diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex')
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog | 310 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile | 45 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS | 29 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | 848 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html | 25693 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf | bin | 1358203 -> 1350270 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi | 739 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt | 15143 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml | 4992 |
11 files changed, 24521 insertions, 23285 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog index f7f8b0fd53b..4bdfc0ddada 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog @@ -1,8 +1,318 @@ 2022-01-26 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + January 2023 release to CTAN. + * NEWS: update. + + * mirroring.html, + * writing.html: use https, $Date. + +2023-01-14 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e-es.texi: install another updated translation from + Nachec <nachopacheco@gmail.com>, latexrefman mail + of 14 Jan 2023 04:35:07. + +2023-01-11 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e-es.texi: install updated translation from + Nachec <nachopacheco@gmail.com>, latexrefman mail + of 11 Jan 2023 04:26:49. Regenerate all. + +2023-01-10 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (bm): new section, split from + \boldmath & \unboldmath): here and revised per advice from Carlisle. + (OpenType bold math): another new node based on Carlisle's information. + https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/974 + +2022-12-26 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (Dots): say more about amsmath's overwriting of the + kernel's \dots, and about Unicode vs. traditional output. + (@microtype on): use this, per Texinfo 7.0. + (thoughout): avoid some use of "very", fix under/overfull boxes. + +2022-11-19 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (\frame): "is put" typo, from Pieter van Oostrum. + https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/bugs/?580 + +2022-09-17 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (Math symbols): \bigtriangle{up,down} are binary + operators (mathbin), not [big] operators (mathop), per fontdef.dtx. + And \varbigtriangle{up,down} are synonyms. + Report from Masato Shinokawa, 18 Apr 2022 10:36:24. + + * latex2e.texi (\lastlinefit): reset to 0 (latest texinfo.tex sets + to 500) to avoid numerous new underfull box warnings for last + lines of paragraphs. + (Class and package commands): use @itemx for second and subsequent + items. + (Text symbols) <\textbackslash>: note that \texttt{\textbackslash} + does not produce a typewriter backslash without [T1]{fontenc}. + <\textbraceleft, \textbraceright>: likewise. + +2022-09-07 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (Page breaking): @dfn{...}-ize word ``badness''. + (\clearpage & \cleardoublepage): Clarifies that changing + \cleardooublepage will affect it everywhere, not only in \chapter. + (\enlargethispage): @var{...}-ize word ``size'' in synopsis. + (\pagebreak & \nopagebreak): ``this command'' -> ``these commands''. + (Colored text): ``specification'' -> ``color specification'' for + the sake of consistency. + +2022-08-27 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] More typoes (bis) + regenerate all files. + + * README-fr: About word ``standard'' and example translation. + + * latex2e.texi (\pagestyle): ``right'' -> ``right-head''. + (\write18): Fix example. + (Command line interface): @code{...} -> @command{...} + + * latex2e-fr.texi: More typoes, bis. + +2022-08-23 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] More typoes + regenerate HTML outputs. + + Fix typoes reported on fr.comp.text.tex & gut@ens.fr. Thanks to @'Eric + Guichard, Paul Gaborit, G@'erard Fleuter for their reports. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Calligraphic: distinguish the French version description from the English one + + Specific to the French version: + - use just ``script'' and not ``script-like'' + - do not use ``cursive'' + - introduce font name ``Math Calligraphic'' + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (Fonts, Font styles) + (\newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Text symbols): Align on en. + (Using BibTeX, Bib@TeX{} error messages): Typo + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Typoes + + latex2e-fr.texi: Replace some ``x'' in column width specifiers by + ``@ '' for the spell checker not to find x as a typo. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propagate Jim's r677. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] complete propagating Jim's r643. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] translate ``material'' by ``mati`ere'', not by ``mat'eriel''. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propagate Jim's r641. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propagate Jim's r644. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\hspace): Use consistent wording ``non + suppressible'' for ``non discardable''. + (\vspace): ``@'etoil@'ee'' -> ``en @code{*}'' to stick to en. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Finalize propagating Jim's r639. + + Notably nodes ``\indent & \noindent'' and ``\ensuremath''. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propagate Karl's r1086. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propagate Karl's r1083. + + Clarify ``sequences of read characters'' -> ``stream of read + characters'', after discussing this with Karl. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propate Jim's r370. + +2022-08-22 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (Font styles): ``text'' -> ``@var{text}'' + (Text symbols): @PkgIndex{...}-ize textcomp index. + +2022-08-21 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (Font styles, tabular) + (\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip): Add anchors. + (Font styles): Comment for asking English natives to improve some + wording. + (\flushbottom): ``documents'' -> ``document'' --- confirmed by Jim. + (\raggedbottom): ``twoside'' -> ``twocolumn'' --- confirmed by Karl. + (\appendix, tabular, Control sequences, Making paragraphs) + (Math functions, Over- and Underlining, \sqrt, \pagenumbering) + (\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak): Improve wording. + (abstract): Fix @PkgIndex call. + (tabular): fix => ``|'' does not remove \tabcolsep. + (Control sequences): ``sequences'' -> ``the stream'' --- confirmed by Karl. + (Subscripts & superscripts): Clarify why ``\(3^3^3\)'' + fails. ``parenthesis'' -> ``curly braces''. ``error'' -> ``TeX error''. + (\left & \right): @dfn{...}-ize ``null delimiter''. + (Math functions): Fix @math{...} display. Typo --- Infimum. Fix extra @iftex. + (\stackrel): suppress useless ``one of''. + (\pagenumbering): Clarify how \pagenumbering is global. + (\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip): Add @findex. + (Accents): Fix @ref-erence. + +2022-08-14 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [en,fr] Use (...) brackets in index ``(for ...)'' qualifications. + +2022-08-14 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * README-fr: Elaborate on translating ``empty curly brackets'' to + ``accolades vides''. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propagate Karl's r1077. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propagate changes about BibTeX from Karl's r1069 & r1070. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Propagates changes on nodes \pagestyle, \maketitle from Jim's r644. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi: (\openin & \openout): After Karl's r1073, LuaTeX + max open stream count can be 127. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (Footnotes in a table): Align on English. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\newtheorem): align on English, ie propagate Jim's + r483. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\hrulefill & \dotfill): Realign on English. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\addtocontents): Align on English version. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] Various translation improvements. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] list, fix translation. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\newenvironment & \renewenvironment): Fix translation. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (Class and package commands): Fix translation. + (\DeclareGraphicsRule): ``fichier bitmap'' -> ``fichier .bmp''. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (fontenc package): Fix translation. + (list): Fix translation. + (Accents): Fix translation. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (center): fix translation. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\accent): Translate this node. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\resizebox): Translation. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (Fonts): Typo. + (\scalebox): Translate node. + +2022-08-13 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (html intro): Point at the French version of + learnlatex.org. + (\rotatebox): Translate this node. + (\scalebox): @file{...} -> @package{...} + +2022-08-12 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + [fr] typoes. + +2022-08-12 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\bibitem): Improve wording. + (\footnote): Improve wording. + (\footnotemark): Typoes. + (Footnotes in a table): Improve wording. Translate example. + (\includegraphics): Typoes. + + * README-fr: add info about at-sign translation. + +2022-08-11 Vincent Bela\"iche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (Units of length): @dmn{...} where applicable. + (\maketitle): ``footnote'' -> ``footnote mark''. Clarifies that + the No \title error happens on \maketitle. + (\pagestyle): ``blank'' -> ``empty content''. + +2022-05-13 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (.* & .*): for each node name "foo & bar", + uniformly provide @anchor{foo} and @anchor{bar}, for possible ease + of searching and referencing, especially online. + + * latex2e.texi (\newcommand & \renewcommand): had an extra + [@var{nargs}] in synopsis. Report from Vladimir Ivanovic, + 11 May 2022. Also correct and (hopefully) clarify optional + argument description. + +2022-01-26 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e-es.xml: remove bogus CR characters. CTAN complained. + +2022-01-26 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + January 2022 release to CTAN. * NEWS: update. + * mirroring.html, + * writing.html: use https, $Date. + 2022-01-26 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Units of length): correct pt/mm/cm conversions. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile index 3f52d9459f2..55f36948f0d 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# $Id: Makefile 1073 2021-11-13 21:50:34Z karl $ +# $Id: Makefile 1142 2023-01-11 16:09:29Z karl $ # Public domain. Originally written 2006, Karl Berry. # Makefile for latexrefman. @@ -29,7 +29,13 @@ texi2info = $(makeinfo) --no-split texi2txt = $(makeinfo) --plaintext --no-split texi2xml = $(makeinfo) --xml # -htmlopts = --html --css-include=latex2e.css $(t2html_top) $(t2html_home) -c WORDS_IN_PAGE=10000 +htmlopts = --html $(html_css) $(t2html_top) $(t2html_home) $(html_pagewords) +# +html_css = --css-include=latex2e.css +# +# Nodes must be larger than this to get navigation panel at bottom of +# page; default is 300. +html_pagewords = -c WORDS_IN_PAGE=10000 # # Go somewhere useful from Top: t2html_top = -c TOP_NODE_UP_URL=https://tug.org/texinfohtml/ @@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ t2html_home = -c PRE_BODY_CLOSE="<hr/><div class='referenceinfo'>\ # %.dbk: %.texi $(texi2docbook) -o $@ $< -%.html: %.texi %.css +%.html: %.texi latex2e.css $(texi2html) $< %.info: %.texi $(texi2info) $< @@ -106,7 +112,7 @@ dist: en es rm -f $(distzip) zip -q $(distzip) \ $(addprefix $(distname)/, $(txt_files) \ - latex2e.texi common.texi $(en_mi_output) latex2e.pdf) \ +latex2e.texi common.texi $(en_mi_output) latex2e.pdf) \ $(addprefix $(distname)/spanish/, $(es_mi_output) latex2e-es.pdf) \ $(addprefix $(distname)/latex2e-figures/, $(figure_files)) \ $(addprefix $(distname)/graphics/, README $(figure_source_files)) @@ -120,9 +126,12 @@ easyurls: htmlsplit dist && rm -rf testdist && mkdir -p testdist \ && cp ../latex2e-help-texinfo-tree.zip testdist \ && rm -rf latex2e && unzip -q testdist/latex2e-help-texinfo-tree \ - && ./easyurls.py --directory latex2e --action softlink --lower_case --rewrite_index --debug \ + && $(easyurls_python) ./easyurls.py $(easyurls_opt) \ && zip -rq ../latex2e-help-texinfo-tree-easyurls.zip latex2e +easyurls_python = python3.6 # depends on bs4 (beautifulsoup4) +easyurls_opt = --directory latex2e --action softlink --lower_case --rewrite_index --debug + # To update web site, after basic build is ok (check-dw, spelling, etc.), # first undo temporary build results: # make svr # revert generated single files @@ -133,18 +142,32 @@ easyurls: htmlsplit dist # make # make htmlsplit # make dist -# make easyurls -# make commitready -# svn commit # to commit regenerated files +# make easyurls # depends htmlsplit and dist +# make commitready # many files will have status ! +# svn commit # to commit regenerated files # then: -# svn update # to restore easy url stubs -# +# svn update # restore easy url stubs +# make svrsplit # restore generated split html +# +# If uploading to CTAN: +# (update NEWS, write announcement) +# upload latex2e-help-texinfo.zip +# +# Clean up: +# rm -rf src/testdist src/latex2e +# rm -rf latex2e-help-texinfo +# rm latex2e-help-texinfo-tree{,-easyurls}.zip +# rm latex2e-help-texinfo.zip + +# In Texinfo 7.0, the default output directory changed to foo_html. +# Change it back. +html_split_opts = $(htmlopts) -o latex2e # Get many small .html files. htmlsplit: en rm -rf $(htmlsplit) mkdir $(htmlsplit) && cd $(htmlsplit) && ln -s ../* . - cd $(htmlsplit) && $(makeinfo) $(htmlopts) latex2e.texi + cd $(htmlsplit) && $(makeinfo) $(html_split_opts) latex2e.texi cd $(htmlsplit)/latex2e && ln -s ../../latex2e-figures . # Right before a commit, delete html files that are gone and add new ones. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS index 26b3816a320..3c70b711cf8 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS @@ -1,11 +1,30 @@ -$Id: NEWS 1078 2022-01-26 18:12:17Z karl $ +$Id: NEWS 1145 2023-01-15 16:23:59Z karl $ NEWS for latex2e.texi, aka the latex2e-help-texinfo package. Public domain. Originally written 1995, Torsten Martinsen. -French translation originally from Vincent Belaiche. -Spanish translation originally from Nacho Pacheco (currently looking for -a maintainer). - Some changes in January 2022 release: +French translation from Vincent Belaiche. +Spanish translation from Nacho Pacheco. +Updates are welcome. + + Notable changes in January 2023 release: + +Additions: +* For each node name "foo & bar", provide separate anchors for foo and +bar, so they can be referenced individually, especially online. +* Brief discussion of bold math alternatives, including for OpenType. + +Fixes: +* description of definition and use of optional arguments somewhat clarified. +* \texttt{\textbackslash} (and \textbraceleft and \textbraceright) +require T1 or other non-default encoding to produce typewriter characters. +* \dots description extended, with more about the amsmath redefinition, +and Unicode vs. traditional typesetting. +* Spanish translation brought up to date. + +Formatting: +* For the TeX output, enable microtype, since Texinfo now supports it. + + Notable changes in January 2022 release: New sections: * \caption diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws index bed1e3767f1..d1d1ac9b7a3 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws @@ -289,3 +289,4 @@ disproven unimagined vitalism tablefootnote +Infimum diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi index 51759254fbc..93133e3bf46 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/common.texi @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -@c $Id: common.texi 1031 2021-09-01 17:02:05Z vincentb1 $ +@c $Id: common.texi 1089 2022-08-12 20:30:20Z vincentb1 $ @c Public domain. @set LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE https://latexref.xyz @set LTXREFMAN_BUGS latexrefman@@tug.org @@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ @macro package {packagename} @code{\packagename\} @end macro +@c used to remove something form the spell checker +@macro identity {x} +\x\ +@end macro @tex \globaldefs=1 diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk index a2145d20b93..4569eac9348 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk @@ -1,45 +1,20 @@ <?xml version="1.0"?> -<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [ +<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [ <!ENTITY tex "TeX"> <!ENTITY latex "LaTeX"> ]> <book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en"> -<!-- $Id: common.texi 1031 2021-09-01 17:02:05Z vincentb1 $ --> -<!-- Public domain. --> - -<title>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)</title> -<!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> - -<!-- latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> -<!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. --> -<!-- xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file --> -<!-- xx read through latex2e news for things to update. --> -<!-- --> -<!-- xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX --> -<!-- xx classes and packages: required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts --> -<!-- xx merge permuted-index --> -<!-- xx merge latex-manual from savannah --> -<!-- xx merge display style math --> -<!-- xx check recent ltnews for (lots of) changes --> -<!-- xx \write of non-ASCII chars (vincent mail of 14 Mar 2020 21:39:41) --> -<!-- xx \nonstopmode etc., if they are officially supported by LaTeX? --> -<!-- xx JH explain nfss somewhere --> -<!-- xx JH expand BiBTeX --> -<!-- xx JH expand theorem, AMS math --> -<!-- xx JH something on code listings --> -<!-- xx JH ligatures --> -<!-- --> -<!-- xx \NewCommandCopy et al. (Brian Dunn, 21 Dec 2021 06:50:17). --> -<!-- --> -<!-- xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel --> -<!-- xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. --> -<!-- xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. --> -<!-- xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. --> -<!-- --> -<!-- xx All the special characters should be definitively described. --> - -<bookinfo><legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of January 2022. +<title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title> +<subtitle>January 2023</subtitle> +<titleabbrev>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</titleabbrev> +<bookinfo><title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title> +<subtitle>January 2023</subtitle> +<titleabbrev>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</titleabbrev> +<authorgroup> +<collab><collabname><ulink url="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</ulink></collabname></collab> +</authorgroup> +<legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a +document preparation system, version of January 2023. </para> <para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -77,62 +52,6 @@ notice identical to this one. into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <!-- end of License --> </para></legalnotice></bookinfo> -<!-- Merge into one index (arbitrarily chosen to be the concept index). --> - - - - -<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of January 2022. -</para> -<para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the -VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by -George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The -&latex; 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The -&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl -Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges -using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and -<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by -L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users -Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material. We also -gratefully acknowledge additional material appearing in -latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert Dietze. (From these references no -text was directly copied.) -</para> -<para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 Karl Berry. - -Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. - -Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. -</para> -<!-- start of License --> -<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of -this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice -are preserved on all copies. -</para> - -<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this -manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. -</para> -<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual -into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -<!-- end of License --> -</para> - -<!-- Best Effort Symbol --> - - -<chapter label="" id="Top"> -<title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title> - -<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -January 2022) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. -</para> - -</chapter> <chapter label="1" id="About-this-document"> <title>About this document</title> @@ -461,8 +380,8 @@ before being released. <indexterm role="cp"><primary>command syntax</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ character starting commands</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] for optional arguments</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} for required arguments</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] (for optional arguments)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} (for required arguments)</primary></indexterm> <para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a backslash character, <literal>\</literal>. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. @@ -910,7 +829,7 @@ of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\AtEndOfClass{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\AtEndOfPackage{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\AtEndOfPackage{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndOfClass</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndOfPackage</primary></indexterm> <para>Hook to insert <replaceable>code</replaceable> to be executed when &latex; finishes @@ -919,10 +838,10 @@ multiple times; the <literal>code</literal> will be executed in the order that y called it. See also <link linkend="_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</link>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\CheckCommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\CheckCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\CheckCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CheckCommand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CheckCommand*</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, check</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, checking</primary></indexterm> <para>Like <literal>\newcommand</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</link>) but does not define <replaceable>cmd</replaceable>; instead it checks that the current definition of <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> is exactly as given by <replaceable>definition</replaceable> and is or is not @@ -935,15 +854,15 @@ redefining <literal>cmd</literal> yourself that no other package has already redefined this command. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassError{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageError{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassWarning{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageWarning{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassWarningNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageWarningNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassInfo{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageInfo{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassInfoNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageInfoNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\ClassWarning{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\ClassWarningNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\ClassInfo{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\ClassInfoNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\PackageError{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\PackageWarning{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\PackageWarningNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\PackageInfo{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\PackageInfoNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassError</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageError</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassWarning</primary></indexterm> @@ -980,7 +899,7 @@ be used within the <replaceable>code</replaceable> argument of either <literal>\ or <literal>\DeclareOption*</literal>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareOption{<replaceable>option</replaceable>}{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareOption*{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\DeclareOption*{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareOption</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareOption*</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm> @@ -1016,7 +935,7 @@ passes the option to the <literal>article</literal> class. \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}} </screen> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareRobustCommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal> +</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>* \DeclareRobustCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareRobustCommand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareRobustCommand*</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, definition</primary></indexterm> @@ -1052,9 +971,8 @@ commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> that already exists, in that case you need to use either <literal>\renew…</literal> or <literal>\provide…</literal> or you get an error. </para></listitem></orderedlist> - </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\IfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\InputIfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\InputIfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IfFileExists</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\InputIfFileExists</primary></indexterm> <para>Execute <replaceable>true code</replaceable> if &latex; finds the file <filename><replaceable>file @@ -1076,7 +994,7 @@ appending the <literal>.tex</literal>; for more on how &latex; handles file extensions see <link linkend="_005cinput">\input</link>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\LoadClass[<replaceable>options list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\LoadClassWithOptions{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> +</term><term><literal>\LoadClassWithOptions{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LoadClass</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LoadClassWithOptions</primary></indexterm> <para>Load a class, as with <literal>\documentclass[<replaceable>options @@ -1147,7 +1065,7 @@ within the <replaceable>code</replaceable> argument of either <literal>\DeclareO <!-- reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. --> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PassOptionsToClass{<replaceable>option list</replaceable>}{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{<replaceable>option list</replaceable>}{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}</literal> +</term><term><literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{<replaceable>option list</replaceable>}{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToClass</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToPackage</primary></indexterm> <para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <replaceable>option list</replaceable> to the @@ -1186,7 +1104,7 @@ option. The user could start their &latex; file with <literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</literal>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProcessOptions</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProcessOptions*<replaceable>\@options</replaceable></literal> +</term><term><literal>\ProcessOptions*<replaceable>\@options</replaceable></literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProcessOptions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProcessOptions*</primary></indexterm> <para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it @@ -1225,9 +1143,9 @@ the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means that the global options are processed first. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable> <replaceable>brief additional information</replaceable>]</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable> <replaceable>brief additional information</replaceable>]</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> +</term><term><literal>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> +</term><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable> <replaceable>brief additional information</replaceable>]</literal> +</term><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesClass</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesPackage</primary></indexterm> <para>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and @@ -1271,7 +1189,7 @@ file and you get in the log a string like <literal>File: test.config ‘<literal>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</literal>’. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\RequirePackage[<replaceable>option list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> -</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> +</term><term><literal>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\RequirePackage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\RequirePackageWithOptions</primary></indexterm> <para>Load a package, like the command <literal>\usepackage</literal> (see <link linkend="Additional-packages">Additional @@ -1562,9 +1480,8 @@ definition for that accent then &latex; will use the definition from <sect2 label="4.1.4" id="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"> <title><literal>\DeclareTextCommand</literal> & <literal>\ProvideTextCommand</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommand</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cDeclareTextCommand"/><anchor id="_005cProvideTextCommand"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvideTextCommand</primary></indexterm> - <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <screen>\DeclareTextCommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>encoding</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} @@ -1620,9 +1537,7 @@ take an optional argument. <sect2 label="4.1.5" id="_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"> <title><literal>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</literal> & <literal>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommand</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvideTextCommand</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"/><anchor id="_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1800,7 +1715,7 @@ name of the encoding explicitly. <sect2 label="4.1.11" id="_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"> <title><literal>\UseTextSymbol</literal> & <literal>\UseTextAccent</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\UseTextSymbol</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cUseTextSymbol"/><anchor id="_005cUseTextAccent"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\UseTextSymbol</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\UseTextAccent</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1864,7 +1779,7 @@ describe further at the end of the section. you can get bold sans serif by saying either of <literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or <literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal>. </para> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorrlist</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cnocorrlist"/><anchor id="_005cnocorr"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorrlist</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorr</primary></indexterm> <para>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic corrections if needed (see <link linkend="_005c_002f">\/</link>). Specifically, they insert the @@ -1928,7 +1843,7 @@ To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use <indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm> <para>Although it also changes fonts, the <literal>\emph{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> command -is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a +is semantic, for <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be emphasized, and should not be used as a substitute for <literal>\textit</literal>. For example, <literal>\emph{<replaceable>start text</replaceable> \emph{<replaceable>middle text</replaceable>} <replaceable>end text</replaceable>}</literal> will result in the <replaceable>start text</replaceable> and <replaceable>end text</replaceable> in italics, but <replaceable>middle text</replaceable> @@ -2018,14 +1933,14 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment. <para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cmathversion"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math, bold</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold math</primary></indexterm> <para>In addition, the command <literal>\mathversion{bold}</literal> can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. <literal>\mathversion{normal}</literal> restores the default. </para> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oldstylenums</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005coldstylenums"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oldstylenums</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>numerals, old-style</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>old-style numerals</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining numerals</primary></indexterm> @@ -2481,7 +2396,7 @@ Two column text here. <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm> -<para>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same +<para>Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the differences in facing pages can be glaring. @@ -2497,7 +2412,8 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages (see <link linkend="_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</link>). </para> <para>The <literal>\flushbottom</literal> state is the default only if you select the -<literal>twoside</literal> document class option (see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class options</link>). +<literal>twocolumn</literal> document class option (see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class options</link>), +and for indexes made using <literal>makeidx</literal>. </para> </sect1> @@ -2512,7 +2428,7 @@ rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go at any point in the document body. See <link linkend="_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</link>. </para> -<para>This is the default unless you select the <literal>twoside</literal> document class +<para>This is the default unless you select the <literal>twocolumn</literal> document class option (see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class options</link>). </para> @@ -2688,7 +2604,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ at a type siz <sect1 label="5.6" id="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"> <title><literal>\baselineskip</literal> & <literal>\baselinestretch</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cbaselineskip"/><anchor id="_005cbaselinestretch"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linespread</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>space between lines</primary></indexterm> @@ -2758,24 +2674,25 @@ paragraph start. between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than zero) then the lines jump to 1pt apart. </para> -<para>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double -space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline -distance is via <literal>\baselinestretch</literal>. It scales -<literal>\baselineskip</literal>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command, -not a length, so change the scale factor as in +<para>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in +double space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the +interline distance is via <literal>\baselinestretch</literal>. It scales +<literal>\baselineskip</literal>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a +command, not a length, and does not take effect until a font change +happens, so set the scale factor like this: <literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont</literal>. </para> <para>The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire document is to put <literal>\linespread{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal> in the preamble. For double spacing, take <replaceable>factor</replaceable> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half -spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the +spacing use 1.3. These numbers are rough: for instance, since the <literal>\baselineskip</literal> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The <literal>\linespread</literal> command is defined as -<literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal> so it won’t -take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at -the start of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it with -<literal>\selectfont</literal>.) +<literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal> so it also +won’t take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes +place at the start of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it +with <literal>\selectfont</literal>.) </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>setspace</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm> @@ -3150,9 +3067,11 @@ something like a subsection numbered ‘<literal>3.0.1</literal>’. <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>titlesec</literal> package</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a -simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case -letters with <literal>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</literal> in the -preamble (see <link linkend="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</link>). CTAN +simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase +letters with this (in the preamble): + +<literal>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</literal> . +(See <link linkend="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</link>.) CTAN has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably <literal>titlesec</literal>. </para> @@ -3533,15 +3452,16 @@ text. </para> </sect1> - <sect1 label="6.5" id="_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"> <title><literal>\subsubsection</literal>, <literal>\paragraph</literal>, <literal>\subparagraph</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsubsection</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005csubsubsection"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsubsection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>subsubsection</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\paragraph</primary></indexterm> +<!-- --> +<anchor id="_005cparagraph"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\paragraph</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subparagraph</primary></indexterm> +<!-- --> +<anchor id="_005csubparagraph"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subparagraph</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>subparagraph</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis, one of: @@ -3615,10 +3535,10 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including </para> </sect1> - <sect1 label="6.6" id="_005cappendix"> <title><literal>\appendix</literal></title> + <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendices</primary></indexterm> @@ -3627,12 +3547,12 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including </para> <screen>\appendix </screen> -<para>This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it -declares that subsequent <literal>\chapter</literal> commands start an appendix. In -an article it does the same, for <literal>\section</literal> commands. It also -resets the <literal>chapter</literal> and <literal>section</literal> counters to 0 in a -book or report, and in an article resets the <literal>section</literal> and -<literal>subsection</literal> counters. +<para>This does not directly produce any output. But in a <literal>book</literal> or +<literal>report</literal> document it declares that subsequent <literal>\chapter</literal> +commands start an appendix. In an article it does the same, for +<literal>\section</literal> commands. It also resets the <literal>chapter</literal> and +<literal>section</literal> counters to 0 in a book or report, and in an article +resets the <literal>section</literal> and <literal>subsection</literal> counters. </para> <para>In this book </para> @@ -3664,13 +3584,15 @@ number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN. <sect1 label="6.7" id="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"> <title><literal>\frontmatter</literal>, <literal>\mainmatter</literal>, <literal>\backmatter</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frontmatter</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cfrontmatter"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frontmatter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>book, front matter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>front matter of a book</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mainmatter</primary></indexterm> +<!-- --> +<anchor id="_005cmainmatter"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mainmatter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>book, main matter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>main matter of a book</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backmatter</primary></indexterm> +<!-- --> +<anchor id="_005cbackmatter"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backmatter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>book, back matter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>book, end matter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>back matter of a book</primary></indexterm> @@ -4241,7 +4163,7 @@ default only in the <literal>report</literal> class. <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>abstract</literal> package</primary></indexterm> <para>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for -a more flexible solution, use the package <filename>abstract</filename>). +a more flexible solution, use the package <literal>abstract</literal>). </para> <!-- Adopted from http://www.tex.ac.uk/FAQ-onecolabs.html --> <screen>\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} @@ -5006,7 +4928,7 @@ Article by \myname. ... \end{flushleft} </screen> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>flushleft</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushleft</literal>)</primary></indexterm> <para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and @@ -5057,10 +4979,10 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal> command that ends the paragraph unit. </para> -<para>Here <literal>\raggedright</literal> in each second column keeps &latex; from doing -very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note -that <literal>\raggedright</literal> is inside the curly braces <literal>{...}</literal> to -delimit its effect. +<para>Here <literal>\raggedright</literal> in each second column keeps &latex; from +doing awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. +Note that <literal>\raggedright</literal> is inside the curly braces +<literal>{...}</literal> to delimit its effect. </para> <screen>\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}} Team alpha &{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\ @@ -6480,10 +6402,11 @@ determined in some other way then either use <literal>\fbox</literal> (see <link </para> <screen>\frame{<replaceable>contents</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>Puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>contents</replaceable>. The reference point is -the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to <literal>\framebox</literal> -(see <link linkend="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</link>), this command puts no extra space is put -between the frame and the object. It is fragile (see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>). +<para>Puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>contents</replaceable>. The reference point +is the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to +<literal>\framebox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</link>), this command puts no +extra space between the frame and the object. It is fragile +(see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>). </para> </sect2> @@ -6526,13 +6449,13 @@ take. <sect1 label="8.20" id="quotation-_0026-quote"> <title><literal>quotation</literal> & <literal>quote</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>quotation</literal></primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="quotation"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>quotation</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary><literal>quotation</literal> environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>quote</literal></primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="quote"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>quote</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary><literal>quote</literal> environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm> @@ -6857,12 +6780,12 @@ illustrates many of the features. <para>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar between them. This is specified in <literal>tabular</literal>’s argument <literal>{l|l}</literal>. -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>& for table cells</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>& (for table cells)</primary></indexterm> Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand, <literal>&</literal>. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, <literal>\\</literal>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with <literal>\hline</literal>. -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>tabular</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>tabular</literal>)</primary></indexterm> After the last row the <literal>\\</literal> is optional, unless an <literal>\hline</literal> command follows to put a rule below the table. </para> @@ -6901,14 +6824,14 @@ column and intercolumn material. or space</replaceable> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile (see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>). </para> -<para>If between two columns there is no @-expression then &latex;’s -<literal>book</literal>, <literal>article</literal>, and <literal>report</literal> classes will put on -either side of each column a space of length <literal>\tabcolsep</literal>, which by -default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are +<para>If between two column specifiers there is no @-expression then +&latex;’s <literal>book</literal>, <literal>article</literal>, and <literal>report</literal> classes will +put on either side of each column a space of width <literal>\tabcolsep</literal>, +which by default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are separated by 12pt (so <literal>\tabcolsep</literal> is misleadingly named since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In -addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column and -after the final column, unless you put a <literal>@{...}</literal> or <literal>|</literal> +addition, a space of <literal>\tabcolsep</literal> also comes before the first +column and after the final column, unless you put a <literal>@{...}</literal> there. </para> <para>If you override the default and use an @-expression then &latex; does @@ -6934,7 +6857,7 @@ arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it. $9$ &$80665$ \end{tabular} </screen> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\extracolsep</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cextracolsep"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\extracolsep</primary></indexterm> <para>An <literal>\extracolsep{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal> command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width <replaceable>wd</replaceable> to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <literal>\extracolsep</literal>. Unlike @@ -7760,7 +7683,7 @@ However, the <literal>cprotect</literal> package can help with this. <screen>Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\ On the fair daughter of rich Capulet. </screen> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>verse</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>verse</literal>)</primary></indexterm> <para>Separate the lines of each stanza with <literal>\\</literal>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. </para> @@ -7809,7 +7732,7 @@ fiddling with breaks that will change anyway. <sect1 label="9.1" id="_005c_005c"> <title><literal>\\</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (force line break)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm> @@ -7883,7 +7806,7 @@ something like this. <sect1 label="9.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"> <title><literal>\obeycr</literal> & <literal>\restorecr</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cobeycr"/><anchor id="_005crestorecr"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm> @@ -7990,10 +7913,10 @@ in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column. better fit. </para> <para>The <literal>\-</literal> command only allows &latex; to break there, it does not -require that it break there. You can force a split with something like -<literal>Hef-\linebreak feron</literal>. Of course, if you later change the text -then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires -care. +require that it break there. You can force a split with something +like <literal>Hef-\linebreak feron</literal>. Of course, if you later change the +text then this forced break may look out of place, so this approach +requires care. </para> </sect1> @@ -8030,7 +7953,7 @@ automatically by &tex;’s hyphenation algorithm. <sect1 label="9.6" id="_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"> <title><literal>\fussy</literal> & <literal>\sloppy</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cfussy"/><anchor id="_005csloppy"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sloppy</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, changing</primary></indexterm> @@ -8115,7 +8038,7 @@ commands accumulate. <sect1 label="9.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"> <title><literal>\linebreak</literal> & <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005clinebreak"/><anchor id="_005cnolinebreak"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm> @@ -8164,12 +8087,13 @@ tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to understand how to influence its actions. </para> <!-- credit: H Vogt https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563 --> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>badness</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex;’s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and outputting the result. Instead, &latex; typesets more material than would fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some -way (it has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this -approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be +way (it has the smallest <firstterm>badness</firstterm>). An example of the advantage of +this approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs, then &latex; can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts with the last line of a paragraph; &latex; can squeeze the extra line @@ -8193,10 +8117,10 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document. <sect1 label="10.1" id="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"> <title><literal>\clearpage</literal> & <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cclearpage"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005ccleardoublepage"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -8231,7 +8155,9 @@ page, use this command. } </screen> <para>If you want &latex;’s standard <literal>\chapter</literal> command to do this then -add the line <literal>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</literal>. +add the line <literal>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</literal>. (Of +course this affects all uses of <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal>, not just the +one in <literal>\chapter</literal>.) </para> <para>The command <literal>\newpage</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewpage">\newpage</link>) also ends the current page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if &latex; is in @@ -8289,8 +8215,8 @@ stretch out the page, as <literal>\pagebreak</literal> does. <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> -<screen>\enlargethispage{size} -\enlargethispage*{size} +<screen>\enlargethispage{<replaceable>size</replaceable>} +\enlargethispage*{<replaceable>size</replaceable>} </screen> <para>Enlarge the <literal>\textheight</literal> for the current page. The required argument <replaceable>size</replaceable> must be a rigid length (see <link linkend="Lengths">Lengths</link>). It may be @@ -8314,7 +8240,7 @@ explicit <literal>\pagebreak</literal>. <sect1 label="10.4" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"> <title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> & <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cpagebreak"/><anchor id="_005cnopagebreak"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm> @@ -8337,8 +8263,8 @@ prevent the break. But for instance <literal>\nopagebreak[1]</literal> suggests the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>). </para> -<para>&latex;’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this -command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside +<para>&latex;’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these +commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. </para> <para>If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point following @@ -8704,13 +8630,15 @@ second.\footnotefrom{% <sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"> <title><literal>\newcommand</literal> & <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cnewcommand"/><anchor id="_005crenewcommand"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewcommand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, redefining</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining a command</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm> -<para>Synopses, one of: +<para>Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms): </para> <screen>\newcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \newcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} @@ -8719,34 +8647,35 @@ second.\footnotefrom{% \newcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \newcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>or one of these. +<para>or all the same possibilities with <literal>\renewcommand</literal> instead of +<literal>\newcommand</literal>: </para> -<screen>\renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} +<screen>\renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \renewcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \renewcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \renewcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of -<literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal> in <link linkend="Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</link>). + +<para>Define or redefine a command (see also <literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal> in +<link linkend="Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</link>). </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>starred form, defining new commands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form, defining new commands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\long</primary></indexterm> <para>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing -multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms, the commands +multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms: the commands are not <literal>\long</literal>). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs. </para> -<para>These are the parameters: +<para>These are the parameters (examples follow): </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable> -</term><listitem> -<para>Required; <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <literal>\</literal>, -and must not begin with the four character string <literal>\end</literal>. For -<literal>\newcommand</literal>, it must not be already defined. For -<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, this name must already be defined. +</term><listitem><para>Required; <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is the command name. It must begin with a +backslash, <literal>\</literal>, and must not begin with the four character string +<literal>\end</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it must not be already defined. +For <literal>\renewcommand</literal>, this name must already be defined. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable> </term><listitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments @@ -8756,37 +8685,53 @@ arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a different number of arguments than the old version. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>optional arguments, defining and using</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>arguments, optional, defining and using</primary></indexterm> +<para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is optional, with default value <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable> -(which may be the empty string). If <replaceable>optargsdefault</replaceable> is not present +(which may be the empty string). If <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable> is not present then <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> does not take an optional argument. </para> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>positional parameter</primary></indexterm> -<para>That is, if <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is used with square brackets, as in -<literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>[<replaceable>optval</replaceable>]{...}...</literal>, then within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> the -parameter <literal>#1</literal> is set to the value of <replaceable>optval</replaceable>. On the -other hand, if <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is called without the square brackets -then within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> the parameter <literal>#1</literal> is set to the value of -<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>. In either case, the required arguments start with -<literal>#2</literal>. -</para> -<para>Omitting <literal>[<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]</literal> is different from having the -square brackets with no contents, as in <literal>[]</literal>. The former sets -<literal>#1</literal> to the value of <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>; the latter sets <literal>#1</literal> -to the empty string. +<para>That is, if <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is called with a following argument in +square brackets, as in <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>[<replaceable>optval</replaceable>]{...}...</literal>, then +within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> the parameter <literal>#1</literal> is set to <replaceable>optval</replaceable>. +On the other hand, if <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is called without following +square brackets then within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> the parameter <literal>#1</literal> is set +to <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>. In either case, the required arguments start +with <literal>#2</literal>. +</para> +<para>Omitting <literal>[<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]</literal> from the definition is entirely +different from giving the square brackets with empty contents, as in +<literal>[]</literal>. The former says the command being defined takes no +optional argument, so <literal>#1</literal> is the first required argument (if +<inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>nargs</replaceable> ≥ 1</mathphrase></inlineequation>); the latter sets the optional argument +<literal>#1</literal> to the empty string as the default, if no optional argument +was given in the call. +</para> +<para>Similarly, omitting <literal>[<replaceable>optval</replaceable>]</literal> from a call is also entirely +different from giving the square brackets with empty contents. The +former sets <literal>#1</literal> to the value of <replaceable>optval</replaceable> (assuming the +command was defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets +<literal>#1</literal> to the empty string, just as with any other value. +</para> +<para>If a command is not defined to take an optional argument, but is +called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: there +may be a &latex; error, there may be incorrect typeset output, or both. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, substituting</primary></indexterm> +<para>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>. The parameters <literal>#1</literal>, <literal>#2</literal>, -... <literal>#<replaceable>nargs</replaceable></literal> are replaced by the values that you supply when -you call the command (or by the default value if there is an optional -argument and you don’t exercise the option). +…, <literal>#<replaceable>nargs</replaceable></literal> are replaced by the values supplied when +the command is called (or by <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable> in the case of an +optional argument not specified in the call, as just explained). </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>blanks, after control sequences</primary></indexterm> <para>&tex; ignores blanks in the source following a control word -(see <link linkend="Control-sequences">Control sequences</link>), as in ‘<literal>\cmd </literal>’. If you actually want a -space there, one solution is to type <literal>{}</literal> after the command -(‘<literal>\cmd{} </literal>’, and another solution is to use an explicit control +(see <link linkend="Control-sequences">Control sequences</link>), as in ‘<literal>\cmd </literal>’. If you want a space +there, one solution is to type <literal>{}</literal> after the command +(‘<literal>\cmd{} </literal>’), and another solution is to use an explicit control space (‘<literal>\cmd\ </literal>’). </para> <para>A simple example of defining a new command: @@ -8794,14 +8739,15 @@ space (‘<literal>\cmd\ </literal>’). replaced by the longer text. Redefining an existing command is similar: <literal>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</literal>. </para> -<para>If you try to define a command and the name has already been used then -you get something like ‘<literal>LaTeX Error: Command \fred already -defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</literal>’. If you try -to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get -something like ‘<literal>LaTeX Error: \hank undefined</literal>’. +<para>If you use <literal>\newcommand</literal> and the command name has already been +used then you get something like ‘<literal>LaTeX Error: Command \fred +already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</literal>’. +Similarly, If you use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> and the command name has +not been defined then you get something like ‘<literal>LaTeX Error: \hank +undefined</literal>’. </para> <para>Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and the -second, one with one required argument. +second, a command with one required argument: </para> <screen>\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary} \newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}} @@ -8828,12 +8774,12 @@ something like ‘<literal>Definition~3.14</literal>’. <screen>\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1} I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}. </screen> -<para>The output is ‘<literal>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe</literal>’. The optional -argument, the <literal>Howe</literal>, is associated with <literal>#1</literal>, while +<para>The output is ‘<literal>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.</literal>’. The optional +argument, <literal>Howe</literal>, is associated with <literal>#1</literal>, while <literal>Dewey</literal> and <literal>Cheatem</literal> are associated with <literal>#2</literal> and <literal>#3</literal>. Because of the optional argument, -<literal>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</literal> will give the output ‘<literal>I employ -Dewey, Cheatem, and company</literal>’. +<literal>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</literal> will give the output ‘<literal>I +employ Dewey, Cheatem, and company.</literal>’. </para> <para>The braces around <replaceable>defn</replaceable> do not define a group, that is, they do not delimit the scope of the result of expanding <replaceable>defn</replaceable>. For example, @@ -8841,39 +8787,46 @@ with <literal>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</literal>, in this sentence, </para> <screen>The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}. </screen> -<para>the words ‘<literal>met the</literal>’ would incorrectly be in italics. The solution -is to put another pair of braces inside the definition: -<literal>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</literal>. +<para>the words ‘<literal>met the</literal>’, and the period, would incorrectly be in +italics. The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the +definition: <literal>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</literal>. </para> <sect2 label="12.1.1" id="Control-sequences"> <title>Control sequence, control word and control symbol</title> -<para>When reading input &tex; converts the sequences of read characters into -a sequence of <firstterm>tokens</firstterm>. When &tex; sees a backslash <literal>\</literal>, it -will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>control sequences</primary></indexterm> + +<para>When reading input &tex; converts the stream of read characters into a +sequence of <firstterm>tokens</firstterm>. When &tex; sees a backslash <literal>\</literal>, it will +handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a <firstterm>control sequence</firstterm> token. </para> <para>The control sequences fall into two categories: </para> -<itemizedlist><listitem><para><firstterm>control word</firstterm>, when the control sequence is gathered from a -<literal>\</literal> followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one -blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the -<firstterm>control sequence name</firstterm>. -</para></listitem><listitem><para><firstterm>control symbol</firstterm>, when the control sequence is gathered from a +<itemizedlist><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>control word, defined</primary></indexterm> +<para><firstterm>control word</firstterm>, when the control sequence is gathered from a +<literal>\</literal> followed by at least one ASCII letter (<literal>A-Z</literal> and +<literal>a-z</literal>), followed by at least one non-letter. +</para> +</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>control symbol, defined</primary></indexterm> +<para><firstterm>control symbol</firstterm>, when the control sequence is gathered from a <literal>\</literal> followed by one non-letter character. </para></listitem></itemizedlist> +<para>The sequence of characters so found after the <literal>\</literal> is also called +the <firstterm>control sequence name</firstterm>. +</para> <para>Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any whitespace in the output (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</link> and <link linkend="_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</link>). </para> -<para>Just as the <literal>\relax</literal> command does nothing, the following will print -‘<literal>Hello!</literal>’: +<para>Just as the <literal>\relax</literal> command does nothing, the following input +will simply print ‘<literal>Hello!</literal>’ : </para> <screen>Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->lo! </screen> -<para>This is because blanks after <literal>\relax</literal>, including the newline are +<para>This is because blanks after <literal>\relax</literal>, including the newline, are ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored (see <link linkend="Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</link>). </para> @@ -8909,14 +8862,17 @@ See <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \r \providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV} From \myaffiliation. </screen> -<para>outputs ‘<literal>From Saint Michael's College</literal>’. Unlike <literal>\newcommand</literal>, -the repeated use of <literal>\providecommand</literal> does not give an error. +<para>outputs ‘<literal>From Saint Michael's College.</literal>’. Unlike +<literal>\newcommand</literal>, the repeated use of <literal>\providecommand</literal> to (try +to) define <literal>\myaffiliation</literal> does not give an error. </para> - </sect1> <sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"> <title><literal>\makeatletter</literal> & <literal>\makeatother</literal></title> +<anchor id="_005cmakeatletter"/><anchor id="_005cmakeatother"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeatother</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeatother</primary></indexterm> + <para>Synopsis: </para> <screen>\makeatletter @@ -9177,7 +9133,7 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}. <sect1 label="12.8" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"> <title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> & <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cnewenvironment"/><anchor id="_005crenewenvironment"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm> @@ -9554,7 +9510,7 @@ to <literal>\protect\(..\protect\)</literal>. <sect1 label="12.12" id="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"> <title><literal>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ignorespaces</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cignorespaces"/><anchor id="_005cignorespacesafterend"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ignorespaces</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ignorespacesafterend</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces, ignore around commands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, ignore spaces</primary></indexterm> @@ -9570,7 +9526,7 @@ to <literal>\protect\(..\protect\)</literal>. <para>Both commands cause &latex; to ignore blanks (that is, characters of catcode 10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the command up to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a -command from plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific. +primitive command of &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific. </para> <para>The <literal>\ignorespaces</literal> is often used when defining commands via <literal>\newcommand</literal>, or <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, or <literal>\def</literal>. The @@ -9670,7 +9626,7 @@ braces or else there would be no space separating ‘<literal>Vermont</liter <literal>\ </literal> for this. See <link linkend="_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</link>.) </para> <para>The <literal>xspace</literal> package provides <literal>\xspace</literal>. It is for writing -commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place +commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be placed at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed. @@ -9969,7 +9925,7 @@ not influence references; that is, it does not define the current <sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"> <title><literal>\day</literal> & <literal>\month</literal> & <literal>\year</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cday"/><anchor id="_005cmonth"/><anchor id="_005cyear"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm> @@ -10134,11 +10090,11 @@ PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>mm</primary></indexterm><literal>mm</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>millimeter</primary></indexterm> -<anchor id="units-of-length-mm"/><para>Millimeter, 2.845 pt +<anchor id="units-of-length-mm"/><para>Millimeter, 2.845pt </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>cm</primary></indexterm><literal>cm</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centimeter</primary></indexterm> -<anchor id="units-of-length-cm"/><para>Centimeter, 10 mm +<anchor id="units-of-length-cm"/><para>Centimeter, 10mm </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>dd</primary></indexterm><literal>dd</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>didot point</primary></indexterm> @@ -10518,12 +10474,12 @@ of some one or other of their daughters. ``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day, ``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?'' </screen> -<para>A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank -line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank -line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as -space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <literal>%</literal> and -span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns -are identical: +<para>A paragraph separator can be made of a sequence of at least one blank +line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank line +is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as space +or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <literal>%</literal> and span up +to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are +identical: </para> <screen>\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} \begin{document} @@ -10626,9 +10582,8 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then <sect1 label="15.2" id="_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"> <title><literal>\indent</literal> & <literal>\noindent</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cindent"/><anchor id="_005cnoindent"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -10668,6 +10623,7 @@ because &latex; is already in horizontal mode there. The \noindent shows this clearly. </screen> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm> <para>To omit indentation in the entire document put <literal>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</literal> in the preamble. If you do that, you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, @@ -10685,7 +10641,7 @@ look on CTAN for the package <literal>indentfirst</literal>. <sect1 label="15.3" id="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"> <title><literal>\parindent</literal> & <literal>\parskip</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cparindent"/><anchor id="_005cparskip"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>horizontal paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm> @@ -10886,7 +10842,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN. <sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"> <title>Subscripts & superscripts</title> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="superscript"/><anchor id="subscript"/><indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>^ superscript</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>_ subscript</primary></indexterm> @@ -10926,8 +10882,9 @@ for the exponent. subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So, expressions such as <literal>e^{x^2}</literal> and <literal>x_{i_0}</literal> give correct output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the -<replaceable>base</replaceable> a determined <replaceable>exp</replaceable>. If you enter <literal>\(3^3^3\)</literal> then -you get ‘<literal>Double superscript</literal>’. +<replaceable>base</replaceable> a determined <replaceable>exp</replaceable>. If you enter <literal>\(3^3^3\)</literal>, this +interpreted as <literal>\(3^{3}^{3}\)</literal> and then you get &tex; error +‘<literal>Double superscript</literal>’. </para> <para>&latex; does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in @@ -10937,7 +10894,7 @@ the correct place without any author intervention. \int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a) \end{displaymath} </screen> -<para>Note the parentheses around <literal>x=a</literal> to make the entire expression a +<para>Note the curly braces around <literal>x=a</literal> to make the entire expression a subscript. </para> <para>To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like @@ -10947,7 +10904,7 @@ attaching to a prior symbols. </para> <para>Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or display math mode, as in <literal>the expression x^2</literal>, will get you -the error ‘<literal>Missing $ inserted</literal>’. +the &tex; error ‘<literal>Missing $ inserted</literal>’. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>mhchem</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>mhchem</literal> package</primary></indexterm> @@ -11044,11 +11001,12 @@ union <literal>\cup</literal>. </term><listitem><para>⨂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigtriangledown</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal> -</term><listitem><para>▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down -(operator). +</term><listitem><para>▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle +pointing down (binary). Synonym: <replaceable>\varbigtriangledown</replaceable>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigtriangleup</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal> -</term><listitem><para>△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator). +</term><listitem><para>△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle +pointing up (binary). Synonym: <replaceable>\varbigtriangleup</replaceable>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigsqcup</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigsqcup</literal> </term><listitem><para>⨆ Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator). @@ -11851,7 +11809,7 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text. </term><listitem><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\mathsection</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Section sign in math mode §. +</term><listitem><para>Section sign in math mode: §. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsterling</primary></indexterm><literal>\mathsterling</literal> </term><listitem><para>Sterling sign in math mode: £. @@ -11896,10 +11854,10 @@ is: <literal>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</literal>. <sect2 label="16.2.2" id="_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"> <title><literal>\boldmath</literal> & <literal>\unboldmath</literal></title> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>boldface mathematics</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, boldface</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cboldmath"/><anchor id="_005cunboldmath"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>boldface mathematics</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>mathematics, boldface</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode): </para> @@ -11913,9 +11871,9 @@ is: <literal>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</literal>. <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm> <para>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <replaceable>math</replaceable> to be in a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular -(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display -math mode (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). Both commands are fragile -(see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>). +(non-bold) default, respectively. They must be used when <emphasis>not</emphasis> in +math mode or display math mode (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). Both commands are +fragile (see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>). </para> <para>In this example each <literal>\boldmath</literal> command takes place inside an <literal>\mbox</literal>, @@ -11923,30 +11881,76 @@ math mode (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). Both commands are fragile <screen>we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$ </screen> <para>which means <literal>\boldmath</literal> is only called in a text mode, here LR -mode, and explains why &latex; must switch to math mode to set <literal>v</literal> -and <literal>u</literal>. +mode, and explains why we must switch &latex; into math mode to set +<literal>v</literal> and <literal>u</literal>. </para> <para>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <literal>Trouble: \( \boldmath x \)</literal>, then you get something like ‘<literal>LaTeX Font Warning: -Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</literal>’ and ‘<literal>LaTeX -Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line -11</literal>’. +Command \boldmath invalid in math mode</literal>’ and ‘<literal>LaTeX Font Warning: +Command \mathversion invalid in math mode</literal>’. </para> + +<sect3 label="16.2.2.1" id="bm"> +<title><literal>bm</literal>: Individual bold math symbols</title> + <indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>bm</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>bm</literal> package</primary></indexterm> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, boldface</primary></indexterm> -<para>There are many issues with <literal>\boldmath</literal>. New documents should use -the <literal>bm</literal> package provided by the &latex; Project team. A complete -description is outside the scope of this document (see the full -documentation on CTAN) but even this small example +<!