom'izoun <'oti kat'eqoun kal`a t`ic basik`ec ->arq`ec to~u {\rm \TeX} ka`i >endiaf'erontai m'onon gi`a t`hn -stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhniko~u keim'enou, d`en >'eqoun par`a n`a diab'asoun -t`o kef'alaio\NB 10. - -T'eloc, <o metafrast`hc j`a >'hjele n`a proeidopoi'hsei t`on >anagn'wsth -<'oti o>'ute kat'eqei kan'ena ptuq'io plhroforik~hc o>'ute e>~inai ->epaggelmat'iac tupogr'afoc. <H sq'esh tou m`e to`uc <upologist`ec -perior'izetai m'allon st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia dik~wn tou >ent'upwn m`e t`o -{\rm \TeX}\null. E>~inai pol`u pijan`o k'apoio <'oroi n`a m`hn >'eqoun -metafrasje~i >apol'utwc s'umfwna m`e t`o go~usto to~u >anagn'wsth. Gi`a -par'adeigma, >ant`i t~hc l'exhc ((>entol'h)), st`hn paro'usa met'afrash ->'eqoun qrhsimo\-poihje~i o<i <'oroi ((l'exh >el'egqou)) ka`i -((s'umbolo >el'eg\-qou)). T`o giat'i qrhsimopoi'hjhkan a>uto`i o<i -<'oroi --- >all`a ka`i >'alloi par'omoioi --- <o >anagn'wsthc -pijan'otata j`a t`o katal'abei kaj`wc o<i gn'wseic tou g'urw >ap`o t`o -{\rm \TeX} j`a plhja'inoun. >Ak'oma <o >anagn'wsthc >'iswc >anarwthje~i -giat'i >'eqei g'inei <h met'afrash st`o pali`o polutonik`o s'usthma. <H ->ap'anthsh e>~inai a>ut`h po`u j`a >'edine <opoiosd'hpote pali`oc -tupogr'afoc po`u >exakolouje~i n`a stoiqeiojete~i s`e monotupik`ec -mhqan'ec: {\tengs T`o polutonik`o st`hn tupograf'ia >'eqei m'ia ->omorfi`a >axep'erasth!} <'Osoi loip`on param'enete >erast`ec to~u -palio~u polutoniko~u sust'hmatoc, >agal\-li'a\-sa\-te! <'Osoi t`o ->apeqj'aneste, d`en >'eqete par`a st`a dik'a sac >'entupa n`a b'azete -<'enan ka`i m'onon <'enan t'ono. - -St`hn paro~usa met'afrash bo'hjhsan >'amesa >`h >'emmesa tre~ic f'iloi -po`u <o metafrast`hc j`a >'hje\-le n`a katanom'a\-sei. Pr'okeitai gi`a -t`on Kwst`h I.\NB Druller'akh, po`u >'eqei fti'axei t`o pak'eto -\greektex, t`on Gi'annh Qaral'ampouc, t`on dhmiourg`o poll~wn -<ellhnik~wn ka`i >'allwn grammatoseir~wn to~u {\rm \TeX}, ka`i t`on ->Ap'ostolo Sur'opoulo, <idrut`h to~u Sull'ogou <Ell'hnwn F'ilwn to~u -{\rm \TeX}\null. <O S'ullogoc a>ut'oc, po`u dhmiourg'hjhke m'olic t`o -1997, prosf'erei pol'utimh bo'hjeia s`e <'osouc j'eloun n`a >asqolhjo~un -m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhnik~wn >ent'upwn m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. -<H die'ujuns'h tou e>~inai: -\vskip\baselineskip -\centerline{S'ullogoc <Ell'hnwn F'ilwn to~u {\rm \TeX}} -\centerline{(<Up'' <'oyh >A. Sur'opoulou)} -\centerline{28hc >Oktwbr'iou 366} -\centerline{671 00 X'anjh} -\centerline{\rm e-mail: {\tt eft@platon.ee.duth.gr}} -\centerline{\rm http://{\tt obelix.ee.duth.gr/eft}} -\vskip\baselineskip -\rightline{--- D.F.} -\rightline{M'aioc 1997} - -\section{Perieq'omena} - -\line{E>isagwg`h \dotfill{} {\rm i}} -\line{E>isagwg`h st`hn <ellhnik`h met'afrash \dotfill{} {\rm iii}} -\line{Perieq'omena \dotfill{} {\rm v}} -\line{1.\ T`o xek'inhma \dotfill{} 1} -\line{\qquad{}1.1 T'i e>~inai t`o {\rm\TeX} ka`i t'i d`en e>~inai \dotfill{} 1} -\line{\qquad{}1.2 >Ap`o t`o >arqe~io {\rm\TeX} st`o >'entupo, <h meg'alh <etoimas'ia \dotfill{} 2} -\line{\qquad{}1.3 Ka'i\dots\ f'ugame! \dotfill{} 4} -\line{\qquad{}1.4 T`o {\rm\TeX} >el'egqei t`a p'anta \dotfill{} 7} -\line{\qquad{}1.5 T'i d`en k'anei t`o {\rm\TeX} \dotfill{} 9} -\line{2.\ <'Oloi o<i qarakt~hrec, meg'aloi ka`i mikro`i \dotfill{} 10} -\line{\qquad{}2.1 Meriko`i qarakt~hrec e>~inai pi`o ((sp'esial)) \dotfill{} 10} -\line{\qquad{}2.2 Stoiqeiojes'ia tonik~wn shme'iwn \dotfill{} 11} -\line{\qquad{}2.3 Tele~iec, pa~ulec, e>isagwgik'a\dots\ \dotfill{} 14} -\line{\qquad{}2.4 T'upoi stoiqe'iwn \dotfill{} 16} -\line{3.\ <H di'ataxh t~wn pragm'atwn \dotfill{} 21} -\line{\qquad{}3.1 Mon'adec, mon'adec, mon'adec \dotfill{} 21} -\line{\qquad{}3.2 <H di'ataxh t~hc sel'idac \dotfill{} 22} -\line{\qquad{}3.3 <H di'ataxh t~hc paragr'afou \dotfill{} 24} -\line{\qquad{}3.4 <H di'ataxh t~hc >ar'adac \dotfill{} 29} -\line{\qquad{}3.5 <Uposhmei'wseic \dotfill{} 31} -\line{\qquad{}3.6 <H kefal`h ka`i t`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac \dotfill{} 33} -\line{\qquad{}3.7 X'eqeila ka`i >'adeia pla'isia \dotfill{} 32} -\line{4.\ $\Bigl\{$S'unola, $\bigl\{$<upos'unola - $\{$ka`i <upo"upos'unola$\}\bigr\}\Bigr\}$ \dotfill{} 36} -\line{5.\ Majhmatik`a qwr`ic >'agqoc! \dotfill{} 39} -\line{\qquad{}5.1 Poll`a n'ea s'umbola \dotfill{} 39} -\line{\qquad{}5.2 Kl'asmata \dotfill{} 45} -\line{\qquad{}5.3 De~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec \dotfill{} 46} -\line{\qquad{}5.4 R'izec, tetragwnik`ec ka`i >'allec \dotfill{} 47} -\line{\qquad{}5.5 Gramm'ec, p'anw ka`i k'atw \dotfill{} 47} -\line{\qquad{}5.6 <Oroj'etec, mikro`i ka`i meg'aloi \dotfill{} 48} -\line{\qquad{}5.7 K'apoiec e>idik`ec sunart'hseic \dotfill{} 49} -\line{\qquad{}5.8 >Ako'usate, >ako'usate! \dotfill{} 50} -\line{\qquad{}5.9 Majhmatik`ec parat'axeic \dotfill{} 51} -\line{\qquad{}5.10 Diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec >exis'wseic \dotfill{} 54} -\line{6.\ Stoiqhje~ite! \dotfill{} 56} -\line{\qquad{}6.1 Qrhsimopoi~hste t`o TAB \dotfill{} 56} -\line{\qquad{}6.2 <Oriz'ontia sto'iqish m`e pi`o pol'uplokec mej'odouc \dotfill{} 60} -\line{7.\ K'an'' to m'onoc sou \dotfill{} 64} -\line{\qquad{}7.1 T`o makr`u ka`i t`o kont`o \dotfill{} 64} -\line{\qquad{}7.2 Par'ametroi st`ic makroentol`ec \dotfill{} 67} -\line{\qquad{}7.3 M`e <'ena >'allo >'onoma \dotfill{} 70} -\line{8.\ T`a l'ajh e>~inai >anjr'wpina \dotfill{} 71} -\line{\qquad{}8.1 T`o xeqasm'eno >ant'io \dotfill{} 71} -\line{\qquad{}8.2 <H lanjasm'enh >`h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou \dotfill{} 71} -\line{\qquad{}8.3 <H lanjasm'enh grammatoseir`a \dotfill{} 73} -\line{\qquad{}8.4 Majhmatik`a qwr`ic ta'iri \dotfill{} 74} -\line{\qquad{}8.5 >Agk'ulec qwr`ic ta'iri \dotfill{} 75} -\line{9.\ Sk'abontac l'igo baj'utera \dotfill{} 78} -\line{\qquad{}9.1 Meg'ala ka`i mikr`a >arqe~ia \dotfill{} 78} -\line{\qquad{}9.2 Megal'utera pak'eta {\rm macro} \dotfill{} 79} -\line{\qquad{}9.3 <Oriz'ontiec ka`i katak'orufec gramm`ec \dotfill{} 81} -\line{\qquad{}9.4 Pla'isia >ent`oc plais'iwn \dotfill{} 83} -\line{10.\ P'ec mou to <ellhnik'a! \dotfill{} 89} -\line{\qquad{}10.1 <H pi`o <apl`h l'ush \dotfill{} 90} -\line{\qquad{}10.2 Gi`a k'ati kal'utero \dotfill{} 93} -\line{\qquad{}10.3 K'apoioi sp'anioi <ellhniko`i qarakt~hrec \dotfill{} 96} -\line{\qquad{}10.4 <H leptom'ereia po`u k'anei t`hn diafor`a \dotfill{} 97} -\line{\qquad{}10.5 <Ellhnik`a majhmatik`a \dotfill{} 100} -\line{\qquad{}10.6 Mikr`oc >ep'ilogoc gi`a >ep'idoxouc stoiqeioj'etec \dotfill{} 101} -\line{11.\ Kat'alogoc >akolouji~wn >el'egqou \dotfill{} 103} -\ifwritinganswers - \line{12.\ D~ws'' mou t`o q'eri sou \dotfill{} 106} -\fi - -\section{T`o xek'inhma} - -\subsection{T'i e>~inai t`o {\lsecfont \TeX} ka`i t'i d`en e>~inai} - ->Arqik'a, >`ac do~ume poi'a e>~inai t`a >apara'ithta b'hmata gi`a -t`hn paragwg`h <en`oc >ent'upou m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T`o pr~wto -b~hma e>~inai n`a <etoim'asoume <'ena >arqe~io t`o <opo~io j`a diab'asei -t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. A>ut`o sun'hjwc >apokale~itai {\tengs >arqe~io -{\sl \TeX}} >`h ka`i {\tengs >arqe~io to~u k'wdika\/} ({\rm source -code}), ka`i mporo~ume n`a t`o <etoim'asoume m`e <'ena <opoiod'hpote -<apl`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou {\rm ASCII} ({\rm text editor}, -<'opwc p.q., t`o {\rm EMACS}, k.>'a.) M'alista, >e`an d`en -qrhsi\-mopoio~ume k'apoio pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou, >all`a k'apoio -pr'ogramma >epexargas'iac keim'enou (p.q., t`o {\rm WordPerfect}, -k.>'a.), t'ote >`ac pros'exoume t`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} n`a t`o s'wsoume -<wc >arqe~io {\rm ASCII} ka`i m'onon, <'wste n`a m`hn peri'eqei -k'apoiouc per'iergouc qarakt~hrec, qam'ogela, k.lp., to`uc <opo'iouc -d`en katalaba'inei t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. Kat'opin, pr'epei n`a tr'exoume -t`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX}, t`o <opo~io diab'azei t`on k'wdika ka`i -par'agei t`o ((>arqe~io {\rm DVI})) (<h >onomas'ia {\rm DVI} pro'erqetai ->ap`o t`on <'oro {\rm DeVice Independent}, po`u st`hn >Ag\-gli\-k`h -shma'i\-nei ((anex'arthto mhqan'hmatoc)){}). T`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} -e>~inai >ad'unato n`a t`o diab'asei >'an\-jrwpoc; t`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} -diab'azetai m'ono >ap`o <'ena >'allo pr'ogramma, t`o >apokalo'umeno -{\tengs <odhg`oc mhqan'hmatoc\/} ({\rm device driver}), po`u -par'agei ka`i t`o telik`o >'entupo t`o <opo~io mporo~ume n`a -diab'asoume\TeXref{23}. Giat'i n`a <up'arqei a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io {\rm -DVI}\null? Giat`i t`o >'idio {\rm DVI} mporo~ume n`a t`o -qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a do~ume t`o dhmio'urghm'a mac st`hn >oj'onh -to~u termatiko~u >`h to~u proswpiko~u mac <upologist~h, >`h gi`a n`a t`o ->ektup'wsoume s`e m'ia mhqan`h fwtos'unjeshc. >E`an t`o >apo\-t'e\-lesma -st`hn >oj'onh <ikanopoie~i t`o go~usto mac, mporo~ume n`a e>'imaste -b'e\-baioi p`wc t`o >apo\-t'elesma t~hc ekt'upwshc st`hn mhqan`h -fwtos'unjeshc, s`e <'enan >ektupwt`h {\rm laser} >`h s`e -<opoio\-d'h\-pote >'allo >ektupwtik`o mhq'anhma j`a e>~inai <ol'oidio. -<'Otan >'eqoume >'hdh fti'axei t`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI} d`en qrei'azetai -n`a xanatr'exoume t`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX}. - -Sqhmatik'a, <h <'olh diadikas'ia, >ap`o t`hn s'untaxh to~u k'wdika ->'ewc t`hn >ekt'upwsh, >'eqei <wc >ex~hc: -$$ -{{\hbox{s'untaxh\quad} \atop \hbox{k'wdika\quad}} \atop \longrightarrow} -\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% -{\vbox{\hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil >arqe~io\hfil} - \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil k'wdika\hfil} - \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil {\rm \TeX}\hfil}} -}% -{\hbox{\quad pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX}\quad} \atop \longrightarrow} -\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% -{\vbox{\hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil >arqe~io\hfil} - \hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil {\rm DVI}\hfil}} -}% -{{\hbox{<odhg`oc} \atop \hbox{\quad mhqan'hmatoc\quad}} \atop \longrightarrow} -\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.5cm}% -{\vbox{\hbox to 1.5cm{\hfil >'entupo\hfil}} - % -}% -$$ - -A>ut`o shma'inei <'oti d`en mporo~ume n`a do~ume t`o >'entupo st`hn -telik'h tou morf`h kaj`wc sunt'assoume t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX} st`o -termatik`o >`h st`on proswpik'o mac <upologist'h. >All`a <h <upomon'h -mac st`o t'eloc >antamo'ibetai: poll`a >ap`o t`a s'umbola po`u d`en -<up'arqoun sto`uc koino`uc >epexergast`ec keim'enou, <up'arqoun st`o -{\rm \TeX}\null. >Ekt`oc >ap`o a>ut'o, <h stoiqeiojes'ia to~u >ent'upou -mac g'inetai m`e >exairetik`h >akr'ibeia ka`i t`a >arqe~ia t~wn kwd'ikwn -mac mporo~ume n`a t`a ste'iloume >ap`o t`hn m'ia >'akrh t~hc g~hc st`hn ->'allh e>'ite m'esw| <en`oc mikro~u magnhtiko~u d'iskou (m'iac koin~hc -disk'etac) e>'ite (pol`u pi`o gr'hgora) m'esw| >hlektroniko~u -taqudrome'iou. - -S`e <eto~uto t`o >egqeir'idio, j`a >epikentr'wsoume t`hn prosoq'h mac -st`hn dhmiourg'ia to~u >arqe'iou (to~u k'wdika) {\rm \TeX} ka`i st`o -tr'eximo to~u >'idiou to~u progr'ammatoc {\rm \TeX} gi`a t`hn paragwg`h -sugke\-krim'enwn >apotele\-sm'atwn s`e <'ena f'ul\-lo qartio~u. -<Up'arqoun d'uo tr'opoi m`e to`uc <opo'iouc mpore~i n`a tr'exei kane`ic -t`o {\rm \TeX}: <wc >adi'aleipto ({\rm batch}) >`h <wc ->al\-lhlo\-epidr'on ({\rm interactive}) pr'ogramma. >E`an j'eloume t`o - {\rm \TeX} n`a tr'exei m'ono tou <wc >adi'aleipto, t'ote d'inoume st`on -<upologist`h t`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX}; kat'opin t`o -pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} >epexerg'azetai t`o sugkekrim'eno >arqe~io ka`i -sta\-ma\-t'a\-ei m'onon <'o\-tan >'eqei te\-lei'w\-sei t`hn ->epexergas'ia ka`i >'eqei <etoim'asei t`o kat'al\-lh\-lo >ar\-qe~io {\rm -DVI}\null. <'Otan t`o pr'ogramma tr'eqei <wc >al\-lhlo\-epidr`on m`e -t`on qr'hsth, <o teleuta~ioc mpore~i <opoia\-d'hpote stigm`h n`a -diak'oyei t`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i n`a k'anei metabol`ec st`on k'wdika po`u -t`o {\rm \TeX} >epexer\-g'azetai, dhl.\ <o qr'hsthc mpore~i st`hn -per'iptwsh a>ut`h n`a >allhloepidr~a m`e t`o pr'ogramma. T`o n`a -qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\rm \TeX} <wc >allhloepidr'on, m~ac >epitr'epei -t`hn stigmia'ia di'orjwsh to~u keim'enou; st`hn per'iptwsh po`u t`o {\rm -\TeX} doule'uei <wc >adi'aleipto, t'ote k'anei <'opoiec diorj'wseic -jewre~i >apara'ithtec >ap`o m'ono tou ka`i <'oso pi`o kal'utera mpore~i. -<'Olec o<i >ekd'oseic to~u {\rm \TeX} po`u kukloforo~un gi`a -proswpiko`uc <upologist'ec, kaj`wc ka`i >ark'etec po`u kukloforo~un gi`a -meg'ala <upo\-lo\-gistik`a d'iktua, dou\-le'u\-oun <wc >allhlo\-epidr'onta -progr'am\-mata. <Wst'oso, s`e <orism'ena d'iktua po`u qrhsimopoio~un -leitourgik`a sust'hmata <'opwc t`o {\rm MVS}, <o m'onoc tr'opoc -po`u mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <wc ->adi'aleipto pr'ogramma. - -\subsection{>Ap`o t`o >arqe~io {\lsecfont \TeX} st`o >'entupo, -<h meg'alh <etoimas'ia} - -\vskip\baselineskip - -{\parskip = 0pt \noindent -[Shme'iwsh to~u suggraf'ea ka`i to~u metafrast~h: -{\tengs A>ut`h e>~inai <h m'onh par'agrafoc to~u <'olou >egqeirid'iou -<'opou g'inetai >anafor`a s`e m'ia sugkekrim'enh >'ekdosh (<'ena -pak'eto) {\sl \TeX} <h <opo'ia e>~inai kat'al\-lhlh m'ono gi`a -upologist`ec m`e <'ena <orism'eno leitourgik`o s'usthma. >E`an <o -<upologist`hc po`u qrhsimopoie~ite doule'uei m`e diaforetik`o -leitourgik`o s'usthma >`h <h dik'h sac >'ekdosh to~u {\sl \TeX} e>~inai -diaforetik'h, t'ote <h par'agrafoc <eto'uth mpore~i n`a >antikatastaje~i ->ap`o t`on dik'o sac ((topik`o <odhg`o qr'hshc)) ({\sl local guide}). -Jumhje~ite p`wc <'enac swst`oc topik`oc odhg`oc pr'epei n`a peri'eqei -t`ic parak'atw plhrofor'iec: - -\item{$\bullet$} Poi'a e>~inai t`a >arqik`a proparaskeuastik`a b'hmata - po`u pr'epei n`a >akolouj'hsei <o qr'hsthc <'wste n`a tr'exei kat'opin - m`e >epituq'ia t`o {\sl \TeX} ka`i to`uc kat'al\-lhlouc <odhgo`uc - mhqa\-nhm'atwn gi`a t`hn pr'obleyh >`h t`hn >ekt'upwsh to~u - >ent'upou tou. - -\item{$\bullet$} P~wc mpore~i n`a tr'exei k'apoioc t`o {\sl \TeX}. - -\item{$\bullet$} P~wc diab'azetai t`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}, <'opou - katagr'afontai leptom'ereiec <'opwc sf'almata st`on k'wdika, k.>'a. - -\item{$\bullet$} P~wc mpore~i n`a de~i <o qr'hsthc t`o >'entup'o tou - st`hn >oj'onh tou, ka`i p~wc mporei n`a t`o tup'wsei st`on >ektupwt'h. - -T`o parak'atw ke'imeno >anaf'eretai st`hn qr'hsh <en`oc pol`u -dhmofilo~uc pak'etou {\sl \TeX}, to~u {\sl em\TeX} po`u proor'izetai -gi`a proswpiko`uc <upologist`ec po`u leitourgo~un m`e t`o {\sl MS-DOS} ->`h t`o {\sl OS/2}.% -}% end slanted -] -}% end parskip = 0 - -S`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo, j`a do~ume p~wc mpore~i n`a tr'exei -kane`ic t`o {\rm \TeX} s`e <'enan proswpik`o <upologist`h m`e -leitourgik`o s'usthma {\rm MS-DOS} >`h {\rm OS/2}. <Upot'ijetai -<'oti >'eqoume k'anei pr~wta swst`a t`hn >egkat'astash to~u -pak'etou {\rm em\TeX} st`on <upologist'h mac (m`e t`ic >apara'ithtec ->allag`ec st`a >arqe~ia {\tt autoexec.bat} ka`i {\tt config.sys}), p`wc ->'eqoume st`hn di'ajes'h mac <'ena kat'al\-lhlo pr'ogramma s'untaxhc -keim'enou {\rm ASCII} (p.q., t`o {\tt edit} tou {\rm MS-DOS}, k'apoia -parallag`h to~u {\rm EMACS} gi`a t`o {\rm MS-DOS}, k.>'a.), ka`i <'oti -gnwr'izoume p~wc n`a qeirisjo~ume a>ut`o t`o teleuta~io pr'ogramma. - ->Ef'' <'oson <'ola t`a parap'anw >alhje'uoun, <or'iste poi'a e>~inai t`a -b'hmata po`u pr'epei n`a >ako\-lou\-jo~ume {\tengb k'aje for`a} po`u -j'eloume n`a <etoim'asoume <'ena >'entupo m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} -(plh\-ktro\-lo\-go~ume st`on <upologist`h m'onon <'o,ti st`o parak'atw -ke'imeno >emfan'izetai m`e stoiqe~ia gra\-fo\-mhqa\-n~hc): - -\item{(1)} Dhmiourgo~ume m`e t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou ({\rm - text editor}) t`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika {\rm \TeX}. - -\item{(2)} >Apojhke'uoume t`o >arqe~io m`e <'ena <opoiod'hpote <'onoma - ka`i pro'ektama {\tt .tex} (p.q., {\tt src.tex}) ka`i >egkatale'ipoume - t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc. - -\item{(3)} D'inoume t`o >arqe~io a>ut`o st`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} gi`a ->epexergas'ia m`e t`hn >entol'h: - \itemitem{} $>$ {\tt tex src} - -M`e t`hn teleuta'ia >entol'h, xekin~a n`a tr'eqei t`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i -di'afora mhn'umata >emfan'izontai suneq~wc st`hn >oj'onh mac. St`o -t'eloc, >e`an <'ola p~ane kal'a, >e`an dhl.\ t`o >arqe~io to~u k'wdika -d`en peri'eqei sf'almata po`u d`en mpore~i n`a t`a diorj'wsei m'ono tou -t`o {\rm \TeX}, j`a l'aboume <'ena m'hnuma s`an t`o parak'atw: - -\beginuser -Output written on src.dvi (3 pages, 1230 bytes) -Transcript written on scr.log. -\enduser - -<'Otan l'aboume a>ut`o t`o m'hnuma st`hn >oj'onh mac, t'ote mporo~ume -n`a diab'asoume m`e t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc keim'enou {\rm ASCII} t`o ->arqe~io {\tt src.log}. St`o {\tt src.log} >'eqoun katagrafe~i pijan`a -sf'almata t`a <opo~ia br~hke t`o {\rm \TeX} st`o >arqe~io to~u k'wdika, -<'opwc >ep'ishc o<i diorj'wseic po`u >'eginan, o<i <'opoiec dik'ec mac -paramb'aseic, k.lp. M`e l'iga l'ogia, t`o >arqe~io {\tt src.log} -e>~inai t`o {\tengs >arqe~io >anafor~ac\/} >`h t`o ((<hmerol'ogio -katastr'wmatoc)) to~u {\rm \TeX}. - -\item{(4)} Telik'a, >e`an t`o >arqe~io to~u k'wdik'a mac d`en peri'eqei -kan'ena sobar`o sf'alma, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a <etoim'asei ka`i <'ena ->ak'oma >arqe~io m`e t`o >'onoma: {\tt src.dvi}. A>ut`o t`o >arqe~io -mporo~ume n`a t`o do~ume st`hn >oj'onh mac. >Arke~i n`a d'wsoume t`hn ->entol'h: -\itemitem{} $>$ {\tt dviscr @lj.cnf src} - -Mporo~ume >ak'oma ka`i n`a t`o tup'wsoume m`e t`hn >entol'h: -\itemitem{} $>$ {\tt dvihplj @lj.cnf src} - -Prosoq'h: o<i d'uo parap'anw >entol`ec e>~inai kat'allhlec m'onon -st`hn per'iptwsh po`u >'eqoume >ektupwt`h {\rm Hewlett Packard -Laser\-Jet} >`h >'allon sumbat`o m`e a>ut`o t`o mont'elo. >E`an d`en ->'eqoume a>uto~u to~u e>'idouc >ektupwt~h, t'ote kal`o j`a >~htan n`a -sumbouleujo~ume t`o >arqe~io {\tt dvidrv.doc} po`u br'isketai st`on -kat'alogo {\tt \\emtex\\doc\\english}. >Eke~i, j`a bro~ume plhrofor'iec -gi`a t`o p~wc n`a tup'wsoume t`o >'entup'o mac s`e >'allou e>'idouc ->ektupwt'h. - -\def\bdots{$\textfont0=\tenbf \ldots$} %%% boldface version of \ldots -% -\subsection{Ka'i\bdots\ f'ugame!} - -Skop`oc loip`on to~u paiqnidio~u mac e>~inai <h dhmiourg'ia (s'untaxh) -katall'hlwn >arqe'iwn (kwd'ikwn) {\rm \TeX} t`a <opo~ia j`a m~ac d'wsoun -telik`a <'ena >'entupo st`hn morf`h po`u >eme~ic >epiju\-mo~ume. <'Omwc -m`e t'i moi'azei <o k'wdikac {\rm \TeX}\null? <'Ena >arqe~io k'wdika -{\rm \TeX} peri\-'eqei m'ono lati\-niko`uc qara\-kt~h\-rec po`u -mporo~ume n`a daktulo\-graf'h\-soume s`e <'ena <opoio\-d'hpote -plhktrol'ogio: mikr`a gr'ammata ka`i kefala~ia, >arijmo'uc, shme~ia -st'ixhc ka`i tonik`a shme~ia, m`e l'iga l'ogia <'olouc to`uc -sunhjism'enouc qarakt~hrec {\rm ASCII}\null. <'Ena <apl`o >agglik`o -ke'imeno daktulografe~itai <'opwc ka`i s`e m'ia gra\-fo\-mh\-qa\-n'h. -E>idik`ec >entol`ec d'inontai st`o pr'ogramma {\rm \TeX} m`e meriko`uc -{\tengs e>idiko`uc qara\-kt~hrec\/} <'opwc t`o ((karr`e)) {\tt \#} ka`i -t`o ((ka`i)) {\tt \&} (<'olouc to`uc e>idiko`uc qara\-kt~hrec j`a to`uc ->exet'asoume >analutik'wtera st`a <ep'omena kef'alaia). <Or'iste <'ena -par'adeigma <en`oc >arqe'iou {\rm \TeX}: -\beginuser -Here is my first \\TeX\\ sentence. -\\bye -\enduser -\toindex{TeX{} } \toindex{ } - ->Arqik`a bl'epoume <'oti <'oloi o<i qarakt~hrec to~u parade'igmatoc -moi'azoun s`an n`a >'eqoun grafe~i m`e t`hn gra\-fo\-mh\-qan'h. (S`e -<'ola t`a parade'igmata po`u >akoloujo~un s`e <eto~uto t`o ->eg\-qei\-r'i\-dio, <'o,ti >emfan'izetai m`e stoiqe~ia -gra\-fo\-mh\-qa\-n~hc <upot'ijetai p`wc t`o plh\-ktro\-log\-o~ume st`o -termatik`o >`h st`on proswpik'o mac <upologist'h.) Kat`a de'utero -l'ogo, >`ac pros'exoume p`wc <o qarakt'hrac t~hc >antipl'agiac gramm~hc -{\tt \\} (st`hn >Agglik'h, >all`a ka`i st`hn >argk`o t~hc plhroforik~hc, -<o qarakt'hrac a>ut`oc >onom'azetai {\rm backslash}) >emfan'izetai -tre~ic for`ec st`o par'adeigma. S'untoma pr'okeitai n`a do~ume <'oti <h ->antipl'agia e>~inai <'enac >ap`o to`uc e>idiko`uc qarakt~hrec po`u -pro\-ana\-f'erame. Loip'on, >`ac fti'axoume <'ena >arqe~io {\rm ASCII} -po`u n`a peri'eqei t`o parap'anw par'adeigma. >`Ac t`o tr'exoume -kat'opin m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a n`a fti'axoume t`o >arqe~io {\rm -DVI}\null. T'eloc, m`e t`on kat'allhlo <odhg'o, >`ac t`o tup'wsoume. ->E`an <'ola p~ane kal'a, j`a l'aboume st`a q'eria mac m'ia tupwm'enh -sel'ida m`e t`hn >ex~hc fr'ash: - -{\rm Here is my first \TeX\ sentence.} - -St`o k'atw m'eroc to~u f'ullou, j`a pr'epei >ep'ishc n`a <up'arqei ka`i -<o >arijm`oc t~hc sel'idac. >E`an t`a kataf'erame, m~ac >ax'izoun -sug\-qarht'hria! >Ap`o t`hn stigm`h po`u mpor'esame n`a <etoim'asoume -<'ena t'etoio <apl`o >'entupo m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}, e>~inai j'ema l'igou -qr'onou m'eqri n`a ft'asoume st`o shme~io n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume t`a -pl'eon pol'uploka >'entupa. T'wra <'omwc >`ac sugkr'inoume t'i d'wsame ->eme~ic st`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i t'i m~ac >ep'estreye a>ut'o. T`ic <apl`ec ->agglik`ec l'exeic t`ic plh\-ktro\-log'h\-same st`on k'wdik'a mac <wc ->'eqoun, dhl.\ qwr`ic t'ipota t`o >idia'itero, ka`i t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac -t`ic stoiqeioj'ethse m`e <aplo`uc >'orjiouc qarakt~hrec (<'opwc j`a -do~ume parak'atw pr'okeitai gi`a qarakt~hrec t'upou {\rm roman}). ->All`a <'omwc, t`hn l'exh (({\rm \TeX})), t`hn <opo'ia d`en mporo~ume -n`a t`hn plhktrolog'hsoume st`o termatik`o mi~ac ka`i o<i qarakt~hrec -thc, {\rm T}, {\rm E} ka`i {\rm X}, d`en br'iskontai st`hn >'idia -<oriz'ontia e>uje'ia gramm'h, t`hn gr'ayame <wc m'ia l'exh po`u xekin~a -m`e t`on e>idik`o qarakt'hra t~hc >antipl'agiac. >Ex a>it'iac a>ut~hc -t~hc antipl'agiac, t`o {\rm \TeX} kat'alabe <'oti <h l'exh {\tt \\TeX} -e>~inai k'ati t`o e>idik`o ka`i >'epraxe kat'allhla. T`a periss'otera -s'umbola t`a <opo~ia d`en e>~inai koin`a gr'ammata, >arijmo`i >`h -shme~ia st'ixhc t`a gr'afoume st`on k'wdika (>arqe~io {\rm \TeX}) <wc -l'exeic po`u t`o pr~wto touc gr'amma e>~inai <h >antipl'agia gramm'h. ->E`an pros'exoume l'igo >ak'oma periss'otero, j`a do~ume p`wc ka`i <h -l'exh (({\rm first})) >'eqei >all'axei:\TeXref{4} t`a d'uo pr~wta -gr'ammat'a thc >'eqoun <enwje~i ma\-z`i ka`i d`en <up'arqei <h diakrit`h -tele'ia >ep'anw >ap`o t`o gr'amma (({\rm i})). A>ut`h e>~inai m'ia -koin`h praktik`h t~wn tupogr'afwn; <orism'enoi sunduasmo`i gramm'atwn -ka`i >'allwn tupografik~wn stoiqe'iwn >anti\-kaji\-st~w\-ntai >ap`o -<'ena stoiqe~io t`o <opo~io >apokale~itai st`hn >Agglik`h {\rm ligature} -ka`i st`hn <Ellhnik`h {\tengs s'unjeto\/} >`h {\tengs pol\-la\-pl`o -stoiqe~io}. <O l'ogoc <'uparxhc t~wn s'unjetwn stoiqe'iwn e>~inai -kajar`a a>isjhtik'oc; >arke~i n`a sugkr'inoume t`a d'uo pr~wta gr'ammata -t~hc l'exhc (({\rm first})) m`e t`a >ant'istoiqa t~hc l'exhc (({\rm -f{}irst})), gi`a n`a do~ume t`hn diafor'a. T'eloc, s''\NB a>ut`o t`o -mikr`o par'adeigma, <up'arqei <h l'exh {\tt \\bye}\toindex{bye} <h -<opo'ia d`en m~ac d'inei t'ipota st`o f'ullo to~u qartio~u po`u ->'eqoume st`a q'eria mac. A>ut`h <h >entol'h --- giat`i per`i >entol~hc -pr'okeitai --- <apl`a l'eei st`o {\rm \TeX} <'oti st`o shme~io a>ut`o -telei'wnei t`o ke'imeno po`u e>~inai pr`oc stoi\-qeio\-j'e\-thsh. J`a -m'ajoume pol`u periss'oterec t'etoiec >entol`ec kaj`wc j`a proqwro~ume -<'olo ka`i baj'utera st`a mustik`a to~u {\rm \TeX}. - ->`Ac r'ixoume <'omwc m'ia mati`a ka`i st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} po`u m~ac -dhmio'urghse t`o {\rm\TeX}\null. T`o >ar\-qe~io a>ut`o mpore~i n`a -diaf'erei >ap`o >'ekdosh s`e >'ekdosh to~u {\rm \TeX} gi`a -diaforetiko`uc <upologist`ec ka`i diaforetik`a leitourgik`a sust'hmata. -<'Omwc genik'a, j`a pr'epei n`a de'iqnei k'apwc >'etsi: -\beginuser -1.\ This is TeX, Vers.\ 3.14159 (preloaded format=plain 92.6.8) 97.1.18 12:10 -2.\ **src -3.\ (src.tex [1] ) -4.\ Output written on src.dvi (1 page, 256 bytes). -\enduser - -<'Opwc >'hdh >anaf'erame, a>ut`o e>~inai t`o >arqe~io po`u j`a -peri'eqei <'ola t`a mhn'umata gi`a sf'al\-mata st`on k'wdik'a mac. St`hn ->ar'ada 3, t`o {\tt (src.tex\ } de'iqnei <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} >'arqise -n`a diab'azei a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io. <H parous'ia to~u {\tt [1]} de'iqnei -<'oti <h selida\NB 1 >'eqei >'hdh stoiqeiojethje~i. >E`an <up~hrqan -l'ajh st`hn sel'ida\NB 1, j`a e>'iqan katagrafe~i s''\NB a>ut`o >akrib~wc -t`o shme~io. - -\exercise Prosj'este m'ia >ak'oma pr'otash st`o >arqik`o par'adeigma, ->'etsi <'wste t`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} n`a de'iqnei <wc >ex~hc: -\beginuser -Here is my first \\TeX\\ sentence. -I was the one who typeset it! -\\bye -\enduser - -\noindent -Tr'exte t`o {\rm \TeX} ka`i de~ite t`o >apot'elesma. E>~inai <h -de'uterh pr'otash stoiqeiojethm'enh s`e m'ia n'ea >ar'ada? - -\exercise T'wra prosj'este t`hn parak'atw >entol`h st`o >arqe~io: -\beginuser -\\nopagenumbers -\enduser - -\noindent -Mant'eyte t'i j`a sumbe~i <'otan j`a tr'exete t`o n'eo >arqe~io to~u -k'wdika m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. T'wra, doki\-m'aste st`hn pr'axh n`a -de~ite t'i >akrib~wc sumba'inei. -\toindex{nopagenumbers} - -\exercise Prosj'este tre~ic >`h t'esseric >ak'oma prot'aseic st`on -k'wdika (dhl.\ st`o >arqe~io). Qrhsimopoi~hste latinik`a gr'ammata, ->arijmo'uc, tele~iec, k'ommata, >erwthmatik`a ka`i jau\-ma\-sti\-k'a, ->all`a >'oqi >'allou e>'idouc s'umbola (>idia'itera >apof'ugete n`a -b'al\-lete <ellhnik`a gr'am\-ma\-ta --- gi''\NB a>ut`a j`a mil'hsoume -sto kef'alaio\NB 10!). - -\exercise >Af~hste m'ia ken`h >ar'ada ka`i prosj'este kat'opin merik`ec ->ak'oma prot'aseic. >'Etsi j`a de~ite p~wc mpore~ite n`a l'abete st`o ->'entup'o sac n'eec paragr'afouc. -\medskip - ->'Eqoume de~i m'eqric >ed~w t`hn basik`h >arq`h gi`a t`hn <etoimas'ia -to~u k'wdika (>`h >arqe'iou) {\rm\TeX}: <h morf`h tou keim'enou st`on -k'wdika {\rm \TeX} d`en e>~inai <h >'idia m`e a>ut`h to~u teliko~u ->ent'upou. D`en mporo~ume, gi`a par'adeigma, n`a prosj'esoume -megal'utero ken`o di'asthma metax`u d'uo l'exewn s`e m'ia >ar'ada to~u ->ent'upou m`e t`o n`a b'aloume merik`a epipl'eon ken`a diast'hmata st`on -k'wdika. <'Ena >`h ka`i peris\-s'otera ken`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika -j`a m~ac d'wsoun t`o >'idio ken`o di'asthma st`hn >ar'ada to~u >ent'upou. ->Epipl'eon, <'opwc >'iswc j`a t`o perim'ename, m'ia l'exh st`o t'eloc -m'iac gramm~hc to~u k'wdika d`en j`a <enwje~i m`e t`hn <ep'omenh l'exh -st`o telik`o >'entupo. M'alista, meri\-k`ec for`ec <'otan doule'uoume -<'ena ke'imeno st`o <opo~io e>~inai pol`u pijan`o n`a g'inoun poll`ec -ka`i sh\-manti\-k`ec >allag'ec, >'iswc e>~inai protim'wtero n`a gr'afoume -k'aje pr'otash <wc m'ia xeqwrist`h >ar'ada. <Wst'oso, ken`a -diast'hmata st`hn >arq`h m'iac gramm~hc k'wdika, p'antote parabl'epontai ->ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX}. - -\exercise Prosj'este t`hn parak'atw pr'otash <wc m'ia n'ea par'agrafo -st`on k'wdik'a sac ka`i kat'opin tr'exte t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a n`a t`hn -stoiqeiojet'hsei: -\beginuser -Congratulations! You received a grade of 100\% on your latest -examination. -\enduser - -\noindent -T`o s'umbolo ((>ep`i to~ic <ekat`o)) {\tt\%} qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a -sq'olia >ent`oc to~u >arqe'iou {\rm\TeX}\null. <Oti\-d'h\-pote ->akolouje~i met`a >ap`o a>ut`o t`o s'umbolo st`hn >'idia gramm`h to~u -k'wdika parabl'epetai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. >`Ac pros'exoume ->ak'oma <'oti ka`i t`o ken`o di'asthma po`u kanonik`a qwr'izei t`hn -teleuta'ia l'exh t~hc pr'wthc gramm~hc {\tt 100} >ap`o t`hn pr'wth -l'exh t~hc de'uterhc gramm~hc {\tt examination} >'eqei qaje~i. T'wra, ->`ac b'aloume m'ia >antipl'agia >empr`oc >ap`o t`o s'umbolo {\tt\%} gi`a -n`a diorjwje~i <h pr'otash. -\toindex{\%} - -\exercise Prosj'este t`hn <ep'omenh pr'otash <wc m'ia n'ea par'agrafo: -\beginuser -You owe me \$10.00 and it's about time you sent it to me! -\enduser - -\noindent -<H fr'ash t~hc teleuta'iac >'askhshc j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma -l'ajouc st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}. >E`an tr'eqoume t`o {\rm \TeX} <wc ->allhloepidr'on, t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma -st`hn >oj'onh ka`i j`a diak'oyei t`hn leitour\-g'ia tou; st`hn -per'iptwsh a>ut`h pr'epei n`a pi'esoume t`o pl~h\-ktro {\rm Enter} >`h -{\rm Return} gi`a n`a suneq'isei t`o {\rm \TeX} t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia to~u -k'wdika. <'Omwc, t`o >apot'elesma st`o qart`i d`en j`a e>~inai a>ut`o -po`u perim'enoume. >E`an >ano'ixoume ka`i diab'asoume t`o >arqe~io {\tt -.log}, j`a p'aroume m'ia ge'ush p~wc katagr'afei t`a l'ajh mac t`o {\rm -\TeX}\null. >All`a gi`a t`hn <'wra >`ac m`hn d'wsoume kam'ia shmas'ia -st`o peri'e\-qomeno t~wn mhnum'atwn a>ut~wn, mi~ac ka`i j`a po~ume pol`u -periss'otera pr'agmata gi`a l'ajh parak'atw (ka`i gi`a t`o sugkekrim'eno -po`u m'olic e>'idame). Kal'utera, >`ac diorj'wsoume t`on k'wdik'a mac -b'azontac m'ia >anti\-pl'a\-gia >empr`oc >ap`o t`o s'umbolo {\tt \$} -ka`i >`ac xanatr'exoume t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. (<Up'arqoun l'igoi -qara\-kt~hrec, <'opwc t`o ((>ep`i to~ic <ekat`o)) >`h t`o s'umbolo to~u -dolar'iou, to`uc <opo'iouc qrhsi\-mopoie~i t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a -<orism'enouc e>idiko`uc skopo'uc. S'untoma, j`a do~ume <'enan -p'inaka m`e <'olouc a>uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec.) -\toindex{\$} - -\subsection{T`o {\lsecfont \TeX} >el'egqei t`a p'anta} - -E>'idame parap'anw <'oti <h >antipl'agia >'eqei <'enan e>idik`o r'olo. -<Opoia\-d'hpote >akolouj'ia qa\-ra\-kt'hrwn xekin~a m`e t`hn ->antipl'agia j`a diermhneuje~i kat`a tr'opo e>idik`o >ap`o t`o {\rm -\TeX} <'otan t`o pr'ogramma a>ut`o diab'azei t`on k'wdik'a mac. M'ia -t'etoia seir`a qarakt'hrwn >apokale~itai {\tengs >ako\-louj'ia ->el'egqou\/} ({\rm control sequence}) >`h {\tengs >entol'h\/} ({\rm -command}). M'alista, <up'arqoun d'uo t'upoi >ako\-louji~wn >el'egqou: -m'ia {\tengs l'exh >el'egqou\/} ({\rm control word}) >apotele~itai >ap`o -m'ia >anti\-pl'a\-gia >ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >am'eswc >ap`o m'ia seir`a -latinik~wn gramm'atwn (p.q., {\tt \\TeX}); <'ena {\tengs s'umbolo ->el'egqou\/} ({\rm control symbol}) >apotele~itai >ap`o m'ia ->anti\-pl'agia >ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >ap`o <'enan ka`i monadik`o -qarakt'hra po`u <'omwc d`en e>~inai gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou -(p.q., {\tt \\\$})\null. Mi~ac ka`i t`o ken`o di'a\-sthma d`en e>~inai -gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou, m'ia >antipl'agia ->ako\-lou\-jo'u\-menh >ap`o <'ena ken`o di'asthma >apotele~i gi`a t`o -{\rm \TeX} <'ena kanonik`o s'umbolo >el'egqou. -\TeXref{7--8} -St`hn sun'eqeia <eto'utou to~u >egqeirid'iou, <'otan j`a j'e\-loume -n`a ton'isoume <'oti pr'ag\-mati <up'ar\-qei s`e k'apoio shme~io ken`o -di'asthma, j`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`o e>idik`o s'um\-bolo\NB {\tt\sp}\null. -<O >'idioc sumbolism`oc <up'arqei ka`i st`o {\sl \TeX book}. - -<'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'azei t`on k'wdik'a mac ka`i sunant~a m'ia ->antipl'agia t~hc <opo'iac <'epetai <'ena latinik`o gr'amma, t'ote t`o -pr'ogramma >antilamb'anetai <'oti pr'okeitai gi`a m'ia l'exh >el'egqou. -T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei n`a diab'azei t`a gr'ammata a>ut~hc t~hc -l'exhc <'ena-pr`oc-<'ena, >'ewc <'otou sunant'hsei k'apoion qarakt'hra -po`u n`a m`hn >apotele~i gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. Gi`a -par'adeigma, >e`an <o k'wdik'ac mac peri'eqei t`hn pr'otash - -\displaytext{\tt I like \\TeX!} - -\noindent -<h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\TeX} termat'izetai >ap`o t`o jaumastik'o, t`o -<opo~io d`en >apo\-tele~i gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. <Wst'oso, -a>ut`o m~ac dhmiourge~i <'ena pr'oblhma >e`an j'eloume n`a <up'arqei -<'ena ken`o di'asthma met`a >ap`o m'ia l'exh >el'egqou. >'Estw, p.q., -<'oti >'eqoume t`hn pr'otash - -\displaytext{\tt I like \\TeX and use it all the time.} - -\noindent St`on k'wdika a>ut'o, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\TeX} -termat'izetai >ap`o <'ena ken`o di'asthma (t`o <opo~io, pro\-fa\-n~wc, -d`en e>~inai gr'amma to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou). Sunep~wc st`o ->'entup'o mac, o<i l'exeic (({\rm\TeX})) ka`i (({\rm and})) j`a -koll'hsoun metax'u touc. T`o n`a prosj'esoume periss'otera ken`a -diast'hmata metax`u t~wn d'uo l'exewn st`on k'wdika d`en >wfele~i s`e -t'ipota, >epeid'h, <'opwc proanaf'erame, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en k'anei -di'akrish metax`u <en`oc >`h poll~wn ken~wn diasthm'atwn to~u k'wdika. -<'Omwc, m`e t`o n`a prosj'esoume m'ia >antipl'agia ka`i <'ena ken`o -di'asthma (dhl.\ t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt\\\sp}) >am'eswc met`a t`hn -l'exh >el'egqou, j`a d'wsoume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a katal'abei <'oti <h -l'exh >el'egqou tele'iwse ka`i j`a t`o >anagk'asoume n`a b'alei >eke~i -<'ena ken`o di'asthma. E>~inai pr'agmati pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeqn~a -kane`ic n`a b'azei k'ati <'opwc {\tt\\\sp} met`a >ap`o l'exeic >el'egqou ---- st`a s'igoura <'oloi k'anoun a>ut`o t`o l'ajoc toul'aqiston m'ia -for`a kaj`wc maja'inoun t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. - -\exercise <Etoim'aste <'enan k'wdika (>arqe~io) {\rm \TeX} po`u n`a s~ac -d'wsei t`hn <ep'omenh par'agrafo: - -{\rm -I like \TeX! Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy to use. -You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. -} - -O<i periss'oterec l'exeic >el'egqou >apotelo~un >agglik`a >akr'wnuma -po`u d'inoun k'apoia >'endeixh gi`a t`o t'i skop`o ->exu\-phreto~un. Gi`a par'a\-deigma, mpo\-ro~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume -t`hn l'exh {\tt \\par} gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume <'oti xekino~ume m'ia n'ea -par'agrafo, >ant`i n`a k'anoume a>ut`o >af'h\-nontac m'ia ken`h -gramm`h st`on k'wdika. Profan~wc, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\par} >'eqei ->onomasje~i >ap`o t`hn l'exh {\rm paragraph} (<h <opo'ia d`en e>~inai -m'al\-lon >apokleistik`a >ag\-glik'h). -\toindex{par} - -\subsection{T'i d`en k'anei t`o {\lsecfont \TeX}} - -T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >'aristo st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >ent'upwn, >all`a -<up'arqoun <orism'ena pr'agmata st`a <opo~ia d`en e>~inai ka`i t'oso -kal'o. <'Ena >ap`o a>ut`a t`a pr'agmata e>~inai t`a sq'hmata. Mporo~ume -n`a >af'hnoume meg'alouc keno`uc q'wrouc gi`a t`hn met'epeita >'enjesh -sqhm'atwn, >all`a t`o >'idio t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en e>~inai pr'ogramma gi`a -t`hn paragwg`h s'unjetwn grafik~wn parast'asewn. <Wst'oso t`o {\rm -\TeX} >epitr'epei t`hn a>ut'o\-math >'enjesh sqhm'atwn po`u peri'eqontai -s`e >arqe~ia e>ik'onwn (p.q., >arqe~ia {\rm bitmap}) m`e t`hn l'exh ->el'egqou {\tt \\special}\TeXref{228--229}, >all`a gi'' a>ut`o pr'epei -n`a <up'arqei ka`i <o ka\-t'al\-lhloc <odhg`oc po`u n`a mpore~i n`a -diab'azei t'etoiou e>'idouc >arqe~ia. - -T`o {\rm \TeX} <etoim'azei p'anta >'entupa t~wn <opo'iwn o<i >ar'adec -e>~inai <oriz'ontiec ka`i pot`e pl'agiec. M`e t`o {\rm \TeX}, e>~inai -genik`a >ad'unato n`a pro\-stejo~un s`e <'ena >'entupo katak'orufec ->ar'adec, dhl.\ s`e t'etoia morf`h <'wste o<i gramm`ec b'ashc t~wn ->ar'adwn n`a e>~inai par'allhlec m`e t`hn me\-ga\-l'u\-te\-rh pleu\-r`a -to~u qartio~u. M'ono <orism'enoi <odhgo`i mporo~un n`a kataf'eroun -t'etoia >apotel'esmata (p.q., <o <odhg`oc {\tt dvips} gi`a >ektu\-pwt`h -{\rm Post\-Script}); t`o {\rm \TeX} >ap`o m'ono tou d`en mpore~i. ->Ep'ishc, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en t`a kataf'ernei pol`u kal`a ka`i m`e t`ic -megej'unseic t~wn stoiqe'iwn, t`hn qr'hsh stoiqe'iwn diaforetiko~u -e>'idouc, dhl.\ diaforetik~wn {\tengs grammatoseir~wn}, ka`i t`ic -parallag`ec t~wn grammatoseir~wn po`u >onom'azontai {\tengs t'upoi\/} -(p.q., >'orjia, pl'agia, >'entona, k.>'a.). - -E>'idame m'eqric >ed~w <'oti gi`a k'aje >'entupo po`u >'eqoume n`a -<etoim'asoume, <up'arqei <'enac k'ukloc >ergasi~wn po`u pr'epei n`a ->ektel'esoume: {\tengs s'untaxh k'wdika $\to$ tr'eximo to~u {\sl\TeX} -$\to$ <od'hghsh s`e pr'o\-ble\-yh >`h >ekt'upwsh}. A>ut`o >isq'uei gi`a -<'olec t`ic >ekd'oseic to~u {\rm\TeX}, ak'omh ka`i gi''\NB a>ut`ec po`u -<up'arqoun gi`a meg'ala <upologistik`a d'iktua. Dhl., d`en e>~inai -dunat`o n`a gr'afoume t`on k'wdik'a mac ka`i t`hn >'idia stigm`h n`a -bl'epoume st`hn >oj'onh t`o dhmio'ur\-ghm'a mac; pr'epei p'anta n`a ->epa\-na\-lam\-b'anoume t`on >'idio k'uklo >ergasi~wn. <Wst'oso -<orism'enec parallag`ec to~u {\rm \TeX} >epitr'epoun t`o sqed`on -taut'oqrono gr'ayimo to~u k'wdika ka`i parous'iash to~u -stoiqeiojethm'enou >ent'upou (>'iswc m`e l'iga deute\-r'olepta -kaju\-st'erhsh). Kaj`wc o<i <upologist`ec ka`i o<i -mikro\-epexer\-gast`ec g'inontai <'olo ka`i pi`o gr'hgoroi, mpore~i -s'untoma n`a do~ume belti'wseic st`o j'ema a>ut'o. - -\section{<'Oloi o<i qarakt~hrec, meg'aloi ka`i mikro`i} - -\subsection{Meriko`i qarakt~hrec e>~inai pi`o ((sp'esial))} - -E>'idame st`o prohgo'umeno kef'alaio <'oti <o k'wdikac {\rm \TeX} -gr'afetai st`o megal'utero m'eroc tou <wc <apl`o ke'imeno -daktulo\-grafh\-m'eno st`hn grafo\-mhqa\-n'h. >All`a e>'idame >ep'ishc -<'oti <h >antipl'agia mpore~i n`a qrhsime'usei gi`a d'uo toul'aqiston -skopo'uc. Mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a n`a m~ac d'wsei s'umbola >`h -sunduasmo`uc sumb'olwn po`u d`en <up'ar\-qoun st`o plhktrol'ogi'o mac: -gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\TeX}, lamb'anoume t`o s'umbolo -(log'otupo, gi`a t`hn >akr'ibeia) {\rm \TeX}\null. <H >anti\-pl'agia -mpore~i >ak'oma n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a n`a d'wsoume st`o pr'ogramma -{\rm \TeX} <orism'enec <odhg'iec: t`o {\tt \\bye} diat'azei t`o {\rm -\TeX} n`a stamat'hsei n`a diab'azei t`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdika. -Genik'a, m'ia l'exh st`on k'wdika po`u xekin~a m`e t`hn >antipl'agia -<ermhne'uetai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} <wc k'ati po`u >apaite~i ->idia'i\-terh prosoq'h. <Up'arqoun merik`ec <ekaton\-t'adec t'etoiwn ->akolouji~wn (l'exewn >`h sumb'olwn) >el'egqou po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} -gnwr'izei >ek t~wn prot'erwn. >Epi\-pl'eon, <'opwc ja do~ume >arg'otera, -mporo~ume n`a <or'isoume ka`i >eme~ic t`ic dik'ec mac par'omoiec l'exeic ->el'egqou. Sunep~wc <h >anti\-pl'agia >eqei meg'alh shmas'ia. -Parak'atw, j`a xod'e\-youme k'amposo qr'ono prospaj'wntac n`a m'ajoume -t`hn qr'hsh merik~wn l'exewn >el'egqou; e>utuq~wc, st`hn kajhmerin`h -pr'axh, m~ac >arke~i m'onon <'enac mikr`oc >arij\-m`oc t'etoiwn l'exewn. - -<Up'arqoun d'eka qarakt~hrec o<i <opo~ioi, <'opwc ka`i <h >antipl'agia, -qrhsi\-mopoio~u\-ntai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a e>idiko`uc skopo`uc, -ka`i j`a pr'epei t'wra n`a do~ume poio'i e>~inai a>uto'i.