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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/chinese/lshort-chinese/src/things.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/chinese/lshort-chinese/src/things.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fe3dfc38fb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/chinese/lshort-chinese/src/things.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1197 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% Contents: Things you need to know +% $Id: things.tex,v 1.2 2003/03/19 20:57:47 oetiker Exp $ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%中文~4.20~翻译:Frogge@bbs.ctex +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%\chapter{Things You Need to Know} +\chapter{基础知识} +%\begin{intro} +%The first part of this chapter presents a short overview of the +%philosophy and history of \LaTeXe. The second part focuses on the +%basic structures of a \LaTeX{} document. After reading this chapter, +%you should have a rough knowledge of how \LaTeX{} works, which you +%will need to understand the rest of this book. +%\end{intro} +\begin{intro} +本章的第一部分给出了 \LaTeXe{} 原理及历史的简短介绍。第二部分集中讲 +解 \LaTeX{} 文档的基本结构。读完本章之后,你应该大致了解 \LaTeX{} 的工作原理,这对你理解 +本书的其余部分来说是必须的。 +\end{intro} + +%\section{The Name of the Game} +\section{游戏的名目} +%\subsection{\TeX} +\subsection{\TeX} + +%\TeX{} is a computer program created by \index{Knuth, Donald +%E.}Donald E. Knuth \cite{texbook}. It is aimed at typesetting text +%and mathematical formulae. Knuth started writing the \TeX{} +%typesetting engine in 1977 to explore the potential of the digital +%printing equipment that was beginning to infiltrate the publishing +%industry at that time, especially in the hope that he could reverse +%the trend of deteriorating typographical quality that he saw +%affecting his own books and articles. \TeX{} as we use it today was +%released in 1982, with some slight enhancements added in 1989 to +%better support 8-bit characters and multiple languages. \TeX{} is +%renowned for being extremely stable, for running on many different +%kinds of computers, and for being virtually bug free. The version +%number of \TeX{} is converging to $\pi$ and is now at $3.141592$. + +\TeX{} 是 \index{Knuth, Donald E.}Donald E. +Knuth 编写的一个以排版文章及数学公式为目标的计算机程序 \cite{texbook}。1977 年,在意识到恶劣的排版质量正在影响自己的著 +作及文章后,Knuth 开始编写 \TeX{} 排版系统引擎,探索当时开始进入出版工业的数字印刷设备的潜力,尤为希望能扭转排版质量下滑 +的这一趋势。我们现在使用的 \TeX{} 系统发布于 1982 年,在 1989 年又稍做改进,增加了对 8 字节字符及多语言的支 +持。\TeX{} 以其卓越的稳定性、可在不同类型的电脑上运行以及几乎没有缺 +陷而著称。\TeX{} 的版本号不断趋近于 $\pi$,现在为 3.141592。 + +%\TeX{} is pronounced ``Tech,'' with a ``ch'' as in the German word +%``Ach''\footnote{In german there are actually two pronounciations +%for ``ch'' and one might assume that the soft ``ch'' sound from +%``Pech'' would be a more appropriate. Asked about this, Knuth wrote +%in the German Wikipedia: \emph{I do not get angry when people +%pronounce \TeX{} in their favorite way \ldots{} and in Germany many +%use a soft ch because the X follows the vowel e, not the harder ch +%that follows the vowel a. In Russia, `tex' is a very common word, +%pronounced `tyekh'. But I believe the most proper pronunciation is +%heard in Greece, where you have the harsher ch of ach and Loch.}} or +%in the Scottish ``Loch.'' The ``ch'' originates from the Greek +%alphabet where X is the letter ``ch'' or ``chi''. \TeX{} is also the +%first syllable of the Greek word texnologia (technology). In an +%ASCII environment, \TeX{} becomes \texttt{TeX}. + +\TeX{} 发音为 ``Tech'',其中 ``ch'' 和德语 ``Ach''\footnote{在德语中,``ch'' 有两种发音,有的人可能认为 ``Pech'' 中 +较软的 ``ch'' 更加合适。被问及这个问题时,Knuth 在德文 Wikipedia 中写道: \textsf{ +当人们以他们喜欢的方式来拼读 \TeX{} 时,我并不感到生气……在德国,更多的人喜欢较软的 ch,因为 X 跟 +在元音 e 的后面。在俄语中,`tex' 是一个非常普遍的单词,读作 `tyekh'。但我相信最合适的发音来自希腊 +语,其中 ach 和 Loch 中 ch 的发音稍尖。}} 及苏格兰语 ``Loch'' 中的 ``ch'' 类似。``ch'' 源自希腊字母,希腊文中,X 是字 +母 ``ch'' 或 ``chi''。 \TeX{} 同时也是希腊单词 texnologia (technology) 的第一个音节。在 \texttt{ASCII} 文本环 +境中,\TeX{} 写作 \texttt{TeX}。 + + +\subsection{\LaTeX} +%\LaTeX{} is a macro package that enables authors to typeset and +%print their work at the highest typographical quality, using a +%predefined, professional layout. \LaTeX{} was originally written by +%\index{Lamport, Leslie}Leslie Lamport \cite{manual}. It uses the +%\TeX{} formatter as its typesetting engine. These days \LaTeX{} is +%maintained by \index{Mittelbach, Frank}Frank Mittelbach. + +\LaTeX{} 是一个宏集,它使用一个预先定义好的专业版面,可以使作者们高质量的排版和打印他们的作品。\LaTeX{} 最初 +由 \index{Lamport, Leslie}Leslie +Lamport 编写 \cite{manual},它使用 \TeX{} 程序作为排版引擎。现 +在 \LaTeX{} 由 \index{Mittelbach, Frank}Frank Mittelbach 负责维护。 + +%In 1994 the \LaTeX{} package was updated by the \index{LaTeX3@\LaTeX +% 3}\LaTeX 3 team, led by \index{Mittelbach, Frank}Frank Mittelbach, +%to include some long-requested improvements, and to re\-unify all the +%patched versions which had cropped up since the release of +%\index{LaTeX 2.09@\LaTeX{} 2.09}\LaTeX{} 2.09 some years earlier. To +%distinguish the new version from the old, it is called \index{LaTeX +%2e@\LaTeXe}\LaTeXe. This documentation deals with \LaTeXe. These days you +%might be hard pressed to find the venerable \LaTeX{} 2.09 installed +%anywhere. + +%\LaTeX{} is pronounced ``Lay-tech'' or ``Lah-tech.'' If you refer to +%\LaTeX{} in an \texttt{ASCII} environment, you type \texttt{LaTeX}. +%\LaTeXe{} is pronounced ``Lay-tech two e'' and typed +%\texttt{LaTeX2e}. + +\LaTeX{} 的发音为 ``Lay-tech'' 或 ``Lah-tech''。 +如果在 \texttt{ASCII} 环境中引用 \LaTeX{},你可以输入 \texttt{LaTeX}。 +\LaTeXe{} 的发音为 ``Lay-tech two e'',在 \texttt{ASCII} 环境中写作 \texttt{LaTeX2e}。 + + +%Figure \ref{components} above % on page \pageref{components} +%shows how \TeX{} and \LaTeXe{} work together. This figure is taken from +%\texttt{wots.tex} by Kees van der Laan. + +%\begin{figure}[btp] +%\begin{lined}{0.8\textwidth} +%\begin{center} +%\input{kees.fig} +%\end{center} +%\end{lined} +%\caption{Components of a \TeX{} System.