-- https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/974 --> +<para>Specifying <literal>\boldmath</literal> is the best method for typesetting a whole +math expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an +expression in bold, the <literal>bm</literal> package provided by the &latex; +Project team is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this +document (see its documentation at <ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/bm">https://ctan.org/pkg/bm</ulink> or in +your installation) but the spacing in the output of this small example +will show that it is an improvement over <literal>\boldmath</literal> within an +expression: </para> <screen>\usepackage{bm} % in preamble ... we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$ </screen> -<para>shows that it is an improvement over <literal>\boldmath</literal>. +</sect3> +<sect3 label="16.2.2.2" id="OpenType-bold-math"> +<title>OpenType bold math</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>fontspec</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>fontspec</literal> package</primary></indexterm> + + +<para>Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (Xe&latex;, +Lua&latex;), neither <literal>\boldmath</literal> nor <literal>bm</literal> usually work +well, because the OpenType math fonts normally used with those engines +rarely come with a bold companion, and both <literal>\boldmath</literal> and +<literal>bm</literal> require this. (The implementation of <literal>bm</literal> relies +on <literal>\boldmath</literal>, so the requirements are the same.) If you do have +a bold math font, though, then <literal>\boldmath</literal> and <literal>bm</literal> work +fine. </para> +<para>If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake +bold fonts with the <literal>fontspec</literal> package’s <literal>FakeBold=1</literal> +parameter (see its documentation, +<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec">https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec</ulink>). This may be acceptable for +drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a true +bold font. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>unicode-math</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>unicode-math</literal> package</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbf</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbfit</primary></indexterm> +<para>Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to use +the <literal>\symbf</literal> (bold), <literal>\symbfit</literal> (bold italic), and related +commands from the <literal>unicode-math</literal> package. These do not change +the current font, but rather change the (Unicode) “alphabet” used, +which in practice is more widely supported than a separate bold font. +Many variations are possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the +desired output. As usual, see the package documentation +(<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math">https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math</ulink>). +</para> +</sect3> </sect2> <sect2 label="16.2.3" id="Blackboard-bold"> <title>Blackboard bold</title> @@ -11971,8 +11975,9 @@ integers, etc. <para>the <literal>\mathbb{N}</literal> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ, representing the natural numbers. </para> -<para>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error -but you get strange results, including unexpected characters. +<para>If the argument contains something other than an uppercase letter, you +do not get an error but you do get strange results, including +unexpected characters. </para> <para>There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the capital letters; look on CTAN. @@ -12061,13 +12066,13 @@ same behavior. <sect3 label="16.2.5.1" id="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"> <title><literal>\left</literal> & <literal>\right</literal></title> +<anchor id="_005cleft"/><anchor id="_005cright"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\left</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>delimiters, paired</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paired delimiters</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>matching parentheses</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>matching brackets</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\left</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm> <!-- Credit: SE userPhilipp https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/12793 --> @@ -12104,7 +12109,7 @@ can't use `\eqno' in math mode</literal>’. <para>However, <replaceable>delimiter1</replaceable> and <replaceable>delimiter2</replaceable> need not match. A common case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, -‘<literal>.</literal>’, as a null delimiter. +‘<literal>.</literal>’, as a <firstterm>null delimiter</firstterm>. </para> <screen>\begin{equation} f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} @@ -12190,6 +12195,9 @@ delimiter; you can’t use <literal>\left</literal> on the first line and <sect3 label="16.2.5.2" id="_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"> <title><literal>\bigl</literal>, <literal>\bigr</literal>, etc.</title> +<anchor id="_005cbigl"/><anchor id="_005cbigr"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigl</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigr</primary></indexterm> + <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <screen>\bigl<replaceable>delimiter1</replaceable> ... \bigr<replaceable>delimiter2</replaceable> @@ -12312,14 +12320,15 @@ in ⋯. Used as: <literal>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1} usage. </para> <anchor id="ellipses-ldots"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ldots</primary></indexterm><literal>\ldots</literal> +</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathellipsis</primary></indexterm><literal>\mathellipsis</literal> +</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm><literal>\dots</literal> </term><listitem><para>Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: <literal>\( -x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</literal>. Another example is the above array example. A -synonym is <literal>\mathellipsis</literal>. A synonym from the <literal>amsmath</literal> -package is <literal>\hdots</literal>. +x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</literal>. Another example is the above array example. +Synonyms are <literal>\mathellipsis</literal> and <literal>\dots</literal>. A synonym from +the <literal>amsmath</literal> package is <literal>\hdots</literal>. </para> <para>You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in -<literal>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</literal>. (In a paragraph -mode or LR mode a synonym for <literal>\ldots</literal> is <literal>\dots</literal>.) +<literal>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</literal>. </para> <anchor id="ellipses-vdots"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm><literal>\vdots</literal> </term><listitem><para>Vertical ellipsis, ⋮. See the above array example for a @@ -12340,6 +12349,10 @@ Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a multiple of any \( p_i \). Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \). </screen> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotsc</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotsb</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotsi</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm> <para>In the first line &latex; looks to the comma following <literal>\dots</literal> to determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second line has a <literal>\cdot</literal> following <literal>\dots</literal> so &latex; outputs an @@ -12351,6 +12364,28 @@ the ellipses that fits when the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, <literal>\dotsi</literal> for dots with integrals, or <literal>\dotso</literal> for others. </para> +<!-- https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/976 --> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>unicode-math</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>unicode-math</literal> package</primary></indexterm> + +<para>The <literal>\dots</literal> command from <literal>amsmath</literal> differs from the +&latex; kernel’s <literal>\dots</literal> command in another way: it outputs a +thin space after the ellipsis. Furthermore, the <literal>unicode-math</literal> +package automatically loads <literal>amsmath</literal>, so <literal>amsmath</literal>’s +<literal>\dots</literal> may be active even when you did not explicitly load it, +thus changing the output from <literal>\dots</literal> in both text and math mode. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</primary></indexterm> +<para>Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode +engines (<literal>lualatex</literal>, <literal>xelatex</literal>), &latex; will use the +Unicode ellipsis character (U+2026) in the font if it’s available; +under traditional &tex; engines (<literal>pdflatex</literal>, <literal>latex</literal>), it +will typeset three spaced periods. Generally, the Unicode +single-character ellipsis has almost no space between the three +periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis is looser, more +in accordance with traditional typography. +</para> </sect2> <sect2 label="16.2.7" id="Greek-letters"> @@ -12458,7 +12493,7 @@ spacing. </term><listitem><para>Homomorphism </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\inf</primary></indexterm><literal>\inf</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Infinum +</term><listitem><para>Infimum </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ker</primary></indexterm><literal>\ker</literal> </term><listitem><para>Kernel @@ -12503,7 +12538,8 @@ spacing. </term><listitem><para>Hyperbolic sine </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sup</primary></indexterm><literal>\sup</literal> -</term><listitem><para>sup +</term><listitem><para>Supremum +sup <!-- don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a --> <!-- Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions --> <!-- when it's just three roman letters anyway. --> @@ -12518,13 +12554,14 @@ spacing. <indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>amsmath</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>amsmath</literal> package</primary></indexterm> -<para>The <literal>amsmath</literal> package adds improvements on some of these, and also -allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but -briefly, you can define an identity operator with +<para>The <literal>amsmath</literal> package adds improvements on some of these, and +also allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, +but briefly, you can define an identity operator with <literal>\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</literal> that is like the ones above but prints as ‘<literal>id</literal>’. The starred form -<literal>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</literal> sets any limits above and -below, as is traditional with <literal>\lim</literal>, <literal>\sup</literal>, or <literal>\max</literal>. +<literal>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</literal> sets any superscript or +subscript to be above and below, as is traditional with <literal>\lim</literal>, +<literal>\sup</literal>, or <literal>\max</literal>. </para> </sect1> @@ -12633,8 +12670,8 @@ accents</link>). </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbrace{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\underbrace{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><para>Put a brace under <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example, this <literal>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</literal> emphasizes the telescoping part. -Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <literal>_</literal>, or superscript, -<literal>^</literal>, as here. +Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, <literal>_</literal>, or +superscript, <literal>^</literal>, as here. </para> <screen>\begin{displaymath} 1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+ @@ -12830,6 +12867,10 @@ control over smashing a subformula box. <sect2 label="16.6.2" id="_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"> <title><literal>\phantom</literal> & <literal>\vphantom</literal> & <literal>\hphantom</literal></title> +<anchor id="_005cphantom"/><anchor id="_005cvphantom"/><anchor id="_005chphantom"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\phantom</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vphantom</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hphantom</primary></indexterm> + <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing, math mode</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>horizontal spacing</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical spacing</primary></indexterm> @@ -13032,8 +13073,8 @@ some that don’t fit into other categories. <sect2 label="16.8.1" id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"> <title>Colon character <literal>:</literal> & <literal>\colon</literal></title> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>colon character</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>: for math</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="colon"/><indexterm role="cp"><primary>colon character</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>: (for math)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\colon</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis, one of: @@ -13119,11 +13160,12 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <literal>\displaystyle</literal> <para>The square root, or optionally other roots, of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The optional argument <replaceable>root-number</replaceable> gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of <literal>x+y</literal> as <literal>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</literal>. -The radical grows with the size of <replaceable>arg</replaceable> (as the height of the -radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until for -a large enough <literal>arg</literal>, it is vertical). +The size of the radical grows with that of <replaceable>arg</replaceable> (as the height of +the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until +for a tall enough <literal>arg</literal>, it is vertical). </para> -<para>&latex; has a separate <literal>\surd</literal> character (see <link linkend="Math-symbols">Math symbols</link>). +<para>&latex; has a separate <literal>\surd</literal> symbol for making a square root +without <replaceable>arg</replaceable> (see <link linkend="Math-symbols">Math symbols</link>). </para> </sect2> @@ -13134,7 +13176,7 @@ a large enough <literal>arg</literal>, it is vertical). <indexterm role="cp"><primary>relation, text above</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stackrel</primary></indexterm> -<para>Synopsis, one of: +<para>Synopsis: </para> <screen>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>} </screen> @@ -13172,7 +13214,7 @@ making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal> command. As in paragraph mode, in paragraph mode, in LR mode &latex; never starts a new line, it just keeps going from left to right. (Although &latex; will not complain that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put -that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR +that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished LR box won’t fit there.) </para> </listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm> @@ -13255,8 +13297,8 @@ the first page of an article. <indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>fancyhdr</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>fancyhdr</literal> package</primary></indexterm> -<para>The package <literal>fancyhdr</literal> is very helpful for constructing page -styles. See its documentation on CTAN. +<para>The package <literal>fancyhdr</literal> is commonly used for constructing page +styles. See its documentation. </para> @@ -13304,8 +13346,8 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\author{<replaceable>name1</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable> \and ...}</primary></indexterm><literal>\author{<replaceable>name1</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable> \and ...}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\author</literal>)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and (for <literal>\author</literal>)</primary></indexterm> <para>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a list of authors separated by <literal>\and</literal> commands. To separate lines within a single author’s entry, for instance to give the author’s @@ -13325,17 +13367,17 @@ To have no date, instead use <literal>\date{}</literal>. <indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm> <para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in -the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at -all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email +the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text +at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email address. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\title</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\title</literal>)</primary></indexterm> <para>Required. Declare <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the document. Get line breaks inside <replaceable>text</replaceable> with a double backslash, <literal>\\</literal>. If you -omit the <literal>\title</literal> declaration then you get ‘<literal>LaTeX Error: No -\title given</literal>’. +omit the <literal>\title</literal> declaration then the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command +yields error ‘<literal>LaTeX Error: No \title given</literal>’. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> <para>To make your own title page, see <link linkend="titlepage">titlepage</link>. You can either @@ -13359,11 +13401,13 @@ house requirements.) <para>Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope -so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments. +so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace +or an end of environment. </para> -<para>In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered -‘<literal>a</literal>’, etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages -are numbered ‘<literal>1</literal>’, etc. +<para>In this example, before the ‘<literal>Main</literal>’ section the pages are numbered +‘<literal>a</literal>’, etc. Starting on the page containing the +<literal>\pagenumbering</literal> call in that section, the pages are numbered +‘<literal>1</literal>’, etc. </para> <screen>\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph} ... @@ -13487,8 +13531,8 @@ title of the last subsection to start, that is, the one in effect during the right hand page. </para> <para>To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, &latex; has <literal>\section</literal> -issue a command <literal>\markboth</literal>, setting <literal>\leftmark</literal> -to ‘<literal>Section 2</literal>’ and setting <literal>\rightmark</literal> to blank. +issue a command <literal>\markboth</literal>, setting <literal>\leftmark</literal> to +‘<literal>Section 2</literal>’ and setting <literal>\rightmark</literal> to an empty content. And, &latex; has <literal>\subsection</literal> issue a command <literal>\markright</literal>, setting <literal>\rightmark</literal> to ‘<literal>Subsection 2.1</literal>’, etc. </para> @@ -13503,7 +13547,7 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading <literal>\markright</literal> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one that came before that page. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\markright{<replaceable>right-head</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right-head</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><para>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> @@ -13560,7 +13604,7 @@ see <link linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</link>. <sect1 label="19.1" id="_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"> <title><literal>\enspace</literal> & <literal>\quad</literal> & <literal>\qquad</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enspace</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005censpace"/><anchor id="_005cquad"/><anchor id="_005cqquad"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enspace</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\quad</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\qquad</primary></indexterm> @@ -13835,11 +13879,11 @@ Examples are <literal>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</literal>, and <literal>Mr.~Bean</lit </para> </sect2> -<anchor id="_005cfrenchspacing"/><!-- old node name --> <sect2 label="19.5.2" id="_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing"> <title><literal>\frenchspacing</literal> & <literal>\nonfrenchspacing</literal></title> +<anchor id="_005cfrenchspacing"/><!-- old node name --> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frenchspacing</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cnonfrenchspacing"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frenchspacing</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonfrenchspacing</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing, inter-sentence</primary></indexterm> @@ -14032,7 +14076,7 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin</literal>. <sect1 label="19.8" id="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"> <title><literal>\thinspace</literal> & <literal>\negthinspace</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cthinspace"/><anchor id="_005cnegthinspace"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\negthinspace</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>thin space</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, thin</primary></indexterm> @@ -14127,7 +14171,7 @@ done in a different way. <sect1 label="19.10" id="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"> <title><literal>\hrulefill</literal> & <literal>\dotfill</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005chrulefill"/><anchor id="_005cdotfill"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis, one of: @@ -14181,6 +14225,10 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with <sect1 label="19.11" id="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"> <title><literal>\bigskip</literal> & <literal>\medskip</literal> & <literal>\smallskip</literal></title> +<anchor id="_005cbigskip"/><anchor id="_005cmedskip"/><anchor id="_005csmallskip"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm> + <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <screen>\bigskip @@ -14236,6 +14284,10 @@ put a page break (see <link linkend="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_00 <sect1 label="19.12" id="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"> <title><literal>\bigbreak</literal> & <literal>\medbreak</literal> & <literal>\smallbreak</literal></title> +<anchor id="_005cbigbreak"/><anchor id="_005cmedbreak"/><anchor id="_005csmallbreak"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigbreak</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medbreak</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallbreak</primary></indexterm> + <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <screen>\bigbreak @@ -14244,7 +14296,8 @@ put a page break (see <link linkend="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_00 </screen> <para>Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and suggest to &latex; that this is a good place to break the page. (The -associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.) +associated penalties are respectively −200, −100, and +−50.) </para> <para>See <link linkend="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</link>, for more. These commands produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a @@ -14528,7 +14581,7 @@ One useful adjunct to the commands here is <literal>adjustbox</literal>. <sect1 label="20.1" id="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"> <title><literal>\mbox</literal> & <literal>\makebox</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cmbox"/><anchor id="_005cmakebox"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>box</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>make a box</primary></indexterm> @@ -14552,9 +14605,10 @@ the tank name, ‘<literal>T-34</literal>’. </para> <screen>The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism. </screen> -<para>The first two command synopsis versions, <literal>\mbox</literal> and <literal>\makebox</literal>, are -roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the -<replaceable>text</replaceable>. (They are like plain &tex;’s <literal>\hbox</literal>.) +<para>The first two command invocations shown, <literal>\mbox</literal> and +<literal>\makebox</literal>, are roughly the same. They create a box just wide +enough to contain the <replaceable>text</replaceable>. (They are like plain &tex;’s +<literal>\hbox</literal>.) </para> <para>In the third version the optional argument <replaceable>width</replaceable> specifies the width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not @@ -14607,9 +14661,9 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions. \pts{90}An African or European swallow? </screen> -<para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>TikZ</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>TikZ</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>TikZ</literal> package</primary></indexterm> -</para> + <indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>Asymptote</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>Asymptote</literal> package</primary></indexterm> @@ -14638,7 +14692,7 @@ and <link linkend="minipage">minipage</link>. <sect1 label="20.2" id="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"> <title><literal>\fbox</literal> & <literal>\framebox</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cfbox"/><anchor id="_005cframebox"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopses, one of: @@ -14831,7 +14885,7 @@ second is the height of <filename>meta.png</filename>. <sect1 label="20.5" id="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"> <title><literal>\sbox</literal> & <literal>\savebox</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005csbox"/><anchor id="_005csavebox"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>box, save</primary></indexterm> @@ -14863,13 +14917,13 @@ There goes \usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da. <literal>\newcommand</literal> macro variable is efficiency, that &latex; need not repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below. </para> -<para>The first two command invocations, +<para>The first two command invocations shown above, <literal>\sbox{<replaceable>box-cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> and -<literal>\savebox{<replaceable>box-cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>, are roughly equivalent. -As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify -the box width as <replaceable>width</replaceable>, and the position of the text inside that -box as <replaceable>position</replaceable>. See <link linkend="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</link>, for the full -description. +<literal>\savebox{<replaceable>box-cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>, are roughly the same. +As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to +specify the box width as <replaceable>width</replaceable>, and the position of the text +inside that box as <replaceable>position</replaceable>. See <link linkend="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</link>, for the +full description. </para> <para>In the <literal>\sbox</literal> and <literal>\savebox</literal> commands the <replaceable>text</replaceable> is typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). If @@ -15143,11 +15197,11 @@ or style, rather than in the document body. <para>or </para> <screen>\color{<replaceable>name</replaceable>} -\color[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>specification</replaceable>} +\color[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>color specification</replaceable>} </screen> <para>The affected text gets the color. This line </para> -<screen>\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} +<screen>\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! </screen> <para>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You @@ -15597,9 +15651,8 @@ files in a file with a PostScript style <literal>%%BoundingBox</literal> line if other format is available.) </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>command</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>A command that will be applied to the -file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a -single backward quote. Thus, +</term><listitem><para>A command that will be applied to the file. This is often left +empty. This command must start with a single backward quote. Thus, <literal>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}</literal> specifies that any file with the extension <filename>.eps.gz</filename> should be treated as an <literal>eps</literal> file, with the BoundingBox information @@ -16170,8 +16223,8 @@ font circumflex use <literal>\^{}</literal>. To get a backslash in the font of the text body, enter <literal>\textbackslash{}</literal>. </para> <para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use -<literal>\verb!!</literal> as below (the double backslash <literal>\\</literal> is only -there to split the lines in the output). +<literal>\verb!!</literal> as below (the double backslash <literal>\\</literal> in the +example is only there to split the lines in the output). </para> <screen>\begin{center} \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\ @@ -16279,7 +16332,9 @@ visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as <indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, text</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp package</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>textcomp</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>textcomp</literal> package</primary></indexterm> + <indexterm role="cp"><primary>TS1 encoding</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are @@ -16327,11 +16382,12 @@ the <literal>textcomp</literal> package for some (technically, those in the Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ldots</primary></indexterm><literal>\ldots</literal> -</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm><literal>\dots</literal> </term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textellipsis</primary></indexterm><literal>\textellipsis</literal> +</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm><literal>\dots</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm> -<para>… An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <literal>\ldots</literal> -and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode. +<para>… An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <literal>\ldots</literal> and +<literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode (see <link linkend="Dots">Dots</link>). See that math +mode ellipsis description for additional general information. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lq</primary></indexterm><literal>\lq</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm> @@ -16390,8 +16446,14 @@ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbackslash</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbackslash</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, in text</primary></indexterm> -<para>\ Backslash. +<para>\ Backslash. However, <literal>\texttt{\textbackslash}</literal> produces a roman +(not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, it +is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding, as +in: </para> +<screen>\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +</screen><!-- https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/824 --> + </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbar</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbar</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, vertical, in text</primary></indexterm> @@ -16411,12 +16473,14 @@ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline. </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbraceleft</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbraceleft</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, in text</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, left, in text</primary></indexterm> -<para>{ Left brace. +<para>{ Left brace. See remarks at <literal>\textbackslash</literal> above about +making <literal>\texttt{\textbraceleft}</literal> produce a typewriter brace. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbraceright</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbraceright</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, in text</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, right, in text</primary></indexterm> -<para>} Right brace. +<para>} Right brace. See remarks at <literal>\textbackslash</literal> above about +making <literal>\texttt{\textbraceright}</literal> produce a typewriter brace. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbullet</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbullet</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet, in text</primary></indexterm> @@ -16697,7 +16761,7 @@ accented. </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\b</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b (bar-under accent)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm> -<para>o_ Bar accent underneath. +<para>o̲ Bar accent underneath. </para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbar</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>underbar</primary></indexterm> @@ -16705,7 +16769,7 @@ accented. <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The argument is always processed in LR mode (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in -<link linkend="Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</link>. +<link linkend="Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</link>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\c</literal> </term><term><literal>\capitalcedilla</literal> @@ -16740,7 +16804,7 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\r (ring accent)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalring</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent</primary></indexterm> -<para>o* Ring accent. +<para>o̊ Ring accent. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\t</literal> </term><term><literal>\capitaltie</literal> @@ -17172,7 +17236,7 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <literal>\if...</literal> with a <sect1 label="24.2" id="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"> <title><literal>\include</literal> & <literal>\includeonly</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cinclude"/><anchor id="_005cincludeonly"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -17490,9 +17554,9 @@ these commands before you call <literal>\tableofcontents</literal>, etc. \renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots} \renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications} </screen> -<para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>babel</literal></primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>babel</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>babel</literal> package</primary></indexterm> -</para> + <indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>polyglossia</literal></primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>polyglossia</literal> package</primary></indexterm> @@ -18500,7 +18564,7 @@ such as <literal>\chapter</literal> that make no sense in a letter are turned of Each <literal>letter</literal> environment body typically ends with a <literal>\closing</literal> command such as <literal>\closing{Yours,}</literal>. </para> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for letters</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for letters)</primary></indexterm> <para>Additional material may come after the <literal>\closing</literal>. You can say who is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <literal>\cc{the Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</literal>. There’s a similar <literal>\encl</literal> command for @@ -18826,7 +18890,7 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system. <sect1 label="27.1" id="_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout"> <title><literal>\openin</literal> & <literal>\openout</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\openin</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005copenin"/><anchor id="_005copenout"/><anchor id="_005cclosein"/><anchor id="_005ccloseout"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\openin</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\openout</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closein</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closeout</primary></indexterm> @@ -19297,7 +19361,7 @@ finishes. ... \newcommand{\fignum}{1} \immediate\write18{cd pix && asy figure\fignum} -\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf} +\includegraphics{pix/figure\fignum.pdf} </screen> <para>will run Asymptote (the <literal>asy</literal> program) on <filename>pix/figure1.asy</filename>, so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic @@ -19404,8 +19468,8 @@ creating the output <filename>thesis.pdf</filename>. </para> <screen>pdflatex thesis </screen> -<para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.tex, default extension</primary></indexterm> -Note that <filename>.tex</filename> is the default file name extension. +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.tex, default extension</primary></indexterm> +<para>Note that <filename>.tex</filename> is the default file name extension. </para> <para>pdf&tex; is an extension of the original &tex; program, as are Xe&tex; and Lua&tex; (see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>). The first two are @@ -19417,8 +19481,8 @@ such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run <command>pdflatex</command> or <command>xelatex</command> or <command>lualatex</command> then you will by default get PDF and have access to all its modern features. -If you run <command>latex</command>, or <literal>dvilualatex</literal>, then you will get -DVI. The description here assumes pdf&latex;. +If you run <command>latex</command>, or <command>dvilualatex</command>, then you will get +DVI. The description here assumes <command>pdflatex</command>. </para> <para>See <link linkend="Command-line-options">Command line options</link>, for a selection of the most useful command line options. As to <replaceable>argument</replaceable>, the usual case is that it diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html index 730e89e15ff..e0d96512ff7 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> +<!DOCTYPE html> <html> -<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.8, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> +<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.0.1, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a -document preparation system, version of January 2022. +document preparation system, version of January 2023. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> -<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)</title> +<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</title> -<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)"> -<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)"> +<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)"> +<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> @@ -60,21 +60,20 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> Originally written by Jim Hefferon and Karl Berry, 2018. */ -a.copiable-anchor {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em} -a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} -blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} -div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} +a.copiable-link {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em} +a.summary-letter-printindex {text-decoration: none} div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} -kbd {font-style: oblique} -pre.display {font-family: inherit} -pre.format {font-family: inherit} -pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} -pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} -span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} -span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} -span:hover a.copiable-anchor {visibility: visible} -ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} +kbd.kbd {font-style: oblique} +kbd.key {font-style: normal} +span.r {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal} +span.w-nolinebreak-text {white-space: nowrap} +span:hover a.copiable-link {visibility: visible} +td.printindex-index-entry {vertical-align: top} +td.printindex-index-section {vertical-align: top} +th.entries-header-printindex {text-align:left} +th.sections-header-printindex {text-align:left} +ul.mark-bullet {list-style-type: disc} +ul.toc-numbered-mark {list-style: none} BODY { margin-top: 1em; margin-left: 1em; /* auto results in two-digit <ol> lost off left */ @@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ div.referenceinfo {font-size:small;} </head> <body lang="en"> -<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)</h1> + @@ -140,26 +139,26 @@ as well as -<div class="top" id="Top"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="top-level-extent" id="Top"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></span><h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1> +<h1 class="top" id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1> <p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -January 2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +January 2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. </p> -<div class="Contents_element" id="SEC_Contents"> +<div class="element-contents" id="SEC_Contents"> <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2> <div class="contents"> -<ul class="no-bullet"> +<ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li> <li><a id="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li> @@ -168,241 +167,245 @@ January 2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. <li><a id="toc-CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-fontenc-package-1" href="#fontenc-package">4.1 <code>fontenc</code> package</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextComposite-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-fontenc-package-1" href="#fontenc-package">4.1 <code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">4.1.1 <code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">4.1.2 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">4.1.3 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">4.1.4 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">4.1.5 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextComposite-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">4.1.6 <code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">4.1.7 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">4.1.8 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">4.1.9 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">4.1.10 <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">4.1.11 <code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.2 Font styles</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.3 Font sizes</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.4 Low-level font commands</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code class="code">\onecolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">5.6 <code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">5.6 <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.7 Floats</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005ccaption-1" href="#g_t_005ccaption">5.7.1 <code>\caption</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005ccaption-1" href="#g_t_005ccaption">5.7.1 <code class="code">\caption</code></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code>\part</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code>\section</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code class="code">\part</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code class="code">\chapter</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code class="code">\section</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code class="code">\subsection</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code class="code">\appendix</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-xr-package-1" href="#xr-package">7.4 <code>xr</code> package</a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code class="code">\label</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code class="code">\pageref</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code class="code">\ref</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-xr-package-1" href="#xr-package">7.4 <code class="code">xr</code> package</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code class="code">abstract</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code class="code">array</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code class="code">center</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code class="code">\centering</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code class="code">description</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code class="code">displaymath</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code class="code">document</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-filecontents-1" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code class="code">enumerate</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code class="code">eqnarray</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code class="code">equation</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code class="code">figure</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-filecontents-1" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code class="code">filecontents</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code class="code">flushleft</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code class="code">\raggedright</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code>flushright</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code class="code">flushright</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code class="code">\raggedleft</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code class="code">itemize</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code class="code">list</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code class="code">math</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code class="code">minipage</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code class="code">picture</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code class="code">\put</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code class="code">\multiput</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code class="code">\qbezier</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code class="code">\line</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code class="code">\linethickness</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code class="code">\thinlines</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code class="code">\thicklines</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code class="code">\circle</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code class="code">\oval</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code class="code">\shortstack</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code class="code">\vector</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code class="code">\frame</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code class="code">\dashbox</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code class="code">tabbing</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code class="code">table</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code class="code">tabular</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code class="code">\multicolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code class="code">\vline</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code class="code">\cline</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code class="code">\hline</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code class="code">\bibitem</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code class="code">\cite</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code class="code">\nocite</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-BibTeX-error-messages-1" href="#BibTeX-error-messages">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code class="code">theorem</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code class="code">titlepage</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code class="code">verbatim</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code class="code">\verb</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code class="code">verse</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code class="code">\\</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code class="code">\newline</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code class="code">sloppypar</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code class="code">\linebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code class="code">\newpage</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code class="code">\footnote</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.5 Footnotes in a table</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol" href="#Control-sequences">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code>\protect</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code class="code">\providecommand</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code class="code">\newlength</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code class="code">\newfont</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code class="code">\protect</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-xspace-package-1" href="#xspace-package">12.13 xspace package</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code class="code">\usecounter</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code class="code">\value</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code class="code">\setcounter</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Units-of-length-1" href="#Units-of-length">14.1 Units of length</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cstretch-1" href="#g_t_005cstretch">14.7 <code>\stretch</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code class="code">\setlength</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code class="code">\addtolength</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code class="code">\settodepth</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code class="code">\settoheight</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code class="code">\settowidth</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cstretch-1" href="#g_t_005cstretch">14.7 <code class="code">\stretch</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-Expressions-1" href="#Expressions">14.8 Expressions</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code>\par</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code class="code">\par</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a></li> <li><a id="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Arrows-1" href="#Arrows">16.2.1 Arrows</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.2 <code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-bm_003a-Individual-bold-math-symbols" href="#bm">16.2.2.1 <code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-OpenType-bold-math-1" href="#OpenType-bold-math">16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math</a></li> + </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Blackboard-bold-1" href="#Blackboard-bold">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Calligraphic-1" href="#Calligraphic">16.2.4 Calligraphic</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Delimiters-1" href="#Delimiters">16.2.5 Delimiters</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.2.5.1 <code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical" href="#Dots">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Greek-letters-1" href="#Greek-letters">16.2.7 Greek letters</a></li> @@ -411,72 +414,72 @@ January 2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. <li><a id="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmathstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">16.6.3 <code>\mathstrut</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code class="code">\smash</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmathstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">16.6.3 <code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Math-styles-1" href="#Math-styles">16.7 Math styles</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.8 Math miscellany</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.8.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.8.2 <code>\*</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.8.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.8.4 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.8.5 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.8.1 Colon character <code class="code">:</code> & <code class="code">\colon</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.8.2 <code class="code">\*</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.8.3 <code class="code">\frac</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.8.4 <code class="code">\sqrt</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.8.5 <code class="code">\stackrel</code></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code class="code">\ensuremath</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code class="code">\maketitle</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code>\hss</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code class="code">\hspace</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code class="code">\hfill</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code class="code">\hss</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code class="code">\@</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a id="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code>~</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code>\/</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code>\strut</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code class="code">~</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code class="code">\/</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code class="code">\strut</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code class="code">\vspace</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code class="code">\vfill</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code class="code">\addvspace</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code class="code">\parbox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code class="code">\raisebox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code class="code">lrbox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code class="code">\usebox</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code class="code">color</code> package options</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li> @@ -484,118 +487,118 @@ January 2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code class="code">\scalebox</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code class="code">\resizebox</code></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005caccent-1" href="#g_t_005caccent">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005caccent-1" href="#g_t_005caccent">23.5.1 <code class="code">\accent</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-inputenc-package-1" href="#inputenc-package">23.7 <code>inputenc</code> package</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.8 <code>\rule</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.9 <code>\today</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-inputenc-package-1" href="#inputenc-package">23.7 <code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.8 <code class="code">\rule</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.9 <code class="code">\today</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code class="code">\endinput</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code class="code">\input</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040dottedtocline-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">25.1.1 <code>\@dottedtocline</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.2 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.3 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ccontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">25.1.4 <code>\contentsline</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.5 <code>\nofiles</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnumberline-1" href="#g_t_005cnumberline">25.1.6 <code>\numberline</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040dottedtocline-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">25.1.1 <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.2 <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.3 <code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ccontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">25.1.4 <code class="code">\contentsline</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.5 <code class="code">\nofiles</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnumberline-1" href="#g_t_005cnumberline">25.1.6 <code class="code">\numberline</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.2 Indexes</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Produce-the-index-manually-1" href="#Produce-the-index-manually">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.2 <code>\index</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.3 <code>makeindex</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.4 <code>\printindex</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.2 <code class="code">\index</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.3 <code class="command">makeindex</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.4 <code class="command">\printindex</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.3 Glossaries</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code class="code">\gls</code></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code class="code">\address</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code class="code">\cc</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code class="code">\closing</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code class="code">\encl</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code class="code">\location</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code class="code">\makelabels</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code class="code">\name</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code class="code">\opening</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code class="code">\ps</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code class="code">\signature</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code class="code">\telephone</code></a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#Input_002foutput">27 Input/output</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1" href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">27.1 <code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cread-1" href="#g_t_005cread">27.2 <code>\read</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.3 <code>\typein</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite">27.5 <code>\write</code></a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-and-security-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></a></li> - <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1" href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">27.1 <code class="code">\openin</code> & <code class="code">\openout</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cread-1" href="#g_t_005cread">27.2 <code class="code">\read</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.3 <code class="code">\typein</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.4 <code class="code">\typeout</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite">27.5 <code class="code">\write</code></a> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-and-security-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">27.5.1 <code class="code">\write</code> and security</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.2 <code class="code">\message</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.3 <code class="code">\wlog</code></a></li> + <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.4 <code class="code">\write18</code></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Command-line-interface-1" href="#Command-line-interface">28 Command line interface</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="toc-Command-line-options-1" href="#Command-line-options">28.1 Command line options</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Command-line-input-1" href="#Command-line-input">28.2 Command line input</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Jobname-1" href="#Jobname">28.3 Jobname</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Recovering-from-errors-1" href="#Recovering-from-errors">28.4 Recovering from errors</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a> - <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a id="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code>article</code> template</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code>book</code> template</a></li> - <li><a id="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li> + <ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> + <li><a id="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code class="code">beamer</code> template</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code class="code">article</code> template</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code class="code">book</code> template</a></li> + <li><a id="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> -<div class="Overview_element" id="SEC_Overview"> +<div class="element-shortcontents" id="SEC_Shortcontents"> <h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2> <div class="shortcontents"> -<ul class="no-bullet"> +<ul class="toc-numbered-mark"> <li><a id="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li> <li><a id="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li> <li><a id="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li> @@ -630,60 +633,60 @@ January 2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. </div> </div> <hr> -<div class="chapter" id="About-this-document"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="About-this-document"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview of LaTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="About-this-document-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="About-this-document-1">1 About this document</h2> -<span id="index-home-page-for-manual"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-home-page-for-manual"></a> <p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX -typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). +typesetting program (see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). </p> -<p>This document’s home page is <a href="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</a>; it has +<p>This document’s home page is <a class="url" href="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</a>; it has separate web pages for each topic. Alternatively. -<a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html</a> has the entire document on +<a class="url" href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html</a> has the entire document on a single page. For other output formats, the sources, and plenty more -information, see <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/">https://latexref.xyz/dev/</a>. +information, see <a class="url" href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/">https://latexref.xyz/dev/</a>. </p> -<span id="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></a> <p>In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than ‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades ago. </p> -<span id="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></span> -<span id="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></span> -<span id="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></a> <p>LaTeX is maintained by a group of volunteers -(<a href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written +(<a class="url" href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written by the LaTeX project is available from their web site. The present document is completely unofficial and has not been written or reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. -<span id="index-bug-reporting"></span> -<span id="index-reporting-bugs"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bug-reporting"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reporting-bugs"></a> Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them. -Instead, please send all comments to <a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a>. +Instead, please send all comments to <a class="email" href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a>. </p> <p>This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array of other information available about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few introductions. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a><a href='#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a><a href='#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-lshort-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a><a href='#index-lshort-document' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-lshort-document'><span><a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lshort-document'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>A longer introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><a href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a></span></dt> +<dt><a class="url" href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt> <dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further references. </p> @@ -693,26 +696,26 @@ references. <hr> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Overview"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Overview"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Overview-of-LaTeX"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2> -<span id="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></span> -<span id="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></span> -<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></span> -<span id="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></span> -<span id="index-LaTeX-overview"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-overview"></a> <p>LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally created by Leslie Lamport in 1984, but has been maintained by a group -of volunteers for many years now (<a href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>). +of volunteers for many years now (<a class="url" href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>). It is widely used, particularly but not exclusively for mathematical and technical documents. </p> -<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding"></a> <p>A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text to be typeset along with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text @@ -728,16 +731,16 @@ engine. (The following sections describe all this in more detail.) the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands available to a LaTeX user. </p> -<span id="index-Lamport-TeX"></span> -<span id="index-pronunciation"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Lamport-TeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pronunciation"></a> <p>The name LaTeX is short for “Lamport TeX”. It is pronounced LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, -produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not -sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<samp>LaTeX</samp>’. +produce the logo with <code class="code">\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not +sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX</samp>’. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a></li> <li><a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a></li> <li><a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a></li> @@ -746,48 +749,48 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<samp>LaTeX</samp>’. <li><a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Starting-and-ending"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Starting-and-ending"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Starting-and-ending-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Starting-and-ending-1">2.1 Starting and ending</h3> -<span id="Starting-_0026-ending"></span><span id="index-starting-and-ending"></span> -<span id="index-ending-and-starting"></span> -<span id="index-hello_002c-world"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="Starting-_0026-ending"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-and-ending"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ending-and-starting"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hello_002c-world"></a> <p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning and ending. This is a small example. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article} \begin{document} Hello, \LaTeX\ world. \end{document} </pre></div> -<p>Every LaTeX document has a <code>\begin{document}</code> line and an -<code>\end{document}</code> line. +<p>Every LaTeX document has a <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> line and an +<code class="code">\end{document}</code> line. </p> -<span id="index-document-class_002c-defined"></span> -<p>Here, the ‘<samp>article</samp>’ is the <em>document class</em>. It is implemented -in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a> +<p>Here, the ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’ is the <em class="dfn">document class</em>. It is implemented +in a file <samp class="file">article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast -array of others are widely available. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>. +array of others are widely available. See <a class="xref" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>. </p> -<span id="index-preamble_002c-defined"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a> <p>You can include other LaTeX commands between the -<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands. -This area is called the <em>preamble</em>. +<code class="code">\documentclass</code> and the <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> commands. +This area is called the <em class="dfn">preamble</em>. </p> -<p>The <code>\begin{document}</code>, <code>\end{document}</code> pair defines an -<span id="index-environment"></span> -<em>environment</em>; the ‘<samp>document</samp>’ environment (and no others) is -required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document"><code>document</code></a>). LaTeX make +<p>The <code class="code">\begin{document}</code>, <code class="code">\end{document}</code> pair defines an +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment"></a> +<em class="dfn">environment</em>; the ‘<samp class="samp">document</samp>’ environment (and no others) is +required in all LaTeX documents (see <a class="pxref" href="#document"><code class="code">document</code></a>). LaTeX make available to you many environments that are documented here -(see <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>). Many more are available to you from external -packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Environments">Environments</a>). Many more are available to you from external +packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). </p> <p>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from a LaTeX input file. @@ -795,38 +798,38 @@ a LaTeX input file. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Output-files"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Output-files"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Output-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Output-files-1">2.2 Output files</h3> <p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files. -The main output file’s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>. -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_002edvi-file'><span><code>.dvi</code><a href='#index-_002edvi-file' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-latex-command"></span> -<span id="index-xdvi-command"></span> -<span id="index-dvips-command"></span> -<span id="index-dvipdfmx-command"></span> -<span id="index-dvitype-command"></span> -<span id="output-files-dvi"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it -produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp>.dvi</samp>. You -can view this file with a command such as <code>xdvi</code>, or convert -it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <code>dvips</code> or to a -Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <code>dvipdfmx</code>. +The main output file’s name ends in either <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> or <samp class="file">.pdf</samp>. +</p> +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-_002edvi-file'><span><code class="code">.dvi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002edvi-file'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latex-command"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xdvi-command"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvips-command"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvipdfmx-command"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dvitype-command"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="output-files-dvi"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code class="command">latex</code> then it +produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp class="file">.dvi</samp>. You +can view this file with a command such as <code class="command">xdvi</code>, or convert +it to a PostScript <code class="code">.ps</code> file with <code class="command">dvips</code> or to a +Portable Document Format <code class="code">.pdf</code> file with <code class="command">dvipdfmx</code>. The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with -<code>dvitype</code>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are -available (<a href="https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>). +<code class="command">dvitype</code>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are +available (<a class="url" href="https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_002epdf-file'><span><code>.pdf</code><a href='#index-_002epdf-file' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-pdfTeX"></span> -<span id="index-pdflatex-command"></span> -<span id="output-files-pdf"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>, -among other commands (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is +<dt id='index-_002epdf-file'><span><code class="code">.pdf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002epdf-file'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdfTeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdflatex-command"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="output-files-pdf"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code class="command">pdflatex</code>, +among other commands (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. </p> @@ -835,27 +838,27 @@ self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. <p>LaTeX always produces at least two additional files. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-transcript-file'><span><code>.log</code><a href='#index-transcript-file' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-log-file"></span> -<span id="index-_002elog-file"></span> -<span id="output-files-log"></span><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-transcript-file'><span><code class="code">.log</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-transcript-file'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-log-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elog-file"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="output-files-log"></a><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps additional information for any errors. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-auxiliary-file'><span><code>.aux</code><a href='#index-auxiliary-file' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_002eaux-file"></span> -<span id="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></span> -<span id="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></span> -<span id="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></span> -<span id="output-files-aux"></span><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as +<dt id='index-auxiliary-file'><span><code class="code">.aux</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-auxiliary-file'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eaux-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="output-files-aux"></a><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled -question mark <code>??</code>. When the referred-to spot does eventually +question mark <code class="code">??</code>. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the source then LaTeX writes its location information to -this <code>.aux</code> file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the +this <code class="code">.aux</code> file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information from this file and uses it to resolve the reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered location. @@ -863,129 +866,129 @@ location. </dd> </dl> -<span id="index-_002elof-file"></span> -<span id="index-list-of-figures-file"></span> -<span id="index-_002elot-file"></span> -<span id="index-list-of-tables-file"></span> -<span id="index-_002etoc-file"></span> -<span id="index-table-of-contents-file"></span> -<span id="index-contents-file"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elof-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-of-figures-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elot-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-of-tables-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etoc-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-contents-file"></a> <p>LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename -ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of -figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a -<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). A particular class may create others; the list is +ending. These include a <code class="code">.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of +figures, a <code class="code">.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a +<code class="code">.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). A particular class may create others; the list is open-ended. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="TeX-engines"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="TeX-engines"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="TeX-engines-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="TeX-engines-1">2.3 TeX engines</h3> -<span id="index-engines_002c-TeX"></span> -<span id="index-implementations-of-TeX"></span> -<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for"></span> -<span id="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></span> -<span id="index-TrueType-fonts"></span> -<span id="index-OpenType-fonts"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-engines_002c-TeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-implementations-of-TeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TrueType-fonts"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-OpenType-fonts"></a> -<span id="index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></span> -<span id="index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></span> -<span id="index-format-files_002c-TeX"></span> -<span id="index-_002efmt-file"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-format-files_002c-TeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002efmt-file"></a> <p>LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX -program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). Such a set of commands is called a -<em>format</em>, and is embodied in a binary <code>.fmt</code> file, which can +program (see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). Such a set of commands is called a +<em class="dfn">format</em>, and is embodied in a binary <code class="code">.fmt</code> file, which can be read much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source. </p> <p>This section gives a terse overview of the TeX programs that are -commonly available (see also <a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a>). -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-latex'><span><code>latex</code><a href='#index-latex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-pdflatex'><span><code>pdflatex</code><a href='#index-pdflatex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-etex-command"></span> -<span id="index-pdfTeX-engine"></span> -<span id="index-e_002dTeX"></span> -<span id="tex-engines-latex"></span><p>In TeX Live (<a href="https://tug.org/texlive">https://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked -via either the system command <code>latex</code> or <code>pdflatex</code>, -then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>). -When invoked as <code>latex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.dvi</samp> -file; as <code>pdflatex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.pdf</samp> file. +commonly available (see also <a class="ref" href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a>). +</p> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-latex'><span><code class="code">latex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-pdflatex'><span><code class="code">pdflatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pdflatex'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etex-command"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pdfTeX-engine"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002dTeX"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="tex-engines-latex"></a><p>In TeX Live (<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/texlive">https://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked +via either the system command <code class="command">latex</code> or <code class="command">pdflatex</code>, +then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>). +When invoked as <code class="command">latex</code>, the main output is a <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> +file; as <code class="command">pdflatex</code>, the main output is a <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> file. </p> <p>pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth’s original -program (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/etex">https://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>), including additional +program (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/etex">https://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>), including additional programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the system -command <code>etex</code>, but this is plain TeX (and produces -<samp>.dvi</samp>). +command <code class="command">etex</code>, but this is plain TeX (and produces +<samp class="file">.dvi</samp>). </p> -<p>In other TeX distributions, <code>latex</code> may invoke e-TeX +<p>In other TeX distributions, <code class="command">latex</code> may invoke e-TeX rather than pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be available in LaTeX. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-lualatex'><span><code>lualatex</code><a href='#index-lualatex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-LuaTeX"></span> -<span id="tex-engines-lualatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the -LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This +<dt id='index-lualatex'><span><code class="code">lualatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lualatex'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LuaTeX"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="tex-engines-lualatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code class="command">lualatex</code>, the +LuaTeX engine is run (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This program allows code written in the scripting language Lua -(<a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX’s typesetting. +(<a class="url" href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX’s typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType -and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp>.pdf</samp> file by default. -There is also <code>dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp>.dvi</samp> file. +and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> file by default. +There is also <code class="command">dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> file. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-xelatex'><span><code>xelatex</code><a href='#index-xelatex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-XeTeX"></span> -<span id="index-_002exdv-file"></span> -<span id="index-xdvipdfmx"></span> -<span id="tex-engines-xelatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the -XeTeX engine is run (<a href="https://tug.org/xetex">https://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX, +<dt id='index-xelatex'><span><code class="code">xelatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-xelatex'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-XeTeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002exdv-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xdvipdfmx"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="tex-engines-xelatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code class="command">xelatex</code>, the +XeTeX engine is run (<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/xetex">https://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX, XeTeX natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. XeTeX produces a -<samp>.pdf</samp> file as output; it does not support DVI output. +<samp class="file">.pdf</samp> file as output; it does not support DVI output. </p> -<p>Internally, XeTeX creates an <code>.xdv</code> file, a variant of DVI, -and translates that to PDF using the (<code>x</code>)<code>dvipdfmx</code> -program, but this process is automatic. The <code>.xdv</code> file is only +<p>Internally, XeTeX creates an <code class="code">.xdv</code> file, a variant of DVI, +and translates that to PDF using the (<code class="code">x</code>)<code class="code">dvipdfmx</code> +program, but this process is automatic. The <code class="code">.xdv</code> file is only useful for debugging. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-platex'><span><code>platex</code><a href='#index-platex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-uplatex'><span><code>uplatex</code><a href='#index-uplatex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-platex'><span><code class="code">platex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-platex'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-uplatex'><span><code class="code">uplatex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-uplatex'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and -other languages; the <code>u</code> variant supports Unicode. See -<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a> and <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>. +other languages; the <code class="code">u</code> variant supports Unicode. See +<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a> and <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>. </p></dd> </dl> -<p>As of 2019, there is a companion <code>-dev</code> command and format for +<p>As of 2019, there is a companion <code class="code">-dev</code> command and format for all of the above: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-dvilualatex_002ddev'><span><code>dvilualatex-dev</code><a href='#index-dvilualatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-latex_002ddev'><span><code>latex-dev</code><a href='#index-latex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-lualatex_002ddev'><span><code>lualatex-dev</code><a href='#index-lualatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-pdflatex_002ddev'><span><code>pdflatex-dev</code><a href='#index-pdflatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-platex_002ddev'><span><code>platex-dev</code><a href='#index-platex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-uplatex_002ddev'><span><code>uplatex-dev</code><a href='#index-uplatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-xelatex_002ddev'><span><code>xelatex-dev</code><a href='#index-xelatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-release-candidates"></span> -<span id="index-prerelease-testing"></span> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-dvilualatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">dvilualatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dvilualatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-latex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">latex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-latex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-lualatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">lualatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lualatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-pdflatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">pdflatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pdflatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-platex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">platex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-platex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-uplatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">uplatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-uplatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-xelatex_002ddev'><span><code class="code">xelatex-dev</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-xelatex_002ddev'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-release-candidates"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prerelease-testing"></a> <p>These are candidates for an upcoming LaTeX release. The main purpose is to find and address compatibility problems before an official release. </p> -<p>These <code>-dev</code> formats make it easy for anyone to help test -documents and code: you can run, say, <code>pdflatex-dev</code> instead of -<code>pdflatex</code>, without changing anything else in your environment. -Indeed, it is easiest and most helpful to always run the <code>-dev</code> +<p>These <code class="code">-dev</code> formats make it easy for anyone to help test +documents and code: you can run, say, <code class="code">pdflatex-dev</code> instead of +<code class="code">pdflatex</code>, without changing anything else in your environment. +Indeed, it is easiest and most helpful to always run the <code class="code">-dev</code> versions instead of bothering to switch back and forth. During quiet times after a release, the commands will be equivalent. </p> @@ -994,104 +997,104 @@ undergo the same extensive regression testing by the LaTeX team before being released. </p> <p>For more information, see “The LaTeX release workflow and the -LaTeX <code>dev</code> formats” by Frank Mittelbach, <cite>TUGboat</cite> 40:2, -<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf</a>. +LaTeX <code class="code">dev</code> formats” by Frank Mittelbach, <cite class="cite">TUGboat</cite> 40:2, +<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf</a>. </p> </dd> </dl> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="LaTeX-command-syntax"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="LaTeX-command-syntax"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3> -<span id="index-command-syntax"></span> -<span id="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></span> -<span id="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></span> -<span id="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-syntax"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-_0028for-optional-arguments_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-_0028for-required-arguments_0029"></a> <p>In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash -character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either +character, <code class="code">\</code>. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. </p> -<p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code> -differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command). +<p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> +differs from <code class="code">\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command). Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined. </p> <p>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are -contained in curly braces, <code>{...}</code>. Optional arguments are -contained in square brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not +contained in curly braces, <code class="code">{...}</code>. Optional arguments are +contained in square brackets, <code class="code">[...]</code>. Generally, but not universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any required arguments. </p> <p>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square -bracket (<code>]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as -in <code>\item[closing bracket {]}]</code>. Similarly, if an optional +bracket (<code class="code">]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as +in <code class="code">\item[closing bracket {]}]</code>. Similarly, if an optional argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make the first character of the following text be an open square bracket, hide it inside curly braces. </p> -<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that -is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and -<code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command +<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code class="code">*</code> form that +is related to the form without a <code class="code">*</code>, such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> and +<code class="code">\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command to command. </p> -<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the +<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code class="code">*</code>-forms for the commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-expl3"></span> -<span id="index-expl3-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-expl3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expl3-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-xparse"></span> -<span id="index-xparse-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xparse"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xparse-package"></a> -<span id="index-LaTeX3-syntax"></span> -<p>As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the <code>expl3</code> and -<code>xparse</code> packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX3-syntax"></a> +<p>As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the <code class="code">expl3</code> and +<code class="code">xparse</code> packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They provide a completely different underlying programming language syntax. We won’t try to cover them in this document; see the related package documentation and other LaTeX manuals. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Environment"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Environment"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Environment-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.5 Environment</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Environment-1">2.5 Environment</h3> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment-name</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{<var class="var">environment-name</var>} ... -\end{<var>environment-name</var>} +\end{<var class="var">environment-name</var>} </pre></div> -<p>An <em>environment</em> is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which +<p>An <em class="dfn">environment</em> is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which there is a distinct behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX -put the lines between <code>\begin{verse}</code> and <code>\end{verse}</code>. +put the lines between <code class="code">\begin{verse}</code> and <code class="code">\end{verse}</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{verse} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verse} There once was a man from Nantucket \\ ... \end{verse} </pre></div> -<p>See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>, for a list of environments. Particularly notable is -that every LaTeX document must have a <code>document</code> environment, -a <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> pair. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Environments">Environments</a>, for a list of environments. Particularly notable is +that every LaTeX document must have a <code class="code">document</code> environment, +a <code class="code">\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> pair. </p> -<p>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at -the end. This includes the case where <var>environment-name</var> ends in a -star (<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must +<p>The <var class="var">environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at +the end. This includes the case where <var class="var">environment-name</var> ends in a +star (<code class="code">*</code>); both the <code class="code">\begin</code> and <code class="code">\end</code> texts must include the star. </p> <p>Environments may have arguments, including optional arguments. This @@ -1100,7 +1103,7 @@ the table to be aligned on its top row) while the second argument is required (it specifies the formatting of columns). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l} ... rows of table ... \end{tabular} </pre></div> @@ -1108,19 +1111,19 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns). <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="CTAN"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="CTAN"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></span><h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3> -<span id="index-CTAN"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CTAN"></a> <p>The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and LaTeX community’s repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites around the world that offer material related to LaTeX -for download. Visit CTAN on the web at <a href="https://ctan.org">https://ctan.org</a>. +for download. Visit CTAN on the web at <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org">https://ctan.org</a>. </p> <p>This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one @@ -1128,820 +1131,819 @@ person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s specifications. </p> -<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code>ctan.org</code> web site +<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code class="code">ctan.org</code> web site offers features such as search by name or by functionality. </p> -<span id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></a> <p>CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of which is the so-called “master”. The master host actively manages the material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX group, DANTE e.V. </p> -<span id="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></a> <p>Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, that is, automatically syncing their collections with the master site and then in turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close to their location better access and relieves the load on the master -site. The list of mirrors is at <a href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>. +site. The list of mirrors is at <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Document-classes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Document-classes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview of LaTeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Document-classes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</h2> -<span id="index-document-classes"></span> -<span id="index-classes-of-documents"></span> -<span id="index-_005cdocumentclass"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-classes"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-classes-of-documents"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a> <p>The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is normally the first command in a LaTeX source file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[<var class="var">options</var>]{<var class="var">class</var>} </pre></div> -<span id="index-article-class"></span> -<span id="index-report-class"></span> -<span id="index-book-class"></span> -<span id="index-letter-class"></span> -<span id="index-slides-class"></span> -<p>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into LaTeX. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-article-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-report-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letter-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slides-class"></a> +<p>The following document <var class="var">class</var> names are built into LaTeX. (Many other document classes are available as separate packages; -see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>.) +see <a class="pxref" href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>.) </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>article</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="document-classes-article"></span><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use. +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">article</code></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-article"></a><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>book</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="document-classes-book"></span><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front +<dt><code class="code">book</code></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-book"></a><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix -(see <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>). </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>letter</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="document-classes-letter"></span><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels -(see <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>). +<dt><code class="code">letter</code></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-letter"></a><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Letters">Letters</a>). </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>report</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="document-classes-report"></span><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>, +<dt><code class="code">report</code></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-report"></a><p>For documents of length between an <code class="code">article</code> and a <code class="code">book</code>, such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>slides</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="document-classes-slides"></span><p>For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The -<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent -(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a href="#beamer-template"><code>beamer</code> template</a>, for a +<dt><code class="code">slides</code></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="document-classes-slides"></a><p>For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The +<code class="code">beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent +(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a class="xref" href="#beamer-template"><code class="code">beamer</code> template</a>, for a small template for a beamer document. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section. +<p>Standard <var class="var">options</var> are described in the next section. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a></li> <li><a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a></li> <li><a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Document-class-options"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Document-class-options"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Document-class-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Document-class-options-1">3.1 Document class options</h3> -<span id="index-document-class-options"></span> -<span id="index-options_002c-document-class"></span> -<span id="index-class-options"></span> -<span id="index-global-options"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class-options"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-document-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-options"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-global-options"></a> -<p>You can specify <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to the -<code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To -specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma. +<p>You can specify <em class="dfn">global options</em> or <em class="dfn">class options</em> to the +<code class="code">\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To +specify more than one <var class="var">option</var>, separate them with a comma. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[<var class="var">option1</var>,<var class="var">option2</var>,...]{<var class="var">class</var>} </pre></div> <p>Here is the list of the standard class options. </p> -<span id="index-10pt-option"></span> -<span id="index-11pt-option"></span> -<span id="index-12pt-option"></span> -<p>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following -options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>): +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-10pt-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-11pt-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-12pt-option"></a> +<p>All of the standard classes except <code class="code">slides</code> accept the following +options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code class="code">10pt</code>): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">10pt 11pt 12pt +<pre class="example-preformatted">10pt 11pt 12pt </pre></div> -<span id="index-a4paper-option"></span> -<span id="index-a5paper-option"></span> -<span id="index-b5paper-option"></span> -<span id="index-executivepaper-option"></span> -<span id="index-legalpaper-option"></span> -<span id="index-letterpaper-option"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-a4paper-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-a5paper-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-b5paper-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-executivepaper-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-legalpaper-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letterpaper-option"></a> <p>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (these show height by width): </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>a4paper</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches) +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">a4paper</code></dt> +<dd><p>210 by 297<span class="dmn">mm</span> (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>a5paper</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3 inches) +<dt><code class="code">a5paper</code></dt> +<dd><p>148 by 210<span class="dmn">mm</span> (about 5.8 by 8.3 inches) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>b5paper</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8 inches) +<dt><code class="code">b5paper</code></dt> +<dd><p>176 by 250<span class="dmn">mm</span> (about 6.9 by 9.8 inches) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>executivepaper</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">executivepaper</code></dt> <dd><p>7.25 by 10.5 inches </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>legalpaper</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">legalpaper</code></dt> <dd><p>8.5 by 14 inches </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>letterpaper</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">letterpaper</code></dt> <dd><p>8.5 by 11 inches (the default) </p></dd> </dl> -<span id="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></span> -<span id="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-geometry"></span> -<span id="index-geometry-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-geometry"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-geometry-package"></a> <p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX -(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set +(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code class="code">letterpaper</code> set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way -to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and -<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document’s preamble. -<span id="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></span> -<span id="index-geometry-package-1"></span> +to do that is to put <code class="code">\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and +<code class="code">\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document’s preamble. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-geometry-package-1"></a> </p> -<p>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print +<p>The <code class="code">geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size. </p> -<span id="index-draft-option"></span> -<span id="index-final-option"></span> -<span id="index-fleqn-option"></span> -<span id="index-landscape-option"></span> -<span id="index-leqno-option"></span> -<span id="index-openbib-option"></span> -<span id="index-titlepage-option"></span> -<span id="index-notitlepage-option"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-draft-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-final-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fleqn-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-landscape-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-leqno-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-openbib-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlepage-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-notitlepage-option"></a> <p>Miscellaneous other options: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'><span><code>draft</code><a href='#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>final</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a -black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>. +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'><span><code class="code">draft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">final</code></dt> +<dd><p>Mark (<code class="code">draft</code>) or do not mark (<code class="code">final</code>) overfull boxes with a +black box in the margin; default is <code class="code">final</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-flush-left-equations'><span><code>fleqn</code><a href='#index-flush-left-equations' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-centered-equations"></span> -<span id="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></span> +<dt id='index-flush-left-equations'><span><code class="code">fleqn</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-flush-left-equations'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-equations"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></a> <p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-landscape-orientation'><span><code>landscape</code><a href='#index-landscape-orientation' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-portrait-orientation"></span> +<dt id='index-landscape-orientation'><span><code class="code">landscape</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-landscape-orientation'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-portrait-orientation"></a> <p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'><span><code>leqno</code><a href='#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span> -<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></span> +<dt id='index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'><span><code class="code">leqno</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></a> <p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-bibliography-format_002c-open'><span><code>openbib</code><a href='#index-bibliography-format_002c-open' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-bibliography-format_002c-open'><span><code class="code">openbib</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bibliography-format_002c-open'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Use “open” bibliography format. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'><span><code>titlepage</code><a href='#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>notitlepage</code></span></dt> +<dt id='index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'><span><code class="code">titlepage</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">notitlepage</code></dt> <dd><p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the -<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is -<code>notitlepage</code>. +<code class="code">report</code> class is <code class="code">titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is +<code class="code">notitlepage</code>. </p></dd> </dl> -<p>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class. +<p>The following options are not available with the <code class="code">slides</code> class. </p> -<span id="index-onecolumn-option"></span> -<span id="index-twocolumn-option"></span> -<span id="index-oneside-option"></span> -<span id="index-twoside-option"></span> -<span id="index-openright-option"></span> -<span id="index-openany-option"></span> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>onecolumn</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>twocolumn</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-onecolumn-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-twocolumn-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oneside-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-twoside-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-openright-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-openany-option"></a> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">onecolumn</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">twocolumn</code></dt> +<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code class="code">onecolumn</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin'><span><code>oneside</code><a href='#index-_005cevensidemargin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>twoside</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></span> -<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except -that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin'><span><code class="code">oneside</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cevensidemargin'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">twoside</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a> +<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code class="code">oneside</code>, except +that in the <code class="code">book</code> class the default is <code class="code">twoside</code>. </p> <p>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided -printing, the <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code>) parameter +printing, the <code class="code">\evensidemargin</code> (<code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code>) parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left -side of the page and the text’s left margin, with <code>\oddsidemargin</code> -being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and -<code>\textwidth</code>, and <code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder. +side of the page and the text’s left margin, with <code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code> +being 40% of the difference between <code class="code">\paperwidth</code> and +<code class="code">\textwidth</code>, and <code class="code">\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>openright</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>openany</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">openright</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">openany</code></dt> <dd><p>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is -<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>. +<code class="code">openright</code> for <code class="code">book</code>, and <code class="code">openany</code> for <code class="code">report</code>. </p></dd> </dl> -<span id="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></span> -<p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">slides</code> class offers the option <code class="code">clock</code> for printing the time at the bottom of each note. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Additional-packages"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Additional-packages"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Additional-packages-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Additional-packages-1">3.2 Additional packages</h3> -<span id="index-loading-additional-packages"></span> -<span id="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></span> -<span id="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></span> -<span id="index-_005cusepackage"></span> -<p>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated -list <var>options</var>, as here. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-loading-additional-packages"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusepackage"></a> +<p>Load a package <var class="var">pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated +list <var class="var">options</var>, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>}. +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">options</var>]{<var class="var">pkg</var>}. </pre></div> <p>To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma, -as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple -<code>\usepackage</code> commands. +as in <code class="code">\usepackage{<var class="var">pkg1</var>,<var class="var">pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple +<code class="code">\usepackage</code> commands. </p> -<span id="index-global-options-1"></span> -<span id="index-options_002c-global"></span> -<p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-global-options-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-global"></a> +<p>Any options given in the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command that are unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with -<code>\usepackage</code>. +<code class="code">\usepackage</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Class-and-package-construction"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-construction"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Class-and-package-construction-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Class-and-package-construction-1">3.3 Class and package construction</h3> -<span id="index-document-class-commands"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-document-class"></span> -<span id="index-new-class-commands"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-class-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-document-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-class-commands"></a> <p>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a standard header for each page, then you could create a new class -<code>smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with -<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>. +<code class="code">smcmemo.cls</code> and begin your documents with +<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>. </p> <p>What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a package are useful across classes while those in a document class are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a -package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the +package while a command to make the page headers say <code class="code">Memo from the SMC Math Department</code> is for a class. -<span id="index-class-and-package-difference"></span> -<span id="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-difference"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></a> </p> -<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>@</code> as a +<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code class="code">@</code> as a character in command names without having to surround the code -containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and -<code>\makeatother</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>. This allow +containing that command with <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> and +<code class="code">\makeatother</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>. This allow you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with -others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands -<code>\smc@tolist</code>, <code>\smc@fromlist</code>, etc. +others. For instance, the class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> might have commands +<code class="code">\smc@tolist</code>, <code class="code">\smc@fromlist</code>, etc. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a></li> <li><a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-structure"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-structure"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Class-and-package-structure-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-structure-1">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4> -<span id="index-class-and-package-structure"></span> -<span id="index-class-file-layout"></span> -<span id="index-package-file-layout"></span> -<span id="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></span> -<span id="index-options_002c-package"></span> -<span id="index-class-options-1"></span> -<span id="index-package-options"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-structure"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-file-layout"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-file-layout"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-package"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-options-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-options"></a> <p>A class file or package file typically has four parts. -</p><ol> -<li> In the <em>identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX -package or class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code> -and <code>\ProvidesClass</code> or <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> commands. +</p><ol class="enumerate"> +<li> In the <em class="dfn">identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX +package or class and describes itself, using the <code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat</code> +and <code class="code">\ProvidesClass</code> or <code class="code">\ProvidesPackage</code> commands. -</li><li> The <em>preliminary declarations part</em> declares some commands and +</li><li> The <em class="dfn">preliminary declarations part</em> declares some commands and can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed -for the code used in the next part. For example, an <code>smcmemo</code> +for the code used in the next part. For example, an <code class="code">smcmemo</code> class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of -people for the to-head, as <code>\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}</code>, and +people for the to-head, as <code class="code">\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}</code>, and therefore needs to define a command -<code>\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}</code> used in that +<code class="code">\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}</code> used in that file. -</li><li> In the <em>handle options part</em> the class or package declares +</li><li> In the <em class="dfn">handle options part</em> the class or package declares and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their -document as <code>\documentclass[<var>option list</var>]{<var>class +document as <code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">option list</var>]{<var class="var">class name</var>}</code>, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you -declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]{article}</code> to set the default +declare <code class="code">\documentclass[11pt]{article}</code> to set the default document font size. -</li><li> Finally, in the <em>more declarations part</em> the class or package +</li><li> Finally, in the <em class="dfn">more declarations part</em> the class or package usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and loading other files. </li></ol> -<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp>stub.cls</samp> +<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp class="file">stub.cls</samp> where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the -<samp>.tex</samp> file. +<samp class="file">.tex</samp> file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} \ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from] \DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} \ProcessOptions\relax \LoadClass{article} </pre></div> -<span id="index-class-file-example"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-file-example"></a> <p>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of -passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the -<code>article</code> class to provide the basis for this class’s code. +passing them all to the <code class="code">article</code> class, and then loads the +<code class="code">article</code> class to provide the basis for this class’s code. </p> <p>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the Class Guide, at -<a href="https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much +<a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial -<a href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-commands"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Class-and-package-commands"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Class-and-package-commands-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4> -<span id="index-class-and-package-commands"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></span> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-commands-1">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-and-package-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></a> <p>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cAtBeginDvi'><span><code>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code><a href='#index-_005cAtBeginDvi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp>.dvi</samp> file +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-_005cAtBeginDvi'><span><code class="code">\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAtBeginDvi'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp class="file">.dvi</samp> file at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cAtEndOfClass'><span><code>\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cAtEndOfClass' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></span> -<p>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes +<dt id='index-_005cAtEndOfClass'><span><code class="code">\AtEndOfClass{<var class="var">code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAtEndOfClass'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\AtEndOfPackage{<var class="var">code</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a> +<p>Hook to insert <var class="var">code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks -multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you -called it. See also <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><span><code>\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cCheckCommand'><span><code>\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cCheckCommand' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></span> -<span id="index-new-command_002c-check"></span> -<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) but does -not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of -<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not -<span id="index-long-command"></span> -<em>long</em> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts -<code>\par</code> within an argument. The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be -long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an +multiple times; the <code class="code">code</code> will be executed in the order that you +called it. See also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt id='index-_005cCheckCommand'><span><code class="code">\CheckCommand{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cCheckCommand'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\CheckCommand*{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-command_002c-checking"></a> +<p>Like <code class="code">\newcommand</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) but does +not define <var class="var">cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of +<var class="var">cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var class="var">definition</var> and is or is not +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-long-command"></a> +<em class="dfn">long</em> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts +<code class="code">\par</code> within an argument. The <var class="var">cmd</var> command is expected to be +long with the unstarred version of <code class="code">\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start -redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already +redefining <code class="code">cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already redefined this command. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\ClassError{<var>class name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\PackageError{<var>package name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\ClassWarning{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\PackageWarning{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\ClassWarningNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\PackageWarningNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\ClassInfo{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cClassError'><span><code>\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cClassError' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cPackageError"></span> -<span id="index-_005cClassWarning"></span> -<span id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></span> -<span id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></span> -<span id="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></span> -<span id="index-_005cClassInfo"></span> -<span id="index-_005cPackageInfo"></span> -<span id="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></span> -<span id="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cClassError'><span><code class="code">\ClassError{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">error text</var>}{<var class="var">help text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cClassError'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\ClassWarning{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\ClassWarningNoLine{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\ClassInfo{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\ClassInfoNoLine{<var class="var">class name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\PackageError{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">error text</var>}{<var class="var">help text</var>}</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\PackageWarning{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\PackageWarningNoLine{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">warning text</var>}</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\PackageInfo{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\PackageInfoNoLine{<var class="var">package name</var>}{<var class="var">info text</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageError"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassWarning"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassInfo"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageInfo"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a> <p>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages. </p> -<p>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is -<var>error text</var>, followed by TeX’s <code>?</code> error prompt. If the -user then asks for help by typing <code>h</code>, they see the <var>help +<p>For <code class="code">\ClassError</code> and <code class="code">\PackageError</code> the message is +<var class="var">error text</var>, followed by TeX’s <code class="code">?</code> error prompt. If the +user then asks for help by typing <code class="code">h</code>, they see the <var class="var">help text</var>. </p> <p>The four warning commands are similar except that they write -<var>warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info -commands write <var>info text</var> only in the transcript file. The -<code>NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the +<var class="var">warning text</var> on the screen with no error prompt. The four info +commands write <var class="var">info text</var> only in the transcript file. The +<code class="code">NoLine</code> versions do not show the number of the line generating the message, while the other versions do show that number. </p> -<p>To format the messages, including the <var>help text</var>: use -<code>\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with -<code>\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code>\space</code> when a space +<p>To format the messages, including the <var class="var">help text</var>: use +<code class="code">\protect</code> to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with +<code class="code">\MessageBreak</code>, and get a space with <code class="code">\space</code> when a space character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX appends a period to the messages. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cCurrentOption'><span><code>\CurrentOption</code><a href='#index-_005cCurrentOption' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cCurrentOption'><span><code class="code">\CurrentOption</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cCurrentOption'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only -be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> -or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. +be used within the <var class="var">code</var> argument of either <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code> +or <code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cDeclareOption'><span><code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cDeclareOption' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></span> -<span id="index-class-options-2"></span> -<span id="index-package-options-1"></span> -<span id="index-options_002c-class"></span> -<span id="index-options_002c-package-1"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cDeclareOption'><span><code class="code">\DeclareOption{<var class="var">option</var>}{<var class="var">code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDeclareOption'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\DeclareOption*{<var class="var">code</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-class-options-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-options-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-package-1"></a> <p>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their -<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class -could have an option <code>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code> allowing +<code class="code">\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code class="code">smcmemo</code> class +could have an option <code class="code">\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code> allowing users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file -must contain <code>\DeclareOption{logo}{<var>code</var>}</code> (and later, -<code>\ProcessOptions</code>). +must contain <code class="code">\DeclareOption{logo}{<var class="var">code</var>}</code> (and later, +<code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code>). </p> <p>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this -will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s): +will produce a warning like <code class="code">Unused global option(s): [badoption].</code> Change this behavior with the starred version -<code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes +<code class="code">\DeclareOption*{<var class="var">code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes extend an existing class, using a command such as -<code>\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the +<code class="code">\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the underlying class use code such as this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareOption*{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption*{% \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% } </pre></div> -<p>Another example is that the class <code>smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep +<p>Another example is that the class <code class="code">smcmemo</code> may allow users to keep lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke -<code>\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</code> and it will read the file -<code>math.memo</code>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise -passes the option to the <code>article</code> class. +<code class="code">\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}</code> and it will read the file +<code class="code">math.memo</code>. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise +passes the option to the <code class="code">article</code> class. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{% \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}} </pre></div> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'><span><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></span> -<span id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></span> -<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code -within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and -fragile commands see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>.) Use this command to define new +<dt><code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'><span><code class="code">* \DeclareRobustCommand*{<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">num</var>][<var class="var">default</var>]{<var class="var">definition</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></a> +<p>Like <code class="code">\newcommand</code> and <code class="code">\newcommand*</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code +within the <var class="var">definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and +fragile commands see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>.) Use this command to define new robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them -robust. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro -<var>cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the +robust. Unlike <code class="code">\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro +<var class="var">cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the transcript file if a command is redefined. </p> <p>Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined -using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command’s data is fragile and the -command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>. -</p> -<span id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></span> -<span id="index-etoolbox-package"></span> -<p>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers the commands -<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands -<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands -<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are -similar to <code>\newcommand</code>, <code>\newcommand*</code>, -<code>\renewcommand</code>, <code>\renewcommand*</code>, <code>\providecommand</code>, and -<code>\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var>cmd</var> with two -advantages as compared to <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code>: -</p><ol> +using <code class="code">\newcommand</code> so unless the command’s data is fragile and the +command is used within a moving argument, use <code class="code">\newcommand</code>. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-etoolbox-package"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">etoolbox</code> package offers the commands +<code class="code">\newrobustcmd</code>, <code class="code">\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands +<code class="code">\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code class="code">\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands +<code class="code">\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code class="code">\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are +similar to <code class="code">\newcommand</code>, <code class="code">\newcommand*</code>, +<code class="code">\renewcommand</code>, <code class="code">\renewcommand*</code>, <code class="code">\providecommand</code>, and +<code class="code">\providecommand*</code>, but define a robust <var class="var">cmd</var> with two +advantages as compared to <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code>: +</p><ol class="enumerate"> <li> They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than the -higher level LaTeX <code>\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur +higher level LaTeX <code class="code">\protect</code> mechanism, so they do not incur the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and -</li><li> They make the same distinction between <code>\new…</code>, -<code>\renew…</code>, and <code>\provide…</code>, as the standard +</li><li> They make the same distinction between <code class="code">\new…</code>, +<code class="code">\renew…</code>, and <code class="code">\provide…</code>, as the standard commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine -<var>cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either -<code>\renew…</code> or <code>\provide…</code> or you get an error. +<var class="var">cmd</var> that already exists, in that case you need to use either +<code class="code">\renew…</code> or <code class="code">\provide…</code> or you get an error. </li></ol> - </dd> -<dt><span><code>\IfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cIfFileExists'><span><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cIfFileExists' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></span> -<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp><var>file -name</var></samp> or <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing -<var>true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command +<dt id='index-_005cIfFileExists'><span><code class="code">\IfFileExists{<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cIfFileExists'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\InputIfFileExists{<var class="var">filename</var>}{<var class="var">true code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a> +<p>Execute <var class="var">true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp class="file"><var class="var">file +name</var></samp> or <var class="var">false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing +<var class="var">true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{% \includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found} </pre></div> -<p>will include the graphic <samp>img.pdf</samp> if it is found and otherwise +<p>will include the graphic <samp class="file">img.pdf</samp> if it is found and otherwise give a warning. </p> <p>This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the current -directory do something like <code>\IfFileExists{./filename}{<var>true -code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code>. If you ask for a filename without a -<code>.tex</code> extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by -appending the <code>.tex</code>; for more on how LaTeX handles file -extensions see <a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>. +directory do something like <code class="code">\IfFileExists{./filename}{<var class="var">true +code</var>}{<var class="var">false code</var>}</code>. If you ask for a filename without a +<code class="code">.tex</code> extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by +appending the <code class="code">.tex</code>; for more on how LaTeX handles file +extensions see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cLoadClass'><span><code>\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cLoadClass' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></span> -<p>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options -list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is -<code>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cLoadClass'><span><code class="code">\LoadClass[<var class="var">options list</var>]{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLoadClass'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a> +<p>Load a class, as with <code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">options +list</var>]{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release info</var>]</code>. An example is +<code class="code">\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>. </p> -<p>The <var>options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The -<var>release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form -<var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. +<p>The <var class="var">options list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The +<var class="var">release date</var> is optional. If present it must have the form +<var class="var">YYYY/MM/DD</var>. </p> -<p>If you request a <var>release date</var> and the date of the package +<p>If you request a <var class="var">release date</var> and the date of the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and in the log like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of +<pre class="example-preformatted">You have requested, on input line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available. </pre></div> -<p>The command version <code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of +<p>The command version <code class="code">\LoadClassWithOptions</code> uses the list of options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed -to it via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command +to it via <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard -<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed. +<code class="code">article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cExecuteOptions'><span><code>\ExecuteOptions{<var>options-list</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cExecuteOptions' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command -executes the command <code>\ds@<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not +<dt id='index-_005cExecuteOptions'><span><code class="code">\ExecuteOptions{<var class="var">options-list</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cExecuteOptions'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>For each option <var class="var">option</var> in the <var class="var">options-list</var>, in order, this command +executes the command <code class="code">\ds@<var class="var">option</var></code>. If this command is not defined then that option is silently ignored. </p> <p>It can be used to provide a default option list before -<code>\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the +<code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code>. For example, if in a class file you want the default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify -<code>\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>. +<code class="code">\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'><span><code>\NeedsTeXFormat{<var>format</var>}[<var>format date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'><span><code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat{<var class="var">format</var>}[<var class="var">format date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as: -<code>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is +<code class="code">\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is processed, the format name given here must match the format that is -actually being run (including that the <var>format</var> string is case +actually being run (including that the <var class="var">format</var> string is case sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error -like ‘<samp>This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>’ +like ‘<samp class="samp">This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.</samp>’ </p> <p>To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain -features, include the optional <var>format date</var> on which those features -were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. +features, include the optional <var class="var">format date</var> on which those features +were implemented. If present it must be in the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>. If the format version installed on your system is earlier than -<var>format date</var> then you get a warning like this. +<var class="var">format date</var> then you get a warning like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only +<pre class="example-preformatted">You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is available. </pre></div> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cOptionNotUsed'><span><code>\OptionNotUsed</code><a href='#index-_005cOptionNotUsed' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cOptionNotUsed'><span><code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cOptionNotUsed'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used -within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or -<code>\DeclareOption*</code>. +within the <var class="var">code</var> argument of either <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code> or +<code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'><span><code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></span> -<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the -options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code> -command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>. +<dt id='index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'><span><code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass{<var class="var">option list</var>}{<var class="var">class name</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var class="var">option list</var>}{<var class="var">package name</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a> +<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var class="var">option list</var> to the +options used by any future <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> or <code class="code">\usepackage</code> +command for package <var class="var">package name</var> or the class <var class="var">class name</var>. </p> <p>The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options -more than once will get you an error like <code>Option clash for package +more than once will get you an error like <code class="code">Option clash for package foo.</code> (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the options.) </p> <p>If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse that to once, for example replacing the two -<code>\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}</code> and -<code>\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code> with the single command -<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>. +<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}</code> and +<code class="code">\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}</code> with the single command +<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}</code>. </p> -<p>However, imagine that you are loading <samp>firstpkg</samp> and inside that -package it loads <samp>secondpkg</samp>, and you need the second package to be -loaded with option <code>draft</code>. Then before doing the first package +<p>However, imagine that you are loading <samp class="file">firstpkg</samp> and inside that +package it loads <samp class="file">secondpkg</samp>, and you need the second package to be +loaded with option <code class="code">draft</code>. Then before doing the first package you must queue up the options for the second package, like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg} \RequirePackage{firstpkg} </pre></div> -<p>(If <code>firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want +<p>(If <code class="code">firstpkg.sty</code> loads an option in conflict with what you want then you may have to alter its source.) </p> <p>These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package -writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code>graphicx</code> -package with the option <code>draft</code> and also wants to use a class -<code>foo</code> that loads the <code>graphicx</code> package, but without that +writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the <code class="code">graphicx</code> +package with the option <code class="code">draft</code> and also wants to use a class +<code class="code">foo</code> that loads the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package, but without that option. The user could start their LaTeX file with -<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>. +<code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\ProcessOptions</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cProcessOptions'><span><code>\ProcessOptions*<var>\@options</var></code><a href='#index-_005cProcessOptions' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cProcessOptions'><span><code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProcessOptions'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\ProcessOptions*<var class="var">\@options</var></code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></a> <p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it -in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the +in the class file as <code class="code">\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the existence of the starred command). </p> -<p>Options come in two types. <em>Local options</em> have been specified for this -particular package in the <var>options</var> argument of -<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>options</var>}</code>, -<code>\usepackage[<var>options</var>]</code>, or -<code>\RequirePackage[<var>options</var>]</code>. <em>Global options</em> are those given -by the class user in <code>\documentclass[<var>options</var>]</code> (If an option +<p>Options come in two types. <em class="dfn">Local options</em> have been specified for this +particular package in the <var class="var">options</var> argument of +<code class="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var class="var">options</var>}</code>, +<code class="code">\usepackage[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>, or +<code class="code">\RequirePackage[<var class="var">options</var>]</code>. <em class="dfn">Global options</em> are those given +by the class user in <code class="code">\documentclass[<var class="var">options</var>]</code> (If an option is specified both locally and globally then it is local.) </p> -<p>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <samp>pkg.sty</samp>, the +<p>When <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a package <samp class="file">pkg.sty</samp>, the following happens: -</p><ol> -<li> For each option <var>option</var> so far declared -with <code>\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a -global or a local option for <code>pkg</code>. If so then it executes the +</p><ol class="enumerate"> +<li> For each option <var class="var">option</var> so far declared +with <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>, it looks to see if that option is either a +global or a local option for <code class="code">pkg</code>. If so then it executes the declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were -given in <samp>pkg.sty</samp>. +given in <samp class="file">pkg.sty</samp>. </li><li> For each remaining local option, it executes the command -<code>\ds@</code><var>option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by -a <code>\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code -given in <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been +<code class="code">\ds@</code><var class="var">option</var> if it has been defined somewhere (other than by +a <code class="code">\DeclareOption</code>); otherwise, it executes the default option code +given in <code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code>. If no default option code has been declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in which these options were specified. </li></ol> -<p>When <code>\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same -way except that all options are local, and the default <var>code</var> for -<code>\DeclareOption*</code> is <code>\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error. +<p>When <code class="code">\ProcessOptions</code> is called for a class it works in the same +way except that all options are local, and the default <var class="var">code</var> for +<code class="code">\DeclareOption*</code> is <code class="code">\OptionNotUsed</code> rather than an error. </p> -<p>The starred version <code>\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the +<p>The starred version <code class="code">\ProcessOptions*</code> executes the options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means that the global options are processed first. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cProvidesClass'><span><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cProvidesClass' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cProvidesClass'><span><code class="code">\ProvidesClass{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var> <var class="var">brief additional information</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProvidesClass'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesClass{<var class="var">class name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var> <var class="var">brief additional information</var>]</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a> <p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file. </p> <p>When you load a class or package, for example with -<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> or <code>\usepackage{test}</code>, LaTeX +<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> or <code class="code">\usepackage{test}</code>, LaTeX inputs a file. If the name of the file does not match the class or package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke -<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> has -the statement <code>\ProvidesClass{xxx}</code> then you get a warning like -<code>You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document +<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code>, and the file <samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> has +the statement <code class="code">\ProvidesClass{xxx}</code> then you get a warning like +<code class="code">You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document class provides 'xxx'.