\TeXref{37--38} -P~wc <'omwc j`a mporo'u\-same n`a gr'ayoume m'ia pr'otash po`u n`a -peri'eqei <'enan >ap`o a>uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec? >'Eqontac a>ut`o -st`on no~u mac, j`a rwt'hsoume: - -\item{---} Poio'i e>~inai o<i di'aforoi e>idiko`i qarakt~hrec? - -\item{---} P~wc mporo~ume n`a l'aboume <'enan e>idik`o qarakt'hra st`o ->'entup'o mac >e`an k'ati t'etoio e>~inai >apara'ithto? - -<Or'iste <'enac p'inakac m`e <'olouc to`uc e>idiko`uc qarakt~hrec ka`i -t`o p~wc gr'afetai <o kaj'enac (dhl.\ o<i >apara'ithtec >entol`ec po`u -pr'epei n`a grafo~un st`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX}) prokeim'enou n`a to`uc -l'aboume st`o >'entup'o mac: - -\maketable [Qarakt~hrec po`u >apaito~un prosoq`h] -\halign{ - \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad # \hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil\cr - \tengb Qarakt'hrac & \tengb Skop'oc & \tengb K'wdikac gi`a t`hn \cr - & & \tengb >emf'anish \cr - \noalign{\smallskip} \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - $\backslash$ & >Akolouj'iec >el'egqou (>entol'ec) & \$\\backslash\$ \cr - $\{$ & >'Anoigma sun'olou & \$\\\lb\$ \cr - $\}$ & Kle'isimo sun'olou & \$\\\rb\$ \cr - \% & Sq'olia & \\\% \cr - \&{} & E>ujugr'ammish keim'enou ka`i pin'akwn & \\\& \cr - \~{} & >Adi'akopto di'asthma >ar'adac (s'undesmoc) & \\\~{}\lb\rb \cr - \${} & >Arq`h >`h t'eloc majhmatiko~u keim'enou & \\\$ \cr - \^{} & Majhmatiko`i >ekj'etec & \\\^{}\lb\rb \cr - {\rm\underscore} & Majhmatiko`i de~iktec & \\\_{}\lb\rb \cr - \#{} & Sumb'olo >antikat'astashc s`e n'eo <orism'o & \\\# \cr - } - -\toindex{\lb} -\toindex{\rb} -\toindex{\%} -\toindex{\&} -\toindex{\~{}} -\toindex{\$} -\toindex{\^{}} -\toindex{\_{}} -\toindex{\#} - - -\subsection{Stoiqeiojes'ia tonik~wn shme'iwn} - -Ka`i t'wra j`a do~ume merik`a >ap`o t`a kal`a to~u {\rm \TeX}\null! -M'eqri stig\-m~hc >'eqoume qrhsimo\-poi'hsei t`o {\rm \TeX} m'ono gi`a -n`a m~ac stoiqeiojet'hsei k'apoiec >agglik`ec fr'aseic. <'Omwc t'wra -j`a >arq'isoume n`a k'anoume pr'agmata po`u e>~inai >ap`o pol`u d'uskolo ->'ewc >ad'unato n`a g'inoun m`e m'ia grafo\-mhqan'h. E>idik'wtera, j`a -do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a gr'afoume lati\-niko`uc qara\-kt~hrec -po`u >'eqoun ka`i t'onouc! P~wc j`a gr'afame <'enan t'ono s`e <'ena -plh\-ktro\-l'ogio po`u d`en >'eqei t'onouc? <'Opwc ka`i st`hn -per'iptwsh to~u log'otupou {\rm \TeX}, >'etsi ka`i >ed~w e>~inai ->apara'i\-thto n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac l'exeic po`u xekino~un -m`e t`hn >anti\-pl'agia. Gi`a t`hn gallik`h l'exh {\rm premi\`{e}re} -(<h <opo'ia >'eqei per'asei ka`i st`hn gl'wssa mac <wc ((premi'era)){}), -qrei'azetai n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt premi\\`ere} -(>'iswc n`a qreiasje~i n`a y'axoume lig'aki gi`a n`a bro~ume t`o -s'umbolo t~hc dase'iac {\tt `} st`o plhktrol'ogi'o mac, >all`a k'apou ->eke~i br'isketai\fnote{>E`an t`o s'umbolo a>ut`o d`en <up'arqei st`o -plhktro\-l'ogi'o mac, mpo\-ro~ume n`a gr'a\-you\-me st`on k'wdika {\tt -\\lq\lb\rb}. Kat`a par'o\-moio tr'opo, gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt -\\rq\lb\rb} j`a l'aboume t`o s'um\-bolo\NB{\tt '}. Mporo~ume n`a -jum'omaste a>ut`ec t`ic >entol`ec <wc suntomo\-graf'iec t~wn ->agglik~wn <'orwn {\rm left quote} ka`i {\rm right quote}. >Ak'oma, -gr'afontac {\tt \\lq\\lq\lb\rb} ka`i {\tt \\rq\\rq\lb\rb} lamb'anoume -t`a sunh\-jism'ena e>isagwgik`a t~wn >agglik~wn: {\rm ``} ka`i\NB{\rm -''}. (Prosoq'h: t`a e>isagwgik`a t~wn <ellhnik~wn d`en e>~inai <'omoia -m`e a>ut`a t~wn >agglik~wn >`h germanik~wn k.>'a.\ >ent'upwn! T`a -<ellhnik`a e>isagwgik`a ((\NB ka`i\NB )) j`a t`a >exet'asoume st`o -kef'alaio\NB 10.) <'Omwc m`e >ento\-l`ec <'opwc {\tt \\lq\lb\rb}, d`en -j`a kataf'e\-roume n`a l'aboume to`uc t'onouc po`u j'eloume, gi''\NB -a>ut`o kal'utera >`ac bro~ume <'ena swst`o plh\-ktro\-l'ogio.}). Genik'a, -gi`a n`a l'aboume <'ena toni\-sm'e\-no gr'amma, pr'epei n`a gr'ayoume m'ia -mikr`h >ako\-lou\-j'ia >el'egqou, <'ena s'umbolo >el'egqou, >empr`oc ->ap`o t`o gr'amma po`u j'eloume n`a ton'isoume. - -<Or'iste merik`a parade'igmata: -$$\vbox{ - -\halign{ -\strut \hfil\tt # & \quad\rm # \hfil\cr -\tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -\\`a la mode & \`a la mode \cr -r\\'esum\\'e & r\'esum\'e \cr -soup\\c{\sp}con & soup\c con \cr -No\\"el & No\"el \cr -na\\"\\i{\sp}ve & na\"\i ve \cr -} -}$$ - -St`a parap'anw parade'igmata bl'epoume <'oti o<i periss'oteroi t'onoi -lamb'anontai qrhsimopoi'wntac s'umbola >el'egqou par'omoiac morf~hc. -Merik`a >ap`o t`a tonik`a shme~ia par'agontai m`e l'exeic >el'egqou o<i -<opo~iec peri'eqoun <'ena m'ono gr'amma. St`ic peript'wseic a>ut`ec ->apaite~itai l'igh prosoq'h; <'ena ken`o di'asthma pr'epei n`a ->akolouje~i met`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou. >E`an gr'a\-you\-me st`on -k'wdik'a mac {\tt soup\\ccon}, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a prospaj'hsei n`a bre~i -t'i shma'inei <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\ccon}\fnote{J`a do~ume pi`o k'atw -p`wc <up'arqei m'ia >ak'oma m'ejodoc gi`a t`hn >apofug`h t'etoiwn -sfalm'atwn. E>~inai <h m'ejodoc t~hc dhmiourg'iac sun'olwn, t`ic ->arq`ec t~hc <opo'iac j`a t`ic suzh\-t'h\-sou\-me st`o kef'a\-laio\NB -4.}.\TeXref{52--53} - ->Ax'izei >ep'ishc n`a pros'exoume <'oti, s`e <'ena >ap`o t`a parap'anw -parade'igmata, <up'arqei <h l'exh >el'eg\-qou\NB{\tt \\i}. A>ut`h <h -mono\-gr'am\-math >entol`h m~ac d'inei t`o lati\-nik`o gr'amma (({\rm -i})) qwr`ic t`hn tele'ia; <h >afa'iresh t~hc tele'iac >ap`o t`o (({\rm -i})) >epitr'epei t`hn swst`h topo\-j'ethsh to~u t'onou >ep'anw >ap`o t`o -kat'wtero m'eroc {\rm \i} to~u gr'am\-matoc. <Up'arqei m'ia >ak'oma ->an'alogh l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\j} po`u m~ac d'i\-nei t`o gr'amma (({\rm -j})) qwr`ic tele'ia gi`a peript'wseic tonismo~u. - -\maketable [Tonik`a shme~ia >akoloujo'umena >am'eswc >ap`o gr'amma] -\halign{ - \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad \hfil \tt #\hfil & \hfil \quad\rm #\hfil\cr - \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - >oxe'ia ({\rm acute}) & \\'o & \'o \cr - bare'ia ({\rm grave}) & \\`o & \`o \cr - gallik`h perispwm'enh ({\rm circumflex}) & \\\^{}o & \^o \cr - dialutik'a ({\rm umlaut/dieresis/tr\'emat}) & \\"{}o & \"o \cr - <ellhnik`h perispwm'enh ({\rm tilde}) & \\\~{}o & \~o \cr - makr'o ({\rm macron}) & \\={}o & \=o \cr - tele'ia ({\rm dot}) & \\\char'056{}o & \.o \cr - } - -\toindex{`} -\toindex{'} -\toindex{\^{}} -\toindex{"} -\toindex{i} -\toindex{j} -\toindex{=} -\toindex{.} - -\maketable [Tonik`a shme~ia po`u >apaito~un >endi'ameso ken`o di'asthma] -\halign{ - \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad \hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\rm\quad #\hfil\cr - \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - cedilla & \\c o & \c{o} \cr - underdot & \\d o & \d{o} \cr - underbar & \\b o & \b{o} \cr - h\'a\v{c}ek & \\v o & \v{o} \cr - breve & \\u o & \u{o} \cr - tie & \\t oo & \t oo \cr - {\tengr o>uggrik`o} umlaut & \\H o & \H{o} \cr - } - -\toindex{c} -\toindex{d} -\toindex{b} -\toindex{v} -\toindex{u} -\toindex{t} -\toindex{H} - -T`o {\rm \TeX} >ep'ishc >epitr'epei t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia merik~wn -qarakt'hrwn po`u d`en sumpe\-ri\-lam\-b'anontai st`o >alf'abhto t~hc ->agglik~hc gl'wssac. - -\maketable [Gr'ammata m`h >agglik~wn glwss~wn] -\halign{ - \strut \hfil\rm #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad\rm #\hfil\cr - \tengb Par'adeigma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - \AE gean, \ae sthetics & \\AE, \\ae & \AE, \ae \cr - \OE uvres, hors d'\oe uvre & \\OE \\oe & \OE, \oe \cr - \AA ngstrom & \\AA, \\aa & \AA, \aa \cr - \O re, K\o benhavn & \\O, \\o & \O, \o \cr - \L odz, \l\'odka & \\L, \\l & \L, \l \cr - Nu\ss & \\ss & \ss \cr - ?`Si? & {?}{`} & ?` \cr - !`Si! & {!}{`} & !` \cr - Se\~nor & \\\~{} & \~{} \cr - My {\it\$} of flesh & \lb\\it\\\$\rb & {\it\$} \cr - } - -\toindex{AE} -\toindex{ae} -\toindex{OE} -\toindex{oe} -\toindex{AA} -\toindex{aa} -\toindex{O} -\toindex{o} -\toindex{L} -\toindex{l} -\toindex{ss} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63 \AA. } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note.} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm \'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm Mein Tee ist hei\ss. } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm ?`Por qu\'e no bebes vino blanco? !`Porque est\'a avinagrado! } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en worden niet be\"\i nvloed. } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -{\rm T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? } - - -\subsection{Tele~iec, pa~ulec, e>isagwgik'a\bdots} - -<H daktulogr'afhsh >~htan p'anta <'enac sumbibasm'oc. <O mikr`oc ->arijm`oc t~wn pl'h\-ktrwn t~hc grafo\-mhqan~hc >`h to~u termatiko~u -(s`e s'ugkrish m`e t`on >arijm`o t~wn sumb'olwn po`u qrhsimopoio~un -di'aforoi suggrafe~ic), e>~iqe >anagk'asei t`on daktulogr'afo s`e fjhn`a -k'olpa ka`i l'useic t~hc stigm~hc, po`u poll`ec for`ec >~htan ka`i ->anti\-aisjh\-tik'ec. <'Otan <'omwc stoiqeiojeto~ume m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} -d`en <up'arqoun peri\-orismo'i. S`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo j`a do~ume -merik`ec diafor`ec metax`u t~hc daktu\-logr'a\-fhshc st`hn grafomhqan`h -ka`i t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}. - -P'osoi >ap`o ''m~ac gnwr'izoun <'oti <up'arqoun tess'arwn e>id~wn -pa~ulec? (<H grafo\-mhqa\-n`h >'eqei sun'hjwc m'ia ka`i m'ono.) -<Up'arqei <h mikr`h pa~ula, t`o {\tengs <enwtik'o\/} ({\rm hyphen}) po`u -qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a t`on sullabism`o ka`i t`hn kop`h l'exewn st`o -t'eloc t~wn >ar'adwn, >`h gi`a t`hn <'enwsh d'uo >`h peris\-sot'erwn -l'exewn po`u prof'erontai <wc m'ia, p.q., ((kura-M'arw)), -((<Ai-Dhm'htrhc)), {\rm mother-in-law}, k.lp.\TeXref{3--5} <H {\tengs -<apl`h pa~u\-la\/} ({\rm en-dash}) qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a n`a dhl'wsei -<'ena e>~uroc >arijm~wn: tim~wn, sel'idwn, qr'onou, k.lp. <H {\tengs -meg'alh pa~ula\/} ({\rm em-dash}), t`hn <opo'ia t`a bibl'ia t~hc -<ellhnik~hc grammatik~hc t`hn >apokalo~un ((dipl`h pa~ula)), e>~inai -shme~io st'ixhc po`u mpa'inei st`hn j'esh t~hc par'enjeshc ka`i -spani'wtera st`hn j'esh t~hc >'anw tele'iac. T'eloc, m'ia >ak'oma pa~ula -e>~inai ka`i t`o ma\-jh\-matik`o s'umbolo {\tengs me~ion}. St`on -<ep'omeno p'inaka fa'inetai p~wc m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX} <'olec -a>ut`ec t`ic pa~ulec ka`i t`o p~wc t`ic qrhsimopoio~ume s`e >agglik`a -ke'imena --- prosoq'h: o<i pa~ulec ka`i <'ola t`a shme~ia st'ixhc d`en -e>~inai t`a >idia >ap`o gl'wssa s`e gl'wssa; periss'oterec leptom'ereiec -gi''\NB a>ut`o t`o j'ema j`a po~ume st`o kef'alaio\NB 10. - -\maketable [O<i di'aforec pa~ulec t~hc >agglik~hc tupograf'iac] -\halign{ - \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad\rm #\hfil - & \hfil\rm #\hfil\cr - \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} - & \tengb >Apot'elesma & \tengb Par'adeigma \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - <enwtik'o ({\rm hyphen}) & - & - - & The space is 3-dimensional. \cr - <apl`h pa~ula ({\rm en-dash}) & {-}{-} & -- - & Read pages 3--4. \cr - dipl`h pa~ula ({\rm em-dash}) & {-}{-}{-} & --- - & I saw them---three men alive! \cr - me~ion ({\rm minus sign}) & \$-\$ & $-$ - & Two minus five equals $-$3. \cr - } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm I entered the room and---horrors---I -saw both my father-in-law and my mother-in-law. } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The winter of 1484--1485 was one of -discontent. } -\bigskip - -M'ia >ak'oma meg'alh diafor`a metax`u t~hc koin~hc daktulogr'afhshc ka`i -t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <h qr'hsh t~wn -e>isa\-gw\-gik~wn. Sun'hjwc t`a e>isagwgik`a <'olwn t~wn -grafo\-mh\-qa\-n~wn --- e>'ite pr'okeitai gi`a <ellhnik`ec e>'ite -pr'okeitai gi`a >agglik'ec --- e>~inai <'ena pl~hktro m`e t`o -s'umbolo\NB{\tt "}\null. <'Otan j'eloume n`a b'aloume e>isagwgik`a m`e -t`o {\rm \TeX} s`e <'ena >agglik`o ke'imeno, qrhsimopoio~ume t`a -pl~h\-ktra\NB{\tt '} ka`i\NB{\tt `}\null. -\TeXref{3} -T`o pr~wto dipl`o e>isagwgik`o lamb'anetai gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac -{\tt ``} ka`i t`o de'utero gr'afontac {\tt ''}\null. Kat`a par'omoio -tr'opo t`a <apl`a e>isagwgik'a (p.q., e>isagwgik`a >ent`oc -e>isa\-gw\-gi\-k~wn) lamb'anontai gr'a\-fontac\NB{\tt `} ka`i\NB{\tt -'}\null. (T`a <ellhnik`a e>isa\-gwgi\-k`a ((\NB ka`i\NB)) e>~inai m'ia ->'allh <istor'ia po`u j`a t`hn suzht'hsoume st`o kef'alaio\NB 10.) - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that -can't say `No!'?'' } -\bigskip - -K'apoiec for`ec qrhsimopoio~ume t`a >aposiwphtik'a, tre~ic tele~iec -dhlad'h, gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume siwp`h >`h ke'imeno po`u >'eqei -paralhfje~i. >E`an gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac tre~ic tele~iec, t`o ->apot'elesma j`a e>~inai tre~ic tele~iec kollhm'enec <h m'ia >ep'anw -st`hn >'allh. T`a >aposiwphtik`a st`hn swst'h touc morf`h lamb'anontai -gr'afontac st`on k'wdika t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\dots}.% -\TeXref{173} -\toindex{dots} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm He thought, ``\dots and this goes on -forever, perhaps to the last recorded syllable.'' } - -<'Ena pr'oblhma m`e t`hn tele'ia e>~inai <'oti <'otan qrhsimopoie~itai -gi`a n`a dhl'wsei t`o t'eloc m'iac pr'otashc, par'agetai <'ena sqetik`a -meg'alo (per'ipou dipl'o) ken`o di'asthma >an'amesa st`o t'eloc t~hc -pr'otashc (t~hc tele'iac) ka`i st`hn >arq'h (t`o pr~wto kefala~io -gr'amma) t~hc <ep'omenhc pr'otashc. A>ut`o d`en e>~inai o>usia\-stik`a -pr'o\-blhma; >antij'etwc t`o dipl`o di'asthma metax`u prot'a\-se\-wn -e>~inai m'ia sun'hjhc praktik`h t~wn tupogr'afwn. <'Omwc t`o dipl`o -di'asthma met`a t`hn tele'ia e>~inai >anepij'umhto <'otan pr'o\-keitai -gi`a suntomo\-graf'ia <'opwc ((k.)), ((kk.)), {\rm Mr.}, k.lp. -<Up'arqoun d'uo tr'opoi gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume a>ut`o t`o pr'oblhma: -gr'afoume >am'eswc met`a t`hn tele'ia st`on k'wdika e>'ite {\tt\\\sp} -e>'ite m'ia perispwm'enh {\tt\~{}} gi`a n`a >all'axoume t`o m'egejoc to~u -keno~u diast'hmatoc.% -\TeXref{91--92} -<H de'uterh >epilog`h j`a m~ac d'wsei <'ena {\tengs >adi\-'ako\-pto -di'asthma\/} >`h >alli~wc {\tengs s'un\-desmo\/}; dhl.\ >e`an b'aloume -m'ia peri\-spw\-m'enh metax`u d'uo l'exewn, t'ote a>ut`ec o<i l'exeic -j`a >emfa\-nisto~un st`o >'entupo st`hn >'idia >ar'ada. Gr'afontac -st`on k'wdika {\tt Prof.\~{}Knuth}, j`a l'aboume ka`i t`ic d'uo -a>ut`ec l'exeic {\rm Prof.}\ ka`i {\rm Knuth} st`hn >'idia ->ar'ada. A>ut`o e>~inai genik`a qr'h\-simo gi`a t`hn stoiqei\-ojes'ia ->onom'atwn <'opwc {\rm Vancouver, B.\NB C.} ka`i {\rm Mr.\NB Jones} ->'etsi <'wste o<i l'exeic {\rm Mr.}\ ka`i {\rm Jones} n`a m`hn -bga'inoun s`e d'uo qwrist`ec >ar'adec. >`Ac pro\-s'e\-xoume >ep'ishc -<'oti d`en qrei'azetai >antipl'agia >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn peri\-spw\-m'enh -to~u sund'esmou. (Periss'otera gi`a t`hn perispwm'enh t~wn <ellhnik~wn, ->all`a ka`i gi`a >'alla <ellhnik`a tonik`a shme~ia, j`a po~ume st`o -kef'alaio\NB 10.) - -M'ia >'allh >idiorujm'ia to~u {\rm \TeX} e>~inai n`a m`hn b'azei dipl`o -ken`o di'asthma met`a >ap`o tele'ia >e`an >empr`oc >ap`o a>ut`hn -<up'arqei kefala~io gr'amma. >Aut`o e>~inai swst`o <'otan -qrhsimopoio~ume kefala~ia gi`a suntomograf'iec. P.q., d`en j'eloume t`o -di'asthma metax`u t~wn {\rm U}, {\rm S} ka`i {\rm A} n`a e>~inai -dipl'asio to~u kanoniko~u; >arke~i n`a sugkr'inoume t`o {\rm U\null. -S\null. A.} m`e t`o {\rm U. S. A.}, gi`a n`a katal'aboume t`hn diafor'a. - T'i g'inetai <'omwc st`hn per'iptwsh po`u m'ia pr'otash tele'iwnei m`e -kefala~io ka'i, sunep~wc, pr'epei n`a mpe~i dipl`o di'asthma met`a t`hn -tele'ia? <H l'ush e>~inai n`a gr'ayoume {\tt\\null} pr`in t`hn tele'ia -<'opwc: {\tt I was born in U. S. A\\null.\ I was raised in Canada.} <O -k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei: {\rm I was born in U. S. A\null. \ I was raised in -Canada.} -\toindex{null} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Have you seen Ms.\NB Jones? } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm Prof.\NB Smith and Dr.\NB Gold flew from -Halifax N.\NB S. to Montr\'eal, Qc.\ via Moncton, N.\NB B. } - - -\subsection{T'upoi stoiqe'iwn} - -<H pl'eon faner`h diafor`a metax`u daktulografhm'enwn >ent'upwn ka`i ->ent'upwn stoiqeio\-je\-thm'enwn m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai --- qwr`ic -kam'ia >amfibol'ia --- o<i diaforetiko`i {\tengs t'upoi stoiqe'iwn\/} -gramm'atwn ka`i sumb'olwn >`h {\tengs grammatoseir`ec\/} po`u -qrhsimopoio~untai. <'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} xekin~a, >'eqei sthn di'ajes'h -tou deka'exi diaforetik`ec grammatoseir'ec. Merik`ec >ap`o a>ut`ec t`ic -gram\-ma\-to\-seir`ec qrhsimopoio~untai m'ono s`e >episthmonik`a >`h -teqnik`a >'entupa. <'Enac pl'hrhc kat'alogoc <'olwn t~wn deka'exi -grammatoseir~wn to~u {\rm \TeX} d'inetai st`o {\sl \TeX{}book}.% -\TeXref{427--432} -O<i periss'oteroi t'upoi qrhsimopoio~untai a>ut'omata; <'enac -majhmatik`oc de'ikthc, p.q., bga'inei >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} s`e -mikr'otero m'egejoc qwr`ic n`a qreiasje~i n`a d'wsei k'apoia >idia'iterh ->entol`h <o qr'hsthc. - -Gi`a n`a >all'axoume >ap`o t`on sunhjism'eno t'upo latinik~wn -gramm'atwn, t`a {\rm roman} (rwma"ik'a), s`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a, t`a -{\rm italic} (>italik'a), qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\it}. Gi`a n`a xana\-epi\-str'e\-youme st`a {\rm roman}, gr'afoume -st`on k'wdika {\tt \\rm}. Gi`a par'adeigma, e>~inai dunat`o n`a ->'eqoume t`hn >ak'oloujh >agglik`h pr'otash st`on k'wdik'a mac: {\tt I -started with roman type, \\it switched to italic type, \\rm and returned -to roman type}. T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai: {\rm I started with roman -type, \it switched to italic type,\fnote{Notice that the comma and this -footnote are in italic type, and this looks a little funny. We'll see -that there is another method for changing fonts when we talk about -grouping in Section 4. ({\tengs >`Ac parathr'hsoume <'oti t`o k'omma ka`i -t`o >agglik`o ke'imeno <eto'uthc t~hc <upo\-sh\-me'i\-wshc >'eqoun -stoiqeiojethje~i s`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a. St`o kef'alaio\NB 4, j`a -do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a >al\-l'a\-zoume t'upouc stoiqe'iwn m`e -t`hn dhmiourg'ia sun'olwn}.)} \rm and returned to roman -type}. - ->Ekt`oc t~wn {\rm italic} <up'arqoun ka`i >'alla e>'idh grammatoseir~wn. -St`on <ep'omeno p'inaka d'i\-no\-ntai o<i pl'eon suqn`a -qrhsimopoio'umenoi t'upoi. A>uto`i o<i t'upoi diat'ijentai a>ut'omata ->ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} st`on qr'h\-sth. L'igo pi`o k'atw j`a do~ume ->ak'oma p~wc mporo~ume n`a qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume ka`i >'allec -grammatoseir`ec po`u d`en m~ac t`ic prosf'erei a>ut'omata t`o {\rm -\TeX}. - -\global\advance\footnotenum by 2 -\maketable [De'igmata t'upwn (grammatoseir~wn)] -\halign{ - \strut \hfil\rm # \hfil & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil - & \hfil \quad \rm # \hfil\cr - \tengb >'Onoma t'upou & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} - & \tengb De~igma t'upou \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - Roman ({\tengr rwma"ik'a}) & \\rm - & \rm Roman type. \cr - Boldface ({\tengr >'entona}) & \\bf - & \bf Boldface type. \cr - Italic ({\tengr >italik'a}) & \\it - & \it Italic type. \cr - Slanted ({\tengr pl'agia}) & \\sl - & \sl Slanted type. \cr - Typewriter ({\tengr grafomhqan~hc}) & \\tt - & \tt Typewriter type. \cr - Math symbol ({\tengr s'umbola majhmatik~wn})${}^\the\footnotenum$ - & \\cal - & $\cal SCRIPT\hbox{\ }LETTERS$\rm. \cr - } - -\footnote{}{\llap{$^\the\footnotenum$} A>ut`o t`o par'adeigma >apat~a, -mi~ac ka`i pr'epei n`a gnwr'izoume merik`a pr'agmata peris\-s'o\-te\-ra -gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn <'wste n`a mporo~ume n`a -stoiqeiojeto~ume s`e t'etoiou e>'idouc stoiqe~ia (kef'alaio\NB 5). } -\nobreak -\toindex{it} -\toindex{rm} -\toindex{bf} -\toindex{sl} -\toindex{tt} - -T`a {\rm slanted} (pl'agia) ka`i t`a {\rm italic} (>italik'a) fa'inontai -<'omoia >ek pr'wthc >'oyewc. E>~inai e>'ukolo <'omwc n`a do~ume t`hn -diafor`a >e`an pros'exoume t`o gr'amma (({\rm a})) st`on <'ena ka`i -st`on >'allo t'upo. <'Otan >all'azoume >ap`o <'enan pl'agio t'upo ({\rm -slanted} >`h {\rm italic}) s`e >'enan >'orjio ({\rm upright} >`h {\rm -roman}), t`o teleuta~io gr'amma t~wn plag'iwn g'ernei ka`i fa'inetai n`a -plhsi'azei t`o pr~wto gr'amma t~wn >orj'iwn. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume -t'etoiou e>'idouc a>isjhtik`a probl'hmata, prosj'etoume l'igo parap'anw -di'asthma m`e t`hn leg'omenh {\tengs di'orjwsh >italik~wn\/} ({\rm -italic correction}). A>ut`o g'inetai m`e t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt -\\/}.% -\toindex{/} -St`hn parak'atw >agglik`h pr'otash d`en b'alame di'orjwsh >italik~wn -st`hn pr'wth per'iptwsh <'opou e>'iqame {\rm italic}, >en~w b'alame -st`hn de'uterh --- >`ac pros'exoume t`hn diafor'a: {\rm {\it If} the -italic correction is not used the letters are too close together, but -{\it if\/} the correction is used, the spacing is better.} D`en -qrei'azetai di'orjwsh >italik~wn st`hn per'iptwsh <'opou >am'e\-swc -met`a t`a pl'agia >akolouje~i k'omma >`h tele'ia. <Wst'oso, t`o ->'entupo j`a de'iqnei pi`o <wra~io, >e`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn di'orjwsh ->italik~wn pr`in >ap`o e>isagwgik`a >`h parenj'eseic. - -E>~inai dunat`o n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume ka`i >'allec grammatoseir`ec ->ekt`oc >ap`o a>ut`ec po`u m~ac prosf'erei >arqik`a t`o {\rm \TeX} -(>ef'' <'oson t`a >arqe~ia m`e t`ic >epipl'eon grammatoseir`ec -<up'arqoun st`on <upologist'h mac). Di'afora meg'ejh t'upwn mporo~un n`a -qrhsimopoihjo~un m`e t`hn bo'hjeia t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt -\\magstep}. Gi`a n`a <or'isoume m'ia n'ea grammatoseir`a >`h <'enan -n'eo t'upo stoiqe'iwn, j`a pr'epei n`a gnwr'izoume p~wc >onom'azetai t`o -sqetik`o >arqe~io st`on <upologist'h mac. Gi`a par'adeigma, <o t'upoc -{\rm roman} >onom'azetai {\tt cmr10} st`ic pi`o poll`ec >ekd'oseic to~u -{\rm \TeX}\null. >E`an gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\font\\bigrm -= cmr10 scaled \\magstep\NB{}1}, t'o\-te mporo~ume n`a -qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\bigrm} <'opwc -qrhsimopoio~ume ka`i t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt\\it} >`h {\tt\\rm}.% -\TeXref{13--17} -\toindex{magstep} -\toindex{font} -\toindex{scaled} - ->All'azontac t'upo m'esw| t~hc >entol~hc {\tt\\bigrm}, j`a l'aboume -stoiqe~ia {\rm roman} po`u j`a e>~inai kat`a 20\NB \% megal'utera t~wn -kanonik~wn. M`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\font\\bigbigrm = cmr10 scaled -\\magstep\NB{}2} <or'izoume <'enan n'eo t'upo {\rm roman} <o <opo~ioc -e>~inai kat`a 44\NB \% megal'uteroc to~u ka\-no\-ni\-ko~u. Sunolik`a -t`o {\rm \TeX} >epitr'epei <'exi megej'unseic t'upwn, >ap`o {\tt -\\magstep\NB 0} >'ewc {\tt \\magstep\NB 5}. S`e poll`ec >ekd'oseic to~u -{\rm \TeX}, <up'arqei ka`i m'ia <'ebdomh meg'ejunsh {\tt \\magstephalf} ---- pr'okeitai gi`a meg'enjush kat`a 9,5\NB \% per'ipou. <Or'iste -merik`a de'igmata <en`oc t'upou s`e di'afora meg'ejh: - -\maketable [Megej'unseic t'upwn] -\halign{ - \strut \tt # \hfil & \quad # \hfil \cr - \tengb Meg'ejunsh & \tengb De~igma \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - \\magstep 0 & \rm Sample text at magstep 0. \cr - \\magstephalf & \halfrm Sample text at magstephalf. \cr - \\magstep 1 & \brm Sample text at magstep 1. \cr - \\magstep 2 & \bbrm Sample text at magstep 2. \cr - \\magstep 3 & \bbbrm Sample text at magstep 3. \cr - \\magstep 4 & \bbbbrm Sample text at magstep 4. \cr - \\magstep 5 & \bbbbbrm Sample text at magstep 5. \cr - } -\bigskip - -E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume tele'iwc n'eec -grammatoseir'ec (p.q., <ellhnik'ec). Beba'iwc, p'anta a>ut`o >exart~atai ->ap`o t`o t'i <up'arqei diaj'esimo st`on <upologist`h po`u -qrhsi\-mo\-poi\-o~ume ka`i >'iswc >ap`o t`ic dunat'othtec t~hc ts'ephc -mac (poll`ec grammatoseir`ec kuklo\-fo\-ro~un <wc >emporik`a -pro"i'onta). S`e pollo`uc <upologist`ec <up'arqei <'ena >arqe~io m`e -t`o <'onoma {\tt cmss10}; pr'okeitai gi`a m'ia grammatoseir`a stoiqe'iwn -{\rm sans serif} (qwr`ic >apol'hxeic >'h, >alli~wc, qwr`ic pato~urec). -B'azontac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\font\\sf = cmss10} s`e k'apoio shme~io -to~u k'wdik'a mac, mporo~ume kat'opin n`a qrh\-simo\-poi'h\-soume t`on -t'upo {\rm sans serif} m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\sf}, <'opwc j`a -gr'afoume, p.q., {\tt\\bf} gi`a >'entona stoiqe~ia. >'Eqo\-ntac loip`on -<or'isei t`on t'upo {\rm sans serif}, <o k'wdikac: {\tt\\sf a sample of -our new Sans Serif font}, d'inei: {\sf a sample of our new Sans Serif -font.} - -\exercise T'i pr'oblhma j`a dhmiourgo~use <h qr'hsh m'iac l'exhc ->el'egqou {\tt \\ss} >ant`i t~hc {\tt \\sf} gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume -s`e {\rm sans serif}? <Up'odeixh: >E`an <h >ap'anthsh d`en s~ac -fa'inetai ka`i t'oso <apl'h, skefje~ite t`o germanik`o >alf'abhto pr~wta -ka`i t'ote j`a t`hn bre~ite. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste m'ia par'agrafo s`e megejunm'eno t'upo {\rm -sans serif}. - -O<i >epipl'eon grammatoseir`ec ka`i t'upoi po`u mpore~i n`a -qrhsimopoi'hsei kane`ic m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} dia\-f'eroun >ap`o -<upologist`h s`e <upologist'h. O<i t'upoi po`u >anaf'erontai st`on -parak'atw p'inaka e>~inai a>uto`i po`u <up'arqoun sto`uc periss'oterouc -<upologist'ec. - -\maketable [O<i pi`o koino`i t'upoi to~u {\lsecfont\TeX}] -\halign{ -\strut \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil - & \quad \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil - & \quad \tt # \hfil \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -cmbsy10 &cmbxsl10 &cmbxti10 &cmbx10 &cmbx12 &cmbx5 \cr -cmbx6 &cmbx7 &cmbx8 &cmbx9 &cmb10 &cmcsc10 \cr -cmdunh10 &cmex10 &cmff10 &cmfib8 &cmfi10 &cmitt10 \cr -cmmib10 &cmmi10 &cmmi12 &cmmi5 &cmmi6 &cmmi7 \cr -cmmi8 &cmmi9 &cmr10 &cmr12 &cmr17 &cmr5 \cr -cmr6 &cmr7 &cmr8 &cmr9 &cmsltt10 &cmsl10 \cr -cmsl12 &cmsl8 &cmsl9 &cmssbx10 &cmssdc10 &cmssi10 \cr -cmssi12 &cmssi17 &cmssi8 &cmssi9 &cmssqi8 &cmssq8 \cr -cmss10 &cmss12 &cmss17 &cmss8 &cmss9 &cmsy10 \cr -cmsy5 &cmsy6 &cmsy7 &cmsy8 &cmsy9 &cmtcsc10 \cr -cmtex10 &cmtex8 &cmtex9 &cmti10 &cmti12 &cmti7 \cr -cmti8 &cmti9 &cmtt10 &cmtt12 &cmtt8 &cmtt9 \cr -cmu10 &cmvtt10 \cr -} -\bigskip - -O<i t'upoi a>uto`i >'eqoun >onomasje~i (({\rm Computer Modern})) >ap`o -t`on sqediast'h touc, po`u d`en e>~inai >'alloc >ap`o t`on >'idio t`on -dhmiourg`o to~u {\rm \TeX}, t`on {\rm Donald Knuth}. >'Etsi t`a d'uo -pr~wta gr'ammata to~u >on'omatoc a>ut~wn t~wn t'upwn {\tt cm} shma'inoun -{\rm Computer Modern}. <O >arijm`oc st`o t'eloc t~wn >onom'atwn touc -dhl'wnei t`o m'egej'oc touc: t'upoc 10 stigm~wn ({\rm points}) e>~inai -kanoniko~u meg'ejouc, t'upoi 7 stigm~wn qrh\-si\-me'uoun sun'hjwc <wc -majhmatiko`i de~iktec ka`i t'upoi 5 stigm~wn <wc >ekj'etec; t'upoi 12 -stigm~wn e>~inai kat`a 20\NB \% megal'uteroi a>ut~wn t~wn 10 stigm~wn, -k.o.k. >E`an st`a gr'ammata d'uo pr~wta gr'am\-mata to~u >on'omatoc, -{\tt cm}, akolouje~i t`o gr'amma {\tt b}, <o t'upoc e>~inai {\bf bold} -(>'entona stoiqe~ia). Par'omoia, t`o {\tt r} shma'inei {\rm roman}, t`o -{\tt I} {\it italic}, t`o {\tt csc} {\sc Small Caps} -(mikro\-kefa\-la~ia, t`a gnwst`a sto`uc <'ellhnec tupogr'afouc <wc -((kapital'akia)){}), t`o {\tt sl} {\sl slanted}, t`o {\tt sy} {$\cal -SYMBOL$} (s'umbola) ka`i t`o {\tt tt} {\tt typewriter} (t'upoc -grafomhqan~hc). - -\exercise Bre~ite <'olouc to`uc t'upouc po`u diaj'etei t`o s'usthm'a sac -ka`i tup~wste <'ola t`a gr'ammata ka`i to`uc >arijmo`uc s`e meriko`uc ->ap`o a>uto`uc to`uc t'upouc. - -\exercise T`a stoiqe~ia to~u t'upou {\tt cmr12} e>~inai kat`a 20\NB{}\% -megal'utera s`e m'egejoc >ap`o a>ut`a to~u t'upou {\tt cmr10}. ->Ep'ishc, <h >entol`h {\tt \\magstep\NB 1} megej'unei t`a stoiqe~ia -kat`a 20\NB \%. Tup~wste <'ena ke'imeno qrhsimopoi'wntac t`on t'upo {\tt -cmr12} ka`i kat'opin tup~wste t`o >'idio ke'imeno m`e t`on t'upo {\tt -cmr10} megejunm'eno kat`a 20\NB{}\%. T`a >apotel'esmata j`a e>~inai -diaforetik'a! - - -\section{<H di'ataxh t~wn pragm'atwn} - -St`o kef'alaio a>ut'o, j`a >exet'asoume p~wc n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume <'ena -ke'imeno s`e di'a\-forec diat'axeic (morf'ec) ka`i meg'ejh. -<Opwc\-d'hpote, mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e t`ic -dik'ec tou (t`ic {\tengs >ex <orismo~u\/} >`h {\rm default}) diat'axeic -ka`i meg'ejh, <'opwc >'eqoume >'eqoume k'anei m'eqri a>ut`o t`o shme~io. -<'Omwc >ap`o >ed~w ka`i st`o >ex~hc, j`a e>'imaste k'apwc pi`o -dhmiourgiko'i. Gi`a n`a katal'aboume <'omwc t'i shma'inoun di'afora -meg'ejh, kal`a j`a >~htan n`a xekino'usame di\-eu\-kri\-n'izontac -<orism'enec >'ennoiec mon'adwn. - -\subsection{Mon'adec, mon'adec, mon'adec} - -T`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a metr'hsei m'hkh s`e poll`ec diaforetik`ec -mon'adec. O<i pi`o koin`ec e>~inai <h >'intsa, t`o <ekatost'o, <h -tupografik`h stigm'h ({\rm point}) ka`i t`o tupo\-gra\-fik`o -te\-tr'a\-gwno >`h p'ika ({\rm pica}). O<i sunto\-mo\-graf'iec a>ut~wn -t~wn mon'adwn e>~inai >ant'istoiqa: {\tt in}, {\tt cm}, {\tt pt} ka`i -{\tt pc}. <H stigm`h <or'izetai >ap`o t`hn >ex'iswsh: $1\,\rm in = -72{,}27\,\rm pt$, ka`i t`o te\-tr'a\-gwno >ap`o t`hn >ex'iswsh: $1\,\rm -pc = 12\,\rm pt$\null. Sunep~wc, <h stigm`h e>~inai m'ia pol`u mikr`h -mon'ada m'etrhshc m'hkouc --- per'ipou t`o m'egejoc m'iac tele'iac -a>uto~u to~u >egqei\-rid'iou. <'Ena te\-tr'a\-gwno e>~inai per'ipou <h ->ap'ostash >ap`o t`hn b'ash m'iac >ar'adac <eto'utou to~u keim'enou ->'ewc t`hn b'ash t~hc <ep'omenhc >ar'adac. <Or'iste m'ia sug\-kritik`h -e>ik'ona merik~wn diast'asewn m'hkouc: \def\pip{\vrule height 4 true -pt}% -\TeXref{57} - -\maketable [\null] -\halign{ -\strut \hfil # & \quad # \hfil \cr -\noalign{\smallskip} - 1 >'intsa: & $\hbox to 1 true in{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr - 1 <ekatost'o: & $\hbox to 1 true cm{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr - 20 stigm'ec: & $\hbox to 20 true pt{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr - 1 tetr'agwno: & $\hbox to 1 true pc{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$ \cr -} -\bigskip - -O<i stigm`ec qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a >allag`ec pol`u mikr~wn -diast'asewn. M'alista t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai pol`u >akrib`ec st`hn -m'etrhsh diast'asewn; <h mikr'oterh mon'ada m'etrhshc m'hkouc po`u -qrhsimopoie~i t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai mikr'oterh >ap`o <'ena -<ekatommuriost`o t~hc >'intsac. >'Etsi, <h le\-pto\-m'e\-reia to~u ->ent'u\-pou >exar\-t~a\-tai o>u\-sia\-sti\-k`a >ap`o t`hn e>ukr'ineia -({\rm resolution}) to~u >ektupwt~h. - -<Up'arqoun d'uo >ak'oma mon'adec o<i <opo~iec d`en e>~inai tele'iwc -stajer'ec, >all`a metab'alontai >an'aloga m`e t`o m'egejoc t~wn t'upwn -po`u qrhsimopoio~ume.\TeXref{60} <H mon'ada {\tt ex} e>~inai per'ipou -<'oso t`o <'uyoc <en`oc mikro~u latiniko~u {\rm x}, ka`i <h mon'ada {\tt -em} e>~inai per'ipou >'ish m`e t`o pl'atoc <en`oc kefala'iou {\rm M} -(gi`a t`hn >akr'ibeia, <h mon'ada {\tt em} e>~inai dipl'asia to~u -pl'atouc <en`oc <opoioud'hpote >ap`o t`a yhf'ia $0,\ldots,9$). - -T`hn di'ataxh (diast'aseic, k.lp.)\ to~u >ent'upou t`hn >el'egqoume ->ep'ishc m`e l'exeic >el'egqou. T`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei poll`ec -t'etoiec l'exeic >el'egqou po`u >epitr'epoun t`on pol`u >akrib`h ->'elegqo to~u >apotel'esmatoc. <'Omwc, st`hn pleioyof'ia t~wn -peript'wsewn merik`ec m'ono >ap`o >aut`ec >arko~un. - -\subsection{<H di'ataxh t~hc sel'idac} - -T`o ke'imeno m'iac sel'idac >apotele~itai >ap`o tr'ia basik`a m'erh. T`o -megal'utero m'eroc t~hc sel'idac t`o katalamb'anei t`o {\tengs s~wma\/} -({\rm body}): t`o {\tengs k'urio ke'imeno\/} m`e t`ic {\tengs -<uposhmei'wseic}. >Ep'anw >ap`o t`o s~wma, <up'arqei <h {\tengs -kefal'h\/} ({\rm headline}). <H kefal`h sun'hjwc peri'eqei t`on t'itlo -to~u >ent'upou, t`on t'itlo to~u kefala'iou >`h ka`i t`on >arijm`o t~hc -sel'idac; >ep'ishc <h kefal`h mpore~i n`a diaf'erei >ap`o mon`h s`e -zug`h sel'ida. K'atw >ap`o t`ic <uposhmei'wseic <up'arqei t`o {\tengs -p'odi} ({\rm footline}) t~hc sel'idac, m'ia >ar'ada po`u sun'hjwc -peri'eqei t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac ka`i m'onon. - -St`a parade'igmata po`u e>'idame >'ewc >ed~w, <h kefal`h >~htan ken'h. -T`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac perie~iqe e>'ite t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac -st`o m'eso tou, e>'ite >~htan tele'iwc ken`o <'otan qrhsimopoi'hsame -t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\nopagenumbers}. Periss'otera gi`a t`hn kefal`h -ka`i t`o p'odi t~wn sel'idwn j`a >anaf'eroume pi`o k'atw. Pr`oc -stigm'hn, >`ac >epikentr'wsoume t`hn prosoq'h mac st`o s~wma. - -Gi`a n`a kle'isoume m'ia sel'ida ka`i n`a xekin'hsoume m'ia n'ea, -mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdik'a mac: {\tt \\vfill \\eject}. <H -l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\eject} >anagk'azei t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a -<oloklh\-r'w\-sei t`hn paro'usa sel'ida po`u >epexerg'azetai, >en~w <h -l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vfill} to~u l'eei n`a gem'i\-sei t`o k'atw m'eroc -to~u s'wmatoc m`e ken'o. (>E`an j'elete, m`hn gr'afete st`on -k'wdik'a sac {\tt \\vfill} gi`a n`a de~ite p`wc j`a tentwje~i t`o -ke'imeno gi`a n`a gem'isei <h sel'ida.) -\toindex{vfill} -\toindex{eject} - -{\hsize=4in -T`o pl'atoc to~u keim'enou <or'izetai m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\hsize}. Mpore~i n`a >allaqje~i s`e <opoiod'hpote shme~io to~u -keim'enou mac, p.q., s`e t'esseric >'intsec, m`e t`hn >entol'h: {\tt -\\hsize = 4\NB in} ka`i m`e mej'odouc po`u j`a perigr'ayoume pi`o k'atw. -<H tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize} st`o t'e\-loc m'iac pa\-ra\-gr'a\-fou -kajor'izei ka`i t`o pl'atoc t~hc para\-gr'a\-fou. <'Opwc mporo~ume n`a -parathr'hsoume s`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo, t`o pl'atoc to~u -kei\-m'e\-nou mpore~i n`a >allaqje~i gi`a m'ia ka`i monadik`h par'agrafo -(>ed~w >'egine 4\NB >'intsec). >Ep'ishc, mi~ac ka`i <h l'exh >el'egqou -{\tt \\hsize} e>~inai m'ia metablht'h (t`o pl'atoc to~u keim'enou), m`e ->ekfr'aseic <'opwc {\tt \\hsize = 0,75\\hsize} mporo~ume n`a t`hn ->all'axoume s`e sq'esh m`e t`hn pali`a tim'h thc (<'osoi >'eqoun k'anei -p'ente stoiqei'wdh maj'hmata programmatismo~u j`a katal'aboun kal'utera -t`hn shmas'ia a>uto~u to~u k'wdika). -\par } -\toindex{hsize} - -<H >ant'istoiqh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`o <'uyoc to~u keim'enou e>~inai -<h {\tt \\vsize}. <H tim`h to~u {\tt \\vsize} >all'azetai <'opwc ka`i <h -tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}. >'Etsi gr'afontac {\tt \\vsize = 8 in} -<or'izoume t`o <'uyoc to~u s'wmatoc s`e >okt`w >'intsec. >`Ac -pros'exoume <'oti <h tim`h {\tt \\vsize} e>~inai t`o <'uyoc to~u -s'wmatoc m'onon qwr`ic n`a sumperi\-lam\-b'ano\-ntai <h kefal`h ka`i t`o -p'odi. -\toindex{vsize} - -<H <'olh sel'ida mpore~i n`a metakinhje~i >ep'anw st`o qart`i <'opou -t`hn tup'wnoume. <H >ep'anw >arister`h gwn'ia t~hc sel'idac, dhl.\ <h ->ep'anw >arister`h gwn'ia t~hc kefal~hc thc, e>~inai s`e >ap'o\-sta\-sh -m'iac >'intsac >ap`o t`hn >ep'anw >'akrh to~u qartio~u kai s`e ->ap'o\-sta\-sh m'iac >'in\-tsac >ap`o t`hn >arister`h >'akrh to~u -f'ullou to~u qartio~u. O<i l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt\\hoffset} ka`i {\tt -\\voffset} qrh\-simo\-poio~u\-ntai gi`a n`a >all'axoun >aut`ec o<i ->apost'aseic. P.q., m`e {\tt\\hoffset = ,75 in} ka`i {\tt \\voffset = --,5 in} <h sel'ida j`a metakinhje~i kat`a 0,75 >'intsec pr`oc t`a dexi`a -to~u qartio~u ka`i kat`a 0,5 >'intsec pr`oc t`a >ep'anw. T`ic -periss'oterec for`ec d`en j`a qreiasje~i n`a <or'isoume t`ic tim`ec t~wn -{\tt \\hoffset}, {\tt \\voffset} ka`i {\tt \\vsize} par`a m'ono m'ia -for`a st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdik'a mac. -\TeXref{251} -\toindex{hoffset} -\toindex{voffset} - -\global\advance\footnotenum by 1 -\maketable [L'exeic >el'egqou gi`a t`ic diast'aseic t~hc sel'idac] -\halign{ - \strut \hfil #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad #\hfil\cr - \tengb >'Onoma & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Arqik`h tim`h - to~u {\bf \TeX\ (in)} \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - <oriz'ontio pl'atoc & \\hsize & 6,5 \cr - katak'orufo <'uyoc & \\vsize & 8,9 \cr - <oriz'ontia metat'opish${}^\the\footnotenum$ & \\hoffset & 0 \cr - katak'orufh metat'opish${}^\the\footnotenum$ & \\voffset & 0 \cr - } - -\footnote{}{\llap{$^\the\footnotenum$}>Ex <orismo~u, t`o {\rm \TeX} -xekin~a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia t~hc sel'idac s`e >ap'ostash $1\,\rm in$ ->ap`o t`hn koruf`h to~u qartio~u, ka`i s`e >ap'ostash $1\,\rm in$ >ap`o -t`hn >arister`h >'akrh to~u qartio~u.} \nobreak - -\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia par'agrafo keim'enou po`u n`a >'eqei merik`ec ->ar'adec. >Anti\-gr'ay\-te a>ut`h t`hn par'agrafo merik`ec for`ec ka`i -b'alte pr`in >ap`o t`hn pr'wth {\tt \\hsize = 5\NB in} ka`i {\tt \\hsize -= 10\NB cm} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn de'uterh. Dokim'aste merik`ec >ak'oma -tim`ec st`o {\tt \\hsize}. - -\exercise B'alte {\tt \\hoffset = ,5 in\ } ka`i {\tt \\voffset = 1 -in} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn pr'wth par'agrafo t~hc prohgo'umenhc >'askhshc. - -\exercise B'alte {\tt \\vsize = 2 in} >empr`oc >ap`o t`hn pr'wth -par'agrafo t~hc prohgo'umenhc >'askhshc. - -St`hn prohgo'umenh par'agrafo e>'idame <'oti mporo~ume n`a -qrhsimopoi'hsoume diaforetik`a meg'ejh t'upwn qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn -l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\magstep}. E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`h <h -meg'e\-jun\-sh <'olou to~u >ent'upou mac monomi~ac. >E`an j'esoume {\tt -\\magnification = \\magstep\NB 1} st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika, t`o ->apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o >'entup'o mac n`a megejunje~i <'olo kat`a -20\NB \%\null. <H meg'ejunsh mpore~i n`a g'inei ka`i m`e >'allec tim`ec -{\tt \\magstep}. <Wst'oso {\tengb <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\magnification} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i m'onon st`hn >arq`h to~u -k'wdika, pr`in t`o {\bf \TeX} sunant'hsei >'estw ka`i <'enan qarakt'hra -gi`a stoiqeioj'ethsh.