} \label{components} +%\end{figure} + +%\section{Basics} +\section{基础} + +%\subsection{Author, Book Designer, and Typesetter} +\subsection{作者、图书设计者和排版者} +%To publish something, authors give their typed manuscript to a +%publishing company. One of their book designers then +%decides the layout of the document (column width, fonts, space before +%and after headings, \ldots). The book designer writes his instructions +%into the manuscript and then gives it to a typesetter, who typesets the +%book according to these instructions. + +出版的第一步就是作者把打好字的手稿交给出版公司,然后由图书设计者来决定整个文档的布局(栏宽、字体、标题前后的间距、……)。图书 +设计者会把他的排版说明写进作者的手稿里,再交给排版者,由排版者根 +据这些说明来排版全书。 + +%A human book designer tries to find out what the author had in mind +%while writing the manuscript. He decides on chapter headings, +%citations, examples, formulae, etc.\ based on his professional +%knowledge and from the contents of the manuscript. + +一个图书设计者要试图理解作者写作时的意图。他要根据手稿的内容 +和他自己的职业知识来决定章节标题、文献引用、例子及公式等等。 + +%In a \LaTeX{} environment, \LaTeX{} takes the role of the book +%designer and uses \TeX{} as its typesetter. But \LaTeX{} is ``only'' a +%program and therefore needs more guidance. The author has to provide +%additional information to describe the logical structure of his +%work. This information is written into the text as ``\LaTeX{} +%commands.'' + +在一个 \LaTeX{} 环境中,\LaTeX{} 充当了图书设计者的角色,而 \TeX{} 则是其排版者。但是 \LaTeX “仅仅”是 +一个程序,因此它需要很多的指导。作者必须提供额外的信息,来描述其著作的逻辑结构。这些信息是以 “\LaTeX{} 命令” 的形 +式写入文档中的。 + +%This is quite different from the \wi{WYSIWYG}\footnote{What you see is +% what you get.} approach that most modern word processors, such as +%\emph{MS Word} or \emph{Corel WordPerfect}, take. With these +%applications, authors specify the document layout interactively while +%typing text into the computer. They can see on the +%screen how the final work will look when it is printed. +\hyphenation{WordPerfect} +这和大多数现代文字处理工具,如 \emph{MS Word} 及 \emph{Corel +WordPerfect} 所采用的所见即所得 (\wi{WYSIWYG}\footnote{What you see +is what you +get.}) 的方式有很大区别。使用这些工具时,作者在向计算机中输入文档的同时,通过互 +动的方式确定文章的布局。作者可以从屏幕上看到作品的最终打印效果。 + +%When using \LaTeX{} it is not normally possible to see the final output +%while typing the text, but the final output can be previewed on the +%screen after processing the file with \LaTeX. Then corrections can be +%made before actually sending the document to the printer. + +而使用 \LaTeX 时,一般是不能在输入文档的同时看到最终的输出效果的,但是使用 \LaTeX 处理文档之后,便可以在屏幕上预览 +最终的输出效果。因此在真正打印文档之前还是可以做出改正的。 + +%\subsection{Layout Design} +\subsection{版面设计} + +%Typographical design is a craft. Unskilled authors often commit +%serious formatting errors by assuming that book design is mostly a +%question of aesthetics---``If a document looks good artistically, +%it is well designed.'' But as a document has to be read and not hung +%up in a picture gallery, the readability and understandability is +%much more important than the beautiful look of it. +%Examples: +%\begin{itemize} +%\item The font size and the numbering of headings have to be chosen to make +% the structure of chapters and sections clear to the reader. +%\item The line length has to be short enough not to strain +% the eyes of the reader, while long enough to fill the page +% beautifully. +%\end{itemize} + +排版设计是一门工艺。不熟练的作者认为书籍设计仅仅是个美学问题,因而经常会犯严重的格式错误 \pozhehao “如果一份文档从艺术的 +角度看起来不错,那么它的设计就是成功的”。不过作为一份用来阅读而不是挂在画廊里的文档,可读性和可理解性远比漂亮的 +外观重要。例如: +\begin{itemize} +\item 必须选定字号和标题的序号,使读者能清楚的理解章节的结构。 +\item +每一行既要足够短以避免读者眼睛疲劳,又要足够长以维持页面的美观。 +\end{itemize} + +%With \wi{WYSIWYG} systems, authors often generate aesthetically +%pleasing documents with very little or inconsistent structure. +%\LaTeX{} prevents such formatting errors by forcing the author to +%declare the \emph{logical} structure of his document. \LaTeX{} then +%chooses the most suitable layout. + +在使用所见即所得系统 (\wi{WYSIWYG}) 时,作者经常会写出一些看上去漂亮,但结构欠清晰或不连贯的文章来。\LaTeX{} 通过强制 +作者声明文档的\textbf{逻辑}结构,来避免这些排版格式错误。然后,\LaTeX{} 再根据文档的结构选择最合适的版面格式。 + +%\subsection{Advantages and Disadvantages} +\subsection{优势和不足} + +%When people from the \wi{WYSIWYG} world meet people who use \LaTeX{}, +%they often discuss ``the \wi{advantages of \LaTeX{}} over a normal +%word processor'' or the opposite. The best thing you can do when such +%a discussion starts is to keep a low profile, since such discussions +%often get out of hand. But sometimes you cannot escape \ldots + +使用所见即所得 (\wi{WYSIWYG}) 的人和使用 \LaTeX{} 的人遇到一起时,他们经常讨论的话题 +就是“相比一般文字处理软件,\LaTeX{} 的优势 (\wi{advantages of +\LaTeX{}})”或者不足。当 +这样的讨论开始时,你最好保持低调,因为讨论往往会失控。但有时你也不能逃避…… + +%\medskip\noindent So here is some ammunition. The main advantages +%of \LaTeX{} over normal word processors are the following: + +下面便是一些武器。\LaTeX{} 优于一般文字处理软件之处可归纳如下: + +%\begin{itemize} +% +%\item Professionally crafted layouts are available, which make a +% document really look as if ``printed.'' +%\item The typesetting of mathematical formulae is supported in a +% convenient way. +%\item Users only need to learn a few easy-to-understand commands +% that specify the logical structure of a document. They almost never +% need to tinker with the actual layout of the document. +%\item Even complex structures such as footnotes, references, table of +% contents, and bibliographies can be generated easily. +%\item Free add-on packages exist for many typographical tasks not directly supported by basic +% \LaTeX. For example, packages are +% available to include \PSi{} graphics or to typeset +% bibliographies conforming to exact standards. Many of these add-on +% packages are described in \companion. +%\item \LaTeX{} encourages authors to write well-structured texts, +% because this is how \LaTeX{} works---by specifying structure. +%\item \TeX, the formatting engine of \LaTeXe, is highly portable and free. +% Therefore the system runs on almost any hardware platform +% available. +% +%% +%% Add examples ... +%% +%\end{itemize} + +\begin{itemize} + +\item 提供专业的版面设计,可以使一份文档看起来就像“印刷品”一样。 +\item 可以方便的排版数学公式。 +\item +用户只需要学一些声明文档逻辑结构的简单易懂的命令,而不必对文档的实际版面修修补补。 +\item 可以容易的生成像脚注、引用、目录和参考文献等很多复杂的结构。 +\item 很多不被基本 \LaTeX 支持的排版工作,可以由添加免费的宏包来完成。例如,支持在文件中插入 \PSi{} 格式图像的宏包及排版 +符合各类准确标准的参考文献的宏包等。