} A>ut`h <h meg'ejunsh mpore~i n`a dhmiourg'hsei -k'apoia probl'hmata. >E`an <'olo t`o ke'imeno e>~inai -n`a megejunje~i kat`a 20\NB \% ka`i >'eqoume <or'isei {\tt \\hsize = 5 -in} st`on k'wdik'a mac, t`o telik`o >'entupo j`a >'eqei pl'atoc 5 ->'intsec, >`h j`a megejunje~i kat`a 20\NB{}\% s`e 6 >'intsec? >E`an -d`en l'aboume t`a kat'al\-lhla m'etra, m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt -\\magnification} <'olec o<i diast'aseic j`a megejunjo~un kat`a -20\NB{}\%, dhl.\ t`o {\tt \\hsize} j`a g'inei 6 >'intsec. S`e merik`ec -peript'wseic a>ut`o mpore~i n`a e>~inai >epijumht'o, <'omwc sun'hjwc <h -<omoi'omorfh >allag`h <'olwn t~wn diast'asewn e>~inai >anepij'umhth. -Gi`a par'adeigma, mpore~i n`a j'eloume n`a >af'hsoume 3 >'intsec ->akrib~wc keno~u q'wrou gi`a n`a >enj'esoume kat'opin <'ena sq~hma. -St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut'h, k'aje di'astash po`u d`en j'eloume n`a ->all'axei pr'epei n`a t`hn <or'isoume <wc {\tt \\true}, p.q., gr'afontac -{\tt \\hsize = 5\NB{}true\NB{}in} t`o m~hkoc t~wn >ar'adwn (dhl.\ t`o -pl'atoc to~u keim'enou) j`a parame'inei 5 >'intsec >anex'arthta >ap`o -t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\magnification}.\TeXref{59--60} -\toindex{magnification} - -\exercise B'alte {\tt \\magnification = \\magstep 1} st`hn pr'wth -gram\-m`h t~wn >arqe'iwn sac ka`i de~ite t`o >apot'elesma. - -\subsection{<H di'ataxh t~hc paragr'afou} - -<'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'azei t`on k'wdik'a mac, diab'azei m'ia -par'agrafo k'aje for`a ka`i met`a t`hn stoiqeiojete~i. A>ut`o shma'inei -<'oti mporo~ume n`a >'eqoume pl'hrh >'elegqo t~hc di'ataxhc (t~hc -morf~hc) t~hc paragr'afou; <'omwc <up'arqoun merik`ec leptom'ereiec o<i -<opo~iec >apaito~un >idia'iterh prosoq'h. E>'idame >'hdh p~wc m`e t`o -{\tt \\hsize} mporo~ume n`a >el'egqoume t`o pl'atoc t~hc paragr'afou. ->All'a, >`ac <upoj'esoume <'oti st`on k'wdika e>'iqame gr'ayei: -\beginuser -\\hsize = 5 in -Four score and seven years -$\vdots$ -from this earth. -\\hsize = 6,5 in -\enduser - -Poi'o e>~inai t`o pl'atoc t~hc paragr'afou? <H tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize} -<or'isjhke m'ia for`a st`hn >arq`h t~hc paragr'afou, ka`i kat'opin ->epanor'isjhke st`o t'eloc thc. >Ef'' <'oson <h par'agrafoc d`en e>~iqe -<oloklhrwje~i m'eqri t`on de'utero <orism`o t~hc tim~hc to~u {\tt -\\hsize} (m`e t`hn parembol`h m'iac ken~hc gramm~hc >`h to~u {\tt \\par} -st`on k'wdika), j`a stoiqeiojethje~i s'umfwna m`e t`hn teleuta'ia tim`h -pl'atouc, dhl.\ m`e pl'atoc 6,5 >'intsec. <'Opwc, >e`an <up~hrqe m'ia -ken`h gramm`h st`on k'wdika, t`o pl'atoc thc j`a >~htan 5 >'intsec. -Bl'epoume loip'on, <'oti k'aje par'agrafoc stoiqeiojete~itai m`e t`ic -tim`ec t~wn param'etrwn po`u e>~inai o<i pi`o pr'osfatec po`u >'eqei -diab'asei t`o {\rm \TeX}. - -<Or'iste <'enac p'inakac m`e merik`ec param'etrouc po`u kajor'izoun t`hn -di'ataxh (morf'h) m'iac para\-gr'a\-fou: - -\maketable [Par'ametroi di'ataxhc paragr'afou] -\halign{ - \hfil #\hfil & \quad\hfil\tt #\hfil & \hfil\quad #\hfil\cr - \tengb Leitourg'ia & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf \TeX} & \tengb >Arqik`h - tim`h to~u {\bf \TeX} \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - pl'atoc & \\hsize & 6,5 >'intsec \cr - >od'ontwsh pr'wthc >ar'adac - & \\parindent & 20 stigm'ec\cr - >ap'ostash metax`u >ar'adwn (di'astiqo) & \\baselineskip & 12 stigm'ec\cr - >ap'ostash metax`u paragr'afwn & \\parskip & 0 stigm'ec\cr - } -\par -\toindex{parindent} -\toindex{parskip} -\toindex{baselineskip} - -<H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\noindent} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i st`hn ->arq`h m'iac paragr'afou gi`a t`hn >apofug`h t~hc {\tengs >od'ontwshc} -(t~hc >eswterik~hc metat'opishc, >`h st`hn >Agglik`h {\rm indentation}) -t~hc pr'wthc >ar'adac. A>ut`h <h >entol`h j`a >ephre'asei m'ono t`hn -morf`h t~hc paragr'afou st`hn <opo'ia qrhsimopoie~itai. >Antij'etwc, -j'etontac {\tt \\parindent = 0\NB{}pt} <'olec o<i par'agrafoi to~u ->ent'upou d`en j`a >'eqoun >od'ontwsh. \toindex{noindent} - -{\narrower -<'Enac pi`o e>'ukoloc tr'opoc gi`a n`a >el'egxoume t`o pl'atoc m'iac -paragr'afou e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt -\\rightskip} ka`i {\tt \\leftskip}. >'Etsi, j'etontac {\tt \\leftskip = -20 pt}, t`o >arister`o perij'wrio t~hc paragr'afou megal'wnei kat`a -e>'ikosi stigm'ec. >E`an j'eloume t`o >arister`o perij'wrio n`a -mikr'unei ka`i <h par'agrafoc n`a >epe\-ktaje~i >ekt`oc to~u >aristero~u -<'or'iou t~hc sel'idac, d`en >'eqoume par`a n`a <or'isoume m'ia ->arnhtik`h tim`h gi`a t`hn di'astash {\tt \\leftskip}. Paromo'iwc, ->all'azontac t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\rightskip}, kajor'izoume t`o dexi`o -<'orio t~hc paragr'afou. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\narrower} d'inei t`o ->'idio >apot'elesma <'opwc >e`an e>'iqame <or'isei t`ic tim`ec t~wn {\tt -\\leftskip} ka`i {\tt \\rightskip} >'isec m`e t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt -\\parindent}. A>ut`o e>~inai suqn`a qr'hsimo gi`a t`hn par'ajesh -makr~wn dane'iwn qwr'iwn --- <eto'uth <h par'agrafoc e>~inai <'ena -par'adeigma. <'Opwc sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`o {\tt \\hsize}, <'otan -<h par'agrafoc <oloklhr'wnetai t`o {\rm\TeX} lamb'anei <up'' >'oyh tou -t`ic pi`o pr'osfatec tim`ec t~wn {\tt\\leftskip} ka`i {\tt\\rightskip} -gi`a n`a t`hn stoiqeiojet'hsei. \TeXref{100} \par -} -\toindex{leftskip} -\toindex{rightskip} -\toindex{narrower} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste d'uo paragr'afouc m`e t`ic >ex~hc -diast'aseic: t`o >arister`o perij'wrio ka`i t~wn d'uo paragr'afwn -e>~inai megal'utero kat`a 1,5 >'intsec >ap`o t`o perij'wrio to~u <'olou ->ent'upou; t`o dexi`o perij'wrio t~hc pr'wthc paragr'afou e>~inai kat`a -0,75 t~hc >'intsac megal'utero >ap`o a>ut`o to~u >ent'upou; ka`i t`o -dexi`o perij'wrio t~hc de'uterhc paragr'afou e>~inai megal'utero s`e -s'ugkrish m`e a>ut`o to~u >ent'upou kat`a 1,75 >'intsec. -\bigskip - -\def\hangparagraph{% -O<i >ar'adec (>`h >alli~wc {\tengs st'iqoi\/}) m'iac paragr'afou -mporo~un n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un s`e diaforetik`a m'hkh qrhsimopoi'wntac -t`ic l'e\-xeic >el'eg\-qou {\tt \\hangindent} ka`i {\tt \\hangafter}. -T`o m'egejoc ka`i <h j'esh t~hc >o\-d'o\-ntw\-shc t~wn >ar'adwn ->exart~wntai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hangindent}. >E`an t`o {\tt -\\hangindent} e>~inai jetik'o, <h >od'o\-ntw\-sh g'inetai >a\-p`o t`a ->arister'a; >e`an e>~inai >ar\-nh\-ti\-k'o, <h >od'ontwsh g'inetai ->a\-p`o t`a dexi'a. T`o poi'ec >ar'adec metatop'izontai kat`a t`hn ->od'ontwsh >exart~atai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hangafter}. >E`an -t`o {\tt \\hangafter} e>~inai jetik'o, t'ote <h tim`h tou kajor'izei t`o -p'osec >ar'adec >ap`o t`hn >arq`h t~hc paragr'afou j`a >'eqoun pl~hrec -pl'atoc (<'opwc a>ut`o kajor'izetai >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt -\\hsize}). >'Etsi, >e`an >'eqoume {\tt \\hangindent = 1,75\NB in} ka`i -{\tt \\hangafter =\NB{}6}, t'ote o<i <'exi pr~wtec >ar'adec j`a >'eqoun -pl~hrec pl'atoc, >en`w gi`a t`ic <up'oloipec t`o >arister`o -pe\-ri\-j'wrio j`a e>~inai kat`a 1,75 >'intsec megal'utero. >Ap`o t`hn ->'al\-lh me\-ri'a, >e`an >'eqoume {\tt \\hangindent = -\hbox{-1,75}\NB{}in} ka`i {\tt \\hangafter = -6}, t'ote o<i <'exi -pr~wtec >ar'adec j`a >'eqoun >arister`o perij'wrio megal'utero kat`a -1,75 >'intsec >ap`o t`ic <up'oloipec po`u j`a >'eqoun pl~hrec pl'atoc. -T`o {\rm \TeX} >epano\-r'izei {\tt \\hangindent = 0\NB{}pt} ka`i {\tt -\\hangafter = 1} met`a t`o t'eloc k'a\-je para\-gr'a\-fou. A>ut`ec o<i -l'exeic >el'egqou e>~inai >idia'itera qr'hsimec gi`a paragr'afouc m`e ->od'ontwsh, kaj`wc ka`i gi`a paragr'afouc o<i <opo~iec mpa'inoun g'urw ->ap`o sq'hmata >`h e>ik'onec. -\TeXref{355}% -J'etontac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hang} st`hn >ar\-q`h t~hc -paragr'afou, <h pr'w\-th >ar'ada j`a bge~i st`o pl~hrec pl'atoc thc, ->en~w o<i <up'oloipec j`a >'eqoun >arister`o perij'wrio megal'utero -kat`a t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\parindent}.\TeXref{102} <W\-st'o\-so, j`a -pr'epei n`a qrhsi\-mopoi'h\-sou\-me ka`i t`hn >e\-nto\-l`h {\tt \\noindent} ->e`an j'eloume <h pr'wth >ar'ada n`a m`hn >'eqei >od'ontwsh. -\par} - -\hangafter=6 \hangindent=1.75in -\hangparagraph -\toindex{hangindent} -\toindex{hangafter} -\toindex{hang} - -<Or'iste xan`a <h parap'anw par'agrafoc m`e {\tt \\hangafter = -6} ka`i -{\tt \\hangindent = -1,75 in}. - -\hangafter=-6 \hangindent=-1.75in \hangparagraph - -M`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\parshape} mporo~ume n`a -<etoim'asoume paragr'afouc s`e megal'uterh poikil'ia diat'axewn. -\TeXref{101} -\toindex{parshape} - -M'ia >ak'oma l'exh >el'egqou pol`u qr'hsimh gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia -paragr'afwn e>~inai ka`i <h {\tt \\item}. Mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i -gi`a t`hn <etoimas'ia katal'ogwn <'opou kajet`i katagr'afetai -qwrist'a. Gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\item\lb$\ldots$\rb}, -dhmiourgo~ume m'ia par'agrafo m`e >arister`h >od'ontwsh (megal'utero ->arister`o perij'wrio) <'osh ka`i <h tim`h to~u {\tt \\parindent}; ->epipl'eon <h pr'wth >ar'ada t~hc paragr'afou shmei'wnetai m`e <'o,ti ->'eqoume gr'ayei >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn. Sun'hjwc <h l'exh >el'egqou -{\tt \\item} qrhsimopoie~itai m`e {\tt \\parskip = 0 pt}, >epeid`h -a>ut`h <h teleuta'ia l'exh >el'egqou kajor'izei t`hn katak'orufh ->ap'ostash metax`u diaforetik~wn >antikeim'enwn >en`oc kata\-l'o\-gou. <H -l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\itemitem} m~ac d'inei t`o >'idio >apot'elesma -<'opwc ka`i <h {\tt \\item}, m`e t`hn diafor`a <oti <h >od'ontwsh -e>~inai dipl'asia, dhl.\ d'uo for`ec megal'uterh >ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u -{\tt\\parindent}.\TeXref{102} <Or'iste <'ena par'adeigma: -\toindex{item} -\toindex{itemitem} - -\beginliteral -\parskip = 0pt \parindent = 30 pt -\noindent -Answer all the following questions: -\item{(1)} What is question 1? -\item{(2)} What is question 2? -\item{(3)} What is question 3? -\itemitem{(3a)} What is question 3a? -\itemitem{(3b)} What is question 3b? -@endliteral - -\noindent -T`o >apot'elesma to~u parade'igmatoc e>~inai: -\vskip\baselineskip - -\vbox{{\parskip = 0pt \parindent = 30 pt \rm -\noindent -Answer all the following questions: -\item{(1)} What is question 1? -\item{(2)} What is question 2? -\item{(3)} What is question 3? -\itemitem{(3a)} What is question 3a? -\itemitem{(3b)} What is question 3b? -}} - -\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia par'agrafo >arket~wn >ar'adwn ka`i -qrhsimopoi~hste t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\item} gi`a n`a de~ite t'i -shma'inei >od'ontwsh. Kat'opin stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >'idia -par'a\-gra\-fo m`e diaforetik`ec tim`ec {\tt \\parindent} ka`i {\tt -\\hsize}. -\bigskip - -Ka`i t'wra >`ac do~ume p~wc <or'izoume t`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn -paragr'afwn. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\parskip} qrhsi\-mo\-poie~itai -gi`a t`on kajorism`o to~u keno~u diast'hmatoc metax`u t~wn paragr'afwn. ->'Etsi loip'on, >e`an gr'ayoume {\tt \\parskip = 12\NB pt} st`hn >arq`h -to~u >arqe'iou {\rm\TeX}, <h >ap'ostash metax`u t~hc b'ashc m'iac -paragr'afou ka`i t~hc koruf~hc t~hc <ep'omenhc j`a e>~inai 12 stigm`ec -s`e <'olo t`o >'entupo (>ekt`oc >e`an >epanor'isoume s`e k'apoio -<ep'omeno shme~io to~u k'wdika t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\parskip}). ->Ep'ishc m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vskip} mporo~ume n`a j'esoume -pr'osjeto ken`o di'asthma metax`u d'uo paragr'afwn. P.q., m`e {\tt -\\vskip 1\NB{}in} prosj'etoume ken`o di'asthma m'iac >'intsac metax'u -d'uo paragr'afwn, >en~w me {\tt \\vskip 20\NB{}pt} prosj'etoume ken`o -di'asthma e>'ikosi stigm~wn. - -<Up'arqoun kanadu`o paraxeni`ec m`e t`o {\tt \\vskip}. >E`an j'esoume -{\tt \\vskip 3 in} ka`i t`o >epi\-pl'e\-on ken`o di'asthma xekin~a d'uo ->'intsec >ap`o t`o t'eloc t~hc sel'idac, t'ote {\tengs d`en\/} j`a -prosteje~i m'ia >'intsa keno~u diast'hmatoc st`hn >arq`h t~hc <ep'omenhc -sel'idac. M`e >'alla l'ogia, {\tengb <h l'exh >el'eg\-qou} {\tt -\\vskip} {\tengb d`en prosj'etei katak'akorufo ken`o di'asthma metax`u -d'uo suneq'omenwn se\-l'i\-dwn}. M'alista, <h >entol`h {\tt -\\vskip\NB{}1\NB{}in} d`en j`a >'eqei kan'ena >apot'elesma >e`an ->emfanisje~i st`hn koruf`h m'iac sel'idac! St`ic periss'oterec -peript'wseic, a>ut`o e>~inai pol`u swst'o. Gi`a par'adeigma, pr`in >ap`o -k'aje t'itlo paragr'afou, sun'hjwc j'etoume l'igo parap'anw katak'orufo -ken`o di'asthma, <'omwc a>ut`o t`o di'asthma d`en pr'epei n`a <up'arqei ->e`an <o t'itloc t~hc paragr'afou xekin~a >ap`o t`hn koruf`h t~hc -sel'idac. - -<'Ena par'omoio fain'omeno sumba'inei ka`i st`hn >arq`h to~u keim'enou. ->E`an j'eloume, p.q., <o t'itloc to~u >ent'upou mac n`a br'isketai st`o -m'eso t~hc sel'idac, d`en mporo~ume n`a prosj'esoume katak'orufo -ken`o di'asthma qrhsimopoi'wntac {\tt \\vskip}. - -<'Omwc p~wc j`a kataf'ername k'ati t'etoio? J`a mporo'usame n`a -xekin'hsoume t`hn sel'ida m`e <'ena {\tt\\\sp} >all`a a>ut`o j`a m~ac -dhmiourg'hsei m'ia ken`h par'agrafo. Ka`i >'etsi, par''\NB{}<'oti -a>ut`h <h par'agrafoc d`en peri'eqei t'ipota, j`a mpe~i >epipl'eon ken`o -di'asthma >ex ait'iac t~wn {\tt \\baselineskip} ka`i {\tt \\parskip}. -M'ia e>ukol'wterh l'ush e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh ->el'egqou {\tt \\vglue} >ant`i t~hc {\tt \\vskip}. >'Etsi j'etontac -{\tt \\vglue 1\NB{}in} j`a l'aboume katak'orufo ken`o di'asthma m'iac ->'intsac st`hn koruf`h t~hc sel'idac.% -\TeXref{352} -\toindex{vglue} - -Ka`i mi~ac ka`i t`o >'efere <h koub'enta --- <up'arqei ka`i m'ia >ak'oma -pi`o genik`h m'ejodoc gi`a n`a prosj'esoume k'ati (ken`o di'asthma, -ke'imeno, k.lp.)\ st`hn koruf`h t~hc sel'idac m`e t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou -{\tt \\topinsert} ka`i {\tt \\endinsert}. >E`an gr'a\-you\-me {\tt -\\topinsert $\ldots$ \\endinsert} s`e m'ia sel'ida to~u k'wdika, t`o -<ulik`o metax`u t~wn {\tt \\topinsert} ka`i {\tt \\endinsert} j`a ->emfanisje~i st`o >ep'anw m'eroc t~hc sel'idac --- >e`an beba'iwc t`o -{\rm\TeX} bre~i <'oti <up'arqei q~wroc gi`a k'ati t'etoio. T`o -<ep'omeno par'adeigma e>~inai pol`u qr'hsimo gi`a t`hn >'enjesh -sqhm'atwn:% -\TeXref{115} -\toindex{topinsert} -\toindex{endinsert} - -\vbox{ - \beginuser - \\topinsert - \\vskip 1 in - \\centerline\lb Figure 1\rb - \\endinsert - \enduser -} - -T'eloc, <up'arqoun ka`i merik`ec e>idik`ec l'exeic >el'egqou gi`a mikr`a -katak'orufa ken`a dia\-st'h\-mata. A>ut`ec e>~inai: {\tt \\smallskip}, -{\tt \\medskip} ka`i {\tt \\bigskip}. <Or'iste t`o m'egejoc kajen`oc ->ap`o a>ut`a t`a ken'a: -\smallskip -\def\hrl{\hrule width .5 in} -\centerline{{\tt \\smallskip}: \vbox{\hrl \smallskip \hrl} \quad - {\tt \\medskip}: \vbox{\hrl \medskip \hrl} \quad - {\tt \\bigskip}: \vbox{\hrl \bigskip \hrl} - } -\toindex{smallskip} -\toindex{medskip} -\toindex{bigskip} - -\subsection{<H di'ataxh t~hc >ar'adac} - -St`a periss'otera ke'imena, t`o {\rm\TeX} t`a kataf'ernei >arket`a -kal`a m`e t`hn kop`h t~wn >ar'adwn s`e paragr'afouc. <'Omwc, -merik`ec for`ec e>~inai >anagka~io n`a to~u d'wsoume k'apoiec para\-p'anw -<odhg'iec. >'Etsi e>~inai dunat`o n`a prokal'esoume t`hn >ap'otomh -kop`h m'iac >ar'adac ka`i t`hn sun'eqish to~u keim'enou st`hn <ep'omenh ->ar'ada, j'etontac st`on k'wdika: {\tt \\hfill \\break}. E>~inai ->ep'ishc dunat`o n`a dhmiourg'hsoume m'ia >ar'ada po`u n`a >ekte'inetai ->ap`o t`o <'ena >'akro t~hc sel'idac >'ewc t`o >'allo m`e t`hn l'exh ->el'egqou {\tt \\line\lb $\ldots$\rb}; >'etsi t`o ke'imeno po`u >'eqei -grafe~i >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn j`a tentwje~i <'wste n`a katal'abei -m'ia >ar'ada (par''\NB{}<'oti t`o >apot'elesma mpore~i n`a e>~inai -a>isjhtik`a >apar'adekto). O<i l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\leftline\lb -$\ldots$\rb}, {\tt \\rightline\lb $\ldots$\rb} ka`i {\tt \\centerline\lb -$\ldots$\rb} qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a n`a dhmiourghje~i m`e t`o ke'imeno ->ent`oc >agkul~wn m'ia >ar'ada po`u j`a e>~inai >ant'istoiqa kollhm'enh -st`o >arister`o >'akro t~hc sel'idac (>arister`h sto'iqish), kollhm'enh -st`o dexi`o >'akro t~hc sel'idac (dexi`a sto'iqish), >`h -topo\-jeth\-m'enh st`o k'entro t~hc sel'idac (k'entrwsh). -Kat''\NB{}a>ut`on t`on tr`opo, <o <ep'omenoc k'wdikac {\rm \TeX} -\toindex{hfill} -\toindex{break} -\toindex{centerline} -\toindex{leftline} -\toindex{rightline} -\toindex{line} - -\beginliteral -\leftline{I'm over on the left.} -\centerline{I'm in the @centre.} -\rightline{I'm on the right.} -\line{I just seem to be spread out all over the place.} -@endliteral - -\noindent -dhmiourge~i t`ic >ex~hc t'esseric >ar'adec: -\vskip\baselineskip - -%%%%%% supress underfulls reported -\hbadness = 10000 {\rm -\leftline{I'm over on the left.} -\centerline{I'm in the \center.} -\rightline{I'm on the right.} -\line{I just seem to be spread out all over the place.} -} - ->'Allou e>'idouc ken`a diast'hmata >ent`oc >ar'adwn mporo~ume n`a -l'aboume m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hfil}. A>ut`h <h l'exh ->el'egqou prokale~i t`hn sugk'etrwsh <'olou to~u keno~u diast'hmatoc -m'iac >ar'adac st`o shme~io <'opou br'isketai. >E`an >all'axoume t`on -k'wdika to~u teleuta'iou parade'igmatoc s'e: {\tt \\line\lb I just seem -to be spread out \\hfil all over the place.\rb}, t`o >apot'e\-le\-sma -j`a e>~inai: \hfil\break -\medskip -{\rm -\line{I just seem to be spread out \hfil all over the place.} -} -\medskip - ->E`an gr'ayoume periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia for`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\hfil}, t`o ken`o di'asthma t~hc >ar'adac moi\-r'a\-ze\-tai s`e >'isa -m`erh metax`u t~wn {\tt \\hfil}. >'Etsi, <o parak'atw k'wdikac {\rm -\TeX} {\tt \\line\lb left text \\hfil \centre{} text\\hfil right -text.\rb} d'inei -\medskip -{\rm -\line{left text \hfil \centre{} text \hfil right text.} -} -\toindex{hfil} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn <ep'omenh >ar'ada:\hfil\break -{\rm -\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil \centre{} \hfil -right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} -} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn <ep'omenh >ar'ada >'etsi <'wste t`o -ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn (({\rm left})) ka`i (({\rm -right-\centre{}})) n`a e>~inai dipl'asio >ap`o a>ut`o metax`u t~wn -l'exewn (({\rm right-\centre{}})) ka`i (({\rm right})):\hfil\break -{\rm -\line{left \hfil \hfil right-\centre{} \hfil right} -} - ->Ak'oma, e>~inai dunat`o n`a prosj'esoume <oriz'ontio ken`o di'asthma ->ent`oc m'iac >ar'adac qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\hskip} kat`a tr'opo >an'alogo m`e t`hn per'iptwsh to~u {\tt \\vskip}. -\toindex{hskip} - -\exercise T'i sumba'inei m`e t`on parak'atw k'wdika?\hfil\break {\tt -\\line\lb\\hskip 1 in ONE \\hfil TWO \\hfil THREE\rb} -\bigskip - -\hbadness = 1000 -%%%%%%% restore original \hbadness - ->E`an j'eloume k'apoiec sel'idec >`h ka`i <'olo t`o >'entup'o -mac n`a m`hn e>~inai stoiqism'eno (>alli~wc, {\tengs n`a m`hn >'eqei -perasi'a\/}) >ap`o t`hn dexi`a pleur'a, d`en >'eqoume par`a n`a -qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\raggedright}. -\toindex{raggedright} - -T'eloc, m'ia >ak'oma pol`u qr'hsimh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`hn -stoiqeiojes'ia poihm'atwn >`h k'wdika programm'atwn e>~inai <h -{\tt\\obeylines}. <H {\tt\\obeylines} >isoduname~i m`e t`hn <'uparxh -m'iac l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt\\par} st`o t'eloc k'aje gramm~hc; >'etsi t`o -{\rm\TeX} >anagk'azetai n`a k'obei k'aje >ar'ada >akrib~wc st`o shme~io -<'opou k'obetai <h >ant'istoiqh gramm`h to~u k'wdik'a mac. J`a pr'epei -<'omwc n`a e>'imasje prosektiko`i ka`i n`a perikle'ioume t`o po'ihm'a -mac m`e >agk'ulec, giat`i diaforetik`a <'oloc <o k'wdik'ac mac j`a m~ac -stoiqeiojethje~i <wc <'ena po'ihma. >Ep'ishc, j`a pr'epei n`a <or'izoume -swst`a t`o m'egejoc {\tt\\parskip} <'wste n`a m`hn e>~inai <uperbolik`a -meg'alo t`o di'astiqo. <Or'iste <'ena sqetik`o par'adeigma:\TeXref{92} -\toindex{obeylines} - -\beginliteral@obeyspaces -{\obeylines\parskip=0pt\narrower -Nous n'avons pas les yeux \`a l'\'epreuve des belles, -\qquad\qquad Ni les mains \`a celle de l'or : -\qquad\qquad Peu de gens gardent un tr\'esor -\qquad\qquad Avec des soins assez fid\`eles. -\medskip -\rightline{Jean de La Fontaine, {\it Fables}, Livre VIII, vii} -} -@endliteral - -\noindent -<O parap'anw k'wdikac m~ac d'inei: -\vskip\baselineskip - -{\rm\obeylines\parskip=0pt\narrower -Nous n'avons pas les yeux \`a l'\'epreuve des belles, -\qquad\qquad Ni les mains \`a celle de l'or : -\qquad\qquad Peu de gens gardent un tr\'esor -\qquad\qquad Avec des soins assez fid\`eles. -\medskip -\rightline{Jean de La Fontaine, {\it Fables}, Livre VIII, vii} -} - -\subsection{<Uposhmei'wseic} - -<O genik`oc tr'opoc gi`a n`a dhmiourg'hsoume m'ia <uposhme'iwsh m`e t`o -{\rm \TeX} e>~inai n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdika: {\tt -\\footnote\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. - -T`o s'umbolo t~hc <uposhme'iwshc mpa'inei m'esa st`ic d'uo pr~wtec ->agk'ulec: merik`a >ap`o t`a pl'eon kat'allhla s'umbola po`u diaj'etei -t`o {\rm \TeX} gi`a <uposhmei'wseic e>~inai t'a: {\tt \\dag (\dag)}, -{\tt \\ddag (\ddag)}, {\tt \\S (\S)} ka`i {\tt \\P (\P)}\null. T`o -ke'imeno t~hc <uposhme'iwshc mpa'inei >an'amesa st`ic d'uo de'uterec ->agk'ulec. <H stoiqeiojes'ia >arijmhm'enwn <uposhmei'wsewn e>~inai -l'igaki pi`o pol'uplokh. Gi`a par'adeigma, <h <uposhme'iwsh% -\footnote{${}^{21}$}{\rm This is the footnote at the bottom of the -page.} -st`o k'atw m'eroc <eto'uthc t~hc sel'idac dhmiourg'hjhke gr'afontac ->am'eswc met`a t`hn l'exh ((<uposhme'iwsh)) t`on k'wdika: {\tt -\\footnote\lb\$\lb \rb\^{}\lb{21}\rb\$\rb\lb\\rm This is the footnote at -the bottom of the page.\rb} A>ut`oc <o k'wdikac >'iswc m~ac fa'inetai -k'apwc pol'uplokoc, >all`a j`a t`on katal'aboume kal'utera m'olic ->anaferjo~ume st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn keim'enwn. Pr`oc -stigm'hn, >`ac t`on deqjo~ume <wc >'eqei, mi~ac ka`i k'anei t`hn doulei'a -tou. >Ak'oma, >e`an j'eloume n`a e>'imaste s'igouroi <'oti <h -<uposhme'iwsh j`a stoiqeiojethje~i st`on t'upo po`u >eme~ic j'eloume, -mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume m'ia >entol`h >allag~hc t'upou, p.q., -{\tt \\rm} gi`a latinik`a stoiqe~ia t'upou {\rm roman}, st`hn >arq`h -to~u keim'enou t~hc <uposhme'iwshc. T'eloc, kal`o j`a >~htan n`a m`hn ->af'hnoume ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt -\\footnote} ka`i t~hc prohgo'umenhc l'exhc to~u k'uriou keim'enou --- -diaforetik'a, t`o shme~io t~hc <uposhme'iwshc j`a e>~inai -((xekr'emasto)).% -\TeXref{117} -\toindex{footnote} -\toindex{dag} -\toindex{ddag} -\toindex{S} -\toindex{P} - -\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia sel'ida m`e m'ia meg'alh <uposhme'iwsh ->arket~wn >ar'adwn. - -\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia sel'ida m`e d'uo diaforetik`ec -<uposhmei'wseic. - - -\subsection{<H kefal`h ka`i t`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac} - -O<i >ar'adec t~wn t'itlwn ka`i t~wn >arijm~wn t~wn sel'idwn po`u -mpa'inoun st`o >ep'anw >`h t`o k'atw m'eroc to~u s'wmatoc (dhl.\ st`hn -kefal`h >`h t`o p'odi), dhmiourgo~untai <or'izontac st`on k'wdika: {\tt -\\headline=\lb$\dots$\rb} ka`i {\tt \\footline=\lb$\dots$\rb}\ ->ant'istoiqa.% -\TeXref{252--253} - -<H >arq`h t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac kefal~hc >`h podio~u st`hn sel'ida mac -e>~inai <h >'idia m''\NB a>ut`hn t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac >ar'adwn m`e t`hn -l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\line\lb $\dots$\rb}\null. M'ia pol`u qr'hsimh -l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`hn per'iptwsh <eto'uth e>~inai ka`i <h {\tt -\\pageno}, <h <opo'ia e>~inai <'enac metrht`hc po`u katagr'afei t`on ->arijm`o t~hc sel'idac. >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt \\headline=\lb\\hfil -\\rm Page \\the\\pageno\rb} j`a m~ac d'wsei m'ia kefal`h <h <opo'ia -j`a peri'eqei t`hn l'exh (({\rm Page})) ka`i t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac -st`o dex'i thc >'akro (t'wra koit'axte st`hn >ep'anw dexi`a gwn'ia t~hc -sel'idac). -% -\headline={\hfil \rm Page \the\pageno} %example for this page -% -E>~inai pi`o >asfal`ec n`a <or'isoume >akri\-b~wc s`e poi'on t'upo -j'eloume n`a stoiqeiojethje~i <h kefal`h >`h t`o p'odi t~hc sel'idac, -giat`i >alli~wc mpore~i n`a brejo~ume pr`o >ekpl'hxewn! (St`hn -per'iptwsh to~u parade'igmatoc, gr'ayame {\tt \\rm} gi`a n`a bge~i <h -kefal`h s`e latinik`a stoiqe~ia t'upou {\rm roman}.) <H l'exh >el'egqou -{\tt \\the} pa'irnei t`hn tim`h <en`oc metrht~h, <'opwc to~u {\tt -\\pageno}, ka`i t`hn tup'wnei <wc kanonik`o ke'imeno. Mporo~ume >ep'ishc -n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\folio}, >ant`i to~u -k'wdika {\tt \\the \\pageno}. <H diafor`a t~wn d'uo tr'opwn gi`a t`hn ->ekt'upwsh to~u >arijmo~u t~hc sel'idac e>~inai <'oti t`o {\tt \\folio} -j`a d'wsei latiniko`uc >arijmo`uc (p.q., {\rm iii}, {\rm xiv}, k.lp.)\ -<'otan <h tim`h to~u {\tt \\pageno} e>~inai >arnhtik'h. -\toindex{headline} -\toindex{footline} -\toindex{pageno} -\toindex{the} -\toindex{folio} - ->E`an j'eloume o<i sel'idec sac n`a mhn >'eqoun t`hn sunhjism'enh ->ar'ijmhsh, t'ote mporo~ume n`a <or'isoume t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt -\\pageno}. T`o {\rm \TeX} j`a tup'wsei to`uc >arijmo`uc t~wn sel'idwn -<wc latiniko`uc >e`an d'wsoume >arnhtik`ec tim`ec st`on metrht`h t~wn -sel'idwn. P.q., j'etontac {\tt \\pageno=-1} st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika, -o<i >arijmo`i <'olwn t~wn sel'idwn to~u >ent'upou j`a bgo~un <wc -latiniko'i.\TeXref{252} Diaforetik`ec kefal`ec mporo~un n`a -<orisjo~un gi`a mon`ec >`h zug`ec sel'idec, s'umfwna m`e t`on >ak'oloujo -tr'opo: - -{\tt -\\headline=\lb\\ifodd \\pageno \lb\dots\rb \\else \lb\dots\rb\\fi\rb} - -\noindent -<'opou t`o ke'imeno po`u br'isketai >ent`oc t~wn d'uo pr'wtwn >agkul~wn -qrhsimopoie~itai <wc kefal`h dexi~wn sel'idwn, ka`i t`o ke'imeno >ent`oc -t~wn de'uterwn >agkul~wn <wc kefal`h >arister~wn sel'idwn. - -\exercise >All'axte t`o p'odi <en`oc >ent'upou sac >'etsi <'wste n`a -peri'eqei st`o k'entro t`on >arijm`o t~hc sel'idac >an'amesa s`e d'uo -<apl`ec pa~ulec ({\rm en-dash}). - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%% restore original headline -%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\headline={\iftitlepage \hfil \global\titlepagefalse - \else \gentleheadline \fi} - -\subsection{X'eqeila ka`i >'adeia pla'isia} - -\nobreak - -M'ia >ap`o t`ic pl'eon >ekneuristik`ec >empeir'iec po`u >'eqoun <'oloi -o<i n'eoi qr~hstec to~u {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <h >emf'anish x'eqeilwn ({\rm -overfull}) ka`i >'adeiwn ({\rm underfull}) {\tengs kouti~wn\/} >`h -{\tengs plais'iwn}. Gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX}, <'ena pla'isio e>~inai <'ena -noht`o parallhl'ogramo qwr`ic <orat`h per'imetro po`u peri'eqei <'ena pl~hjoc -stoiqe'iwn s`e sugkekrim'enec j'eseic. T`o {\rm \TeX} katagr'afei <'ola -t`a problhmatik`a pla'isia <'ena-pr`oc-<'ena st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log}, -kaj`wc >ep'ishc m~ac t`a de'iqnei ka`i st`hn >oj'onh >ef'' <'oson t`o -pr'ogramma tr'eqei <wc >al\-lhlo\-epi\-dr'on. T`o xeqe'ilisma to~u -keim'enou p'era >ap`o t`o dexi`o <'orio t~hc sel'idac shmei'wnetai ka`i -st`o >'entup'o mac m`e mikr`o ma~uro parallhl'ogrammo (s`an -a>ut'o:\NB{}\vrule width \overfullrule $\,$) st`o dex`i perij'wrio. T`o -shm'adi a>ut`o mpa'inei >'estw ka`i >`an d`en <up'arqei kan'ena l'ajoc -st`on k'wdika. T'i e>~inai loip`on a>ut`o t`o shm'adi ka`i p~wc -mporo~ume n`a t`o >apof'ugoume? - -<'Enac kal`oc tr'opoc gi`a n`a katal'aboume p~wc t`o {\rm \TeX} -fti'aqnei m'ia sel'ida e>~inai n`a jewr'hsoume <'oti t`o kajet`i po`u -tup'wnetai st`hn sel'ida e>~inai <'ena >orjog'wnio parallhl'ogrammo -pla'isio ({\rm box}). <Up'arqoun d'uo e>id~wn noht`a pla'isia gi`a t`o -{\rm \TeX}, t`a >apokalo'umena {\sl hbox\/} ka`i {\sl vbox}. T`ic -periss'oterec for'ec, t`a pr~wta >antistoiqo~un st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia -keim'enou s`e <oriz'ontiec >ar'adec, >en~w t`a de'utera s`e paragr'afouc -po`u topojeto~untai katak'orufa <h m'ia >ep'anw st`hn >'allh. Sunep~wc, -t`o <uperbolik`a meg'alo pl'atoc <en`oc {\rm hbox} po`u >antistoiqe~i -s`e m'ia >ar'ada to~u >ent'upou e>~inai >aut`o po`u prokale~i t`hn ->emf'anish to~u\NB{}\vrule width \overfullrule$\,$. - ->`Ac jumhjo~ume <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'azei pr~wta m'ia <ol'oklhrh -par'agrafo ka`i kat'opin t`hn k'obei s`e >ar'adec. A>ut`h <h ->epexergas'ia ka`i stoiqeiojes'ia <olokl'hrwn paragr'afwn >'eqei k'apoio -sugkekrim'eno skop'o; >e`an t`o {\rm \TeX} di'abaze ka`i -stoiqeiojeto~use m'ia >ar'ada t`hn for'a, t'ote m'ia mikr`h belt'iwsh -t~hc paro'usac >ar'adac mpore~i n`a kat'elhge s`e kak`h stoiqeioj'ethsh -m'iac >'allhc >ar'adac l'igo pi`o k'atw st`hn >'idia par'agrafo. <'Otan -loip`on t`o {\rm \TeX} topojete~i t`ic l'exeic m'iac >ar'adac t`hn m'ia -d'ipla st`hn >'allh, b'azei metax'u touc k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >'etsi -<'wste n`a g'inei swst`h sto'iqish to~u keim'enou st`o dex`i perij'wrio. -Profan~wc, d`en e>~inai >epijumht`o t`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn -n`a e>~inai pol`u meg'alo; t`o p'oso >'asqhmh e>~inai <h >emf'anish t~hc ->ar'adac (st`hn gl'wssa to~u {\rm \TeX}: {\rm badness}), >exart~atai ->ap`o t`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn l'exewn. <'Ena >'adeio ({\rm -underfull}) {\rm hbox}, shma'inei <'oti <up'arqei pol`u ken`o di'asthma -metax`u t~wn l'exewn. T`o {\rm \TeX} baj\-mo\-lo\-ge~i t`o k'aje -pla'isio m`e <'enan bajm`o {\rm badness}: >e`an <o bajm`oc a>ut`oc gi`a -m'ia >ar'ada e>~inai 0, <h >ar'ada a>ut`h e>~inai t'eleia; >e`an e>~inai -10000, <h >ar'ada e>~inai >apa'isia. <Up'arqei m'ia par'ametroc po`u -<onom'azetai {\tt \\hbadness} ka`i po`u <h >arqik'h thc tim`h e>~inai -1000\null. <Opoiad'hpote >ar'ada m`e bajm`o {\rm badness} megal'utero ->ap`o t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\hbadness} j`a >anaferje~i <wc {\rm -underfull hbox}. >E`an <or'isoume m'ia megal'uterh tim`h gi`a t`hn {\tt -\\hbadness}, t'ote <o >arijm`oc t~wn {\rm underfull hbox} po`u j`a m~ac ->anaf'erei t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a >elattwje~i. M'alista, >e`an j'esoume {\tt -\\hbadness = 10000}, t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en j`a m~ac >anaf'erei kan'ena -{\rm undefull hbox}. Kat`a tr'opo par'omoio, >e`an o<i l'exeic m'iac ->ar'adac pr'epei n`a strimwqjo~un ka`i <h >ar'ada >ekte'inetai >ent`oc -to~u dexio~u perijwr'iou, dhmiourge~itai <'ena x'eqeilo ({\rm overfull}) -{\rm hbox}. -\toindex{hbadness} - -T`o {\rm \TeX} >epitr'epei merik`ec for`ec o<i >ar'adec n`a ->ekte'inontai kat`a t`i >ent`oc to~u dexio~u perijwr'iou, dhl.\ n`a ->'eqoun pl'atoc megal'utero >ap`o t`hn tim`h {\tt \\hsize}, prokeim'enou -<h par'agrafoc n`a e>~inai pi`o <omoi'omorfh (ka`i >'omorfh). <H l'exh ->el'egqou {\tt \\tolerance} kajor'izei t`o p'ote sumba'inei a>ut'o. ->E`an <o bajm`oc {\rm badness} m'iac >ar'adac e>~inai megal'uteroc >ap`o -t`hn tim`h {\tt \\tolerance}, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a k'anei t`hn >ar'ada -megal'uterh prosj'etontac m'ia n'ea l'exh st`o t'eloc t~hc >ar'adac, ->'estw ka`i >`an a>ut`o k'anei t`o pl'atoc t~hc >ar'adac megal'utero ->ap`o t`o {\tt \\hsize}. M'ia >ar'ada po`u t`o pl'atoc thc m'olic -xepern~a t`o {\tt \\hsize} d`en j`a >anaferje~i >ap`o t`o {\rm -\TeX}\null. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\hfuzz} e>~inai a>ut`h po`u -kajor'izei p'oso >epitr'epetai t`o pl'atoc m'iac >ar'adac n`a xepern~a -t`o {\tt\\hsize}. <H >arqik`h tim'h thc e>~inai: {\tt \\hfuzz -=\NB{}0,1\NB{}pt}. M'ia >ar'ada po`u e>is'erqetai periss'otero >ap`o -{\tt \\hfuzz} st`o dexi`o perij'wrio dhmiourge~i pr'oblhma; t`o -{\rm\TeX} m~ac t`o de'iqnei b'azontac t`o -shm'adi\NB{}\vrule width\overfullrule$\,$. E>~inai dunat`o n`a ->apof'ugoume t`hn parous'ia t~wn x'eqeilwn {\rm hbox}, megal'wnontac -t`hn tim`h to~u {\tt \\tolerance}. M`e {\tt \\tolerance = 10000}, d`en -j`a do~ume pot`e t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a paraponi'etai gi`a {\rm overfull -box}. <H >arqik`h tim`h to~u {\tt \\tolerance} e>~inai 200.% -\TeXref{29} -\toindex{hfuzz} -\toindex{tolerance} - -T`o pl'atoc to~u shmadio~u \vrule width \overfullrule\ kajor'izetai m`e -t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\overfullrule}. <Or'i\-zon\-tac st`o -k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\overfullrule = 0 pt}, >apofe'ugoume t`hn >emf'anish -a>ut~wn t~wn >enoqlhtik~wn shmadi~wn. T`a x'eqeila pla'isia j`a -parame'inoun; m'ono po`u j`a e>~inai pi`o d'uskolo n`a t`a ->ento\-p'i\-soume. -\toindex{overfullrule} - -E>'idame loip`on gi`a poi'o l'ogo >emfan'izontai x'eqeila >`h >'adeia -pla'isia. E>'idame >ep'ishc <'oti mporo~ume n`a k'anoume t`o {\rm \TeX} -n`a stamat'hsei t`a par'apona >all'azontac t`ic tim`ec t~wn {\tt -\\badness}, {\tt \\hfuzz} ka`i {\tt \\tolerance}. >Epipl'eon, m'ia -mikr`h tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}, profan~wc, k'anei pi`o d'uskolh t`hn -t`hn kop`h t~wn >ar'adwn ka`i prokale~i periss'otera probl'hmata m`e -x'eqeila ka`i >'adeia pla'isia. S`e <'olec t`ic peript'wseic m`e -problhmatik`a pla'isia t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei k'apoiec -proeidopoi'hseic po`u mporo~ume ka`i n`a t`ic >agno'hsoume, <'omwc t`o -kr'ima j`a e>~inai <'olo dik'o mac! - -Bohj'wntac l'igo st`on sullabism`o t~wn l'exewn, mporo~ume n`a ->apof'ugoume <orism'ena pro\-bl'h\-ma\-ta m`e x'eqeila ka`i >'adeia -pla'isia. T`o {\rm \TeX} gnwr'izei pol`u kal`a p~wc n`a sullab'izei ->agglik`ec l'exeic (ka`i >'iswc k'apoiec m`h >agglik'ec). <'Omwc e>~inai -dunat`o >eme~ic n`a <or'isoume n'ea shme~ia sullabismo~u <'opou j`a ->epitr'epetai <h kop`h m'iac l'exhc ka`i kat`a sun'epeia ka`i <h kop`h -m'iac <ol'oklhrhc >ar'adac. Gi`a par'adeigma, <o a>ut'omatoc -mhqanism`oc sullabismo~u to~u {\rm \TeX} pot`e d`en j`a k'oyei t`hn -l'exh {\rm database}. >E`an <'omwc gr'ayoume t`hn l'exh a>ut`h st`on -k'wdik'a mac <wc {\tt data\\-base}, t'o\-te t`o {\rm \TeX} katalaba'inei -<'oti mpore~i n`a k'oyei a>ut`h t`hn l'exh met`a t`o de'utero (({\rm -a})). Genik'wtera, >e`an gr'ayoume st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika {\tt -\\hyphenation\lb data-base\rb}, t'ote s`e <'olec t`ic <ep'omenec ->emfan'iseic t~hc l'exhc {\rm database} t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a gnwr'izei -p~wc n`a k'anei t`on swst`o sullabism'o thc.\TeXref{28} T`o >arqe~io -{\tt .log} de'iqnei <'ola t`a pijan`a shme~ia sullabismo~u t~hc >ar'adac ->eke'inhc <'opou >em\-fa\-n'i\-sjhke <'ena pr'oblhma {\rm overfull} >`h -{\rm underfull}. Merik`ec for'ec, ka`i k'apoiec mikroallag`ec st`o -ke'imeno bohjo~un st`hn >apofug`h t'etoiwn problhm'atwn. -\toindex{hyphenation} - -<H suz'hths'h mac m'eqric >ed~w, peristr'afhke g'urw >ap`o t`o j'ema -t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac >ar'adwn s`e paragr'afouc. Par'omoia m`e t`hn -stoiqeiojes'ia >ar'adwn, g'inetai ka`i <h katak'orufh topo\-j'e\-thsh -t~hc m'iac paragr'afou >ep'anw st`hn >'allh gi`a t`hn dhmiourg'ia t~hc -sel'idac. Kat`a sun'epeia, t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a paraponeje~i gi`a -x'eqeila >`h >'adeia katak'orufa pla'isia ({\rm vbox}), <'opwc j`a -parapono~utan gi`a x'eqeila >`h >'adeia <oriz'ontia pla'isia ({\rm -hbox}). P.q., <'enac meg'aloc p'inakac <o <opo~ioc d`en mpore~i n`a -kope~i st`hn m'esh j`a >anaferje~i st`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} <wc (({\rm -overfull vbox})). <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vbadness} e>~inai t`o ->an'alogo t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt \\hbadness} gi`a t`hn katak'orufh -topoj'ethsh paragr'afwn, k.lp. -\toindex{vbadness} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste merik`ec paragr'afouc m`e di'aforec (mikr`ec ->`h meg'alec) tim`ec {\tt \\hsize}, gi`a n`a de~ite t'i e>~idouc -x'eqeila {\rm hbox} j`a s~ac parousiasto~un. >Epa\-na\-l'a\-be\-te t`hn ->'askhsh m`e di'aforec tim`ec t~wn {\tt \\hbadness}, {\tt \\hfuzz} ka`i -{\tt \\tolerance}. - -\section{$\Bigl\{$S'unola, $\bigl\{$<upos'unola - $\{$ka`i <upo"upos'unola$\}\bigr\}\Bigr\}$} - -<H sugk'entrwsh keim'enou s`e {\tengs s'unola\/} >`h -{\tengs <om'adec\/} >`h {\tengs topik`a ped'ia dr'ashc\/} po`u -diakr'inontai >ap`o k'apoio >idia'itero koin`o qarakthristik`o (p.q., -t'upoc stoiqe'iwn) e>~inai k'ati po`u <aplouste'uei shmanti\-k'wtata -t`hn <'olh >ergas'ia t~hc stoiqeiojes'iac. <'Omwc t'i e>~inai >akrib~wc -<'ena s'unolo gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX}? >`Ac xekin'hsoume l'egontac -<'oti <'ena n'eo s'unolo st`on k'wdik'a mac >arq'izei m`e t`on -qarakt'hra {\tt\lb} (t`o >arister`o >'agkistro) ka`i telei'wnei m`e t`on -qarakt'hra {\tt\rb} (t`o dexi`o >'agkistro). <'Opoiec >all'agec -ka`i n`a k'anoume >ent`oc <en`oc sun'olou, d`en >'eqoun ka\-m'ia >ep'idrash -m'olic t`o s'unolo kle'isei. P.q., >e`an st`o >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} -gr'ayoume {\tt \lb \\bf three boldface words\rb}, t`o pr~wto >'agkistro -<or'izei t`hn >arq`h to~u sun'olou, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\bf} -diat'azei t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >arq'isei n`a stoiqeiojete~i s`e >'entonouc -t'upouc ({\rm boldface}), ka`i t`o de'utero >'agkistro kle'inei t`o -s'unolo. M`e t`o kle'isimo to~u sun'olou, t`o {\rm \TeX} stamat~a t`hn -stoiqeiojes'ia s`e >'entonouc t'upouc ka`i suneq'izei st`on >'idio t'upo -po`u qrhsimopoio~use pr`in t`hn >arq`h to~u sun'olou. A>ut`oc e>~inai -<o e>ukol'wteroc tr'opoc gi`a n`a k'anoume parembol`ec st`o ke'imen'o -mac m`e diaforetik`o t'upo (pl'agia, >'entona, k.lp.)\null. E>~inai ->ep'ishc dunat`on n`a >'eqoume <'ena s'unolo <wc m'eroc --- dhl.