很多这类宏包在 \companion 中都有说明。 +\item +\LaTeX{} 鼓励作者按照合理的结构写作,因为 \LaTeX{} 就是通过指明文档结构来进行排版工作的。 +\item \TeX{},作为 \LaTeXe 的排版引擎,不仅免费,而且具有很高的可移植性,几乎可以在任何硬件平台上运行。 + +% +% Add examples ... +% +\end{itemize} + +\medskip + +%\noindent\LaTeX{} also has some disadvantages, and I guess it's a +%bit difficult for me to find any sensible ones, though I am sure +%other people can tell you hundreds \texttt{;-)} + +\noindent\LaTeX{} 也有一些不足之处。尽管我可以确定别人可以列出几百条,我自己却很难找到一些比较理智的 \texttt{;-)} + +%\begin{itemize} +%\item \LaTeX{} does not work well for people who have sold their +% souls \ldots +%\item Although some parameters can be adjusted within a predefined +% document layout, the design of a whole new layout is difficult and +% takes a lot of time.\footnote{Rumour says that this is one of the +% key elements that will be addressed in the upcoming \LaTeX 3 +% system.}\index{LaTeX3@\LaTeX 3} +%\item It is very hard to write unstructured and disorganized documents. +%\item Your hamster might, despite some encouraging first steps, never be +%able to fully grasp the concept of Logical Markup. +%\end{itemize} + +\begin{itemize} +\item 没有原则的人不能使用 \LaTeX{} 很好地工作…… +\item 尽管可以调节预先定义好的文档版面布局中的一些参数,但设计一个全新的版面还是很困难的,并会耗费大量时 +间\footnote{传闻这将是未来的 \LaTeX 3 系统中的一个重要组成部分。}。 +\index{LaTeX3@\LaTeX 3} +\item 很难用 \LaTeX{} 来写结构不明、组织无序的文档。 +\item 即使有一个令人鼓舞的开端,你也可能无法完全掌握其精髓。 +\end{itemize} + +%\section{\LaTeX{} Input Files} +\section{\LaTeX{} 源文件} + +%The input for \LaTeX{} is a plain \texttt{ASCII} text file. You can create it +%with any text editor. It contains the text of the document, as well as +%the commands that tell \LaTeX{} how to typeset the text. + +\LaTeX{} 源文件为普通的 \texttt{ASCII} 文件,你可以使用任何文本编辑器来创建。\LaTeX{} 源文件不仅包含了 +要排版的文本,而且也包含了告诉 \LaTeX{} 如何排版这些文本内容的命令。 + +%\subsection{Spaces} +\subsection{空白距离} + +%``Whitespace'' characters, such as blank or tab, are +%treated uniformly as ``\wi{space}'' by \LaTeX{}. \emph{Several +% consecutive} \wi{whitespace} characters are treated as \emph{one} +%``space.'' Whitespace at the start of a line is generally ignored, and +%a single line break is treated as ``whitespace.'' +%\index{whitespace!at the start of a line} + +空格和制表符等空白字符在 \LaTeX{} 中被看作相同的空白距离 (\wi{space})。{\textbf +多}个连续的空白字符等同于\textbf{一}个空白字符。在句首的 +空白距离一般会被忽略,单个空行也被认为是一个“空白距离”。 +\index{whitespace!at the start of a line} + + +%An empty line between two lines of text defines the end of a +%paragraph. \emph{Several} empty lines are treated the same as +%\emph{one} empty line. The text below is an example. On the left hand +%side is the text from the input file, and on the right hand side is the +%formatted output. + +两行文本间的空白行标志着上段的结束和下段的开始。{\textbf +多}个空白行的作用等同于\textbf{一}个空白行。下面便是一个例子,左边 +是源文件中的文本,右边是排版后的结果。 + +\begin{example} +It does not matter whether you +enter one or several spaces +after a word. + +An empty line starts a new +paragraph. +\end{example} + +%\subsection{Special Characters} +\subsection{特殊字符} + +%The following symbols are \wi{reserved characters} that either have +%a special meaning under \LaTeX{} or are not available in all the +%fonts. If you enter them directly in your text, they will normally +%not print, but rather coerce \LaTeX{} to do things you did not +%intend. + +下面的这些字符是 \LaTeX{} 中的保留字符 (\wi{reserved +characters}),它们或在 \LaTeX{} 中有特殊的意义,或不一定存在于所有字库中。如果你直接在文本中 +输入这些字符,通常它们不会被输出,而且还会导致 \LaTeX{} 做一些你不希望发生的事情。 +\begin{code} +\verb.# $ % ^ & _ { } \ . %$ +\end{code} + +%As you will see, these characters can be used in your documents all +%the same by adding a prefix backslash: + +如你看到的,在这些字符前加上反斜线,它们就可以正常的输出到文档中。 + +\begin{example} +\# \$ \% \^{} \& \_ \{ \} \ {} +\end{example} + +%The other symbols and many more can be printed with special commands +%in mathematical formulae or as accents. The backslash character +%$\backslash$ can \emph{not} be entered by adding another backslash +%in front of it (\verb|\\|); this sequence is used for +%line breaking.\footnote{Try the \texttt{\$}\ci{backslash}\texttt{\$} command instead. It +% produces a `$\backslash$'.} + +其他一些特殊符号可以由数学环境中的特殊命令或重音命令得到。反斜线 $\backslash$ {\textbf +不}能通过在其前面加另一个反斜线得 +到 (\verb|\\|);这是一个用来换行的命令\footnote{试试 \texttt{\$}\ci{backslash}\texttt{\$} 命令,它将生成一个 `$\backslash$'。}。 + +%\subsection{\LaTeX{} Commands} +\subsection{\LaTeX{} 命令} + +%\LaTeX{} \wi{commands} are case sensitive, and take one of the +%following two formats: + +\LaTeX{} 命令 (\wi{commands}) 是大小写敏感的,有以下两种格式: +%\begin{itemize} +%\item They start with a \wi{backslash} \verb|\| and then have a name +% consisting of letters only. Command names are terminated by a +% space, a number or any other `non-letter.' +%\item They consist of a backslash and exactly one non-letter. +%\end{itemize} +\begin{itemize} +\item 以一个反斜线 (\wi{backslash}) \verb|\| 开始,命令名只由字母组成。命令名后的空格符、数字或任何非字母的字符都标志着该命令的结束。 +\item 由一个反斜线和非字母的字符组成。 +\end{itemize} + +% +% \\* doesn't comply ! +% + +% +% Can \3 be a valid command ? (jacoboni) +% +\label{whitespace} + +%\LaTeX{} ignores whitespace after commands. If you want to get a +%\index{whitespace!after commands}space after a command, you have to +%put either \verb|{}| and a blank or a special spacing command after the +%command name. The \verb|{}| stops \LaTeX{} from eating up all the space after +%the command name. + +\LaTeX{} 忽略命令之后的空白字符。如果你希望在命令后得到一个空 +格,可以在命令后加上 \verb|{}| 和一个空格,或加上一个特殊的空格命令。\verb|{}| 将阻止 \LaTeX{} 吃掉命令后的所有空格。 +\index{whitespace!after commands} + +\begin{example} +I read that Knuth divides the +people working with \TeX{} into +\TeX{}nicians and \TeX perts.\\ +Today is \today. +\end{example} + +%Some commands need a \wi{parameter}, which has to be given between +%\wi{curly braces} \verb|{ }| after the command name. Some commands support +%\wi{optional parameters}, which are added after the command name in +%\wi{square brackets} \verb|[ ]|. The next examples use some \LaTeX{} +%commands. Don't worry about them; they will be explained later. + +有些命令需要一个参数 (\wi{parameter}),该参数用花括号 (\wi{curly +braces}) \verb|{ }| 括住并写在命令的后面。