\ <wc -<upos'unolo --- <en`oc megal'uterou sun'olou (st`hn gl'wssa t~wn -pro\-gram\-mati\-st~wn mil~ame gi`a {\rm nested local scope groups}). - -\def\sectiontitle{$\Bigl\{$S'unola, $\bigl\{$<upos'unola -$\dots \bigr\}\Bigr\}$} - -<Wc <'ena >ak'oma par'adeigma, >`ac do~ume p~wc g'inontai k'apoiec -proswrin`ec >allag`ec s`e diast'aseic to~u >ent'upou. Gr'a\-fo\-ntac -loip`on t`a >ak'olouja st`on k'wdik'a mac -\beginuser -\lb -\\hsize = 4 in -\\parindent = 0 pt -\\leftskip = 1 in -\\TeX\\ will produce a paragraph that is four -$\vdots$ -(this is an easy mistake to make). -\\par -\rb -\enduser - -\noindent -j`a l'aboume m'ia par'agrafo pl'atouc 4 >ints~wn m`e >od'ontwsh m'iac ->'intsac s`e <'olo t`o <'uyoc thc (ka\-ja\-r`o pl'atoc >ar'adac 3 ->'intsec). <H parak'atw par'agrafoc, po`u e>~inai o>usiastik`a <eto~uto -t`o ke'imeno metafrasm'eno st`hn >agglik`h gl'wssa, >apotele~i <'ena -par'adeigma. M`e t'eloc to~u sun'olou, t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a suneq'isei n`a -stoiqeiojete~i t`ic paragr'afouc po`u >akoloujo~un st`ic dia\-st'a\-seic -po`u >'hxere pr`in sunant'hsei t`o s'unolo. <'Omwc prosoq'h: gi`a n`a -l'aboume t`o swst`o >apot'elesma, pr'epei n`a gr'a\-you\-me {\tt \\par} ->`h n`a >af'hsoume m'ia ken`h gramm`h st`on k'wdik'a mac pr`in t`o ->'agkistro {\tt\rb} po`u kle'inei t`o s'unolo. Dia\-fore\-tik`a t`o -{\rm \TeX} j`a stoiqeiojet'hsei ka`i t`hn par'agrafo >ent`oc to~u -sun'olou st`ic prohgo'umenec diast'aseic po`u >'hxere pr`in diab'asei -t`o s'unolo (e>~inai e>'ukolo n`a m~ac xef'ugei <'ena t'etoio l'ajoc). - -{\hsize = 4 in -\parindent = 0 pt -\leftskip = 1 in \rm -\TeX\ will produce a paragraph that is four inches wide with the text -offset into the paragraph by one inch regardless of the settings in -effect before the start of the group. This paragraph is set with those -values. After the end of the group, the old settings are in effect -again. Note that it is necessary to include {\tt \\par} or to use a -blank line before the closing brace to end the paragraph, since -otherwise the group will end and \TeX{} will go back to the old -parameters before the paragraph is actually typeset (this is an easy -mistake to make). \par} - -<'Otan m'ia l'exh el'egqou (<'opwc {\tt \\centerline}) prohge~itai -<en`oc keim'enou po`u perikle'ietai m`e >'agkistra, t'ote t`o ke'imeno -a>ut`o >apotele~i <'ena s'unolo. >'Etsi, gr'afontac {\tt -\\centerline\lb\\bf A bold title\rb} dhmiourgo~ume m'ia kentrarism'enh ->ar'ada s`e >'entonouc t'u\-pouc, >en~w t`o ke'imeno po`u >akolouje~i -met`a >ap`o a>ut`h t`hn >ar'ada j`a bge~i st`on t'upo po`u -qrhsi\-mo\-poio'usame pr`in t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\centerline}. - -T`o ken`o s'unolo {\tt\lb\rb} e>~inai >ep'ishc pol`u qr'hsimo. -Mporo~ume n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a tup'wsoume tonik`a shme~ia -qwr`ic t`hn parous'ia k'apoiou gr'ammatoc. Gi`a par'adeigma, <h ->entol`h {\tt \\\~{}\lb\rb} m~ac d'inei m'ia perispwm'enh qwr`ic k'apoio -gr'amma k'atw >ap'' a>ut'hn. >Ak'oma, t`o ken`o s'unolo mpore~i n`a -stamat'hsei t`o {\rm \TeX} >ap`o t`o n`a ((tr'wei)) suneq'omena ken`a -diast'hmata. Gr'a\-fo\-ntac loip'on, {\tt I use \\TeX\lb\rb{} all the -time}, lamb'anoume <'ena ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o log'otupo -{\rm\TeX}\null. A>ut`oc e>~inai <'enac >enallaktik`oc tr'opoc gi`a n`a -j'etoume ken`a diast'hmata (<o >'alloc tr'opoc e>~inai n`a -qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt \\\sp} <'opwc k'aname st`o -kef'alaio\NB{}1.)% -\TeXref{19--21} - -<H <omadopo'ihsh qarakt'hrwn s`e <'ena >`h ka`i periss'otera s'unola -mpore~i n`a g'inei >ak'oma ka`i st`hn m'esh m'iac l'exhc, p.q., <'otan -<h l'exh a>ut`h peri'eqei tonism'enouc qarakt~hrec. Sunep~wc, -gr'afontac st`on k'wdika e>'ite {\tt soup\\c\sp con} e>'ite {\tt -soup\\c\lb c\rb on}, st`o >'entupo lamb'anoume t`hn l'exh {\rm -soup\c{c}on}. - -\exercise >All'axte t`ic diast'aseic m'iac paragr'afou qrhsimopoi'wntac -t`hn >id'ea to~u sun'olou. - -\exercise O<i majhmatiko`i merik`ec for`ec gr'afoun (({\rm i{f}f})) <wc -suntomograf'ia t~hc fr'ashc ((>e`an ka`i m'onon >e'an)) ({\rm if and -only if}). St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h e>~inai protim'wtero t`o pr~wto ka`i -t`o de'utero (({\rm f})) n`a m`hn <enwjo~un <wc <'ena s'unjeto -stoiqe~io. P~wc j`a pet'uqete k'ati t'etoio? (<Up'arqoun poll`ec -l'useic!) - -\bigskip - -<'Otan fti'aqnoume <'ena s'unolo, e>~inai pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeq'asoume -<'ena >ap`o t`a d'uo >'agkistra, sun'hjwc t`o dex'i. T`o >apot'elesma -mpore~i n`a e>~inai katastrofik'o; >e`an do~ume <'olo t`o >'entupo n`a -bga'inei s`e pl'agiouc t'upouc, >ant`i p.q.\ {\rm roman}, t'ote k'apou ->'iswc n`a >'eqoume >af'hsei <'ena >'agkistro qwr`ic ta'iri. >E`an -<up'arqei <'ena {\tt\lb} qwr`ic t`o >ant'istoiqo {\tt\rb}, t`o {\rm -\TeX} j`a paraponeje~i: - -{\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 1)}. - ->Ant'ijeta, <'ena {\tt\rb} qwr`ic ta'iri j`a k'anei t`o {\rm \TeX} -n`a dia\-mar\-turh\-je~i <wc >ex~hc: - -{\tt! Too many \rb's.} - -<Or'iste p~wc mporo~ume n`a >apof'ugoume t`o mp'erdema m`e t`a ->'agkistra s`e pol'uploka s'unola: St`on k'wdik'a mac gr'afoume t`o ->arister`o >'agkistro s`e m'ia xeqwrist`h gramm`h m'ono tou ka`i ->ep'ishc gr'afoume t`o dex`i >'agkistro m'ono tou s`e m'ia gramm'h. -<'Otan dhmiourgo~ume n'ea <upo\-s'u\-nola >ent`oc to~u >arqiko~u -sun'olou, gr'afoume >ep'ishc t`a >'agkistra k'aje <uposun'olou >ep'ishc -s`e xeqwrist`ec gramm'ec, >all`a >'oqi st`hn pr'wth j'esh t~hc gramm~hc; -mporo~ume n`a dhmiourg'hsoume m'ia >od'ontwsh (p.q., m`e t`o pl~hktro -{\rm TAB})\null. >Epipl'eon, mporo~ume n`a metakin'hsoume t`o ke'imeno -po`u perikle'ioun a>ut`a t`a >'agkistra l'igo pr`oc t`o >eswterik`o t~hc -gramm~hc <'opwc st`o parak'atw par'adeigma: -\beginuser \obeyspaces -\lb -\ This text belongs to the first group. -\ $\vdots$ -\ \lb -\ This text belongs to the first subgroup. -\ $\vdots$ -\ \rb -\rb -\enduser - -\noindent ->'Etsi t`a >'agkistra to~u k'wdik'a mac g'inontai pi`o e>udi'akrita. -M'alista, >e`an t`o pr'ogramma s'untaxhc po`u qrhsimopoio~ume e>~inai -l'igo pi`o >'exupno, >'iswc n`a mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume pr~wta t`o -ze~ugoc t~wn >agk'istrwn ka`i met'a, metax`u t~wn >agk'istrwn, t`o -ke'imeno m`e a>ut'omath >od'ontwsh. - -\exercise St`o kef'alaio 2, >all'axame t'upo m`e t`hn >ak'oloujh -m'ejodo: {\tt I started with roman type, \\it switched to italic type, -\\rm and returned to roman type}. N`a k'a\-ne\-te t`o >'idio, -qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >id'ea to~u sun'olou. - - -\section{Majhmatik`a qwr`ic >'agqoc!} - -T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai t`o >idanik`o >ergale~io gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia ->ent'upwn po`u peri'eqoun majhmatiko`uc t'upouc >`h >ekfr'aseic. O<i -majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic mpore~i n`a e>~inai poll~wn e>id~wn ka`i ->arket`a pol'uplokec, >all`a t`o {\rm \TeX} t`ic >epexerg'azetai ->aristoteqnik`a k'anontac dunat`h t`hn paragwg`h majhmatik~wn >ent'upwn ->exairetik~hc poi'othtac. >E`an pr'okeitai n`a <etoim'asoume k'a\-poiec -dhmosie'u\-seic po`u peri'eqoun majhmatik`a s'umbola, st`o kef'alaio -a>ut`o j`a do~ume <'olec t`ic basik`ec >entol`ec po`u j`a qreiasjo~ume -s`e <opoiad'hpote per'iptwsh. T`o {\rm \TeX} beba'iwc mporo~ume n`a t`o -qrhsimopoi'hsoume ka`i gi`a >'entupa m`e l'igouc >`h kaj'olou -majhmatiko`uc sumbolismo'uc; t'ote o<i d'uo par'agrafoi po`u ->akoloujo~un e>~inai m'allon >arket`ec gi`a t`ic >an'agkec mac. - -\subsection{Poll`a n'ea s'umbola} - -O<i majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic e>is'agontai >ent`oc to~u kanoniko~u -keim'enou kat`a d'uo tr'opouc: mpore~i na mpo~un {\tengs >ent`oc -st'iqou}, <wc m'eroc kanonik~wn >ar'adwn keim'enou l'ogou, >`h <wc {\tengs -diakrit'ec}, dhl.\ >ent`oc <en`oc nohto~u kentrwm'enou plais'iou s`e -<'enan ken`o q~wro metax`u >ar'adwn kanoniko~u keim'enou. T`o ->apot'elesma st`hn topoj'ethsh ka`i t`a diast'hmata metax`u t~wn -sumb'olwn j`a e>~inai s`e k'aje per'iptwsh diaforetik'o. <H >ent`oc -st'iqou >ex'iswsh $\sum_{k=1} ^{\infty} {1\over k^2} = {\pi^2\over6}$ -d`en de'iqnei t`o >'idio <'otan mpa'inei <wc diakrit'h: - -$$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} {1\over k^2} = {\pi^2\over6}.$$ - ->Ef'' <'oson t`a diast'hmata ka`i o<i t'upoi stoiqe'iwn po`u -qrhsimopoio~untai s`e majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic diaf'eroun >arket`a >ap`o -a>ut`a po`u qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a ke'imeno l'ogou, pr'epei n`a d'wsoume -st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a katal'abei p'ote >'eqei n`a stoiqeiojet'hsei m'ia -majhmatik`h >'ekfrash >ant`i keim'enou l'ogou. A>ut`o g'inetai -qrhsimopoi'wntac st`on k'wdika t`o s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou {\tt\$}. -E>idik'wtera, m'ia majhmatik`h >'ekfrash po`u stoiqeiojete~itai >ent`oc -st'iqou, t`hn gr'afoume st`on k'wdika perikle'iontac thn m`e mon`a -dol'aria: {\tt\$$\ldots$\$}\null. >E`an t`hn perikle'isoume metax`u -dipl~wn dolar'iwn: {\tt\$\$$\ldots$\$\$}, j`a stoiqeiojethje~i <wc -diakrit`h kentrwm'enh. >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt \$x = y+1\$} m~ac d'inei -$x=y+1$ >ent`oc st'iqou, >en~w <o k'wdikac {\tt \$\$x = y+1.\$\$} -d'inei: $$x=y+1.$$ - -T`a diast'hmata gi`a majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic t'oso >ent`oc st'iqou -<'oso ka`i kentrwm'enec >el'egqontai >ap'oluta >ap`o t`o {\rm -\TeX}\null. T`o n`a prosj'esoume ken`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika d`en -j`a >'eqei kan'ena >apo\-t'e\-lesma. Ka`i >e`an j'eloume n`a b'aloume -k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >`h k'apoio ke'imeno l'ogou st`hn m'esh m'iac -majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc? Mporo~ume n`a b'aloume k'apoio ke'imeno l'ogou ->ent`oc m'iac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc j'etont'ac to s`e <'ena {\rm -hbox}: {\tt \\hbox\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. A>ut`o e>~inai pol`u qr'hsimo -gi`a kentrwm'enec majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic. Kat`a t`on tr'opo a>ut'o, -<h >'ekfrash (($x=y+1 \hbox{ \rm whenever } y=x-1$)) stoiqeiojete~itai -m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$x=y+1 \\hbox\lb\ whenever \rb y=x-1\$}. >`Ac -pros'exoume t`a diast'hmata <ekat'erwjen t~hc l'exhc >ent`oc t~wn ->agk'istrwn. Sun'hjwc d`en qrei'azetai n`a b'azoume ken`a diast'hmata ->ent`oc majhmatik~wn sumbolism~wn, >all`a st`hn pe\-r'i\-ptw\-sh po`u -a>ut`o e>~inai >apara'ithto o<i parak'atw >akolouj'iec >el'egqou j`a -m~ac k'anoun t`hn doulei'a.% -\TeXref{167} - -\maketable [Prosj'hkh diasthm'atwn s`e majhmatiko`uc t'upouc] -\halign{ -\strut \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil\tt# \hfil \quad - & \hbox to 2cm{\hrulefill\vrule height 8pt#\vrule height 8pt\hrulefill} \cr - >Onomas'ia & \tengr >Akolouj'ia el'egqou & $\gets$M~hkoc$\to$\cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - dipl`o tetr'agwno & \\qquad &\qquad \cr - <apl`o tetr'agwno & \\quad &\quad \cr - di'asthma & \\\sp\ &\ \cr - meg'alo di'asthma & \\; &$\;$\cr - mesa~io di'asthma & \\> &$\>$\cr - mikr`o di'asthma & \\, &$\,$\cr - >arnhtik`o mikr`o di'asthma & \ \\!\ &$\!$\cr - } - -\toindex{quad} -\toindex{qquad} -\toindex{\sp} -\toindex{;} -\toindex{>} -\toindex{,} -\toindex{!} - ->E`an parathr'hsoume prosektik`a t`o mikr`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma, j`a -do~ume <'oti s`e >ant'ijesh m`e t`a >'alla diast'hmata, t`a d'uo <'oria -to~u diast'hmatoc >allhlo\-epikal'u\-ptontai. A>ut`o sumba'inei giat`i -t`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma e>~inai >ant'ijethc kate'ujunshc, dhl.\ >en~w -<'olec o<i >'allec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou a>ux'anoun t`o ken`o di'asthma -metax`u d'uo sumb'olwn, t`o mikr`o >arnhtik`o di'asthma t`o >elatt'wnei ->'estw ka`i >`an prokale~itai >allhlo\-epi\-k'aluyh t~wn sumb'olwn. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$\null. -Pros'exte t`a diast'h\-ma\-ta st`on paronomast'h. -\bigskip - -St`on k'wdika, metax`u t~wn sumb'olwn {\tt \$} po`u perikle'ioun k'apoio -majhmatik`h >'ekfrash d`en pr'epei n`a <up'arqoun ken`ec gramm'ec. T`o -{\rm\TeX} <upoj'etei <'oti <'olh <h majhmatik`h >'ekfrash >apotele~i -m'ia par'agrafo ka`i <'oti m'ia ken`h gramm`h shma'inei n'ea par'agrafo. - Sunep~wc, j`a m~ac d'wsei m'h\-nu\-ma sf'almatoc. A>ut`h <h ->idiotrop'ia to~u {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >arket`a qr'hsimh, giat`i <'ena ->ap`o t`a pi`o suqn`a sf'almata st`on k'wdika e>~inai n`a parale'ipetai -t`o de'utero s'umbolo {\tt \$} (>`h {\tt \$\$}) po`u kle'i\-nei t`hn -majhmatik`h >'ekfrash (s'igoura j`a k'anoume toul'aqiston m'ia for`a -a>ut`o t`o l'ajoc kaj`wc maja'i\-noume t`o {\rm\TeX})\null. >E`an t`o -{\rm\TeX} >ep'etrepe periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia paragr'afouc metax`u t~wn -sumb'olwn {\tt \$}, t'ote xeqn'wntac <'ena de'utero {\tt\$}, j`a -prokalo'usame t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <'olou to~u <upolo'ipou keim'enou -st`hn morf`h m'iac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc. - -O<i periss'oterec majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic e>is'agontai kat`a t`on ->'idio tr'opo e>'ite >ent`oc st'iqou e>'ite <wc diakrit`ec -kentrwm'enec. T`ic >exair'eseic po`u >aforo~un m'onon t`ic diakrit`ec ->ekfr'aseic, <'opwc t`hn katak'orufh sto'iqish pollapl~wn t'upwn ka`i -t`hn >ar'ijmhsh >exis'wsewn st`o dexi`o >`h t`o >arister`o perij'wrio, -j`a t`ic suzht'hsoume st`o t'eloc to~u kefala'iou. - -Kat`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn >emfan'izontai poll`a n'ea -s'umbola. T`a peris\-s'otera >ap`o t`a s'umbola to~u plhktrolog'iou -mporo~un n`a qrhsimopoihjo~un <'opwc >'eqoun. T`a s'umbola {\tt + - / * -= ' | < > (} ka`i {\tt)} e>is'agontai <'ola <'opwc >'eqoun. <Or'iste -t'i m~ac d'inoun: $+ \> - \> / \> * \> = \> ' \> | < \> > \> ( \> )$. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ex'iswsh $a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ >ent`oc -st'iqou ka`i <wc diakrit'h. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ex'iswsh $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ >ent`oc -st'iqou ka`i <wc diakrit'h. -\bigskip - -Poll`a >'alla s'umbola d'inontai <wc prokajorism'enec >akolouj'iec ->el'egqou. P.q., t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac d'inei <'olouc to`uc <ellhniko`uc -qarakt~hrec gi`a majhmatik`a s'umbola <wc l'exeic >el'egqou. -Para\-k'a\-tw d'inetai <'enac p'inakac m`e t`a <ellhnik`a majhmatik`a -s'umbola; <'omwc prosoq'h: t`a s'umbola a>ut'a, <'opwc j`a do~ume st`o -kef'alaio\NB{}10, e>~inai kat'allhla m'ono gi`a majhmatik`a ka`i >'oqi -gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <aplo~u <ellhniko~u keim'enou l'ogou.% -\TeXref{434} - -\maketable [<Ellhnik`a s'umbola majhmatik~wn t'upwn] -\halign{ -\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad - &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -\alpha & \\alpha &\beta & \\beta &\gamma & \\gamma &\delta & \\delta \cr -\epsilon & \\epsilon & \varepsilon & \\varepsilon & \zeta & \\zeta & -\eta & \\eta \cr -\theta & \\theta & \vartheta & \\vartheta & \iota & \\iota & \kappa & -\\kappa \cr -\lambda & \\lambda & \mu & \\mu & \nu & \\nu & \xi & \\xi \cr -o & o & \pi & \\pi & \varpi & \\varpi & \rho & \\rho \cr -\varrho & \\varrho & \sigma & \\sigma & \varsigma & \\varsigma & \tau & \\tau \cr -\upsilon & \\upsilon & \phi & \\phi & \varphi & \\varphi & \chi & \\chi \cr -\psi & \\psi & \omega & \\omega & \Gamma & \\Gamma & \Delta & \\Delta \cr -\Theta & \\Theta & \Lambda & \\Lambda & \Xi & \\Xi & \Pi & \\Pi \cr -\Sigma & \\Sigma & \Upsilon & \\Upsilon & \Phi & \\Phi & \Psi & \\Psi \cr -\Omega & \\Omega \cr -\noalign{\smallskip} \noalign{\hrule} - } - -\toindex{alpha} -\toindex{beta} -\toindex{gamma} -\toindex{delta} -\toindex{epsilon} -\toindex{varepsilon} -\toindex{zeta} -\toindex{eta} -\toindex{theta} -\toindex{vartheta} -\toindex{iota} -\toindex{kappa} -\toindex{lambda} -\toindex{mu} -\toindex{nu} -\toindex{xi} -\toindex{pi} -\toindex{varpi} -\toindex{rho} -\toindex{varrho} -\toindex{sigma} -\toindex{varsigma} -\toindex{tau} -\toindex{upsilon} -\toindex{phi} -\toindex{varphi} -\toindex{chi} -\toindex{psi} -\toindex{omega} -\toindex{Gamma} -\toindex{Delta} -\toindex{Theta} -\toindex{Lambda} -\toindex{Xi} -\toindex{Pi} -\toindex{Sigma} -\toindex{Upsilon} -\toindex{Phi} -\toindex{Psi} -\toindex{Omega} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ex'iswsh $\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ ->ent`oc st'iqou ka`i <wc diakrit'h. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste $\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ >ent`oc st'iqou ka`i -<wc diakrit`h >ex'iswsh. - -Merik`ec for`ec >ep'anw >ap`o t`a s'umbola >`h ka`i k'atw >ap`o a>ut`a -topojeto~untai k'apoia diakritik`a shme~ia >`h t'onoi. O<i l'exeic ->el'egqou gi`a t`hn >'enjesh a>ut~wn t~wn shme'iwn e>~inai diaforetik`ec ->ap`o t`ic >ant'istoiqec gi`a t`on tonism`o qarakt'hrwn kanoniko~u -keim'enou. O<i >akolouj'iec el'egqou gi`a tonism`o kanoniko~u keim'enou -d`en qrhsimopoio~untai st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn ka`i ->antistr'ofwc.% -\TeXref{135--136} - -\maketable [Tonik`a shme~ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn] -\halign{ - \strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & - \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - \hat o & \\hat o & \check o & \\check o & \tilde o & \\tilde o \cr - \acute o & \\acute o & \grave o & \\grave o & \dot o & \\dot o \cr - \ddot o & \\ddot o &\breve o & \\breve o & \bar o & \\bar o \cr - \vec o & \\vec o & \widehat {abc} & \\widehat \lb abc\rb - & \widetilde {abc} & \\widetilde \lb abc\rb\cr - } - -\toindex{hat} -\toindex{check} -\toindex{tilde} -\toindex{acute} -\toindex{grave} -\toindex{dot} -\toindex{ddot} -\toindex{breve} -\toindex{bar} -\toindex{vec} -\toindex{widehat} -\toindex{widetilde} - -St`hn <orolog'ia t~wn majhmatik~wn, o<i duadiko`i telest`ec <en'wnoun -d'uo >antike'imena gi`a n`a d'wsoun <'ena tr'ito >antike'imeno. <H -pr'osjesh ka`i <o pollaplasiasm'oc, gi`a par'adeigma, <en'wnoun d'uo ->arijmo`uc ka`i d'inoun <'enan tr'ito >arijm'o, >'ara pr'okeitai gi`a -duadiko`uc telest'ec. <'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} stoiqeiojete~i <'enan -duadik`o telest'h, prosj'etei l'igo parap'anw ken`o di'asthma >arister`a -ka`i dexi'a tou. <Or'iste <'enac p'inakac m`e meriko`uc >ap`o to`uc -diaj'esimouc duadiko`uc telest'ec:% -\TeXref{436} - -\maketable [Duadiko`i telest`ec] -\halign{ -\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad - &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -\cdot & \\cdot &\times & \\times &\ast & \\ast &\star & \\star \cr -\circ & \\circ & \bullet & \\bullet & \div & \\div & \diamond & \\diamond \cr -\cap & \\cap & \cup & \\cup & \vee & \\vee & \wedge & \\wedge \cr -\oplus & \\oplus &\ominus & \\ominus & \otimes &\\otimes &\odot &\\odot \cr - } - -\toindex{cdot} -\toindex{times} -\toindex{ast} -\toindex{star} -\toindex{circ} -\toindex{bullet} -\toindex{div} -\toindex{diamond} -\toindex{cap} -\toindex{cup} -\toindex{vee} -\toindex{wedge} -\toindex{oplus} -\toindex{ominus} -\toindex{otimes} -\toindex{odot} - -Suqn`a maz`i m`e to`uc duadiko`uc telest'ec, qrhsimopoie~itai ka`i <h ->'elleiyh, dhl.\ >aposiwphtik`a po`u <upodhl'wnoun <'oti k'ati par'omoio -parale'ipetai st`on majhmatik'o mac t'upo. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\cdots} prokale~i m'ia katak'orufh metat'opish t~hc >'elleiyhc <'wste -o<i tre~ic tele~iec thc n`a brejo~un st`on >'idio <oriz'ontio >'axona -summetr'iac m`e to`uc <up'opoloipouc telest'ec. >'Etsi loip'on, m`e t`on -kwdik`o {\tt \$a + \\cdots + z\$}, lamb'anoume $a + \cdots + z$. <H ->akolouj'ia >el'egqou {\tt \\ldots} d`en >anuy'wnei t`hn >'elleiyh ->all`a t`hn j'etei >ep'anw st`hn gramm`h b'ashc to~u majhmatiko~u -t'upou; >'etsi <o kwdik`oc {\tt \$1\\ldots n\$} d'inei $1\ldots n$. -\toindex{cdots} -\toindex{ldots} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee -(x\wedge z)$. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$. -\bigskip - -M'ia sq'esh de'iqnei m'ia >idi'othta d'uo majhmatik~wn >antikeim'enwn. -Gnwr'izoume >'hdh p~wc n`a de'ixoume <'oti d'uo >antike'imena e>~inai ->'isa, >`h p~wc n`a de'ixoume <'oti <'enac >arijm`oc e>~inai -megal'uteroc >`h mikr'oteroc <en`oc >'allou >arijmo~u (>ef'' <'oson t`a ->apara'ithta s'umbola <up'arqoun st`a plhktol'ogia <'olwn sqed`on t~wn -<upologist~wn). Gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume m'ia >arnhtik`h sq'esh, -gr'afoume st`on k'wdika t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\not} >empr`oc >ap`o -t`hn sq'esh. <Or'iste merik`ec t'etoiec majhmatik`ec sq'eseic:% -\TeXref{436} -\toindex{not} - -\maketable [Majhmatik`ec sq'eseic] -\halign{ -\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad - &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -\leq & \\leq &\not\leq & \\not \\leq - & \geq & \\geq & \not\geq & \\not \\geq \cr -\equiv & \\equiv & \not\equiv & \\not \\equiv - & \sim & \\sim & \not\sim & \\not \\sim \cr -\simeq & \\simeq & \not\simeq & \\not \\simeq - & \approx & \\approx & \not\approx & \\not \\approx \cr -\subset & \\subset & \subseteq & \\subseteq - & \supset & \\supset & \supseteq & \\supseteq \cr -\in & \\in & \ni & \\ni & \parallel & \\parallel & \perp & \\perp \cr - } - -\toindex{leq} -\toindex{geq} -\toindex{equiv} -\toindex{sim} -\toindex{simeq} -\toindex{approx} -\toindex{subset} -\toindex{subseteq} -\toindex{supset} -\toindex{supseteq} -\toindex{in} -\toindex{ni} -\toindex{parallel} -\toindex{perp} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm $\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only -if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm $\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and -only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. } - -<Or'iste ka`i merik`a >ak'oma diaj'esima majhmatik`a s'umbola:% -\TeXref{435--438} - -\maketable [Di'afora majhmatik`a s'umbola] -\halign{ -\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad - &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -\aleph & \\aleph & \ell & \\ell & \Re & \\Re & \Im & \\Im \cr -\partial & \\partial & \infty & \\infty & \| & \\| & \angle & \\angle \cr -\nabla & \\nabla & \backslash &\\backslash & \forall & \\forall - & \exists & \\exists \cr -\neg & \\neg & \flat & \\flat & \sharp & \\sharp & \natural & \\natural \cr - } - -\toindex{aleph} -\toindex{ell} -\toindex{Re} -\toindex{Im} -\toindex{partial} -\toindex{infty} -\toindex{|} -\toindex{angle} -\toindex{nabla} -\toindex{backslash} -\toindex{forall} -\toindex{exists} -\toindex{neg} -\toindex{flat} -\toindex{sharp} -\toindex{natural} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. - -S`e <'ola t`a prohgo'umena parade'igmata, mporo~ume n`a parathr'hsoume -<'oti t`a stoiqe~ia po`u qrhsimopoio~untai a>utom'atwc >ap`o t`o -{\rm\TeX} gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn e>~inai -pl'agia--kalligrafik'a ({\rm italic}). A>ut`o g'inetai gi`a n`a -xeqwr'izei t`o <apl`o ke'imeno >ap`o t`a ma\-jh\-ma\-ti\-k`a s'umbola -ka`i to`uc sunduasmo'uc touc. P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika: {\tt \$I\$ is the -product \$i s\$, where \$i\$ is the current density and \$s\$ the -cross-cut area}, lam\-b'a\-nou\-me: {\rm $I$ is the product $is$, where -$i$ is the current density and $s$ the cross-cut area}. >Arke~i n`a -do~ume t`hn >'idia fr'ash m`e t`a s'umbola $I$, $i$ ka`i $s$ -stoiqeiojethm'ena >'oqi m`e pl'agia--kalligrafik'a, >all`a m`e >'orjia -stoiqe~ia {\rm roman}, gi`a n`a katal'aboume t`hn diafor'a: {\rm I is -the product $\rm i s$, where i is the current density and s the -cross-cut area}. - -<Wst'oso, merik`ec for`ec qrhsimopoio~untai ka`i >'allwn e>id~wn -stoiqe~ia gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn. Gi`a -par'adeigma, t`a qhmik`a s'umbola ka`i o<i di'aforec stajer`ec -sumbol'izontai m`e >'orjiouc qarakt~hrec. >Ep'ishc, o<i mon'adec po`u -sunode'uoun t'upouc t~hc fusik~hc ka`i t~hc qhme'iac, p'anta -stoiqeiojeto~untai m`e >'orjiouc qarakt~hrec. >'Allote p'ali, o<i -majhmatiko`i p'inakec sumbol'izontai gi`a suntom'ia m`e >'entona -kefala~ia. T`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a >all'azoume grammatoseir`a ->ak'oma ka`i st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t'upwn. >'Etsi m`e t`on -k'wdika: {\tt\$\\rm R = 8.2054\\, J\\, mol\^{}\lb-1\rb\\, K\^{}\lb-1\rb -\$}, lamb'anoume t`hn pagk'osmia sta\-je\-r`a t~wn >aer'iwn: $\rm R = -8.2054\, J\, mol^{-1}\,K^{-1}$\null. Paromo'iwc, <o k'wdikac: -{\tt\$\lb\\bf x\rb = \lb\\bf A\rb \\times \lb\\bf B\rb\^{}\lb-1\rb\$}, -m~ac d'inei: ${\bf x} = {\bf A} \times {\bf B}^{-1}$.\TeXref{164--165} - -Gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn t`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac d'inei m'ia ->ak'oma grammatoseir`a m`e kalligrafik`a kefala~ia <'opwc ${\cal A}, -\ldots, {\cal Z}$\null. T`hn grammatoseir`a t~wn kalligrafik~wn -kefala'iwn mporo~ume n`a t`hn qrhsimopoi'hsoume {\tengs m'onon\/} gi`a -t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn (dhl.\ >ent`oc {\tt\$$\ldots$\$} ->`h >ent`oc {\tt\$\$$\ldots$\$\$}) ka`i t`hn kalo~ume m`e t`hn l'exh ->el'egqou {\tt\\cal}. >'Etsi m`e {\tt\$\lb\\cal N\rb = 0\rb\$}, -lamb'anoume: ${\cal N} = 0$. -\toindex{cal} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\rm Si + C \to SiC$\null. (<Up'odeixh: -qrhsimopoi~hste t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\to} gi`a n`a l'abete t`o -b'eloc pr`oc t`a dexi'a.) -\toindex{to} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The number sets are: $\bf N -\in Q \in R \in C$.} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The Laplace transform of a constant $c$ -is ${\cal L} (c) = c / s$.} - - -\subsection{Kl'asmata} - -<Up'arqoun d'uo tr'opoi gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'ena kl'asma: -e>'ite <wc $1/2$ e>'ite <wc ${1\over2}$\null. St`hn pr'wth per'iptwsh -d`en qrei'azontai e>idik`ec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou; >arke~i n`a -gr'ayoume {\tt \$1/2\$}\null. St`hn de'uterh per'iptwsh <'omwc -qrhsimopoie~itai <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\over}: {\tt\lb $<${\tengs ->arijmht`hc\/}$>$ \\over $<${\tengs paronomast'hc\/}$>$\rb}\null. -Gr'afontac loip`on {\tt \$\$\lb a+b \\over c+d\rb.\$\$} lamb'anoume:% -\TeXref{139--140} -\toindex{over} -$${a+b\over c+d}.$$ - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo: ${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over -b+c} \quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm What are the points where ${\partial -\over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over \partial y} f(x,y) = 0$?} - -\subsection{De~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec} - -O<i de~iktec ka`i o<i >ekj'etec e>~inai e>'ukolo n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un -m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. O<i qarakt~hrec {\tt \_{}} (<upogr'ammish) -ka`i {\tt \^{}} (gallik`h perispwm'enh) qrhsimopoio~untai gi`a n`a -dhl'wsoun <'oti <o <ep'omenoc qarakt'hrac e>~inai de'ikthc >`h >ekj'ethc ->ant'istoiqa. >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt \$x\^{}2\$} d'inei $x^2$, ka`i <o -k'wdikac {\tt \$x\_{}2\$}, $x_2$\null. Gi`a n`a l'aboume -periss'oterouc >ap`o <'enan qarakt'hra m`e t`hn morf`h de'ikth >`h ->ekj'eth, >arke~i n`a to`uc kle'isoume m`e >'agkistra s`e <'ena s'unolo. -P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \$x\^{}\lb 21\rb\$} lamb'anoume $x^{21}$ -ka`i m`e {\tt \$x\_{}\lb 21\rb\$}, $x_{21}$\null. >`Ac pros'exoume <'oti -o<i de~iktec ka`i o<i >ekj'etec stoiqeiojeto~untai a>ut'omata s`e -t'upouc mikr'oterou meg'ejouc. <H kat'astash g'inetai el'aqista pi`o -pol'uplokh <'otan pr'okeitai gi`a de'ikth to~u de'ikth >`h >ekj'eth to~u ->ekj'eth, k.lp. D`en mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \$x\_{}2\_{}3\$} ->epeid`h k'ati t'etoio mpore~i n`a >'eqei dipl`h shmas'ia, dhl.\ {\tt -\$x\_{}\lb 2\_{}3\rb\$} >`h {\tt \$\lb x\_{}2\rb\_{}3\$}, m`e d'uo -diaforetik`a >apotel'esmata: $x_{2_3}$ ka`i ${x_2}_3$, >ek t~wn <opo'iwn -t`o pr~wto e>~inai <o pi`o koin`oc majhmatik`oc sumbolism'oc. Gi`a t`on -l'ogo a>ut'o, e>~inai sk'opimo n`a qrhsimopoio~ume >'agkistra gi`a n`a -perigr'ayoume pollapl'a (<'osa j'eloume) >ep'ipeda deikt~wn ka`i ->ekjet~wn.% -\TeXref{128--130} - -Gi`a n`a j'esoume de~iktec ka`i >ekj'etec st`o >'idio s'umbolo, -qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn {\tt \_{}} ka`i t`hn {\tt \^{}} m`e <opoiad'hpote -seir'a. >'Etsi e>'ite m`e {\tt \$x\_{}2\^{}1\$} e>'ite m`e -{\tt\$x\^{}1\_{}2\$}, lamb'anoume $x_2^1$. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a <ep'omena: $e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad -e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 \quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f -\over\partial x^2} + {\partial^2 f \over\partial y^2}$. -\bigskip - -Par'omoia stoiqeiojeto~untai o<i seir'ec (>ajro'ismata) ka`i t`a -<oloklhr'wmata. <O k'wdikac {\tt \$\\sum\_{}\lb k=1\rb\^{}n k\^{}2\$} -j`a d'wsei $\sum_{k=1}^n k^2$, ka`i <o k'wdikac {\tt \$\\int\_{}0\^{}x -f(t) dt\$}, $\int_0^x f(t) dt$.% -\TeXref{144--145} -\toindex{sum} -\toindex{int} - -M'ia >ak'oma par'omoia >efarmog`h e>~inai ka`i <h stoiqeiojes'ia -majhmatik~wn >ekfr'asewn m`e <'oria. Mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume t`on -k'wdika {\tt \$\\lim\_\lb n\\to \\infty\rb (\lb n+1 \\over n\rb)\^{}n = -e\$}, gi`a n`a l'aboume $\lim_{n\to \infty} ({n+1\over n})^n = e$. -\toindex{lim} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`hn >ak'oloujh >ex'iswsh: $\lim_{x\to 0} -(1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: {\rm The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ -is $\aleph_1$. } - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. -\bigskip - -<Or'iste ka`i m'ia mikr`h sumboul`h gi`a pi`o >'omorfa <oloklhr'wmata: ->`ac pros'exoume t`hn diafor`a metax`u to~u $\int_0^x f(t) dt$ ka`i -to~u $\int_0^x f(t)\, dt$\null. St`hn de'uterh per'iptwsh <up'arqei -<'ena mikr`o ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o $f(t)$, ka`i >'etsi fa'inetai -kal'utero. <H prosj'hkh to~u diast'hmatoc >'egine gr'afontac {\tt\\,} -met`a t`o {\tt f(t)} st`on k'wdika. -\toindex{,} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <olokl'hrwma: $\int_0^1 -3x^2\,dx = 1$. - -\subsection{R'izec, tetragwnik`ec ka`i >'allec} - -<H stoiqeiojes'ia tetragwnik~wn riz~wn g'inetai m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou -{\tt \\sqrt\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. >'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt -\$\\sqrt\lb x\^{}2+y\^{}2\rb\$} j`a l'aboume $\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$\null. ->`Ac pros'exoume <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} front'izei t`o p~wc j`a mpo~un t`a -s'umbola, poi'o j`a e>~inai t`o <'uyoc ka`i poi'o t`o m~hkoc to~u -riziko~u. Gi`a kubik`ec >`h >'allou bajmo~u r'izec qrhsimopoio~ume t`ic -l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\root} ka`i {\tt \\of}. Gi`a n`a l'aboume -$\root n \of {1+x^n}$, pr'epei n`a gr'ayoume t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\\root -n \\of \lb1+x\^{}n\rb\$}.% -\TeXref{130--131} -\toindex{root} -\toindex{sqrt} - -M'ia >enallaktik`h l'ush gi`a e>idik`ec peript'wseic e>~inai ka`i <h -l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\surd}; gr'afo\-ntac {\tt \$\\surd 2\$} j`a -l'aboume $\surd 2$. -\toindex{surd} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a >ak'olouja: $\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over -x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t -e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. - -\subsection{Gramm'ec, p'anw ka`i k'atw} - -Gi`a n`a j'esoume <oriz'ontiec gramm`ec >ep'anw >`h k'atw >ap`o -majhmatik`a s'umbola, gr'afoume t`on k'wdika {\tt -\\overline\lb$\ldots$\rb} >`h {\tt \\underline\lb$\ldots$\rb} ->ant'istoiqa. Kat`a t`on tr'opo a>ut'o, m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt -\$\\overline\lb x+y\rb=\\overline x + \\overline y\$} lamb'anoume -$\overline{x+y}=\overline x + \overline y$\null. >All`a >`ac -parathr'hsoume <'oti o<i gramm`ec >ep'anw >ap`o t`a s'umbola e>~inai s`e -diaforetik`a <'uyh, gi''\NB{}a>ut`o qrei'azetai l'igh prosoq'h. -Gr'afontac {\tt \\overline\lb\\strut x\rb} <h <oriz'ontia gramm`h ->ep'anw >ap`o t`o $x$ j`a metakinhje~i >ak'oma l'igo pi`o -p'anw.\TeXref{130--131}\toindex{overline}\toindex{underline} <O ->ant'istoiqoc k'w\-di\-kac gi`a <upogr'ammish m`h majh\-mati\-ko~u -keim'enou e>~inai: {\tt \\underbar\lb$\dots$\rb}. -\toindex{underbar} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`a >ak'olouja: $\underline x \quad \overline -y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. - -\subsection{<Oroj'etec, mikro`i ka`i meg'aloi} - -O<i pi`o koino`i <oroj'etec po`u qrhsimopoio~untai st`a majhmatik`a -e>~inai o<i parenj'eseic, o<i >agk'ulec ka`i t`a >'agkistra. <'Opwc ->'eqei >'hdh >anaferje~i, gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt [ ] \\\lb\ -\\\rb\ ( )} lamb'anoume to`uc <oroj'etec: $[\>]\>\{\>\}\>(\>)\>$. -Merik`ec for'ec, m`e <oroj'etec megal'uterou meg'ejouc belti'wnetai <h ->anagnwsim'othta t~wn majhmatik~wn, <'opwc p.q. -$$\bigl(a\times(b+c)\bigr) \bigl((a\times b)+c\bigr).$$ - -Gi`a megal'uterouc >aristero`uc <oroj'etec pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume -t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\bigl}, {\tt \\Bigl}, {\tt \\biggl} ka`i -{\tt \\Biggl} >empr`oc >ap`o a>uto`uc. Par'omoia, m`e t`ic l'exeic ->el'egqou {\tt \\bigr}, {\tt \\Bigr}, {\tt \\biggr} ka`i {\tt \\Biggr} -lamb'anoume meg'alouc dexio`uc <oroj'etec. >'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt -\$\\Bigl[ \\ldots \\Bigr]\$} pa'irnoume $\Bigl[ \ldots -\Bigr]$\null.\TeXref{145--147} <Or'iste ka`i <'enac p'inakac m`e t`a -di'afora meg'ejh <orojet~wn. -\toindex{bigl} -\toindex{Bigl} -\toindex{biggl} -\toindex{Biggl} -\toindex{bigr} -\toindex{Bigr} -\toindex{biggr} -\toindex{Biggr} - -%% \everycr can add 4 points between lines in the following table %% -\everycr={\noalign{\vskip 4 pt}} -\maketable [<Oroj'etec diaf'orwn megej~wn] -\halign{ -\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad - &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad - &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad - &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -\{ & \\\lb & \} & \\\rb & ( & ( & ) & )\cr -\bigl\{ & \\bigl\\\lb & \bigr\} & \\bigr\\\rb & \bigl( & \\bigl( & \bigr) & -\\bigr)\cr -\Bigl\{ & \\Bigl\\\lb & \Bigr\} & \\Bigr\\\rb & \Bigl( & \\Bigl( & \Bigr) & -\\Bigr)\cr -\biggl\{ & \\biggl\\\lb & \biggr\} & \\biggr\\\rb & \biggl( - & \\biggl( & \biggr) & \\biggr) \cr -\Biggl\{ & \\Biggl\\\lb & \Biggr\} & \\Biggr\\\rb & \Biggl( - & \\Biggl( & \Biggr) & \\Biggr)\cr - } - -\everycr={} %%% leave a blank line always above this command! (DF) - -Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a >af'hsoume t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >apofas'isei m'ono -tou t`o m'egejoc t~wn <orojet~wn gr'afontac{\tt \\left} ka`i {\tt -\\right} >empr`oc >ap`o a>uto'uc.\TeXref{148} >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt -\\left[$\ldots$\\right]} >'eqei <wc >apot'elesma o<i perieq'omenoi -t'upoi n`a perikle'iontai >ap`o >agk'ulec kat'allhlou meg'ejouc. -{\tengb Prosoq'h:} gi`a k'aje {\tt \\left} pr'epei n`a <up'arqei ka`i -t`o >ant'istoiqo {\tt \\right} (>'estw ki >`an <o >ari\-ste\-r`oc -<oroj'ethc d`en e>~inai <'omoioc m`e t`on dexi'o). Gi`a par'adeigma, <o -k'wdikac {\tt \$\$\\left|\lb a+b \\over c+d\rb\\right|.\$\$} d'inei -$$\left|{a+b \over c+d}\right|.$$ - -\maketable [Majhmatiko`i <oroj'etec] -\halign{ -\strut \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \qquad\qquad & - \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \qquad\qquad & - \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -( & ( & ) & ) & [ & [ \cr -] & ] &\{ & \\\lb & \} & \\\rb \cr -\lfloor & \\lfloor &\rfloor &\\rfloor & \lceil & \\lceil \cr -\rceil & \\rceil &\langle & \\langle & \rangle & \\rangle \cr -/ & / & \backslash & \\backslash &| & | \cr -\| & \\| &\uparrow & \\uparrow & \Uparrow & \\Uparrow \cr -\downarrow & \\downarrow & \Downarrow & \\Downarrow - & \updownarrow & \\updownarrow \cr -\Updownarrow & \\Updownarrow \cr - } - -\toindex{lfloor} -\toindex{rfloor} -\toindex{lceil} -\toindex{rceil} -\toindex{langle} -\toindex{rangle} -\toindex{|} -\toindex{uparrow} -\toindex{Uparrow} -\toindex{downarrow} -\toindex{Downarrow} -\toindex{updownarrow} -\toindex{Updownarrow} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste $\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil -\leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil \bigr \rfloor$. - -\subsection{K'apoiec e>idik`ec sunart'hseic} - -<Up'arqoun k'apoiec e>idik`ec sunart'hseic po`u parousi'azontai suqn`a -st`a majhmatik'a. S`e m'ia >ex'iswsh <'opwc (($\sin^2x + \cos^2x = -1$)) o<i trigwnometrik`ec sunart'hseic {\rm sin} (<hm'itono) ka`i {\rm -cos} (sunhm'itono) >'eqoun stoiqeiojethje~i <wc ke'imeno l'ogou, dhl.\ ->'oqi s`e pl'agia stoiqe~ia. A>ut`oc e>~inai <o sun'hjhc tr'opoc gi`a -n`a dhlwje~i >ent`oc <en`oc majhmatiko~u t'upou <'oti <up'arqei m'ia -e>idik`h sun'arthsh (p.q., {\rm cos}) ka`i >'oqi t`o gin'omeno tri~wn -metablht~wn (p.q., $ c o s$)\null. O<i l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\sin} -ka`i {\tt \\cos} j'etoun a>ut'omata to`uc swsto`uc qarakt~hrec st`on -majhmatik`h >'ekfrash.\TeXref{162} -<Or'iste <'enac p'inakac a>ut~wn ka`i merik~wn >'al\-lwn e>idik~wn -sunart'hsewn: - -\maketable [E>idik`ec majhmatik`ec sunart'hseic] -\halign{ - \strut \tt {\\}#\hfil && \quad \tt {\\}#\hfil \cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - sin & cos & tan & cot & sec & csc & arcsin & arccos \cr - arctan & sinh & cosh & tanh & coth & lim & sup & inf \cr - limsup & liminf & log & ln & lg & exp & det & deg \cr - dim & hom & ker & max & min & arg & gcd & Pr \cr - } - -\toindex{sin} -\toindex{cos} -\toindex{tan} -\toindex{cot} -\toindex{sec} -\toindex{csc} -\toindex{arcsin} -\toindex{arccos} -\toindex{arctan} -\toindex{sinh} -\toindex{cosh} -\toindex{tanh} -\toindex{coth} -\toindex{lim} -\toindex{sup} -\toindex{inf} -\toindex{limsup} -\toindex{liminf} -\toindex{log} -\toindex{ln} -\toindex{lg} -\toindex{exp} -\toindex{det} -\toindex{deg} -\toindex{dim} -\toindex{hom} -\toindex{ker} -\toindex{max} -\toindex{min} -\toindex{arg} -\toindex{gcd} -\toindex{Pr} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta \quad -\cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C \qquad -\lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 \qquad \lim_{\alpha\to -\infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: $$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over -1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ - -\subsection{>Ako'usate, >ako'usate!} - -<Up'arqei m'ia e>idik`h {\tengs makroentol'h\/} (>`h {\sl macro\/}) <h -<opo~ia e>~inai qr'hsimh gi`a k'aje majhmatik`h dhmos'ieush. Pr'okeitai -gi`a t`hn makroentol`h {\tt\\proclaim}. Qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a -jew\-r'h\-mata, sumper'asmata, prot'aseic, k.lp. <H par'agrafoc met`a -t`o {\tt \\proclaim} qwr'izetai s`e d'uo m'erh: t`o pr~wto m'eroc -fj'anei ka`i sumperilamb'anei t`hn pr'wth tele'ia st`hn <opo'ia ->akolouje~i ken`o di'asthma; t`o de'utero m'eroc e>~inai t`o <up'oloipo -t~hc paragr'afou.\TeXref{202--203}\ <H >id'ea p'isw >ap`o a>ut`o t`o -t'eqnasma e>~inai <'oti t`o pr~wto m'eroc pr'epei n`a e>~inai k'ati -<'opwc (({\rm Theorem 1.}))\ >`h (({\rm Corollary\NB{}B.