一些命令支持可选参数 (\wi{optional +parameters}),可 选参数可用方括号 (\wi{square brackets}) \verb|[ ]| 括住, +然后写在命令的后面。下面的例子中使用了一些 \LaTeX{} 命令,不要着急,后面 +将解释它们的含义。 + +\begin{example} +You can \textsl{lean} on me! +\end{example} +\begin{example} +Please, start a new line +right here!\newline +Thank you! +\end{example} + +%\subsection{Comments} +\subsection{注释} +\index{comments} + +%When \LaTeX{} encounters a \verb|%| character while processing an input file, +%it ignores the rest of the present line, the line break, and all +%whitespace at the beginning of the next line. + +当 \LaTeX{} 处理一个源文件时,如果遇到一个百分号 \verb|%|,\LaTeX{} 将忽略 \verb|%| 后的该行内容,换行符以及下 +一行前的空白字符。 + +%This can be used to write notes into the input file, which will not show up +%in the printed version. + +我们可以据此在源文件中写一些注释,而且这些注释并不会出现在最后的排版结果中。 + +\begin{example} +This is an % stupid +% Better: instructive <---- +example: Supercal% + ifragilist% + icexpialidocious +\end{example} + +%The \texttt{\%} character can also be used to split long input lines where no +%whitespace or line breaks are allowed. + +符号 \texttt{\%} 也可以用来断开不能含有空白字符或换行符的较长输入内容。 + +%For longer comments you could use the \ei{comment} environment +%provided by the \pai{verbatim} package. This means, that you have to add the +%line \verb|\usepackage{verbatim}| to the preamble of your document as +%explained below before you can use this command. + +如果注释的内容较长,你可以使用 \pai{verbatim} 宏包提供的 \ei{comment} 环境。当然,在使用该环境前,你要在文档的 +导言区 (后面将会解释其含义) 加上命令 \verb|\usepackage{verbatim}|。 +\begin{example} +This is another +\begin{comment} +rather stupid, +but helpful +\end{comment} +example for embedding +comments in your document. +\end{example} + +%Note that this won't work inside complex environments, like math for example. +需要注意的是以上做法在数学环境等复杂环境中不起作用。 + +%\section{Input File Structure} +\section{源文件的结构}\label{inputfilestructure} + +%When \LaTeXe{} processes an input file, it expects it to follow a +%certain \wi{structure}. Thus every input file must start with the +%command + +当 \LaTeXe{} 处理源文件时,它希望源文件遵从一定的结构 (\wi{structure})。因此,每个源文件都要以如下命令开始 +\begin{code} +\verb|\documentclass{...}| +\end{code} +%This specifies what sort of document you intend to write. After +%that, you can include commands that influence the style of the whole +%document, or you can load \wi{package}s that add new features to the +%\LaTeX{} system. To load such a package you use the command +这条命令指明了你所写的源文档的类型。然后,你就可以加入控制整篇文档样式的命令,或者载入一些为 \LaTeX{} 增加新特性 +的宏包 (\wi{package})。可以用如下命令载入一个宏包 +\begin{code} +\verb|\usepackage{...}| +\end{code} + +%When all the setup work is done,\footnote{The area between \texttt{\bs +% documentclass} and \texttt{\bs +% begin$\mathtt{\{}$document$\mathtt{\}}$} is called the +% \emph{\wi{preamble}}.} you start the body of the text with the +%command + +当完成所有的设置工作后\footnote{在 \texttt{\bs + documentclass} 和 \texttt{\bs + begin$\mathtt{\{}$document$\mathtt{\}}$}之间的部分称作\textbf{导言区} (\wi{preamble})。},你可以用下面的命令开始文档的主体 +\begin{code} +\verb|\begin{document}| +\end{code} + +%Now you enter the text mixed with some useful \LaTeX{} commands. At +%the end of the document you add the + +现在你就可以输入带有 \LaTeX{} 命令的正文了。在文章末尾使用命令 +\begin{code} +\verb|\end{document}| +\end{code} +%command, which tells \LaTeX{} to call it a day. Anything that +%follows this command will be ignored by \LaTeX. +来告诉 \LaTeX{} 文档已经结束。\LaTeX{} 会忽略此命令后的所有内容。 + +%Figure \ref{mini} shows the contents of a minimal \LaTeXe{} file. A +%slightly more complicated \wi{input file} is given in +%Figure \ref{document}. + +图 \ref{mini} 显示的是一个简单的 \LaTeXe 文档的结构。一个较为复杂的源文件 (\wi{input +file}) 结构如图 \ref{document} 所示。 + +\begin{figure}[!bp] +\begin{lined}{6cm} +\begin{verbatim} +\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +Small is beautiful. +\end{document} +\end{verbatim} +\end{lined} +\caption{一个简单的 \LaTeX{} 源文件。} \label{mini} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[!bp] +\begin{lined}{10cm} +\begin{verbatim} +\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article} +% define the title +\author{H. Partl} +\title{Minimalism} +\begin{document} +% generates the title +\maketitle +% insert the table of contents +\tableofcontents +\section{Some Interesting Words} +Well, and here begins my lovely article. +\section{Good Bye World} +\ldots{} and here it ends. +\end{document} +\end{verbatim} +\end{lined} +\caption[article 类例子。]{article 类 \LaTeX{} 源文件例子,该例中的所有命令后面都会讲到。} +\label{document} + +\end{figure} + +%\section{A Typical Command Line Session} +\section{一个典型的命令行过程} + +%I bet you must be dying to try out the neat small \LaTeX{} input file +%shown on page \pageref{mini}. Here is some help: +%\LaTeX{} itself comes without a GUI or +%fancy buttons to press. It is just a program that crunches away at your +%input file. Some \LaTeX{} installations feature a graphical front-end where +%you can click \LaTeX{} into compiling your input file. On other systems +%there might be some typing involved, so here is how to coax \LaTeX{} into +%compiling your input file on a text based system. Please note: this +%description assumes that a working \LaTeX{} installation already sits on +%your computer.\footnote{This is the case with most well groomed Unix +%Systems, and \ldots{} Real Men use Unix, so \ldots{} \texttt{;-)}} + +我敢打赌你现在一定非常渴望尝试第 \pageref{mini} 页上短小简洁的 \LaTeX{} 源文件。下面便是一些帮助:\LaTeX{} 本身没有图形 +用户界面或漂亮的按钮,它仅仅是一个处理你提供的源文件的程序。有些 \LaTeX{} 安装版本提供了一个前端图形界面,你可以通过点 +击按钮来编译你的源文件。其他的一些系统上可能就要使用命令来编译源文件,下面演示的就是如何在一个基于文本的系统上 +让 \LaTeX{} 编译你的源文件。需要注意:以下演示的前提是 \LaTeX{} 已经正确的安装到了你的电脑中\footnote{这是在大部分 Unix 系 +统下的情况……高手使用 Unix,所以…… \texttt{;-)}}。 + +%\begin{enumerate} +%\item +% +% Edit/Create your \LaTeX{} input file. This file must be plain ASCII +% text. On Unix all the editors will create just that. On Windows you +% might want to make sure that you save the file in ASCII or +% \emph{Plain Text} format. When picking a name for your file, make +% sure it bears the extension \eei{.tex}. +% +%\item +% +%Run \LaTeX{} on your input file. If successful you will end up with a +%\texttt{.dvi} file. It may be necessary to run \LaTeX{} several times to get +%the table of contents and all internal references right. When your input +%file has a bug \LaTeX{} will tell you about it and stop processing your +%input file. Type \texttt{ctrl-D} to get back to the command line. +%\begin{lscommand} +%\verb+latex foo.tex+ +%\end{lscommand} +% +%\item +%Now you may view the DVI file. There are several ways to do that. You can show the file on screen with +%\begin{lscommand} +%\verb+xdvi foo.dvi &+ +%\end{lscommand} +%This only works on Unix with X11. If you are on Windows you might want to try \texttt{yap} (yet another previewer). +% +%You can also convert the dvi file to \PSi{} for printing or viewing with Ghostscript. +%\begin{lscommand} +%\verb+dvips -Pcmz foo.dvi -o foo.ps+ +%\end{lscommand} +% +%If you are lucky your \LaTeX{} system even comes with the \texttt{dvipdf} tool, which allows +%you to convert your \texttt{.dvi} files straight into pdf. +%\begin{lscommand} +%\verb+dvipdf foo.dvi+ +%\end{lscommand} +% +%\end{enumerate} + +\begin{enumerate} +\item + + 创建并编辑你的源文件。源文件必须是普通的 ASCII 格式。在 Unix 系统下,所有的编辑器都可以创建这样的文件。在 Windows 系统 + 下,你必须确保文件以 ASCII 或\textbf{普通文本}格式保存。当选取你源文件的文件名时,确保它的扩展名是 \eei{.tex}。 + +\item + +运行 \LaTeX{} 编译你的源文件。如果成功的话,你将会得到一个 \texttt{.dvi} 文件。为了得到目录和所有的内部引用,可能要多次运 +行 \LaTeX{}。当源文件中存在错误时,\LaTeX{} 会告诉你错误并停止处理源文件。输入 \texttt{ctrl-D} 可以返回到命令行。 +\begin{lscommand} +\verb+latex foo.tex+ +\end{lscommand} + +\item +现在可以通过几种方法来预览得到的 DVI 文件。你可以使用下列命令将文件显示到屏幕上 +\begin{lscommand} +\verb+xdvi foo.dvi &+ +\end{lscommand} +这种方法只适用于安装了 X11 的 Unix 系统。如果你使用的是 Windows 系统,可以使用 \texttt{yap} 来预览(或其他预览程序)。 + +你也可以使用 Ghostscript 将 dvi 文件转换成 \PSi{} 文件来打印或预览。 +\begin{lscommand} +\verb+dvips -Pcmz foo.dvi -o foo.ps+ +\end{lscommand} + +如果你的 \LaTeX{} 系统中带有 \texttt{dvipdf} 工具的话,就可以直接将 \texttt{.dvi} 文件转换成 pdf 文件。 +\begin{lscommand} +\verb+dvipdf foo.dvi+ +\end{lscommand} + +\end{enumerate} + +%\section{The Layout of the Document} +\section{文档布局} + +%\subsection {Document Classes}\label{sec:documentclass} +\subsection{文档类}\label{sec:documentclass} + +%The first information \LaTeX{} needs to know when processing an +%input file is the type of document the author wants to create. This +%is specified with the \ci{documentclass} command. + +当 \LaTeX{} 处理源文件时,首先需要知道的就是作者所要创建的文档类型。文档类型可由 \ci{documentclass} 命令来指定。 +\begin{lscommand} +\ci{documentclass}\verb|[|\emph{options}\verb|]{|\emph{class}\verb|}| +\end{lscommand} +%\noindent Here \emph{class} specifies the type of document to be +%created. Table \ref{documentclasses} lists the document classes +%explained in this introduction. The \LaTeXe{} distribution provides +%additional classes for other documents, including letters and +%slides. The \emph{\wi{option}s} parameter customises the behaviour +%of the document class. The options have to be separated by commas. +%The most common options for the standard document classes are listed +%in Table \ref{options}. + +\noindent +\emph{class} 指定想要的文档类型。表 \ref{documentclasses} 给出了一些文档类型的解释。\LaTeXe{} 发行版中还提供了其他一些文档类,像信件和幻灯片等。通过 \emph{\wi{option}s} 参数可以定制文档类的属性。不同的选项之间须用逗号 +隔开。标准文档类的最常用选项如表 \ref{options} 所示。 + +%\begin{table}[!bp] +%\caption{Document Classes.} \label{documentclasses} +%\begin{lined}{\textwidth} +%\begin{description} +% +%\item [\normalfont\texttt{article}] for articles in scientific journals, presentations, +% short reports, program documentation, invitations, \ldots +% \index{article class} +%\item [\normalfont\texttt{proc}] a class for proceedings based on the article class. +% \index{proc class} +%\item [\normalfont\texttt{minimal}] is as small as it can get. +%It only sets a page size and a base font. It is mainly used for debugging +%purposes. +% \index{minimal class} +%\item [\normalfont\texttt{report}] for longer reports containing several chapters, small +% books, PhD theses, \ldots \index{report class} +%\item [\normalfont\texttt{book}] for real books \index{book class} +%\item [\normalfont\texttt{slides}] for slides. The class uses big sans serif +% letters. You might want to consider using Foil\TeX{}\footnote{% +% \CTANref|macros/latex/contrib/supported/foiltex|} instead. +% \index{slides class}\index{foiltex} +%\end{description} +%\end{lined} +%\end{table} +% +%\begin{table}[!bp] +%\caption{Document Class Options.} \label{options} +%\begin{lined}{\textwidth} +%\begin{flushleft} +%\begin{description} +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{10pt}, \texttt{11pt}, \texttt{12pt}] \quad Sets the size +% of the main font in the document. If no option is specified, +% \texttt{10pt} is assumed. \index{document font size}\index{base +% font size} +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{a4paper}, \texttt{letterpaper}, \ldots] \quad Defines +% the paper size. The default size is \texttt{letterpaper}. Besides +% that, \texttt{a5paper}, \texttt{b5paper}, \texttt{executivepaper}, +% and \texttt{legalpaper} can be specified. \index{legal paper} +% \index{paper size}\index{A4 paper}\index{letter paper} \index{A5 +% paper}\index{B5 paper}\index{executive paper} +% +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{fleqn}] \quad Typesets displayed formulae left-aligned +% instead of centred. +% +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{leqno}] \quad Places the numbering of formulae on the +% left hand side instead of the right. +% +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{titlepage}, \texttt{notitlepage}] \quad Specifies +% whether a new page should be started after the \wi{document title} +% or not. The \texttt{article} class does not start a new page by +% default, while \texttt{report} and \texttt{book} do. \index{title} +% +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{onecolumn}, \texttt{twocolumn}] \quad Instructs \LaTeX{} to typeset the +% document in \wi{one column} or \wi{two column}s. +% +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{twoside, oneside}] \quad Specifies whether double or +% single sided output should be generated. The