}))\null. T`o -de'utero m'eroc e>~inai t`o perieq'omeno to~u jewr'hmatoc >`h to~u -sumper'asmatoc. Gi`a par'adeigma, m`e t`on k'wdika: \toindex{proclaim} - -\beginliteral -\proclaim Theorem 1 (H.~G.~Wells). In the country of the blind, -the one-eyed man is king. -@endliteral - -\noindent lamb'anoume - -\proclaim Theorem 1 (H.\NB G.\NB Wells). In the country of the blind, -the one-eyed man is king. - -Fusik'a, t`o perieq'omeno to~u jewr'hmatoc mpore~i n`a peri'eqei ka`i -majhmatik`a s'umbola. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -\nobreak -\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of -primes. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -\nobreak -\proclaim Proposition 1. -$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq {1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ -with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. - -\subsection{Majhmatik`ec parat'axeic} - -<H stoiqeiojes'ia majhmatik~wn parat'axewn (pin'akwn, <orizous~wn, -k.lp.)\ g'inetai qrhsimopoi'wntac sunduasmo`uc to~u qa\-ra\-kt'h\-ra -sto'iqishc {\tt \&} ka`i t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt \\cr}\null. Gi`a -n`a >arq'isoume loip`on t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <en`oc majhmatiko~u p'inaka, -gr'a\-foume st`on k'w\-di\-k'a mac: {\tt\$\$\\pmatrix\lb$\dots$\rb\$\$}. -Metax`u t~wn >agk'istrwn mpa'inoun o<i gramm`ec to~u p'inaka, <h -kajem'ia >ek t~wn <opo'iwn telei'wnei m`e {\tt\\cr}. T`o -perieq'o\-me\-no k'aje st'hlhc qwr'izetai >ap`o t`o perieq'o\-me\-no -t~wn geito\-ni\-k~wn thc sthl~wn (st`hn >'idia gramm'h) m`e t`on -qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt \&}\null. Gi`a n`a g'inoume pi`o katanohto'i, -<or'iste <'ena par'adeigma:% -\TeXref{176--178} - -\beginliteral -$$\pmatrix{ -a & b & c & d \cr -b & a & c+d & c-d \cr -0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr -0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr -}.$$ -@endliteral - -\noindent -<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei -$$\pmatrix{ -a & b & c & d \cr -b & a & c+d & c-d \cr -0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr -0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr -}.$$ -\toindex{pmatrix}% ->`Ac pros'exoume <'oti k'aje st'hlh to~u parap'anw p'inaka e>~inai -kentrwm'enh m`e l'igo di'asthma dexi`a ka`i >arister'a. E>~inai dunat`h -<h dexi`a >`h <h >arister`h sto'iqish t~wn sthl~wn qrhsimopoi'wntac -kat'allhla t`o {\tt \\hfill}\null, <'opwc, p.q., st`o <ep'omeno -par'adeigma (prosoq`h st`hn diafor`a m`e t`o prohgo'umeno): - -\beginliteral -$$\pmatrix{ -a & b & c \hfill & \hfill d \cr -b & a & c+d & c-d \cr -0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr -0 & 0 & ab \hfill & \hfill cd \cr -}.$$ -@endliteral - -\noindent <O parap'anw k'wdikac d'inei - -$$\pmatrix{ -a & b & c \hfill & \hfill d \cr -b & a & c+d & c-d \cr -0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr -0 & 0 & ab \hfill & \hfill cd \cr -}.$$ - -\vbox{ -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste -$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ 1 &0 &0 &0 \cr - 0 &1 &0 &0 \cr - 0 &0 &1 &0 \cr - 0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ -} - -E>~inai dunat`o n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume majhmatik`ec parat'axeic m`e -diaforetiko`uc <oroj'etec. Qrhsimo\-poi\-'wntac {\tt \\matrix} >ant`i -to~u {\tt \\pmatrix}, >afairo~untai o<i parenj'eseic to~u p'inaka, ka`i ->'etsi mporo~ume n`a j'esoume <'opoion <oroj'eth j'eloume m`e t`o {\tt -\\left} ka`i t`o {\tt \\right}. <Or'iste p~wc mporo~ume n`a l'aboume -t`hn <or'izousa to~u p'inaka to~u pr'wtou parade'igmatoc. -\toindex{matrix} -\toindex{left} -\toindex{right} - -\beginliteral -$$ \left | -\matrix{ -a & b & c & d \cr -b & a & c+d & c-d \cr -0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr -0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr -} -\right | $$ -@endliteral - -\noindent A>ut`oc <o k'wdikac d'inei - -$$ \left | -\matrix{ -a & b & c & d \cr -b & a & c+d & c-d \cr -0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr -0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr -} -\right | $$ - -Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\left.}\ >`h/ka`i {\tt \\right.}\ -gi`a n`a dhl'wsoume <'oti <o >ari\-ste\-r`oc >`h/ka`i <o dexi`oc -<oroj'ethc parale'ipetai (prosoq`h st`hn tele'ia po`u pr'epei n`a -qrh\-si\-mo\-poi'hsoume). - -\exercise Qrhsimopoi~hste t`ic >entol`ec stoiqeiojes'iac pin'akwn to~u -{\rm \TeX} gi`a t`hn parak'atw >ex'iswsh -$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ x & x \ge 0 \cr - -x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ - -\noindent <H >ex'iswsh t~hc parap'anw >'askhshc, >all`a ka`i >'alloi -par'omoioi t'upoi mporo~un n`a stoiqeiojethjo~un >ep'ishc m`e t`hn -makroentol`h {\tt \\cases}.\TeXref{175} P.q., <o k'wdikac - -\beginliteral@obeyspaces -$$ \delta (x) = \cases{ \infty, & if $ x = 0 $; \cr -@ 0, & otherwise. \cr }$$ -@endliteral - -\noindent -d'inei: -$$ \delta (x) = \cases{ \infty, & {\rm if $ x = 0 $;} \cr - 0, & {\rm otherwise.} \cr }$$ - -Merik`ec for`ec sto`uc p'inakec b'azoume merik`ec suneq'omenec tele~iec -<wc >'endeixh para\-lei\-po\-m'enwn sumb'olwn. O<i >akolouj'iec ->el'egqou {\tt\\cdots}, {\tt\\vdots} ka`i {\tt\\ddots} -qrhsi\-mo\-poio~u\-ntai gi`a >'enjesh <orizont'iwn, kaj'etwn ka`i -diagwn'iwn telei~wn >ant'istoiqa. >'Etsi mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume - -\beginliteral -$$ \left [ -\matrix{ -aa & \cdots & az \cr -\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr -za & \cdots & zz \cr } -\right ] $$ -@endliteral - -\noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume -$$ \left [ -\matrix{ -aa & \cdots & az \cr -\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr -za & \cdots & zz \cr } -\right ] $$ - -Mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume p'inakec ka`i >ent`oc st'iqou, >all`a -t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai m'allon >'asqhmo. - -\subsection{Diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec >exis'wseic} -\nobreak - -M'eqri t'wra, <'ola <'osa >anaf'erjhkan sqetik`a m`e t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia -majhmatik~wn >efar\-m'o\-zo\-ntai t'oso gi`a >ekfr'aseic >ent`oc st'iqou <'oso -ka`i gi`a >ekfr'aseic diakrit`ec kentrwm'enec. >Ed~w j`a m'ajoume -merik`a pr'agmata po`u >efarm'ozontai m'onon s`e diakrit`ec >exis'wseic. - -T`o pr~wto pr'agma e>~inai <h sto'iqish diakrit~wn majhmatik~wn ->ekfr'asewn (p.q., >exis'wsewn) po`u katalamb'anoun poll`ec >ar'adec. -A>ut`o g'inetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt \&} ka`i t`ic ->akolouj'iec >el'egqou {\tt \\cr} ka`i {\tt \\eqalign}. Xeki\-n'w\-ntac -m`e {\tt \$\$\\eqalign\lb$\dots$\rb\$\$}, gr'afoume t`ic >exis'wseic -po`u pr'okeitai n`a stoiqhjo~un <olo\-klh\-r'wno\-ntac t`hn k'aje m'ia -m`e {\tt \\cr}. S`e k'aje m'ia >ex'iswsh pr'epei n`a mpa'inei ka`i -<'ena {\tt \&} gi`a n`a dhl'wnetai <h sto'iqish. Sun'hjwc <h sto'iqish -g'inetai s`e s'umbola >is'othtac, par'' <'oti a>ut`o d`en e>~inai p'anta -<o kan'onac. Gi`a par'adeigma, gr'afontac% -\TeXref{190--192} -\toindex{eqalign} - -\beginliteral -$$\eqalign{ -a+b &= c+d \cr -x &= w + y + z \cr -m + n + o + p &= q \cr -}$$ -@endliteral - -\noindent lamb'anoume -$$\eqalign{ -a+b &= c+d \cr -x &= w + y + z \cr -m + n + o + p &= q \cr -}$$ - -T`ic diakrit`ec >exis'wseic mporo~ume n`a t`ic >arijm'hsoume st`o -dexi`o >`h st`o >arister`o perij'wri'o touc. >E`an gr'ayoume -{\tt\\eqno} s`e m'ia >ex'iswsh >ent`oc plais'iou st`on k'wdik'a mac, -t'ote <'o,ti br'isketai met`a >ap`o a>ut`h t`hn l'exh >el'egqou -metatop'izetai pr`oc t`o dexi`o perij'wrio. >'Etsi m`e {\tt \$\$ x+y=z.\ -\\eqno (1)\$\$}, t`o >apot'elesma e>~inai -$$ x+y=z. \eqno (1)$$ -Gi`a n`a >arijm'hsoume m'ia >ex'iswsh st`o >arister`o perij'wrio -gr'afoume {\tt \\leqno} >ant`i to~u {\tt \\eqno}. -\toindex{eqno} -\toindex{leqno} - -E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a >arijm'hsoume stoiqism'enec >exis'wseic -qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'e\-xh >el'egqou {\tt \\eqalignno}. <O qarakt'hrac ->el'egqou {\tt \&} qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a n`a xeqwr'isei <o >arij\-m`oc -t~hc >ex'iswshc >ap`o t`hn >'idia t`hn >ex'iswsh. P.q.\ m`e - -\beginliteral -$$\eqalignno{ -a+b &= c+d & (1) \cr -x &= w + y + z \cr -m + n + o + p &= q & * \cr -}$$ -@endliteral - -\noindent lamb'anoume -$$\eqalignno{ -a+b &= c+d & (1) \cr -x &= w + y + z \cr -m + n + o + p &= q & * \cr -}$$ - ->Ant'istoiqa, qrhsimopoio~ume {\tt \\leqalignno} gi`a n`a j'esoume ->arijmo`uc >exis'wsewn st`o >arister`o peri\-j'wrio stoiqism'enwn ->exis'wsewn.% -\TeXref{192--193} -\toindex{eqalignno} -\toindex{leqalignno} - -T'eloc, >`ac <upoj'esoume <'oti j'eloume n`a e>is'agoume m'eroc mikro~u -keim'enou st`o >endi'ameso m'iac diakrit~hc >ex'iswshc. A>ut`o -mporo~ume n`a t`o pet'uqoume j'etontac t`o ke'imeno s`e <'ena {\rm -hbox}. >Ak'oma mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`o {\rm hbox} <'wste n`a -j'esoume ka`i ken`a dia\-st'h\-mata metax`u l'exewn >`h/ka`i majhmatik~wn -sumb'olwn (>`ac jumhjo~ume <'oti <'ola t`a diast'hmata >agno\-o~untai -st`hn stoiqei\-ojes'ia majhma\-tik~wn t'upwn). Gr'a\-fo\-ntac loip`on -t`on k'wdika {\tt \$\$X=Y \\hbox\lb{} if and only if \rb x=y.\$\$} j`a -l'aboume -$$X=Y \hbox{ \rm if and only if } x=y.$$ ->Ax'izei n`a pros'exoume t`a ken`a diast'hmata st`o {\rm hbox}. - -\exercise Prospaj~hste n`a k'anete merik`a >ap`o t`a d'uskola -probl'hmata t~wn sel'idwn 180--181 to~u {\sl \TeX book}. - - -\section{Stoiqhje~ite!} - ->Arket`ec for`ec j`a qreiasje~i n`a fti'axoume <'enan m`h majhmatik`o -p'inaka st`o >'entup'o mac. E>utuq~wc t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a -stoiqeiojet'hsei m`h majhmatiko`uc p'inakec pol`u e>'ukola ka`i m'alista -kat`a d'uo tr'opouc. <O pr~wtoc tr'opoc e>~inai m`e t`o {\tengs -perib'allon} {\rm tabbing} (pinakopo'ihsh). Gi`a <'osouc gnwr'izoun ->ap`o grafomhqan'h, t`o {\rm tabbing} e>~inai k'ati <'omoio m`e t`hn -r'ujmish t~wn meg'alwn diasthm'atwn t~hc grafomhqan~hc, t~wn {\rm -TAB}\null. K'aje gramm`h >epexerg'azetai xeqwrist'a (kat`a tr'opo pol`u -kal'utero >ap`o a>ut`on t~hc grafomhqan~hc), >an'aloga m`e t`ic j'eseic -sto'iqishc t~wn sthl~wn <'opwc a>ut`ec >'eqoun kajorisje~i m`e t`o {\rm -tab}. <O de'uteroc tr'opoc e>~inai m`e t`o {\tengs perib'allon} {\rm -alignment} (e>ujugr'ammish) m`e t`o <opo~io <'oloc <o p'inakac -stoiqeiojete~itai <wc m'ia <en'othta kat`a m'ia prokajorism'enh morf'h. - -\subsection{Qrhsimopoi~hste t`o {\lsecfont TAB}} - -Gi`a n`a <etoim'asoume <'enan p'inaka m`e t`o perib'allon {\rm tabbing}, -j`a pr'epei pr~wta n`a <or'isoume t`a shme~ia sto'iqishc, dhl.\ t`hn -j'esh k'aje st'hlhc, m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\settabs}. ->Ef'' <'oson k'anoume a>ut'o, gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac k'aje gramm`h -to~u p'inak'a mac xekin'wntac m`e t`o s'umbolo >el'egqou {\tt \\+} ka`i -telei'wnontac m`e {\tt \\cr}. <'Opwc >'eqoume de~i >epaneilhm\-m'ena, -t`a ke\-n`a diast'hmata st`on k'wdika d`en >epidro~un st`hn telik`h -morf`h to~u >ent'upou. -\toindex{settabs} - -<H <aplo'usterh qr'hsh to~u {\tt \\settabs} e>~inai gi`a n`a fti'axoume -<'enan p'inaka m`e st~hlec >'idiou pl'atouc.\TeXref{231} M`e {\tt -\\settabs 5 \\columns} j`a l'aboume <'enan p'inaka p'ente sthl~wn ->'idiou pl'atouc. <H metap'hdhsh >ap`o m'ia st'hlh st`hn >'allh -g'inetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra sto'iqishc {\tt\&}\null. >'Etsi, gi`a -par'adeigma, <o k'wdikac \toindex{columns} - -%%% EU countries, 1997 -\beginliteral -\settabs 5 \columns -\+ Austria & Finland & Greece & Luxemburg & Spain \cr -\+ Belgium & France & Ireland & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr -\+ Denmark & Germany & Italy & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr -@endliteral - -\noindent -m~ac d'inei -\vskip\baselineskip - -{\rm % begin roman -\settabs 5 \columns -\+ Austria & Finland & Greece & Luxemburg & Spain \cr -\+ Belgium & France & Ireland & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr -\+ Denmark & Germany & Italy & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr -} % end roman - -D`en e>~inai >apara'ithto n`a <up'arqei k'ati metax`u k'aje sumb'olou -sto'i\-qi\-shc; k'apoiec st~hlec mporo~ume n`a t`ic >af'hsoume ken'ec. -Gi`a n`a fti'axoume t`on >'idio p'inaka m`e <'exi st~hlec, d`en -qrei'azetai par`a n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\settabs 6 \\columns}; kat`a -a>ut`on t`on tr'opo t`o prohgo'umeno par'adeigma g'inetai: -\vskip\baselineskip - -{\rm % begin roman -\settabs 6 \columns -\+ Austria & Finland & Greece & Luxemburg & Spain \cr -\+ Belgium & France & Ireland & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr -\+ Denmark & Germany & Italy & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr -} % end roman - -St`o teleuta~io par'adeigma o<i st~hlec >'eqoun mikr'otero pl'atoc. ->Ep'ishc <up'arqoun ka`i d'uo ped'ia to~u p'inaka\fnote{<O <'oroc -{\tengs ped'io to~u p'inaka\/} shma'inei <otid'hpote st`on k'wdika -perilamb'anetai metax`u d'uo diadoqik~wn {\tt \& $\ldots$ \&}, metax`u -{\tt \\+ $\ldots$ \&} >`h metax`u {\tt \& $\ldots$ \\cr}.} po`u ->al\-lh\-loepi\-kal'u\-ptontai st`hn teleuta'ia gramm'h tou. A>ut`o -sum\-ba'inei giat`i t`o {\rm \TeX}, s`e >ant'ijesh m`e m'ia koin`h -grafomhqan'h, metakine~i k'aje stoiqe~io to~u p'inaka st`hn <ep'omenh -gramm`h sto'iqishc, >'estw ki >`an a>ut`o shma'inei k'inhsh pr`oc t`a -p'isw ka`i >allhloepik'aluyh k'apoiwn stoiqe'iwn. - -<Up'arqei m'ia >endiaf'erousa sq'esh metax`u t~hc >'ennoiac to~u -sun'olou ka`i to~u perib'al\-lon\-toc {\rm tabbing}. P.q., o<i tim`ec -{\tt\\settabs} >'eqoun >isq`u m'onon >ent`oc to~u sun'olou <'opou -<or'izontai. Kat`a sun'epeia, e>~inai dunat`o n`a >all'axoume -proswrin`a t`ic j'eseic sto'iqishc (dhl., t`o {\tt\\settabs}) -dhmiourg'wntac <'ena s'unolo m`e t`hn qr'hsh >agk'istrwn. >Epipl'eon, -k'aje ped'io to~u p'inaka >apo\-te\-le~i <'ena a>utotel`ec s'unolo. -Mporo~ume loip`on n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'ena ped'io to~u p'inaka -m`e >'entonouc t'upouc qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\bf} qwr`ic ->'agkistra. Ka`i k'aje st'hlh >ekt`oc t~hc teleuta'iac mporo~ume n`a -t`hn stoiq'isoume st`o k'entro, >arister`a >`h dexi'a, >`h >ak'oma n`a -t`hn gem'isoume m`e m'ia gramm`h >`h m`e tele~iec (<wc ->aposiwphtik'a). >Ex <orismo~u, t`o {\rm\TeX} j'etei st`o t'eloc k'aje -ped'iou to~u p'inaka <'ena {\tt \\hfil}, >'etsi <'wste <ola t`a -ped'ia n`a stoiq'izontai >arister'a, <'opwc sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`hn ->entol`h {\tt \\line}. Prosj'etontac <'ena {\tt \\hfil} pr`in >ap`o -<'ena stoiqe~io to~u p'inaka, t`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o stoiqe~io -a>ut`o n`a metakinhje~i st`o k'entro t~hc st'hlhc. Prosj'etontac <'omwc -<'ena {\tt \\hfill} >ant`i to~u {\tt \\hfil}, t`o >apot'elesma j`a -e>~inai t`o stoiqe~io n`a metakinhje~i st`hn dexi`a >'akrh t~hc st'hlhc. -(T`o {\tt \\hfill} >'eqei t`hn >'idia leitourg'ia m`e t`o {\tt \\hfil}, -dhl.\ ka`i t`a d'uo d'inoun >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma; m'ono po`u -<'otan >emfan'izontai ka`i t`a d'uo maz'i, t`o {\tt \\hfill} >'eqei -proterai'othta.) -\toindex{hfill} - -%%% EU countries which meet (more-or-less) the Maastricht criteria -%%% for monetary union (excluded: Belgium, Italy, Greece). -%%% Luxemburg has been set in bold, 'cause it's the only one that -%%% really meets these criteria (data 1997). -\beginliteral @obeyspaces -\settabs 5 \columns -\+ \hfil Austria \hfil & \hfill Finland \quad & \dotfill -@ & \bf Luxemburg & Spain \cr -\+ \hfil --- \hfil & \hfill France \quad & Ireland -@ & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr -\+ \hfil Denmark \hfil & \hfill Germany \quad & \hrulefill & Portugal -@ & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr -@endliteral - -\noindent -T`o parap'anw par'adeigma j`a d'wsei <'enan p'inaka m`e t`hn pr'wth -st'hlh kentrwm'enh, t`hn de'uterh stoiqism'enh dexi'a (m`e -k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`o {\tt\\quad}), ka`i <'ena ped'io -({\rm Luxemburg}) s`e >'entonouc t'upouc. O<i l'exeic >el'egqou -{\tt\\dotfill} kai {\tt\\hrulefill} d'inoun >ep'ishc k'apoia ->enal\-la\-ktik`a ped'ia st`on p'inak'a mac. -\toindex{dotfill} -\toindex{hrulefill} -\vskip\baselineskip - -{\rm % begin roman -\settabs 5 \columns -\+ \hfil Austria \hfil & \hfill Finland \quad & \dotfill - & \bf Luxemburg & Spain \cr -\+ \hfil --- \hfil & \hfill France \quad & Ireland - & The Netherlands & Sweden \cr -\+ \hfil Denmark \hfil & \hfill Germany \quad & \hrulefill - & Portugal & United Kingdom \cr -}% end roman - -\exercise J'este t`a ped'ia to~u parap'anw p'inaka st`o k'entro k'aje -st'hlhc. - -T`ic st~hlec to~u p'inaka mporo~ume n`a t`ic k'anoume n`a >'eqoun ka`i -diaforetik`o pl'atoc <h m'ia >ap`o t`hn >'allh. A>ut`o g'inetai -qrhsimopoi'wntac m'ia {\tengs gramm`h--de~igma} st`on k'wdik'a mac -<'opwc: {\tt \\settabs \\+ $\ldots$ \& $\ldots$ \& $\ldots$ \\cr}. T`o -di'asthma metax`u t~wn qarakt'hrwn sto'iqishc {\tt \&} kajor'izei ka`i -to pl'atoc t~wn sthl~wn. Gi`a par'adeigma, m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt -\\settabs \\+ \\hskip 1 in \& \\hskip 2 in \& \\hskip 1,5 in \& \\cr} -j`a l'aboume t`hn >arq`h t~hc pr'wthc st'hlhc s`e >ap'ostash m'iac ->'intsac >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio, t`hn >arq`h t~hc <ep'omenhc -st'hlhc d'uo >'intsec dexi'wtera t~hc pr'wthc ka`i t`hn tr'ith 1,5 ->'intsec >ak'oma pi`o dexi'a. E>~inai >ep'ishc dunat`o n`a -qrhsimopoi'hsoume k'apoio {\tengs ke'imeno--de~igma} gi`a n`a -kajor'isoume t`o pl'atoc k'aje st'hlhc. >'Etsi, p.q., m'ia -pijan`h gramm`h--de~igma j`a >~htan <h >ak'oloujh: {\tt \\settabs \\+ -\\quad Country \\quad \& \\quad Population \\quad \& \\quad Area \\quad -\& \\cr}. Kat'' a>ut'on t`on tr'opo <h k'aje st'hlh j`a >'eqei pl'atoc ->'iso m`e t`o pl'atoc to~u t'itlou thc (dhl.\ {\rm Country}, k.lp.)\ -ka`i <'ena ken`o di'a\-sth\-ma pl'atouc <en`oc tetrag'wnou <ekat'erwjen to~u -t'itlou. <Or'iste <'ena pi`o pl~hrec par'a\-deigma: - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -\\settabs \\+ \\quad Year \\quad \& \\quad Price \\quad -\ \& \\quad Dividend \& \\cr -\\+ \\hfill Year \\quad \& \\quad Price \\quad \& \\quad Dividend \\cr -\\+ \\hfill 1971 \\quad \& \\quad 41--54 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$2.60 \\cr -\\+ \\hfill 2 \\quad \& \\quad 41--54 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$2.70 \\cr -\\+ \\hfill 3 \\quad \& \\quad 46--55 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$2.87 \\cr -\\+ \\hfill 4 \\quad \& \\quad 40--53 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$3.24 \\cr -\\+ \\hfill 5 \\quad \& \\quad 45--52 \\quad \& \\qquad \\\$3.40 \\cr -\enduser - -\noindent -<O parap'anw k'wdikac d'inei:\TeXref{247} -\vskip\baselineskip - -{\rm -\settabs \+ \quad Year \quad & \quad Price \quad & \quad -Dividend \quad & \cr -\+ \hfill Year \quad & \quad Price \quad & \quad Dividend \cr -\+ \hfill 1971 \quad & \quad 41--54 \quad & \qquad \$2.60 \cr -\+ \hfill 2 \quad & \quad 41--54 \quad & \qquad \$2.70 \cr -\+ \hfill 3 \quad & \quad 46--55 \quad & \qquad \$2.87 \cr -\+ \hfill 4 \quad & \quad 40--53 \quad & \qquad \$3.24 \cr -\+ \hfill 5 \quad & \quad 45--52 \quad & \qquad \$3.40 \cr -} % end roman - -\exercise Metakin~hste t`on parap'anw p'inaka pi`o kont`a st`o k'entro -t~hc sel'idac. - -\exercise <'Enac tr'opoc gi`a n`a f'eroume st`o k'entro t~hc sel'idac -ke'imeno t`o <opo~io katalamb'anei >arket`ec >ar'adec, e>~inai n`a -qrhsimopoi'hsoume: {\tt \$\$\\vbox\lb$\ldots$\rb\$\$}. M`e t`on tr'opo -a>ut`o metakin~hste pr`oc t`o k'entro t`on parap'anw p'inaka. Pr'epei -<h >entol`h {\tt \\settabs} n`a peri\-lam\-b'a\-netai st`o {\tt\\vbox}? - -\exercise Belti~wste t`on teleuta~io p'inaka j'etontac m'ia ken`h -gramm`h met`a to`uc t'itlouc. <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\hrule} j'etei -m'ia <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia metax`u d'uo gramm~wn to~u p'inaka. ->Epanal'abete t`hn >'askhsh j'etontac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\strut} -met`a t`o {\tt \\+} st`hn gramm`h po`u peri'eqei to`uc t'itlouc t~wn -sthl~wn. (T`o {\tt \\strut} o>usiastik`a fti'aqnei t`o di'asthma -metax`u t~wn gramm~wn to~u p'inaka k'apwc megal'utero. >'Etsi >all'azei -t`o di'astiqo t~wn gramm~wn to~u p'inaka.)\TeXref{82} Pros'exte loip`on -t`o parap'anw di'asthma po`u prost'ijetai metax`u t~wn gramm~wn. -\toindex{strut} - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`on >ak'oloujo p'inaka m`e sto'iqish st`o -dekadik`o shme~io, dhl.\ >'etsi <'wste t`a dekadik`a yhf'ia, d'ekata -ka`i <ekatost'a, n`a br'iskontai stoiqism'ena st`hn >'idia j'esh. -(<Up'odeixh: jewr~hste t`o >ak'eraio m'eroc t~wn >arijm~wn stoiqism'eno -dexi`a t~hc tele'iac ka`i t`o dekadik`o m'eroc stoiqism'eno >arister`a -t~hc tele'iac.) -{\rm -\vskip\baselineskip -\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm & \cr -\+ & Plums & \hfill \$1&.22 \cr -\+ & Coffee & \hfill 1&.78 \cr -\+ & Granola & \hfill 1&.98 \cr -\+ & Mushrooms & &.63 \cr -\+ & {Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr -\+ & {Orange juice} & \hfill 1&.09 \cr -\+ & Tuna & \hfill 1&.29 \cr -\+ & Zucchini & &.64 \cr -\+ & Grapes & \hfill 1&.69 \cr -\+ & {Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr -\+ & Broccoli & \hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr -\+ & Total & \hfill \$12&.55 \cr - } % end roman - -\exercise Skefje~ite p~wc j`a qrhsimopoi'hsete t`o {\tt\\settabs} gi`a -n`a fti'axete <'enan pr'oqeiro p'inaka perieqom'enwn <'opwc: -\medskip -\leftline{\tt Getting Started \\dotfill \& \\hfill 1} -\leftline{\tt All Characters Great and Small \\dotfill \& \\hfill 9.} - -\subsection{<Oriz'ontia sto'iqish m`e pi`o pol'uplokec mej'odouc} - -T`o perib'allon {\tt \\settabs} e>~inai e>'ukolo st`hn qr'hsh tou, ka`i -<'otan kajor'isoume m'ia for`a t`o sq~hma to~u p'inaka, mporo~ume n`a -t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a par'agoume <'omoiouc p'inakec s`e -di'afora m'erh to~u keim'enou po`u >akolouje~i. <Wst'oso, t`o -perib'allon a>ut`o mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai t`o pl'eon e>'uqrhsto. Gi`a -par'adeigma, t`o pl'atoc k'aje st'hlhc pr'epei n`a dhlwje~i pr`in t`o -gr'ayimo to~u perieqom'enou t~wn sthl~wn. >Ep'ishc, st`hn per'iptwsh -po`u j'eloume m'ia st'hlh n`a stoiqeiojethje~i <'olh m`e >'entona -stoiqe~ia pr'epei n`a t`o dhl'wnoume a>ut`o s`e k'aje gramm'h. A>ut`a -t`a probl'hmata mporo~ume n`a t`a xeper'asoume m`e t`o perib'allon -{\tt\\halign}.\TeXref{235--238} -\toindex{halign} -<H genik`h morf`h to~u perib'allontoc {\tt \\halign} >'eqei <wc >ex~hc: -\beginuser -\\halign\lb{} $<${\tengs gramm`h--de~igma\/}$>$ \\cr -$<${\tengs pr'wth gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr -$<${\tengs de'uterh gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr -$\vdots$ -$<${\tengs teleuta'ia gramm`h to~u p'inaka\/}$>$ \\cr -\rb -\enduser - -<H gramm`h--de~igma, <h <opo'ia d`en j`a tupwje~i st`o t'eloc, kaj`wc -ka`i oi <up'oloipec >emfan'isimec gramm`ec to~u p'inaka ({\rm display lines}) -qwr'izontai s`e katak'orufec st~hlec m`e t`o s'umbolo -sto'i\-qi\-shc\NB{}{\tt\&}\null. S`e k'aje st'hlh t~hc -gramm~hc--de'igmatoc qrhsimopoio~untai l'exeic >el'egqou <'opwc -sumba'inei ka`i m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\line\lb\rb}\null. Gi`a -par'adeigma, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hfil} mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i -gi`a sto'iqish m'iac st'hlhc dexi'a, >arister`a >`h st`o k'entro. ->Ep'ishc, mporo~ume n`a >all'axoume grammatoseir`a m`e t`ic ->ant'istoiqec >entol`ec {\tt \\bf}, {\tt \\it}, k.lp. S`e k'aje st'hlh -t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc, mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a <or'isoume ka`i k'apoio -{\tengs stajer`o ke'imeno} po`u j`a peri'eqetai s`e <'ola ta ped'ia -t~hc st'hlhc. <'Omwc prosoq'h! S`e k'aje st'hlh t~hc -gramm~hc--de'igmatoc j`a pr'epei <opwsd'hpote n`a peri'eqetai t`o -e>idik`o {\tengs s'umbolo >antikat'astashc} {\tt \#} m'ia ka`i m'ono -m'ia for'a. T`o {\rm \TeX}, <'otan stoiqeiojete~i m'ia gramm`h <en`oc -p'inaka, j'etei t`o k'aje ped'io t~hc gramm~hc m`e t`hn seir`a -<'opwc br'iskei t`ic >ant'istoiqec j'eseic t~wn sumb'olwn {\tt \#}\null. -T`o <ep'omeno par'adeigma m~ac bohj~a n`a katal'aboume kal'utera t`hn -qr'hsh to~u {\tt \\halign}: - -\beginuser -\\halign\lb\\hskip 2 in \$\#\$\& \\hfil \\quad \# \\hfil \& \\qquad \$\#\$ -\hfill 3 in \& \\hfil \\quad \# \\hfil \\cr -\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr -\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr -\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr -\rb -\enduser - -\noindent -<H gramm`h--de~igma de'iqnei <'oti <h pr'wth st'hlh j`a peri'eqei -majhmatik`a s'umbola po`u j`a br'i\-sko\-ntai s`e >ap'ostash d'uo ->ints~wn >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio. <H de'uterh st'hlh j`a -e>~inai kentrwm'enh m`e ken`o di'asthma <en`oc tetrag'wnou >arister'a. -<H tr'ith st'hlh ka`i t'etarth j`a e>~inai par'omoiec m`e t`ic d'uo -pr~wtec. <Or'iste ka`i t`o >apot'elesma: -\medskip -{\rm -\halign{\hskip 2in $#$& \hfil\quad # \hfil & \qquad $#$ % - & \hfil\quad # \hfil\cr -\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr -\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr -\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr -} -} % end roman - -St`hn per'iptwsh to~u parap'anw p'inaka, <h pr'wth gramm`h sqhmat'izetai -m`e >antikat'a\-sta\-sh to~u pr'wtou {\tt \#} t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc ->ap`o t`o {\tt \\alpha}, to~u de'uterou {\tt\#} >ap`o t`o {\tt alpha}, -to~u tr'itou {\tt \#} >ap`o t`o {\tt\\beta} ka`i to~u t'etartou {\tt \#} ->ap`o t`o {\tt beta}. <H >al'hjeia e>~inai <'oti t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en -proqwre~i >am'eswc st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia a>ut~hc t~hc gramm`h to~u -p'inaka, >all`a t`hn ful'assei st`hn mn'hmh tou. T`o >'idio ->epanalamb'anetai ka`i m`e t`ic <up'oloipec gramm`ec to~u p'inaka. -<'Otan t`o {\rm \TeX} diab'asei kai t`hn teleuta'ia gramm`h to~u -p'inaka, t'ote proqwre~i st`o <oristik`o fti'aximo to~u p'inaka -d'inontac s`e k'aje st'hlh >arket`o pl'atoc <'wste n`a <up'arqei q~wroc -gi`a <'ola thc t`a ped'ia. (>`Ac >'eqoume <up'' >'oyh mac <'oti <h -stoiqeiojes'ia pin'akwn kat'' aut`on t`on tr`opo e>~inai m'ia {\tengs -diadikas'ia swreutik`h} gi`a t`hn mn'hmh to~u <upologist~h ka`i a>ut`o -mpore~i n`a prokal'esei probl'hmata mn'hmhc st`o {\rm \TeX}\null, p.q., -mpore~i n`a stamat'hsei n`a tr'eqei d'inont'ac mac t`o m'hnuma: -(({\rm out of memory})). Gi`a t`on l'ogo a>ut'o, e>~inai protim'wtero -n`a >apofe'ugoume to`uc p'inakec po`u xeperno~un t`hn m'ia sel'ida.) -M`e l'iga l'ogia, <h gramm`h--de~igma kajor'izei t`hn morf`h ka`i t`o -sq~hma t~wn gramm~wn to~u p'inaka, >en`w o<i <up'oloipec gramm`ec -d'inoun t`a stoiqe~ia po`u j`a peri'eqei telik`a <o p'inakac. - -Merik`ec for`ec j`a qreiasje~i n`a kajor'isoume t`a <'oria m'iac -gramm~hc >`h m'iac st'hlhc to~u p'inaka m`e <oriz'ontiec >`h ka`i -katak'orufec e>uje~iec. Gi`a n`a j'esoume <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec, -qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn >entol`h {\tt\\hrule}, <'opwc ka`i st`hn -per'iptwsh to~u perib'allontoc {\tt \\settabs}. <'Omwc >epeid`h d`en -j'eloume <h <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia n`a e>~inai stoiqism'enh s'umfwna m`e -t`hn gramm`h--de~igma, gi'' a>ut`o ka`i qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh ->el'egqou {\tt \\noalign}. Sunep~wc, gi`a n`a j'esoume m'ia <oriz'ontia -e>uje'ia st`on p'inaka, gr'afoume: {\tt \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb}. <'Oso -gi`a t`ic katak'orufec e>uje~iec, a>ut`ec j'etontai gr'afontac {\tt -\\vrule} e>'ite st`hn gramm`h--de~igma e>'ite s`e k'apoia >ap`o t`ic -<up'oloipec gramm`ec to~u p'inaka. <Wst'oso, t`a pr'agmata d`en e>~inai -t'oso <apl'a. >`Ac p'aroume t`o teleuta~io par'adeigma ka`i >`ac ->all'axoume t`hn gramm`h--de~igma gi`a n`a j'esoume katak'orufec -e>uje~iec, >all`a >`ac prosj'esoume ka`i merik`ec <oriz'ontiec: -\toindex{noalign} - -\beginuser -\\halign\lb\\hskip 2in\\vrule\\quad \$\#\$\\quad \& \\vrule \\hfil\\quad % -\# \\hfil -\hskip 2 in \& \\quad \\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad -\hskip 2 in \& \\vrule\\hfil \\quad \# \\quad \\hfil \\vrule \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\rb -\enduser - -\noindent -<O parap'anw k'wdikac {\rm \TeX} d`en d'inei <'o,ti >akrib~wc j`a -j'elame, >all`a -\vskip\baselineskip -{\rm -\halign{\hskip 2in\vrule\quad $#$\quad & \vrule \hfil\quad # \hfil -& \quad \vrule \quad $#$\quad & \vrule \hfil\quad # \quad \hfil -\vrule \cr -\noalign{\hrule} -\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr -\noalign{\hrule} -\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr -\noalign{\hrule} -\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr -\noalign{\hrule} -} % end halign -} % end roman - -St`on p'inaka a>ut'o, <up'arqoun poll`a probl'hmata; t`o pi`o faner`o -e>~inai o<i <uperbolik`a me\-g'a\-lec <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec, >all`a -ka`i t`o ke'imeno po`u fa'inetai strimwgm'eno m'esa st`a pla'isia to~u -p'inaka. >Epipl'eon, t`a ped'ia k'aje st'hlhc fa'inetai n`a >'eqoun -l'igo periss'otero ken`o di'asthma st`hn dexi`a pleur'a touc >ant`i n`a -e>~inai t'eleia kentrwm'ena. <'Opwc ka`i st`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh to~u -{\tt \\settabs}, >'etsi ka`i >ed~w o<i gramm`ec to~u p'inaka mporo~un -n`a g'inoun pi`o >arai`ec qrhsi\-mo\-poi\-'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\strut} st`hn gramm`h--de~igma.\TeXref{82} <'Omwc, <'ena >ak'oma -pr'oblhma mpore~i n`a >emfanisje~i kaj`wc t`o {\rm\TeX} dhmiourge~i t`hn -sel'ida; >'iswc t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a >arai'wsei >elafr`a t`ic gramm`ec to~u -p'inaka <'wste n`a beltiwje~i <h e>ik'ona t~hc <'olhc sel'idac. A>ut`o -mpore~i n`a >'eqei <wc >apot'elesma t`hn >emf'anish mikr~wn ken~wn st`ic -katak'orufec e>uje~iec to~u p'inaka. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume k'ati -t'etoio, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\offinterlineskip} -m'esa st`o perib'allon {\tt \\halign}. Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a ->apof'ugoume t`o pr'oblhma t~wn e>ujei~wn po`u >ex'eqoun st`hn ->ari\-ste\-r`h pleur`a to~u p'inaka, >afair'wntac t`hn >entol`h {\tt -\\hskip 2 in} >ap`o t`hn gramm`h--de~igma. Gi`a n`a metakin'hsoume -t`on p'inaka st`hn >arqik'h tou j'esh, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn >entol`h -{\tt\\moveright}. T'eloc, mporo~ume n`a katal'aboume p~wc n`a -kentr'wsoume kal`a t`a ped'ia to~u p'inaka, para\-th\-r'wntac <'oti -t`o >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`a >arister`a >emfan'izetai st`hn -gramm`h--de~igma met`a t`o s'umbolo {\tt\#}, <'opou dhl.\ g'inetai <h ->antikat'astash to~u keim'enou t~wn <upolo'ipwn >ar'adwn. Sunolik`a <o -parap'anw p'inakac mpore~i n`a beltiwje~i <wc >ex~hc: -\toindex{offinterlineskip} -\toindex{moveright} - -\beginuser -\\moveright 2 in -\\vbox\lb\\offinterlineskip - -\\halign\lb\\strut \\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad \&\\vrule \\hfil \\quad % -\#\\quad \\hfil -\&\\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad \&\\vrule \\hfil \\quad \#\\quad \\hfil % -\\vrule \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\rb\rb -\enduser - -\noindent -<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei: -\vskip\baselineskip -{\rm -\moveright 2 in -\vbox{\offinterlineskip -\halign{\strut \vrule \quad $#$\quad &\vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil -&\vrule \quad $#$\quad &\vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil -\vrule \cr -\noalign{\hrule} -\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr -\noalign{\hrule} -\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr -\noalign{\hrule} -\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr -\noalign{\hrule} -} % end halign -} % end vbox -} % end roman - -Genik'wtera, >e`an j'eloume n`a fti'axoume <'enan p'inaka po`u n`a -e>~inai kentrwm'enoc st`hn sel'ida, mporo~ume n`a j'esoume t`o {\tt -\\vbox} m'esa s`e m'ia >entol`h {\tt\\centerline\lb\rb}\null. <'Omwc -<or'iste ka`i m'ia pi`o >'exupnh l'ush: >E`an b'aloume t`o {\tt\\vbox} -metax`u dipl~wn dolar'iwn {\tt \$\$ $\ldots$ \$\$}, <h stoiqeiojes'ia -tou j`a e>~inai <'omoia m`e a>ut`h diakrit~wn majhmatik~wn >ekfr'asewn, -dhl.\ kentrwm'enh. Profan~wc, t`o >apot'elesma d`en j`a e>~inai m'ia -majhmatik`h >ex'iswsh, >all`a >akrib~wc >epeid`h t`o {\rm\TeX} j`a -nom'isei <'oti >'eqei n`a k'anei m`e m'ia majhmatik`h >ex'iswsh, j`a -b'alei l'igo parap'anw ken`o di'asthma >ap`o t`o >ep'anw ka`i k'atw -m'eroc to~u p'inaka d'inont'ac mac <'ena a>isjhtik`a >arti'wtero ->apot'elesma. Sunoy'izontac t`a parap'anw, mporo~ume n`a po~ume p`wc -mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'enan >'omorfo kentrwmm'eno p'inaka ->akolouj'wntac t`a >ex~hc t'essera b'hmata: (1)\NB{}j'e\-tou\-me <'ena -{\tt \\vbox} metax`u dipl~wn dolar'iwn; (2)\NB{}gr'afoume {\tt -\\offinterlineskip} ka`i {\tt\\halign} m'esa st`o {\tt \\vbox}; -(3)\NB{}>ent`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\tt \\halign} <etoim'azoume m'ia -gramm`h--de~igma m`e <'ena {\tt \\strut} st`hn >arq`h ka`i {\tt\\vrule} -metax`u k'aje de'igmatoc st'hlhc; ka`i (4)\NB{}>an'amesa s`e k'aje -gramm`h to~u p'inaka gr'afoume {\tt \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb}. <Or'iste -p~wc <o parap'anw kan'onac fa'inetai <wc k'wdikac to~u {\rm\TeX}: - -\beginuser -\$\$\\vbox\lb -\\offinterlineskip -\\halign\lb -\\strut \\vrule \# \& \\vrule \# \& \dots \& \\vrule \# \\vrule \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -$<${\tengs stoiqe~io 1hc st'hlhc\/}$>$ \& \dots \& % -$<${\tengs stoiqe~io teleuta'iac st'hlhc\/}$>$ \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\dots -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -$<${\tengs stoiqe~io 1hc st'hlhc\/}$>$ \& \dots \& % -$<${\tengs stoiqe~io teleuta'iac st'hlhc\/}$>$ \\cr -\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb -\rb -\rb\$\$ -\enduser - - -\section{K'an'' to m'onoc sou} - -S'' a>ut`o t`o kef'alaio j`a do~ume p~wc e>~inai dunat`o n`a <or'isoume -t`ic dik'ec mac l'exeic >el'egqou. <H dhmiourg'ia a>ut~wn t~wn n'ewn -{\tengs <orism~wn\/}, po`u st`hn <orolog'ia t~hc Plhroforik~hc ->apokalo~untai ka`i {\tengs makroentol`ec\/} >`h {\sl macro}, e>~inai -m'ia >ap`o t`ic pi`o >isqur`ec teqnik`ec po`u m~ac prosf'erei t`o -{\rm\TeX}\null. <Wc pr'wth >efarmog`h t~hc dhmiourg'iac n'ewn <orism~wn, -j`a do~ume p~wc mpore~i kane`ic n`a kerd'isei pol`u qr'ono -daktulogr'afhshc >antikajist'wntac meg'ala m'erh >epanalamban'omenou -keim'enou m`e <'enan mikr`o <orism'o. - -\subsection{T`o makr`u ka`i t`o kont`o} - -<H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\def} qrhsimopoie~itai gi`a t`on <orism`o n'ewn ->akolouji~wn (l'exewn >`h sumb'olwn) >el'egqou. <O <aplo'u\-ste\-roc -tr'opoc dhmiourg'iac m'iac n'eac >akolouj'iac >el'egqou e>~inai: {\tt -\\def\\newname\lb$\ldots$\rb}. Met`a t`on <orism'o, <'opote m'esa st`on -k'wdik'a mac >emfan'izetai {\tt \\newname}, a>ut`h <h l'exh >el'egqou -j`a >anti\-kaj'i\-statai >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e t`o {\tengs -<'orism'a\/} thc, dhl.\ m`e <'o,ti peri'eqoun o<i >agk'ulec to~u -<orismo~u thc. E>~inai profan`ec <'oti <h n'ea >entol`h {\tt -\\newname} pr'epei n`a <orisje~i s'umfwna m`e to`uc kan'onec to~u {\rm -\TeX}, dhl.\ j`a pr'epei n`a e>~inai e>'ite m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou ->apotelo'umenh >ap`o qarakt~hrec to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou ka`i m'ono, - e>'ite <'ena n'eo s'umbolo >el'egqou >apotelo'umeno >ap`o <'enan ka`i -m'onon qarakt'hra >ekt`oc a>ut~wn to~u latiniko~u >alfab'htou. >`Ac -<upoj'esoume, p.q., <'oti >'eqoume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume <'ena ke'imeno -po`u peri'eqei poll`ec for`ec t`hn fr'ash (({\rm European Union})). M`e -t`on <orism`o {\tt \\def\\eu\lb European Union\rb} >'eqoume m'ia n'ea -l'exh >el'egqou, t`hn {\tt \\eu}, t`hn <opo'ia mporo~ume n`a t`hn -qrhsimopoi'hsoume <opoud'hpote m'esa st`on k'wdik'a mac met`a t`on -<orism'o thc. <H fr'ash {\tt I am a citizen of \\eu.}\ e>~inai swst`h ->ef'' <'oson >'eqei prohghje~i <o <orism`oc t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou -{\tt\\eu}. St`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh a>ut'h, t`o {\rm\TeX} j`a ->antikatast'hsei t`hn {\tt\\eu} m`e t`o <'orism'a thc (t`hn >'idia ->epexergas'ia k'anei t`o {\rm\TeX} ka`i m`e t`ic dik'ec tou >eswterik`ec ->akolouj'iec >el'egqou, gi'' a>ut`o qrei'azetai l'igh prosoq`h st`hn ->epilog`h t~wn >onom'atwn t~wn n'ewn mac <orism~wn). <Wst'oso, k'aje -n'ea >akolouj'ia >el'egqou >'eqei topik`h >isq`u st`o sun'olo >ent`oc -to~u <opo'iou <or'izetai. Gi`a par'adeigma, <o parak'atw k'wdikac -{\rm\TeX} -\toindex{def} - -\beginuser -\\def\\eu\lb European Union\rb -I worked as a clerk for the \\eu. -\lb -\\def\\eu\lb European University\rb -Then I took a sabbatical leave to study at the \\eu. -\rb -Now I am working again for the \\eu. -\enduser - -\noindent d'inei - -{\rm -\def\eu{European Union} -I worked as a clerk for the \eu. -{ -\def\eu{European University} -Then I took a sabbatical leave to study at the \eu. -} -Now I am working again for the \eu. -} % end roman - ->`Ac jumhjo~ume <'oti <'ola t`a ken`a diast'hmata po`u >akoloujo~un m'ia -l'exh >el'egqou >agnoo~untai >ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX} kat`a t`hn ->epexergas'ia to~u k'wdika; a>ut`o >isq'uei ka`i gi`a t`ic n'eec l'exeic ->el'egqou po`u >eme~ic <or'izoume. St`o prohgo'umeno par'adeigma, k'aje -ken`o di'asthma met`a t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\eu} j`a >agnohje~i. -<'Omwc, t`o ken`o di'asthma met`a t`hn pr'wth per'iodo (.)\ ka`i met`a -t`hn pr'wth >ari\-ste\-r`h >agk'ulh ({\tt\lb}) d`en >agnoo~untai >ap`o -t`o {\rm \TeX}\null; >e`an parathr'hsoume prosektik`a t`o t'eloc t~hc -pr'wthc pr'otashc po`u stoiqeiojet'hjhke s'umfwna m`e t`o parap'anw -par'adeigma, j`a do~ume <'oti peri'eqei k'apoio parap'anw ken`o -di'asthma. A>ut`o mporo~ume n`a t`o >apof'ugoume j'etontac <'ena -s'umbolo sqol'iou {\tt \%} met`a t`hn >ari\-ste\-r`h >agk'ulh, <'wste -t`o <up'oloipo t~hc gramm~hc to~u k'wdika n`a >agnohje~i >ap`o t`o {\rm -\TeX}\null. T`o >'idio mporo~ume n`a k'anoume ka`i st`hn gramm`h to~u -k'wdika m`e t`hn teleuta'ia dexi`a >agk'ulh ({\tt\rb})\null. Suqn'a, -a>ut`h <h {\tengs >apenergopo'ihsh\/} t~wn <upolo'ipwn t~wn gramm~wn -<en`oc <orismo~u ({\rm commenting out}) e>~inai >apara'ithth gi`a t`on ->apotelesmatik`o >'elegqo t~wn ken~wn diasthm'atwn st`o telik'o mac ->'entupo. - -<'Otan m'ia n'ea makroentol`h >'eqei <orisje~i, <h >'idia mpore~i n`a -qrhsimopoihje~i ka`i gi`a t`on <orism`o >'allwn makroentol~wn. A>ut`oc -e>~inai, p.q., <'enac tr'opoc n`a <etoim'asei k'apoioc >epistol`ec -<apl~hc morf~hc. >`Ac <or'isoume pr~wta m'ia <apl`h >epistol'h: - -\beginuser -\\def\\letter\lb -\\par \\noindent -Dear \\name, -\ -This is a little note to let you know that your name is \\name. -\ -\\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, -\\vskip 2\\baselineskip -\\hskip 2 in The NameNoter -\\smallskip \\hrule -\rb -\enduser - -\def\letter{% -{\rm -\par \noindent -Dear \name, - -This is a little note to let you know that your name is \name. - -\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, -\vskip 2\baselineskip\nobreak -\hskip 2 in The NameNoter -\smallskip \hrule -} % end roman -} % end letter - -St`hn >epistol`h qrhsimopoie~itai <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\name}, <h -<opo'ia <'omwc d`en >'eqei <orisje~i >ak'oma. <'Otan qrhsimopoi'hsoume -t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\letter}, <h {\tt \\name} j`a ->antika\-ta\-sta\-je~i m`e t`on tr'eqonta <orism'o thc. Sunep~wc, <o -k'wdikac - -\beginuser -\\def\\name\lb Michael Bishop\rb -\\letter -\\def\\name\lb Michelle L\\'ev\\\^{}eque\rb -\\letter -\enduser - -\noindent j`a m~ac d'wsei d'uo >ant'igrafa t~hc >epistol~hc, t`o kaj'ena -m`e t`on swst`o paral'hpth ka`i m`e m'ia <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia gramm`h -st`o t'eloc, dhl.\ - -\def\name{Michael Bishop} -\letter -\goodbreak -\def\name{Michelle L\'ev\^eque} -\letter -\vskip\baselineskip - -J`a mporo'usame n`a e>'iqame j'esei <otid'hpote (>`h sqed`on -<otid'hpote) metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u <orismo~u {\tt -\\def\\name\lb$\ldots$\rb}; j`a mporo'usame n`a j'etame merik`ec -paragr'afouc ka`i n`a qrhsimopoio~usame ka`i >'allec >entol'ec (par'' -<'oti st`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh m'iac <apl~hc >epistol~hc <'ola a>ut`a j`a ->~htan m'allon <uperbolik'a). Fusik'a, j`a mporo'usame n`a j'etame -st`on <orism`o t~hc {\tt \\letter} ka`i {\tt \\vfill \\eject}, <'wste -k'aje m'ia >epistol`h n`a tup'wnetai s`e xeqwrist`h sel'ida. - -\exercise <Etoim'aste m'ia f'orma <apl~hc >epistol~hc qrhsimopoi'wntac -t`ic >ak'oloujec l'exeic >el'eqou: {\tt \\name} (>'onoma), {\tt -\\address} (die'ujunsh), {\tt \\postcode} (taqudromik`oc k'wdikac), {\tt -\\city} (p'olh) ka`i {\tt \\country} (q'wra). - -\exercise Suqn`a s`e ke'imena qrei'azetai n`a fti'axoume m`h ->arijmhm'enec l'istec >antikei\-m'e\-nwn, jem'atwn, k.lp.\ -qrhsimopoi'wntac {\tt \\item\lb\$\\bullet\$\rb}. <Or'iste m'ia -makro\-entol`h m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt \\bitem} po`u k'anei a>ut`h t`hn -doulei`a gi`a merik`ec paragr'afouc. Kat'opin, >all'axte t`o shme~io -({\rm bullet}) m`e m'ia pa'ula. J`a parathr'hsete <'oti m'ia m'onon -mikr`h >allag`h st`on <orism`o t~hc makro\-entol~hc prokale~i <'olec -t`ic >apara'ithtec >allag`ec s`e <'olec t`ic paragr'afouc. - -\exercise <Upoj'este <'oti >'eqete n`a <etoim'asete poll`ec -paragr'afouc s`e <'ena ke'imeno qrhsimopoi'wntac {\tt \\hangindent = 30 -pt}, {\tt \\hangafter 4} ka`i {\tt \\filbreak} (m`hn >anhsuqe~ite gi`a -t`o t'i prokalo~un a>ut`ec o<i par'ametroi; t`o m'ono po`u metr'aei -t'wra e>~inai <'oti, >ef'' <'oson <orisjo~un, param'enoun s`e >isq`u -m'onon gi`a m'ia par'agrafo). <Or'iste m'ia l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\setpar} <h <opo'ia n`a mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i >empr`oc >ap`o -k'aje par'agrafo po`u pr'epei morfopoihje~i s'umfwna m`e t`ic parap'anw -param'etrouc. - -\subsection{Par'ametroi st`ic makroentol`ec} - -O<i n'eec makroentol`ec mporo~un n`a g'inoun pol`u pi`o genik`ec <'otan -peri'eqoun param'e\-trouc. <H >id'ea t~wn param'etrwn e>~inai par'omoia -a>ut~hc t~hc gramm~hc--de'igmatoc to~u peri\-b'al\-lontoc {\tt -\\halign}\null. Pr~wta, >`ac do~ume t`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh m'iac n'eac -l'exhc >el'egqou m`e m'ia par'ametro. St`hn per'i\-ptw\-sh a>ut'h, <h -n'ea l'exh >el'egqou <or'izetai <wc {\tt \\def\\newword\#1\lb -$\ldots$\rb}\null. T`o s'umbolo {\tt \#1} mpore~i n`a <up'arqei -periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia for`a metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u <orismo~u -t~hc {\tt \\newword}. <'O,ti >'eqei grafe~i metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u -<orismo~u dr~a <'opwc ka`i <h gramm`h--de~igma to~u peri\-b'al\-lontoc -{\tt \\halign}\null. >'Etsi, <'opou m'esa st`on k'wdika >emfan'izetai -<h {\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb}, a>ut`h j`a >antikaj'istatai >ap`o t`o -<'orism'a thc ka`i st`hn j'esh to~u {\tt \#1} j`a mpa'inei t`o <ulik`o ->ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn. {\tengb <H parous'ia ken~wn diasthm'atwn st`on -<orism`o t~hc makroentol~hc >'eqei meg'alh shmas'ia; d`en pr'epei n`a -<up'ar\-qoun ken`a diast'hmata pr`in t`hn pr'wth >arister`h >agk'ulh -({\tt\lb}) to~u <orismo~u.} - -<Wc par'adeigma, j`a mporo~usame n`a tropopoi'hsoume t`hn di'ataxh t~hc ->epistol~hc t~hc prohgo'umenhc paragr'afou kat`a t`on >ak'oloujo tr'opo: - -\beginuser -\\def\\letter\#1\lb -\\par \\noindent -Dear \#1, -\ -This is a little note to let you know that your name is \#1. -\ -\\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, -\\vskip 2\\baselineskip -\\hskip 2 in The NameNoter -\\smallskip \\hrule -\rb -\enduser - -\def\letter#1{% -{\rm -\par \noindent -Dear #1, - -This is a little note to let you know that your name is #1. - -\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, -\vskip 2\baselineskip -\hskip 2 in The NameNoter -\smallskip \hrule -} -} - -\noindent T'wra mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume - -\beginuser -\\letter\lb Michael Bishop\rb -\\letter\lb Michelle L\\'ev\\\^{}eque\rb -\enduser - -\noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume \medskip - -\letter{Michael Bishop} -\goodbreak -\letter{Michelle L\'ev\^eque} - -T'wra >`ac <or'isoume m'ia n'ea makroentol`h <wc {\tt -\\def\\displaytext\#1\lb \$\$\\vbox\lb\\hsize = 12 cm \#1\rb\$\$\rb} -gi`a n`a parousi'azoume k'apoio m'eroc to~u keim'enou mac kentrarism'eno -xeqwrist`a >ap`o t`o <up'oloipo ke'imeno (p.q., gi`a d'aneio ke'imeno). -T'ote, <h >entol`h {\tt \\displaytext\lb$\ldots$\rb} j`a d'wsei t`o -ke'imeno >ent`oc t~wn >agkul~wn s`e m'ia kentrarism'enh par'agrafo -pl'atouc $12\,\rm cm$ m`e l'igo >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma st`o >ep'anw -ka`i k'atw m'eroc thc, >'etsi <'wste n`a xeqwr'izei >ap`o t`o <up'oloipo -ke'imeno. >`Ac do~ume <'ena t'etoio par'adeigma m`e t`o ke'imeno -<eto'uthc t~hc paragr'afou st`hn >agglik`h gl'wssa: -\def\displaytext#1{$$\vbox{\hsize=12cm #1}$$} -\displaytext{\rm -Now let's define -{\tt\\def\\displaytext\#1\lb \$\$\\vbox\lb\\hsize = 12 cm \#1\rb\$\$\rb} -as a new macro to display text. -Then {\tt \\displaytext\lb$\ldots$\rb} will cause the material -between the braces to be put in a paragraph with width 12 \centimetre -s and then \centred{} with some space added above and -below as is appropriate for a display. This paragraph was set -using this {\tt \\displaytext} macro.} - -K'aje par'ametroc m'iac makroentol~hc d`en mpore~i n`a xepern~a s`e m~hkoc -t`hn m'ia par'agrafo. >E`an m'ia de'uterh par'agrafoc e>isaqje~i <wc -m'eroc m'iac param'etrou, t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a stamat'hsei -d'inont'ac mac <'ena m'hnuma l'ajouc. A>ut`h e>~inai m'ia dikl'ida ->asfale'iac to~u {\rm \TeX}\null; diaforetik'a, m'ia tuqa'ia par'aleiyh -m'iac dexi~ac >agk'ulhc j`a >an'agkaze t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a jewr'hsei <'olo -t`o <up'oloipo >arqe~io <wc m'ia par'ametro k'apoiac makroentol~hc. - -\exercise <Or'iste m'ia n'ea makroentol`h m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt -\\yourgrade} (<o bajm'oc sou) >'etsi <'wste <o k'wdikac {\tt -\\yourgrade\lb89\rb} n`a d'inei stoiqeiojethm'enh t`hn >ak'oloujh -fr'ash: {\rm The grade you received is 89\%}\null. Fusik'a, j`a -pr'epei n`a mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i gi`a <opoiond'hpote bajm'o -(p.q., 45\%\null, 73\%\null, k.lp.). -\medbreak - -<H qr'hsh perissot'erwn param'etrwn d`en e>~inai >idia'itera d'uskolh. - Gi`a n`a <or'isoume m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou d'uo param'etrwn, >arke~i -n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\def\\newword\#1\#2\lb$\ldots$\rb}. T`o <'orisma -mpore~i n`a peri'eqei >an'amesa st`ic >agk'ulec t`ic param'etrouc {\tt - \#1} ka`i {\tt \#2} ka`i m'alista periss'oterec >ap`o m'ia for`a t`hn -k'aje m'ia. <'Otan kat'opin t`o {\rm \TeX} bre~i st`on k'wdik'a mac -t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}, <'o,ti -diab'asei metax`u t~wn d'uo pr'wtwn >agkul~wn t`o >antikajist~a st`hn -j'esh {\tt \#1} to~u <or'ismatoc; ka`i <'o,ti diab'asei metax`u t~wn -de'uterou ze'ugouc >agkul~wn t`o >anti\-ka\-ji\-st~a st`hn j'esh {\tt -\#2}\null. <Or'iste <'ena sqetik`o par'adeigma: - -\beginuser -\\def\\talks\#1\#2\lb \#1 talks to \#2.\rb -\\talks\lb John\rb\lb Jane\rb -\\talks\lb Jane\rb\lb John\rb -\\talks\lb John\rb\lb me\rb -\\talks\lb She\rb\lb Jane\rb -\enduser - -\def\talks#1#2{{\rm #1 talks to #2.}} -\talks{John}{Jane} -\talks{Jane}{John} -\talks{John}{me} -\talks{She}{Jane} - -\exercise Kat`a tr'opo par'omoio m`e t`hn prohgo'umenh >'askhsh, -<or'iste m'ia n'ea >entol`h m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt\\yourgrade}, >'etsi -<'wste <o k'wdikac {\tt \\yourgrade\lb89\rb\lb85\rb} n`a d'inei -stoiqeiojethm'enh t`hn >ak'oloujh fr'ash: {\rm You received a grade of -89\% on your first exam and a grade of 85\% on your second exam}. - -\exercise <Or'iste m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt -\\frac}, >'etsi <'wste <o k'wdikac {\tt \\frac\lb a\rb\lb b\rb} n`a -d'inei stoiqeiojethm'eno t`o kl'asma ${a\over b}$. -\bigskip - -E>~inai shmantik`o n`a m`hn <up'arqoun ken`a diast'hmata st`on <orism`o -pr`in t`hn pr'wth >arister`h >agk'ulh tou. >E`an <up'arqoun ken`a -diast'hmata, t`o {\rm\TeX} j`a katal'abei t`on <orism`o diaforetik`a ->ap'' <'o,ti perigr'ayame pi`o p'anw. Gi`a periss'oterec >ap`o d'uo -param'etrouc, <o tr'opoc <orismo~u n'ewn >akolouji~wn >el'egqou e>~inai -par'omoioc. Gi`a n`a <or'isoume m'ia n'ea l'exh >el'egqou m`e tre~ic -param'etrouc, xekin~ame gr'afontac {\tt -\\def\\newword\#1\#2\#3\lb$\ldots$\rb}. Kat'opin, gr'afoume >ent`oc -t~wn >agkul~wn to~u <orismo~u t`a {\tt \#1}, {\tt \#2} ka`i {\tt \#3} -<'opwc >eme~ic >epijumo~ume. Met`a t`on <orism'o, <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} -sunant~a {\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}, ->antikajist~a t`o <ulik`o po`u <up'arqei metax`u k'aje ze'ugouc ->agkul~wn st`ic >ant'istoiqec j'eseic {\tt \#1}, {\tt \#2} ka`i {\tt -\#3} to~u <orismo~u. Sunolik'a, <o >arijm`oc t~wn param'etrwn <en`oc -<orismo~u mpore~i n`a fj'anei t`ic >enni'a ({\tt\#9}). - -\subsection{M`e <'ena >'allo >'onoma} - -Merik`ec for`ec e>~inai bolik`o n`a d'inoume s`e m'ia l'exh >el'egqou -<'ena diaforetik`o >'onoma. P.q., >e`an >'eqoume sunhj'isei st`hn -bretanik`h >orjograf'ia t~wn >agglik~wn >ant`i t~hc >amerikanik~hc, ->'iswc n`a protimo~ume n`a gr'afoume {\tt \\centreline} >ant`i gi`a {\tt -\\centerline}. A>ut`h <h >allag`h >onomas'iac mpore~i n`a g'inei -e>'u\-kola m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\let}. Gr'afontac loip`on -{\tt \\let \\centreline = \\centerline}, <or'izoume m'ia n'ea l'exh ->el'egqou <h <opo'ia mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoihje~i st`hn j'esh t~hc -pali~ac (a>ut`o d`en shma'inei <'oti <h pali`a d`en mpore~i n`a -qrhsimopoihje~i). A>ut`h <h metonomas'ia l'exewn >el'egqou mpore~i n`a g'inei -ka`i m`e majhmatik`a s'umbola, <'opwc p.q.\ <h metonomas'ia {\tt \\let -\\tensor = \\otimes} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a gr'afoume:% -\TeXref{206--207} -\toindex{let} -\toindex{centreline} -\toindex{tensor} - -\let\tensor=\otimes -\beginuser -\$\$ (A \\tensor B) (C \\tensor D) = AC \\tensor BD. \$\$ -\enduser - -\noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume - -$$ (A \tensor B) (C \tensor D) = AC \tensor BD. $$ - -\exercise <Or'iste t`ic makroentol`ec {\tt \\ll}, {\tt \\cl} ka`i {\tt -\\rl}, o<i <opo~iec n`a >isodunamo~un m`e t`ic {\tt \\leftline}, {\tt -\\centerline} ka`i {\tt \\rightline}. - -M`e l'iga l'ogia, <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\let} >epitr'epei st`on -qr'hsth to~u {\rm \TeX} n`a >onom'azei t`ic basik`ec >akolouj'iec ->el'egqou <'opwc to~u >ar'esei ka`i to~u e>~inai bolik'o. >'Etsi, <o -qr'hsthc >'eqei t`ic dik'ec tou makroentol`ec po`u mpore~i n`a -qrhsimopoi'hsei st`hn j'esh a>ut~wn po`u prosf'erei t`o {\rm \TeX}. - - -\section{T`a l'ajh e>~inai >anjr'wpina} - -T`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai <'ena p'ara pol`u >'exupno pr'ogramma, >all`a ->'oqi ka`i je"ik'o! >'Etsi >e`an sunant'hsei k'apoio -m'eroc to~u k'wdika gramm'eno kat`a tr'opo lanjasm'eno, j`a >apant'hsei -m`e <'ena {\tengs m'hnuma sf'al\-matoc} st`hn >oj'onh to~u <upologist~h -(>ef'' <'oson t`o {\rm \TeX} tr'eqei <wc >allhloepidr`on ka`i m~ac ->epitr'epei n`a sunomilo~ume maz'i tou). T`o >'idio m'hnuma j`a -kataqwrhje~i >ep'ishc ka`i st`o >ant'istoiqo >arqe~io {\tt .log}. ->Epeid`h t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai >arket`a pol'uploko pr'ogramma, t`o -m'hnuma sf'almatoc po`u j`a d'wsei mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai e>'ukola -katan'ohto gi`a t`on >arq'ario. M'alista t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a -prospaj'hsei n`a diorj'wsei t`o sf'alma m'ono tou, d'inontac <'omwc -pl'hrh >anafor`a gi`a t`o t'i >akrib~wc diorj'wseic >'ekane. <Wst'oso -ka`i t`a mhn'umata t~wn diorj'wsewn mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~i\-nai >idia'itera -<apl'a. >Eke~ino po`u >'eqei shmas'ia gi`a n`a katano'hsoume <'ena -m'hnuma sf'almatoc to~u {\rm\TeX}, e>~inai n`a katal'aboume poi'o -m'eroc to~u mhn'umatoc e>~inai shmantik`o ka`i poi'o m'eroc to~u -mhn'umatoc mporo~ume n`a >agno'hsoume qwr`ic kam'ia sun'epeia. >`Ac -do~ume merik`a tupik`a sf'al\-ma\-ta st`on k'wdika ka`i t`a >ant'istoiqa -mhn'umata po`u m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm\TeX}. - -\subsection{T`o xeqasm'eno >ant'io} - -%%% poor man's carriage return symbol: -\def\CarRet{$\gets$\hglue -1.25pt\raise 2.5pt\hbox{\vrule\vbox to 4.5pt{}}} - -T`o pr~wto sf'alma po`u j`a >exet'asoume e>~inai >eke~ino po`u <'oloi -k'apoia stigm`h t`o k'anoun, dhlad`h t`hn par'aleiyh n`a b'aloume t`o ->apara'ithto {\tt\\bye} st`o t'eloc to~u k'wdik'a mac. >E`an -tr'e\-qou\-me t`o {\rm \TeX} <wc >allhloepidr'on, st`hn >oj'on'h mac j`a ->emfanisje~i <'enac >aster'iskoc\hfil\break -\leftline{\tt *} -ka`i met`a t'ipota periss'otero. T`o {\rm \TeX} perim'enei n`a to~u -d'wsoume ka`i >'allon k'wdika n`a >epe\-xer\-gasje~i >ap`o t`o -plh\-ktro\-l'ogio. <Otid'hpote plhktrolog'hsoume st`hn sun'eqeia j`a -prosteje~i st`on >arqik`o k'wdika po`u pro'erqetai >ap`o t`a sqetik`a ->arqe~ia mac. Sun'hjwc a>ut`o po`u plh\-ktro\-lo\-go~u\-me e>~inai -{\tt\\bye<CR>}\fnote{{\tt <CR>} e>~inai t`o pl~hktro po`u m~ac d'inei -m'ia n'ea gramm`h st`on k'wdika. >Apokale~itai {\rm Carriage Return}, -{\rm Enter} >`h {\rm Return}, >`h sumbol'izetai m`e <'ena meg'alo ->arister`o >an'a\-stro\-fo b'eloc (s`an \CarRet$\,$).} >'etsi <'wste -t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a <oloklhr'wsei t`hn >epexergas'ia to~u k'wdika. - - -\subsection{<H lanjasm'enh >`h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou} - -<'Ena >ak'oma suqn`o sf'alma e>~inai <h qr'hsh mi~ac lanjasm'ena -gramm'enhc >`h >'agnwsthc gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX} l'exhc >el'egqou. ->E`an t`o {\rm\TeX} tr'eqei <wc >adi'aleipto, <'otan -sunant'hsei m'ia lanjasm'enh >`h >'agnwsth l'exh >el'egqou, j`a m~ac -d'wsei <'ena m'hnuma sf'almatoc, j`a >agno'hsei t`hn sugkekrim'enh l'exh ->el'egqou ka`i j`a suneq'isei st`hn >epexergas'ia to~u <up'oloipou -k'wdika. <'Otan <'omwc t`o {\rm \TeX} tr'eqei <wc >allhloepidr'on, m~ac -d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a diorj'wsoume t'etoiou e>'idouc sf'almata -kaj`wc tr'eqei (<'omwc prosoq'h: a>ut`ec o<i diorj'wseic po`u k'anoume -<'otan t`o {\rm \TeX} tr'eqei d`en katagr'afontai ka`i st`o >arqe~io m`e -t`on >arqik'o mac k'wdika; t`ic diorj'wseic st`o >arqe~io pr'epei n`a -t`ic k'anoume kat'opin). >`Ac <upoj'esoume <'oti >'eqoume <'ena ->arqe~io k'wdika {\rm \TeX} po`u peri'eqei t`ic >ak'oloujec d'uo -gramm'ec: -\beginuser -\\line\lb The left side \\hfli the right side\rb -\\bye -\enduser - -Profan~wc >ant`i gi`a t`hn l'exh >'el'egqou {\tt \\hfli} j`a >'eprepe n`a -e>'iqame gr'ayei {\tt \\hfil}. <Or'iste t`o m'hnuma sf'almatoc po`u j`a -do~ume st`hn >oj'onh: -\beginuser -\obeyspaces -! Undefined control sequence. -l.1 \\line\lb The left side \\hfli -\ the right side\rb -? -\enduser - -<H pr'wth gramm'h, po`u xekin~a m`e <'ena jaumastik`o ({\tt !}), -d'inei m'ia mikr`h >ex'hghsh to~u probl'hmatoc. Kat'opin, -parousi'azetai <o >arijm`oc t~hc gramm~hc to~u >arqe'iou m`e t`on -k'wdika <'opou br'isketai t`o sf'alma kaj`wc ka`i t`o m'eroc >eke~ino -t~hc gramm~hc po`u t`o {\rm \TeX} mp'orese n`a >epexergasje~i. St`hn -<ep'omenh gramm`h to~u mhn'umatoc sf'almatoc d'inetai <h sun'eqeia t~hc -gramm~hc to~u k'wdika met`a t`o shme~io <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} sun'anthse -t`o sf'alma. St`o t'eloc to~u mhn'umatoc, t`o {\rm \TeX} m~ac -parousi'azei <'ena >erwthmatik`o gi`a n`a m~ac pe~i <'oti perim'enei -k'apoia >ap'okrish >ap`o m'erouc mac. - -O<i >epitrept`ec >apokr'iseic po`u mporo~ume n`a d'wsoume -s''\NB{}a>ut`hn t`hn per'iptwsh (>all`a ka`i s`e k'aje per'iptwsh po`u -t`o {\rm \TeX} stamat~a >exait'iac k'apoiou sf'almatoc) e>~inai -o<i >ak'oloujec: - -\maketable [Dunat`ec >apokr'iseic s`e mhn'umata sf'almatoc to~u -{\lsecfont \TeX}] -\halign{ -\strut # \hfil & \hfil \tt # \hfil & # \hfil\cr - \tengb Skop`oc & \tengb >Ap'okrish - & \tengb \hfil >Apot'elesma\cr - \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} - bo'hjeia ({\rm help}) - & h<CR>& >Exhge~itai leptomer~wc <o l'ogoc t~hc diakop~hc. \cr - parembol'h ({\rm insert}) - & i<CR>& <H <ep'omenh gramm`h paremb'alletai st`on k'wdika.\cr - >'exodoc ({\rm exit}) - & x<CR>& >'Exodoc ka`i kle'isimo to~u >arqe'iou {\rm DVI}. \cr - metak'ulish ({\rm scroll}) - & s<CR>& T`o {\rm\TeX} st`o >ex~hc j`a d'inei mhn'umata sf'almatoc, \cr - & & qwr`ic n`a diak'optei s`e >as'hmanta sf'almata. \cr - tr'eximo ({\rm run}) - & r<CR>& T`o {\rm \TeX} st`o >ex~hc j`a d'inei mhn'umata sf'almatoc, \cr - & & qwr`ic <'omwc n`a diak'optei pot'e. \cr - siwp'h ({\rm quiet}) - & q<CR>& T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei qwr`ic n`a d'inei kan'ena \cr - & & m'hnuma sf'almatoc. \cr - sun'eqeia ({\rm carry on}) - & <CR> & T`o {\rm \TeX} suneq'izei <'oso kal'utera mpore~i. \cr - } - -St`o teleuta'io par'adeigma, m'ia logik`h >ap'okrish e>~inai {\tt -h<CR>}, <'wste n`a l'aboume m'ia pi`o leptomer`h >ex'hghsh to~u -sf'almatoc. Kat'opin plhktrologo~ume {\tt i<CR>} gi`a n`a >enj'esoume -k'apoio ke'imeno, <op'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} >antapokr'inetai m`e t`hn -pr'otash {\tt insert>}$\,$. T'eloc, gr'afoume t`hn swst`h l'exh >el'egqou -{\tt \\hfil}. <Or'iste p~wc j`a bl'epame a>ut`o st`hn >oj'onh mac: - -\beginuser -? h <CR> -The control sequence at the end of the top line -of your error message was never \\def'ed. If you have -misspelled it (e.g., `\\hobx'), type `I' and the correct -spelling (e.g., `I\\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, -and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. - -? i <CR> -insert>\\hfil -[1] -\enduser - -T`o {\tt [1]} po`u m~ac gr'afei t`o {\rm \TeX} shma'inei <'oti <h pr'wth -(ka`i monadik'h) sel'ida >'eqei <olo\-klhrwje~i ka`i t`o >apot'elesma ->'eqei katagrafe~i st`o >arqe~io {\rm DVI}\null. Fusik'a, kat'opin -pr'epei n`a diorj'wsoume t`o >arqik`o >arqe~io m`e t`on k'wdik'a mac, -<'wste n`a m`hn m~ac parousiasje~i xan`a t`o >'idio sf'alma. - -\subsection{<H lanjasm'enh grammatoseir`a} - -T`o n`a gr'ayoume l'ajoc st`on k'wdik'a mac t`o >'onoma mi~ac -grammatoseir~ac prokale~i pro\-bl'h\-ma\-ta <'omoia m`e >eke~ina po`u -e>'idame parap'anw m`e t`ic lanjasm'enec l'exeic >el'egqou. <'Omwc, t`o -m'h\-nu\-ma sf'al\-matoc e>~inai diaforetik`o ka`i k'apwc pol'uploko gi`a -<'enan >arq'ario. >`Ac <upoj'esoume, p.q., <'oti st`on k'wdik'a mac -peri'eqetai <h >ak'oloujh gramm'h: -\vskip\baselineskip - -\leftline{\tt \\font\\sf = cmss01} - -\noindent -T`o l'ajoc mac e>~inai st`o <'oti, >ant`i gi`a {\tt cmss01}, j`a ->'eprepe n`a e>'iqame gr'ayei {\tt cmss10}. <Or'iste t`o m'hnuma -sf'almatoc ka`i <h bo'hjeia po`u m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX}: - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -! Font \\sf=cmss01 not loadable: Metric (TFM) file not found. -<to be read again> -\ \\par -\\bye ->\\par -\ \\vfill \\supereject \\end -l.2 \\bye - -? h <CR> -I wasn't able to read the size data for this font, -so I will ignore the font specification. -[Wizards can fix TFM files using TFtoPL/PLtoTF.] -You might try inserting a different font spec; -e.g., type `I\\font<same font id>=<substitute font name>'. -\enduser - -T`o >arqe~io {\rm TFM} (<h >onomas'ia tou pro'erqetai >ap`o t`a >arqik`a -t~wn l'exewn {\rm \TeX{} font metric}), e>~inai <'ena bohjhtik`o ->arqe~io po`u qrhsimopoie~i t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. Kat`a sun'epeia, t`o -per'iergo m'hnuma sf'almatoc po`u m~ac d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en -shma'inei t'ipota >'allo >ap`o t`o <'oti <h grammatoseir`a {\tt cmss01} -d`en <up'arqei st`o s'usthma to~u <upologist~h mac. - -\subsection{Majhmatik`a qwr`ic ta'iri} - -<'Ena >ak'oma pol`u koin`o sf'alma e>~inai t`o n`a qrhsimopoio~ume {\tt -\$} >`h {\tt \$\$} gi`a n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume m'ia majhmatik`h ->'ekfrash ka`i kat'opin n`a xeqno~ume n`a kle'isoume t`hn >'ekfrash -a>ut`h m`e t`o >ant'istoiqo de'utero {\tt \$} >`h {\tt \$\$}. T`o ->apot'elesma a>uto~u to~u sf'almatoc e>~inai <'o,ti >akolouje~i t`a -majhmatik`a n`a stoiqeiojete~itai >ep'ishc <wc m'ia majhmatik`h >'ekfrash; -ka`i t`o qeir'otero e>~inai <'oti <'otan t`o {\rm \TeX} sunant'hsei t`hn ->arq`h mi~ac n'eac majhmatik~hc >'ekfrashc, t'ote >ant`i n`a suneq'isei -n`a m~ac d'inei majhmatik`a s'umbola, j`a >arq'isei n`a m~ac -stoiqeiojete~i kanonik`o ke'imeno. Beba'iwc, d`en qrei'azetai n`a ->anaferjo~ume st`o pl~hjoc t~wn mhnum'atwn sf'almatoc po~u genn~a <'ena -t'etoio sf'alma. <'Opwc ka`i n`a >'eqei <h kat'astash to~u k'wdik'a mac, -t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a prospaj'hsei n`a >epa\-nor\-j'w\-sei t`o l'ajoc -paremb'allontac <'ena n'eo {\tt \$} >`h {\tt \$\$}. >Epipl'eon, t`o -pr'oblhma j`a stamat'hsei m`e t`o t'e\-loc t~hc paragr'afou; t`o {\rm -\TeX} xekin~a a>utom'atwc t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia kanoniko~u keim'enou --- -ka`i >'oqi majhmatik~wn >ekfr'asewn --- <'otan sunat'hsei n'ea par'agrafo. - ->`Ac koit'axoume t`on >ak'oloujo swst`o k'wdika ka`i t`o >apot'elesm'a -tou: -\beginuser -Since \$f(x) > 0\$, \$a<b\$, and \$f(x)\$ is continuous, we know that -\$\\int\_{}a\^{}b f(x)\\,dx >0\$. -\enduser - -{\rm -Since $f(x) > 0$, $a<b$, and $f(x)$ is continuous, we know that -$\int_a^b f(x)\,dx >0$. -} % end \rm - ->E`an parale'iyoume t`o de'utero s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou st`o {\tt -\$f(x)\$}, t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a m~ac d'wsei t`a >ak'olouja mhn'umata -sf'almatoc ka`i bo'hjeiac: - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -! Missing \$ inserted. -<inserted text> -\ \$ -<to be read again> -\ \\intop -\\int ->\\intop -\ \\nolimits -l.2 \$\\int -\ \_{}a\^{}b f(x)\\,dx >0\$. -? h <CR> -I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think -you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. - -? -\enduser - -<H gramm`h po`u xekin~a m`e t`o jaumastik`o ({\tt !}\null) m~ac >exhge~i -t'i >'eqei sumbe~i. <H gramm`h po`u xekin~a m`e t`o {\tt l.2} m~ac -de'iqnei t`hn gramm`h to~u k'wdik'a mac <'opou sk'ontaye t`o -{\rm\TeX}\null. <'Opwc ka`i st`ic >'allec peript'wseic sf'almatoc, ->'etsi ka`i >ed~w t`o m'eroc t~hc gramm~hc to~u k'wdika po`u t`o {\rm -\TeX} di'abase qwr`ic kan'ena pr'oblhma parousi'azetai st`hn >oj'onh s`e -m'ia gramm`h (>'ewc t`o {\tt \\int}), ka`i st`hn <ep'omenh gramm`h ->akolouje~i t`o <up'oloipo m'eroc t~hc gramm~hc met`a t`o problhmatik`o -shme~io. <'O,ti <'epetai kat'opin fa'inetai m'allon d'uskolo n`a ->exhghje~i. A>ut`a t`a >endi'amesa mhn'umata de'iqnoun t'i sun'epeiec -e>~iqe t`o l'ajoc mac st`a >end'wtera to~u {\rm \TeX} (t`o {\rm \TeX} -e>~inai k'apwc pol'uploko!). <O n'eoc qr'hsthc to~u {\rm \TeX} mpore~i -n`a >agno'hsei t`a >endi'amesa mhn'umata sf'almatoc. - ->E`an >epitr'eyoume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a diorj'wsei m'ono tou t`o -sf'alma mac, <or'iste t`o >apot'elesma: - -{ \rm -Since $f(x) > 0$, $a<b$, and $f(x) is continuous, we know that -\int_a^b f(x)\,dx >0$. -} % end \rm - -T`o ke'imen'o mac tent'wnetai ka`i stoiqeiojete~itai m`e pl'agiouc -qarakt~hrec majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn qwr`ic >endi'amesa ken`a diast'hmata. -A>ut`o sumba'inei <'otan kanonik`o ke'imeno stoiqeiojete~itai <wc m'ia -majhmatik`h >'ekfrash. >E`an parathr'hsoume k'ati t'etoio st`o -stoiqeiojethm'eno mac >'entupo, s'igoura k'apou xeq'asame k'apoio mon`o -{\tt \$} >`h k'apoio dipl`o {\tt \$\$}. - -\subsection{>Agk'ulec qwr`ic ta'iri} - -E>~inai pol`u e>'ukolo n`a xeq'asei kane`ic >`h n`a prosj'esei kat`a -l'ajoc parap'anw >agk'ulec <'otan fti'aqnei s'unola. T`o >apot'elesma -mpore~i n`a e>~inai tele'iwc >an'wduno >'ewc katastrofik'o. >`Ac -<upoj'esoume, gi`a par'adeigma, <'oti j'eloume n`a >'eqoume <'enan -t'itlo m`e >'entonouc t'upouc ka`i <'oti gr'afoume {\tt \lb\\bf A bold -title} xeqn'wntac t`hn >apara'ithth dexi`a >agk'ulh. T`o >apot'elesma -j`a e>~inai <'olo t`o ke'imeno po`u >akolouje~i n`a stoiqeiojethje~i m`e ->'entonouc t'upouc, >en~w st`o t'eloc t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a paraponeje~i -<wc >ex~hc: - -{\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 1)} - ->E`an e>'iqame k'anei t`o >'idio sf'alma d'uo for'ec, dhl.\ >e`an -e>iqame d'uo >arister`ec >agk'ulec qwr`ic t`ic >ant'istoiqec dexi'ec, -t'ote t`o par'apono to~u {\rm \TeX} j`a >~htan t`o >ex~hc: - -{\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 2)} - -T`o {\rm \TeX} d`en mpore~i n`a katal'abei <'oti parale'ipontai m'ia >`h -periss'oterec dexi`ec >agk'ulec pa\-r`a m'onon <'otan fj'asei st`o -t'eloc to~u k'wdika qwr`ic n`a t`ic >'eqei sunant'hsei. Sunep~wc, t`o -m'hnuma sf'al\-matoc d`en m~ac l'eei po~u k'aname t`o l'ajoc. >E`an <h -j'esh <'opou j`a >'eprepe n`a e>'iqame j'esei t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh d`en -e>~inai ka`i t'oso faner'h, t'ote m'ia l'ush st`on >entopism`o to~u -problhmatiko~u shme'iou e>~inai n`a gr'ayoume {\tt \\bye} st`hn m'esh -to~u k'wdika. >E`an tr'eqontac xan`a t`o {\rm\TeX} sunant'hsoume t`o ->'idio sf'alma, t'ote t`o sf'alma mac br'isketai st`o pr~wto mis`o to~u -k'wdika (>ef'' <'oson t`hn de'uterh for`a t`o {\rm\TeX} >epexerg'asjhke -m'onon t`o pr~wto mis`o to~u k'wdika >'ewc t`o {\tt\\bye}). -Metakin'wntac t`o {\tt\\bye} s`e diaforetik`ec j'eseic to~u k'wdika, -mporo~ume n`a >ento\-p'i\-sou\-me telik`a t`o >akrib`ec shme~io to~u -sf'almatoc. >Ep'ishc, m'ia mati`a st`o stoiqeiojethm'eno ke'imeno -p'anta bohj~a st`on >entopism`o t'etoiwn sfalm'atwn ka`i poll~wn >'allwn -paroram'atwn. - -O<i paraleip'omenec >arister`ec >agk'ulec e>~inai pi`o e>'ukolec st`on ->entopism'o touc. <Or'iste <'enac k'wdikac d'uo gramm~wn ka`i t`a -sqetik`a mhn'umata sf'almatoc ka`i bo'hjeiac po`u d'inei t`o {\rm \TeX}: - -\beginuser -\\bf Here is the start\rb, but there is the finish. -\\bye -\enduser - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -! Too many \rb's. -l.1 \\bf Here is the start\rb -\ , but there is the finish. - -? h <CR> -You've closed more groups than you opened. -Such booboos are generally harmless, so keep going. -\enduser - -\noindent -Beba'iwc, e>~inai pol`u pijan`o <h gramm`h to~u k'wdika <'opou j`a ->'eprepe n`a e>'iqame j'esei t`hn >arister`h >agk'ulh n`a m`hn -sump'iptei m`e t`hn gramm`h <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} br~hke t`o sf'alma. - -<H par'aleiyh mi~ac >agk'ulhc st`on <orism`o mi~ac n'eac l'exhc ->el'egqou mpore~i n`a dhmiourg'hsei sobar'wtata probl'hmata. >Ef'' -<'oson <'enac t'etoioc <orism`oc mpore~i n`a perilamb'anei -peris\-s'o\-te\-rec >ap`o m'ia paragr'afouc, e>~inai pijan`o t`o {\rm -\TeX} n`a m`hn katal'abei t`o sf'alma ka`i n`a suneq'isei n`a -susswre'uei <ulik`o >ap`o t`on k'wdik'a mac s`e <'enan <orism`o d'iqwc -t'eloc. A>ut`o mpore~i n`a pro\-ka\-l'esei >ak'oma ka`i <uperf'ortwsh -t~hc mn'hmhc to~u <upologist~h. A>ut`o st`hn >argk`o to~u {\rm \TeX} -l'egetai {\tengs >aperi'oristoc <orism'oc} ({\rm runaway definion}).% -\TeXref{206} -<Or'iste <'ena par'adeigma <en`oc k'wdika pou peri'eqei <'enan t'etoio -problhmatik`o <orism'o: - -\vbox{ -\beginuser -\\def\\newword\lb the def -\\newword -\\bye -\enduser -} - -\noindent -<Or'iste ka`i t`a sqetik`a mhn'umata sf'almatoc ka`i bo'hjeiac: - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -Runaway definition? -->the def -! Forbidden control sequence found while scanning definition of \\newword. -<inserted text> -\ \rb -<to be read again> -\ \\bye -l.3 \\bye - -? h <CR> -I suspect you have forgotten a `\rb', causing me -to read past where you wanted me to stop. -I'll try to recover; but if the error is serious, -you'd better type `E' or `X' now and fix your file. - -? <CR> -No pages of output. -\enduser - -\noindent -Profan~wc t`o sf'alma mac st`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h e>~inai sobar'o. >E`an -sumbe~i st`hn >arq`h to~u k'wdika (<'opwc st`o parap'anw par'adeigma), -t'ote t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en j`a m~ac d'wsei o>'ute m'ia sel'ida -stoiqeiojethm'enou keim'enou! - ->E`an parale'iyoume m'ia dexi`a >agk'ulh kat`a t`hn qr'hsh m'iac -makroentol~hc, t'ote <h problhmatik`h makroentol`h j`a stamat'hsei m`e t`o -t'eloc t~hc paragr'afou. Gi`a par'adeigma, >e`an >'eqou\-me <or'isei {\tt -\\def\\newword\#1\lb$\ldots$\rb} ka`i kat'opin gr'ayoume st`on k'wdika -{\tt \\newword\lb$\dots$ } pa\-ra\-le'i\-pontac t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh, t'ote -st`hn qeir'oterh per'iptwsh j`a katastr'eyoume m'ia par'a\-grafo.% -\TeXref{205} - -M`e l'iga l'ogia, <'otan >emfanisje~i <'ena sf'alma, kal`o e>~inai n`a -shmei'wsoume t`on >arijm`o t~hc gramm~hc <'opou t`o {\rm \TeX} ->ent'opise (>e`an >ent'opise) t`o sf'alma. >Ep'ishc kal`o e>~inai n`a -shmei'wsoume ka`i t`hn gramm`h po`u xekin~a m`e t`o jaumastik`o ka`i -m~ac d'inei m'ia s'untomh di'agnwsh to~u sf'almatoc. >E`an t`o t'i ->'eqei sumbe~i d`en m~ac e>~inai xek'ajaro, mporo~ume >ep'ishc n`a -zht'hsoume >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} periss'oterec leptom'ereiec -plhktrolog'wntac {\tt h<CR>}. St`ic peript'wseic mikr~wn sfalm'atwn, -t`o {\rm \TeX} mpore~i n`a bre~i k'apoia l'ush, <'otan >eme~ic ->apokrijo~ume m'onon m`e {\tt <CR>}. - - -\section{Sk'abontac l'igo baj'utera} - -St`o kef'alaio a>ut`o j`a >exet'asoume merik`a j'emata po`u m~ac ->epitr'epoun n`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\rm \TeX} m`e megal'uterh -e>ukol'ia ka`i >apotelesmatik'othta. Kaj`wc t`a >'entupa po`u j`a -stoiqeiojeto~ume j`a g'inontai <'olo ka`i megal'utera ka`i -poluplok'wtera, k'apoiec >'allec teqnik`ec j`a m~ac fano~un >exairetik`a -qr'hsimec. - -\subsection{Meg'ala ka`i mikr`a >arqe~ia} - -T`o {\rm \TeX} >'eqei t`hn dunat'othta n`a diab'azei >all`a ka`i n`a -gr'afei >arqe~ia kaj`wc tr'eqei. A>ut`h <h dunat'othta to~u {\rm \TeX} -m~ac >epitr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume mikr`a >arqe~ia t`a <opo~ia e>~inai -pi`o e>'ukola st`hn qr'hsh touc. >'Etsi dhmiourgo~ume <'ena {\tengs -k'urio >arqe~io\/} >`h {\tengs >arqe~io--korm`o\/} m'esw| to~u <opo'iou -kalo~ume poll`a mikr'wtera >arqe~ia m`e t`hn seir`a po`u >eme~ic -<or'izoume. A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno, p.q., >apotele~itai >ap`o -\ifwritinganswers - \def\next{d'wdeka}% -\else - \def\next{<'endeka}% -\fi -\next\ -kef'alaia ka`i d'uo e>isagwg'ec. >Epipl'eon, <up'arqoun ka`i k'apoioi -<orismo`i ({\rm macro}) po`u qrhsimopoio~untai s`e <'ola t`a kef'alaia. -To`uc <orismo`uc mporo~ume n`a to`uc b'aloume s`e <'ena >arqe~io m`e -t`hn >onomas'ia, p.q., {\tt macros.tex}; t`ic e>isagwg`ec mporo~ume n`a -t`ic >'eqoume s`e d'uo >'alla kef'alaia, p.q., {\tt intro1.tex} ka`i -{\tt intro2.tex}; ka`i t`o k'aje kef'alaio mporo~ume n`a t`o >'eqoume -s`e <'ena xeqwrist`o >arqe~io. Gi`a n`a po~ume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a -diab'asei <'ena >arqe~io, qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt -\\input}. Genik'a, gr'afontac st`on k'wdik'a mac {\tt \\input -filename}, d'inoume st`o {\rm \TeX} t`hn >entol`h n`a diab'asei ka`i n`a ->epexergasje~i >am'eswc t`o >arqe~io m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt filename.tex}. -T`o telik`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai <'ena <enia~io >'entupo, <'opwc j`a -e>'iqame st`hn per'iptwsh po`u <o k'wdikac po`u peri'eqetai st`o ->arqe~io {\tt filename.tex} >apotelo~use m'eroc to~u >arqe'iou po`u -peri'eqei t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input filename}. T`o >arqe~io m`e t`hn ->entol`h {\tt \\input...} mpore~i n`a kale~i ka`i >'alla >arqe~ia ->ekt`oc to~u {\tt filename.tex}; ka`i >ak'oma t`o {\tt filename.tex} -mpore~i ka`i a>ut`o m`e t`hn seir'a tou n`a kale~i >'alla >arqe~ia. -St`hn pi`o sunhjism'enh per'iptwsh <'omwc, fti'aqnoume <'ena ka`i m'ono ->arqe~io--korm`o t`o <opo~io kale~i t`a di'afora >'alla >arqe~ia po`u -peri'eqoun tm'hmata to~u keim'enou, <'opwc dhl.\ sumba'inei st`o -parak'atw par'adeigma: \toindex{input} - -\beginuser -\\input macros -\\input intro1 -\\input intro2 -\\input sec1 -\\input sec2 -\\input sec3 -\\input sec4 -\\input sec5 -\\input sec6 -\\input sec7 -\\input sec8 -\\input sec9 -\\input sec10 -\\input sec11 -\ifwritinganswers - \def\next{\\input sec12}% -\else - \def\next{\relax}% -\fi -\next -\enduser - -<'Otan <h s'untaxh to~u keim'enou mac (t`o gr'ayimo to~u k'wdika -dhlad'h) d`en e>~inai >ak'oma pl'hrhc, mporo~ume n`a >epexergasjo~ume -m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} m'ono <'osa mikr`a >arqe~ia >'eqoume <oloklhr'wsei -j'etontac t`o s'umbolo to~u sqol'iou >empr`oc >ap`o k'aje gramm`h to~u -k'wdika po`u kale~i <'ena m`h <oloklhrwm'eno >arqe~io ({\rm commenting -out}). - -<H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\input} m~ac >epitr'epei >ak'oma n`a -qrhsimopoio~ume >arqe~ia po`u peri'eqoun prosqediasm'enouc <orismo'uc -({\rm macro}). Gi`a par'adeigma, mporo~ume n`a >'eqoume <'ena >arqe~io -m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt memo.tex} po`u n`a peri'eqei m'onon <orismo`uc -gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <upomnhm'atwn ({\rm memorandum}). A>uto`i o<i -<orismo`i mpore~i n`a e>~inai o<i kajorismo`i t~wn diast'asewn {\tt -\\hsize}, {\tt \\vsize} ka`i >'allwn paromo'iwn param'etrwn, >`h mpore~i -n`a j'etoun a>ut'omata t`hn <'wra ka`i t`hn <hmeromhn'ia st`hn ->epikefal'ida to~u <upomn'hmatoc. >Ap`o t`hn stigm`h po`u >'eqoume -<etoim'asei t`o >arqe~io {\tt memo.tex}, d`en qrei'azetai n`a ->epanalamb'anoume to`uc <orismo`uc k'aje for`a po`u <etoim'azoume <'ena -<up'omnhma; >arke~i ka`i m'ono n`a b'azoume t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input -memo} st`hn pr'wth gramm`h k'aje n'eou <upomn'hmatoc. - -<'Omwc prosoq'h: t`o k'aje >arqe~io po`u kalo~ume m`e {\tt\\input...} -d`en j`a pr'epei n`a peri'eqei t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\bye}, giat`i -t`o {\rm \TeX} j`a stamat'hsei t`hn >epexergas'ia tou s''\NB{}a>ut`o ->akrib~wc t`o shme~io! - -\exercise Dhmiourg~hste <'ena >arqe~io {\rm \TeX} po`u n`a kale~i <'ena -de'utero >arqe~io. Dokim'aste n`a kal'este d'uo for`ec t`o de'utero ->arqe~io, gr'afontac t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input...} d'uo for`ec >ent`oc -to~u pr'wtou. - - -\subsection{Megal'utera pak'eta {\lsecfont macro}} - -Profan~wc, <h <etoimas'ia <orism~wn ({\rm macro}) po`u mporo~un n`a -qrhsimopoihjo~un gi`a poll`ec morf`ec >ent'upwn e>~inai >exairetik`a -qr'hsimh. Gi`a par'adeigma, poll`a panepist'hmia >apaito~un o<i -diatrib`ec t~wn spoudast~wn n`a >'eqoun m'ia sugkekrim'enh (ka`i suqn`a -pol'uplokh) morf'h. <H s'untaxh m'iac {\tengs sullog~hc <orism~wn}, >`h ->alli~wc <'enoc {\tengs pak'etou} {\sl macro}, po`u n`a <ikanopoie~i -<'olouc to`uc kano\-ni\-smo`uc stoiqeiojes'iac <en`oc >ent'upou, e>~inai -doulei`a >ep'iponh ka`i t`o >arqe~io (>`h t`a >arqe~ia) po`u j`a -prok'uyoun mpore~i n`a >'eqei <uperbolik`a meg'alec diast'aseic. -Beba'iwc, <o kaj'enac mpore~i n`a qrhsimopoi'hsei <'ena t'etoio pak'eto -m`e t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\input...}, <'opwc perigr'ayame pi`o p'anw. -<Wst'oso, t`o {\rm \TeX} >'eqei k'ati kal'utero gi`a meg'ala pak'eta -{\rm macro}. - -<'Ena pak'eto {\rm macro} mpore~i n`a sumpuknwje~i s`e m'ia e>idik`h -morf`h po`u diab'azetai pol`u gr'hgora >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX\null}. T`o -sumpuknwm'eno >arqe~io >onom'azetai {\tengs >arqe~io morf~hc} (st`hn -gl'wssa to~u {\rm \TeX}, {\rm format file}). (T`o p~wc >akrib~wc e>~inai -a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io, >'eqei m'allon m'onon teqnik`o >endiaf'eron ka`i -gi'' a>ut`o d`en j`a m~ac >apasqol'hsei periss'otero.) T`o ->arqe~io morf~hc m~ac >epitr'epei n`a tr'eqoume t`o {\rm \TeX} >'eqontac -prokajor'isei poll`ec n'eec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou. D`en j`a pr'epei -<wst'oso n`a xeqno~ume <'oti <orism'enec >akolouj'iec >el'egqou ->apotelo~un m'eroc t~hc kardi~ac to~u {\rm \TeX} ka`i gi`a t`on l'ogo -a>ut`o >apokalo~untai {\tengs prwt'ogonec} ({\rm primitive}). - -<'O,ti perigr'ayame s`e <eto~uto t`o >egqeir'idio suqn`a >apokale~itai -{\rm plain \TeX} (<apl`o {\rm \TeX}), ka`i perilamb'anei prwt'ogonec ->entol`ec kaj`wc ka`i <'ena pak'eto {\rm macro} s`e <'ena >arqe~io -morf~hc po`u <onom'azetai {\tt plain.fmt}. Sun'hjwc, t`o >arqe~io {\tt -plain.fmt} kale~itai a>ut'omata >ap`o t`o {\rm \TeX} k'aje for`a po`u -t`o tr'eqoume. - -Gi`a to`uc per'iergouc, <up'arqei <h l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\show} po`u -d'inei t`o p~wc >akrib~wc <or'izetai m'ia >akolouj'ia >el'egqou. P.q., -<h >entol`h {\tt \\show\\centerline} j`a m~ac d'wsei st`hn >oj'onh ka`i -j`a katagr'ayei st`o sqetik`o >arqe~io {\tt .log} t`a >ak'olouja: - -\beginliteral -> \centerline=macro: -#1->\line {\hss #1\hss }. -@endliteral - -\noindent -Mporo~ume >ak'oma n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`hn >entol`h {\tt \\show...} -gi`a n`a >exet'asoume ka`i diko'uc mac <orismo'uc. >Epipl'eon, <'otan -qrhsimopoio~ume poll`a pak'eta {\rm macro}, mporo~ume m`e t`hn >entol`h -{\tt \\show...} n`a >el'eg\-xoume >e`an k'apoio sugkekrim'eno {\rm -macro} >'eqei <orisje~i >`h >'oqi. - -Sun'hjwc maz`i m`e k'aje >egkat'astash to~u {\rm\TeX} d'inetai ka`i t`o -pak'eto {\rm macro \LaTeX\null}. A>ut`o t`o pak'eto m~ac >epitr'epei -n`a dhmiourgo~ume m`e e>ukol'ia (sqed`on a>ut'omata) e<uret'hria, -p'inakec perieqom'enwn ka`i bibliografiko`uc katal'ogouc. M~ac par'eqei ->ep'ishc t`hn dunat'othta n`a paremb'aloume st`o >'entup'o mac <apl`ec -grafik`ec parast'aseic <'opwc k'uklouc, >elle'iyeic, e>uje~iec ka`i -b'elh. T`o {\rm\LaTeX} >ak'oma qrhsimopoie~i e>idik`a prokajorism'ena -{\tengs >arqe~ia t'axhc\/} ({\rm class files}) ka`i {\tengs >arqe~ia -<'ufouc\/} ({\rm style files}) gi`a n`a d'wsei sugkekrim'enh <'ufoc -(morf'h) st`ic sel'idec to~u >ent'upou >an'alogac m`e t`hn qr'hsh tou -(p.q., bibl'io, >episthmonik`o >'arjro, >'ekjesh, k.