classes +% \texttt{article} and \texttt{report} are \wi{single sided} and the +% \texttt{book} class is \wi{double sided} by default. Note that this +% option concerns the style of the document only. The option +% \texttt{twoside} does \emph{not} tell the printer you use that it +% should actually make a two-sided printout. +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{landscape}] \quad Changes the layout of the document to print in landscape mode. +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{openright, openany}] \quad Makes chapters begin either +% only on right hand pages or on the next page available. This does +% not work with the \texttt{article} class, as it does not know about +% chapters. The \texttt{report} class by default starts chapters on +% the next page available and the \texttt{book} class starts them on +% right hand pages. +% +%\end{description} +%\end{flushleft} +%\end{lined} +%\end{table} + +\begin{table}[!bp] +\caption{文档类。} \label{documentclasses} +\begin{lined}{\textwidth} +\begin{description} + +\item [\normalfont\texttt{article}] 排版科学期刊、演示文档、短报告、程序文档、邀请函…… + \index{article class} +\item [\normalfont\texttt{proc}] 一个基于 article 的会议文集类。 + \index{proc class} +\item [\normalfont\texttt{minimal}] 非常小的文档类。只设置了页面尺寸和基本字体。主要用来查错。 + \index{minimal class} +\item [\normalfont\texttt{report}] 排版多章节长报告、短篇书籍、博士论文……\index{report class} +\item [\normalfont\texttt{book}] 排版书籍。\index{book class} +\item [\normalfont\texttt{slides}] 排版幻灯片。该文档类使用大号 sans +serif 字体。也可以选用 Foil\TeX{}\footnote{% + \CTANref|macros/latex/contrib/supported/foiltex|} 来得到相同的效果。 + \index{slides class}\index{foiltex} +\end{description} +\end{lined} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[!bp] +\caption{文档类选项。} \label{options} +\begin{lined}{\textwidth} +\begin{flushleft} +\begin{description} +\item[\normalfont\texttt{10pt}, \texttt{11pt}, \texttt{12pt}] \quad 设置文档中所使用的字体的大小。如果该项没有指 + 定,默认使用 \texttt{10pt} 字体。\index{document font size}\index{base + font size} +\item[\normalfont\texttt{a4paper}, \texttt{letterpaper}, \ldots] \quad 定义纸张的尺寸。缺省设置为 \texttt{letterpaper}。此 + 外,还可以使用 \texttt{a5paper}, \texttt{b5paper}, \texttt{executivepaper} 以及 \texttt{legalpaper}。\index{legal paper} + \index{paper size}\index{A4 paper}\index{letter paper} \index{A5 + paper}\index{B5 paper}\index{executive paper} + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{fleqn}] \quad 设置行间公式为左对齐,而不是居中对齐。 + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{leqno}] \quad +设置行间公式的编号为左对齐,而不是右对齐。 + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{titlepage}, \texttt{notitlepage}] \quad 指定是否在文档标题 (\wi{document title}) 后另起一 + 页。\texttt{article} 文档类缺省设置为不开始新页,\texttt{report} 和 \texttt{book} 类则相反。\index{title} + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{onecolumn}, \texttt{twocolumn}] \quad + \LaTeX{} 以单栏 (\wi{one column}) 或双栏 (\wi{two + column}) 的方式来排版文档。 + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{twoside}, \texttt{oneside}] \quad 指定文档为双面或单面打印格式。\texttt{article} 和 \texttt{report} 类为 + 单面 (\wi{single sided}) 格式,\texttt{book} 类缺省为双面 (\wi{double sided}) 格式。注意该选项只是作用于文档样式,而\textbf{不会}通知打印机以双面格式打印文档。 + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{landscape}] \quad +将文档的打印输出布局设置为 landscape 模式。 + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{openright}, \texttt{openany}] \quad 决定新的一章仅在奇数页开始还是在下一页开始。在文档类型为 \texttt{article} 时该选项不起作用,因为该类中没有定义“章” (chapter)。 \texttt{report} 类默认在下一页开始新一章而 \texttt{book} 类的新一章总是在奇数页开始。 + +\end{description} +\end{flushleft} +\end{lined} +\end{table} + +%Example: An input file for a \LaTeX{} document could start with the +%line + +例子:一个 \LaTeX{} 源文件以下面一行开始 +\begin{code} +\ci{documentclass}\verb|[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}| +\end{code} +%which instructs \LaTeX{} to typeset the document as an \emph{article} +%with a base font size of \emph{eleven points}, and to produce a +%layout suitable for \emph{double sided} printing on \emph{A4 paper}. +这条命令会引导 \LaTeX{} 使用 \emph{article} 格式、\textbf{11 磅大小的字体}来排版该文档,并得到在 \emph{A4} 纸上\textbf{双面打印}的效果。 \pagebreak[2] + +%\subsection{Packages} +\subsection{宏包} +\index{package} %While writing your document, you will probably find +%that there are some areas where basic \LaTeX{} cannot solve your +%problem. If you want to include \wi{graphics}, \wi{coloured text} or +%source code from a file into your document, you need to enhance the +%capabilities of \LaTeX. Such enhancements are called packages. +%Packages are activated with the + +排版文档时,你可能会发现某些时候基本的 \LaTeX{} 并不能解决你的问题。如果想插入图形 (\wi{graphics})、 +彩色文本 (\wi{coloured text}) 或源代码到你的文档中,你就 +需要使用宏包来增强 \LaTeX{} 的功能。可使用如下命令调用宏包 +\begin{lscommand} +\ci{usepackage}\verb|[|\emph{options}\verb|]{|\emph{package}\verb|}| +\end{lscommand} +\noindent%command, where \emph{package} is the name of the package and +%\emph{options} is a list of keywords that trigger special features in +%the package. Some packages come with the \LaTeXe{} base distribution +%(See Table \ref{packages}). Others are provided separately. You may +%find more information on the packages installed at your site in your +%\guide. The prime source for information about \LaTeX{} packages is \companion. +%It contains descriptions on hundreds of packages, along with +%information of how to write your own extensions to \LaTeXe. +这里 \emph{package} 是宏包的名称,\emph{options} 是用来激活宏包特殊功能的一组关键词。很多宏包随 \LaTeX{} 基本发行版一起 +发布 (见表 \ref{packages}),其他的则单独发布。你可以在所安装的 \LaTeX{} 系统中找到更多的宏包相关信息。\companion 提供了关 +于宏包的重要信息,它包含了数百个宏包的描述及如何写作自己的 \LaTeXe{} 扩展的信息。 + +%Modern \TeX{} distributions come with a large number of packages +%preinstalled. If you are working on a Unix system, use the command +%\texttt{texdoc} for accessing package documentation. + +现代的 \TeX 发行版包含了大量免费的宏包。如果你使用的是 Unix 系统,可以使用命令 \texttt{texdoc} 搜索宏包的说明文档。 +%\begin{table}[btp] +%\caption{Some of the Packages Distributed with \LaTeX.} \label{packages} +%\begin{lined}{\textwidth} +%\begin{description} +%\item[\normalfont\pai{doc}] Allows the documentation of \LaTeX{} programs.