>'a.) >Arqe~ia -t'axhc ka`i <'ufouc <up'arqoun p'ara poll'a. >Epipl'eon, poll`a ->episthmonik`a periodik`a d'eqontai >'arjra pr`oc dhmos'ieush <'opwc t`a ->'eqei <etoim'asei <o suggraf'eac touc s`e m'ia disk'eta, >ef'' <'oson -e>~inai gramm'ena s'umfwna m`e t`o {\rm\LaTeX} ka`i s`e sunduasm`o m`e -k'apoio sugkekrim'eno >arqe~io <'ufouc. Mi~ac ka`i >'eqoume >'hdh -m'ajei >arket`a gi`a t`o {\rm\TeX}, t`o n`a per'asoume st`hn qr'hsh to~u -{\rm\LaTeX} d`en e>~inai kaj'olou d'uskolo. Gi`a to`uc ->endiafer'omenouc <up'arqei <o <odhg`oc to~u {\rm \LaTeX} gramm'enoc ->ap`o t`on {\rm Leslie Lamport}, t`on sqediast`h a>uto~u to~u pak'etou: -{\sl \LaTeX: A document preparation system} ({\rm 2nd -edition})\fnote{\rm Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994, ISBN -0-201-52983-1.}. >Ep'ishc, <o >Ap'ostoloc Sur'opouloc to~u -Dhmokr'iteiou Panepisthm'iou Jr'akhc >'eqei gr'ayei t`o pr~wto -<ellhnik`o >egqeir'idio gi`a t`o {\rm\LaTeX}\fnote{(({\sl\LaTeX})), ->Ekd'oseic Parathrht'hc, Jessalon'ikh 1998, {\rm ISBN} 960-260-990-7.}. - -<H >Amerikanik`h Majhmatik`h <Etaire'ia ({\rm American Mathematical -Society}) qrhsimopoie~i t`o pak'eto {\rm macro \AMSTeX} gi`a t`hn -stoiqeiojes'ia t~wn periodik~wn po`u >ekd'idei. T`o >egqeir'idio -a>uto~u to~u pak'etou, gramm'eno >ap`o t`on {\rm Michael Spivak} m`e -t'itlo: {\sl The Joy of \TeX}\fnote{\rm American Mathematical -Society, 1986, ISBN 0-8218-2999-8.}, diat'ijetai >ap`o t`hn ->Amerikanik`h Majhmatik`h <Etaire'ia. - ->Ekt`oc >ap`o t`a parap'anw pak'eta {\rm macro}, <up'arqoun ka`i poll`a ->'alla. Sun'hjwc diat'ijentai >ap`o to`uc sqediast'ec touc dwre`an >`h -s`e pol`u qamhl`h tim'h, ka`i s`e poll`ec peript'wseic ->apodei\-kn'u\-ontai >exairetik`a qr'hsima (p.q., gi`a n`a -stoiqeiojet'hsoume n'otec s`e pent'agrammo, n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume s`e -gl~wssec p'era >ap`o t`hn >Agglik'h, k.lp.). <O >organism`oc {\rm \TeX{} -Users Group} >anakoin'wnei suqn`a st`a periodik`a po`u >ekd'idei t`hn -parous'ia n'ewn pak'etwn {\rm macro}. - -\subsection{<Oriz'ontiec ka`i katak'orufec gramm`ec} - -T`o n`a j'esoume <oriz'ontiec ka`i katak'orufec e>uje~iec gramm`ec st`o ->'entupo po`u stoiqeiojeto~ume e>~inai >exairetik`a e>'ukolo m`e t`o -{\rm \TeX\null}. <'Otan, k'ajwc gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac <apl`o -ke'imeno, paremb'aloume t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\hrule}, t`o ->apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`o {\rm\TeX} n`a diak'oyei t`hn par'agrafo s`e ->eke~ino >akrib~wc t`o shme~io, n`a j'esei m'ia <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia -gramm`h m'hkouc >'isou m`e t`hn tr'eqousa tim`h to~u {\tt \\hsize}, ka`i -kat'opin n`a suneq'isei st`hn stoiqeiojese'ia m'iac n'eac >ar'adac. -E>~inai dunat`o >eme~ic n`a kajor'isoume t`o m~hkoc t~hc <oriz'ontiac -e>uje'iac, p.q., st`a $5\,\rm cm$, gr'afontac {\tt \\hrule width 5 cm}. ->Ep'ishc m`e t`ic >entol`ec {\tt \\vskip} >`h {\tt \\bigskip}, mporo~ume -n`a j'esoume k'apoio ken`o di'asthma >ep'anw >`h k'atw >ap`o t`hn -<oriz'ontia e>uje'ia. <Or'iste <'ena par'adeigma: - -\beginuser -\\parindent = 0 pt \\parskip = 12 pt -Here is the text before the hrule. -\\bigskip -\\hrule width 3 in -And here is some text after the hrule. -\enduser - -\noindent po`u m~ac d'inei - -{\rm -\parindent = 0 pt -Here is the text before the hrule. -\bigskip -\hrule width 3 in -And here is some text after the hrule. -} - -St`hn pragmatik'othta a>ut`h <h <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia >'oqi m'onon >'eqei -m~hkoc tre~ic >'intsec, >all`a >ex <orismo~u >'eqei <'uyoc 0,4 -stigm`ec (t'oso >ekte'inetai >ep'anw >ap`o t`hn basik`h gramm`h <'opou -stoiqeiojete~itai) ka`i b'ajoc 0 stigm'ec (t'oso >ekte'inetai k'atw ->ap`o t`hn basik'h gramm`h <'opou stoiqeiojete~itai). Mporo~ume n`a -metab'aloume <opoiad'hpote >ap`o t`ic param'etrouc m~hkoc, <'uyoc >`h -b'ajoc. >'Etsi mporo~ume n`a metab'aloume t`o prohgo'umeno par'adeigma -<wc >ex~hc: - -{\tt \\hrule width 3 in height 2 pt depth 3 pt } - -\noindent gi`a n`a l'aboume - -{\rm -\parindent = 0 pt -Here is the text before the hrule. -\bigskip -\hrule width 3 in height 2 pt depth 3 pt -And here is some text after the hrule. -} - -\noindent -T`ic tre~ic param'etrouc {\tt width}, {\tt height} ka`i {\tt depth} -mporo~ume n`a t`ic <or'isoume m`e <opoia\-d'h\-pote seir'a.% -\toindex{hrule} -\TeXref{221--222} - ->Anal'ogwc, mporo~ume n`a >enj'esoume m'ia katak'orufh e>uje'ia gramm`h -kajor'izontac --- >e`an kr'inoume >apara'ithto --- t`a >ant'istoiqa {\tt -width}, {\tt height} ka`i {\tt depth}.% -\TeXref{221--222} -<'Omwc, s`e >ant'ijesh m`e t`ic <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec, m'ia katak'orufh -e>uje'ia d`en sunep'agetai t`hn >'enarxh n'eac >ar'adac. >Ex <orismo~u -t`o pl'atoc thc j`a e>~inai 0,4 stigm`ec ka`i t`o <'uyoc thc <'oso t`o -<'uyoc t~hc >ar'adac <'opou paremb'alletai. Sunep~wc <o k'wdikac -\toindex{vrule} - -\beginuser -Here is some text before the vrule -\\vrule\\ -and this follows the vrule. -\enduser - -\noindent j`a m~ac d'wsei - -{\rm -Here is some text before the vrule -\vrule\ -and this follows the vrule. -} % end \rm - -\exercise Sqedi'aste m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} tre~ic <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec -gramm`ec po`u n`a >ap'eqoun 15 stigm`ec <h m'ia >ap`o t`hn >'allh, n`a ->'eqoun m~hkoc 3 >'intsec ka`i n`a br'iskontai m'ia >'intsa pi`o m'esa -(pi`o dexi'a) >ap`o t`o >arister`o perij'wrio. - -O<i <oriz'ontiec ka`i katak'orufec e>uje~iec mpore~i n`a >'eqoun pol`u -periss'oterec qr'hseic >ap`o <'osec martur~a <h >onomas'ia touc. -Gi`a par'adeigma, <o k'wdikac - -\beginuser -\\noindent -Name:\ \\vrule height 0 pt depth 0.4 pt width 3 in -\enduser - -\noindent j`a m~ac d'wsei - -\noindent -{\rm -Name: \vrule height 0 pt depth 0.4 pt width 3 in -} % end \rm - -\exercise Sqedi'aste m`e t`o {\rm \TeX} t`o >ak'oloujo tetr'agwno (k'aje -br'ogqoc to~u tetra\-g'w\-nou >'eqei >embad`o $1\,\rm cm^2$): -\medskip -\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr -\moveright 2 in -\vbox{ -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -} - -\subsection{Pla'isia >ent`oc plais'iwn} - -E>'idame >'hdh st`hn suz'hths'h mac gi`a t`hn di'ataxh t~wn >ar'adwn -(kef'alaio\NB{}3) <'oti t`a pla'isia {\rm vbox} ka`i {\rm hbox} mpore~i -n`a m~ac parousi'asoun probl'hmata {\rm underfull} kai {\rm overfull}, -dhl.\ e>'ite n`a e>~inai miso'adeia m`e <uperbolik`a meg'ala ken`a -diast'hmata e>'ite n`a xeqeil'izoun p'era >ap`o t`a <'ori'a touc. -S`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo j`a >exet'asoume a>ut`a t`a <oriz'ontia ->`h katak'orufa pla'isia pi`o le\-pto\-mer~wc. Genik'a, >`ac po~ume -<'oti m`e t`a pla'isia {\rm vbox} ka`i {\rm hbox} e>~inai dunat`o n`a -stoiqeiojethje~i m'ia sel'ida m`e ke'imeno s`e di'aforouc sunduasmo`uc -sq'hmatoc ka`i j'eshc. - -<'Ena <oriz'ontio pla'isio dhmiourge~itai m`e t`hn >entol'h: {\tt -\\hbox\lb $\ldots$\rb}\null. T`o <ulik'o (ke'imeno) po`u peri'eqetai -metax`u t~wn >agkul~wn to~u {\rm hbox} jewre~itai <wc m'ia mon'ada ka`i -d`en mpore~i n`a dia\-spa\-sje~i. A>ut`o shma'inei p`wc <'otan j'eloume -k'ati n`a mpe~i s`e m'ia xeqwrist`h >ar'ada, mporo~ume n`a t`o j'esoume ->ent`oc <en`oc {\rm hbox} ka`i j`a parame'inei <enia~io. E>~inai -dunat`o n`a kajor'isoume t`o m'egejoc <en`oc <orizont'iou -plais'iou.\TeXref{64--66} >'Etsi m`e t`on k'wdika {\tt \\hbox to 5 -cm\lb contents of the box\rb}, j`a l'aboume stoiqeiojethm'enh t`hn -fr'ash (({\rm contents of the box})) >ent`oc <en`oc plais'iou <oliko~u -m'hkouc $5\,\rm cm$. <'Omwc, m`e t`on tr'opo a>ut'o, e>~inai pol`u -pijan`o t`o {\rm \TeX} n`a paraponeje~i gi`a {\rm underfull} >`h {\rm -overfull}. M'ia <apl`h l'ush gi`a n`a xeper'asoume <'ena pr'oblhma {\rm -underfull} e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume {\tt\\hfil} po`u j`a ->aporrof'hsei t`o pleon'azon ken`o di'asthma. <'Otan d`en kajor'izoume -t`ic diast'aseic to~u {\rm hbox}, t'ote t`o {\rm\TeX} fti'aqnei <'ena -<oriz'ontio pla'isio t'etoiou m'hkouc po`u n`a qwr'aei m'olic t`o -ke'imeno po`u <up'arqei >ent`oc to~u plais'iou. \toindex{hbox} - -Par'omoia, mporo~ume n`a fti'axoume katak'orufa pla'isia ({\rm vbox}) -qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn >entol'h: {\tt \\vbox\lb $\ldots$\rb}. T`o ->endiaf'eron <'omwc t~wn katakor'ufwn plais'iwn br'isketai st`o <'oti -<'otan <'ena {\rm vbox} peri'eqei periss'otera >ap`o <'ena {\rm hbox}, -t'ote t`a {\rm hbox} topojeto~untai <'ena >ep'anw st`o >'allo. ->Anal'ogwc, <'otan <'ena {\rm hbox} peri'eqei periss'otera >ap`o <'ena -{\rm vbox}, t'ote t`a {\rm vbox} topojeto~untai t`o <'ena pl'ai st`o ->'allo. >`Ac <upoj'esoume <'oti >'eqoume j'esei tr'ia {\rm hbox} >ent`oc -<en`oc {\rm vbox} -\toindex{vbox} - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -\\vbox\lb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb -\ \rb -\enduser - -\noindent T`o >apot'elesma e>~inai -\vskip \baselineskip -\vbox{ \rm - \hbox{Contents of box 1} - \hbox{Contents of box 2} - \hbox{Contents of box 3} - } - -Kat'opin >`ac <upoj'esoume <'oti >'eqoume <'ena >'allo {\rm vbox}: - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -\\vbox\lb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb -\ \rb -\enduser - -A>ut`a t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} mporo~un n`a topojethjo~un s`e <'ena {\rm -hbox}. T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} n`a mpo~un t`o -<'ena d'ipla st`o >'allo. Dhlad`h <o k'wdikac - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -\\hbox\lb -\ \\vbox\lb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb -\ \rb -\ \\vbox\lb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb -\ \rb -\ \rb -\enduser - -\noindent -d'inei -\vskip \baselineskip -\hbox{ - \vbox{\rm - \hbox{Contents of box 1} - \hbox{Contents of box 2} - \hbox{Contents of box 3} - } - \vbox{\rm - \hbox{Contents of box 4} - \hbox{Contents of box 5} - } - } - ->Ax'izei n`a parathr'hsoume <'oti t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} topojeto~untai ->'etsi <'wste t`o k'atw m'eroc touc n`a br'isketai st`hn >'idia -e>uje'ia. >Epipl'eon, st`hn >arq`h k'aje >ar'adac, <'opwc >ep'ishc ka`i -metax`u t~wn {\rm vbox}, <up'arqei <'ena mikr`o ken`o di'asthma. <H -a>it'ia po`u prokale~i t`hn >emf'anish a>ut~wn t~wn ken~wn d`en e>~inai -profan'hc. T`o ken`o di'asthma metax`u t~wn d'uo {\rm -vbox} pro'erqetai >ap`o t`o ken`o di'asthma >`h t`on qarakt'hra {\tt -<CR>} (po`u <up'arqoun >all`a d`en fa'inontai) met`a t`hn dexi`a ->agk'ulh ({\tt \rb}) po`u kle'inei t`o pr~wto {\tt \\vbox} st`on -k'wdika. Paromo'iwc, t`o mikr`o ken`o di'asthma st`hn >arq`h k'aje ->ar'adac to~u pr'wtou {\rm vbox}, pro'erqetai >ap`o k'apoio ken`o -di'asthma >`h {\tt <CR>} >am'eswc met`a t`hn pr'wth >arister`h >agk'ulh -to~u {\tt \\hbox} po`u peri'eqei t`a d'uo {\tt \\vbox}. <H parous'ia -a>ut~wn t~wn ken~wn mpore~i >'allote n`a m~ac e>~inai qr'hsimh --- p.q., ->e`an j'eloume n`a m`hn koll'aei t`o <'ena {\rm vbox} >ep'anw st`o ->'allo --- ka`i >'allote >epiz'hmia --- p.q., n`a m~ac prokale~i -<uperbolik`h >ara'iwsh t~wn {\rm vbox}. >E`an j'eloume n`a m`hn -<up'arqoun t'etoiou e>'idouc ken`a diast'hmata, j`a pr'epei >am'eswc -met`a >ap`o k'aje >agk'ulh po`u >emfan'izetai m'onh thc st`o dexi`o ->'akro mi~ac gramm~hc to~u k'wdika, n`a gr'afoume t`on qarakt'hra to~u -sqol'iou {\tt \%} ({\rm commenting out}). Mporo~ume loip`on n`a ->all'axoume t`on parap'anw k'wdika j'etontac {\tt \%} met`a t`hn pr'wth ->arister`h >agk'ulh to~u {\tt \\hbox} ka`i met`a t`hn dexi`a >agk'ulh -po`u kle'inei t`o pr~wto {\tt \\vbox}: - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -\\hbox\lb\% -\ \\vbox\lb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb -\ \rb\% -\ \\vbox\lb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb -\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb -\ \rb -\ \rb -\enduser - -\noindent -T`o >apot'elesma j`a e>~inai n`a m`hn <up'arqoun ken`a diast'hmata st`hn ->arq`h k'aje >ar'adac to~u pr'wtou {\rm vbox}, ka`i t`a d'uo {\rm vbox} -n`a koll'hsoun t`o <'ena pl'ai st`o >'allo: -\vskip \baselineskip -\hbox{\rm% - \vbox{ - \hbox{Contents of box 1} - \hbox{Contents of box 2} - \hbox{Contents of box 3} - }% - \vbox{ - \hbox{Contents of box 4} - \hbox{Contents of box 5} - } - } - -Mporo~ume n`a j'esoume parap'anw ken`o di'asthma, p.q., $1\,\rm cm$, -metax`u t~wn {\rm vbox} gr'afontac {\tt \\hskip 1 cm} >an'amesa st`a -{\tt \\vbox\lb...\rb} to~u k'wdika. >Ak'oma, mporo~ume n`a -e>ujugramm'isoume t`a {\rm vbox} <wc pr`oc t`hn koruf'h touc -qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt \\vtop} >ant`i t~hc {\tt -\\vbox}. <Or'iste t`o >apot'elesma a>ut~wn t~wn >allag~wn: - -\toindex{vtop} -\vskip \baselineskip -\hbox{ -\rm \vtop{ - \hbox{Contents of box 1} - \hbox{Contents of box 2} - \hbox{Contents of box 3} - } - \hskip 1 cm - \vtop{ - \hbox{Contents of box 4} - \hbox{Contents of box 5} - } - } - -M`e kat'allhlo sunduasm`o {\rm vbox}, {\rm hbox}, katak'orufwn ka`i -<orizont'iwn e>ujei~wn, mporo~ume n`a perikle'isoume <'ena m'eroc to~u -keim'enou mac m`e <orat`o pla'isio. P~wc mporo~ume n`a pet'uqoume -a>ut`o >akrib~wc? <'Enac tr'opoc e>~inai n`a j'esoume t`o ke'imeno ->ent`oc <en`oc {\rm hbox} t`o <opo~io >'eqei st`hn >arq`h ka`i st`o -t'eloc tou (dhl.\ st`a >arister`a ka`i st`a dexi'a tou) m'ia mikr`h -katak'orufh e>uje'ia ({\tt \\vrule}). Kat'opin, j'etoume t`o {\rm hbox} ->ent`oc <en`oc {\rm vbox} po`u kal'uptetai >ap`o >ep'anw ka`i k'atw m`e -d'uo <oriz'ontiec e>uje~iec ({\tt \\hrule}). <Or'iste <o sqetik`oc -k'wdikac: - -\beginuser \obeyspaces -\\vbox\lb -\ \\hrule -\ \\hbox\lb\\vrule{} The text to be boxed \\vrule\rb -\ \\hrule -\ \rb -\enduser - -\noindent ka`i t`o >apot'elesma: -\vskip \baselineskip -\vbox{ - \hrule - \hbox{\vrule\rm The text to be boxed \vrule} - \hrule - } - ->'Etsi pr'agmati lamb'anoume ke'imeno perigegramm'eno >ap`o <'ena -parallhl'ogrammo, >all`a t`o a>isjhtik`o >apot'elesma d`en e>~inai ka`i ->idia'itera <ikanopoihtik'o; t`o ke'imen'o mac fa'inetai <uperbolik`a -strimwgm'eno! (<'Omwc, d`en fta'iei t`o {\rm \TeX}; m~ac >'edwse ->akrib~wc <'o,ti to~u zht'hsame!) Mporo~ume n`a belti'wsoume t`o -parap'anw par'adeigma j'etontac <'ena {\tt \\strut} st`hn >arq`h to~u -{\rm hbox}, >'etsi <'wste t`o {\rm hbox} n`a g'inei l'igo yhl'otero ka`i -makr'utero. Dhlad'h: -\vskip \baselineskip -\vbox{ - \hrule - \hbox{\strut \vrule{} \rm The text to be boxed \vrule} - \hrule - } - -\def\boxtext#1{% -\vbox{% - \hrule - \hbox{\strut \vrule{} \rm #1 \vrule}% - \hrule - }% -} - -\exercise Giat'i pr'epei n`a b'aloume >epipl'eon ken`o di'asthma p'anw -ka`i k'atw >ap`o t`o ke'imeno ka`i >'oqi dexi`a ka`i >arister'a tou? - -\exercise Qrhsimopoi~hste t`hn parap'anw m'ejodo gi`a n`a j'esete m'ia -kentrarism'enh >ar'ada >ent`oc <en`oc parallhlogr'ammou m`e per'imetro -po`u j`a >ekte'inetai >ap`o t`o >arister`o >'ewc t`o dexi`o perij'wrio. - -\exercise J'etontac >enn'ea mikr`a parallhl'ogramma t`o <'ena >ep'anw -st`o >'allo, >`h t`o <'ena d'ipla st`o >'allo, kataskeu'aste t`o -<ep'omeno magik`o tetr'agwno: -\vskip\baselineskip - -\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip -\hbox{\boxtext 6\boxtext 1\boxtext 8} -\hbox{\boxtext 7\boxtext 5\boxtext 3} -\hbox{\boxtext 2\boxtext 9\boxtext 4} -} - -\exercise Parathr~hste <'oti o<i >eswterik`ec e>uje~iec to~u parap'anw -magiko~u tetrag'wnou >'eqoun dipl'asio p'aqoc >ap`o t`ic >exwterik'ec. ->'Iswc >ep'ishc n`a <up'arqei ka`i <'ena mikr`o ken`o di'a\-sthma >eke~i -po`u dia\-stau\-r'wnontai o<i >eswterik`ec e>uje~iec. Diorj~wste a>ut`a -t`a probl'hmata to~u magiko~u te\-tra\-g'wnou. - -\def\boxtext#1 {% -\vbox{% - \hrule - \hbox{\strut \vrule #1\vrule}% - \hrule - } -} - -\exercise <Etoim'aste <'ena {\rm macro} m`e t`o >'onoma { \tt -\\boxtext\#1\lb$\ldots$\rb}, t`o <opo~io j`a j'etei a>utom'a\-twc t`o -ke'imeno po`u perikle'ietai >ap`o t`ic >agk'ulec >ent`oc <en`oc -paral\-lhlogr'am\-mou. Do\-ki\-m'a\-ste t`hn >efarmog`h a>uto~u to~u -{\rm macro} m`e m'ia pr'otas'h sac st`hn <opo~ia k'aje de'uterh l'exh -j`a e>~inai >ent`oc <en`oc mikro~u <orato~u plais'iou. Beba'iwc -\boxtext d`en -e>~imai -\boxtext ka`i -t'oso -\boxtext s'igouroc -<'oti -\boxtext t`o -a>isjhtik`o -\boxtext >apot'elesma -j`a -\boxtext s~ac ->enjousi'asei. -Parathr~hste p~wc e>ujugramm'izontai <orizont'iwc a>ut`a t`a pla'isia ->ep'anw st`hn gramm`h b'ashc t~hc >ar'adac. - -\def\boxtext#1 {% -\lower 3.5pt \hbox{% - \vbox{% - \hrule - \hbox{\strut \vrule #1\vrule}% - \hrule - } - } -} - -<H metak'inhsh plais'iwn {\rm hbox} >`h {\rm vbox} pr`oc t`a p'anw, -k'atw, >arister`a >`h dexi`a >ep`i t~hc sel'idac to~u >ent'upou, mpore~i -n`a g'inei pol`u e>'ukola. Gi`a par'adeigma, >e`an j'eloume n`a -meta\-kin'h\-soume <'ena {\rm vbox} m'ia >'intsa pr`oc t`a dexi'a, ->arke~i n`a gr'ayoume st`on k'wdika {\tt \\moveright 1 in -\\vbox\lb\dots\rb}. Gi`a n`a t`o metakin'hsoume pr`oc t`a >arister'a, -gr'afoume {\tt \\moveleft}. Paro\-mo'iwc, mporo~ume n`a -meta\-kin'h\-soume <'ena {\rm hbox} pr`oc t`a p'anw >`h pr`oc t`a k'atw -qrhsimopoi'wntac t`ic >ant'istoiqec l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\raise} >`h -{\tt \\lower}. -\toindex{moveright} -\toindex{moveleft} -\toindex{raise} -\toindex{lower} - -\exercise Diorj~wste t`o {\rm macro} {\tt \\boxtext} t~hc prohgo'umenhc ->'askhshc >'etsi <'wste <'olec o<i l'exeic m'iac >ar'adac (>ent`oc ka`i ->ekt`oc plais'iou) n`a br'iskontai >ep`i t~hc >'idiac <oriz'ontiac -e>uje'iac. (<Up'odeixh: >ex <orismo~u t`o b'ajoc <en`oc {\tt \\strut} -e>~inai 3,5 stigm'ec.) M`e t`o diorjwm'eno {\rm macro} j`a pr'epei -na mpore~ite n`a gr'afete m'ia pr'otash s`an ka`i t`hn >ak'oloujh: -{\rm I'm \boxtext not quite \boxtext sure why \boxtext -someone would \boxtext do this \boxtext since the \boxtext result -is \boxtext pretty strange} (>`h -\boxtext <ellhnik'a: -beba'iwc -\boxtext d`en -e>~imai -\boxtext ka`i -t'oso -\boxtext s'igouroc -<'oti -\boxtext t`o -a>isjhtik`o -\boxtext >apot'elesma -j`a -\boxtext s~ac ->enjousi'asei). - ->E`an e>~inai >apara'ithto mporo~ume n`a gem'isoume <'ena {\rm hbox} m`e -m`e m'ia <oriz'ontia e>uje'ia >`h suneq'omenec tele~iec. A>ut`o -mporo~ume n`a t`o pet'uqoume qrhsimopoi'wntac t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou -{\tt \\hrulefill} >`h {\tt \\dotfill} >ent`oc to~u {\tt -\\hbox\lb\dots\rb}, <'opwc st`o <ep'omeno par'adeigma: - -\beginuser -\\hbox to 5 in\lb Getting Started\\hrulefill 1\rb -\\hbox to 5 in\lb All Characters Great and Small\\hrulefill 9\rb -\\hbox to 5 in\lb The Shape of Things to come\\hrulefill 17\rb -\\hbox to 5 in\lb No Math Anxiety Here!\\hrulefill 30\rb -\enduser - -\noindent <O k'wdikac a>ut`oc m~ac d'inei: -\vskip \baselineskip - -\hbox to 5 in{\rm Getting Started\hrulefill 1} -\hbox to 5 in{\rm All Characters Great and Small\hrulefill 9} -\hbox to 5 in{\rm The Shape of Things to come\hrulefill 17} -\hbox to 5 in{\rm No Math Anxiety Here!\hrulefill 30} - ->E`an st`hn j'esh to~u {\tt \\hrulefill} gr'ayoume {\tt \\dotfill}, t`o ->apot'elesma j`a e>~inai: -\vskip \baselineskip - -\hbox to 5 in{\rm Getting Started\dotfill 1} -\hbox to 5 in{\rm All Characters Great and Small\dotfill 9} -\hbox to 5 in{\rm The Shape of Things to come\dotfill 17} -\hbox to 5 in{\rm No Math Anxiety Here!\dotfill 30} - -\exercise <Etoim'aste t`hn kefal`h m'iac sel'idac >ent`oc <en`oc -paral\-lh\-logr'am\-mou plai\-s'i\-ou po`u n`a moi'azei m''\NB{}a>ut`hn -t~wn sel'idwn <eto'utou to~u >egqeirid'iou. - - -\section{P'ec mou to <ellhnik'a!} - -\noindent -[Shme'iwsh to~u metafrast~h, po`u e>~inai ka`i <o suggraf'eac a>uto~u -to~u kefala'iou: {\tengs <Eto~uto t`o kef'alaio >'eqei grafe~i gi`a -<'ena sugkekrim'eno pak'eto <ellhniko~u {\sl \TeX}\null. <'Osoi -qrhsimopoio~un >'alla pak'eta <ellhniko~u {\sl \TeX}, mporo~un n`a ->all'axoun t`o ke'imeno ka`i t`a parade'igmata s'umfwna m`e t`ic dik'ec -touc >an'agkec. <'Omwc d`en j`a pr'epei n`a >all'axoun t`hn dom`h to~u -kefala'iou.}] - -S`e <'ola t`a prohgo'umena kef'alaia >exet'asame t`ic basik`ec >arq`ec -to~u {\rm \TeX} >anafer'omenoi <'omwc p'anta s`e parade'igmata -stoiqeiojes'iac keim'enwn po`u sthr'izontai st`o latinik`o >alf'a\-bhto. -E>~inai pol`u pijan`o k'apoioi >anagn~wstec n`a bar'ejhkan <'olec -a>ut`ec t`ic >exhg'hseic per`i to~u {\rm \TeX} m`e >agglik`a -parade'igmata. <'Omwc, <'opwc xananaf'erame, t`o {\rm \TeX} -prwtosqedi'asjhke gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn >ent'upwn. >All`a -p~wc t`a kataf'ernei m`e t`a <ellhnik'a? - -T`o {\rm\TeX} mpore~i n`a stoiqeiojet'hsei s`e <opoiad'hpote gl'wssa ---- >ak'oma ka`i kin'ezika --- >arke~i n`a >'eqei t`ic kat'allhlec -grammatoseir'ec (ka`i >'iswc ka`i merik`ec <odhg'iec sullabismo~u). O<i -pr~wtec grammatoseir`ec <ellhnik~wn stoiqe'iwn gi`a stoiqeiojes'ia -kanoniko~u keim'enou (ka`i >'oqi majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn) m`e t`o {\rm -\TeX}, sqedi'asjhkan >ap`o t`on {\rm Sylvio Levy} st`o Panepist'hmio -{\rm Princeton} t~wn H.P.A\null. <O {\rm Levy} gi`a t`on sqediasm`o -t~wn grammatoseir~wn tou bas'isjhke sto`uc palio`uc qarakt~hrec {\rm -Didot}, po`u e>~inai gnwsto`i sto`uc <'ellhnec tupogr'afouc <wc -((<apl'a)). T`ic grammatoseir`ec to~u {\rm Levy} belt'iwse l'igo ->arg'otera <o Gi'annhc Qaral'ampouc st`o Panepist'hmio t~hc {\rm Lille} -t~hc Gall'iac, >en`w kat'opin <o Kwst`hc Druller'akhc st`o {\rm Imperial -College} to~u Lond'inou t`ic sugk'entrwse maz`i m`e k'apoia {\rm macro} -s`e <'ena pak'eto m`e t`o >'onoma \greektex. - ->Ekt`oc t~wn grammatoseir~wn t~wn {\rm Levy}--Qaral'ampouc, teleuta~ia -parousi'asjhkan ka`i meriko`i >'alloi <ellhniko`i t'upoi. >Ep'ishc, ->ekt`oc to~u \greektex\ <up'arqoun ka`i >'alla <ellhnik`a pak'eta {\rm -\TeX} po`u diaf'eroun s`e k'apoia shme~ia t`o <'ena >ap`o t`o ->'allo\fnote{<'Osoi >anagn~wstec >'eqoun pr'osbash st`o {\rm Internet} -ka`i x'eroun p~wc n`a qeirisjo~un <'ena >arqe~io \LaTeX, mporo~un n`a ->anazht'hsoun periss'oterec plhrofor'iec gi`a <el\-lh\-nik`ec -grammatoseir`ec ka`i pak'eta {\rm \TeX} st`o >arqe~io {\tt -greekinf2.ltx} t`o <opo~io peri'eqei t`o >'arjro: {\rm I. Dimakos, -``It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of all available \TeX\ -and \LaTeX\ tools'', (1996)}. T`o >arqe~io a>ut`o mpore~i n`a t`o l'abei -kane`ic m`e {\tt ftp} >ap`o t`on kat'alogo {\tt tex-archive/help/greek} -t~wn k'ombwn {\tt ftp.tex.ac.uk} ka`i {\tt ftp.dante.de}.}. <Wst'oso -st`ic <ep'omenec sel'idec j`a >exet'asoume t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia -<ellhnik~wn keim'enwn m'onon m`e t`o \greektex, t`o <opo~io mporo~ume -n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume s`e <opoiod'hpote <upologist`h m`e -<opoiod'hpote leitourgik`o s'usthma (>ak'oma ka`i st`hn per'iptwsh po`u -d`en <up'arqoun o<i <ellhniko`i qarakt~hrec t~hc >oj'onhc). - -\subsection{<H pi`o <apl`h l'ush} - -<H pi`o <apl`h l'ush (>all`a >'oqi ka`i <h pi`o komy'h) gi`a t`hn -stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhnik~wn keim'enwn e>~inai n`a fort'wsoume ka`i n`a -qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic <ellhnik`ec grammatoseir`ec po`u pijan`o n`a -<up'arqoun st`on <upologist'h mac, <'opwc j`a k'aname ka`i gi`a -<opoiesd'hpote latinik`ec gramma\-to\-seir'ec (kef'alaio\NB{}2). >E`an -d`en <up'arqoun <ellhnik`ec grammatoseir'ec, kal`o j`a >~htan n`a t`ic ->ana\-zh\-t'h\-soume e>'ite m'esw| f'ilwn ka`i gnwst~wn e>'ite m'esw| -to~u {\rm Internet}. - ->E`an st`on <upologist'h mac <up'arqoun o<i grammatoseir`ec to~u -\greektex, t'ote j`a pr'epei n`a <up'arqoun k'apoia >arqe~ia m`e t`o ->'onoma {\tt kdgr10.mf}, {\tt kdgr10.tfm}, k.lp. St`hn per'iptwsh -a>ut`h gi`a n`a fort'wsoume to`uc <aplo`uc <ellhniko`uc t'upouc s`e -m'egejoc 10 stigm~wn <wc m'ia gram\-mato\-seir`a m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt -\\tengr}, gr'afoume st`on k'wdik'a mac: - -\beginliteral -\font\tengr=kdgr10 scaled \magstep0 -@endliteral - -\noindent -Sunolik'a, o<i diaj'esimec grammatoseir`ec (t'upoi) to~u \greektex\ -e>~inai >enn'ea <'opwc fa'inetai st`on <ep'omeno p'inaka: - -\maketable [<Ellhnik`ec grammatoseir`ec to~u - \lsecfont G\bf REE\lsecfont K\TeX] -\halign{% -\strut \tt # \hfil & \quad\hfil # \hfil \cr -\tengb >Onoma & \tengb T'upoc \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} -\ kdrg10 & <apl'a ({\rm Didot}) 10 stigm~wn \cr -\ kdrg9 & {\ninegr <apl'a ({\rm Didot}) 9 stigm~wn} \cr -\ kdrg8 & {\eightgr <apl'a ({\rm Didot}) 8 stigm~wn} \cr -\ kdbf10 & {\tengb >'entona <apl`a 10 stigm~wn} \cr -\ kdbf9 & {\ninegb >'entona <apl`a 9 stigm~wn} \cr -\ kdbf8 & {\eightgb >'entona <apl`a 8 stigm~wn} \cr -\ kdsl10 & {\tengs pl'agia <apl`a 10 stigm~wn} \cr -\ kdti10 & {\tengi pl'agia--kalligrafik'a (yeudo"italik'a) 10 stigm~wn} \cr -\ kdtt10 & {\tengt grafomhqan~hc 10 stigm~wn} \cr - } - -\noindent -<'Olouc to`uc parap'anw t'upouc mporo~ume n`a to`uc fort'wsoume s`e -<opoiod'hpote m'egejoc <'opwc k'aname ka`i gi`a t`on t'upo {\tt -\\tengr}. P.q., <h <ep'omenh gramm`h k'wdika d'inei st`o {\rm \TeX} -t`hn >entol`h n`a fort'wsei pl'agiouc <ellhniko`uc t'upouc s`e m'egejoc -12 stigm~wn <wc m'ia grammatoseir`a m`e t`hn >onomas'ia {\tt \\bgrsl}: - -\beginliteral -\font\bgrsl=kdsl10 scaled \magstep1 -@endliteral - ->Ef'' <'oson >'eqoume fort'wsei to`uc <ellhniko`uc t'upouc po`u ->epijumo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia to~u -keim'enou mac, t'ote mpo\-ro~u\-me n`a gr'ayoume - -\beginuser -\\tengr Kalhm'era, k'osme! -\enduser - -\noindent -gi`a n`a l'aboume - -Kalhm'era, k'osme! - -St`o parap'anw par'adeigma, bl'epoume <'oti st`on k'wdik'a mac gr'afoume -t`o <ellhnik`o ke'imeno m`e latiniko`uc qarakt~hrec, ka`i telik`a st`o ->'entup'o mac lamb'anoume <ellhniko'uc. T`o par'adoxo a>ut`o ->ofe'iletai st`on tr'opo m`e t`on <opo~io >'eqoun kwdikopoihje~i o<i -<ellhnik`ec grammatoseir`ec to~u {\rm \TeX}\null. O<i sqediast`ec t~wn -<ellhnik~wn grammatoseir~wn ka`i t~wn <ellhnik~wn pak'etwn {\rm \TeX}, -je'wrhsan kaj~hkon touc n`a sebasjo~un t`hn basik`h >arq`h to~u {\rm -\TeX} s'umfwna m`e t`hn <opo'ia k'aje >arqe~io {\tt .tex} (dhl.\ ->arqe~io po`u peri'eqei k'wdika {\rm \TeX}) j`a pr'epei n`a mpore~i n`a -metaferje~i >ap`o <upologist`h s`e <upologist`h (p.q., m'esw| {\rm -e-mail}) qwr`ic kan'ena pr'oblhma. Prokeim'enou loip`on n`a mpore~i -k'apoioc >ap`o t`hn <Ell'ada n`a ste'ilei <'ena >arqe~io {\tt .tex} -po`u gr'afei, p.q., s`e <'enan {\rm Macintosh}, s`e <'enan <upologist`h -st`ic H.P.A., po`u tr'eqei m`e {\rm UNIX} ka`i po`u d`en >'eqei -to`uc <ellhniko`uc qarakt~hrec gi`a t`hn >oj'onh, j`a pr'epei t`o ->arqe~io a>ut`o n`a peri'eqei latiniko`uc ka`i m'onon qarak~hrec. (Gi`a -<'osouc kat'eqoun k'ati periss'otero >ap`o <upologist'ec, a>ut`o -shma'inei <'oti t`o >arqe~io {\tt .tex} d`en j`a pr'epei n`a peri'eqei -qarakt~hrec m`e kwdik`o {\rm ASCII} megal'utero to~u 127.) Sunep~wc, -<'otan qrhsimopoio~ume to`uc t'upouc to~u \greektex\ gi`a t`hn -stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhniko~u keim'enou m`e t`o {\rm\TeX}, j`a pr'epei n`a -gr'afoume st`on k'wdika t`o <ellhnik`o ke'imeno m`e latiniko`uc -qarakt~hrec s'umfwna m`e t`hn >ak'oloujh >antistoiq'ia: -\medskip -\centerline{\vbox{% -\halign{% -# & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & % 10 -# & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & # & % 20 -# & # & # & # & #\cr% 25 -\tt a & \tt b & \tt g & \tt d & \tt e & -\tt z & \tt h & \tt j & \tt i & \tt k & % 10 -\tt l & \tt m & \tt n & \tt x & \tt o & -\tt p & \tt r & \tt s & \tt t & \tt u & % 20 -\tt f & \tt q & \tt y & \tt w & \tt c\cr% 25 -a & b & g & d & e & z & h & j & i & k & % 10 -l & m & n & x & o & p & r & s & t & u & % 20 -f & q & y & w & c\cr% 25 -}% -}% -} - -O<i t'onoi ka`i t`a pne'umata stoi\-qei\-o\-jeto~untai gr'afontac st`on -k'wdika t`a kat'allhla dia\-kritik`a shme~ia >empr`oc >ap`o t`a -fwn'henta. P.q., m`e {\tt >'a}, lamb'anoume:\NB{}>'a, dhl.\ t`o >'alfa -m`e yi\-l`h ka`i >oxe'ia. Genik'wtera, gi`a n`a l'aboume <'ena fwn~hen -m`e t'ono ka`i pne~uma >`h dialutik'a, st`on k'wdika gr'afoume pr~wta -t`o pne~uma >`h t`a dialutik'a, met`a t`on t'ono ka`i met`a t`o -fwn~hen. - -<H perispwm'enh st`hn per'iptwsh to~u \greektex\ parousi'azei m'ia ->idiaiter'othta, >epeid`h lamb'anetai m`e t`on qarakt'hra {\tt -\~{}}\null. St`o kef'alaio\NB{}2 e>'idame <'oti <o qarakt'hrac a>ut`oc -gi`a t`o {\rm \TeX} e>~inai e>idik`oc ka`i shma'inei s'undesmo, dhl.\ ->adi'akopto ken`o di'asthma. Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume t`a mplex'imata, ->e`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`ic <ellhnik`ec grammatoseir`ec to~u \greektex, -j`a pr'epei <'opou <up'arqei <ellhnik`o polutonik`o ke'imeno n`a ->apo\-ener\-gopoio~ume pr~wta t`on s'undesmo {\tt \~{}} qrhsimopoi'wntac -t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\catcode}.\TeXref{43--49} <H l'exh >el'egqou -{\tt\\catcode} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a >al\-l'a\-zou\-me t`hn shmas'ia to~u -k'aje qarakt'hra to~u k'wdik'a mac. St`o <ep'omeno par'adeigma, -gr'afontac {\tt\\catcode`\\\~{}=12}, d'inoume st`o {\rm\TeX} n`a -katal'abei <'oti <o qarakt'hrac {\tt\~{}} d`en e>~inai pl'eon e>idik'oc; -l'igo pi`o k'atw, gr'afontac {\tt\\catcode`\\\~{}=13 -\\def\~{}\lb\\penalty10000\\\NB{}\rb}, >epanor'izoume t`on -qara\-kt'hra {\tt\~{}} <wc e>idik`o po`u <ermhne'uetai >ap`o t`o {\rm\TeX} -<wc >adi'akopto ken`o di'asthma: \toindex{catcode} - -\beginliteral @obeyspaces -\tengr % We want to typeset greek text -@ % using GreeKTeX fonts. -\catcode`\~=12 % So we de-activate the tie ~ -\def\NB{\penalty10000\ } % and we define \NB as non-breakable space. -Kal~wc ton! -S''\NB{}t`o ''pa! -\rm % Now we want to switch back to roman. -\catcode`\~=13 % We re-activate the tie ~ -\def~{\penalty10000\ } % and we define it again as non-breakable space. -Hello Mr.~Jones! -@endliteral - -\noindent -<O parap'anw k'wdikac d'inei: - -Kal~wc ton! S''\NB{}t`o ''pa! {\rm Hello Mr.\NB{}Jones!} - -Beba'iwc, t`o monadik`o s'umfwno po~u pa'irnei tonik`o shme~io e>~inai -t`o r`o t~wn >Arqa'iwn <El\-lh\-ni\-k~wn po`u mpore~i n`a e>~inai das`u ->`h yil'o, p.q., (({\tengs T`a p'anta <re~i\/})). <'Oso gi`a t`hn -<upogegramm'enh po`u mpa'inei merik`ec for`ec k'atw >ap`o t`o {\tengs -a}, t`o {\tengs h\/} ka`i t`o {\tengs w}, >arke~i n`a gr'ayoume m'ia -katak'orufh gramm`h {\tt |} {\tengs met`a} t`o fwn~hen. <O parak'atw -p'inakac d'inei t`a <'ola t`a tonik`a shme~ia po`u mporo~ume n`a -l'aboume m`e to`uc t'upouc to~u \greektex: - -\maketable[Tonik`a shme~ia <ellhniko~u keim'enou] -\halign{% -\strut \ # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil & \quad # \hfil \cr -\tengb Shme~io & \tengb K'wdikac {\bf\TeX} & \tengb >Apot'elesma \cr -\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} ->oxe'ia & M'h! & M'h! \cr -bare'ia & T`a yhl`a boun`a & T`a yhl`a boun`a \cr -perispwm'enh & P~wc t`a p~ac? & P~wc t`a p~ac? \cr -yil`h & >'Afhs'e me, >'afhs'e me! & >'Afhs'e me, >'afhs'e me! \cr -dase'ia & D`en >'eqw >'allh <upomon'h! - & D`en >'eqw >'allh <upomon'h! \cr -<upogegramm'enh & T~w| kair~w| >eke'inw| - & T~w| kair~w| >eke'inw| \cr -dialutik`a & T`o pro"i`on to~u Ma"'iou - & T`o pro"i`on to~u Ma"'iou \cr - } % end halign - -T`a shme~ia st'ixhc t~wn <ellhnik~wn keim'enwn e>~inai par'omoia m`e -a>ut`a t~wn >agglik~wn, m`e <orism'enec >exai\-r'e\-seic. <H ->antistoiq'ia k'wdika <ellhnik~wn shme'iwn st'ixhc ka`i >apotel'esmatoc -e>~inai a>ut`h po`u d'inetai st`on <ep'omeno p'inaka (prosoq`h st`hn -diafor`a >'anw tele'iac ka`i >erwthmatiko~u): - -\maketable[Shme~ia st'ixhc <ellhniko~u keim'enou] -\halign{% -\strut -# \hfil & \quad \tt # & \quad # -&\quad # \hfil &\quad \tt # & \quad # \cr -\noalign{\hrule}\noalign{\smallskip} -tele'ia & . & . & -k'omma & , & , \cr ->'anw tele'ia & ; & ; & ->'anw ka`i k'atw tele'ia & : & : \cr -jaumastik`o & ! & ! & ->erwthmatik`o & ? & ? \cr ->arister`h >ap'ostrofoc & `{}` & `` & -dexi`a >ap'ostrofoc & '{}' & '' \cr ->arister`a e>isagwgik`a & (( & (( & -dexi`a e>isagwgik`a & )) & )) \cr - } % end halign - -\noindent -St`hn per'iptwsh po`u qreiaste~i n`a b'aloume dipl`a >agglik`a -e>isagwgik`a s`e <ellhnik`o ke'imeno, j`a pr'epei n`a >all'axoume -proswrin`a s`e latiniko`uc t'upouc. P.q., m`e t`on k'wdika - -\beginuser -((T'i \lb\\rm ``\rb bl~hma\lb\\rm ''\rb\ po`u e>~isai!)), to~u f'wnaxe. -\enduser - -\noindent -lamb'anoume: - -((T'i {\rm ``}bl~hma{\rm ''} po`u e>~i\-sai!)), to~u f'wnaxe. - -\subsection{Gi`a k'ati kal'utero} - -<O Qaral'ampouc, >ekt`oc t~wn grammatoseir~wn, >'eqei <etoim'asei ka`i -m'ia seir`a >ap`o <orismo`uc ({\rm macro}) ka`i kan'onec sullabismo~u -gi`a stoiqeiojes'ia <ellhnik~wn keim'enwn. T`a {\rm macro} to~u -Qaral'ampouc >'eqoun >elafr`a beltiwje~i ka`i sugkentrwje~i st`o -\greektex\ s`e <'ena >arqe~io m`e t`o <'onoma {\tt greektex.tex}. T`o ->arqe~io {\tt greektex.tex} mporo~ume n`a t`o qrhsimopoi'hsoume gi`a n`a ->apof'ugoume t`a fjhn`a k'olpa gi`a t`hn perispwm'enh po`u m'olic -perigr'ayame. >Arke~i ka`i m'ono n`a po~ume st`o {\rm\TeX} n`a diab'asei -a>ut`o t`o >arqe~io pr`in >arq'isei n`a stoiqeiojete~i <ellhnik'a. -Gr'afoume loip'on {\tt \\input greektex} st`hn pr'wth gramm`h to~u -k'wdik'a mac. Kat'opin <'opote j'eloume n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume -<ellhnik`o ke'imeno, qrhsimopoio~ume t`o peri\-b'al\-lon {\rm greek}, -xekin'wntac m`e {\tt\\begingreek} ka`i telei'wnontac m`e -{\tt\\endgreek}. P.q., <o parak'atw k'wdikac \toindex{begingreek} -\toindex{endgreek} - -\beginuser -\\input greektex -We start typesetting an English text, melang\\'e avec un peu de -Fran\\c\lb c\rb ais, etc.\\ etc... -but at some point we switch to Greek: -\\begingreek -Kalhm'era, k'osme! -\\endgreek -\enduser - -\noindent -m~ac d'inei: - -{\rm We start typesetting an English text, melang\'e avec un peu de -Fran\c{c}ais, etc.\ etc\dots\ but at some point we switch to Greek: -} % end roman -Kalhm'era, k'osme! - ->Ent`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\rm greek}, mporo~ume n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume -t`ic l'exeic >el'egqou {\tt \\gr}, {\tt \\sl}, {\tt \\bf}, {\tt \\tt} ->`h {\tt \\it}, gi`a n`a l'aboume <aplo`uc, pl'agiouc, >'entonouc, t~hc -grafomhqan~hc >`h pl'agiouc--kalligrafiko`uc <ellhniko`uc t'upouc ->ant'istoiqa. M'esa st`o perib'allon {\rm greek} mpo\-ro~u\-me >ak'oma n`a -stoiqeiojet'hsoume ka`i k'ati st`o latinik`o >alf'abhto; o<i l'exeic ->el'egqou {\tt \\rm}, {\tt \\lsl}, {\tt \\lbf}, {\tt \\ltt} >`h {\tt -\\lit} m~ac d'inoun latiniko`uc qarakt~hrec {\rm roman}, pl'agiouc {\rm -roman}, grafomhqan~hc ka`i {\rm italic} >ant'istoiqa. <'Otan e>'imaste ->ekt`oc to~u perib'allontoc {\rm greek}, o<i l'exeic >el'egqou gi`a t`hn ->allag`h t'upou, <'opwc {\tt \\sl}, k.lp., d'inoun m'onon to`uc ->ant'istoiqouc pl'agiouc k.lp.\ latiniko`uc t'upouc. <Or'iste <'ena -par'adeigma -\toindex{gr} - -\beginuser -This text is mixed \lb\\sl English\rb{} and Greek. -\\begingreek -A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno e>~inai >an'amikto \lb\\sl <ellhnik`o\rb{} ka`i -\lb\\lsl English\rb. -A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno e>~inai >an'amikto \lb\\sl <ellhnik`o\rb{} ka`i -\lb\\lsl English\rb. -\\endgreek -\enduser - -\noindent -<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei - -{\rm This text is mixed {\sl English} and Greek.} A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno -e>~inai >an'amikto {\tengs <ellhnik`o} ka`i {\sl English}. -{\rm This text is mixed {\sl English} and Greek.} A>ut`o t`o ke'imeno -e>~inai >an'amikto {\tengs <ellhnik`o} ka`i {\sl English}. - -<H suqn`h >epan'alhyh t~wn l'exewn >el'egqou {\tt \\begingreek} ka`i -{\tt \\endgreek} mpore~i n`a e>~inai >idia'itera kourastik'h. Gi`a -e>ukol'ia, t`o \greektex\ m~ac d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a t`ic ->anti\-kata\-st'h\-soume m`e t`o s'umbolo to~u dolar'iou ({\tt \$}) >`h -m`e t`o s'umbolo t~hc katak'orufhc gram\-m~hc ({\tt |})\null. <H ->anti\-kat'a\-stash a>ut`h g'inetai gr'afontac st`on k'wdika {\tt -\\greekdelims\lb dollar\rb} >`h {\tt \\greekdelims\lb bar\rb} ->ant'i\-stoiqa. <'Omwc ka`i o<i d'uo peript'wseic >apaito~un prosoq'h. - -St`hn per'iptwsh po`u qrhsimopoio~ume t`o {\tt \$} <wc >'endeixh >arq~hc -ka`i t'elouc <ellhniko~u keim'enou, <'otan j'eloume n`a gr'ayoume -majhmatiko`uc t'upouc j`a pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume t`ic l'exeic ->el'egqou {\tt \\math}, {\tt \\display} ka`i {\tt \\enddisplay}. Gi`a -par'adeigma, m`e {\tt \\math a = b \\math}, lam\-b'a\-noume >ent`oc -st'iqou: $a = b$, >en`w m`e {\tt \\display a = b .\ \\enddisplay}, -lam\-b'a\-noume >ent`oc plais'iou: -$$ a = b .$$ ->E`an qrhsimopoio~ume t`hn katak'orufh gramm'h ({\tt |}) <wc >'endeixh ->arq~hc ka`i t'elouc <ellhniko~u keim'enou, j`a >'eqoume duskol'ia n`a -gr'ayoume k'apoio >arqa~io ke'imeno >`h ke'imeno t~hc kajare'uousac m`e -<upogegramm'enec. Gi'' aut'o, st`hn per'iptwsh polutoniko~u keim'enou, -e>~inai protim'wtero n`a <or'izoume {\tt \\greekdelims\lb dollar\rb}. -<Or'iste <'ena k'apwc >anorj'ografo par'adeigma: -\toindex{greekdelims} -\toindex{math} -\toindex{display} -\toindex{enddisplay} - -\beginliteral -\input greektex -\greekdelims{dollar} -@null -This is a latin text: \math a \neq b \math. -Mr.~Jones Mr.~Jones @dots Mr.~Jones Mr.~Jones. -$ <Ell~hnik`oc >ano<rj~wgrafw|c: \math a = b \math\ >`h -\display a = b. \enddisplay $ -Now we continue in english! -@endliteral - -\noindent -<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei - -{\rm -This is a latin text $ a \neq b $. -Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB Jones -Mr.\NB{}Jones Mr.\NB{}Jones Mr.\NB Jones Mr.\NB{}Jones \dotfill\ -Mr.\NB{}Jones. -{\tengr <Ell~hnik`oc >ano<rj~wgrafw|c $ a = b $ >`h } -$$ a = b. $$ -{\rm Now we continue in english!} -} % end and roman - -T'eloc, t`o \greektex\ >ekt`oc >ap`o t`hn l'ush m`e t`o {\tt -greektex.tex}, m~ac prosf'erei ka`i k'ati >ak'oma kal'utero: <'ena -sumpuknwm'eno >arqe~io morf~hc m`e t`o >'onoma {\tt greek.fmt}. -Mporo~ume loip`on n`a po~ume st`o {\rm \TeX} n`a >epexergasje~i <'ena ->arqe~io mac, p.q., t`o {\tt mygrtext.tex}, <wc >ex~hc: - -\itemitem{} $>$ {\tt tex \&greek mygrtext} - -\noindent -St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h d`en qrei'azetai n`a <up'arqei st`o >arqe~io -{\tt mygrtext.tex} <h >entol'h: {\tt \\input greektex}. T`a {\rm macro} -to~u {\tt greektex.tex} d'inontai ka`i >ap`o t`o >arqe~io morf~hc {\tt -greek.fmt}. >Epi\-pl'eon, t`o {\tt greek.fmt} peri'eqei ka`i <odhg'iec -sullabismo~u <ellhniko~u keim'enou, k'ati po`u d`en m~ac prosf'erei -<h l'ush m`e t`o {\tt greektex.tex}. Gi`a t`on l'ogo a>ut`o e>~inai -protim'wterh <h l'ush m`e t`o >arqe~io morf~hc {\tt greek.fmt}, ->idiait'erwc <'otan pr'okeitai n`a stoiqeiojet'hsoume meg'ala <ellhnik`a -ke'imena. - - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <ellhnik`o ke'imeno, >afo~u -pr~wta fort'wsete kat'allhla t`ic <ellhnik`ec grammatoseir'ec. - -{\narrower\noindent ->Epip'onwc d`e h<ur'isketo, di'oti o<i par'ontec to~ic >'ergoic -<ek'astoic o>u ta>ut`a per`i a>ut~wn >'elegon, >all'' <wc <ekat'erwn tic -e>uno'iac >`h mn'hmhc >'eqei. (Joukud'idhc, bibl'io\NB{}I, {\rm -xxii},\NB{}3) - -} % end narrower - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <ellhnik`o ke'imeno: - -{\narrower\noindent K'amfjht'i moi pr`oc to`uc stenagmo`uc t~hc -kard'iac, <o kl'inac to`uc O>urano`uc t~h| >af'atw| Sou ken'wsei. -({\tengs T`o Trop'arion t~hc Kassian~hc\/}) - -} % end narrower - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <ellhnik`o ke'imeno: - -{\narrower\noindent Fobhj'hkame n'' >agapo~ume --- m`h gel'asoume to`uc ->'allouc, m`h m~ac gel'asoun\dots\ (Dh\-m'h\-trhc Qatz~hc, {\tengs T`o -dipl`o bibl'io}, 2h >'ekdosh, >Ekd.\ ((Ke'imena)), >Aj'hna 1977, -sel.\NB112) - -} - -\subsection{K'apoioi sp'anioi <ellhniko`i qarakt~hrec} - -O<i grammatoseir`ec to~u \greektex\ peri'eqoun ka`i tre~ic qarakt~hrec -po`u qrh\-si\-mo\-poi\-o~untai sp'ania. Pr'okeitai gi`a t`o d'igamma -(\digamma), t`o k'oppa (\Koppa, \koppa, \varkoppa) ka`i t`o samp'i -(\sampi). O<i d'uo teleuta'ioi qrhsime'uoun gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia ->arijm~wn s'umfwna m`e t`o s'usthma t~wn >alexandrin~wn majhmatik~wn. -S'umfwna m`e a>ut`o t`o s'usthma, t`o st'igma >antistoiqe~i st`o <'exi, -t`o k'oppa st`o >enen'hnta ka`i t`o samp`i st`o >enniak'osia. T`o -d'igamma qrhsimopoie~itai sp'ania st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >arqa'iac -<ellhnik~hc lurik~hc po'ihshc. - -Gi`a n`a l'aboume a>uto`uc to`uc qarakt~hrec, j`a pr'epei n`a to`uc -<or'isoume qrhsimopoi'wntac t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\char}.% -\TeXref{43--49} -\toindex{char} - -\beginliteral@obeyspaces -\def\digamma{\char'020} % digamma (or former 6) -\def\Koppa{\char'022} % capital qoppa (or 90) -\def\koppa{\char'023} % small qoppa (or 90) -\def\varkoppa{\char'021} % small qoppa variance (or 90) -\def\sampi{\char'024} % sampi (or 900) -\def\numbertick{\char'003} % upper tick for ordinal Greek numbers -\def\pretick{\char'004} % lower tick for Greek thousands -@endliteral - -\noindent -Dustuq~wc, t`o st'igma le'ipei >ap`o t`ic grammatoseir`ec to~u -\greektex\null. >Epeid`h <'omwc moi'azei m`e t`o telik`o s'igma, -m'ia k'apwc pr'oqeirh l'ush e>~inai n`a <or'isoume a>ut`on t`on -qarakt'hra <wc >ex~hc: - -\beginliteral@obeyspaces -\def\stigma{\char'143} % stigma (or latter 6) -@endliteral - -Sto`uc parap'anw <orismo`uc sumperil'abame ka`i d'uo t'onouc, <'enan ->an'wtero ({\tt\\numbertick}) ka`i <'enan kat'wtero ({\tt\\pretick}) -po`u mpa'inoun p'isw >ap`o taktik`a >arijmhtik`a ka`i >empr`oc >ap`o -qili'adec >ant'istoiqa. Kat'opin mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume: -{\tt\lb\\tengr \\pretick a\\sampi\\stigma \\numbertick\rb = 1906}, gi`a -n`a l'aboume: {\tengr\pretick a\sampi\stigma\numbertick} = 1906. >`H ->ak'oma mporo~ume n`a gr'ayoume: {\tt\lb\\tengr ((t`on -\\digamma\lb\rb`on pa~ida kale~i)) (Sapf'w)\rb}, gi`a n`a l'aboume: -((t`on \digamma{}`on pa~ida kale~i)) (Sapf'w). -\toindex{digamma} -\toindex{stigma} -\toindex{koppa} -\toindex{varkoppa} -\toindex{Koppa} -\toindex{sampi} - -<'Otan qrhsimopoio~ume t`o >arqe~io {\tt greektex.tex} >`h t`o >arqe~io -morf~hc {\tt greek.fmt}, o<i parap'anw <orismo`i d`en qrei'azetai n`a -<up'arqoun st`on k'wdik'a mac. O<i >'idiec l'exeic >el'egqou -<or'izontai >'hdh st`o {\tt greektex.tex} ka`i st`o {\tt greek.fmt}, m`e -m'ia <'omwc shmantik`h diafor'a: <Wc st'igma <or'izetai lanjasm'ena <h -parallag`h to~u mikro~u k'oppa \varkoppa, >en~w <h >entol`h -{\tt\\varkoppa} d`en <up'arqei. St`hn per'iptwsh a>ut`h e>~inai -protim'wtero n`a >epanor'isoume t`o {\tt\\stigma} ka`i t`o -{\tt\\varkoppa} <'opwc k'aname parap'anw. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: >Egr'afh >en >'etei -\pretick{}a\sampi\varkoppa\stigma\numbertick - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste to`uc >ak'oloujouc d'uo st'iqouc to~u >Alka'iou -(7oc a>'i.\ p.Q.)\ po`u dias'wjhkan >'ewc t`ic <hm'erec mac: - -{\leftskip=2in\obeylines -\qquad n'oon d`e \digamma a'utw -\parskip=0pt p'ampan >a'errei - -} - -\subsection{<H leptom'ereia po`u k'anei t`hn diafor`a} - -T`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac >epitr'epei n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume ke'imena m`e m'ia -meg'alh poikil'ia qarakt~hrwn ka`i diat'axewn. >'Arage a>ut`o shma'inei -<'oti g'iname >epaggelmat'iec tupogr'afoi ka`i <'oti mporo~ume n`a -pet~ame dexi`a ka`i >arister`a st`o qart`i pl'agia, kalligrafik`a ka`i ->'entona? <H >ap'anthsh e>~inai: ((>'Oqi!)) O<i dunat'othtec po`u m~ac -prosf'erei t`o {\rm\TeX} d`en e>~inai gi`a n`a fti'aqnoume full'adec m`e -t'itlouc {\tengs D'agkws'e me}, {\tengs <H >Arpaqt'h}, k.lp. T`o -{\rm\TeX} e>~inai m'allon gi`a sobar'wtera >'entupa. M'alista, j`a -diapist'wsoume <'oti kaj`wc maja'inoume t`o {\rm\TeX}, maja'inoume ka`i ->eme~ic n`a seb'omasje t`o >'entupo. >Epeid`h d`e p'anta <h leptom'ereia -k'anei t`hn diafor'a, parak'atw j`a >exet'asoume <orism'ena j'emata po`u -j`a m~ac k'anoun prosektik'wterouc, >'ara kal'uterouc {\rm\TeX}n'itec. - -Pr~wta-pr~wta, p'anta pr`in xekin'hsoume t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia <en`oc ->ent'upou j`a pr'epei n`a >afie\-r'w\-sou\-me l'igo qr'ono n`a -skefjo~ume t`hn morf'h tou. Sun'hjwc, magem'enoi >ap`o t`hn d'unamh -to~u {\rm\TeX}, xekin~ame t`o gr'ayimo to~u k'wdika qwr`ic n`a ->exet'asoume t'i >epijumo~ume n`a l'aboume st`o qart'i. <'Omwc d`en j`a -pr'epei n`a biaz'omasje. >Epipl'eon, >e`an skop'oc mac e>~inai n`a -<etoim'asoume <'ena bibl'io, kal`o e>~inai pr`in xekin'hsoume t`hn -s'untaxh to~u k'wdika n`a sumbouleujo~ume <'enan >epaggelmat'ia -sqediast`h bibl'iwn. A>ut`oc j`a m~ac d'wsei t`ic kat'allhlec <odhg'iec -gi`a t`hn <etoimas'ia t~wn t'itlwn, t`hn >epilog`h to~u e>'idouc, to~u -t'upou ka`i to~u meg'ejouc t~wn grammatoseir~wn, k.lp. - -<H >epilog`h t~wn grammatoseir~wn, t~wn t'upwn (>'orjia, pl'agia >`h ->'entona) ka`i to~u meg'ejouc touc ($10\,\rm pt$, $12\,\rm pt$, k.lp.)\ ->antikatoptr'izei t`o <'ufoc to~u keim'enou mac. Kat`a kan'ona, t`o -ke'imeno gr'afetai m`e >'orjiouc <aplo`uc qarakt~hrec, >en~w t`a -pl'agia, k.lp.\ qrhsime'uoun gi`a e>idiko`uc skopo'uc. O<i t'itloi, -gi`a par'adeigma, sun'hjwc stoiqeiojeto~untai s`e meg'alouc >'entonouc -t'upouc >`h m`e kefala~ia. Meg'aloi qarakt~hrec qwr`ic >apol'hxeic -t'upou {\sf sans serif} qrhsimopoio~untai ka`i gi`a t`hn stoiqeiojes'ia -paidik~wn bibl'iwn po`u >epib'alletai n`a e>~inai >idia'itera <apl`a -st`hn >emf'anis'h touc. St`on parak'atw p'inaka d'inontai merik`ec -genik`ec <odhg'iec gi`a t`hn qr'hsh t~wn diaf'orwn t'upwn stoiqe'iwn: - -\maketable[Qr'hseic t'upwn stoiqe'iwn] -\halign{% -\strut -\hfil # \hfil & \ # \hfil & \ # \hfil \cr -{\tengb T'upoc} & {\tengb Qr'hsh} & {\tengb Par'adeigma} \cr -\noalign{\hrule}\noalign{\smallskip} ->'orjia (<apl'a) & <apl`o ke'imeno, mon'adec, - & <H >anjrakik`h r'iza: {\rm CO$^{2-}_3$}. \cr - & >`h qhmiko`i t'upoi & \cr -\noalign{\smallskip} ->'entona & t'itloi, >'emfash - & {\tengb Kef.\ 3: >Asiatik`ec q~wrec} \cr - & >`h <orismo`i & \cr -\noalign{\smallskip} -pl'agia & >'emfash, <orismo`i - & >Efhm.\ {\tengs <H Jessal'ia}, \cr - & >`h t'itloi >ent'upwn & B'oloc, 31/12/1898, sel.\ 2\cr -\noalign{\smallskip} -pl'agia--kalligrafik`a & >'emfash, <orismo`i - & <Wc {\tengi sf'alma\/} <or'izoume: \cr - & >`h majhmatiko`i t'upoi - & $\varepsilon = \epsilon \neq \rho = \varrho$ \cr -\noalign{\smallskip} -grafomhqan~hc & prosomo'iwsh grafomhqan~hc - & {\tt if (a != b) then \lb\dots\rb } \cr - & ka`i l'istec programm'atwn & \cr - } % end halign - -<H <upogr'ammish keim'enou l'ogou (dhl.\ m`h majhmatik~wn sumb'olwn) d`en -sunhj'izetai st`hn tupograf'ia. Pr'okeitai gi`a <'ena kat'aloipo t~hc ->epoq~hc t~hc grafomhqan~hc, <'otan o<i daktulogr'afoi d`en di'ejetan ->'allon tr'opo gi`a n`a k'anoun <'ena m'eroc to~u keim'enou n`a -xeqwr'izei >ap`o t`o <up'oloipo. >Ef'' <'oson t`o {\rm\TeX} m~ac -prosf'erei >arketo`uc t'upouc stoiqe'iwn gi`a k'aje skop'o, mporo~ume -n`a >apof'ugoume t`hn <upogr'ammish. J`a pr'epei <wst'oso n`a -pros'eqoume pot`e st`o >'idio >'entupo n`a m`hn qrhsimopoio~ume d'uo -diaforetiko`uc t'upouc stoiqe'iwn gi`a t`on >'idio skop'o. >E`an, gi`a -par'adeigma, qrhsimopoio~ume pl'agiouc t'upouc gi`a >'emfash, t'ote d`en -j`a pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume gi`a t`on >'idio skop`o -pl'agia--kalligrafik`a stoiqe~ia >`h >'entona. - -Suqn'a, kaj`wc <etoim'azoume t`on k'wdika {\rm\TeX} <en`oc >ent'upou m`e -<ellhnik`o ke'imeno, k'anoume l'ajh >ephreasm'enoi >ap`o t`hn par'adosh -ka`i to`uc kan'onec t~hc x'enhc tupograf'iac, ka`i kur'iwc t~hc ->aggloamerikanik~hc. Gi`a par'adeigma, pollo`i qrhsimopoio~un t`a ->agglik`a e>isagwgik`a {\rm``}\NB{}ka`i\NB{}{\rm''}, >ant`i t~wn <ellhnik~wn -(( ka`i\NB)). >'Alloi p'ali >af'hnoun <'ena ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o ->arister`o e>isagwgik`o ka`i pr`in t`o dexi'o, >epeid`h >'iswc >'etsi -to`uc >'edeixe k'apote <h kur'ia t~wn Gallik~wn. <'Omwc st`hn -per'iptwsh <ellhniko~u keim'enou, t`a <uperuywm'ena e>isagwgik'a, e>'ite -st`hn <apl`h (``\NB{}''), e>'ite st`hn dipl`h morf'h touc -({\rm``\NB{}''}), qrhsimopoio~untai m'onon <wc e>isagwgik`a >ent`oc -e>isa\-gwgi\-k~wn. >Ak'oma, t`a <ellhnik`a e>isagwgik'a, par'' <'oti -moi'azoun t~wn gallik~wn, d`en >ako\-lou\-jo~un to`uc >'idiouc kan'onec -stoiqeioj'ethshc. Pot`e d`en pr'epei n`a >af'hnoume ken`o di'asthma -met`a t`o >arister`o e>isagwgik'o; paromo'iwc, d`en >af'hnoume ken`o -di'asthma pr`in t`o dexi`o e>isagwgik'o, t`hn tele'ia, t`o k'omma, t`hn ->'anw tele'ia, t`hn >'anw ka`i k'atw tele'ia, t`o >erwthmatik`o ka`i t`o -jaumastik'o. Mporo~ume <wst'oso n`a j'etoume ken`a diast'hmata -<ekat'erwjen k'aje dipl~hc (parenjetik~hc) pa'ulac\NB{}(---), s`e ->ant'ijesh m`e t`hn tupograf'ia >agglik~wn keim'enwn <'opou d`en ->epitr'epontai ken`a diast'hmata <ekat'erwjen k'aje dipl~hc pa'ulac. - -Gi`a t`hn j'esh t~wn e>isagwgik~wn s`e sq'esh m`e >'alla shme~ia -st'ixhc, j`a pr'epei p'anta n`a >exet'azoume >e`an t`a >'alla shme~ia -st'ixhc >apotelo~un m'eroc to~u keim'enou >ent`oc e>isagwgik~wn. -Sunep~wc, >e`an t`o ke'imeno >ent`oc t~wn e>isagwgik~wn >apotele~i m'ia -pl'hrh pr'otash, t'ote <h tele'ia prohge~itai to~u dexio~u -e>isagwgiko~u. <Or'iste <'ena sqetik`o par'adeigma: - -{\narrower\parindent=0pt ---- E>~inai >al'hjeia, kathgoro'umene, <'oti >apek'alesec t`on mhnut`h -((bl'aka))? - -\parskip=0pt ---- >'Oqi, k.\ Pr'oedre! >Eg`w to~u e>~ipa: ((>'Etsi po`u -sumperif'eresai j`a s`e pern~ane gi`a bl'aka.)) - -} - -\noindent -T`o >'idio >isq'uei ka`i gi`a t`ic parenj'eseic; st`hn per'iptwsh m'iac -pl'hrouc pr'otashc >ent`oc pa\-ren\-j'e\-sewn, <h dexi`a par'enjesh -mpa'inei met`a t`hn tele'ia --- diaforetik'a, prohge~itai. - -T`a e>isagwgik`a j`a pr'epei n`a t`a qrhsimopoio~ume m`e feid'w. ->Ep'ishc m`e t`o m'etro j`a pr'epei n`a qrhsimopoio~ume t`a kefala~ia, -t`a poll`a jaumastik'a, k.lp. Gi`a par'adeigma, d`en qrei'azetai n`a -b'azoume tr'ia >`h ka`i periss'otera jaumastik`a gi`a n`a ton'isoume -t`on jaumasm'o mac >`h t`hn >'ekplhx'h mac gi`a k'ati; <'ena ka`i m'onon -<'ena jaumastik`o >arke~i! >Ak'oma ka`i t`a e>isagwgik`a gi`a l'exeic -po`u qrhsimopoio~untai metaforik'a, suqn`a peritte'uoun. <'Oso gi`a t`a -kefala~ia, j`a pr'epei n`a pros'exoume <'oti qrhsimopoio~untai m'onon -st`hn >arq`h prot'asewn ka`i kur'iwn >onom'atwn. D`en qrei'azetai n`a -mimo'umasje to`uc >Aggloamerik'anouc ka`i n`a gr'afoume <'olec t`ic -l'exeic t~wn t'itlwn m`e kefala~ia. >'Etsi t`o swst`o e>~inai n`a -gr'afoume: - -\vskip\baselineskip -\centerline{{\tengb Kef.\NB{}2: T`o je'wrhma to~u Jal~h ka`i sqetik`a -por'ismata}} - -\noindent ->ant`i to~u lanjasm'enou: - -\vskip\baselineskip -\centerline{{\tengb Kef.\NB{}2: T`o Je'wrhma to~u Jal~h ka`i Sqetik`a -Por'ismata}} - -\noindent -Beba'iwc, st`hn po'ihsh <h qr'hsh t~wn kefala'iwn e>~inai diaforetik'h; -pol\-lo`i s'ugqronoi poiht`ec xekino~un k'aje st'iqo touc m`e <'ena -kefala~io gr'amma. >Epeid`h o<i poi\-h\-t`ec p'anta >~htan >ekt`oc -sumbatik~wn kan'onwn, j`a pr'epei n`a sebasjo~ume t`hn >'apoy'h touc. - ->Ak'oma ka`i t`ic <uposhmei'wseic j`a pr'epei n`a t`ic >apofe'ugoume -st`o m'etro to~u dunato~u. O<i poll`ec <uposhmei'wseic >apospo~un t`hn -prosoq`h to~u >anagn'wsth >ap`o t`o k'urio ke'imeno ka`i, >epipl'eon, -d'inoun t`hn >ent'upwsh <'oti <o suggraf'eac d`en >'eqei sugkrothm'enh -sk'eyh! - -<'Ena shme~io >ak'oma po`u >apaite~i prosoq`h st`hn <etoimas'ia to~u -k'wdika {\rm\TeX} e>~inai <h >ap'o\-stro\-foc. >Arqik'a, t`o -{\rm\TeX} m~ac d'inei t`hn dunat'othta n`a xeqwr'izoume t`hn >ap'ostrofo ->ap`o t`hn yil'h. <H >ap'ostrofoc ('') lamb'anetai m`e t`on k'wdika -{\tt'{}'} ka`i e>~inai k'apwc megal'uterh >ap`o t`hn yil`h (>) po`u -lamb'anetai m`e t`on k'wdika\NB{\tt>}. >Ep'ishc, <'opou metax`u d'uo -l'exewn parousi'azetai >'ekjliyh (p.q., ((j''\NB>ako'usete)){}) >`h ->afa'iresh (p.q., ((mo~u ''fere)){}), t'ote met`a >`h pr`in t`hn ->ap'ostrofo >ant'istoiqa, paremb'aletai p'anta <'ena ken`o di'asthma, -dhl.\ o<i d'uo l'exeic pot`e d`en kollo~un <h m'ia >ep'anw st`hn >'allh. - T`o >ant'ijeto >isq'uei st`hn stoiqeiojes'ia >agglik~wn ka`i gallik~wn -keim'enwn, p.q. (({\rm$\,$C'est par l\`a qu'il s'est -envol\'e$\,$!}$\,$)) - -J`a kle'isoume <eto'uth t`hn suz'hthsh m`e d'uo l'ogia gi`a t`o -polutonik`o ka`i t`o monotonik'o. T`o n`a gr'afoume, n`a -daktulografo~ume >`h n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume t`a dik`a mac ke'imena m`e t`o -<'ena >`h t`o >'allo s'usthma e>~inai dik'h mac >epilog'h. <'Omwc -<'otan paraj'etoume st`o >'entup'o mac d'aneia qwr'ia >'allwn -suggraf'ewn j`a pr'epei n`a seb'omasje t`hn dik'h touc >epilog'h, dhl.\ -t`hn >emf'anish to~u prwtot'upou >ap`o <'opou t`a >antigr'afoume. ->'Etsi ka`i t`a >arqa~ia <ellhnik`a ke'imena j`a pr'epei p'anta n`a t`a -stoiqeiojeto~ume s'umfwna m`e t`o polutonik`o s'usthma ka`i t`hn dik`h -touc >orjograf'ia. Gi`a par'adeigma, st`hn kajare'uousa <h l'exh {\tengs -gl~wssa\/} pa'irnei perispwm'enh, >en~w st`o polutonik`o s'usthma t~hc -dhmotik~hc to~u Triantafull'idh g'inetai: {\tengs gl'wssa\/}! - -\subsection{<Ellhnik`a majhmatik`a} - -St`o kef'alaio 7, e>'idame p~wc mporo~ume n`a stoiqeiojeto~ume -majhmatik`ec >ekfr'aseic m`e t`o {\rm \TeX}\null. E>'idame gi`a -par'adeigma <'oti <o k'wdikac {\tt\$\\cos \^{}2 x = 1 - \\sin \^{}2 x\$} -j`a m~ac d'wsei: $\cos^2 x = 1 - \sin^2 x$\null. <O s'ugqronoc -majhmatik`oc sumbolism`oc te'inei n`a g'inei m'ia pagk'osmia gl'wssa. -Sunep~wc ka`i t`a n'ea <ellhnik`a bibl'ia t~wn majhmatik~wn -qrhsimopoio~un latinik`a s'umbola <'opwc $\cos$, $\log$, k.lp. T'i -g'inetai <'omwc st`hn per'iptwsh po`u k'apoioc >epim'enei n`a j'elei n`a -sumbol'isei t`o <hm'itono <wc ((hm))? A>ut`o ka`i merik`a >ak'oma -probl'hmata po`u sunant~a kane`ic kaj`wc stoiqeiojete~i <ellhnik`a -majhmatik`a ke'imena j`a t`a >exet'asoume s`e <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo. - -<H pi`o e>'ukolh l'ush st`o pr'oblhma to~u majhmatiko~u sumb'olou ((hm)) -e>~inai n`a qrhsimopoi'hsoume <'ena {\tt\\hbox} >ent`oc t~wn -majhmatik~wn. >'Etsi <o k'wdikac {\tt\$\\hbox\lb\\tengr hm\rb \^{}2 x = -1 - \\hbox\lb\\tengr sun\rb \^{}2 x\$} j`a m~ac d'wsei: $\hbox{\tengr -hm}^2 x = 1 - \hbox{\tengr sun}^2 x$\null. <Wst'oso a>ut`h <h l'u\-sh -d`en e>~inai <h pi`o >'omorfh, giat`i t`a diast'hmata po`u b'azei t`o -{\rm \TeX} g'urw >ap`o t`ic l'exeic--s'umbola ((hm)) ka`i ((sun)) d`en -e>~inai swst'a (par'' <'oti a>ut`o mpore~i n`a m`hn e>~inai ka`i t'oso ->emfan`ec). Gi`a n`a l'aboume swst`a diast'hmata, j`a pr'epei n`a -<or'isoume t`o ((hm)) ka`i t`o ((sun)) <wc l'exeic >el'egqou po`u ->antiproswpe'uoun e>idik`ec majhmatik`ec sunart'hseic ka`i t`ic <opo~iec -t`o {\rm \TeX} t`ic <ermhne'uei kat'allhla. A>ut`o g'inetai m`e t`hn -bo'hjeia t~hc l'exhc >el'egqou {\tt\\mathop}.\TeXref{361} P.q., m`e -{\tt\\def\\grsin\lb\\mathop\lb\\hbox\lb\\tengr hm\rb\rb\\nolimits\rb} ->'eqoume <or'isei m'ia n'ea sq'esh, t`hn {\tt\\grsin} po`u m~ac d'inei -t`o ((hm)). <H l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\nolimits} shma'inei p`wc t`o -s'umbolo ((hm)) d`en >'eqei >'anw >`h/ka`i k'atw <'orio, s`e >ant'ijesh -m`e >'alla (p.q., $\lim$, $\max$, k.>'a.)\ po`u mporo~un n`a ->'eqoun.\TeXref{144} Paromo'iwc mporo~ume n`a <or'isoume ka`i m'ia ->ant'istoiqh l'exh >el'egqou gi`a t`o ((sun)). <Or'iste <'ena pl~hrec -par'adeigma: -\toindex{mathop} -\toindex{nolimits} - -\beginuser -\\def\\grsin\lb\\mathop\lb\\hbox\lb\\tengr hm\rb\rb\\nolimits\rb -\\def\\grcos\lb\\mathop\lb\\hbox\lb\\tengr sun\rb\rb\\nolimits\rb -\$\$ \\grcos \^{}2 \\pi = \\grsin \^{}2 (\\pi / 2) = 1 \$\$ -\enduser - -\noindent -<O k'wdikac a>ut`oc d'inei: -\def\grsin{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr hm}}\nolimits} -\def\grcos{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr sun}}\nolimits} -$$ \grcos ^2 \pi = \grsin ^2 (\pi / 2) = 1 $$ - -<'Ena >ak'oma pr'oblhma po`u mpore~i n`a >antimetwp'isoume kaj`wc -stoiqeiojeto~ume <'ena <el\-lh\-ni\-k`o majhmatik`o ke'imeno e>~inai <h -dekadik`h <upodiastol'h. Gi`a to`uc >Aggloamerik'anouc, <h dekadik`h -<upodiastol`h sumbol'izetai m`e t`hn tele'ia; >e`an gr'ayoume {\tt\$e = -2.718\\ldots\$}, t`o {\rm\TeX} --- s`an gn'hsio >Amerikan'aki --- j`a -m~ac t`o stoiqeiojet'hsei qwr`ic kan'ena pr'oblhma: $ e = 2.718\ldots$ ->E`an gr'ayoume <'omwc {\tt\$e = 2,718\\ldots\$}, t'ote j`a l'aboume -<'ena mikr`o ken`o di'asthma met`a t`o k'omma: $e = 2,718\ldots$\space\ -Gi`a n`a >apof'ugoume a>ut`o t`o pr'oblhma, j`a pr'epei st`on k'wdika -n`a b'aloume t`o k'omma metax`u d'uo >agkul~wn, dhl.\ gr'afoume {\tt\$e -= 2\lb,\rb718\\ldots\$} gi`a n`a l'aboume $e = 2{,}718\ldots$ - -St`o kef'alaio 7 e>'idame >ak'oma <'oti <'ola t`a s'umbola metablht~wn -st`a majhmatik`a stoiqeiojeto~untai m`e pl'agiouc--kalligrafiko`uc -qarakt~hrec, >'etsi <'wste, p.q., n`a m`hn g'inetai s'ugqush metax`u -ginom'enwn ka`i kanoniko~u m`h majhmatiko~u keim'enou. <'Omwc t`a -kefala~ia <ellhnik`a gr'ammata d`en bga'inoun pl'agia; p.q., <o k'wdikac -{\tt\$\\Psi\$} d'inei: $\Psi$\null. T`a pl'agia <ellhnik`a kefala~ia -peri'eqontai s`e m'ia grammatoseir`a to~u {\rm\TeX} (ka`i >'oqi to~u -\greektex) po`u kale~itai m`e t`hn l'exh >el'egqou {\tt\\mit}. -Gr'afontac loip'on, {\tt\$\\widehat\lb AB\lb\\mit \\Gamma\rb\rb = \\pi / -2\$}, lamb'anoume: $\widehat{AB{\mit\Gamma}} = \pi / 2$. -\toindex{mit} - -Pr`in kle'isoume <eto'uth t`hn par'agrafo, >ax'izei n`a >anaferjo~ume -s`e <'ena >ap`o t`a pi`o suqn`a l'ajh po`u k'anoun o<i <'ellhnec -majhmatiko'i: >apokalo~un t`o s'umbolo t~hc merik~hc parag'wgou -((j~hta))! St`hn pragmatik'othta, t`o s'umbolo a>ut`o e>~inai m'ia -kalligrafik`h morf`h to~u la\-ti\-ni\-ko~u {\rm d} ka`i >'oqi t`o -kalligrafik`o j~hta. >Arke~i n`a dokim'asoume t`on >ak'oloujo k'wdika -{\tt\$\\partial \\neq \\vartheta\$} gi`a n`a >antilhfjo~ume t`hn -diafor'a: $\partial \neq \vartheta$\null. >Afo~u loip`on t`o {\rm\TeX} -m~ac t`o >epitr'epei, >`ac gr'afoume swst`a t`hn merik`h par'agwgo. - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste: -%%% \efptm = tan (in Greek: >efaptom'enh) -%%% \sfptm = cot (in Greek: sunefaptom'enh) -\def\efptm{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr ef}}\nolimits} -\def\sfptm{\mathop{\hbox{\tengr sf}}\nolimits} -$\efptm^2 (\pi / 6) = \sfptm^{-2} (\pi / 6) = 0{,}33333\ldots $ - -\exercise Stoiqeiojet~hste t`o >ak'oloujo <ellhnik`o ke'imeno: - -{\narrower\noindent ->'Estw k'wnou >isoskelo~uc b'asic <o $AB{\mit \Gamma}$ k'ukloc, koruf`h -d`e t`o $\mit \Delta$, ka`i di'hqjw tic e>ic a>ut`on e>uje'ia <h $A\mit -\Gamma$, ka`i >ap`o t~hc koruf~hc >ep`i t`a $A$, $\mit \Gamma$ ->epeze'uqjwsan a<i $A\mit \Delta$, $\mit \Delta\Gamma$; l'egw <'oti t`o -$A\mit \Delta\Gamma$ tr'igwnon >'ellas'on >estin t~hc >epifane'iac t~hc -kwnik~hc t~hc metax`u t~wn $A\mit \Delta\Gamma$. (>Arqim'hdhc, {\tengs -Per`i sfa'irac ka`i kul'indrou}, bibl'io A$'$,\NB{}j) - -} % end narrower - -\subsection{Mikr`oc >ep'ilogoc gi`a >ep'idoxouc stoiqeioj'etec} - -<H stoiqeiojes'ia d`en e>~inai e>'ukolh >ergas'ia. >Ak'oma ka`i m`e t`o -{\rm \TeX} poll`ec for`ec j`a qrei\-a\-sje~i n`a paideuto~ume -prokeim'enou n`a l'aboume <'ena a>isjhtik`a <wra~io >'entupo. Poll`ec -for`ec j`a qreiasje~i n`a pa'ixoume m`e <oriz'ontia ka`i katok'orufa -diast'hmata; >'allec for`ec j`a pr'epei n`a bo\-h\-j'h\-soume t`o -pr'ogramma st`on sullabism'o (e>idik`a <'otan t`o {\rm \TeX} d`en -gnwr'izei p~wc n`a sullab'isei <ellhnik`o ke'imeno); >'allec for`ec j`a -pr'epei n`a y'axoume t`ic a>it'iec po`u d`en m~ac d'inei a>ut`o po`u -to~u zht~ame (m'hpwc xeq'asame m'ia >agk'ulh >`h <'ena {\tt -\\par}?)\null. Qrei'azetai <upomon`h ka`i >epimon'h. T`a parak'atw -l'ogia to~u poiht~h Nt'inou Qristian'opoulou >`ac d'inoun kour'agio -s''\NB{}a>uto`uc po`u >agapo~un t`o >'entupo: - -{\narrower -<'Otan ni'wseic p`wc >~hrje pi`a <h <'wra gi`a t`o t'upwma --- ki >afo~u ->'eqeic pn'ixei pali'otera poll`ec par'omoiec >epijum'iec ka`i d`e -shk'wnei >'allh >anabol'h --- kajar'ograye t`a poi'hmat'a sou s`e <'ena -tetr'adio, dane'isou merik`a qili'arika ka`i parak'alese t`on f'ilo sou -n`a s`e bohj'hsei st`hn >'ekdosh. Spouda~io pr'ama n`a >'eqeic d'ipla -sou <'enan >'anjrwpo s`e mi`a t'etoia stigm'h. >Eg'w, <'otan -prwtoxek'inhsa m'onoc ki >'apeiroc, p~hga s`e <'ena tupografe~io, m`e -x'afrisan gi`a kal`a ka`i st`o t'eloc mo~u t'upwsan mi`a >ahd'ia. ->Arg'otera kat'alaba <'oti t`o bibl'io j'elei <ol'oklhrh ->arqitektonik'h. D`en e>~inai m'ono po`u pr'epei n`a dial'exeic -tupografe~io, qart'i, sq~hma, gr'ammata, di'ataxh; e>~inai prop'antwn -o<i diorj'wseic t~wn dokim'iwn, <o tromer`oc >ag'wnac m`e t`a -tupografik`a l'ajh. Pr'epei n`a e>ugnwmone~ic t`o f'ilo sou po`u s`a -qam'alhc >an'elabe <'olec t`ic diorj'wseic ka`i n`a m`hn paraponi'esai -p`wc to~u x'efugan du`o laj'akia. - -} % end narrower - -\medskip\leftline{\null\hskip 2.25in -\setbox1=\hbox{>Ekd.\ Diagwn'iou, Jessalon'ikh 1991, sel.\ 90--101.} -\vbox{% -\hbox to \wd1 {\hfil Nt'inoc Qristian'opouloc \hfil} -\hbox to \wd1 {\hfil ((Sumboul`ec s'' <'ena n'eo koum'asi)), -{\tengs <H k'atw b'olta},\hfil} -\box1 -}} - -\section{Kat'alogoc >akolouji~wn >el'egqou} - -Parak'atw d'inontai <'olec o<i >entol'ec (>akolouj'iec >el'egqou: -s'umbola ka`i l'exeic >el'egqou) po`u parousi'asjhkan st`o >egqeir'idio -a>ut'o. Gi`a periss'oterec leptom'ereiec, sumbouleuje~ite ka`i t`on ->ant'istoiqo jematik`o kat'alogo to~u {\sl \TeX book}. - -\vskip 2\baselineskip -\centerline{{\tengb S'umbola >el'egqou}} -\vskip\baselineskip - -\settabs \+ \hskip 1.5 in & \hskip 1.3in & \hskip 1.65in & \cr -{\tt -\+ \\\sp{} 4, 41 & \\!\ 41 & \\" 12 & \\' 12 \cr -\+ \\, 41, 47 & \\.\ 12 & \\/ 18 & \\; 41 \cr -\+ \\= 12 & \\> 41 & \\\# 11 & \\\$ 7, 11, 13 \cr -\+ \\\% 7, 11 & \\\& 11 & \\\char '173{} 11 & \\\char '175{} 11 \cr -\+ \\\underbar{ } 11 & \\` 12 & \\{\accent "7E} 11 & \\{\accent 94} 11, 12 \cr -\+ \\| 44, 49 \cr -} - -\vskip 2\baselineskip -\centerline{{\tengb L'exeic >el'egqou}} -\vskip\baselineskip - -{\tt -\+ \\AA 13 & \\aa 13 & \\acute 43 & \\AE 13 \cr -\+ \\ae 13 & \\aleph 44 & \\alpha 42 & \\angle 44 \cr -\+ \\approx 44 & \\arccos 49 & \\arcsin 49 & \\arctan 49 \cr -\+ \\arg 49 & \\ast 43 & \\b 13 & \\backslash 44 \cr -\+ \\bar 43 & \\baselineskip 25 & \\begingreek 93 &\\beta 42 \cr -\+ \\bf 17 & \\Biggl 48 & \\biggl 48 & \\Biggr 48 \cr -\+ \\biggr 48 & \\Bigl 48 & \\bigl 48 & \\Bigr 48 \cr -\+ \\bigr 48 & \\bigskip 29 & \\break 29 & \\breve 43 \cr -\+ \\bullet 43 & \\bye 4 & \\c 12 & \\cal 17, 45 \cr -\+ \\cap 43 & \\catcode 91 & \\cdot 43 & \\cdots 43 \cr -\+ \\centerline 29 & \\centreline 70 & \\char 96 & \\check 43 \cr -\+ \\chi 42 & \\circ 43 & \\columns 56 & \\cos 49 \cr -\+ \\cosh 49 & \\cot 49 & \\coth 49 & \\csc 49 \cr -\+ \\cup 43 & \\d 13 & \\dag 31 & \\ddag 31 \cr -\+ \\ddot 43 & \\def 64 & \\deg 49 & \\Delta 42 \cr -\+ \\delta 42 & \\det 49 & \\diamond 43 & \\digamma 96 \cr -\+ \\dim 49 & \\display 94 & \\div 43 & \\dot 43 \cr -\+ \\dotfill 58 & \\dots 15 & \\Downarrow 49 & \\downarrow 49 \cr -\+ \\eject 22 & \\ell 44 & \\enddisplay 94 & \\endgreek 93 \cr -\+ \\endinsert 28 & \\epsilon 42 & \\eqalign 54 & \\eqalignno 54 \cr -\+ \\eqno 54 & \\equiv 44 & \\eta 42 & \\exists 44 \cr -\+ \\exp 49 & \\flat 44 & \\folio 32 & \\font 18 \cr -\+ \\footline 32 & \\footnote 31 & \\forall 44 & \\Gamma 42 \cr -\+ \\gamma 42 & \\gcd 49 & \\geq 44 & \\gr 93 \cr -\+ \\grave 43 & \\greekdelims 94 & \\H 13 & \\halign 60 \cr -\+ \\hang 26 & \\hangafter 26 & \\hangindent 26 & \\hat 43 \cr -\+ \\hbadness 33 & \\hbox 83 & \\headline 32 & \\hfil 30 \cr -\+ \\hfill 29, 57 & \\hfuzz 34 & \\hoffset 23 & \\hom 49 \cr -\+ \\hrule 81 & \\hrulefill 58 & \\hsize 22 & \\hskip 30 \cr -\+ \\hyphenation 34 & \\i 12 & \\Im 44 & \\in 44 \cr -\+ \\inf 49 & \\infty 44 & \\input 78 & \\int 46 \cr -\+ \\iota 42 & \\it 17 & \\item 27 & \\itemitem 27 \cr -\+ \\j 12 & \\kappa 42 & \\ker 49 & \\Koppa 96 \cr -\+ \\koppa 96 & \\L 13 & \\l 13 & \\Lambda 42 \cr -\+ \\lambda 42 & \\langle 49 & \\lceil 49 & \\ldots 43 \cr -\+ \\left 52 & \\leftline 29 & \\leftskip 25 & \\leq 44 \cr -\+ \\leqalignno 55 & \\leqno 54 & \\let 70 & \\lfloor 49 \cr -\+ \\lg 49 & \\lim 46, 49 & \\liminf 49 & \\limsup 49 \cr -\+ \\line 29 & \\ln 49 & \\log 49 & \\lower 87 \cr -\+ \\magnification 23 & \\magstep 18 & \\math 94 & \\mathop 100 \cr -\+ \\matrix 52 & \\max 49 & \\medskip 29 & \\min 49 \cr -\+ \\mit 101 & \\moveleft 87 & \\moveright 62, 87 & \\mu 42 \cr -\+ \\nabla 44 & \\narrower 25 & \\natural 44 & \\neg 44 \cr -\+ \\ni 44 & \\noalign 61 & \\noindent 25 & \\nolimits 100 \cr -\+ \\nopagenumbers 6 & \\not 43 & \\nu 42 & \\null 16 \cr -\+ \\O 13 & \\o 13 & \\obeylines 30 & \\odot 43 \cr -\+ \\OE 13 & \\oe 13 & \\offinterlineskip 62 & \\Omega 42 \cr -\+ \\omega 42 & \\ominus 43 & \\oplus 43 & \\otimes 43 \cr -\+ \\over 45 & \\overfullrule 34 & \\overline 47 & \\P 31 \cr -\+ \\pageno 32 & \\par 9 & \\parallel 44 & \\parindent 25 \cr -\+ \\parshape 27 & \\parskip 25 & \\partial 44 & \\perp 44 \cr -\+ \\Phi 42 & \\phi 42 & \\Pi 42 & \\pi 42 \cr -\+ \\pmatrix 51 & \\Pr 49 & \\proclaim 50 & \\Psi 42 \cr -\+ \\psi 42 & \\qquad 41 & \\quad 41 & \\raggedright 30 \cr -\+ \\raise 87 & \\rangle 49 & \\rceil 49 & \\Re 44 \cr -\+ \\rfloor 49 & \\rho 42 & \\right 52 & \\rightline 29 \cr -\+ \\rightskip 25 & \\rm 17 & \\root 47 & \\S 31 \cr -\+ \\sampi 96 & scaled 18 & \\sec 49 & \\settabs 56 \cr -\+ \\sharp 44 & \\Sigma 42 & \\sigma 42 & \\sim 44 \cr -\+ \\simeq 44 & \\sin 49 & \\sinh 49 & \\sl 17 \cr -\+ \\smallskip 29 & \\sqrt 47 & \\ss 13 & \\star 43 \cr -\+ \\stigma 96 & \\strut 59 & \\subset 44 & \\subseteq 44 \cr -\+ \\sum 46 & \\sup 49 & \\supset 44 & \\supseteq 44 \cr -\+ \\surd 47 & \\t 13 & \\tan 49 & \\tanh 49 \cr -\+ \\tau 42 & \\tensor 70 & \\TeX 4 & \\the 32 \cr -\+ \\Theta 42 & \\theta 42 & \\tilde 43 & \\times 43 \cr -\+ \\to 45 & \\tolerance 34 & \\topinsert 28 & \\tt 17 \cr -\+ \\u 13 & \\underbar 48 & \\underline 47 & \\Uparrow 49 \cr -\+ \\uparrow 49 & \\Updownarrow 49 & \\updownarrow 49 & \\Upsilon 42 \cr -\+ \\upsilon 42 & \\v 13 & \\varepsilon 42 & \\varkoppa 96 \cr -\+ \\varphi 42 & \\varrho 42 & \\varsigma 42 & \\vartheta 42 \cr -\+ \\vbadness 35 & \\vbox 84 & \\vec 43 & \\vee 43 \cr -\+ \\vfill 22 & \\vglue 28 & \\voffset 23 & \\vrule 82 \cr -\+ \\vsize 23 & \\vtop 86 & \\wedge 43 & \\widehat 43 \cr -\+ \\widetilde 43 & \\Xi 42 & \\xi 42 & \\zeta 42 \cr -} - -\ifwritinganswers - \let\next=\relax -\else - \let\next=\endinput - \datestamp -\fi - -\next - -\def\beginliteral{ -\vskip\baselineskip -\begingroup -\obeylines -\tt -\catcode`\@=0\catcode`\~=12 -\catcode`\$=12\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\^=12\catcode`\#=12 -\catcode`\_=12\catcode`\=12 -\def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf} -\catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\%=12\catcode`\\=12 -} -\def\endliteral{\nobreak \vskip 6pt \endgroup} - - -\section{D~ws'' mou t`o q'eri sou} - -Parak'atw d'inontai o<i l'useic <orism'enwn >ask'hsewn. Poll`ec >ap`o -a>ut`ec t`ic >ask'hseic l'unontai m`e diaf'orouc tr'opouc. >E`an -protim~ate t`on dik'o sac tr'opo, t'ote m`hn dist'azete n`a t`on -qrhsimopoi'hsete --- >arke~i t`o >apot'elesma n`a s~ac <ikanopoie~i! -\vskip 2\baselineskip - -%%% Here we switch back to roman (DF) -\rm -\catcode`\~=13 -\parskip=0pt -\parindent=0pt -\begingroup\raggedright -\hbadness=10000 - -\hrule -\beginliteral -I like \TeX! -Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy to use. -You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. -@endliteral -I like \TeX! Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy -to use. You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? -@endliteral -Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63 \AA. -@endliteral -The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63 \AA. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note. -@endliteral -They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! -@endliteral -\'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? -@endliteral -Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -Mein Tee ist hei\ss. -@endliteral -Mein Tee ist hei\ss. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. -@endliteral -Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -?@begingroup`@endgroup Por qu\'e no bebes vino blanco? !@begingroup`@endgroup Porque est\'a avinagrado! -@endliteral -?`Por qu\'e no bebes vino blanco? !`Porque est\'a avinagrado! -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en wordt niet be\"\i nvloed. -@endliteral -M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en wordt niet be\"\i nvloed. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral - Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? -@endliteral - Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral - T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? -@endliteral - T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral - I entered the room and---horrors---I saw both my father-in-law and my -mother-in-law. -@endliteral - I entered the room and---horrors---I saw both my father-in-law and my -mother-in-law. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -The winter of 1484--1485 was one of discontent. -@endliteral -The winter of 1484--1485 was one of discontent. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. -@endliteral -His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral - Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that can't say `No!'?'' -@endliteral - Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that can't say `No!'?'' -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral - He thought, ``\dots and this goes on forever, perhaps to the last recorded -syllable.'' -@endliteral - He thought, ``\dots and this goes on forever, perhaps to the last recorded -syllable.'' -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral - Have you seen Ms.~Jones? -@endliteral - Have you seen Ms.~Jones? -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -Prof.~Smith and Dr.~Gold flew from -Halifax N.~S. to Montr\'eal, P.~Q. via Moncton, N.~B. -@endliteral -Prof.~Smith and Dr.~Gold flew from -Halifax N.~S. to Montr\'eal, P.~Q. via Moncton, N.~B. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil @centre \hfil -right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} -@endliteral -\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil \centre{} \hfil -right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\line{left \hfil \hfil right-@centre \hfil right} -@endliteral -\line{left \hfil \hfil right-\centre{} \hfil right} -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\line{\hskip 1 in ONE \hfil TWO \hfil THREE} -@endliteral -\line{\hskip 1 in ONE \hfil TWO \hfil THREE} -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -i{f}f if{}f if{f} -@endliteral -i{f}f if{}f if{f} -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -I started with roman type {\it switched to italic type}, and -returned to roman type. -@endliteral -I started with roman type {\it switched to italic type}, and -returned to roman type. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$ -@endliteral -$C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ -$$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$$ -@endliteral -$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ -$$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ -$$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$$ -@endliteral -$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ -$$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ -$$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$$ -@endliteral -$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ -$$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ -$$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$$ -@endliteral -$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ -$$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee (x\wedge z)$ -@endliteral -$x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee (x\wedge z)$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$ -@endliteral -$2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. -@endliteral -$\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. -@endliteral -$\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. -@endliteral -$(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c}\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+ -{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. -@endliteral -${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c}\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+ -{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over -\partial y} f(x,y) = 0$? -@endliteral -What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over -\partial y} f(x,y) = 0$? -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 -\quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. -@endliteral -$e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 -\quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2}+ {\partial^2 f \over -\partial y^2}$. -@endliteral -$\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2}+ {\partial^2 f \over -\partial y^2}$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. -@endliteral -$\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. -@endliteral -The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. -@endliteral -$\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. -@endliteral -$\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. -@endliteral -$\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. -@endliteral -$\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. -@endliteral -$\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. -@endliteral -$\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil -\bigr \rfloor$. -@endliteral -$\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil -\bigr \rfloor$. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta -\quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. -@endliteral -$\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta -\quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C -\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 -\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ -@endliteral -$$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C -\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 -\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ -@endliteral -$$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. -@endliteral -\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. - -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\proclaim Proposition 1. -$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq -{1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. -@endliteral -\proclaim Proposition 1. -$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq -{1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. - -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ -1 &0 &0 &0 \cr -0 &1 &0 &0 \cr -0 &0 &1 &0 \cr -0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ -@endliteral -$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ -1 &0 &0 &0 \cr -0 &1 &0 &0 \cr -0 &0 &1 &0 \cr -0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ -x & x \ge 0 \cr --x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ -@endliteral -$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ -x & x \ge 0 \cr --x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr -\+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr -\+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr -\+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr -\+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr -\+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr -\+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr -\+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr -\+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr -\+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr -\+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr -\+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr -\+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr -@endliteral -\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr -\+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr -\+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr -\+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr -\+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr -\+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr -\+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr -\+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr -\+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr -\+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr -\+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr -\+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr -\+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\settabs \+ \hskip 4.5 in & \cr -\+Getting Started \dotfill &1 \cr -\+All Characters Great and Small \dotfill &9 \cr -@endliteral -\settabs \+ \hskip 4.5 in & \cr -\+Getting Started \dotfill &1 \cr -\+All Characters Great and Small \dotfill &9 \cr -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr -\moveright 2 in -\vbox{ -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -} -@endliteral -\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr -\moveright 2 in -\vbox{ -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm - & \vrule height 1 cm \cr -\hrule width 3 cm -} -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -\def\boxtext#1{% -\vbox{% - \hrule - \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% - \hrule - }% -} -\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip -\hbox{\boxtext{6}\boxtext{1}\boxtext {8}} -\hbox{\boxtext{7}\boxtext{5}\boxtext{3}} -\hbox{\boxtext{2}\boxtext{9}\boxtext{4}} -} -@endliteral -\def\boxtext#1{% -\vbox{% - \hrule - \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% - \hrule - }% -} -\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip -\hbox{\boxtext 6\boxtext 1\boxtext 8} -\hbox{\boxtext 7\boxtext 5\boxtext 3} -\hbox{\boxtext 2\boxtext 9\boxtext 4} -} -\vskip \baselineskip \hrule - -\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule -\beginliteral -{\leftskip=2in\obeylines\tengr -\qquad n'oon d`e \digamma a'utw -p'ampan >a'errei -} -@endliteral -{\leftskip=2in\obeylines\tengr -\qquad n'oon d`e \digamma a'utw -p'ampan >a'errei -} -\endgroup % end raggedright - -\datestamp -\bye |