\\ +% Described in \texttt{doc.dtx}\footnote{This file should be installed +% on your system, and you should be able to get a \texttt{dvi} file +% by typing \texttt{latex doc.dtx} in any directory where you have +% write permission. The same is true for all the +% other files mentioned in this table.} and in \companion. +% +%\item[\normalfont\pai{exscale}] Provides scaled versions of the +% math extension font.\\ +% Described in \texttt{ltexscale.dtx}. +% +%\item[\normalfont\pai{fontenc}] Specifies which \wi{font encoding} +% \LaTeX{} should use.\\ +% Described in \texttt{ltoutenc.dtx}. +% +%\item[\normalfont\pai{ifthen}] Provides commands of the form\\ +% `if\ldots then do\ldots otherwise do\ldots.'\\ Described in +% \texttt{ifthen.dtx} and \companion. +% +%\item[\normalfont\pai{latexsym}] To access the \LaTeX{} symbol +% font, you should use the \texttt{latexsym} package. Described in +% \texttt{latexsym.dtx} and in \companion. +% +%\item[\normalfont\pai{makeidx}] Provides commands for producing +% indexes. Described in section \ref{sec:indexing} and in \companion. +% +%\item[\normalfont\pai{syntonly}] Processes a document without +% typesetting it. +% +%\item[\normalfont\pai{inputenc}] Allows the specification of an +% input encoding such as ASCII, ISO Latin-1, ISO Latin-2, 437/850 IBM +% code pages, Apple Macintosh, Next, ANSI-Windows or user-defined one. +% Described in \texttt{inputenc.dtx}. +%\end{description} +%\end{lined} +%\end{table} + +\begin{table}[btp] +\caption{随 \LaTeX 一起发行的宏包。} \label{packages} +\begin{lined}{\textwidth} +\begin{description} +\item[\normalfont\pai{doc}] 排版 \LaTeX{} 的说明文档。具体描述见 \texttt{doc.dtx}\footnote{你的系统中应该安装了该文 + 件,输入命令 \texttt{latex doc.dtx} 处理该文件可得到一个 \texttt{dvi} 文件。类似的方法适用于本表格中的其 + 他 \texttt{.dtx} 文件。} 及 \companion。 + +\item[\normalfont\pai{exscale}] 提供了按比例伸缩的数学扩展字体。\\ + 具体描述见 \texttt{ltexscale.dtx}。 + +\item[\normalfont\pai{fontenc}] 指明使用哪种 \LaTeX{} 字体编码 (\wi{font + encoding})。\\ + 具体描述见 \texttt{ltoutenc.dtx}。 + +\item[\normalfont\pai{ifthen}] 提供如下形式的命令\\ + `if \ldots then do \ldots otherwise do \ldots.'\\具体描述见 + \texttt{ifthen.dtx} 及 \companion。 + +\item[\normalfont\pai{latexsym}] + 提供 \LaTeX{} 符号字体。具体描述见 \texttt{latexsym.dtx} 及 \companion。 + +\item[\normalfont\pai{makeidx}] + 提供排版索引的命令。具体描述见第 \ref{sec:indexing} 节及 \companion。 + +\item[\normalfont\pai{syntonly}] 编译文档而不生成 dvi 文件 (常用于查错)。 + +\item[\normalfont\pai{inputenc}] 指明使用哪种输入编码,如 ASCII, ISO Latin-1, ISO Latin-2, 437/850 IBM + code pages, Apple Macintosh, Next, + ANSI-Windows 或用户自定义编码。 + 具体描述见 \texttt{inputenc.dtx}。 +\end{description} +\end{lined} +\end{table} + +%\subsection{Page Styles} +\subsection{页面样式} + +%\LaTeX{} supports three predefined \wi{header}/\wi{footer} +%combinations---so-called \wi{page style}s. The \emph{style} +%parameter of the +\index{page +style!plain@\texttt{plain}}\index{plain@\texttt{plain}} \index{page +style!headings@\texttt{headings}}\index{headings@texttt{headings}} +\index{page style!empty@\texttt{empty}}\index{empty@\texttt{empty}} + +\LaTeX{} 支持三种预定义的页眉/页脚 (\wi{header}/\wi{footer}) 样式,称为页面样式 (\wi{page +style})。如下命令 +\begin{lscommand} +\ci{pagestyle}\verb|{|\emph{style}\verb|}| +\end{lscommand} +\noindent%command defines which one to use. +%Table \ref{pagestyle} +%lists the predefined page styles. +中的 \emph{style} 参数确定了使用哪一种页面样式。表 \ref{pagestyle} 列出了预定义的页面样式。 + +%\begin{table}[!hbp] +%\caption{The Predefined Page Styles of \LaTeX.} \label{pagestyle} +%\begin{lined}{\textwidth} +%\begin{description} +% +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{plain}] prints the page numbers on the bottom +% of the page, in the middle of the footer. This is the default page +% style. +% +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{headings}] prints the current chapter heading +% and the page number in the header on each page, while the footer +% remains empty. (This is the style used in this document) +%\item[\normalfont\texttt{empty}] sets both the header and the footer +% to be empty. +% +%\end{description} +%\end{lined} +%\end{table} +\begin{table}[!hbp] +\caption{\LaTeX 预定义的页面样式。} \label{pagestyle} +\begin{lined}{\textwidth} +\begin{description} + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{plain}] 在页脚正中显示页码。这是页面样式的缺省设置。 + +\item[\normalfont\texttt{headings}] +在页眉中显示章节名及页码,页脚空白。(本文即采用此样式) +\item[\normalfont\texttt{empty}] 将页眉页脚都设为空白。 + +\end{description} +\end{lined} +\end{table} + +%It is possible to change the page style of the current page +%with the command +\hyphenation{Companion} +可以通过如下命令来改变当前页面的页面样式 +\begin{lscommand} +\ci{thispagestyle}\verb|{|\emph{style}\verb|}| +\end{lscommand} +%A description how to create your own +%headers and footers can be found in \companion{} and in section \ref{sec:fancy} on page \pageref{sec:fancy}. +如何创建自定义页眉页脚的说明可以参见 \companion{} 及第 \pageref{sec:fancy} 页的第 \ref{sec:fancy} 节。 +% +% Pointer to the Fancy headings Package description ! +% + +%\section{Files You Might Encounter} +\section{各类 \LaTeX{} 文件} + +%When you work with \LaTeX{} you will soon find yourself in a maze of +%files with various \wi{extension}s and probably no clue. The +%following list explains the various \wi{file types} you might +%encounter when working with \TeX{}. Please note that this table does +%not claim to be a complete list of extensions, but if you find one +%missing that you think is important, please drop me a line. +使用 \LaTeX{} 时,你可能很快发现自己置身于各种不同扩展名 (\wi{extension}) 或毫无线索的文件形成的迷宫之中。下面的列表解释了 +在使用 \LaTeX{} 时可能遇到的文件类型。要注意的是,下表不是所有的扩展名列表,如果你发现有重要的文件类型没有收录 +进来,请通知我。 +%\begin{description} +% +%\item[\eei{.tex}] \LaTeX{} or \TeX{} input file. Can be compiled with +% \texttt{latex}. +%\item[\eei{.sty}] \LaTeX{} Macro package. This is a file you can load +% into your \LaTeX{} document using the \ci{usepackage} command. +%\item[\eei{.dtx}] Documented \TeX{}. This is the main distribution +% format for \LaTeX{} style files. If you process a .dtx file you get +% documented macro code of the \LaTeX{} package contained in the .dtx +% file. +%\item[\eei{.ins}] The installer for the files contained in the +% matching .dtx file. If you download a \LaTeX{} package from the net, +% you will normally get a .dtx and a .ins file. Run \LaTeX{} on the +% .ins file to unpack the .dtx file. +%\item[\eei{.cls}] Class files define what your document looks +% like. They are selected with the \ci{documentclass} command. +%\item[\eei{.fd}] Font description file telling \LaTeX{} about new fonts. +%\end{description} +\begin{description} + +\item[\eei{.tex}] + \LaTeX{} 或 \TeX{} 源文件。可以使用 \texttt{latex} 命令编译。 +\item[\eei{.sty}] + \LaTeX{} 宏包文件。可以使用 \ci{usepackage} 命令将宏包文件载入到你的 \LaTeX{} 文档中。 +\item[\eei{.dtx}] + 文档化 \TeX{} 文件。这是 \LaTeX{} 宏包文件的主要发布格式。如果编译 \texttt{.dtx} 文档,将会得到其中包含的 \LaTeX{} 宏包文件 + 的文档化宏代码。 +\item[\eei{.ins}] 对应 \texttt{.dtx} 文件的安装文件。如果你从网上下载了一个 \LaTeX{} 的宏包文件,其中一般会包含一 + 个 \texttt{.dtx} 文件和一个 \texttt{.ins} 文件。使用 \LaTeX{} 处理 \texttt{.ins} 文件可以解开 \texttt{.dtx} 文件。 +\item[\eei{.cls}] 定义文档外观形式的类文件,可以通过使用 \ci{documentclass} 命令选取。 +\item[\eei{.fd}] 字体描述文件,可以告诉 \LaTeX{} 有关新字体的信息。 +\end{description} +%The following files are generated when you run \LaTeX{} on your input +%file: +下面这些文件是使用 \LaTeX{} 处理源文件时产生的: + +%\begin{description} +%\item[\eei{.dvi}] Device Independent File. This is the main result of a \LaTeX{} +% compile run. You can look at its content with a DVI previewer +% program or you can send it to a printer with \texttt{dvips} or a +% similar application. +%\item[\eei{.log}] Gives a detailed account of what happened during the +% last compiler run. +%\item[\eei{.toc}] Stores all your section headers. It gets read in for the +% next compiler run and is used to produce the table of content. +%\item[\eei{.lof}] This is like .toc but for the list of figures. +%\item[\eei{.lot}] And again the same for the list of tables. +%\item[\eei{.aux}] Another file that transports information from one +% compiler run to the next. Among other things, the .aux file is used +% to store information associated with cross-references. +%\item[\eei{.idx}] If your document contains an index. \LaTeX{} stores all +% the words that go into the index in this file. Process this file with +% \texttt{makeindex}. Refer to section \ref{sec:indexing} on +% page \pageref{sec:indexing} for more information on indexing. +%\item[\eei{.ind}] The processed .idx file, ready for inclusion into your +% document on the next compile cycle. +%\item[\eei{.ilg}] Logfile telling what \texttt{makeindex} did. +%\end{description} +\begin{description} +\item[\eei{.dvi}] 设备无关文件。这是运行 \LaTeX{} 编译的主要结果。你可以使用 DVI 预览器预览其内容或使 + 用 \texttt{dvips} 或其他程序输出到打印机。 +\item[\eei{.log}] 记录了上次编译时的详细信息。 +\item[\eei{.toc}] + 储存了所有的章节标题。下次编译时将读取该文件并生成目录。 +\item[\eei{.lof}] 和 \texttt{.toc} 文件类似,可生成图形目录。 +\item[\eei{.lot}] 和 \texttt{.toc} 文件类似,可生成表格目录。 +\item[\eei{.aux}] 用来向下次编译传递信息的辅助文件。主要储存交叉引用的相关信息。 +\item[\eei{.idx}] 如果文档中包含索引,\LaTeX{} 将使用该文件存储所有的索引词条。此文件需要使 + 用 \texttt{makeindex} 处理,详见位于 \pageref{sec:indexing} 页的第 \ref{sec:indexing} 节。 +\item[\eei{.ind}] 处理过的 \texttt{.idx} 文件。下次编译时将读入到你的文档中。 +\item[\eei{.ilg}] + 和 \texttt{.log} 文件类似,记录了 \texttt{makeindex} 命令运行的详细信息。 +\end{description} + +% Package Info pointer +% +% + + + +% +% Add Info on page-numbering, ... +% \pagenumbering + +%\section{Big Projects} +\section{大型项目} +%When working on big documents, you might want to split the input +%file into several parts. \LaTeX{} has two commands that help you to +%do that. + +当处理大型文档时,最好将文档分割成为几部分。\LaTeX{} 有两个命令可以帮助你完成这项工作。 + +\begin{lscommand} +\ci{include}\verb|{|\emph{filename}\verb|}| +\end{lscommand} +\noindent %You can use this command in the document body to insert the +%contents of another file named \emph{filename.tex}. Note that \LaTeX{} +%will start a new page +%before processing the material input from \emph{filename.tex}. +你可以使用该命令将名为 \emph{filename.tex} 的文档内容插入到当前文档中。需要注意的是,在处理插入的 \emph{filename.tex} 文 +档前,\LaTeX{} 会另起一页。 + +%The second command can be used in the preamble. It allows you to +%instruct \LaTeX{} to only input some of the \verb|\include|d files. + +第二个命令只能在导言区使用。它可以让 \LaTeX{} 仅读入某些 \verb|\include| 文件。 +\begin{lscommand} +\ci{includeonly}\verb|{|\emph{filename}\verb|,|\emph{filename}% +\verb|,|\ldots\verb|}| +\end{lscommand} +%After this command is executed in the preamble of the document, only +%\ci{include} commands for the filenames that are listed in the +%argument of the \ci{includeonly} command will be executed. Note that +%there must be no spaces between the filenames and the commas. +这条命令在文档的导言区执行后,在所有的 \ci{include} 命令中,只有文档名出现在 \ci{includeonly} 的命令参数中的文档 +才会被导入。注意文档名和逗号之间不能有空格。 + +%The \ci{include} command starts typesetting the included text on a new +%page. This is helpful when you use \ci{includeonly}, because the +%page breaks will not move, even when some included files are omitted. +%Sometimes this might not be desirable. In this case, you can use the + +\ci{include} 命令会在新的一页上排版载入的文本。当使用 \ci{includeonly} 命令时会很有帮助,因为即使一些载入的文本被忽略,分页 +处也不会发生变化。有些时候可能不希望在新的一页上排版载入的文本,这时可以使用命令 +\begin{lscommand} +\ci{input}\verb|{|\emph{filename}\verb|}| +\end{lscommand} +\noindent% command. It simply includes the file specified. +%No flashy suits, no strings attached. +\ci{input} 命令只是简单的载入指定的文本,没有其他限制。 + +%To make \LaTeX{} quickly check your document you can use the \pai{syntonly} +%package. This makes \LaTeX{} skim through your document only checking for +%proper syntax and usage of the commands, but doesn't produce any (DVI) output. +%As \LaTeX{} runs faster in this mode you may save yourself valuable time. +%Usage is very simple: + +如果想让 \LaTeX{} 快速的检查文档中的错误,可以使用 \pai{syntonly} 宏包。它可以使 \LaTeX{} 浏览整个文档,检查语法错误 +和使用的命令,但并不生成 DVI 输出。在这种模式下,\LaTeX{} 运行速度很快,可以为你节省宝贵的时间。\pai{syntonly} 宏 +包的使用非常简单: +\begin{verbatim} +\usepackage{syntonly} +\syntaxonly +\end{verbatim} +%When you want to produce pages, just comment out the second line +%(by adding a percent sign). +如果想产生分页,只要注释掉第二行即可 (在前面加上一个百分号 \verb|%|)。 + + +% + +% Local Variables: +% TeX-master: "lshort2e" +% mode: latex +% mode: flyspell +% End: |