</code> This warning does not prevent LaTeX from processing the rest of the class file normally. </p> <p>If you include the optional argument then you must include a date, -before any spaces, of the form <code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the +before any spaces, of the form <code class="code">YYYY/MM/DD</code>. The rest of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the log -file. Thus, if your file <samp>smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line -<code>\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and -your document’s first line is <code>\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you -will see <code>Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>. +file. Thus, if your file <samp class="file">smcmemo.cls</samp> contains the line +<code class="code">\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]</code> and +your document’s first line is <code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}</code> then you +will see <code class="code">Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class</code>. </p> <p>The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than -<var>release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter -<code>\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or -<code>\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package +<var class="var">release date</var>. For instance, a user could enter +<code class="code">\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]</code> or +<code class="code">\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]</code> to require a class or package with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.) </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cProvidesFile'><span><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>filename</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cProvidesFile' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cProvidesFile'><span><code class="code">\ProvidesFile{<var class="var">filename</var>}[<var class="var">additional information</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cProvidesFile'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that -file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config -2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>filename</var> equal to -‘<samp>test.config</samp>’ and <var>additional information</var> equal to -‘<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>’. +file and you get in the log a string like <code class="code">File: test.config +2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var class="var">filename</var> equal to +‘<samp class="samp">test.config</samp>’ and <var class="var">additional information</var> equal to +‘<samp class="samp">2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cRequirePackage'><span><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cRequirePackage' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></span> -<p>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (see <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of -these commands over Plain TeX’s <code>\input</code>; see the Class +<dt id='index-_005cRequirePackage'><span><code class="code">\RequirePackage[<var class="var">option list</var>]{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRequirePackage'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var class="var">package name</var>}[<var class="var">release date</var>]</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a> +<p>Load a package, like the command <code class="code">\usepackage</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of +these commands over Plain TeX’s <code class="code">\input</code>; see the Class Guide. An example is -<code>\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>. +<code class="code">\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}</code>. </p> -<p>The <var>option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The -<var>release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var>YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If +<p>The <var class="var">option list</var>, if present, is a comma-separated list. The +<var class="var">release date</var>, if present, must have the form <var class="var">YYYY/MM/DD</var>. If the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier -than <var>release date</var> then you get a warning like <code>You have +than <var class="var">release date</var> then you get a warning like <code class="code">You have requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but only version `2000/01/01' is available</code>. </p> -<p>The <code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options +<p>The <code class="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions</code> version uses the list of options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it -via <code>\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to allow +via <code class="code">\PassOptionsToClass</code>. This is a convenience command to allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which options were passed. </p> -<p>The difference between <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\RequirePackage</code> is -small. The <code>\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file -while <code>\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files. -Thus, using <code>\usepackage</code> before the <code>\documentclass</code> command -causes LaTeX to give error like <code>\usepackage before -\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code>\RequirePackage</code> there. +<p>The difference between <code class="code">\usepackage</code> and <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> is +small. The <code class="code">\usepackage</code> command is intended for the document file +while <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> is intended for package and class files. +Thus, using <code class="code">\usepackage</code> before the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command +causes LaTeX to give error like <code class="code">\usepackage before +\documentclass</code>, but you can use <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code> there. </p></dd> </dl> @@ -1950,19 +1952,19 @@ causes LaTeX to give error like <code>\usepackage before </div> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Fonts"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Fonts"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Fonts-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2> -<span id="Typefaces"></span> -<span id="index-typefaces"></span> -<span id="index-fonts"></span> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Fonts-1">4 Fonts</h2> +<a class="anchor" id="Typefaces"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typefaces"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts"></a> <p>LaTeX comes with powerful font capacities. For one thing, its New Font Selection Scheme allows you to work easily with the font families -in your document (for instance, see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). And, +in your document (for instance, see <a class="ref" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). And, LaTeX documents can use most fonts that are available today, including versions of Times Roman, Helvetica, Courier, etc. (Note, though, that many fonts do not have support for mathematics.) @@ -1974,81 +1976,81 @@ involves a few commands. For instance, putting the following in your preamble gives you a Palatino-like font, which is handsome and more readable online than many other fonts, while still allowing you to typeset mathematics. (This example is from Michael Sharpe, -<a href="https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf">https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf</a>.) +<a class="url" href="https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf">https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf</a>.) </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[osf]{newpxtext} % osf for text, not math +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[osf]{newpxtext} % osf for text, not math \usepackage{cabin} % sans serif \usepackage[varqu,varl]{inconsolata} % sans serif typewriter \usepackage[bigdelims,vvarbb]{newpxmath} % bb from STIX \usepackage[cal=boondoxo]{mathalfa} % mathcal </pre></div> -<p>In addition, the <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code> engines allow +<p>In addition, the <code class="command">xelatex</code> or <code class="command">lualatex</code> engines allow you to use any fonts on your system that are in OpenType or TrueType -format (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). +format (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). </p> -<p>The LaTeX Font Catalogue (<a href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue</a>) shows +<p>The LaTeX Font Catalogue (<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue</a>) shows font sample graphics and copy-and-pasteable source to use many fonts, including many with support for mathematics. It aims to cover all Latin alphabet free fonts available for easy use with LaTeX. </p> <p>More information is also available from the TeX Users Group, at -<a href="https://www.tug.org/fonts/">https://www.tug.org/fonts/</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://www.tug.org/fonts/">https://www.tug.org/fonts/</a>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1"><code>fontenc</code> package</a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a></li> <li><a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="2">Font styles</a></li> <li><a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="3">Font sizes</a></li> <li><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="4">Low-level font commands</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="fontenc-package"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="fontenc-package"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="fontenc-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 <code>fontenc</code> package</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="fontenc-package-1">4.1 <code class="code">fontenc</code> package</h3> -<span id="index-font-encoding"></span> -<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for"></span> -<span id="index-T1"></span> -<span id="index-OT1"></span> -<span id="index-fontenc"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-T1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-OT1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontenc"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>font_encoding</var>]{fontenc} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">font_encoding</var>]{fontenc} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>font_encoding1</var>, <var>font_encoding2</var>, ...]{fontenc} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">font_encoding1</var>, <var class="var">font_encoding2</var>, ...]{fontenc} </pre></div> <p>Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-fontspec"></span> -<span id="index-fontspec-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fontspec"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontspec-package"></a> -<p>This package only applies if you use the <code>pdflatex</code> engine -(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). If you use the <code>xelatex</code> or -<code>lualatex</code> engine then instead use the <code>fontspec</code> package. +<p>This package only applies if you use the <code class="code">pdflatex</code> engine +(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). If you use the <code class="command">xelatex</code> or +<code class="command">lualatex</code> engine then instead use the <code class="code">fontspec</code> package. </p> <p>TeX’s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use -<code>\accent</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>) but this disables hyphenation. TeX +<code class="code">\accent</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caccent"><code class="code">\accent</code></a>) but this disables hyphenation. TeX users have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using -<code>pdflatex</code> then put this in the preamble +<code class="command">pdflatex</code> then put this in the preamble </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} </pre></div> <p>gives you support for the most widespread European languages, including @@ -2057,62 +2059,62 @@ words with accented letters then LaTeX will hyphenate them and your output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you to directly enter accented characters into your source file.) </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-lmodern"></span> -<span id="index-lmodern-package"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"></span> -<span id="index-cm_002dsuper-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-lmodern"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lmodern-package"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cm_002dsuper-package"></a> -<p>If you are using an encoding such as <code>T1</code> and the characters appear +<p>If you are using an encoding such as <code class="code">T1</code> and the characters appear blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped, sometimes called raster or Type 3. You want vector fonts. Use a -package such as <code>lmodern</code> or <code>cm-super</code> to get a font that +package such as <code class="code">lmodern</code> or <code class="code">cm-super</code> to get a font that extends LaTeX’s default using vector fonts. </p> -<p>For each <var>font_encoding</var> given as an option but not already +<p>For each <var class="var">font_encoding</var> given as an option but not already declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named -<samp><var>font_encoding</var>enc.def</samp>. It also sets <code>\encodingdefault</code> +<samp class="file"><var class="var">font_encoding</var>enc.def</samp>. It also sets <code class="code">\encodingdefault</code> to be the last encoding in the option list. </p> -<p>These are the common values for <var>font_encoding</var>. +<p>These are the common values for <var class="var">font_encoding</var>. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>OT1</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">OT1</code></dt> <dd><p>The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English characters. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>OMS, OML</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">OMS, OML</code></dt> <dd><p>Math symbols and math letters encoding. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>T1</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">T1</code></dt> <dd><p>TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European accented characters. The most common option for this package. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>TS1</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">TS1</code></dt> <dd><p>Text Companion encoding. </p></dd> </dl> -<p>LaTeX’s default is to load <code>OML</code>, <code>T1</code>, <code>OT1</code>, and -then <code>OMS</code>, and set the default to <code>OT1</code>. +<p>LaTeX’s default is to load <code class="code">OML</code>, <code class="code">T1</code>, <code class="code">OT1</code>, and +then <code class="code">OMS</code>, and set the default to <code class="code">OT1</code>. </p> <p>Even if you do not use accented letters, you may need to specify a font encoding if your font requires it. </p> -<p>If you use <code>T1</code> encoded fonts other than the default Computer +<p>If you use <code class="code">T1</code> encoded fonts other than the default Computer Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your -fonts before loading <samp>fontenc</samp>, to prevent the system from loading -any <code>T1</code> encoded fonts from the default. +fonts before loading <samp class="file">fontenc</samp>, to prevent the system from loading +any <code class="code">T1</code> encoded fonts from the default. </p> -<p>The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: ‘<samp>T</samp>’ for the -standard text encodings with 256 characters, ‘<samp>TS</samp>’ for symbols that -extend the corresponding T encodings, ‘<samp>X</samp>’ for test encodings, -‘<samp>M</samp>’ for standard math encodings with 256 characters, ‘<samp>A</samp>’ for -special applications, ‘<samp>OT</samp>’ for standard text encodings with 128 -characters, and ‘<samp>OM</samp>’ for standard math encodings with 128 -characters (‘<samp>O</samp>’ stands for ‘<samp>obsolete</samp>’). +<p>The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: ‘<samp class="samp">T</samp>’ for the +standard text encodings with 256 characters, ‘<samp class="samp">TS</samp>’ for symbols that +extend the corresponding T encodings, ‘<samp class="samp">X</samp>’ for test encodings, +‘<samp class="samp">M</samp>’ for standard math encodings with 256 characters, ‘<samp class="samp">A</samp>’ for +special applications, ‘<samp class="samp">OT</samp>’ for standard text encodings with 128 +characters, and ‘<samp class="samp">OM</samp>’ for standard math encodings with 128 +characters (‘<samp class="samp">O</samp>’ stands for ‘<samp class="samp">obsolete</samp>’). </p> <p>This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works @@ -2121,822 +2123,820 @@ is not in effect. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1">4.1.1 <code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4> -<span id="index-font-encoding_002c-declaring"></span> -<span id="index-encoding_002c-font"></span> -<span id="index-accents_002c-defining"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding_002c-declaring"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encoding_002c-font"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>text-settings</var>}{<var>math-settings</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareFontEncoding{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">text-settings</var>}{<var class="var">math-settings</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Declare the font encoding <var>encoding</var>. It also saves the value of -<var>encoding</var> in <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>). +<p>Declare the font encoding <var class="var">encoding</var>. It also saves the value of +<var class="var">encoding</var> in <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>). </p> -<p>The file <samp>t1enc.def</samp> contains this line (followed by many others). +<p>The file <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> contains this line (followed by many others). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{} </pre></div> -<p>The <var>text-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will run every +<p>The <var class="var">text-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will run every time it switches from one encoding to another with the -<code>\selectfont</code> and <code>\fontencoding</code> commands. The -<var>math-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will use whenever the +<code class="code">\selectfont</code> and <code class="code">\fontencoding</code> commands. The +<var class="var">math-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will use whenever the font is accessed as a math alphabet. </p> -<p>LaTeX ignores any space characters inside <var>text-settings</var> and -<var>math-settings</var>, to prevent unintended spaces in the output. +<p>LaTeX ignores any space characters inside <var class="var">text-settings</var> and +<var class="var">math-settings</var>, to prevent unintended spaces in the output. </p> <p>If you invent an encoding you should pick a two or three letter name -starting with ‘<samp>L</samp>’ for ‘<samp>local</samp>’, or ‘<samp>E</samp>’ for -‘<samp>experimental</samp>’. +starting with ‘<samp class="samp">L</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">local</samp>’, or ‘<samp class="samp">E</samp>’ for +‘<samp class="samp">experimental</samp>’. </p> <p>Note that output encoding files may be read several times by LaTeX so -using, e.g., <code>\newcommand</code> may cause an error. In addition, such -files should contain <code>\ProvidesFile</code> line (see <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). +using, e.g., <code class="code">\newcommand</code> may cause an error. In addition, such +files should contain <code class="code">\ProvidesFile</code> line (see <a class="pxref" href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). </p> -<p>Note also that you should use the <code>\...Default</code> commands only in a +<p>Note also that you should use the <code class="code">\...Default</code> commands only in a package, not in the encoding definition files, since those files should only contain declarations specific to that encoding. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1">4.1.2 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4> -<span id="index-font-encoding-1"></span> -<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-encoding-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccent{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>slot</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextAccent{<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">slot</var>} </pre></div> <p>Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding -<var>encoding</var> at the location <var>slot</var>. +<var class="var">encoding</var> at the location <var class="var">slot</var>. </p> -<span id="index-slot_002c-font"></span> -<p>A <em>slot</em> is the number identifying a glyph within a font. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slot_002c-font"></a> +<p>A <em class="dfn">slot</em> is the number identifying a glyph within a font. </p> -<p>This line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> declares that to make a circumflex -accent as in <code>\^A</code>, the system will put the accent in slot 2 -over the ‘<samp>A</samp>’ character, which is represented in ASCII as 65. -(This holds unless there is a relevant <code>DeclareTextComposite</code> or -<code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code> declaration; -see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>.) +<p>This line from <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> declares that to make a circumflex +accent as in <code class="code">\^A</code>, the system will put the accent in slot 2 +over the ‘<samp class="samp">A</samp>’ character, which is represented in ASCII as 65. +(This holds unless there is a relevant <code class="code">DeclareTextComposite</code> or +<code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code> declaration; +see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>.) </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2} </pre></div> -<p>If <var>cmd</var> has already been defined then <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> +<p>If <var class="var">cmd</var> has already been defined then <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code> does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the transcript file. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1">4.1.3 <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4> -<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>} </pre></div> -<p>If there is an encoding-specific accent command \<var>cmd</var> but there is -no associated <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> for that encoding then this +<p>If there is an encoding-specific accent command \<var class="var">cmd</var> but there is +no associated <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code> for that encoding then this command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for -<var>encoding</var>. +<var class="var">encoding</var>. </p> -<p>For example, to make the encoding <code>OT1</code> be the default encoding for -the accent <code>\"</code>, declare this. +<p>For example, to make the encoding <code class="code">OT1</code> be the default encoding for +the accent <code class="code">\"</code>, declare this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1} </pre></div> -<p>If you issue a <code>\"</code> when the current encoding does not have a +<p>If you issue a <code class="code">\"</code> when the current encoding does not have a definition for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from -<code>OT1</code> +<code class="code">OT1</code> </p> -<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>). +<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\<var>cmd</var>} - {\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}{#1}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\<var class="var">cmd</var>} + {\UseTextAccent{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{#1}} </pre></div> -<p>Note that <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code> works for any one-argument -<samp>fontenc</samp> command, not just the accent command. +<p>Note that <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code> works for any one-argument +<samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command, not just the accent command. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4> - -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></span> -<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></span> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1">4.1.4 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cProvideTextCommand"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>} -\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn}</var> -\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\DeclareTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn}</var> +\DeclareTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} </pre></div> <p>or one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>} -\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ProvideTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\ProvideTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\ProvideTextCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Define the command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which will be specific to one -encoding. The command name <var>cmd</var> must be preceded by a backslash, -<code>\</code>. These commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining -\<var>cmd</var> does not cause an error. The defined command will be robust -even if the code in <var>defn</var> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Define the command <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>, which will be specific to one +encoding. The command name <var class="var">cmd</var> must be preceded by a backslash, +<code class="code">\</code>. These commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining +\<var class="var">cmd</var> does not cause an error. The defined command will be robust +even if the code in <var class="var">defn</var> is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>For example, the file <samp>t1enc.def</samp> contains this line. +<p>For example, the file <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> contains this line. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char 24 } +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char 24 } </pre></div> <p>With that, you can express parts per thousand. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % in preamble ... Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand. </pre></div> -<p>If you change the font encoding to <code>OT1</code> then you get an error like -‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding +<p>If you change the font encoding to <code class="code">OT1</code> then you get an error like +‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding OT1</samp>’. </p> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span> -<p>The <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it -does nothing if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined. The -<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple -slot-to-glyph association (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>) +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it +does nothing if <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is already defined. The +<code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple +slot-to-glyph association (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>) </p> -<p>The optional <var>nargs</var> and <var>optargdefault</var> arguments play the same -role here as in <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>). Briefly, <var>nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9 +<p>The optional <var class="var">nargs</var> and <var class="var">optargdefault</var> arguments play the same +role here as in <code class="code">\newcommand</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>). Briefly, <var class="var">nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the defined command -<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> takes. This number includes any optional argument. +<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> takes. This number includes any optional argument. Omitting this argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that -<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> will have no arguments. And, if <var>optargdefault</var> -is present then the first argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, -with default value <var>optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string). -If <var>optargdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not +<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> will have no arguments. And, if <var class="var">optargdefault</var> +is present then the first argument of <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is optional, +with default value <var class="var">optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string). +If <var class="var">optargdefault</var> is not present then <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-">4.1.5 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></span> -<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} </pre></div> <p>or: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Give a default definition for <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, for when that command +<p>Give a default definition for <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>, for when that command is not defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should only use encodings known to be available. </p> -<p>This makes <code>\copyright</code> available. +<p>This makes <code class="code">\copyright</code> available. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}} </pre></div> <p>It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available. </p> -<p>The <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> should not occur in the encoding +<p>The <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> should not occur in the encoding definition files since those files should declare only commands for use when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package. </p> <p>As with the related non-default commands, the -<code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code> has exactly the same behavior as -<code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> except that it does nothing if -<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks +<code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code> has exactly the same behavior as +<code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> except that it does nothing if +<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is already defined (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks that other packages can improve upon. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1">4.1.6 <code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4> -<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-3"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>simple_object</var>}{<var>slot</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextComposite{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">simple_object</var>}{<var class="var">slot</var>} </pre></div> <p>Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an accent over a separate character. </p> -<p>This line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> means that <code>\^o</code> will cause -LaTeX to typeset lowercase ‘<samp>o</samp>’ by taking the character +<p>This line from <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> means that <code class="code">\^o</code> will cause +LaTeX to typeset lowercase ‘<samp class="samp">o</samp>’ by taking the character directly from slot 224 in the font. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244} </pre></div> -<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The -<var>simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command. -The <var>slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#fontenc-package"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The +<var class="var">simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command. +The <var class="var">slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in decimal (although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally -\<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with -<code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument -<code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <samp>t1enc.def</samp>, the above line follows -the <code>\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}</code> command. +\<var class="var">cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with +<code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument +<code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp>, the above line follows +the <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}</code> command. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1">4.1.7 <code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4> -<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-4"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>arg</var>}{<var>code</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">arg</var>}{<var class="var">code</var>} </pre></div> -<p>A more general version of <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code> that runs -arbitrary code with <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>. +<p>A more general version of <code class="code">\DeclareTextComposite</code> that runs +arbitrary code with <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>. </p> -<p>This allows accents on ‘<samp>i</samp>’ to act like accents on dotless i, -<code>\i</code>. +<p>This allows accents on ‘<samp class="samp">i</samp>’ to act like accents on dotless i, +<code class="code">\i</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i} </pre></div> -<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. Normally -<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> will have already been declared with <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> -or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#fontenc-package"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. Normally +<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> will have already been declared with <code class="code">\DeclareTextAccent</code> +or as a one argument <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1">4.1.8 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4> -<span id="index-symbol_002c-defining"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbol_002c-defining"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>slot</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbol{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{<var class="var">slot</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Define a symbol in the encoding <var>encoding</var> at the location -<var>slot</var>. Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not +<p>Define a symbol in the encoding <var class="var">encoding</var> at the location +<var class="var">slot</var>. Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not mathematics. </p> -<p>For example, this line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> declares the number of the +<p>For example, this line from <samp class="file">t1enc.def</samp> declares the number of the glyph to use for «, the left guillemet. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19} </pre></div> -<p>The command <code>\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char -19}</code> has the same effect but is slower (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>). +<p>The command <code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char +19}</code> has the same effect but is slower (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code class="code">\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code class="code">\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>). </p> -<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The <var>slot</var> -can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in <code>'023</code>), or -hexadecimal (as in <code>"13</code>), although decimal has the advantage that +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#fontenc-package"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The <var class="var">slot</var> +can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in <code class="code">'023</code>), or +hexadecimal (as in <code class="code">"13</code>), although decimal has the advantage that single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package. </p> -<p>If <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> has already been defined then -<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> does not give an error but it does log the +<p>If <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> has already been defined then +<code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code> does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the transcript file. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1">4.1.9 <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4> -<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-5"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-defining-5"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">encoding</var>} </pre></div> -<p>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> but -there is no associated <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then +<p>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> but +there is no associated <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then this command will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as -described for <var>encoding</var>. +described for <var class="var">encoding</var>. </p> <p>For example, to declare that if the current encoding has no meaning for -<code>\textdollar</code> then use the one from <code>OT1</code>, declare this. +<code class="code">\textdollar</code> then use the one from <code class="code">OT1</code>, declare this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1} </pre></div> -<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>). +<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>} - {\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var class="var">cmd</var>} + {\UseTextSymbol{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}} </pre></div> -<p>Note that <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code> can be used to define a -default for any zero-argument <samp>fontenc</samp> command. +<p>Note that <code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code> can be used to define a +default for any zero-argument <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1">4.1.10 <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\LastDeclaredEncoding +<pre class="example-preformatted">\LastDeclaredEncoding </pre></div> <p>Get the name of the most recently declared encoding. The -<code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code> command stores the name so that it can be -retrieved with this command (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>). +<code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code> command stores the name so that it can be +retrieved with this command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code class="code">\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>). </p> -<p>This relies on <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> rather than give the +<p>This relies on <code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> rather than give the name of the encoding explicitly. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{} \DeclareTextAccent{\'}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{0} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1">4.1.11 <code class="code">\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code class="code">\UseTextAccent</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cUseTextSymbol"></span> -<span id="index-_005cUseTextAccent"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cUseTextAccent"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cUseTextSymbol"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cUseTextAccent"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\UseTextSymbol{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{\<var class="var">cmd</var>} </pre></div> <p>or: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\UseTextAccent{<var class="var">encoding</var>}{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> <p>Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding. </p> -<p>In general, to use a <samp>fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is +<p>In general, to use a <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it like this: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss} </pre></div> <p>which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so LaTeX -reverts back to the prior encoding after the <code>\ss</code>): +reverts back to the prior encoding after the <code class="code">\ss</code>): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss} +<pre class="example-preformatted">{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss} </pre></div> -<p>Similarly, to use a <samp>fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is +<p>Similarly, to use a <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a} </pre></div> <p>which is equivalent to this (again note the outer braces forming a group): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{<var>enc_in_use</var>}\selectfont a}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{<var class="var">enc_in_use</var>}\selectfont a}} </pre></div> -<p>Here, <var>enc_in_use</var> is the encoding in force before this sequence -of commands, so that ‘<samp>a</samp>’ is typeset using the current encoding -and only the accent is taken from <code>OT1</code>. +<p>Here, <var class="var">enc_in_use</var> is the encoding in force before this sequence +of commands, so that ‘<samp class="samp">a</samp>’ is typeset using the current encoding +and only the accent is taken from <code class="code">OT1</code>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="Font-styles"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Font-styles"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">fontenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Font-styles-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Font styles</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Font-styles-1">4.2 Font styles</h3> -<span id="index-font-styles"></span> -<span id="index-type-styles"></span> -<span id="index-styles-of-text"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-styles"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-type-styles"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-styles-of-text"></a> <p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. </p> -<span id="index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands"></span> -<p>In the table below the listed commands, the <code>\text...</code> commands, -are used with an argument as in <code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. This is +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands"></a> +<p>In the table below the listed commands, the <code class="code">\text...</code> commands, +are used with an argument as in <code class="code">\textit{<var class="var">text</var>}</code>. This is the preferred form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the -corresponding <em>declaration form</em>, which is often useful. This -form takes no arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The +corresponding <em class="dfn">declaration form</em>, which is often useful. This +form takes no arguments, as in <code class="code">{\itshape <var class="var">text</var>}</code>. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. In addition, each has an environment -form such as <code>\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}</code>, which we’ll +form such as <code class="code">\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}</code>, which we’ll describe further at the end of the section. </p> <p>These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of -<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code>. +<code class="code">\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code class="code">\bfseries\sffamily</code>. </p> -<span id="index-_005cnocorrlist"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnocorr"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnocorrlist"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnocorr"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocorrlist"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocorr"></a> <p>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic -corrections if needed (see <a href="#g_t_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>). Specifically, they insert the +corrections if needed (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_002f"><code class="code">\/</code></a>). Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following character is in the list -<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of period and comma. +<code class="code">\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of period and comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use -<code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the command argument, such as -<code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>. +<code class="code">\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the command argument, such as +<code class="code">\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code class="code">\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005ctextrm'><span><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextrm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005crmfamily"></span> +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-_005ctextrm'><span><code class="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextrm'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crmfamily"></a> <p>Roman. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextit'><span><code>\textit (\itshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005citshape"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextit'><span><code class="code">\textit (\itshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextit'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citshape"></a> <p>Italics. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextmd'><span><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextmd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cmdseries"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextmd'><span><code class="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextmd'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmdseries"></a> <p>Medium weight (default). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextbf'><span><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cbfseries"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextbf'><span><code class="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbf'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbfseries"></a> <p>Boldface. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextup'><span><code>\textup (\upshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cupshape"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextup'><span><code class="code">\textup (\upshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextup'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cupshape"></a> <p>Upright (default). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextsl'><span><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsl' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cslshape"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextsl'><span><code class="code">\textsl (\slshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsl'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cslshape"></a> <p>Slanted. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextsf'><span><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005csffamily"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextsf'><span><code class="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsf'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csffamily"></a> <p>Sans serif. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextsc'><span><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cscshape"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextsc'><span><code class="code">\textsc (\scshape)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsc'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscshape"></a> <p>Small caps. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctexttt'><span><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cttfamily"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctexttt'><span><code class="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttt'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cttfamily"></a> <p>Typewriter. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextnormal'><span><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextnormal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cnormalfont"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextnormal'><span><code class="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextnormal'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalfont"></a> <p>Main document font. </p> </dd> </dl> -<span id="index-emphasis"></span> -<span id="index-_005cemph"></span> -<p>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph{<var>text</var>}</code> command -is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a -substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph{<var>start -text</var> \emph{<var>middle text</var>} <var>end text</var>}</code> will result in the -<var>start text</var> and <var>end text</var> in italics, but <var>middle text</var> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-emphasis"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cemph"></a> +<p>Although it also changes fonts, the <code class="code">\emph{<var class="var">text</var>}</code> command +is semantic, for <var class="var">text</var> to be emphasized, and should not be used as a +substitute for <code class="code">\textit</code>. For example, <code class="code">\emph{<var class="var">start +text</var> \emph{<var class="var">middle text</var>} <var class="var">end text</var>}</code> will result in the +<var class="var">start text</var> and <var class="var">end text</var> in italics, but <var class="var">middle text</var> will be in roman. </p> <p>LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally -switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. They are -used as declarations: <code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of -<code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. +switch to the given style, that is, are <em class="emph">not</em> cumulative. They are +used as declarations: <code class="code">{\<var class="var">cmd</var>...}</code> instead of +<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var>{...}</code>. </p> <p>(The unconditional commands below are an older version of font switching. The earlier commands are an improvement in most circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is needed.) </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cbf'><span><code>\bf</code><a href='#index-_005cbf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-bold-font"></span> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cbf'><span><code class="code">\bf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbf'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bold-font"></a> <p>Switch to bold face. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccal'><span><code>\cal</code><a href='#index-_005ccal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-script-letters-for-math"></span> -<span id="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ccal'><span><code class="code">\cal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccal'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-script-letters-for-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></a> <p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cit'><span><code>\it</code><a href='#index-_005cit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-italic-font"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cit'><span><code class="code">\it</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cit'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-italic-font"></a> <p>Italics. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crm'><span><code>\rm</code><a href='#index-_005crm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-roman-font"></span> +<dt id='index-_005crm'><span><code class="code">\rm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crm'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-roman-font"></a> <p>Roman. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csc'><span><code>\sc</code><a href='#index-_005csc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-small-caps-font"></span> +<dt id='index-_005csc'><span><code class="code">\sc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csc'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-small-caps-font"></a> <p>Small caps. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csf'><span><code>\sf</code><a href='#index-_005csf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-sans-serif-font"></span> +<dt id='index-_005csf'><span><code class="code">\sf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csf'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sans-serif-font"></a> <p>Sans serif. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csl'><span><code>\sl</code><a href='#index-_005csl' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-slanted-font"></span> -<span id="index-oblique-font"></span> +<dt id='index-_005csl'><span><code class="code">\sl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csl'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-slanted-font"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oblique-font"></a> <p>Slanted (oblique). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctt'><span><code>\tt</code><a href='#index-_005ctt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-typewriter-font"></span> -<span id="index-monospace-font"></span> -<span id="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctt'><span><code class="code">\tt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctt'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typewriter-font"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-monospace-font"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></a> <p>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>The <code>\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code>\emph</code>. +<p>The <code class="code">\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code class="code">\emph</code>. </p> <p>The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not -cumulative, so <code>\mathbf{\mathit{<var>symbol</var>}}</code> does not -create a boldface and italic <var>symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in +cumulative, so <code class="code">\mathbf{\mathit{<var class="var">symbol</var>}}</code> does not +create a boldface and italic <var class="var">symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in italics. This is because typically math symbols need consistent typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cmathrm'><span><code>\mathrm</code><a href='#index-_005cmathrm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-_005cmathrm'><span><code class="code">\mathrm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathrm'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Roman, for use in math mode. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathbf'><span><code>\mathbf</code><a href='#index-_005cmathbf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathbf'><span><code class="code">\mathbf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathbf'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Boldface, for use in math mode. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathsf'><span><code>\mathsf</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathsf'><span><code class="code">\mathsf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsf'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Sans serif, for use in math mode. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathtt'><span><code>\mathtt</code><a href='#index-_005cmathtt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathtt'><span><code class="code">\mathtt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathtt'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Typewriter, for use in math mode. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>\mathit</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>(\mit)</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\mathit</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">(\mit)</code></dt> <dd><p>Italics, for use in math mode. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathnormal'><span><code>\mathnormal</code><a href='#index-_005cmathnormal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathnormal'><span><code class="code">\mathnormal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathnormal'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathcal'><span><code>\mathcal</code><a href='#index-_005cmathcal' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathcal'><span><code class="code">\mathcal</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathcal'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode. </p> </dd> </dl> -<span id="index-_005cmathversion"></span> -<span id="index-math_002c-bold"></span> -<span id="index-bold-math"></span> -<p>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmathversion"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmathversion"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math_002c-bold"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bold-math"></a> +<p>In addition, the command <code class="code">\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in -formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. +formulas. <code class="code">\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. </p> -<span id="index-_005coldstylenums"></span> -<span id="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></span> -<span id="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></span> -<span id="index-lining-numerals"></span> -<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005coldstylenums"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coldstylenums"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lining-numerals"></a> +<p>Finally, the command <code class="code">\oldstylenums{<var class="var">numerals</var>}</code> will typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, which all have the same height as uppercase letters. -LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> +LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect <code class="code">\textbf</code> (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. FAQ -entry: <a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</a>. +entry: <a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Font-sizes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Font-sizes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Font-sizes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Font sizes</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Font-sizes-1">4.3 Font sizes</h3> -<span id="index-font-sizes"></span> -<span id="index-typeface-sizes"></span> -<span id="index-sizes-of-text"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-sizes"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typeface-sizes"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sizes-of-text"></a> <p>The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font -size used (in points) with the ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and -‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). -</p> -<span id="index-_005ctiny"></span> -<span id="index-_005cscriptsize"></span> -<span id="index-_005cfootnotesize"></span> -<span id="index-_005csmall"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnormalsize"></span> -<span id="index-_005clarge"></span> -<span id="index-_005cLarge"></span> -<span id="index-_005cLARGE"></span> -<span id="index-_005chuge"></span> -<span id="index-_005cHuge"></span> - -<table> -<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code>10pt</code></th><th><code>11pt</code></th><th><code>12pt</code></th></tr></thead> -<tr><td><code>\tiny</code></td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\scriptsize</code></td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\footnotesize</code></td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\small</code></td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td><td>12</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\large</code></td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>14.4</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\Large</code></td><td>14.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>17.28</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\LARGE</code></td><td>17.28</td><td>17.28</td><td>20.74</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\huge</code></td><td>20.74</td><td>20.74</td><td>24.88</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr> +size used (in points) with the ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’, and +‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctiny"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscriptsize"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnotesize"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmall"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalsize"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clarge"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLarge"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cLARGE"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chuge"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cHuge"></a> + +<table class="multitable"> +<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code class="code">10pt</code></th><th><code class="code">11pt</code></th><th><code class="code">12pt</code></th></tr></thead> +<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">\tiny</code></td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\scriptsize</code></td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\footnotesize</code></td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\small</code></td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\normalsize</code> (default)</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td><td>12</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\large</code></td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>14.4</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\Large</code></td><td>14.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>17.28</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\LARGE</code></td><td>17.28</td><td>17.28</td><td>20.74</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\huge</code></td><td>20.74</td><td>20.74</td><td>24.88</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<span id="index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands"></a> <p>The commands are listed here in declaration (not environment) form, since that is how they are typically used. For example. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{quotation} \small The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao. \end{quotation} </pre></div> -<p>Here, the scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the -<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type +<p>Here, the scope of the <code class="code">\small</code> lasts until the end of the +<code class="code">quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it -in curly braces <code>{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}</code>. +in curly braces <code class="code">{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}</code>. </p> -<p>Trying to use these commands in math, as with <code>$\small mv^2/2$</code>, -results in ‘<samp>LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small +<p>Trying to use these commands in math, as with <code class="code">$\small mv^2/2$</code>, +results in ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small invalid in math mode</samp>’, and the font size doesn’t change. To work with a too-large formula, often the best option is to -use the <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>), or -one of the environments from the <code>amsmath</code> package. For inline +use the <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>), or +one of the environments from the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package. For inline mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative is something -like <code>{\small $mv^2/2$}</code>. (Sometimes <code>\scriptsize</code> and -<code>\scriptstyle</code> are confused. Both change the font size, but the +like <code class="code">{\small $mv^2/2$}</code>. (Sometimes <code class="code">\scriptsize</code> and +<code class="code">\scriptstyle</code> are confused. Both change the font size, but the latter also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is -typeset. See <a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>.) +typeset. See <a class="xref" href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>.) </p> -<span id="index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands"></span> -<p>An <em>environment form</em> of each of these commands is also defined; for -instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. However, in practice +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands"></a> +<p>An <em class="dfn">environment form</em> of each of these commands is also defined; for +instance, <code class="code">\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. However, in practice this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or end of the environment without careful consideration, so it’s generally less error-prone to stick to the declaration form. </p> -<p>(Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines <code>\begin</code> and -<code>\end</code>, nearly every command that does not take an argument +<p>(Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines <code class="code">\begin</code> and +<code class="code">\end</code>, nearly every command that does not take an argument technically has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would only cause confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the environment form of the font size declarations specifically is that @@ -2945,169 +2945,174 @@ this particular use is not rare.) <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.4 Low-level font commands</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1">4.4 Low-level font commands</h3> -<span id="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></span> -<span id="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a> <p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfontencoding'><span><code>\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontencoding' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cfontencoding'><span><code class="code">\fontencoding{<var class="var">encoding</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontencoding'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a -large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>, +large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code class="code">OT1</code>, Knuth’s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and -<code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the +<code class="code">T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see -<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>. </p> -<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfontfamily'><span><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontfamily' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></span> -<span id="index-font-catalogue"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cfontfamily'><span><code class="code">\fontfamily{<var class="var">family</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontfamily'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-catalogue"></a> <p>Select the font family. The web page -<a href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse +<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are examples of some common families. </p> -<table> -<tr><td><code>pag</code></td><td>Avant Garde</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>fvs</code></td><td>Bitstream Vera Sans</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>pbk</code></td><td>Bookman</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>bch</code></td><td>Charter</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ccr</code></td><td>Computer Concrete</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>cmr</code></td><td>Computer Modern</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>cmss</code></td><td>Computer Modern Sans Serif</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>cmtt</code></td><td>Computer Modern Typewriter</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>pcr</code></td><td>Courier</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>phv</code></td><td>Helvetica</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>fi4</code></td><td>Inconsolata</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>lmr</code></td><td>Latin Modern</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>lmss</code></td><td>Latin Modern Sans</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>lmtt</code></td><td>Latin Modern Typewriter</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>pnc</code></td><td>New Century Schoolbook</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ppl</code></td><td>Palatino</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ptm</code></td><td>Times</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>uncl</code></td><td>Uncial</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>put</code></td><td>Utopia</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>pzc</code></td><td>Zapf Chancery</td></tr> +<table class="multitable"> +<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">pag</code></td><td>Avant Garde</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">fvs</code></td><td>Bitstream Vera Sans</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">pbk</code></td><td>Bookman</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">bch</code></td><td>Charter</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ccr</code></td><td>Computer Concrete</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">cmr</code></td><td>Computer Modern</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">cmss</code></td><td>Computer Modern Sans Serif</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">cmtt</code></td><td>Computer Modern Typewriter</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">pcr</code></td><td>Courier</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">phv</code></td><td>Helvetica</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">fi4</code></td><td>Inconsolata</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">lmr</code></td><td>Latin Modern</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">lmss</code></td><td>Latin Modern Sans</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">lmtt</code></td><td>Latin Modern Typewriter</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">pnc</code></td><td>New Century Schoolbook</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ppl</code></td><td>Palatino</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ptm</code></td><td>Times</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">uncl</code></td><td>Uncial</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">put</code></td><td>Utopia</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">pzc</code></td><td>Zapf Chancery</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfontseries'><span><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontseries' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></span> -<p>Select the font series. A <em>series</em> combines a <em>weight</em> and a -<em>width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible +<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cfontseries'><span><code class="code">\fontseries{<var class="var">series</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontseries'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></a> +<p>Select the font series. A <em class="dfn">series</em> combines a <em class="dfn">weight</em> and a +<em class="dfn">width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: </p> -<table> -<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>bc</code></td><td>Bold condensed</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>bx</code></td><td>Bold extended</td></tr> +<table class="multitable"> +<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">bc</code></td><td>Bold condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">bx</code></td><td>Bold extended</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<span id="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></a> <p>The possible values for weight, individually, are: </p> -<table> -<tr><td><code>ul</code></td><td>Ultra light</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>el</code></td><td>Extra light</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>l</code></td><td>Light</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>sl</code></td><td>Semi light</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>sb</code></td><td>Semi bold</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>eb</code></td><td>Extra bold</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ub</code></td><td>Ultra bold</td></tr> +<table class="multitable"> +<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">ul</code></td><td>Ultra light</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">el</code></td><td>Extra light</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">l</code></td><td>Light</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">sl</code></td><td>Semi light</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">m</code></td><td>Medium (normal)</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">sb</code></td><td>Semi bold</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">b</code></td><td>Bold</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">eb</code></td><td>Extra bold</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ub</code></td><td>Ultra bold</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<span id="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></a> <p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): </p> -<table> -<tr><td><code>uc</code></td><td>Ultra condensed</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ec</code></td><td>Extra condensed</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>sc</code></td><td>Semi condensed</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>m</code></td><td>Medium</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>sx</code></td><td>Semi expanded</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>x</code></td><td>Expanded</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ex</code></td><td>Extra expanded</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ux</code></td><td>Ultra expanded</td></tr> +<table class="multitable"> +<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">uc</code></td><td>Ultra condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ec</code></td><td>Extra condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">c</code></td><td>Condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">sc</code></td><td>Semi condensed</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">m</code></td><td>Medium</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">sx</code></td><td>Semi expanded</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">x</code></td><td>Expanded</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ex</code></td><td>Extra expanded</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ux</code></td><td>Ultra expanded</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<p>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the -<code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both -weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one -(‘<samp><code>m</code></samp>’). +<p>When forming the <var class="var">series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the +<code class="code">m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both +weight and width are <code class="code">m</code>, in which case use just one +(‘<samp class="samp"><code class="code">m</code></samp>’). </p> -<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfontshape'><span><code>\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontshape' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cfontshape'><span><code class="code">\fontshape{<var class="var">shape</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontshape'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a> <p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: </p> -<table> -<tr><td><code>n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>it</code></td><td>Italic</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>sl</code></td><td>Slanted (oblique)</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>sc</code></td><td>Small caps</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ui</code></td><td>Upright italics</td></tr> -<tr><td><code>ol</code></td><td>Outline</td></tr> +<table class="multitable"> +<tbody><tr><td><code class="code">n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">it</code></td><td>Italic</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">sl</code></td><td>Slanted (oblique)</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">sc</code></td><td>Small caps</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ui</code></td><td>Upright italics</td></tr> +<tr><td><code class="code">ol</code></td><td>Outline</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> <p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well. </p> -<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfontsize'><span><code>\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontsize' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-font-size"></span> -<span id="index-_005cbaselineskip"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cfontsize'><span><code class="code">\fontsize{<var class="var">size</var>}{<var class="var">skip</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfontsize'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-size"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselineskip"></a> <p>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters -defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal +defaults to points (<code class="code">pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the -parameter <code>\baselineskip</code>. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for -the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>. -Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is +parameter <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>. The default <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> for +the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code class="code">\fontsize</code>. +Changing <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is reset every time a size change happens; instead use -<code>\baselinestretch</code>. (see <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>). +<code class="code">\baselinestretch</code>. (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>). </p> -<span id="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005clinespread'><span><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005clinespread' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, -and therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any -effect. Best specified in the preamble. See <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, for using <code>setspace</code> package instead. +<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005clinespread'><span><code class="code">\linespread{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clinespread'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Equivalent to <code class="code">\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code>, +and therefore must be followed by <code class="code">\selectfont</code> to have any +effect. Best specified in the preamble. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, for using <code class="code">setspace</code> package instead. </p> -<span id="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cselectfont'><span><code>\selectfont</code><a href='#index-_005cselectfont' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cselectfont'><span><code class="code">\selectfont</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cselectfont'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until -<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in -<code>\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful +<code class="code">\selectfont</code> is called, as in +<code class="code">\fontfamily{<var class="var">familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful to put this in a macro:<br> -<code>\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>). +<code class="code">\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var class="var">familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>). </p> -<span id="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cusefont'><span><code>\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cusefont' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, -<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, -followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example: +<a class="anchor" id="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cusefont'><span><code class="code">\usefont{<var class="var">enc</var>}{<var class="var">family</var>}{<var class="var">series</var>}{<var class="var">shape</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cusefont'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>The same as invoking <code class="code">\fontencoding</code>, <code class="code">\fontfamily</code>, +<code class="code">\fontseries</code> and <code class="code">\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, +followed by <code class="code">\selectfont</code>. For example: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n} </pre></div> </dd> @@ -3117,171 +3122,171 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example: <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Layout"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Layout"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Layout-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Layout-1">5 Layout</h2> -<span id="index-layout-commands"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-layout-commands"></a> <p>Commands for controlling the general page layout. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1"><code>\onecolumn</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2"><code>\twocolumn</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3"><code>\flushbottom</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\onecolumn</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a></li> <li><a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="6"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a></li> <li><a href="#Floats" accesskey="7">Floats</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005conecolumn"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005conecolumn"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005conecolumn-1">5.1 <code class="code">\onecolumn</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005conecolumn"></span> -<span id="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005conecolumn"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\onecolumn +<pre class="example-preformatted">\onecolumn </pre></div> <p>Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is -given the class option <code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default -behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +given the class option <code class="code">onecolumn</code> then this is the default +behavior (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\onecolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1">5.2 <code class="code">\twocolumn</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005ctwocolumn"></span> -<span id="index-multicolumn-text"></span> -<span id="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multicolumn-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\twocolumn -\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\twocolumn +\twocolumn[<var class="var">prelim one column text</var>] </pre></div> <p>Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is given -the class option <code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default -(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +the class option <code class="code">twocolumn</code> then this is the default +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument +<p>If the optional <var class="var">prelim one column text</var> argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. </p> <p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep'><span><code>\columnsep</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnsep"></span><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a -command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code>. You must change +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep'><span><code class="code">\columnsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnsep"></a><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a +command such as <code class="code">\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code>. You must change it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good place. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule'><span><code>\columnseprule</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnseprule"></span><p>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that +<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule'><span><code class="code">\columnseprule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnseprule"></a><p>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two columns. Change it with a command such as -<code>\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column +<code class="code">\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column mode starts. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth'><span><code>\columnwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnwidth"></span><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to -<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the -width of each of the two columns, <code>\columnwidth</code>, to be half of -<code>\textwidth</code> minus <code>\columnsep</code>. +<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth'><span><code class="code">\columnwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-columnwidth"></a><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to +<code class="code">\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the +width of each of the two columns, <code class="code">\columnwidth</code>, to be half of +<code class="code">\textwidth</code> minus <code class="code">\columnsep</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>In a two-column document, the starred environments <code>table*</code> and -<code>figure*</code> are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments -<code>table</code> and <code>figure</code> take up only one column (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a> -and see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page. +<p>In a two-column document, the starred environments <code class="code">table*</code> and +<code class="code">figure*</code> are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments +<code class="code">table</code> and <code class="code">figure</code> take up only one column (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a> +and see <a class="pxref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page. The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdbltopfraction'><span><code>\dbltopfraction</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltopfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cdbltopfraction'><span><code class="code">\dbltopfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltopfraction'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that -the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not -exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code>. If the height of your starred float +the height of a <code class="code">table*</code> or <code class="code">figure*</code> environment must not +exceed <code class="code">0.7\textheight</code>. If the height of your starred float environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document: </p> -<ul> -<li> Use the <code>[tp]</code> location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put +<ul class="itemize mark-bullet"> +<li>Use the <code class="code">[tp]</code> location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page. -</li><li> Use the <code>[t!]</code> location specifier to override the effect of -<code>\dbltopfraction</code> for this particular float. +</li><li>Use the <code class="code">[t!]</code> location specifier to override the effect of +<code class="code">\dbltopfraction</code> for this particular float. -</li><li> Increase the value of <code>\dbltopfraction</code> to a suitably large number, +</li><li>Increase the value of <code class="code">\dbltopfraction</code> to a suitably large number, to avoid going to float pages so soon. </li></ul> <p>You can redefine it, as with -<code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>. +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'><span><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a href='#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></span><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction +<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'><span><code class="code">\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></a><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space. -LaTeX’s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>. +LaTeX’s default is <code class="code">0.5</code>. Change it with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatsep'><span><code>\dblfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cdblfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></span><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance +<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\dblfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdblfloatsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></a><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is -<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or -<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at -<code>12pt</code>. +<code class="code">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code class="code">10pt</code> or +<code class="code">11pt</code>, and <code class="code">14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at +<code class="code">12pt</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'><span><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></span><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or -bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt +<dt id='index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\dbltextfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></a><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or +bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code class="code">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdbltopnumber'><span><code>\dbltopnumber</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltopnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></span><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the +<dt id='index-_005cdbltopnumber'><span><code class="code">\dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdbltopnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></a><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX -default is <code>2</code>. +default is <code class="code">2</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>This example uses <code>\twocolumn</code>’s optional argument of to create a +<p>This example uses <code class="code">\twocolumn</code>’s optional argument of to create a title that spans the two-column article: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} \newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}} \begin{document} \twocolumn[{% inside this optional argument goes one-column text @@ -3303,232 +3308,233 @@ Two column text here. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cflushbottom"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cflushbottom"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1">5.3 <code class="code">\flushbottom</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cflushbottom"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cflushbottom"></a> -<p>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same +<p>Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the differences in facing pages can be glaring. </p> <p>If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page -then you get a message like ‘<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has +then you get a message like ‘<samp class="samp">Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active</samp>’. If you get that, one option is to -change to <code>\raggedbottom</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>). Alternatively, -you can adjust the <code>textheight</code> to make compatible pages, or you +change to <code class="code">\raggedbottom</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a>). Alternatively, +you can adjust the <code class="code">textheight</code> to make compatible pages, or you can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, -as in <code>\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>. Your last option +as in <code class="code">\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>. Your last option is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages -(see <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a>). </p> -<p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the -<code>twoside</code> document class option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). +<p>The <code class="code">\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the +<code class="code">twocolumn</code> document class option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>), +and for indexes made using <code class="code">makeidx</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005craggedbottom"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005craggedbottom"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1">5.4 <code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005craggedbottom"></span> -<span id="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedbottom"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a> <p>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go -at any point in the document body. See <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>. +at any point in the document body. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom"><code class="code">\flushbottom</code></a>. </p> -<p>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class -option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). +<p>This is the default unless you select the <code class="code">twocolumn</code> document class +option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Page-layout-parameters"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Page-layout-parameters"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\raggedbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Page-layout-parameters-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Page-layout-parameters-1">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3> -<span id="index-page-layout-parameters"></span> -<span id="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></span> -<span id="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></span> -<span id="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></span> -<span id="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></span> -<span id="index-running-header-and-footer"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-layout-parameters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-running-header-and-footer"></a> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep-1'><span><code>\columnsep</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnsep-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'><span><code>\columnseprule</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'><span><code>\columnwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></span><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep-1'><span><code class="code">\columnsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnsep-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'><span><code class="code">\columnseprule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'><span><code class="code">\columnwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></a><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option -<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). -See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>. +<code class="code">twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). +See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cheadheight'><span><code>\headheight</code><a href='#index-_005cheadheight' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cheadheight-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></span><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the -<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’, +<dt id='index-_005cheadheight'><span><code class="code">\headheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheadheight'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cheadheight-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></a><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the +<code class="code">article</code>, <code class="code">report</code>, and <code class="code">book</code> classes is ‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’, at all type sizes. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cheadsep'><span><code>\headsep</code><a href='#index-_005cheadsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cheadsep-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></span><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of -the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> -classes is ‘<samp>25pt</samp>’. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the -document is set at 10pt then it is ‘<samp>0.25in</samp>’, and at 11pt or 12pt -it is ‘<samp>0.275in</samp>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfootskip'><span><code>\footskip</code><a href='#index-_005cfootskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cfootskip-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></span><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of -the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> -classes is ‘<samp>30pt</samp>’. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when -the type size is 10pt the default is ‘<samp>0.35in</samp>’, while at 11pt it is -‘<samp>0.38in</samp>’, and at 12pt it is ‘<samp>30pt</samp>’. -</p> -</dd> -<dt id='index-_005clinewidth'><span><code>\linewidth</code><a href='#index-_005clinewidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005clinewidth-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></span><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code> -(see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to -equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code> -is decreased by the sum of that list’s <code>\leftmargin</code> and -<code>\rightmargin</code> (see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>). -</p> -</dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush'><span><code>\marginparpush</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparpush' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cmarginsep'><span><code>\marginsep</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth'><span><code>\marginparwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></span><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal +<dt id='index-_005cheadsep'><span><code class="code">\headsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheadsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cheadsep-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></a><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of +the main text. The default in the <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">report</code> +classes is ‘<samp class="samp">25pt</samp>’. In the <code class="code">book</code> class the default is: if the +document is set at 10pt then it is ‘<samp class="samp">0.25in</samp>’, and at 11pt or 12pt +it is ‘<samp class="samp">0.275in</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt id='index-_005cfootskip'><span><code class="code">\footskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootskip'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootskip-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></a><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of +the page footer. The default in the <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">report</code> +classes is ‘<samp class="samp">30pt</samp>’. In the <code class="code">book</code> class the default is: when +the type size is 10pt the default is ‘<samp class="samp">0.35in</samp>’, while at 11pt it is +‘<samp class="samp">0.38in</samp>’, and at 12pt it is ‘<samp class="samp">30pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt id='index-_005clinewidth'><span><code class="code">\linewidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clinewidth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinewidth-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></a><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code class="code">list</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>). That is, the nominal value for <code class="code">\linewidth</code> is to +equal <code class="code">\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code class="code">\linewidth</code> +is decreased by the sum of that list’s <code class="code">\leftmargin</code> and +<code class="code">\rightmargin</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>). +</p> +</dd> +<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush'><span><code class="code">\marginparpush</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparpush'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmarginsep'><span><code class="code">\marginsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth'><span><code class="code">\marginparwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></a><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal width of the notes. </p> <p>Normally marginal notes appear on the outside of the page, but the -declaration <code>\reversemarginpar</code> changes that (and -<code>\normalmarginpar</code> changes it back). +declaration <code class="code">\reversemarginpar</code> changes that (and +<code class="code">\normalmarginpar</code> changes it back). </p> -<p>The defaults for <code>\marginparpush</code> in both <code>book</code> and -<code>article</code> classes are: ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ if the document is set at 12pt, -and ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt. +<p>The defaults for <code class="code">\marginparpush</code> in both <code class="code">book</code> and +<code class="code">article</code> classes are: ‘<samp class="samp">7pt</samp>’ if the document is set at 12pt, +and ‘<samp class="samp">5pt</samp>’ if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt. </p> -<p>For <code>\marginsep</code>, in <code>article</code> class the default is -‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode -where the default is ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’. +<p>For <code class="code">\marginsep</code>, in <code class="code">article</code> class the default is +‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode +where the default is ‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’. </p> -<p>For <code>\marginsep</code> in <code>book</code> class the default is ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ in -two-column mode and ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ in one-column mode. +<p>For <code class="code">\marginsep</code> in <code class="code">book</code> class the default is ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ in +two-column mode and ‘<samp class="samp">7pt</samp>’ in one-column mode. </p> -<p>For <code>\marginparwidth</code> in both <code>book</code> and <code>article</code> -classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth -- \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that +<p>For <code class="code">\marginparwidth</code> in both <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">article</code> +classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code class="code">\paperwidth +− \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that distance. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005coddsidemargin-1'><span><code>\oddsidemargin</code><a href='#index-_005coddsidemargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin-1'><span><code>\evensidemargin</code><a href='#index-_005cevensidemargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></span><p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> length is the extra distance between the left side of +<dt id='index-_005coddsidemargin-1'><span><code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coddsidemargin-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin-1'><span><code class="code">\evensidemargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cevensidemargin-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></a><a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></a><p>The <code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code> length is the extra distance between the left side of the page and the text’s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the -document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when -<code>oneside</code> is in effect. When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on +document class option <code class="code">twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when +<code class="code">oneside</code> is in effect. When <code class="code">twoside</code> is in effect, on even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is -<code>\evensidemargin</code>. +<code class="code">\evensidemargin</code>. </p> -<p>LaTeX’s default is that <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the -difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and -<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder. +<p>LaTeX’s default is that <code class="code">\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the +difference between <code class="code">\paperwidth</code> and <code class="code">\textwidth</code>, and +<code class="code">\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpaperheight'><span><code>\paperheight</code><a href='#index-_005cpaperheight' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></span><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area. +<dt id='index-_005cpaperheight'><span><code class="code">\paperheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpaperheight'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></a><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area. Normally set with a document class option, as in -<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). +<code class="code">\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpaperwidth'><span><code>\paperwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cpaperwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></span><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area. +<dt id='index-_005cpaperwidth'><span><code class="code">\paperwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpaperwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></a><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area. Normally set with a document class option, as in -<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). +<code class="code">\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextheight'><span><code>\textheight</code><a href='#index-_005ctextheight' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ctextheight-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></span><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at -a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> -the default is ‘<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>’, while for a <code>book</code> it is -‘<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>’. At a type size of 11pt the default is -‘<samp>38\baselineskip</samp>’ for all document classes. At 12pt it is -‘<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>’ for all classes. +<dt id='index-_005ctextheight'><span><code class="code">\textheight</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextheight'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextheight-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></a><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at +a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code class="code">article</code> or <code class="code">report</code> +the default is ‘<samp class="samp">43\baselineskip</samp>’, while for a <code class="code">book</code> it is +‘<samp class="samp">41\baselineskip</samp>’. At a type size of 11pt the default is +‘<samp class="samp">38\baselineskip</samp>’ for all document classes. At 12pt it is +‘<samp class="samp">36\baselineskip</samp>’ for all classes. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextwidth'><span><code>\textwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ctextwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></span><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an -<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is ‘<samp>345pt</samp>’ -when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is ‘<samp>360pt</samp>’ at 11pt, -and it is ‘<samp>390pt</samp>’ at 12pt. For a <code>book</code> document, the default -is ‘<samp>4.5in</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt, and ‘<samp>5in</samp>’ at 11pt or 12pt. +<dt id='index-_005ctextwidth'><span><code class="code">\textwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></a><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an +<code class="code">article</code> or <code class="code">report</code> document, the default is ‘<samp class="samp">345pt</samp>’ +when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is ‘<samp class="samp">360pt</samp>’ at 11pt, +and it is ‘<samp class="samp">390pt</samp>’ at 12pt. For a <code class="code">book</code> document, the default +is ‘<samp class="samp">4.5in</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt, and ‘<samp class="samp">5in</samp>’ at 11pt or 12pt. </p> -<p>In multi-column output, <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the -entire page body, while <code>\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column -(see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>). +<p>In multi-column output, <code class="code">\textwidth</code> remains the width of the +entire page body, while <code class="code">\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>). </p> -<p>In lists (see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the -entire page body (and <code>\columnwidth</code> the width of the entire -column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists. +<p>In lists (see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>), <code class="code">\textwidth</code> remains the width of the +entire page body (and <code class="code">\columnwidth</code> the width of the entire +column), while <code class="code">\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists. </p> -<p>Inside a minipage (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>) or <code>\parbox</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>), all the width-related parameters are set to the +<p>Inside a minipage (see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>) or <code class="code">\parbox</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>), all the width-related parameters are set to the specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the -<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>. +<code class="code">minipage</code> or <code class="code">\parbox</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005chsize'><span><code>\hsize</code><a href='#index-_005chsize' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005chsize-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></span><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX +<dt id='index-_005chsize'><span><code class="code">\hsize</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chsize'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chsize-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></a><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code class="code">\hsize</code> is the TeX primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal LaTeX documents. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctopmargin'><span><code>\topmargin</code><a href='#index-_005ctopmargin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-topmargin"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></span><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the +<dt id='index-_005ctopmargin'><span><code class="code">\topmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopmargin'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-topmargin"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></a><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed -based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in - -\headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip</code>, +based on many other parameters: <code class="code">\paperheight − 2in − +\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, and then divided by two. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctopskip'><span><code>\topskip</code><a href='#index-_005ctopskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ctopskip-1"></span> -<span id="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></span><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of +<dt id='index-_005ctopskip'><span><code class="code">\topskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopskip'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctopskip-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></a><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the -same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt. +same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ at a type size of 10pt. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -3536,142 +3542,143 @@ same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ at a type size of 1 <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 <code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1">5.6 <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cbaselineskip-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></span> -<span id="index-_005clinespread-1"></span> -<span id="index-space-between-lines"></span> -<span id="index-interline-space"></span> -<span id="index-leading"></span> -<span id="index-double-spacing"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbaselinestretch"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselineskip-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinespread-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space-between-lines"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interline-space"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-leading"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-spacing"></a> -<p>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It gives -the <em>leading</em>, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from +<p>The <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It gives +the <em class="dfn">leading</em>, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from baseline to baseline. </p> -<p>Ordinarily document authors do not directly change <code>\baselineskip</code> +<p>Ordinarily document authors do not directly change <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection -command <code>\fontsize</code> (see <a href="#low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</a>). -The <code>\baselineskip</code>’s value is reset every time a font change -happens and so any direct change to <code>\baselineskip</code> would vanish +command <code class="code">\fontsize</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</a>). +The <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>’s value is reset every time a font change +happens and so any direct change to <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> would vanish the next time there was a font switch. For how to influence line -spacing, see the discussion of <code>\baselinestretch</code> below. +spacing, see the discussion of <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code> below. </p> <p>Usually, a font’s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance, -a font’s style file has the command <code>\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}</code> -then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall; +a font’s style file has the command <code class="code">\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}</code> +then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10<span class="dmn">pt</span> tall; for instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does -it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk +it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12<span class="dmn">pt</span> apart then they risk touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the -<code>\baselineskip</code> is about twenty percent larger than the font size.) +<code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is about twenty percent larger than the font size.) </p> -<p>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is not a property of each line but of the +<p>The <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is not a property of each line but of the entire paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph, -such as a single <code>{\Huge Q}</code>, will be squashed into its line. +such as a single <code class="code">{\Huge Q}</code>, will be squashed into its line. TeX will make sure it doesn’t scrape up against the line above but -won’t change the <code>\baselineskip</code> for that one line to make extra -room above. For the fix, use a <code>\strut</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>). +won’t change the <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> for that one line to make extra +room above. For the fix, use a <code class="code">\strut</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>). </p> -<p>The value of <code>\baselineskip</code> that TeX uses for the paragraph is +<p>The value of <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> that TeX uses for the paragraph is the value in effect at the blank line or command that ends the paragraph unit. So if a document contains this paragraph then its lines will be scrunched together, compared to lines in surrounding paragraphs. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Many people see a page break between text and a displayed equation as +<pre class="example-preformatted">Many people see a page break between text and a displayed equation as bad style, so in effect the display is part of the paragraph. Because this display is in footnotesize, the entire paragraph has the baseline spacing matching that size. {\footnotesize $$a+b = c$$} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005clineskip"></span> -<span id="index-_005clineskiplimit"></span> -<span id="index-_005cprevdepth"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clineskip"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clineskiplimit"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprevdepth"></a> <p>The process for making paragraphs is that when a new line is added, if the depth of the previous line plus the height of the new line is less -than <code>\baselineskip</code> then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up +than <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up the difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the -lines would be too close together, closer than <code>\lineskiplimit</code>, -then TeX instead uses <code>\lineskip</code> as the interline glue. The +lines would be too close together, closer than <code class="code">\lineskiplimit</code>, +then TeX instead uses <code class="code">\lineskip</code> as the interline glue. The second is that TeX doesn’t actually use the depth of the previous -line. Instead it uses <code>\prevdepth</code>, which usually contains that +line. Instead it uses <code class="code">\prevdepth</code>, which usually contains that depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or -just after a rule, <code>\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000pt and +just after a rule, <code class="code">\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000<span class="dmn">pt</span> and this special value tells TeX not to insert any interline glue at the paragraph start. </p> -<p>In the standard classes <code>\lineskiplimit</code> is 0pt and -<code>\lineskip</code> is 1pt. By the prior paragraph then, the distance +<p>In the standard classes <code class="code">\lineskiplimit</code> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span> and +<code class="code">\lineskip</code> is 1<span class="dmn">pt</span>. By the prior paragraph then, the distance between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than -zero) then the lines jump to 1pt apart. +zero) then the lines jump to 1<span class="dmn">pt</span> apart. </p> -<p>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double -space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline -distance is via <code>\baselinestretch</code>. It scales -<code>\baselineskip</code>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command, -not a length, so change the scale factor as in -<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont</code>. +<p>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in +double space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the +interline distance is via <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code>. It scales +<code class="code">\baselineskip</code>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a +command, not a length, and does not take effect until a font change +happens, so set the scale factor like this: +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont</code>. </p> <p>The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire -document is to put <code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code> in the preamble. -For double spacing, take <var>factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half -spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the -<code>\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by +document is to put <code class="code">\linespread{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code> in the preamble. +For double spacing, take <var class="var">factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half +spacing use 1.3. These numbers are rough: for instance, since the +<code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The -<code>\linespread</code> command is defined as -<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code> so it won’t -take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at -the start of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it with -<code>\selectfont</code>.) +<code class="code">\linespread</code> command is defined as +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code> so it also +won’t take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes +place at the start of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it +with <code class="code">\selectfont</code>.) </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-setspace"></span> -<span id="index-setspace-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-setspace"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-setspace-package"></a> -<p>A simpler approach is the <code>setspace</code> package. The basic example: +<p>A simpler approach is the <code class="code">setspace</code> package. The basic example: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{setspace} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{setspace} \doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5 </pre></div> <p>In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing. But you can also use these declarations in the document body to change the spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is -<code>\singlespacing</code> to return the spacing to normal. In the +<code class="code">\singlespacing</code> to return the spacing to normal. In the document body, a better practice than using the declarations is to use -environments, such as <code>\begin{doublespace} +environments, such as <code class="code">\begin{doublespace} ... \end{doublespace}</code>. The package also has commands to do -arbitrary spacing: <code>\setstretch{<var>factor</var>}</code> and -<code>\begin{spacing}{<var>factor</var>} ... \end{spacing}</code>. +arbitrary spacing: <code class="code">\setstretch{<var class="var">factor</var>}</code> and +<code class="code">\begin{spacing}{<var class="var">factor</var>} ... \end{spacing}</code>. This package also keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure captions. See the package documentation. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Floats"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Floats"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> & <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Floats-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.7 Floats</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Floats-1">5.7 Floats</h3> <p>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text, for instance floating to the top of a later page. </p> <p>LaTeX can have a number of different classes of floating material. -The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>) and -<code>table</code> (see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>), but you can create a new class with the -package <code>float</code>. +The default is the two classes, <code class="code">figure</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a>) and +<code class="code">table</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>), but you can create a new class with the +package <code class="code">float</code>. </p> <p>Within any one float class LaTeX always respects the order, so that the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second @@ -3689,237 +3696,237 @@ float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order, every following float in that class also appears at the end. </p> -<span id="index-placement-of-floats"></span> -<span id="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-placement-of-floats"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a> <p>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its -<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the -letters below. The default for both <code>figure</code> and <code>table</code>, in -both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>. +<var class="var">placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the +letters below. The default for both <code class="code">figure</code> and <code class="code">table</code>, in +both <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">book</code> classes, is <code class="code">tbp</code>. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt> <dd><p>(Top)—at the top of a text page. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code>b</code> is not -allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column -output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp>stfloats</samp> or -<samp>dblfloatfix</samp> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the -FAQ: <a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</a>. +<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt> +<dd><p>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code class="code">b</code> is not +allowed for full-width floats (<code class="code">figure*</code>) with double-column +output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp class="file">stfloats</samp> or +<samp class="file">dblfloatfix</samp> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the +FAQ: <a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</a>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>h</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment -appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is +<dt><code class="code">h</code></dt> +<dd><p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <code class="code">figure</code> environment +appears. However, <code class="code">h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code class="code">t</code> is automatically added. </p> -<span id="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-float"></span> -<span id="index-float-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-float"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-float-package"></a> <p>To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can -<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it +<code class="code">\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code class="code">H</code> specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at -<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</a>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-float-page'><span><code>p</code><a href='#index-float-page' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>(Page of floats)—on a separate <em>float page</em>, which is a page +<dt id='index-float-page'><span><code class="code">p</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-float-page'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>(Page of floats)—on a separate <em class="dfn">float page</em>, which is a page containing no text, only floats. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>!</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">!</code></dt> <dd><p>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page. -The <code>!</code> specifier does <em>not</em> mean “put the float here”; +The <code class="code">!</code> specifier does <em class="emph">not</em> mean “put the float here”; see above. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var>placement</var> argument +<p>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var class="var">placement</var> argument does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float; -for instance, <code>btp</code> has the same effect as <code>tbp</code>. All that -<var>placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the +for instance, <code class="code">btp</code> has the same effect as <code class="code">tbp</code>. All that +<var class="var">placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the algorithm does not try that location. Thus, LaTeX’s default of -<code>tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it +<code class="code">tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it occurs in the source. </p> <p>To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a -chapter you can use a <code>\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and +chapter you can use a <code class="code">\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can -use the <samp>afterpage</samp> package and issue -<code>\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page +use the <samp class="file">afterpage</samp> package and issue +<code class="code">\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page is finished and then flush all outstanding floats. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-flafter"></span> -<span id="index-flafter-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-flafter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flafter-package"></a> <p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source -(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in -the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting -the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed +(although on the same output page) if there is a <code class="code">t</code> specifier in +the <var class="var">placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting +the <code class="code">t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using -the <code>flafter</code> package or using the command -<span id="index-_005csuppressfloats"></span> -<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on +the <code class="code">flafter</code> package or using the command +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csuppressfloats"></a> +<code class="code">\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on this page to moved to the next page. </p> <p>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and non-float text (change them with -<code>\renewcommand{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>): +<code class="code">\renewcommand{<var class="var">parameter</var>}{<var class="var">decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>): </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cbottomfraction'><span><code>\bottomfraction</code><a href='#index-_005cbottomfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></span> -<span id="floats-bottomfraction"></span><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at -the bottom; default ‘<samp>.3</samp>’. +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cbottomfraction'><span><code class="code">\bottomfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbottomfraction'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-bottomfraction"></a><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at +the bottom; default ‘<samp class="samp">.3</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfloatpagefraction'><span><code>\floatpagefraction</code><a href='#index-_005cfloatpagefraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></span> -<span id="floats-floatpagefraction"></span><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; -default ‘<samp>.5</samp>’. +<dt id='index-_005cfloatpagefraction'><span><code class="code">\floatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfloatpagefraction'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-floatpagefraction"></a><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; +default ‘<samp class="samp">.5</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextfraction'><span><code>\textfraction</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></span> -<span id="floats-textfraction"></span><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too +<dt id='index-_005ctextfraction'><span><code class="code">\textfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfraction'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-textfraction"></a><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a -different page. The default is ‘<samp>.2</samp>’. +different page. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">.2</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctopfraction'><span><code>\topfraction</code><a href='#index-_005ctopfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></span> -<span id="floats-topfraction"></span><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before -floats; default ‘<samp>.7</samp>’. +<dt id='index-_005ctopfraction'><span><code class="code">\topfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopfraction'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-topfraction"></a><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before +floats; default ‘<samp class="samp">.7</samp>’. </p></dd> </dl> <p>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with a -command of the form <code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>length +command of the form <code class="code">\setlength{<var class="var">parameter</var>}{<var class="var">length expression</var>}</code>): </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cfloatsep'><span><code>\floatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></span> -<span id="floats-floatsep"></span><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default -‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’. +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\floatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfloatsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-floatsep"></a><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default +‘<samp class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cintextsep'><span><code>\intextsep</code><a href='#index-_005cintextsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></span> -<span id="floats-intextsep"></span><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default -‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for 10 point and 11 point documents, -and ‘<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for 12 point documents. +<dt id='index-_005cintextsep'><span><code class="code">\intextsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cintextsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-intextsep"></a><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default +‘<samp class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for 10 point and 11 point documents, +and ‘<samp class="samp">14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for 12 point documents. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextfloatsep'><span><code>\textfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></span> -<span id="floats-textfloatsep"></span><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; -default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’. +<dt id='index-_005ctextfloatsep'><span><code class="code">\textfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfloatsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-textfloatsep"></a><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; +default ‘<samp class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’. </p></dd> </dl> <p>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with a -command of the form <code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{<var>natural +command of the form <code class="code">\setcounter{<var class="var">ctrname</var>}{<var class="var">natural number</var>}</code>): </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-bottomnumber'><span><code>bottomnumber</code><a href='#index-bottomnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-bottomnumber-1"></span> -<span id="floats-bottomnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-bottomnumber'><span><code class="code">bottomnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bottomnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bottomnumber-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-bottomnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-dbltopnumber'><span><code>dbltopnumber</code><a href='#index-dbltopnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></span> -<span id="floats-dbltopnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a +<dt id='index-dbltopnumber'><span><code class="code">dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dbltopnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-dbltopnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a two-column page; default 2. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-topnumber'><span><code>topnumber</code><a href='#index-topnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-topnumber-1"></span> -<span id="floats-topnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; +<dt id='index-topnumber'><span><code class="code">topnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-topnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-topnumber-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-topnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-totalnumber'><span><code>totalnumber</code><a href='#index-totalnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-totalnumber-1"></span> -<span id="floats-totalnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. +<dt id='index-totalnumber'><span><code class="code">totalnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-totalnumber'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-totalnumber-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="floats-totalnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. </p></dd> </dl> <p>The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats -<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats</a> contains +<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats</a> contains suggestions for relaxing LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to influence the position of float environments like figure and table in LaTeX?” -(<a href="https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</a>). +(<a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</a>). </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccaption" accesskey="1"><code>\caption</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ccaption" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\caption</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccaption"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccaption"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Up: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="u" rel="up">Floats</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ccaption-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.7.1 <code>\caption</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccaption-1">5.7.1 <code class="code">\caption</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005ccaption"></span> -<span id="index-captions"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccaption"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-captions"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\caption{<var>caption-text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\caption{<var class="var">caption-text</var>} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\caption[<var>short-caption-text</var>]{<var>caption-text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\caption[<var class="var">short-caption-text</var>]{<var class="var">caption-text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a <code>figure</code> or -<code>table</code> environment (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a> or <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>). +<p>Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a <code class="code">figure</code> or +<code class="code">table</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>). </p> <p>In this example, LaTeX places a caption below the vertical blank space that is left by the author for the later inclusion of a picture. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{figure} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure} \vspace*{1cm} \caption{Alonzo Cushing, Battery A, 4th US Artillery.} \label{fig:CushingPic} \end{figure} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\caption</code> command will label the <var>caption-text</var> with -something like ‘<samp>Figure 1:</samp>’ for an article or -‘<samp>Figure 1.1:</samp>’ for a book. The text is centered if it is +<p>The <code class="code">\caption</code> command will label the <var class="var">caption-text</var> with +something like ‘<samp class="samp">Figure 1:</samp>’ for an article or +‘<samp class="samp">Figure 1.1:</samp>’ for a book. The text is centered if it is shorter than the text width, or set as an unindented paragraph if it takes more than one line. </p> -<p>In addition to placing the <var>caption-text</var> in the output, the -<code>\caption</code> command also saves that information for use in a list of -figures or list of tables (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). +<p>In addition to placing the <var class="var">caption-text</var> in the output, the +<code class="code">\caption</code> command also saves that information for use in a list of +figures or list of tables (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). </p> -<p>Here the <code>\caption</code> command uses the optional -<var>short-caption-text</var>, so that the shorter text appears in the list -of tables, rather than the longer <var>caption-text</var>. +<p>Here the <code class="code">\caption</code> command uses the optional +<var class="var">short-caption-text</var>, so that the shorter text appears in the list +of tables, rather than the longer <var class="var">caption-text</var>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{table} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{table} \centering \begin{tabular}{|*{3}{c}|} \hline @@ -3935,30 +3942,30 @@ of tables, rather than the longer <var>caption-text</var>. \end{table} </pre></div> -<p>LaTeX will label the <var>caption-text</var> with something like -‘<samp>Table 1:</samp>’ for an article or ‘<samp>Table 1.1:</samp>’ for a +<p>LaTeX will label the <var class="var">caption-text</var> with something like +‘<samp class="samp">Table 1:</samp>’ for an article or ‘<samp class="samp">Table 1.1:</samp>’ for a book. </p> -<p>The caption can appear at the top of the <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code>. +<p>The caption can appear at the top of the <code class="code">figure</code> or <code class="code">table</code>. For instance, that would happen in the prior example by putting the -<code>\caption</code> between the <code>\centering</code> and the -<code>\begin{tabular}</code>. +<code class="code">\caption</code> between the <code class="code">\centering</code> and the +<code class="code">\begin{tabular}</code>. </p> <p>Different floating environments are numbered separately, by default. It -is <code>\caption</code> that updates the counter, and so any <code>\label</code> -must come after the <code>\caption</code>. The counter for the <code>figure</code> -environment is named <code>figure</code>, and similarly the counter for the -<code>table</code> environment is <code>table</code>. +is <code class="code">\caption</code> that updates the counter, and so any <code class="code">\label</code> +must come after the <code class="code">\caption</code>. The counter for the <code class="code">figure</code> +environment is named <code class="code">figure</code>, and similarly the counter for the +<code class="code">table</code> environment is <code class="code">table</code>. </p> <p>The text that will be put in the list of figures or list of tables is -moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error ‘<samp>! Argument of -\@caption has an extra }</samp>’ then you must put <code>\protect</code> in front -of any fragile commands. See <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>. +moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error ‘<samp class="samp">! Argument of +\@caption has an extra }</samp>’ then you must put <code class="code">\protect</code> in front +of any fragile commands. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-caption"></span> -<span id="index-caption-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-caption"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-caption-package"></a> -<p>The <code>caption</code> package has many options to adjust how the caption +<p>The <code class="code">caption</code> package has many options to adjust how the caption appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be hanging text rather than set as a paragraph, or making the caption always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short. @@ -3968,245 +3975,247 @@ always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short. </div> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Sectioning"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Sectioning"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Sectioning-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2> - -<span id="index-sectioning-commands"></span> -<span id="index-part"></span> -<span id="index-chapter"></span> -<span id="index-section"></span> -<span id="index-subsection"></span> -<span id="index-subsubsection"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph"></span> -<span id="index-subparagraph"></span> -<span id="index-_005cpart"></span> -<span id="index-_005cchapter"></span> -<span id="index-_005csection"></span> -<span id="index-_005csubsection"></span> -<span id="index-_005csubsubsection"></span> -<span id="index-_005cparagraph"></span> -<span id="index-_005csubparagraph"></span> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</h2> + +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sectioning-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-part"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-chapter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsection"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsubsection"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subparagraph"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpart"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cchapter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csection"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsection"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsubsection"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparagraph"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubparagraph"></a> <p>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All sectioning commands have the same form, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><var>sectioning-command</var>{<var>title</var>} -<var>sectioning-command</var>*{<var>title</var>} -<var>sectioning-command</var>[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">sectioning-command</var>{<var class="var">title</var>} +<var class="var">sectioning-command</var>*{<var class="var">title</var>} +<var class="var">sectioning-command</var>[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> <p>For instance, declare the start of a subsection as with -<code>\subsection{Motivation}</code>. +<code class="code">\subsection{Motivation}</code>. </p> -<p>The table has each <var>sectioning-command</var> in LaTeX. All are -available in all of LaTeX’s standard document classes <code>book</code>, -<code>report</code>, and <code>article</code>, except that <code>\chapter</code> is -not available in <code>article</code>. +<p>The table has each <var class="var">sectioning-command</var> in LaTeX. All are +available in all of LaTeX’s standard document classes <code class="code">book</code>, +<code class="code">report</code>, and <code class="code">article</code>, except that <code class="code">\chapter</code> is +not available in <code class="code">article</code>. </p> -<table> +<table class="multitable"> <thead><tr><th width="25%">Sectioning unit</th><th width="25%">Command</th><th width="40%">Level</th></tr></thead> -<tr><td width="25%">Part</td><td width="25%"><code>\part</code></td><td width="40%">-1 (<code>book</code>, <code>report</code>), 0 (<code>article</code>)</td></tr> -<tr><td width="25%">Chapter</td><td width="25%"><code>\chapter</code></td><td width="40%">0</td></tr> -<tr><td width="25%">Section</td><td width="25%"><code>\section</code></td><td width="40%">1</td></tr> -<tr><td width="25%">Subsection</td><td width="25%"><code>\subsection</code></td><td width="40%">2</td></tr> -<tr><td width="25%">Subsubsection</td><td width="25%"><code>\subsubsection</code></td><td width="40%">3</td></tr> -<tr><td width="25%">Paragraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\paragraph</code></td><td width="40%">4</td></tr> -<tr><td width="25%">Subparagraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\subparagraph</code></td><td width="40%">5</td></tr> +<tbody><tr><td width="25%">Part</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\part</code></td><td width="40%">-1 (<code class="code">book</code>, <code class="code">report</code>), 0 (<code class="code">article</code>)</td></tr> +<tr><td width="25%">Chapter</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\chapter</code></td><td width="40%">0</td></tr> +<tr><td width="25%">Section</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\section</code></td><td width="40%">1</td></tr> +<tr><td width="25%">Subsection</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\subsection</code></td><td width="40%">2</td></tr> +<tr><td width="25%">Subsubsection</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code></td><td width="40%">3</td></tr> +<tr><td width="25%">Paragraph</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\paragraph</code></td><td width="40%">4</td></tr> +<tr><td width="25%">Subparagraph</td><td width="25%"><code class="code">\subparagraph</code></td><td width="40%">5</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></span> -<p>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a> +<p>All these commands have a <code class="code">*</code>-form that prints <var class="var">title</var> as usual but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents. -An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code>. The -input <code>\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output ‘<samp>A -Appendix</samp>’ (see <a href="#g_t_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>). You can lose the numbering ‘<samp>A</samp>’ -by instead entering <code>\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a +An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code class="code">article</code>. The +input <code class="code">\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output ‘<samp class="samp">A +Appendix</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cappendix"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>). You can lose the numbering ‘<samp class="samp">A</samp>’ +by instead entering <code class="code">\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a table of contents and have simple page headers so the other differences -from the <code>\section</code> command may not matter). +from the <code class="code">\section</code> command may not matter). </p> -<p>The section title <var>title</var> provides the heading in the main text, but +<p>The section title <var class="var">title</var> provides the heading in the main text, but it may also appear in the table of contents and in the running head or -foot (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). You may not want the same text in these +foot (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. All of these commands have an optional -argument <var>toc-title</var> for these other places. +argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> for these other places. </p> <p>The level number in the table above determines which sectional units are numbered, and which appear in the table of contents. If the sectioning -command’s <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter -<code>secnumdepth</code> then the titles for this sectioning command will be -numbered (see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). And, if <var>level</var> is less -than or equal to the value of the counter <code>tocdepth</code> then the table +command’s <var class="var">level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter +<code class="code">secnumdepth</code> then the titles for this sectioning command will be +numbered (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). And, if <var class="var">level</var> is less +than or equal to the value of the counter <code class="code">tocdepth</code> then the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit -(see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). </p> -<p>LaTeX expects that before you have a <code>\subsection</code> you will have -a <code>\section</code> and, in a <code>book</code> class document, that before a -<code>\section</code> you will have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get -something like a subsection numbered ‘<samp>3.0.1</samp>’. +<p>LaTeX expects that before you have a <code class="code">\subsection</code> you will have +a <code class="code">\section</code> and, in a <code class="code">book</code> class document, that before a +<code class="code">\section</code> you will have a <code class="code">\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get +something like a subsection numbered ‘<samp class="samp">3.0.1</samp>’. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec"></span> -<span id="index-titlesec-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package"></a> <p>LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a -simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case -letters with <code>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> in the -preamble (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). CTAN +simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase +letters with this (in the preamble):<br> +<code class="code">\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> . +(See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>.) CTAN has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably -<code>titlesec</code>. +<code class="code">titlesec</code>. </p> <p>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-secnumdepth'><span><code>secnumdepth</code><a href='#index-secnumdepth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></span> -<span id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></span> -<span id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with -<code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> will suppress -numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than <var>level</var> -(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers. -For instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then -a <code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like -‘<samp>1 Introduction</samp>’ while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will -produce output like ‘<samp>Discussion</samp>’, without the number. LaTeX’s -default <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and - 2 in the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes. -</p> -</dd> -<dt id='index-tocdepth'><span><code>tocdepth</code><a href='#index-tocdepth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-tocdepth-counter"></span> -<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></span> -<span id="sectioning-tocdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents. -The setting <code>\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> makes the -sectioning units at <var>level</var> be the smallest ones listed -(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For -instance, if <code>tocdepth</code> is 1 then the table of contents will +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-secnumdepth'><span><code class="code">secnumdepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-secnumdepth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></a><a class="anchor" id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with +<code class="code">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var class="var">level</var>}</code> will suppress +numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than <var class="var">level</var> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers. +For instance, if the <code class="code">secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code class="code">article</code> then +a <code class="code">\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like +‘<samp class="samp">1 Introduction</samp>’ while <code class="code">\subsection{Discussion}</code> will +produce output like ‘<samp class="samp">Discussion</samp>’, without the number. LaTeX’s +default <code class="code">secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp class="file">article</samp> class and + 2 in the <samp class="file">book</samp> and <samp class="file">report</samp> classes. +</p> +</dd> +<dt id='index-tocdepth'><span><code class="code">tocdepth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-tocdepth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocdepth-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="sectioning-tocdepth"></a><a class="anchor" id="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents. +The setting <code class="code">\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var class="var">level</var>}</code> makes the +sectioning units at <var class="var">level</var> be the smallest ones listed +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For +instance, if <code class="code">tocdepth</code> is 1 then the table of contents will list sections but not subsections. LaTeX’s default -<code>tocdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the -<samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes. +<code class="code">tocdepth</code> is 3 in <samp class="file">article</samp> class and 2 in the +<samp class="file">book</samp> and <samp class="file">report</samp> classes. </p> </dd> </dl> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1"><code>\part</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2"><code>\chapter</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3"><code>\section</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4"><code>\subsection</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6"><code>\appendix</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\part</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\chapter</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\section</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\subsection</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpart"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpart"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cpart-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\part</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpart-1">6.1 <code class="code">\part</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cpart-1"></span> -<span id="index-part-1"></span> -<span id="index-sectioning_002c-part"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpart-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-part-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sectioning_002c-part"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\part{<var>title</var>} -\part*{<var>title</var>} -\part[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\part{<var class="var">title</var>} +\part*{<var class="var">title</var>} +\part[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code>, -<code>report</code>, and <code>article</code>, all have this command. +<p>Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">book</code>, +<code class="code">report</code>, and <code class="code">article</code>, all have this command. </p> <p>This produces a document part, in a book. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\part{VOLUME I \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\part{VOLUME I \\ PERSONAL MEMOIRS OF U.\ S.\ GRANT} \chapter{ANCESTRY--BIRTH--BOYHOOD.} My family is American, and has been for generations, in all its branches, direct and collateral. </pre></div> -<p>In each standard class the <code>\part</code> command outputs a part number -such as ‘<samp>Part I</samp>’, alone on its line, in boldface, and in large -type. Then LaTeX outputs <var>title</var>, also alone on its line, in -bold and in even larger type. In class <code>book</code>, the LaTeX +<p>In each standard class the <code class="code">\part</code> command outputs a part number +such as ‘<samp class="samp">Part I</samp>’, alone on its line, in boldface, and in large +type. Then LaTeX outputs <var class="var">title</var>, also alone on its line, in +bold and in even larger type. In class <code class="code">book</code>, the LaTeX default puts each part alone on its own page. If the book is two-sided then LaTeX will skip a page if needed to have the new part on an -odd-numbered page. In <code>report</code> it is again alone on a page, but -LaTeX won’t force it onto an odd-numbered page. In an <code>article</code> +odd-numbered page. In <code class="code">report</code> it is again alone on a page, but +LaTeX won’t force it onto an odd-numbered page. In an <code class="code">article</code> LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but instead outputs the part number and part title onto the main document page. </p> -<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var> +<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var> but it does not show the part number, does not increment the -<code>part</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry. +<code class="code">part</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry. </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the part title in -the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in running -headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then <var>title</var> -will be there. This example puts a line break in <var>title</var> but omits +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the part title in +the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in running +headers (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then <var class="var">title</var> +will be there. This example puts a line break in <var class="var">title</var> but omits the break in the table of contents. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\part[Up from the bottom; my life]{Up from the bottom\\ my life} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\part[Up from the bottom; my life]{Up from the bottom\\ my life} </pre></div> <p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in the table of contents, the level number of a part is -1 -(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>, and <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>, and <a class="ref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></span> -<span id="index-indentfirst-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package"></a> -<p>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part +<p>In the class <code class="code">article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package -<code>indentfirst</code>. +<code class="code">indentfirst</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></span> -<span id="index-titlesec-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-1"></a> -<p>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <code>titlesec</code>. +<p>One package to change the behavior of <code class="code">\part</code> is <code class="code">titlesec</code>. See its documentation on CTAN. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cchapter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cchapter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\section</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\part</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\section</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\part</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cchapter-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cchapter-1">6.2 <code class="code">\chapter</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cchapter-1"></span> -<span id="index-chapter-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cchapter-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-chapter-1"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter{<var>title</var>} -\chapter*{<var>title</var>} -\chapter[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{<var class="var">title</var>} +\chapter*{<var class="var">title</var>} +\chapter[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and -<code>report</code> have this command but <code>article</code> does not. +<p>Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">book</code> and +<code class="code">report</code> have this command but <code class="code">article</code> does not. </p> <p>This produces a chapter. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter{Loomings} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{Loomings} Call me Ishmael. Some years ago---never mind how long precisely---having little or no money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I @@ -4216,86 +4225,86 @@ the world. <p>The LaTeX default starts each chapter on a fresh page, an odd-numbered page if the document is two-sided. It produces a chapter -number such as ‘<samp>Chapter 1</samp>’ in large boldface type (the size is -<code>\huge</code>). It then puts <var>title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface -type that is still larger (size <code>\Huge</code>). It also increments the -<code>chapter</code> counter, adds an entry to the table of contents -(see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>), and sets the running header -information (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). -</p> -<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface. +number such as ‘<samp class="samp">Chapter 1</samp>’ in large boldface type (the size is +<code class="code">\huge</code>). It then puts <var class="var">title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface +type that is still larger (size <code class="code">\Huge</code>). It also increments the +<code class="code">chapter</code> counter, adds an entry to the table of contents +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>), and sets the running header +information (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). +</p> +<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface. But it does not show the chapter number, does not increment the -<code>chapter</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does +<code class="code">chapter</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does not affect the running header. (If you use the page style -<code>headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the +<code class="code">headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the prior chapter.) This example illustrates. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter*{Preamble} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter*{Preamble} </pre></div> -<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the chapter title -in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in -running headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then -<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the chapter +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the chapter title +in the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in +running headers (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then +<var class="var">title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the chapter title, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)} </pre></div> -<p>but only ‘<samp>Weyl</samp>’ on the contents page. This puts a line break in +<p>but only ‘<samp class="samp">Weyl</samp>’ on the contents page. This puts a line break in the title but that doesn’t work well with running headers so it omits the break in the contents </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story} </pre></div> <p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is 0 -(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></span> -<span id="index-indentfirst-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-1"></a> <p>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package -<code>indentfirst</code>. +<code class="code">indentfirst</code>. </p> <p>You can change what is shown for the chapter number. To change it to -something like ‘<samp>Lecture 1</samp>’, put in the preamble either -<code>\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}</code> or this -(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>). +something like ‘<samp class="samp">Lecture 1</samp>’, put in the preamble either +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}</code> or this +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\makeatletter +<pre class="example-preformatted">\makeatletter \renewcommand{\@chapapp}{Lecture} \makeatother </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-babel"></span> -<span id="index-babel-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package"></a> <p>To make this change because of the primary language for -the document, see the package <code>babel</code>. +the document, see the package <code class="code">babel</code>. </p> <p>In a two-sided document LaTeX puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any running headers. To make that page completely blank, -see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>. +see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></span> -<span id="index-titlesec-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-2"></a> -<p>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its +<p>To change the behavior of the <code class="code">\chapter</code> command, you can copy its definition from the LaTeX format file and make adjustments. But there are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is -<code>titlesec</code>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a +<code class="code">titlesec</code>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a sense of what it can do. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble \titleformat{\chapter} {\Huge\bfseries} % format of title {} % label, such as 1.2 for a subsection @@ -4303,38 +4312,38 @@ sense of what it can do. {} % before-code hook </pre></div> -<p>This omits the chapter number ‘<samp>Chapter 1</samp>’ from the page but unlike -<code>\chapter*</code> it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the +<p>This omits the chapter number ‘<samp class="samp">Chapter 1</samp>’ from the page but unlike +<code class="code">\chapter*</code> it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the running headers. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csection"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csection"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\subsection</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\subsection</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\section</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csection-1">6.3 <code class="code">\section</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005csection-1"></span> -<span id="index-section-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csection-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-1"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\section{<var>title</var>} -\section*{<var>title</var>} -\section[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\section{<var class="var">title</var>} +\section*{<var class="var">title</var>} +\section[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>, -<code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have this command. +<p>Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">article</code>, +<code class="code">book</code>, and <code class="code">report</code> all have this command. </p> <p>This produces a section. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">In this Part we tend to be more interested in the function, +<pre class="example-preformatted">In this Part we tend to be more interested in the function, in the input-output behavior, than in the details of implementing that behavior. @@ -4345,64 +4354,64 @@ first step toward defining the set of computable functions is to reflect on the details of what mechanisms can do. </pre></div> -<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> the -default output is like ‘<samp>1.2 <var>title</var></samp>’ (for chapter 1, +<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">report</code> the +default output is like ‘<samp class="samp">1.2 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’ (for chapter 1, section 2), alone on its line and flush left, in boldface and a -larger type (the type size is <code>\Large</code>). The same holds in -<code>article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class so it -looks like ‘<samp>2 <var>title</var></samp>’. +larger type (the type size is <code class="code">\Large</code>). The same holds in +<code class="code">article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class so it +looks like ‘<samp class="samp">2 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’. </p> -<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>. +<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var>. But it does not show the section number, does not increment the -<code>section</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does +<code class="code">section</code> counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does not affect the running header. (If you use the page style -<code>headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the +<code class="code">headings</code> in a two-sided document then the header will be from the prior section.) </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the section title -in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in -running headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then -<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the title of the +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the section title +in the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in +running headers (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then +<var class="var">title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the title of the section: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\section[Elizabeth~II]{Elizabeth the Second, +<pre class="example-preformatted">\section[Elizabeth~II]{Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.} </pre></div> -<p>but only ‘<samp>Elizabeth II</samp>’ on the contents page and in the headers. -This has a line break in <var>title</var> but that does not work with headers +<p>but only ‘<samp class="samp">Elizabeth II</samp>’ on the contents page and in the headers. +This has a line break in <var class="var">title</var> but that does not work with headers so it is omitted from the contents and headers. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is, +<pre class="example-preformatted">\section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is, I cheated\\my life story} </pre></div> <p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in the table of contents, the level number of a section is 1 -(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></span> -<span id="index-indentfirst-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-2"></a> <p>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the -package <code>indentfirst</code>. +package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></span> -<span id="index-titlesec-package-3"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-3"></a> -<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there -are a number of options. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command -(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that -address this, including <code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the +<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code class="code">\section</code> command, there +are a number of options. One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that +address this, including <code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the example below gives a sense of what they can do. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble \titleformat{\section} {\normalfont\Large\bfseries} % format of title {\makebox[1pc][r]{\thesection\hspace{1pc}}} % label @@ -4417,31 +4426,31 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csubsection"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csubsection"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\section</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\section</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csubsection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csubsection-1">6.4 <code class="code">\subsection</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005csubsection-1"></span> -<span id="index-subsection-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsection-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsection-1"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\subsection{<var>title</var>} -\subsection*{<var>title</var>} -\subsection[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\subsection{<var class="var">title</var>} +\subsection*{<var class="var">title</var>} +\subsection[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>, -<code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have this command. +<p>Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">article</code>, +<code class="code">book</code>, and <code class="code">report</code> all have this command. </p> <p>This produces a subsection. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">We will show that there are more functions than Turing machines and that +<pre class="example-preformatted">We will show that there are more functions than Turing machines and that therefore some functions have no associated machine. \subsection{Cardinality} We will begin with two paradoxes that @@ -4449,52 +4458,52 @@ dramatize the challenge to our intuition posed by comparing the sizes of infinite sets. </pre></div> -<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> the -default output is like ‘<samp>1.2.3 <var>title</var></samp>’ (for chapter 1, +<p>For the standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">report</code> the +default output is like ‘<samp class="samp">1.2.3 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’ (for chapter 1, section 2, subsection 3), alone on its line and flush left, in -boldface and a larger type (the type size is <code>\large</code>). The same -holds in <code>article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class -so it looks like ‘<samp>2.3 <var>title</var></samp>’. +boldface and a larger type (the type size is <code class="code">\large</code>). The same +holds in <code class="code">article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class +so it looks like ‘<samp class="samp">2.3 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’. </p> -<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>. +<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var>. But it does not show the subsection number, does not increment the -<code>subsection</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry. +<code class="code">subsection</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry. </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title -in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is -not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title +in the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is +not present then <var class="var">title</var> will be there. This shows the full text in the title of the subsection: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of +<pre class="example-preformatted">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow} </pre></div> -<p>but only ‘<samp>α,β,γ +<p>but only ‘<samp class="samp">α,β,γ paper</samp>’ on the contents page. </p> <p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is 2 -(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></span> -<span id="index-indentfirst-package-3"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-3"></a> <p>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the -package <code>indentfirst</code>. +package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></span> -<span id="index-titlesec-package-4"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-4"></a> <p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the -<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command -(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that -address this, including <code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the +<code class="code">\subsection</code> command. One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that +address this, including <code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the example below gives a sense of what they can do. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble \titleformat{\subsection}[runin] {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries} % format of the title {\thesubsection} % label @@ -4502,136 +4511,135 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do. {} % before-code hook </pre></div> -<p>That puts the subsection number and <var>title</var> in the first line of +<p>That puts the subsection number and <var class="var">title</var> in the first line of text. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\appendix</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\subsection</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\subsection</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></h3> -<span id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"></span><h3 class="section">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></h3> - -<span id="index-_005csubsubsection-1"></span> -<span id="index-subsubsection-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cparagraph-1"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></span> -<span id="index-subparagraph-1"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csubsubsection"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsubsection-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsubsection-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cparagraph"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparagraph-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-1"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csubparagraph"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subparagraph-1"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\subsubsection{<var>title</var>} -\subsubsection*{<var>title</var>} -\subsubsection[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\subsubsection{<var class="var">title</var>} +\subsubsection*{<var class="var">title</var>} +\subsubsection[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> <p>or one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\paragraph{<var>title</var>} -\paragraph*{<var>title</var>} -\paragraph[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\paragraph{<var class="var">title</var>} +\paragraph*{<var class="var">title</var>} +\paragraph[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> <p>or one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\subparagraph{<var>title</var>} -\subparagraph*{<var>title</var>} -\subparagraph[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\subparagraph{<var class="var">title</var>} +\subparagraph*{<var class="var">title</var>} +\subparagraph[<var class="var">toc-title</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> <p>Start a subsubsection, paragraph, or subparagraph. The standard -LaTeX classes <code>article</code>, <code>book</code>, and <code>report</code> all have +LaTeX classes <code class="code">article</code>, <code class="code">book</code>, and <code class="code">report</code> all have these commands, although they are not commonly used. </p> <p>This produces a subsubsection. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\subsubsection{Piston ring compressors: structural performance} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\subsubsection{Piston ring compressors: structural performance} Provide exterior/interior wall cladding assemblies capable of withstanding the effects of load and stresses from consumer-grade gasoline engine piston rings. </pre></div> <p>The default output of each of the three does not change over the -standard LaTeX classes <code>article</code>, <code>book</code>, and -<code>report</code>. For <code>\subsubsection</code> the <var>title</var> is alone on -its line, in boldface and normal size type. For <code>\paragraph</code> the -<var>title</var> is inline with the text, not indented, in boldface and -normal size type. For <code>\subparagraph</code> the <var>title</var> is inline +standard LaTeX classes <code class="code">article</code>, <code class="code">book</code>, and +<code class="code">report</code>. For <code class="code">\subsubsection</code> the <var class="var">title</var> is alone on +its line, in boldface and normal size type. For <code class="code">\paragraph</code> the +<var class="var">title</var> is inline with the text, not indented, in boldface and +normal size type. For <code class="code">\subparagraph</code> the <var class="var">title</var> is inline with the text, with a paragraph indent, in boldface and normal size type -(Because an <code>article</code> has no chapters its subsubsections are -numbered and so it looks like ‘<samp>1.2.3 <var>title</var></samp>’, for +(Because an <code class="code">article</code> has no chapters its subsubsections are +numbered and so it looks like ‘<samp class="samp">1.2.3 <var class="var">title</var></samp>’, for section 1, subsection 2, and subsubsection 3. The other two divisions are not numbered.) </p> -<p>The <code>*</code> form shows <var>title</var>. But it does not increment the +<p>The <code class="code">*</code> form shows <var class="var">title</var>. But it does not increment the associated counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not -show the number for <code>\subsubsection</code>). +show the number for <code class="code">\subsubsection</code>). </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the division title -in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is -not present then <var>title</var> will be there. +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">toc-title</var> will appear as the division title +in the table of contents (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is +not present then <var class="var">title</var> will be there. </p> <p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in the table of contents, the level number of a subsubsection is 3, of a paragraph is 4, and of a subparagraph is 5 -(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></span> -<span id="index-indentfirst-package-4"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-4"></a> <p>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the -package <code>indentfirst</code>. +package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-5"></span> -<span id="index-titlesec-package-5"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-titlesec-5"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlesec-package-5"></a> <p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands. -One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). +One is the <code class="code">\@startsection</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including -<code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation on CTAN. +<code class="code">titlesec</code>. See the documentation on CTAN. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cappendix"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cappendix"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cappendix-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cappendix-1">6.6 <code class="code">\appendix</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cappendix"></span> -<span id="index-appendix"></span> -<span id="index-appendices"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cappendix"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-appendix"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-appendices"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\appendix +<pre class="example-preformatted">\appendix </pre></div> -<p>This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it -declares that subsequent <code>\chapter</code> commands start an appendix. In -an article it does the same, for <code>\section</code> commands. It also -resets the <code>chapter</code> and <code>section</code> counters to 0 in a -book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and -<code>subsection</code> counters. +<p>This does not directly produce any output. But in a <code class="code">book</code> or +<code class="code">report</code> document it declares that subsequent <code class="code">\chapter</code> +commands start an appendix. In an article it does the same, for +<code class="code">\section</code> commands. It also resets the <code class="code">chapter</code> and +<code class="code">section</code> counters to 0 in a book or report, and in an article +resets the <code class="code">section</code> and <code class="code">subsection</code> counters. </p> <p>In this book </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter{One} ... +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{One} ... \chapter{Two} ... ... \appendix @@ -4639,48 +4647,48 @@ book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and \chapter{Four} ... </pre></div> -<p>the first two will generate output numbered ‘<samp>Chapter 1</samp>’ and -‘<samp>Chapter 2</samp>’. After the <code>\appendix</code> the numbering will be -‘<samp>Appendix A</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Appendix B</samp>’. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, +<p>the first two will generate output numbered ‘<samp class="samp">Chapter 1</samp>’ and +‘<samp class="samp">Chapter 2</samp>’. After the <code class="code">\appendix</code> the numbering will be +‘<samp class="samp">Appendix A</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Appendix B</samp>’. See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for another example. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-appendix"></span> -<span id="index-appendix-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-appendix"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-appendix-package"></a> -<p>The <code>appendix</code> package adds the command -<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate ‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ in the document -body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code> +<p>The <code class="code">appendix</code> package adds the command +<code class="code">\appendixpage</code> to put a separate ‘<samp class="samp">Appendices</samp>’ in the document +body before the first appendix, and the command <code class="code">\addappheadtotoc</code> to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name -‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ with a command like -<code>\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}</code>, as well as a +‘<samp class="samp">Appendices</samp>’ with a command like +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}</code>, as well as a number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\appendix</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\appendix</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"></span><h3 class="section">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cfrontmatter"></span> -<span id="index-book_002c-front-matter"></span> -<span id="index-front-matter-of-a-book"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmainmatter"></span> -<span id="index-book_002c-main-matter"></span> -<span id="index-main-matter-of-a-book"></span> -<span id="index-_005cbackmatter"></span> -<span id="index-book_002c-back-matter"></span> -<span id="index-book_002c-end-matter"></span> -<span id="index-back-matter-of-a-book"></span> -<span id="index-end-matter-of-a-book"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrontmatter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-front-matter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-front-matter-of-a-book"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmainmatter"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmainmatter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-main-matter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-main-matter-of-a-book"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbackmatter"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbackmatter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-back-matter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-book_002c-end-matter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-back-matter-of-a-book"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-end-matter-of-a-book"></a> <p>Synopsis, one or more of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\frontmatter +<pre class="example-preformatted">\frontmatter ... \mainmatter ... @@ -4688,7 +4696,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\@star ... </pre></div> -<p>Format a <code>book</code> class document differently according to which part +<p>Format a <code class="code">book</code> class document differently according to which part of the document is being produced. All three commands are optional. </p> <p>Traditionally, a book’s front matter contains such things as the title @@ -4698,235 +4706,235 @@ pages, such as the title page, are traditionally not numbered.) The back matter may contain such things as a glossary, notes, a bibliography, and an index. </p> -<p>The <code>\frontmatter</code> command makes the pages numbered in lowercase +<p>The <code class="code">\frontmatter</code> command makes the pages numbered in lowercase roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter’s title appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands -here, use the <code>*</code>-version (see <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>). +here, use the <code class="code">*</code>-version (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>). </p> -<p>The <code>\mainmatter</code> command changes the behavior back to the expected +<p>The <code class="code">\mainmatter</code> command changes the behavior back to the expected version, and resets the page number. </p> -<p>The <code>\backmatter</code> command leaves the page numbering alone but +<p>The <code class="code">\backmatter</code> command leaves the page numbering alone but switches the chapters back to being not numbered. </p> -<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for an example using these three commands. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for an example using these three commands. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings"></span><h3 class="section">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings">6.8 <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</h3> -<span id="index-_005c_0040startsection"></span> -<span id="index-section_002c-redefining"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040startsection"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section_002c-redefining"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>}{<var>level</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>beforeskip</var>}{<var>afterskip</var>}{<var>style</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\@startsection{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">level</var>}{<var class="var">indent</var>}{<var class="var">beforeskip</var>}{<var class="var">afterskip</var>}{<var class="var">style</var>} </pre></div> <p>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning -divisions such as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>. +divisions such as <code class="code">\section</code> or <code class="code">\subsection</code>. </p> -<p>Note that the <code>titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning +<p>Note that the <code class="code">titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be -satisfied with <code>\@startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in -the standard LaTeX <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the commands -<code>\chapter</code> and <code>\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To -make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command. +satisfied with <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in +the standard LaTeX <code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">report</code> classes the commands +<code class="code">\chapter</code> and <code class="code">\report</code> are not constructed in this way. To +make such a command you may want to use the <code class="code">\secdef</code> command. </p> -<p>Technically, <code>\@startsection</code> has the form +<p>Technically, <code class="code">\@startsection</code> has the form </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\@startsection{<var>name</var>} - {<var>level</var>} - {<var>indent</var>} - {<var>beforeskip</var>} - {<var>afterskip</var>} - {<var>style</var>}*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\@startsection{<var class="var">name</var>} + {<var class="var">level</var>} + {<var class="var">indent</var>} + {<var class="var">beforeskip</var>} + {<var class="var">afterskip</var>} + {<var class="var">style</var>}*[<var class="var">toctitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> <p>so that issuing </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var>name</var>} - {<var>level</var>} - {<var>indent</var>} - {<var>beforeskip</var>} - {<var>afterskip</var>} - {<var>style</var>}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{<var class="var">name</var>} + {<var class="var">level</var>} + {<var class="var">indent</var>} + {<var class="var">beforeskip</var>} + {<var class="var">afterskip</var>} + {<var class="var">style</var>}} </pre></div> -<p>redefines <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form -<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code> (in which, for reminder, -the star <code>*</code> is optional). See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies +<p>redefines <code class="code">\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form +<code class="code">\section*[<var class="var">toctitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}</code> (in which, for reminder, +the star <code class="code">*</code> is optional). See <a class="xref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies that when you write a command like -<code>\renewcommand{\section}{...}</code>, the -<code>\@startsection{...}</code> must come last in the definition. See the +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\section}{...}</code>, the +<code class="code">\@startsection{...}</code> must come last in the definition. See the examples below. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>name</var></span></dt> -<dd><span id="startsection-name"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></span><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">name</var></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-name"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either -<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although in +<code class="code">section</code>, <code class="code">subsection</code>, or <code class="code">paragraph</code>. Although in those cases the counter name is the same as the sectioning command itself, you don’t have to use the same name. </p> -<p>Then <code>\the</code><var>name</var> displays the title number and -<code>\</code><var>name</var><code>mark</code> is for the page headers. See the third +<p>Then <code class="code">\the</code><var class="var">name</var> displays the title number and +<code class="code">\</code><var class="var">name</var><code class="code">mark</code> is for the page headers. See the third example below. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>level</var></span></dt> -<dd><span id="startsection-level"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></span><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command. -See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for the list of standard level numbers. +<dt><var class="var">level</var></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-level"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></a><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command. +See <a class="xref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for the list of standard level numbers. </p> -<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter -<code>secnumdepth</code> then titles for this sectioning command will be -numbered (see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). For instance, if -<code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then the command -<code>\section{Introduction}</code> will produce output like “1 -Introduction” while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce +<p>If <var class="var">level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter +<code class="code">secnumdepth</code> then titles for this sectioning command will be +numbered (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). For instance, if +<code class="code">secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code class="code">article</code> then the command +<code class="code">\section{Introduction}</code> will produce output like “1 +Introduction” while <code class="code">\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce output like “Discussion”, without the number prefix. </p> -<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter -<var>tocdepth</var> then the table of contents will have an entry for this -sectioning unit (see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). For instance, in an -<code>article</code>, if <var>tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of contents will +<p>If <var class="var">level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter +<var class="var">tocdepth</var> then the table of contents will have an entry for this +sectioning unit (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). For instance, in an +<code class="code">article</code>, if <var class="var">tocdepth</var> is 1 then the table of contents will list sections but not subsections. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>indent</var></span></dt> -<dd><span id="startsection-indent"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></span><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect +<dt><var class="var">indent</var></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-indent"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title flush with the margin use -<code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as <code>-\parindent</code> will move +<code class="code">0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as <code class="code">-\parindent</code> will move the title into the left margin. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>beforeskip</var></span></dt> -<dd><span id="startsection-beforeskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></span><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that +<dt><var class="var">beforeskip</var></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-beforeskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></a><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that is inserted before this sectioning unit’s title. This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph -is indented. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> -is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.) +is indented. (Note that the negative of <code class="code">1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> +is <code class="code">-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.) </p> -<p>For example, if <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code> +<p>For example, if <var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code> then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with -<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives -LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +<code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code>, is good practice here since it gives +LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). </p> <p>The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of the -header is that it is the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the text font, -the <code>\baselineskip</code> of the title font, and the absolute value of -the <var>beforeskip</var>. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch +header is that it is the sum of the <code class="code">\parskip</code> of the text font, +the <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> of the title font, and the absolute value of +the <var class="var">beforeskip</var>. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the header text will be where LaTeX would put the baseline of the first text line on that page.) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>afterskip</var></span></dt> -<dd><span id="startsection-afterskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></span><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the +<dt><var class="var">afterskip</var></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-afterskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></a><p>This is a length. If <var class="var">afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit’s title header. If it is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space between the end of the title and the beginning of the following paragraph. (Note that the negative of -<code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code>-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.) +<code class="code">1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code> is <code class="code">-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt</code>.) </p> -<p>As with <var>beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length, with <code>plus</code> and -<code>minus</code> components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX +<p>As with <var class="var">beforeskip</var>, using a rubber length, with <code class="code">plus</code> and +<code class="code">minus</code> components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more flexibility in putting together the page. </p> -<p>If <code>afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the +<p>If <code class="code">afterskip</code> is non-negative then the full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is that it is -the sum of the <code>\parskip</code> of the title font, the -<code>\baselineskip</code> of the text font, and the value of <var>after</var>. +the sum of the <code class="code">\parskip</code> of the title font, the +<code class="code">\baselineskip</code> of the text font, and the value of <var class="var">after</var>. That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that -because the sign of <code>afterskip</code> changes the sectioning unit +because the sign of <code class="code">afterskip</code> changes the sectioning unit header’s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative -<code>afterskip</code> to cancel part of the <code>\parskip</code>.) +<code class="code">afterskip</code> to cancel part of the <code class="code">\parskip</code>.) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>style</var></span></dt> -<dd><span id="startsection-style"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></span><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical -commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, -<code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or <code>\newpage</code>. The last command -in <var>style</var> may be one that takes one argument, such as -<code>\MakeUppercase</code> or <code>\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The +<dt><var class="var">style</var></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="startsection-style"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></a><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical +commands to use here are <code class="code">\centering</code>, <code class="code">\raggedright</code>, +<code class="code">\normalfont</code>, <code class="code">\hrule</code>, or <code class="code">\newpage</code>. The last command +in <var class="var">style</var> may be one that takes one argument, such as +<code class="code">\MakeUppercase</code> or <code class="code">\fbox</code> that takes one argument. The section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For -instance, setting <var>style</var> to <code>\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would +instance, setting <var class="var">style</var> to <code class="code">\bfseries\MakeUppercase</code> would produce titles that are bold and uppercase. </p></dd> </dl> <p>These are LaTeX’s defaults for the first three sectioning units that -are defined with <code>\@startsection</code>, for the <samp>article</samp>, -<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes. -</p> -<ul> -<li> For <code>section</code>: <var>level</var> is 1, <var>indent</var> is 0pt, -<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, -<var>afterskip</var> is <code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is -<code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>. - -</li><li> For <code>subsection</code>: <var>level</var> is 2, <var>indent</var> is 0pt, -<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus <span class="nolinebreak">-0.2ex</span><!-- /@w --></code>, -<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is -<code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>. - -</li><li> <p>For <code>subsubsection</code>: <var>level</var> is 3, <var>indent</var> is 0pt, -<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, -<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is -<code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>. -</p></li></ul> +are defined with <code class="code">\@startsection</code>, for the <samp class="file">article</samp>, +<samp class="file">book</samp>, and <samp class="file">report</samp> classes. +</p> +<ul class="itemize mark-bullet"> +<li>For <code class="code">section</code>: <var class="var">level</var> is 1, <var class="var">indent</var> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span>, +<var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, +<var class="var">afterskip</var> is <code class="code">2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var class="var">style</var> is +<code class="code">\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>. + +</li><li>For <code class="code">subsection</code>: <var class="var">level</var> is 2, <var class="var">indent</var> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span>, +<var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.25ex plus -1ex minus <span class="w-nolinebreak-text">-0.2ex</span><!-- /@w --></code>, +<var class="var">afterskip</var> is <code class="code">1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var class="var">style</var> is +<code class="code">\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>. + +</li><li><div class="raggedright"><p class="raggedright-paragraph">For <code class="code">subsubsection</code>: <var class="var">level</var> is 3, <var class="var">indent</var> is 0<span class="dmn">pt</span>, +<var class="var">beforeskip</var> is <code class="code">-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, +<var class="var">afterskip</var> is <code class="code">1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var class="var">style</var> is +<code class="code">\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>. +</p></div></li></ul> <p>Some examples follow. These go either in a package or class file or in the preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they -must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a -<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use +must go between a <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> command and a +<code class="code">\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code class="code">You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code> means that you forgot this.) -See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>. +See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>. </p> <p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says -<code>\renewcommand</code> because LaTeX’s standard classes have already -defined a <code>\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a -<code>section</code> counter, or the commands <code>\thesection</code> and -<code>\l@section</code>. -</p> -<div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand\section{% - \@startsection{section}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a> - {1}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a> - {0pt}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a> - {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a> - {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a> - {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a> +<code class="code">\renewcommand</code> because LaTeX’s standard classes have already +defined a <code class="code">\section</code>. For the same reason it does not define a +<code class="code">section</code> counter, or the commands <code class="code">\thesection</code> and +<code class="code">\l@section</code>. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand\section{% + \@startsection{section}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var class="var">name</var></a> + {1}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var class="var">level</var></a> + {0pt}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var class="var">indent</var></a> + {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var class="var">beforeskip</var></a> + {2.3ex plus.2ex}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var class="var">afterskip</var></a> + {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var class="var">style</var></a> } </pre></div> -<p>This will put <code>subsection</code> titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph. +<p>This will put <code class="code">subsection</code> titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand\subsection{% - \@startsection{subsection}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var>name</var></a> - {2}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var>level</var></a> - {0em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var>indent</var></a> - {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var>beforeskip</var></a> - {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var>afterskip</var></a> - {\scshape}% <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var>style</var></a> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand\subsection{% + \@startsection{subsection}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"><var class="var">name</var></a> + {2}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"><var class="var">level</var></a> + {0em}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"><var class="var">indent</var></a> + {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"><var class="var">beforeskip</var></a> + {-1em plus 0.2em}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"><var class="var">afterskip</var></a> + {\scshape}% <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"><var class="var">style</var></a> } </pre></div> @@ -4935,7 +4943,7 @@ This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down \newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering \renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display {\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c@subsubparagraph}% numbering @@ -4954,25 +4962,25 @@ display that counter. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Cross-references"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Cross-references"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Cross-references-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</h2> -<span id="index-cross-references"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-references"></a> -<span id="index-label"></span> -<p>We often want something like ‘<samp>See Theorem~31</samp>’. But by-hand typing -the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <em>label</em> such as -<code>\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and then <em>reference</em> it, as with -<code>See equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}</code>. LaTeX will automatically +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-label"></a> +<p>We often want something like ‘<samp class="samp">See Theorem~31</samp>’. But by-hand typing +the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <em class="dfn">label</em> such as +<code class="code">\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and then <em class="dfn">reference</em> it, as with +<code class="code">See equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}</code>. LaTeX will automatically work out the number, put it into the output, and will change that number later if needed. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">We will see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % forward reference +<pre class="example-preformatted">We will see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % forward reference ... \begin{theorem} \label{th:GreensThm} ... @@ -4982,110 +4990,110 @@ See Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm} on page~\pageref{th:GreensThm}. </pre></div> <p>LaTeX tracks cross reference information in a file having the -extension <samp>.aux</samp> and with the same base name as the file containing -the <code>\label</code>. So if <code>\label</code> is in <samp>calculus.tex</samp> then -the information is in <samp>calculus.aux</samp>. LaTeX puts the -information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>. +extension <samp class="file">.aux</samp> and with the same base name as the file containing +the <code class="code">\label</code>. So if <code class="code">\label</code> is in <samp class="file">calculus.tex</samp> then +the information is in <samp class="file">calculus.aux</samp>. LaTeX puts the +information in that file every time it runs across a <code class="code">\label</code>. </p> -<span id="index-forward-reference"></span> -<span id="index-reference_002c-forward"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-forward-reference"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reference_002c-forward"></a> <p>The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that -happens when your document has a <em>forward reference</em>, a <code>\ref</code> -that appears before the associated <code>\label</code>. If this is the first -time that you are compiling the document then you will get ‘<samp>LaTeX +happens when your document has a <em class="dfn">forward reference</em>, a <code class="code">\ref</code> +that appears before the associated <code class="code">\label</code>. If this is the first +time that you are compiling the document then you will get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross references right</samp>’ and in the output the forward reference will appear as two question -marks ‘<samp>??</samp>’, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you +marks ‘<samp class="samp">??</samp>’, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases, resolve this by compiling the document a second time. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref"></span> -<span id="index-cleveref-package"></span> -<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX’s +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cleveref"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cleveref-package"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX’s cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter -<code>\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}</code> then -<code>\cref{th:Nerode}</code> will output ‘<samp>Theorem 3.21</samp>’, without you +<code class="code">\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}</code> then +<code class="code">\cref{th:Nerode}</code> will output ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem 3.21</samp>’, without you having to enter the “Theorem.” </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1"><code>\label</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2"><code>\pageref</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3"><code>\ref</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#xr-package" accesskey="4"><code>xr</code> package</a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\label</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\pageref</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\ref</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#xr-package" accesskey="4"><code class="code">xr</code> package</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005clabel"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005clabel"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005clabel-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clabel-1">7.1 <code class="code">\label</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005clabel"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabel"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\label{<var>key</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\label{<var class="var">key</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Assign a reference number to <var>key</var>. In ordinary text -<code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> assigns to <var>key</var> the number of the +<p>Assign a reference number to <var class="var">key</var>. In ordinary text +<code class="code">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> assigns to <var class="var">key</var> the number of the current sectional unit. Inside an environment with numbering, such as a -<code>table</code> or <code>theorem</code> environment, <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> -assigns to <var>key</var> the number of that environment. Retrieve the -assigned number with the <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> command -(see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>). +<code class="code">table</code> or <code class="code">theorem</code> environment, <code class="code">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> +assigns to <var class="var">key</var> the number of that environment. Retrieve the +assigned number with the <code class="code">\ref{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> command +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cref"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>). </p> <p>A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished, as usual. </p> <p>A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix -separated by a colon or period. Thus, <code>\label{fig:Post}</code> is a +separated by a colon or period. Thus, <code class="code">\label{fig:Post}</code> is a label for a figure with a portrait of Emil Post. This helps to avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, and makes your source more readable. Some commonly-used prefixes: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>ch</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">ch</code></dt> <dd><p>for chapters </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>sec</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>subsec</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">sec</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">subsec</code></dt> <dd><p>for lower-level sectioning commands </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>fig</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">fig</code></dt> <dd><p>for figures </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>tab</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">tab</code></dt> <dd><p>for tables </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>eq</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">eq</code></dt> <dd><p>for equations </p></dd> </dl> <p>In the auxiliary file the reference information is kept as the text of a command of the form -<code>\newlabel{<var>label</var>}{{<var>currentlabel</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}}</code>. -Here <var>currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro -<code>\@currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call -<code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code>. +<code class="code">\newlabel{<var class="var">label</var>}{{<var class="var">currentlabel</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>}}</code>. +Here <var class="var">currentlabel</var> is the current value of the macro +<code class="code">\@currentlabel</code> that is usually updated whenever you call +<code class="code">\refstepcounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code>. </p> -<p>Below, the key <code>sec:test</code> will get the number of the current -section and the key <code>fig:test</code> will get the number of the figure. +<p>Below, the key <code class="code">sec:test</code> will get the number of the current +section and the key <code class="code">fig:test</code> will get the number of the figure. (Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and tables.) </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\section{section name} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\section{section name} \label{sec:test} This is Section~\ref{sec:test}. \begin{figure} @@ -5099,37 +5107,37 @@ See Figure~\ref{fig:test}. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpageref"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpageref"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ref</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\label</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\label</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cpageref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpageref-1">7.2 <code class="code">\pageref</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cpageref"></span> -<span id="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></span> -<span id="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpageref"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\pageref{<var>key</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\pageref{<var class="var">key</var>} </pre></div> <p>Produce the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding -<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears. +<code class="code">\label</code>{<var class="var">key</var>} command appears. </p> -<p>If there is no <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> then you get something like -‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on +<p>If there is no <code class="code">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> then you get something like +‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.</samp>’ </p> -<p>Below, the <code>\label{eq:main}</code> is used both for the formula number +<p>Below, the <code class="code">\label{eq:main}</code> is used both for the formula number and for the page number. (Note that the two references are forward references so this document would need to be compiled twice to resolve those.) </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}. +<pre class="example-preformatted">The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}. ... \begin{equation} \label{eq:main} \mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP} @@ -5139,41 +5147,41 @@ those.) <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cref"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cref"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>xr</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">xr</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cref-1">7.3 <code class="code">\ref</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cref"></span> -<span id="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></span> -<span id="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span> -<span id="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span> -<span id="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span> -<span id="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cref"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ref{<var>key</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ref{<var class="var">key</var>} </pre></div> <p>Produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote, figure, …, of the corresponding -<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>). It does not produce any text, +<code class="code">\label</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005clabel"><code class="code">\label</code></a>). It does not produce any text, such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare number itself. </p> -<p>If there is no <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> then you get something like -‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on +<p>If there is no <code class="code">\label{<var class="var">key</var>}</code> then you get something like +‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.</samp>’ </p> -<p>In this example the <code>\ref{popular}</code> produces ‘<samp>2</samp>’. Note that -it is a forward reference since it comes before <code>\label{popular}</code> +<p>In this example the <code class="code">\ref{popular}</code> produces ‘<samp class="samp">2</samp>’. Note that +it is a forward reference since it comes before <code class="code">\label{popular}</code> so this document would have to be compiled twice. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}. +<pre class="example-preformatted">The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}. \begin{enumerate} \item Plain \TeX \item \label{popular} \LaTeX @@ -5181,209 +5189,209 @@ so this document would have to be compiled twice. \end{enumerate} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></span> -<span id="index-cleveref-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cleveref-package-1"></a> -<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package includes text such as ‘<samp>Theorem</samp>’ in the +<p>The <code class="code">cleveref</code> package includes text such as ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem</samp>’ in the reference. See the documentation on CTAN. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="xr-package"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="xr-package"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="xr-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.4 <code>xr</code> package</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="xr-package-1">7.4 <code class="code">xr</code> package</h3> -<span id="index-package_002c-xr"></span> -<span id="index-xr-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xr"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xr-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"></span> -<span id="index-xr_002dhyper-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xr_002dhyper-package"></a> -<span id="index-_005cexternaldocument"></span> -<span id="index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cexternaldocument"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr} - \externaldocument{<var>document-basename</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xr} + \externaldocument{<var class="var">document-basename</var>} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr} - \externaldocument[<var>reference-prefix</var>]{<var>document-basename</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xr} + \externaldocument[<var class="var">reference-prefix</var>]{<var class="var">document-basename</var>} </pre></div> <p>Make cross references to the external document -<samp><var>document-basename</var>.tex</samp>. +<samp class="file"><var class="var">document-basename</var>.tex</samp>. </p> -<p>Here is an example. If <samp>lectures.tex</samp> has this in the preamble +<p>Here is an example. If <samp class="file">lectures.tex</samp> has this in the preamble </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xr} \externaldocument{exercises} \externaldocument[H-]{hints} \externaldocument{answers} </pre></div> <p>then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents. -Suppose that <samp>exercises.tex</samp> has an enumerated list containing +Suppose that <samp class="file">exercises.tex</samp> has an enumerated list containing this, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree? +<pre class="example-preformatted">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree? </pre></div> -<p>and <samp>hints.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this, +<p>and <samp class="file">hints.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices. +<pre class="example-preformatted">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices. </pre></div> -<p>and <samp>answers.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this, +<p>and <samp class="file">answers.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there +<pre class="example-preformatted">\item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there are exactly two vertices. </pre></div> <p>After compiling the exercises, hints, and answers documents, entering -this in the body of <samp>lectures.tex</samp> will result in the lectures +this in the body of <samp class="file">lectures.tex</samp> will result in the lectures getting the reference numbers used in the other documents. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">See Exercise~\ref{exer:EulersThm}, with Hint~\ref{H-exer:EulersThm}. +<pre class="example-preformatted">See Exercise~\ref{exer:EulersThm}, with Hint~\ref{H-exer:EulersThm}. The solution is Answer~\ref{ans:EulersThm}. </pre></div> -<p>The prefix <code>H-</code> for the reference from the hints file is needed +<p>The prefix <code class="code">H-</code> for the reference from the hints file is needed because the label in the hints file is the same as the label in the exercises file. Without that prefix, both references would get the number from the later file. </p> -<p>Note: if the document uses the <code>hyperref</code> package then in place of -<code>xr</code>, put <code>\usepackage{xr-hyper}</code> before the -<code>\usepackage{hyperref}</code>. Also, if any of the multiple documents -uses <code>hyperref</code> then they all must use it. +<p>Note: if the document uses the <code class="code">hyperref</code> package then in place of +<code class="code">xr</code>, put <code class="code">\usepackage{xr-hyper}</code> before the +<code class="code">\usepackage{hyperref}</code>. Also, if any of the multiple documents +uses <code class="code">hyperref</code> then they all must use it. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Environments"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Environments"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Environments-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Environments-1">8 Environments</h2> -<span id="index-environments"></span> -<span id="index-_005cbegin"></span> -<span id="index-_005cend"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environments"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbegin"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cend"></a> <p>LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior. -An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>, +An environment begins with <code class="code">\begin</code> and ends with <code class="code">\end</code>, like this: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment-name</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{<var class="var">environment-name</var>} ... -\end{<var>environment-name</var>} +\end{<var class="var">environment-name</var>} </pre></div> -<p>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at +<p>The <var class="var">environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at the end. For instance, the input -<code>\begin{table*}...\end{table}</code> will cause an error like: -‘<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by +<code class="code">\begin{table*}...\end{table}</code> will cause an error like: +‘<samp class="samp">! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by \end{table}.</samp>’ </p> -<span id="index-group_002c-and-environments"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-group_002c-and-environments"></a> <p>Environments are executed within a group. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#abstract" accesskey="1"><code>abstract</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#array" accesskey="2"><code>array</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#center" accesskey="3"><code>center</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#description" accesskey="4"><code>description</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5"><code>displaymath</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#document" accesskey="6"><code>document</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7"><code>enumerate</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8"><code>eqnarray</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#equation" accesskey="9"><code>equation</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#filecontents"><code>filecontents</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#flushright"><code>flushright</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#letter"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li> -<li><a href="#list"><code>list</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#math"><code>math</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#tabbing"><code>tabbing</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#table"><code>table</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#theorem"><code>theorem</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#titlepage"><code>titlepage</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#verse"><code>verse</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#abstract" accesskey="1"><code class="code">abstract</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#array" accesskey="2"><code class="code">array</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#center" accesskey="3"><code class="code">center</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#description" accesskey="4"><code class="code">description</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#document" accesskey="6"><code class="code">document</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8"><code class="code">eqnarray</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#equation" accesskey="9"><code class="code">equation</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#filecontents"><code class="code">filecontents</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#flushleft"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#flushright"><code class="code">flushright</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#letter"><code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li> +<li><a href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#math"><code class="code">math</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#tabbing"><code class="code">tabbing</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#theorem"><code class="code">theorem</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#titlepage"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#verbatim"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#verse"><code class="code">verse</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="abstract"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="abstract"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="abstract-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="abstract-1">8.1 <code class="code">abstract</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-abstract"></span> -<span id="index-abstract-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-abstract-environment"></a> -<span id="index-abstracts"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-abstracts"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{abstract} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract} </pre></div> <p>Produce an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. This environment -is only defined in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> document classes -(see <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>). +is only defined in the <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">report</code> document classes +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>). </p> -<p>Using the example below in the <code>article</code> class produces a displayed -paragraph. Document class option <code>titlepage</code> causes the abstract -to be on a separate page (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>); this is the -default only in the <code>report</code> class. +<p>Using the example below in the <code class="code">article</code> class produces a displayed +paragraph. Document class option <code class="code">titlepage</code> causes the abstract +to be on a separate page (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>); this is the +default only in the <code class="code">report</code> class. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{abstract} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{abstract} We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander to Robert E Lee at the Appomattox Court House that the army continue in a guerrilla war, which Lee refused. \end{abstract} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-abstract"></span> -<span id="index-abstract-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-abstract"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-abstract-package"></a> <p>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for -a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>). +a more flexible solution, use the package <code class="code">abstract</code>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} ... \begin{document} \title{Babe Ruth as Cultural Progenitor: a Atavistic Approach} @@ -5406,23 +5414,23 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>). <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="array"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="array"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>center</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>abstract</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">center</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">abstract</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="array-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="array-1">8.2 <code class="code">array</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-array"></span> -<span id="index-array-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-array"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-array-environment"></a> -<span id="index-arrays_002c-math"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrays_002c-math"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{array}{<var>cols</var>} - <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{array}{<var class="var">cols</var>} + <var class="var">column 1 entry</var> &<var class="var">column 2 entry</var> ... &<var class="var">column n entry</var> \\ ... \end{array} </pre></div> @@ -5430,22 +5438,22 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>center</code></a>, Previo <p>or: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{array}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>} - <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{array}[<var class="var">pos</var>]{<var class="var">cols</var>} + <var class="var">column 1 entry</var> &<var class="var">column 2 entry</var> ... &<var class="var">column n entry</var> \\ ... \end{array} </pre></div> <p>Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in math -mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), and normally appears within a displayed -mathematics environment such as <code>equation</code> (see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>). +mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>), and normally appears within a displayed +mathematics environment such as <code class="code">equation</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#equation"><code class="code">equation</code></a>). Inside of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand, -(<code>&</code>). Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>). +(<code class="code">&</code>). Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>). </p> <p>This example shows a three by three array. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation*} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation*} \chi(x) = \left| % vertical bar fence \begin{array}{ccc} @@ -5457,45 +5465,45 @@ Inside of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand, \end{equation*} </pre></div> -<p>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their +<p>The required argument <var class="var">cols</var> describes the number of columns, their alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance, -<code>\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}</code> gives three columns: the +<code class="code">\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}</code> gives three columns: the first flush right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See -<a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var> and of the +<a class="ref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> for the complete description of <var class="var">cols</var> and of the other common features of the two environments, including the optional -<var>pos</var> argument. -</p> -<p>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The -first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in -textstyle (see <a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>) except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies -the column with <code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in -text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>’s parameter -<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX’s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is +<var class="var">pos</var> argument. +</p> +<p>There are two ways that <code class="code">array</code> diverges from <code class="code">tabular</code>. The +first is that <code class="code">array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in +textstyle (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>) except if the <var class="var">cols</var> definition specifies +the column with <code class="code">p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in +text mode. The second is that, instead of <code class="code">tabular</code>’s parameter +<code class="code">\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX’s intercolumn space in an <code class="code">array</code> is governed by -<span id="index-_005carraycolsep"></span> -<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The -default for this is ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ so that between two columns comes -10pt of space. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005carraycolsep"></a> +<code class="code">\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The +default for this is ‘<samp class="samp">5pt</samp>’ so that between two columns comes +10<span class="dmn">pt</span> of space. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package"></a> -<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <code>amsmath</code> -package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array -surrounded by parentheses <code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array -surrounded by square brackets <code>[...]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an -array surrounded by curly braces <code>{...}</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for -an array surrounded by vertical bars <code>|...|</code>, and -<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical -bars <code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs. +<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <code class="code">amsmath</code> +package. It comes with environments <code class="code">pmatrix</code> for an array +surrounded by parentheses <code class="code">(...)</code>, <code class="code">bmatrix</code> for an array +surrounded by square brackets <code class="code">[...]</code>, <code class="code">Bmatrix</code> for an +array surrounded by curly braces <code class="code">{...}</code>, <code class="code">vmatrix</code> for +an array surrounded by vertical bars <code class="code">|...|</code>, and +<code class="code">Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical +bars <code class="code">||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-1"></a> -<p>The next example uses the <code>amsmath</code> package. +<p>The next example uses the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble \begin{equation} \begin{vmatrix}{cc} % array with vert lines @@ -5505,59 +5513,59 @@ bars <code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs. \end{equation} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-array"></span> -<span id="index-array-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-array"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-array-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></span> -<span id="index-dcolumn-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dcolumn-package"></a> -<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <code>array</code> package has -many useful extensions, including more column types. The <code>dcolumn</code> +<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <code class="code">array</code> package has +many useful extensions, including more column types. The <code class="code">dcolumn</code> package adds a column type to center on a decimal point. For both see the documentation on CTAN. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="center"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="center"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>description</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">description</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="center-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="center-1">8.3 <code class="code">center</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-center"></span> -<span id="index-center-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-center"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-center-environment"></a> -<span id="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} - <var>line1</var> \\ - <var>line2</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} + <var class="var">line1</var> \\ + <var class="var">line2</var> \\ ... \end{center} </pre></div> <p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are centered within the left and right margins. Use -double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>). -<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></span> +double-backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>). +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a> If some text is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any interword space. </p> <p>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See -<a href="#g_t_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code> +<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005ccentering"><code class="code">\centering</code></a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code class="code">figure</code> environment. </p> <p>This example produces three centered lines. There is extra vertical space between the last two lines. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fufillment \\ of the Requirements of \\[0.5ex] the School of Environmental Engineering @@ -5571,7 +5579,7 @@ Then LaTeX will break at the double backslash, and will center the ending. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} My father considered that anyone who went to chapel and didn't drink alcohol was not to be tolerated.\\ I grew up in that belief. ---Richard Burton @@ -5586,250 +5594,250 @@ entire page. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1"><code>\centering</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\centering</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccentering"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccentering"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>center</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">center</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ccentering-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccentering-1">8.3.1 <code class="code">\centering</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005ccentering"></span> -<span id="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccentering"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">{\centering ... } +<pre class="example-preformatted">{\centering ... } </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{group} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{group} \centering ... \end{group} </pre></div> <p>Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an -environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a <code>parbox</code>. +environment such as <code class="code">figure</code>, or in a <code class="code">parbox</code>. </p> -<p>This example’s <code>\centering</code> declaration causes the graphic to be +<p>This example’s <code class="code">\centering</code> declaration causes the graphic to be horizontally centered. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{figure} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ctan_lion.png} \caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion} \end{figure} </pre></div> -<p>The scope of this <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end{figure}</code>. +<p>The scope of this <code class="code">\centering</code> ends with the <code class="code">\end{figure}</code>. </p> -<p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does +<p>Unlike the <code class="code">center</code> environment, the <code class="code">\centering</code> command does not add vertical space above and below the text. That’s its advantage in the above example; there is not an excess of space. </p> <p>It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX -formats paragraph units. If <code>ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz</code> is +formats paragraph units. If <code class="code">ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz</code> is surrounded by blank lines then LaTeX will create a paragraph whose -first line ‘<samp>ww xx</samp>’ is centered and whose second line, not centered, -contains ‘<samp>yy zz</samp>’. Usually what is desired is for the scope of the -declaration to contain a blank line or the <code>\end</code> command of an -environment such as <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code> that ends the -paragraph unit. Thus, if <code>{\centering xx \\ yy\par} zz</code> is +first line ‘<samp class="samp">ww xx</samp>’ is centered and whose second line, not centered, +contains ‘<samp class="samp">yy zz</samp>’. Usually what is desired is for the scope of the +declaration to contain a blank line or the <code class="code">\end</code> command of an +environment such as <code class="code">figure</code> or <code class="code">table</code> that ends the +paragraph unit. Thus, if <code class="code">{\centering xx \\ yy\par} zz</code> is surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph with two -centered lines ‘<samp>xx</samp>’ and ‘<samp>yy</samp>’, followed by a new paragraph with -‘<samp>zz</samp>’ that is formatted as usual. +centered lines ‘<samp class="samp">xx</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">yy</samp>’, followed by a new paragraph with +‘<samp class="samp">zz</samp>’ that is formatted as usual. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="description"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="description"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>displaymath</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>center</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">center</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="description-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="description-1">8.4 <code class="code">description</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-description"></span> -<span id="index-description-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-description"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-description-environment"></a> -<span id="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></span> -<span id="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{description} - \item[<var>label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var> - \item[<var>label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{description} + \item[<var class="var">label of first item</var>] <var class="var">text of first item</var> + \item[<var class="var">label of second item</var>] <var class="var">text of second item</var> ... \end{description} </pre></div> -<p>Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s <var>label</var> is +<p>Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s <var class="var">label</var> is typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having -none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a +none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp class="samp">Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’. </p> <p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{description} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{description} \item[lama] A priest. \item[llama] A beast. \end{description} </pre></div> -<p>The labels ‘<samp>lama</samp>’ and ‘<samp>llama</samp>’ are output in boldface, with the +<p>The labels ‘<samp class="samp">lama</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">llama</samp>’ are output in boldface, with the left edge on the left margin. </p> -<span id="index-_005citem"></span> -<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). Use the -optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is -no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem"></a> +<p>Start list items with the <code class="code">\item</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). Use the +optional labels, as in <code class="code">\item[Main point]</code>, because there is +no sensible default. Following the <code class="code">\item</code> is optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. </p> -<span id="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></span> -<span id="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a> <p>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font -change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come +change given in argument style (see <a class="ref" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with -<code>\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold +<code class="code">\item[\texttt{label text}]</code> then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way around this, in this example to get non-bold typewriter, is to use declarative style: -<code>\item[{\tt label text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman -font with <code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>. +<code class="code">\item[{\tt label text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman +font with <code class="code">\item[{\rm label text}]</code>. </p> -<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a> -and <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>. Unlike those environments, nesting -<code>description</code> environments does not change the default label; it is +<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a class="ref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a> +and <a class="ref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>. Unlike those environments, nesting +<code class="code">description</code> environments does not change the default label; it is boldface and flush left at all levels. </p> <p>For information about list layout parameters, including the default values, and for information about customizing list layout, see -<a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing +<a class="ref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>. The package <code class="code">enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists. </p> <p>This example changes the description labels to small caps. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="displaymath"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="displaymath"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>document</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>description</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">document</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">description</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="displaymath-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="displaymath-1">8.5 <code class="code">displaymath</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></span> -<span id="index-displaymath-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaymath-environment"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} - <var>mathematical text</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath} + <var class="var">mathematical text</var> \end{displaymath} </pre></div> -<p>Environment to typeset the <var>mathematical text</var> on its own line, in +<p>Environment to typeset the <var class="var">mathematical text</var> on its own line, in display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the -global option <code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>. +global option <code class="code">fleqn</code>; see <a class="ref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>. </p> -<p>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the +<p>In the <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the -<code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>). +<code class="code">equation</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#equation"><code class="code">equation</code></a>). </p> -<p>LaTeX will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines. +<p>LaTeX will not break the <var class="var">math text</var> across lines. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-2"></a> -<p>Note that the <code>amsmath</code> package has significantly more extensive +<p>Note that the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package has significantly more extensive displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways in that package for having math text broken across lines. </p> -<span id="index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"></span> -<p>The construct <code>\[<var>math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment -<code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> \end{displaymath}</code> but the +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"></a> +<p>The construct <code class="code">\[<var class="var">math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment +<code class="code">\begin{displaymath} <var class="var">math</var> \end{displaymath}</code> but the latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance, searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word -<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. +<code class="code">displaymath</code> will likely be unique. </p> -<span id="index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"></span> -<p>(Aside: The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain TeX is -sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"></a> +<p>(Aside: The construct <code class="code">$$<var class="var">math</var>$$</code> from Plain TeX is +sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code class="code">displaymath</code>. It is not a synonym, and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all; -<code>$$</code> doesn’t support the <code>fleqn</code> option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform +<code class="code">$$</code> doesn’t support the <code class="code">fleqn</code> option (see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform consistency checks.) </p> <p>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath} \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \end{displaymath} </pre></div> <p>Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version -<code>\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \)</code> produces. +<code class="code">\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \)</code> produces. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="document"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="document"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>enumerate</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>displaymath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="document-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="document-1">8.6 <code class="code">document</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-document"></span> -<span id="index-document-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-document"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-environment"></a> -<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document. -It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>. +<p>The <code class="code">document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document. +It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a class="xref" href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>document</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">document</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1">8.6.1 <code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></span> -<span id="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\AtBeginDocument{<var>code</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\AtBeginDocument{<var class="var">code</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Save <var>code</var> and execute it when <code>\begin{document}</code> is +<p>Save <var class="var">code</var> and execute it when <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> is executed, at the very end of the preamble. The code is executed after the font selection tables have been set up, so the normal font for the document is the current font. However, the code is executed as part of @@ -5841,28 +5849,28 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>document</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\AtBeginDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">document</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1">8.6.2 <code class="code">\AtEndDocument</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></span> -<span id="index-end-of-document-hook"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-end-of-document-hook"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\AtEndDocument{<var>code</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\AtEndDocument{<var class="var">code</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Save <var>code</var> and execute it near the end of the document. -Specifically, it is executed when <code>\end{document}</code> is executed, +<p>Save <var class="var">code</var> and execute it near the end of the document. +Specifically, it is executed when <code class="code">\end{document}</code> is executed, before the final page is finished and before any leftover floating environments are processed. If you want some of the code to be executed -after these two processes then include a <code>\clearpage</code> at the -appropriate point in <var>code</var>. +after these two processes then include a <code class="code">\clearpage</code> at the +appropriate point in <var class="var">code</var>. </p> <p>You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines will be executed in the order that you gave them. @@ -5871,135 +5879,135 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="enumerate"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="enumerate"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>eqnarray</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>document</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">eqnarray</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">document</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="enumerate-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="enumerate-1">8.7 <code class="code">enumerate</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></span> -<span id="index-enumerate-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumerate-environment"></a> -<span id="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate} - \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var> - \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{enumerate} + \item[<var class="var">optional label of first item</var>] <var class="var">text of first item</var> + \item[<var class="var">optional label of second item</var>] <var class="var">text of second item</var> ... \end{enumerate} </pre></div> <p>Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see -below. The default top-level numbering is ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, ‘<samp>2.</samp>’, -etc. Each <code>enumerate</code> list environment must have at least one item; -having none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a +below. The default top-level numbering is ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’, +etc. Each <code class="code">enumerate</code> list environment must have at least one item; +having none causes the LaTeX error ‘<samp class="samp">Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’. </p> <p>This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon. -As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘<samp>1.</samp>’ and -‘<samp>2.</samp>’. +As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’ and +‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{enumerate} \item Johnny Hayes (USA) \item Charles Hefferon (RSA) \end{enumerate} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005citem-1"></span> -<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you -give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square -brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item -will continue the interrupted sequence (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). That is, you -will get labels like ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, then ‘<samp>Interstitial label</samp>’, then -‘<samp>2.</samp>’. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem-1"></a> +<p>Start list items with the <code class="code">\item</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you +give <code class="code">\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in <code class="code">\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item +will continue the interrupted sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). That is, you +will get labels like ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’, then ‘<samp class="samp">Interstitial label</samp>’, then +‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’. Following the <code class="code">\item</code> is optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. </p> -<p>Enumerations may be nested within other <code>enumerate</code> environments, -or within any paragraph-making environment such as <code>itemize</code> -(see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s +<p>Enumerations may be nested within other <code class="code">enumerate</code> environments, +or within any paragraph-making environment such as <code class="code">itemize</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost level. </p> -<ol> -<li> arabic number followed by a period: ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, ‘<samp>2.</samp>’, … -</li><li> lowercase letter inside parentheses: ‘<samp>(a)</samp>’, ‘<samp>(b)</samp>’ … -</li><li> lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: ‘<samp>i.</samp>’, ‘<samp>ii.</samp>’, … -</li><li> uppercase letter followed by a period: ‘<samp>A.</samp>’, ‘<samp>B.</samp>’, … +<ol class="enumerate"> +<li> arabic number followed by a period: ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’, … +</li><li> lowercase letter inside parentheses: ‘<samp class="samp">(a)</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">(b)</samp>’ … +</li><li> lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: ‘<samp class="samp">i.</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">ii.</samp>’, … +</li><li> uppercase letter followed by a period: ‘<samp class="samp">A.</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">B.</samp>’, … </li></ol> -<span id="index-_005cenumi"></span> -<span id="index-_005cenumii"></span> -<span id="index-_005cenumiii"></span> -<span id="index-_005cenumiv"></span> -<span id="enumerate-enumi"></span><span id="enumerate-enumii"></span><span id="enumerate-enumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-enumiv"></span><p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through -<code>\enumiv</code> (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenumi"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenumii"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenumiii"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenumiv"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="enumerate-enumi"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-enumii"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-enumiii"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-enumiv"></a><p>The <code class="code">enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code class="code">\enumi</code> through +<code class="code">\enumiv</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>). </p> <p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see -<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> and <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>. For information about list layout +<a class="ref" href="#description"><code class="code">description</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>. For information about list layout parameters, including the default values, and for information about -customizing list layout, see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is +customizing list layout, see <a class="ref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>. The package <code class="code">enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists. </p> -<span id="index-_005clabelenumi"></span> -<span id="index-_005clabelenumii"></span> -<span id="index-_005clabelenumiii"></span> -<span id="index-_005clabelenumiv"></span> -<span id="enumerate-labelenumi"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiv"></span><p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> -through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelenumi"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelenumii"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelenumiii"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelenumiv"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="enumerate-labelenumi"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-labelenumii"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-labelenumiii"></a><a class="anchor" id="enumerate-labelenumiv"></a><p>To change the format of the label use <code class="code">\renewcommand</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>) on the commands <code class="code">\labelenumi</code> +through <code class="code">\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period. </p> -<span id="index-_005cAlph-example"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAlph-example"></a> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} \begin{enumerate} \item Shows as boldface A \item Shows as boldface B \end{enumerate} </pre></div> -<p>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>. +<p>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="eqnarray"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="eqnarray"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>equation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>enumerate</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">equation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="eqnarray-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="eqnarray-1">8.8 <code class="code">eqnarray</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></span> -<span id="index-eqnarray-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eqnarray-environment"></a> -<span id="index-equations_002c-aligning"></span> -<span id="index-aligning-equations"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-aligning-equations"></a> -<span id="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></span> -<span id="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></span> -<p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements. (See “Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen -<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents -should include the <code>amsmath</code> package and use the displayed -mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code> +<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents +should include the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package and use the displayed +mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code class="code">align</code> environment. We include a description only for completeness and for working with old documents. </p> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray} - <var>first formula left</var> &<var>first formula middle</var> &<var>first formula right</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{eqnarray} + <var class="var">first formula left</var> &<var class="var">first formula middle</var> &<var class="var">first formula right</var> \\ ... \end{eqnarray} </pre></div> @@ -6007,33 +6015,33 @@ working with old documents. <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray*} - <var>first formula left</var> &<var>first formula middle</var> &<var>first formula right</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{eqnarray*} + <var class="var">first formula left</var> &<var class="var">first formula middle</var> &<var class="var">first formula right</var> \\ ... \end{eqnarray*} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a> <p>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text mode. </p> -<p>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items -within a row separated by an ampersand (<code>&</code>), and with rows -separated by double backslash <code>\\</code>). -<span id="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span> -The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate -equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>). -</p> -<span id="index-_005cnonumber"></span> -<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></span> -<p>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every -line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a -<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits +<p>It is similar to a three-column <code class="code">array</code> environment, with items +within a row separated by an ampersand (<code class="code">&</code>), and with rows +separated by double backslash <code class="code">\\</code>). +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a> +The starred form of line break (<code class="code">\\*</code>) can also be used to separate +equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>). +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnonumber"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></a> +<p>The unstarred form <code class="code">eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every +line (using the <code class="code">equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a +<code class="code">\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code class="code">eqnarray*</code> omits equation numbering, while otherwise being the same. </p> -<span id="index-_005clefteqn"></span> -<p>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clefteqn"></a> +<p>The command <code class="code">\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. </p> @@ -6041,7 +6049,7 @@ zero width. while the third line has not entry on the left side. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray*} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{eqnarray*} \lefteqn{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n} \\ &\leq &y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n \\ &= &z+y_3+\cdots+y_n @@ -6051,74 +6059,74 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="equation"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="equation"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>figure</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>eqnarray</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">figure</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">eqnarray</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="equation-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="equation-1">8.9 <code class="code">equation</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-equation"></span> -<span id="index-equation-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-equation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-environment"></a> -<span id="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></span> -<span id="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} - <var>mathematical text</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} + <var class="var">mathematical text</var> \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>The same as a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath"><code>displaymath</code></a>) +<p>The same as a <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#displaymath"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>) except that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin. -The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter. +The equation number is generated using the <code class="code">equation</code> counter. </p> -<p>You should have no blank lines between <code>\begin{equation}</code> and -<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a +<p>You should have no blank lines between <code class="code">\begin{equation}</code> and +<code class="code">\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing dollar sign. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-3"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-3"></a> -<p>The package <code>amsmath</code> package has extensive displayed equation +<p>The package <code class="code">amsmath</code> package has extensive displayed equation facilities. New documents should include this package. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="figure"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="figure"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>filecontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>equation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">filecontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">equation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="figure-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="figure-1">8.10 <code class="code">figure</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-figure"></span> -<span id="index-figure-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-figure"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-environment"></a> -<span id="index-inserting-figures"></span> -<span id="index-figures_002c-inserting"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inserting-figures"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{figure}[<var>placement</var>] - <var>figure body</var> - \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional - \label{<var>label}</var> % optional +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure}[<var class="var">placement</var>] + <var class="var">figure body</var> + \caption[<var class="var">loftitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} % optional + \label{<var class="var">label}</var> % optional \end{figure} </pre></div> <p>or: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{figure*}[<var>placement</var>] - <var>figure body</var> - \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional - \label{<var>label}</var> % optional +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure*}[<var class="var">placement</var>] + <var class="var">figure body</var> + \caption[<var class="var">loftitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} % optional + \label{<var class="var">label}</var> % optional \end{figure*} </pre></div> @@ -6126,35 +6134,35 @@ Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>filecontents</code> example is material that you cannot have split between two pages, such as a graphic. Because of this, LaTeX does not typeset figures in sequence with normal text but instead “floats” them to a convenient -place, such as the top of a following page (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). +place, such as the top of a following page (see <a class="pxref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>). </p> -<p>The <var>figure body</var> can consist of imported graphics -(see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>), or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a -<code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>. +<p>The <var class="var">figure body</var> can consist of imported graphics +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>), or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a +<code class="code">parbox</code> of width <code class="code">\textwidth</code>. </p> -<p>The possible values of <var>placement</var> are <code>h</code> for ‘<samp>here</samp>’, -<code>t</code> for ‘<samp>top</samp>’, <code>b</code> for ‘<samp>bottom</samp>’, and <code>p</code> for -‘<samp>on a separate page of floats</samp>’. For the effect of these options on -the float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>. +<p>The possible values of <var class="var">placement</var> are <code class="code">h</code> for ‘<samp class="samp">here</samp>’, +<code class="code">t</code> for ‘<samp class="samp">top</samp>’, <code class="code">b</code> for ‘<samp class="samp">bottom</samp>’, and <code class="code">p</code> for +‘<samp class="samp">on a separate page of floats</samp>’. For the effect of these options on +the float placement algorithm, see <a class="ref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>. </p> -<p>The starred form <code>figure*</code> is used when a document is in -double-column mode (see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>). It produces a figure that +<p>The starred form <code class="code">figure*</code> is used when a document is in +double-column mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code class="code">\twocolumn</code></a>). It produces a figure that spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of -placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code> -in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>. +placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var class="var">placement</var> <code class="code">b</code> +in <a class="ref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>. </p> -<span id="index-_005ccaption-1"></span> -<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption -text for the figure (see <a href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>). By default it is numbered. -If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures -instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccaption-1"></a> +<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a class="pxref" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). The optional <code class="code">\caption</code> command specifies caption +text for the figure (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code class="code">\caption</code></a>). By default it is numbered. +If <var class="var">loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures +instead of <var class="var">title</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). </p> <p>This example makes a figure out of a graphic. LaTeX will place that graphic and its caption at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the end of the document, on a page of floats. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble ... \begin{figure}[t] \centering @@ -6166,61 +6174,61 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="filecontents"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="filecontents"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>flushleft</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>figure</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">figure</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="filecontents-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="filecontents-1">8.11 <code class="code">filecontents</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></span> -<span id="index-filecontents-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filecontents-environment"></a> -<span id="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></span> -<span id="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></a> -<span id="index-external-files_002c-writing"></span> -<span id="index-writing-external-files"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-external-files_002c-writing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-writing-external-files"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents}[<var>option</var>]{<var>filename</var>} - <var>text</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{filecontents}[<var class="var">option</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>} + <var class="var">text</var> \end{filecontents} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents*}[<var>option</var>]{<var>filename</var>} - <var>text</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{filecontents*}[<var class="var">option</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>} + <var class="var">text</var> \end{filecontents*} </pre></div> -<p>Create a file named <var>filename</var> in the current directory (or the -output directory, if specified; see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>) and write -<var>text</var> to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten. +<p>Create a file named <var class="var">filename</var> in the current directory (or the +output directory, if specified; see <a class="pxref" href="#output-directory">output directory</a>) and write +<var class="var">text</var> to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten. </p> <p>The unstarred version of the environment -<code>filecontents</code> prefixes the content of the created file with a +<code class="code">filecontents</code> prefixes the content of the created file with a header of TeX comments; see the example below. The starred -version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header. +version <code class="code">filecontents*</code> does not include the header. </p> <p>The possible options are: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-force-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>force</code><a href='#index-force-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>overwrite</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></span> +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-force-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">force</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-force-option-for-filecontents'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">overwrite</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></a> <p>Overwrite an existing file. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>noheader</code><a href='#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code>filecontents*</code>. +<dt id='index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">noheader</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code class="code">filecontents*</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>nosearch</code><a href='#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'><span><code class="code">nosearch</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path. </p> @@ -6229,11 +6237,11 @@ specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path. <p>These options were added in a 2019 release of LaTeX. </p> -<span id="index-self_002dcontained-sources"></span> -<span id="index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-self_002dcontained-sources"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained"></a> <p>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it -often appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is -commonly used to create a <code>.bib</code> or other such data file from the +often appears before the <code class="code">\documentclass</code> command. It is +commonly used to create a <code class="code">.bib</code> or other such data file from the main document source, to make the source file self-contained. Similarly, it can be used to create a custom style or class file, again making the source self-contained. @@ -6241,7 +6249,7 @@ again making the source self-contained. <p>For example, this document: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article} \begin{filecontents}{JH.sty} \newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron} \end{filecontents} @@ -6251,10 +6259,10 @@ Article by \myname. \end{document} </pre></div> -<p>produces this file <samp>JH.sty</samp>: +<p>produces this file <samp class="file">JH.sty</samp>: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty' +<pre class="example-preformatted">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty' %% generated by the `filecontents' environment %% from source `test' on 2015/10/12. %% @@ -6264,42 +6272,42 @@ Article by \myname. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="flushleft"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="flushleft"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>flushright</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>filecontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">flushright</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">filecontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="flushleft-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="flushleft-1">8.12 <code class="code">flushleft</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></span> -<span id="index-flushleft-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushleft-environment"></a> -<span id="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></span> -<span id="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft} - <var>line1</var> \\ - <var>line2</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{flushleft} + <var class="var">line1</var> \\ + <var class="var">line2</var> \\ ... \end{flushleft} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushleft_0029"></a> <p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking interword spaces. To force a new line use a double -backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form -see <a href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>. +backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. For the declaration form +see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code class="code">\raggedright</code></a>. </p> <p>This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the text flush left and ragged right. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\noindent\begin{minipage}{3in} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent\begin{minipage}{3in} \begin{flushleft} A long sentence that will be broken by \LaTeX{} at a convenient spot. \\ @@ -6311,54 +6319,54 @@ flush left and ragged right. -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1"><code>\raggedright</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\raggedright</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedright"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005craggedright"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>flushleft</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005craggedright-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedright-1">8.12.1 <code class="code">\raggedright</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005craggedright"></span> -<span id="index-ragged-right-text"></span> -<span id="index-left_002djustifying-text"></span> -<span id="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedright"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-right-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">{\raggedright ... } +<pre class="example-preformatted">{\raggedright ... } </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment</var>} \raggedright +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{<var class="var">environment</var>} \raggedright ... -\end{<var>environment</var>} +\end{<var class="var">environment</var>} </pre></div> <p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and -ragged right. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code> -or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form -see <a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a>. +ragged right. It can be used inside an <var class="var">environment</var> such as <code class="code">quote</code> +or in a <code class="code">parbox</code>. For the environment form +see <a class="ref" href="#flushleft"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>. </p> -<p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code> +<p>Unlike the <code class="code">flushleft</code> environment, the <code class="code">\raggedright</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the -scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> +scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code class="code">\end</code> command that ends the paragraph unit. </p> -<p>Here <code>\raggedright</code> in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing -very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note -that <code>\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces <code>{...}</code> to -delimit its effect. +<p>Here <code class="code">\raggedright</code> in each second column keeps LaTeX from +doing awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. +Note that <code class="code">\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces +<code class="code">{...}</code> to delimit its effect. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}} Team alpha &{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\ Team beta &{\raggedright This team ensures that the water cooler is never empty.} \\ @@ -6369,213 +6377,213 @@ delimit its effect. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="flushright"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="flushright"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>itemize</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>flushleft</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="flushright-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="flushright-1">8.13 <code class="code">flushright</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-flushright"></span> -<span id="index-flushright-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushright-environment"></a> -<span id="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></span> -<span id="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{flushright} - <var>line1</var> \\ - <var>line2</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{flushright} + <var class="var">line1</var> \\ + <var class="var">line2</var> \\ ... \end{flushright} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a> <p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long to fit the margins then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking inter-word spaces. To force a new -line use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form -see <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>. +line use a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. For the declaration form +see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005craggedleft"><code class="code">\raggedleft</code></a>. </p> -<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a>, -where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>flushleft</code> by -<code>flushright</code>. +<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a class="ref" href="#flushleft"><code class="code">flushleft</code></a>, +where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code class="code">flushleft</code> by +<code class="code">flushright</code>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1"><code>\raggedleft</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\raggedleft</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedleft"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005craggedleft"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>flushright</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">flushright</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedleft-1">8.13.1 <code class="code">\raggedleft</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005craggedleft"></span> -<span id="index-ragged-left-text"></span> -<span id="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></span> -<span id="index-right_002djustifying-text"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craggedleft"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ragged-left-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">{\raggedleft ... } +<pre class="example-preformatted">{\raggedleft ... } </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment</var>} \raggedleft +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{<var class="var">environment</var>} \raggedleft ... -\end{<var>environment</var>} +\end{<var class="var">environment</var>} </pre></div> <p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and -ragged left. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code> -or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form -see <a href="#flushright"><code>flushright</code></a>. +ragged left. It can be used inside an <var class="var">environment</var> such as <code class="code">quote</code> +or in a <code class="code">parbox</code>. For the environment form +see <a class="ref" href="#flushright"><code class="code">flushright</code></a>. </p> -<p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code> +<p>Unlike the <code class="code">flushright</code> environment, the <code class="code">\raggedleft</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the -scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> +scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code class="code">\end</code> command that ends the paragraph unit. </p> -<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>, -where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by -<code>\raggedleft</code>. +<p>For an example related to this environment, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code class="code">\raggedright</code></a>, +where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code class="code">\raggedright</code> by +<code class="code">\raggedleft</code>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="itemize"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="itemize"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>flushright</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">flushright</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="itemize-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="itemize-1">8.14 <code class="code">itemize</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-itemize"></span> -<span id="index-itemize-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-itemize-environment"></a> -<span id="index-_005citem-2"></span> -<span id="index-lists-of-items"></span> -<span id="index-unordered-lists"></span> -<span id="index-bulleted-lists"></span> -<span id="index-bullet-lists"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lists-of-items"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unordered-lists"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bulleted-lists"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bullet-lists"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{itemize} - \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var> - \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{itemize} + \item[<var class="var">optional label of first item</var>] <var class="var">text of first item</var> + \item[<var class="var">optional label of second item</var>] <var class="var">text of second item</var> ... \end{itemize} </pre></div> -<p>Produce an <em>unordered list</em>, sometimes called a bullet list. There -must be at least one <code>\item</code> within the environment; having none causes the -LaTeX error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’. +<p>Produce an <em class="dfn">unordered list</em>, sometimes called a bullet list. There +must be at least one <code class="code">\item</code> within the environment; having none causes the +LaTeX error ‘<samp class="samp">Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’. </p> <p>This gives a two-item list. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{itemize} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{itemize} \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra \item Rice portrait \end{itemize} </pre></div> -<p>With the default locale—without loading e.g. <code>babel</code> package +<p>With the default locale—without loading e.g. <code class="code">babel</code> package with another language than USenglish—as a top-level list each label would come out as a bullet, •. The format of the labeling depends on the nesting level; see below. </p> -<span id="index-_005citem-3"></span> -<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you -give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square -brackets, as in <code>\item[<var>Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default -<var>Optional label</var> will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem-3"></a> +<p>Start list items with the <code class="code">\item</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you +give <code class="code">\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square +brackets, as in <code class="code">\item[<var class="var">Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default +<var class="var">Optional label</var> will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left margin. For labels that are flush left see the -<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is the text of +<a class="ref" href="#description"><code class="code">description</code></a> environment. Following the <code class="code">\item</code> is the text of the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs. </p> <p>Unordered lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such -as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>). -</p> -<span id="index-_005clabelitemi"></span> -<span id="index-_005clabelitemii"></span> -<span id="index-_005clabelitemiii"></span> -<span id="index-_005clabelitemiv"></span> -<span id="itemize-labelitemi"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemii"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemiii"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemiv"></span><p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> -through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label (note the +as <code class="code">enumerate</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>). +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelitemi"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelitemii"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="itemize-labelitemi"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-labelitemii"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-labelitemiii"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-labelitemiv"></a><p>The <code class="code">itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code class="code">\labelitemi</code> +through <code class="code">\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label (note the convention of lowercase roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting level). These are the default marks at each level. </p> -<ol> -<li> • (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>) -</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>) -</li><li> * (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>) -</li><li> . (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>) +<ol class="enumerate"> +<li> • (bullet, from <code class="code">\textbullet</code>) +</li><li> <b class="b">-<span class="w-nolinebreak-text">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code class="code">\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>) +</li><li> * (asterisk, from <code class="code">\textasteriskcentered</code>) +</li><li> . (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code class="code">\textperiodcentered</code>) </li></ol> -<p>Change the labels with <code>\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes +<p>Change the labels with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes the first level use diamonds. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005cleftmargin"></span> -<span id="index-_005cleftmargini"></span> -<span id="index-_005cleftmarginii"></span> -<span id="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></span> -<span id="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></span> -<span id="index-_005cleftmarginv"></span> -<span id="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></span> -<span id="itemize-leftmargin"></span><span id="itemize-leftmargini"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginii"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginiii"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginiv"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginv"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginvi"></span><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and -the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the -parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (This also +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmargin"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmargini"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginii"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmargin"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmargini"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginii"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginiii"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginiv"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginv"></a><a class="anchor" id="itemize-leftmarginvi"></a><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the <code class="code">itemize</code> list is determined by the +parameters <code class="code">\leftmargini</code> through <code class="code">\leftmarginvi</code>. (This also uses the convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: -<code>2.5em</code> in level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in -level 2, <code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with +<code class="code">2.5em</code> in level 1 (<code class="code">2em</code> in two-column mode), <code class="code">2.2em</code> in +level 2, <code class="code">1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code class="code">1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-enumitem"></span> -<span id="index-enumitem-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumitem-package"></a> <p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see -<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> and <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>. The <code>itemize</code>, -<code>enumerate</code> and <code>description</code> environment use the same list +<a class="ref" href="#description"><code class="code">description</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>. The <code class="code">itemize</code>, +<code class="code">enumerate</code> and <code class="code">description</code> environment use the same list layout parameters. For a description, including the default values, and -for information about customizing list layout, see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The -package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists. +for information about customizing list layout, see <a class="ref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>. The +package <code class="code">enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists. </p> <p>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized lists. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005cparskip-example"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparskip-example"></a> <p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide -space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> +space between items. Here is an example defining an <code class="code">itemize*</code> environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs -within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, -see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>): +within a single item (<code class="code">\parskip</code> is not list-specific, +see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newenvironment{itemize*}% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{itemize*}% {\begin{itemize}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% @@ -6586,40 +6594,40 @@ see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="letter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="letter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>list</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>itemize</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">list</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></span><h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters">8.15 <code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-letter"></span> -<span id="index-letter-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-letter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letter-environment"></a> -<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>. +<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a class="xref" href="#Letters">Letters</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="list"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="list"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>math</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">math</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="list-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="list-1">8.16 <code class="code">list</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-list"></span> -<span id="index-list-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-list"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-environment"></a> -<span id="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>} - \item[<var>optional label of first item</var>] <var>text of first item</var> - \item[<var>optional label of second item</var>] <var>text of second item</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{list}{<var class="var">labeling</var>}{<var class="var">spacing</var>} + \item[<var class="var">optional label of first item</var>] <var class="var">text of first item</var> + \item[<var class="var">optional label of second item</var>] <var class="var">text of second item</var> ... \end{list} </pre></div> @@ -6628,19 +6636,19 @@ Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>math</code></a>, Previous: </p> <p>Note that this environment does not typically appear in the document body. Most lists created by LaTeX authors are the ones that come -standard: the <code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code> -environments (see <a href="#description"><code>description</code></a>, <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>, and <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>). +standard: the <code class="code">description</code>, <code class="code">enumerate</code>, and <code class="code">itemize</code> +environments (see <a class="pxref" href="#description"><code class="code">description</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>, and <a class="ref" href="#itemize"><code class="code">itemize</code></a>). </p> -<p>Instead, the <code>list</code> environment is most often used in macros. For +<p>Instead, the <code class="code">list</code> environment is most often used in macros. For example, many standard LaTeX environments that do not immediately -appear to be lists are in fact constructed using <code>list</code>, including -<code>quotation</code>, <code>quote</code>, and <code>center</code> (see <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a>, see <a href="#center"><code>center</code></a>). +appear to be lists are in fact constructed using <code class="code">list</code>, including +<code class="code">quotation</code>, <code class="code">quote</code>, and <code class="code">center</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a>, see <a class="pxref" href="#center"><code class="code">center</code></a>). </p> -<p>This uses the <code>list</code> environment to define a new custom +<p>This uses the <code class="code">list</code> environment to define a new custom environment. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items \newenvironment{named} {\begin{list} {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling @@ -6656,164 +6664,164 @@ environment. \end{named} </pre></div> -<p>The mandatory first argument <var>labeling</var> specifies the default +<p>The mandatory first argument <var class="var">labeling</var> specifies the default labeling of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as -above where it contains both ‘<samp>Item</samp>’ and ‘<samp>\Roman{…}</samp>’. -LaTeX forms the label by putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box -of width <code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the +above where it contains both ‘<samp class="samp">Item</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">\Roman{…}</samp>’. +LaTeX forms the label by putting the <var class="var">labeling</var> argument in a box +of width <code class="code">\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a -<code>list</code> you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an +<code class="code">list</code> you can override the default labeling by giving <code class="code">\item</code> an optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the -above <code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>. +above <code class="code">\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005citem"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>. </p> -<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> has a list of commands. +<p>The mandatory second argument <var class="var">spacing</var> has a list of commands. This list can be empty. A command that can go in here is -<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>). Use this +<code class="code">\usecounter{<var class="var">countername</var>}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>). Use this to tell LaTeX to number the items using the given counter. The counter will be reset to zero each time LaTeX enters the environment, and the counter is incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an -<code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument. +<code class="code">\item</code> that does not have an optional argument. </p> -<span id="index-_005cmakelabel"></span> -<span id="list-makelabel"></span><p>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is -<code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakelabel"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="list-makelabel"></a><p>Another command that can go in <var class="var">spacing</var> is +<code class="code">\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it -typesets in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). One example of changing its -definition is that to the above <code>named</code> example, before the +typesets in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). One example of changing its +definition is that to the above <code class="code">named</code> example, before the definition of the environment add -<code>\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between -the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the -<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>. +<code class="code">\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between +the <code class="code">\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the +<var class="var">spacing</var> argument also add <code class="code">\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>. Then the labels will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the -second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a -framed box. Another example of the <code>\makelabel</code> command is below, -in the definition of the <code>redlabel</code> environment. +second code line to <code class="code">\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a +framed box. Another example of the <code class="code">\makelabel</code> command is below, +in the definition of the <code class="code">redlabel</code> environment. </p> -<p>Also often in <var>spacing</var> are commands to redefine the spacing for the +<p>Also often in <var class="var">spacing</var> are commands to redefine the spacing for the list. Below are the spacing parameters with their default values. -(Default values for derived environments such as <code>itemize</code> can be +(Default values for derived environments such as <code class="code">itemize</code> can be different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows -the list. Each is a length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical spaces are -normally rubber lengths, with <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components, +the list. Each is a length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The vertical spaces are +normally rubber lengths, with <code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code> components, to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a -command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>. +command such as <code class="code">\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>. For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005citemindent'><span><code>\itemindent</code><a href='#index-_005citemindent' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-itemindent"></span><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the -first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>. +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005citemindent'><span><code class="code">\itemindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005citemindent'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itemindent"></a><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code class="code">leftmargin</code>, of the +first line each item. Its default value is <code class="code">0pt</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005citemsep'><span><code>\itemsep</code><a href='#index-_005citemsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-itemsep"></span><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults -for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, -and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt -minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and -<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at -11 point are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, -<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt -plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt -minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and -<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). +<dt id='index-_005citemsep'><span><code class="code">\itemsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005citemsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itemsep"></a><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code class="code">\parsep</code>. The defaults +for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, +and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">4pt plus2pt +minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">\parsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and +<code class="code">\topsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at +11 point are: <code class="code">4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">\parsep</code> (that is, +<code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code class="code">\topsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2pt +plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code class="code">5pt plus2.5pt +minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">\parsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and +<code class="code">\topsep</code> (that is, <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clabelsep'><span><code>\labelsep</code><a href='#index-_005clabelsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-labelsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. -The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, -and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes is <code>0.5em</code>. +<dt id='index-_005clabelsep'><span><code class="code">\labelsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clabelsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-labelsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. +The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, +and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes is <code class="code">0.5em</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clabelwidth'><span><code>\labelwidth</code><a href='#index-_005clabelwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-labelwidth"></span><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide. -If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first +<dt id='index-_005clabelwidth'><span><code class="code">\labelwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clabelwidth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-labelwidth"></a><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide. +If <code class="code">\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material. -If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to -<code>\labelwidth</code> then LaTeX’s default is that the label is typeset +If <code class="code">\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to +<code class="code">\labelwidth</code> then LaTeX’s default is that the label is typeset flush right in a box of this width. </p> <p>The left edge of the label box is -<code>\leftmargin</code>+<code>\itemindent</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>-<code>\labelwidth</code> +<code class="code">\leftmargin</code>+<code class="code">\itemindent</code>-<code class="code">\labelsep</code>-<code class="code">\labelwidth</code> from the left margin of the enclosing environment. </p> -<p>The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and -‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at the top level is -<code>\leftmargini</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, (which is <code>2em</code> in one column -mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is -<code>\leftmarginii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>, and at the third level it is -<code>\leftmarginiii</code>-<code>\labelsep</code>. These definitions make the +<p>The default for LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and +‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at the top level is +<code class="code">\leftmargini</code>-<code class="code">\labelsep</code>, (which is <code class="code">2em</code> in one column +mode and <code class="code">1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is +<code class="code">\leftmarginii</code>-<code class="code">\labelsep</code>, and at the third level it is +<code class="code">\leftmarginiii</code>-<code class="code">\labelsep</code>. These definitions make the label’s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing environment. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cleftmargin-1'><span><code>\leftmargin</code><a href='#index-_005cleftmargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-leftmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment +<dt id='index-_005cleftmargin-1'><span><code class="code">\leftmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftmargin-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-leftmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. </p> <p>In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this set -to the value of <code>\leftmargini</code>, while a list that is nested inside -a top-level list has this margin set to <code>\leftmarginii</code>. More -deeply nested lists get the values of <code>\leftmarginiii</code> through -<code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Nesting greater than level five generates the -error message ‘<samp>Too deeply nested</samp>’.) +to the value of <code class="code">\leftmargini</code>, while a list that is nested inside +a top-level list has this margin set to <code class="code">\leftmarginii</code>. More +deeply nested lists get the values of <code class="code">\leftmarginiii</code> through +<code class="code">\leftmarginvi</code>. (Nesting greater than level five generates the +error message ‘<samp class="samp">Too deeply nested</samp>’.) </p> -<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, -‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes are: <code>\leftmargini</code> is -<code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is -<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>. +<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, +‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes are: <code class="code">\leftmargini</code> is +<code class="code">2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code class="code">2em</code>), <code class="code">\leftmarginii</code> is +<code class="code">2.2em</code>, and <code class="code">\leftmarginiii</code> is <code class="code">1.87em</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clistparindent'><span><code>\listparindent</code><a href='#index-_005clistparindent' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-listparindent"></span><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond -<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list +<dt id='index-_005clistparindent'><span><code class="code">\listparindent</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clistparindent'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-listparindent"></a><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond +<code class="code">\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value -is <code>0pt</code>. +is <code class="code">0pt</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cparsep'><span><code>\parsep</code><a href='#index-_005cparsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-parsep"></span><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. -The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, -‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt -plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The -defaults at 11 point size are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, -<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point -size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt -minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cparsep'><span><code class="code">\parsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cparsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-parsep"></a><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. +The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, +‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">4pt +plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">0pt</code>. The +defaults at 11 point size are: <code class="code">4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, +<code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point +size are: <code class="code">5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt +minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">0pt</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpartopsep'><span><code>\partopsep</code><a href='#index-_005cpartopsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-partopsep"></span><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top +<dt id='index-_005cpartopsep'><span><code class="code">\partopsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpartopsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-partopsep"></a><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code class="code">\topsep</code>+<code class="code">\parskip</code>, to the top and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line following the list is blank does not matter.) </p> -<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, -‘<samp>book</samp>’, and ‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>2pt -plus1 minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt -minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, -<code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>). The -defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt -minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>. +<p>The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, +‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">2pt +plus1 minus1pt</code>, <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">1pt plus0pt +minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code class="code">3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, +<code class="code">3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>). The +defaults at 12 point are: <code class="code">3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code class="code">3pt plus2pt +minus2pt</code>, and <code class="code">1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crightmargin'><span><code>\rightmargin</code><a href='#index-_005crightmargin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-rightmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right -margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>. +<dt id='index-_005crightmargin'><span><code class="code">\rightmargin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightmargin'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-rightmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right +margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code class="code">0pt</code>. It must be non-negative. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctopsep'><span><code>\topsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctopsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-topsep"></span><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition -to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>). The defaults for -the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp>article</samp>’, ‘<samp>book</samp>’, and -‘<samp>report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>, -<code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The -defaults at 11 point are: <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code>4.5pt -plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12 -point are: <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, -and <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. +<dt id='index-_005ctopsep'><span><code class="code">\topsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctopsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-topsep"></a><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition +to <code class="code">\parskip</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>). The defaults for +the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘<samp class="samp">article</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">book</samp>’, and +‘<samp class="samp">report</samp>’ classes at 10 point size are: <code class="code">8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>, +<code class="code">4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The +defaults at 11 point are: <code class="code">9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code>, <code class="code">4.5pt +plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code class="code">2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 12 +point are: <code class="code">10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code>, <code class="code">5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, +and <code class="code">2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -6821,101 +6829,101 @@ and <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. <p>This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. </p> <div class="float"> -<img src="latex2e-figures/list.png" alt="latex2e-figures/list"> +<img class="image" src="latex2e-figures/list.png" alt="latex2e-figures/list"> </div> <p>The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the -right edge of the bracket for <var>h1</var> equals the right edge of the -bracket for <var>h4</var>, so that the left edge of the label box is at -<var>h3</var>+<var>h4</var>-(<var>h0</var>+<var>h1</var>). +right edge of the bracket for <var class="var">h1</var> equals the right edge of the +bracket for <var class="var">h4</var>, so that the left edge of the label box is at +<var class="var">h3</var>+<var class="var">h4</var>-(<var class="var">h0</var>+<var class="var">h1</var>). </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>v0</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><em class='math'><code>\topsep</code> + <code>\parskip</code></em> if +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">v0</var></dt> +<dd><p><em class="math"><code class="code">\topsep</code> + <code class="code">\parskip</code></em> if the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and -<code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>+<code>\partopsep</code> if it does +<code class="code">\topsep</code>+<code class="code">\parskip</code>+<code class="code">\partopsep</code> if it does </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>v1</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><code>\parsep</code> +<dt><var class="var">v1</var></dt> +<dd><p><code class="code">\parsep</code> </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>v2</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><code>\itemsep</code>+<code>\parsep</code> +<dt><var class="var">v2</var></dt> +<dd><p><code class="code">\itemsep</code>+<code class="code">\parsep</code> </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>v3</var></span></dt> -<dd><p>Same as <var>v0</var>. (This space is affected by whether a blank line +<dt><var class="var">v3</var></dt> +<dd><p>Same as <var class="var">v0</var>. (This space is affected by whether a blank line appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>h0</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><code>\labelwidth</code> +<dt><var class="var">h0</var></dt> +<dd><p><code class="code">\labelwidth</code> </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>h1</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><code>\labelsep</code> +<dt><var class="var">h1</var></dt> +<dd><p><code class="code">\labelsep</code> </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>h2</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><code>\listparindent</code> +<dt><var class="var">h2</var></dt> +<dd><p><code class="code">\listparindent</code> </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>h3</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><code>\leftmargin</code> +<dt><var class="var">h3</var></dt> +<dd><p><code class="code">\leftmargin</code> </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>h4</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><code>\itemindent</code> +<dt><var class="var">h4</var></dt> +<dd><p><code class="code">\itemindent</code> </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>h5</var></span></dt> -<dd><p><code>\rightmargin</code> +<dt><var class="var">h5</var></dt> +<dd><p><code class="code">\rightmargin</code> </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>The list’s left and right margins, shown above as <var>h3</var> and <var>h5</var>, +<p>The list’s left and right margins, shown above as <var class="var">h3</var> and <var class="var">h5</var>, are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width -used for typesetting the list items is <code>\linewidth</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one +used for typesetting the list items is <code class="code">\linewidth</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the enclosing environment with -<code>\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}</code>. +<code class="code">\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}</code>. </p> <p>Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is -<code>-\@lowpenalty</code>, that is, <code>-51</code>. Because it is negative, +<code class="code">-\@lowpenalty</code>, that is, <code class="code">-51</code>. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with, -e.g., <code>\@beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a +e.g., <code class="code">\@beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a page break. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'><span><code>\@beginparpenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-beginparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>). +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'><span><code class="code">\@beginparpenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-beginparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code class="code">-51</code>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_0040itempenalty'><span><code>\@itempenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040itempenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-itempenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>). +<dt id='index-_005c_0040itempenalty'><span><code class="code">\@itempenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040itempenalty'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-itempenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code class="code">-51</code>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'><span><code>\@endparpenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="list-endparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>). +<dt id='index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'><span><code class="code">\@endparpenalty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="list-endparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code class="code">-51</code>). </p> </dd> </dl> -<span id="index-package_002c-enumitem-1"></span> -<span id="index-enumitem-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-enumitem-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumitem-package-1"></a> -<p>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists. +<p>The package <code class="code">enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists. </p> <p>This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. -See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>. +See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{color} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{color} \newcounter{cnt} \newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} \newenvironment{redlabel} @@ -6934,107 +6942,107 @@ See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>. -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li> -<li><a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2"><code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li> +<li><a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2"><code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005citem"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005citem"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>list</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">list</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list">8.16.1 <code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\item text of item +<pre class="example-preformatted">\item text of item </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\item[<var>optional-label</var>] text of item +<pre class="example-preformatted">\item[<var class="var">optional-label</var>] text of item </pre></div> <p>An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default depends on the list type. </p> <p>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets -‘<samp>[...]</samp>’, if you have an item whose text starts with [, you -have to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item +‘<samp class="samp">[...]</samp>’, if you have an item whose text starts with [, you +have to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code class="code">\item {[} is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional label. </p> <p>Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same -way: <code>\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. See <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>. +way: <code class="code">\item[Close square bracket, {]}]</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a>. </p> <p>In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default label and one that uses the optional label. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{enumerate} \item Moe \item[sometimes] Shemp \item Larry \end{enumerate} </pre></div> -<p>The first item is labelled ‘<samp>1.</samp>’, the second item is labelled -‘<samp>sometimes</samp>’, and the third item is labelled ‘<samp>2.</samp>’. Because +<p>The first item is labelled ‘<samp class="samp">1.</samp>’, the second item is labelled +‘<samp class="samp">sometimes</samp>’, and the third item is labelled ‘<samp class="samp">2.</samp>’. Because of the optional label in the second item, the third item is not -labelled ‘<samp>3.</samp>’. +labelled ‘<samp class="samp">3.</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="trivlist"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="trivlist"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>list</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">list</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list">8.16.2 <code class="code">trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code class="code">list</code></h4> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{trivlist} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{trivlist} ... \end{trivlist} </pre></div> <p>A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not -indented and an <code>\item</code> without an optional argument produces no +indented and an <code class="code">\item</code> without an optional argument produces no text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where -the <code>\item</code> command is part of the environment’s definition. For -instance, the <code>center</code> environment is defined essentially like +the <code class="code">\item</code> command is part of the environment’s definition. For +instance, the <code class="code">center</code> environment is defined essentially like this: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newenvironment{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{center} {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} {\end{trivlist}} </pre></div> -<p>Using <code>trivlist</code> in this way allows the macro to inherit some +<p>Using <code class="code">trivlist</code> in this way allows the macro to inherit some common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; detecting whether the text following the environment should be considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list environments. </p> -<p>Specifically, <code>trivlist</code> uses the current values of the list -parameters (see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), except that <code>\parsep</code> is set to the -value of <code>\parskip</code>, and <code>\leftmargin</code>, <code>\labelwidth</code>, -and <code>\itemindent</code> are set to zero. +<p>Specifically, <code class="code">trivlist</code> uses the current values of the list +parameters (see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>), except that <code class="code">\parsep</code> is set to the +value of <code class="code">\parskip</code>, and <code class="code">\leftmargin</code>, <code class="code">\labelwidth</code>, +and <code class="code">\itemindent</code> are set to zero. </p> <p>This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{trivlist} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{trivlist} \item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old. \item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines. \end{trivlist} @@ -7044,74 +7052,74 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="math"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="math"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>minipage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="math-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="math-1">8.17 <code class="code">math</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-math"></span> -<span id="index-math-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-environment"></a> -<span id="index-inline-formulas"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inline-formulas"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{math} -<var>math</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{math} +<var class="var">math</var> \end{math} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_0024-inline-math"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"></span> -<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within -the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. -See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0024-inline-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">math</code> environment inserts given <var class="var">math</var> material within +the running text. <code class="code">\(...\)</code> and <code class="code">$...$</code> are synonyms. +See <a class="xref" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="minipage"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="minipage"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>picture</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>math</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">picture</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">math</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="minipage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="minipage-1">8.18 <code class="code">minipage</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-minipage"></span> -<span id="index-minipage-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minipage-environment"></a> -<span id="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{<var>width</var>} - <var>contents</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}{<var class="var">width</var>} + <var class="var">contents</var> \end{minipage} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>} - <var>contents</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}[<var class="var">position</var>][<var class="var">height</var>][<var class="var">inner-pos</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>} + <var class="var">contents</var> \end{minipage} </pre></div> -<p>Put <var>contents</var> into a box that is <var>width</var> wide. This is like a +<p>Put <var class="var">contents</var> into a box that is <var class="var">width</var> wide. This is like a small version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized lists, etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have -floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So <code>minipage</code> -is similar to <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>) but here you can have +floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So <code class="code">minipage</code> +is similar to <code class="code">\parbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>) but here you can have paragraphs. </p> <p>This example will be 3 inches wide, and has two paragraphs. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{3in} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}{3in} Stephen Kleene was a founder of the Theory of Computation. He was a student of Church, wrote three influential texts, @@ -7121,85 +7129,85 @@ paragraphs. </pre></div> <p>See below for a discussion of the paragraph indent inside a -<code>minipage</code>. +<code class="code">minipage</code>. </p> -<p>The required argument <var>width</var> is a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). -It gives the width of the box into which <var>contents</var> are typeset. +<p>The required argument <var class="var">width</var> is a rigid length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +It gives the width of the box into which <var class="var">contents</var> are typeset. </p> -<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and -<var>inner-pos</var>. You need not include all three. For example, get the -default <var>position</var> and set the <var>height</var> with -<code>\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth} <var>contents</var> +<p>There are three optional arguments, <var class="var">position</var>, <var class="var">height</var>, and +<var class="var">inner-pos</var>. You need not include all three. For example, get the +default <var class="var">position</var> and set the <var class="var">height</var> with +<code class="code">\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth} <var class="var">contents</var> \end{minipage}</code>. (Get the natural height with an empty argument, -<code>[]</code>.) +<code class="code">[]</code>.) </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> governs how the <code>minipage</code> +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">position</var> governs how the <code class="code">minipage</code> vertically aligns with the surrounding material. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt> +<dd><p>(synonym <code class="code">m</code>) Default. Positions the <code class="code">minipage</code> so its vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'><span><code>t</code><a href='#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the -baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code>\vtop</code>). +<dt id='index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'><span><code class="code">t</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code class="code">minipage</code> with the +baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code class="code">\vtop</code>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'><span><code>b</code><a href='#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the -baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code>\vbox</code>). +<dt id='index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'><span><code class="code">b</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code class="code">minipage</code> with the +baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s <code class="code">\vbox</code>). </p></dd> </dl> <p>To see the effects of these, contrast running this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in} +<pre class="example-preformatted">---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in} first\\ second\\ third \end{minipage} </pre></div> -<p>with the results of changing <code>c</code> to <code>b</code> or <code>t</code>. +<p>with the results of changing <code class="code">c</code> to <code class="code">b</code> or <code class="code">t</code>. </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> is a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). -It sets the height of the <code>minipage</code>. You can enter any value -larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the <code>minipage</code>’s natural +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">height</var> is a rigid length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +It sets the height of the <code class="code">minipage</code>. You can enter any value +larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the <code class="code">minipage</code>’s natural height and LaTeX will not give an error or warning. You can also set it to a height of zero or a negative value. </p> -<p>The final optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of -<var>contents</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the -default is the value of <var>position</var>). +<p>The final optional argument <var class="var">inner-pos</var> controls the placement of +<var class="var">contents</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the +default is the value of <var class="var">position</var>). </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Place <var>contents</var> at the top of the box. +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt> +<dd><p>Place <var class="var">contents</var> at the top of the box. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt> <dd><p>Place it in the vertical center. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt> <dd><p>Place it at the box bottom. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>s</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Stretch <var>contents</var> out vertically; it must contain vertically +<dt><code class="code">s</code></dt> +<dd><p>Stretch <var class="var">contents</var> out vertically; it must contain vertically stretchable space. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument makes sense when the <var>height</var> option -is set to a value larger than the <code>minipage</code>’s natural height. To +<p>The <var class="var">inner-pos</var> argument makes sense when the <var class="var">height</var> option +is set to a value larger than the <code class="code">minipage</code>’s natural height. To see the effect of the options, run this example with the various choices -in place of <code>b</code>. +in place of <code class="code">b</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Text before +<pre class="example-preformatted">Text before \begin{center} ---\begin{minipage}[c][3in][b]{0.25\textwidth} first\\ second\\ third @@ -7208,27 +7216,27 @@ in place of <code>b</code>. Text after </pre></div> -<span id="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></span> -<span id="index-_005cparindent"></span> -<p>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change -that with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at -the start of <var>contents</var>. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparindent"></a> +<p>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code class="code">minipage</code>. Change +that with a command such as <code class="code">\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at +the start of <var class="var">contents</var>. </p> -<span id="index-footnotes-in-figures"></span> -<span id="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></span> -<p>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a> +<p>Footnotes in a <code class="code">minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A -<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at +<code class="code">\footnote</code> or <code class="code">\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it -uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary -<code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). +uses the <code class="code">\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary +<code class="code">footnote</code> counter (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>). </p> <p>This puts the footnote at the bottom of the table, not the bottom of the page. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} % center the minipage on the line +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} % center the minipage on the line \begin{minipage}{2.5in} \begin{center} % center the table inside the minipage \begin{tabular}{ll} @@ -7244,16 +7252,16 @@ page. <p>If you nest minipages then there is an oddness when using footnotes. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next -<code>\end{minipage}</code> which may not be their logical place. +<code class="code">\end{minipage}</code> which may not be their logical place. </p> <p>This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They are vertically centered. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-siunitx"></span> -<span id="index-siunitx-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-siunitx"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-siunitx-package"></a> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">% siunitx to have the S column specifier, +<pre class="example-preformatted">% siunitx to have the S column specifier, % which aligns numbers on their decimal point. \usepackage{siunitx} \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}} @@ -7281,35 +7289,35 @@ are vertically centered. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="picture"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="picture"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>minipage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="picture-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="picture-1">8.19 <code class="code">picture</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-picture"></span> -<span id="index-picture-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-picture"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-picture-environment"></a> -<span id="index-creating-pictures"></span> -<span id="index-pictures_002c-creating"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-creating-pictures"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a> <p>Synopses: </p><div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>) - <var>picture command</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>) + <var class="var">picture command</var> \end{picture} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>) - <var>picture command</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>)(<var class="var">xoffset</var>,<var class="var">yoffset</var>) + <var class="var">picture command</var> \end{picture} </pre></div> -<p>Where there may be any number of <var>picture command</var>’s. +<p>Where there may be any number of <var class="var">picture command</var>’s. </p> <p>An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows, boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new @@ -7319,9 +7327,9 @@ covered in this document; see CTAN. </p> <p>To start, here’s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding vectors. </p> -<span id="index-_005cunitlength"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunitlength"></a> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} \begin{picture}(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall \put(0,0){\vector(2,1){4}} % for every 2 over this vector goes 1 up \put(2,1){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\ first leg}} @@ -7332,26 +7340,26 @@ covered in this document; see CTAN. \end{picture} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of -positive real numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the -value <code>\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, i.e. +<p>The <code class="code">picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of +positive real numbers (<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>). Multiply these by the +value <code class="code">\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, i.e. the space that LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture outside the picture’s box. </p> <p>This environment also has an optional argument -(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike +(<var class="var">xoffset</var>,<var class="var">yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets. As with the required argument, it consists of a pair of two real numbers, but these may also be negative or null. Multiply these -by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the coordinates of the point at the +by <code class="code">\unitlength</code> to get the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture. </p> -<p>For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the +<p>For example, if <code class="code">\unitlength</code> has been set to <code class="code">1mm</code>, the command </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) </pre></div> <p>produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters. The @@ -7362,49 +7370,49 @@ the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument. </p> -<span id="index-position_002c-in-picture"></span> -<p>Each <var>picture command</var> tells LaTeX where to put something by -providing its position. A <em>position</em> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code> -giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em>coordinate</em> is a not a length, +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a> +<p>Each <var class="var">picture command</var> tells LaTeX where to put something by +providing its position. A <em class="dfn">position</em> is a pair such as <code class="code">(2.4,-5)</code> +giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em class="dfn">coordinate</em> is a not a length, it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It -specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, -so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate -<code>2.54</code> specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. +specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code class="code">\unitlength</code>, +so if <code class="code">\unitlength</code> has been set to <code class="code">1cm</code>, then the coordinate +<code class="code">2.54</code> specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. </p> -<p>LaTeX’s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. It is a rigid -length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Change it with the <code>\setlength</code> command -(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>). Make this change only outside of a <code>picture</code> +<p>LaTeX’s default for <code class="code">\unitlength</code> is <code class="code">1pt</code>. It is a rigid +length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Change it with the <code class="code">\setlength</code> command +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>). Make this change only outside of a <code class="code">picture</code> environment. </p> -<p>The <code>picture</code> environment supports using standard arithmetic +<p>The <code class="code">picture</code> environment supports using standard arithmetic expressions as well as numbers. </p> <p>Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is by default at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears -as an argument, as with <code>\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in +as an argument, as with <code class="code">\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also, unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are -further up the page, for example, <em class='math'>y = 1</em> is <em>above</em> <em class='math'>y = 0</em>. +further up the page, for example, <em class="math">y = 1</em> is <em class="emph">above</em> <em class="math">y = 0</em>. </p> -<p>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code>\put</code>, -<code>\multiput</code>, <code>\qbezier</code>, and <code>\graphpaper</code>. The most -often used is <code>\put</code>. This +<p>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code class="code">\put</code>, +<code class="code">\multiput</code>, <code class="code">\qbezier</code>, and <code class="code">\graphpaper</code>. The most +often used is <code class="code">\put</code>. This </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\put(11.3,-0.3){...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(11.3,-0.3){...} </pre></div> <p>places the object with its reference point at coordinates -<em class='math'>(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be +<em class="math">(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be described below. -<span id="index-LR-box"></span> -The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em> (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). -Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) can -go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LR-box"></a> +The <code class="code">\put</code> command creates an <em class="dfn">LR box</em> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +Anything that can go in an <code class="code">\mbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) can +go in the text argument of the <code class="code">\put</code> command. The reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} ...\begin{picture}(1,1) \put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}} \put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}} @@ -7412,18 +7420,18 @@ will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture </pre></div> <p>the three dots are just slightly left of the point of the angle formed -by the two lines. (Also, <code>\line(1,1){1}</code> does not call for a +by the two lines. (Also, <code class="code">\line(1,1){1}</code> does not call for a line of length one; rather the line has a change in the x coordinate of 1.) </p> -<p>The <code>\multiput</code>, <code>qbezier</code>, and <code>graphpaper</code> commands are +<p>The <code class="code">\multiput</code>, <code class="code">qbezier</code>, and <code class="code">graphpaper</code> commands are described below. </p> <p>You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an exact location. For example: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{color,graphicx} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{color,graphicx} % in preamble ... \begin{center} \setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth} @@ -7434,88 +7442,88 @@ exact location. For example: \end{center} </pre></div> -<p>The red X will be precisely a quarter of the <code>\textwidth</code> from -the left margin, and <code>0.35\textwidth</code> up from the bottom of the +<p>The red X will be precisely a quarter of the <code class="code">\textwidth</code> from +the left margin, and <code class="code">0.35\textwidth</code> up from the bottom of the picture. Another example of this usage is to put similar code in the page header to get repeat material on each of a document’s pages. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1"><code>\put</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2"><code>\multiput</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3"><code>\qbezier</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4"><code>\graphpaper</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5"><code>\line</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6"><code>\linethickness</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7"><code>\thinlines</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8"><code>\thicklines</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9"><code>\circle</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\put</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\multiput</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\line</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\circle</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005coval"><code class="code">\oval</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack"><code class="code">\shortstack</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector"><code class="code">\vector</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cframe"><code class="code">\frame</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox"><code class="code">\dashbox</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cput"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cput"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cput-1">8.19.1 <code class="code">\put</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cput"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cput"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\put(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>){<var>content</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(<var class="var">xcoord</var>,<var class="var">ycoord</var>){<var class="var">content</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Place <var>content</var> at the coordinate (<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>). See -the discussion of coordinates and <code>\unitlength</code> in <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>. -The <var>content</var> is processed in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it cannot +<p>Place <var class="var">content</var> at the coordinate (<var class="var">xcoord</var>,<var class="var">ycoord</var>). See +the discussion of coordinates and <code class="code">\unitlength</code> in <a class="ref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>. +The <var class="var">content</var> is processed in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it cannot contain line breaks. </p> -<p>This includes the text into the <code>picture</code>. +<p>This includes the text into the <code class="code">picture</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\put(4.5,2.5){Apply the \textit{unpoke} move} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(4.5,2.5){Apply the \textit{unpoke} move} </pre></div> <p>The reference point, the location (4.5,2.5), is the lower left of the -text, at the bottom left of the ‘<samp>A</samp>’. +text, at the bottom left of the ‘<samp class="samp">A</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmultiput"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmultiput"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\qbezier</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\put</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\put</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmultiput-1">8.19.2 <code class="code">\multiput</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cmultiput"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmultiput"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>num-copies</var>}{<var>obj</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\multiput(<var class="var">x</var>,<var class="var">y</var>)(<var class="var">delta_x</var>,<var class="var">delta_y</var>){<var class="var">num-copies</var>}{<var class="var">obj</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Copy <var>obj</var> a total of <var>num-copies</var> times, with an increment of -<var>delta_x,delta_y</var>. The <var>obj</var> first appears at position -<em class='math'>(x,y)</em>, then at <em class='math'>(x+\delta_x,y+\delta_y)</em>, and so on. +<p>Copy <var class="var">obj</var> a total of <var class="var">num-copies</var> times, with an increment of +<var class="var">delta_x,delta_y</var>. The <var class="var">obj</var> first appears at position +<em class="math">(x,y)</em>, then at <em class="math">(x+\delta_x,y+\delta_y)</em>, and so on. </p> <p>This draws a simple grid with every fifth line in bold (see also -<a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>). +<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(10,10) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(10,10) \linethickness{0.05mm} \multiput(0,0)(1,0){10}{\line(0,1){10}} \multiput(0,0)(0,1){10}{\line(1,0){10}} @@ -7528,48 +7536,48 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\qbezier</code>< <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cqbezier"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cqbezier"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cqbezier-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cqbezier-1">8.19.3 <code class="code">\qbezier</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cqbezier"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cqbezier"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\qbezier(<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>) -\qbezier[<var>num</var>](<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\qbezier(<var class="var">x1</var>,<var class="var">y1</var>)(<var class="var">x2</var>,<var class="var">y2</var>)(<var class="var">x3</var>,<var class="var">y3</var>) +\qbezier[<var class="var">num</var>](<var class="var">x1</var>,<var class="var">y1</var>)(<var class="var">x2</var>,<var class="var">y2</var>)(<var class="var">x3</var>,<var class="var">y3</var>) </pre></div> <p>Draw a quadratic Bezier curve whose control points are given by the -three required arguments <code>(<var>x1</var>,<var>y1</var>)</code>, -<code>(<var>x2</var>,<var>y2</var>)</code>, and <code>(<var>x3</var>,<var>y3</var>)</code>. That is, -the curve runs from <var>(x1,y1)</var> to <var>(x3,y3)</var>, is quadratic, and is -such that the tangent line at <var>(x1,y1)</var> passes through -<var>(x2,y2)</var>, as does the tangent line at <var>(x3,y3)</var>. +three required arguments <code class="code">(<var class="var">x1</var>,<var class="var">y1</var>)</code>, +<code class="code">(<var class="var">x2</var>,<var class="var">y2</var>)</code>, and <code class="code">(<var class="var">x3</var>,<var class="var">y3</var>)</code>. That is, +the curve runs from <var class="var">(x1,y1)</var> to <var class="var">(x3,y3)</var>, is quadratic, and is +such that the tangent line at <var class="var">(x1,y1)</var> passes through +<var class="var">(x2,y2)</var>, as does the tangent line at <var class="var">(x3,y3)</var>. </p> <p>This draws a curve from the coordinate (1,1) to (1,0). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0) </pre></div> <p>The curve’s tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the curve’s tangent line at (1,0). </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>num</var> gives the number of calculated +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">num</var> gives the number of calculated intermediate points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose -maximum number of points is <code>\qbeziermax</code> (change this value with -<code>\renewcommand</code>). +maximum number of points is <code class="code">\qbeziermax</code> (change this value with +<code class="code">\renewcommand</code>). </p> -<p>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code>\qbezier</code> for +<p>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code class="code">\qbezier</code> for that curve. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(8,4) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(8,4) \put(0,0){\vector(1,0){8}} % x axis \put(0,0){\vector(0,1){4}} % y axis \put(2,0){\line(0,1){3}} % left side @@ -7584,34 +7592,34 @@ that curve. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\line</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\qbezier</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\line</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1">8.19.4 <code class="code">\graphpaper</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cgraphpaper"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgraphpaper"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\graphpaper(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>) -\graphpaper[<var>spacing</var>](<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\graphpaper(<var class="var">x_init</var>,<var class="var">y_init</var>)(<var class="var">x_dimen</var>,<var class="var">y_dimen</var>) +\graphpaper[<var class="var">spacing</var>](<var class="var">x_init</var>,<var class="var">y_init</var>)(<var class="var">x_dimen</var>,<var class="var">y_dimen</var>) </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-graphpap"></span> -<span id="index-graphpap-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-graphpap"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphpap-package"></a> -<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code>graphpap</code> package. -The grid’s origin is <code>(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)</code>. -Grid lines come every <var>spacing</var> units (the default is 10). -The grid extends <var>x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var>y_dimen</var> units up. +<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code class="code">graphpap</code> package. +The grid’s origin is <code class="code">(<var class="var">x_init</var>,<var class="var">y_init</var>)</code>. +Grid lines come every <var class="var">spacing</var> units (the default is 10). +The grid extends <var class="var">x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var class="var">y_dimen</var> units up. All arguments must be positive integers. </p> <p>This make a grid with seven vertical lines and eleven horizontal lines. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphpap} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphpap} % in preamble ... \begin{picture}(6,20) % in document body \graphpaper[2](0,0)(12,20) @@ -7623,217 +7631,217 @@ All arguments must be positive integers. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\linethickness</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\graphpaper</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cline-1">8.19.5 <code class="code">\line</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cline"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cline"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\line(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\line(<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>){<var class="var">travel</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for -every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The <var>travel</var> is the total horizontal +<p>Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises <var class="var">y_rise</var> for +every horizontal <var class="var">x_run</var>. The <var class="var">travel</var> is the total horizontal change—it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in -<em class='math'>x</em>. In the special case of vertical lines, where -(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), the <var>travel</var> gives the change in -<em class='math'>y</em>. +<em class="math">x</em>. In the special case of vertical lines, where +(<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>)=(0,1), the <var class="var">travel</var> gives the change in +<em class="math">y</em>. </p> <p>This draws a line starting at coordinates (1,3). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\put(1,3){\line(2,5){4}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(1,3){\line(2,5){4}} </pre></div> -<p>For every over 2, this line will go up 5. Because <var>travel</var> +<p>For every over 2, this line will go up 5. Because <var class="var">travel</var> specifies that this goes over 4, it must go up 10. Thus its -endpoint is <em class='math'>(1,3)+(4,10)=(5,13)</em>. In particular, note that -<em class='math'><var>travel</var>=4</em> is not the length of the line, it is the change in -<em class='math'>x</em>. +endpoint is <em class="math">(1,3)+(4,10)=(5,13)</em>. In particular, note that +<em class="math"><var class="var">travel</var>=4</em> is not the length of the line, it is the change in +<em class="math">x</em>. </p> -<p>The arguments <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> are integers that can be +<p>The arguments <var class="var">x_run</var> and <var class="var">y_rise</var> are integers that can be positive, negative, or zero. (If both are 0 then LaTeX treats the second as 1.) With -<code>\put(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>){\line(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>}}</code>, -if <var>x_run</var> is negative then the line’s ending point has a first -coordinate that is less than <var>x_init</var>. If <var>y_rise</var> is negative +<code class="code">\put(<var class="var">x_init</var>,<var class="var">y_init</var>){\line(<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>){<var class="var">travel</var>}}</code>, +if <var class="var">x_run</var> is negative then the line’s ending point has a first +coordinate that is less than <var class="var">x_init</var>. If <var class="var">y_rise</var> is negative then the line’s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than -<var>y_init</var>. +<var class="var">y_init</var>. </p> -<p>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or +<p>If <var class="var">travel</var> is negative then you get <code class="code">LaTeX Error: Bad \line or \vector argument.</code> </p> -<span id="index-graphics-packages"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-pict2e"></span> -<span id="index-pict2e-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-packages"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-pict2e"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pict2e-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ"></span> -<span id="index-TikZ-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-TikZ"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TikZ-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></span> -<span id="index-PSTricks-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PSTricks-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></span> -<span id="index-MetaPost-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-MetaPost-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></span> -<span id="index-Asymptote-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Asymptote-package"></a> <p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes because these lines are made by putting together line segments from -pre-made fonts. The two numbers <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> must have -integer values from -6 through 6. Also, they must be -relatively prime, so that <var>(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not +pre-made fonts. The two numbers <var class="var">x_run</var> and <var class="var">y_rise</var> must have +integer values from −6 through 6. Also, they must be +relatively prime, so that <var class="var">(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not (4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines of arbitrary slope and plenty of other shapes in a system like -<code>picture</code>, see the package <code>pict2e</code> -(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>). Another solution +<code class="code">picture</code>, see the package <code class="code">pict2e</code> +(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>). Another solution is to use a full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005clinethickness"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005clinethickness"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thinlines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\line</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\line</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005clinethickness-1">8.19.6 <code class="code">\linethickness</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005clinethickness"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinethickness"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\linethickness{<var>dim</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\linethickness{<var class="var">dim</var>} </pre></div> <p>Declares the thickness of subsequent horizontal and vertical lines in a -picture to be <var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length -(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It differs from <code>\thinlines</code> and -<code>\thicklines</code> in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted -lines, circles, or ovals (see <a href="#g_t_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>). +picture to be <var class="var">dim</var>, which must be a positive length +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It differs from <code class="code">\thinlines</code> and +<code class="code">\thicklines</code> in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted +lines, circles, or ovals (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005coval"><code class="code">\oval</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthinlines"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthinlines"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thicklines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\linethickness</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthinlines-1">8.19.7 <code class="code">\thinlines</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cthinlines"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinlines"></a> <p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals -in a picture environment to be 0.4pt. This is the default +in a picture environment to be 0.4<span class="dmn">pt</span>. This is the default thickness, so this command is unnecessary unless the thickness has been -changed with either <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a> or <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>. +changed with either <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cthicklines"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthicklines"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthicklines"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\circle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thinlines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\circle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthicklines-1">8.19.8 <code class="code">\thicklines</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cthicklines"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthicklines"></a> <p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals -in a picture environment to be 0.8pt. See also -<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>. This command is illustrated -in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>. +in a picture environment to be 0.8<span class="dmn">pt</span>. See also +<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code class="code">\linethickness</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cthinlines"><code class="code">\thinlines</code></a>. This command is illustrated +in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cqbezier"><code class="code">\qbezier</code></a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccircle"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccircle"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\oval</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thicklines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\oval</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thicklines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ccircle-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccircle-1">8.19.9 <code class="code">\circle</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005ccircle"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccircle"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\circle{<var>diameter</var>} -\circle*{<var>diameter</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\circle{<var class="var">diameter</var>} +\circle*{<var class="var">diameter</var>} </pre></div> <p>Produces a circle with a diameter as close as possible to the specified -one. The <code>*</code> form produces a filled-in circle. +one. The <code class="code">*</code> form produces a filled-in circle. </p> -<p>This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at <code>(5,7)</code>. +<p>This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at <code class="code">(5,7)</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\put(5,7){\circle{6}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(5,7){\circle{6}} </pre></div> -<p>The available radii for <code>\circle</code> are, in points, the even -numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code>\circle*</code> they are all the +<p>The available radii for <code class="code">\circle</code> are, in points, the even +numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code class="code">\circle*</code> they are all the integers from 1 to 15. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005coval"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005coval"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\shortstack</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\circle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\shortstack</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\circle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005coval-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005coval-1">8.19.10 <code class="code">\oval</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005coval"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005coval"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>) -\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\oval(<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>) +\oval(<var class="var">width</var>,<var class="var">height</var>)[<var class="var">portion</var>] </pre></div> <p>Produce a rectangle with rounded corners, hereinafter referred to as an -<em>oval</em>. The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to produce -only half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take <var>portion</var> +<em class="dfn">oval</em>. The optional argument <var class="var">portion</var> allows you to produce +only half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take <var class="var">portion</var> to be one of these. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt> <dd><p>top half </p></dd> -<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt> <dd><p>bottom half </p></dd> -<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt> <dd><p>right half </p></dd> -<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt> <dd><p>left half </p></dd> </dl> -<p>Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting <var>portion</var> to -<code>tr</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>bl</code>, or <code>tl</code>. +<p>Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting <var class="var">portion</var> to +<code class="code">tr</code>, <code class="code">br</code>, <code class="code">bl</code>, or <code class="code">tl</code>. </p> <p>This draws the top half of an oval that is 3 wide and 7 tall. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\put(5,7){\oval(3,7)[t]} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(5,7){\oval(3,7)[t]} </pre></div> <p>The (5,7) is the center of the entire oval, not just the center of the @@ -7841,34 +7849,34 @@ top half. </p> <p>These shapes are not ellipses. They are rectangles whose corners are made with quarter circles. These circles have a maximum radius of -20pt (see <a href="#g_t_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a> for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just +20<span class="dmn">pt</span> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccircle"><code class="code">\circle</code></a> for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just frames with a small amount of corner rounding. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cshortstack"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cshortstack"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vector</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\oval</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vector</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\oval</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cshortstack-1">8.19.11 <code class="code">\shortstack</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cshortstack"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cshortstack"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{<var>line 1</var> \\ ... } +<pre class="example-preformatted">\shortstack[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">line 1</var> \\ ... } </pre></div> <p>Produce a vertical stack of objects. </p> -<p>This labels the <em class='math'>y</em> axis by writing the word ‘<samp><em class='math'>y</em></samp>’ above -the word ‘<samp>axis</samp>’. +<p>This labels the <em class="math">y</em> axis by writing the word ‘<samp class="samp"><em class="math">y</em></samp>’ above +the word ‘<samp class="samp">axis</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} \begin{picture}(5,2.5)(-0.75,0) \put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}} % x axis \put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}} % y @@ -7877,127 +7885,127 @@ the word ‘<samp>axis</samp>’. </pre></div> <p>For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack. -In the above example the <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) puts +In the above example the <code class="code">\makebox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) puts the stack flush right in a zero width box so in total the short stack -sits slightly to the left of the <em class='math'>y</em> axis. +sits slightly to the left of the <em class="math">y</em> axis. </p> <p>The valid positions are: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt> <dd><p>Make objects flush right </p></dd> -<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt> <dd><p>Make objects flush left </p></dd> -<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt> <dd><p>Center objects (default) </p></dd> </dl> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></span> -<p>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in -that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></a> +<p>Separate objects into lines with <code class="code">\\</code>. These stacks are short in +that, unlike in a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment, here the rows are not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in -<code>\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}</code> the first and last rows are taller than +<code class="code">\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}</code> the first and last rows are taller than the middle two, and therefore the baseline skip between the two middle rows is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can adjust row heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline -spacing with <code>\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>), -or explicitly, via an zero-width box <code>\shortstack{X \\ -\rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}</code> or by using <code>\\</code>’s optional -argument <code>\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>. +spacing with <code class="code">\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>), +or explicitly, via an zero-width box <code class="code">\shortstack{X \\ +\rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}</code> or by using <code class="code">\\</code>’s optional +argument <code class="code">\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>. </p> -<p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command is also available outside the -<code>picture</code> environment. +<p>The <code class="code">\shortstack</code> command is also available outside the +<code class="code">picture</code> environment. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvector"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvector"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\shortstack</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\shortstack</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cvector-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvector-1">8.19.12 <code class="code">\vector</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cvector"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvector"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\vector(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>){<var>travel</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\vector(<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>){<var class="var">travel</var>} </pre></div> <p>Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it -vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The -<var>travel</var> is the total horizontal change—it is not the -length of the vector, it is the change in <em class='math'>x</em>. In the special case -of vertical vectors, if (<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), then -<var>travel</var> gives the change in <em class='math'>y</em>. +vertically rises <var class="var">y_rise</var> for every horizontal <var class="var">x_run</var>. The +<var class="var">travel</var> is the total horizontal change—it is not the +length of the vector, it is the change in <em class="math">x</em>. In the special case +of vertical vectors, if (<var class="var">x_run</var>,<var class="var">y_rise</var>)=(0,1), then +<var class="var">travel</var> gives the change in <em class="math">y</em>. </p> -<p>For an example see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>. +<p>For an example see <a class="ref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>. </p> -<p>For elaboration on <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> see <a href="#g_t_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>. As -there, the values of <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> are limited. For -<code>\vector</code> you must chooses integers between -4 and 4, +<p>For elaboration on <var class="var">x_run</var> and <var class="var">y_rise</var> see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cline"><code class="code">\line</code></a>. As +there, the values of <var class="var">x_run</var> and <var class="var">y_rise</var> are limited. For +<code class="code">\vector</code> you must chooses integers between −4 and 4, inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be relatively prime. Thus, -<code>\vector(2,1){4}</code> is acceptable but <code>\vector(4,2){4}</code> is +<code class="code">\vector(2,1){4}</code> is acceptable but <code class="code">\vector(4,2){4}</code> is not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vector</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vector</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1">8.19.13 <code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</h4> -<span id="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\makebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>){<var>text</var>} -\makebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\makebox(<var class="var">rec-width</var>,<var class="var">rec-height</var>){<var class="var">text</var>} +\makebox(<var class="var">rec-width</var>,<var class="var">rec-height</var>)[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Make a box to hold <var>text</var>. This command fits with the -<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there, -because <var>rec-width</var> and <var>rec-height</var> are numbers specifying -distances in terms of the <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>). This -command is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) except here that you must specify the width and height. This -command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Make a box to hold <var class="var">text</var>. This command fits with the +<code class="code">picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there, +because <var class="var">rec-width</var> and <var class="var">rec-height</var> are numbers specifying +distances in terms of the <code class="code">\unitlength</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>). This +command is similar to the normal <code class="code">\makebox</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) except here that you must specify the width and height. This +command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>This makes a box of length 3.5 times <code>\unitlength</code> and height 4 -times <code>\unitlength</code>. +<p>This makes a box of length 3.5 times <code class="code">\unitlength</code> and height 4 +times <code class="code">\unitlength</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}} </pre></div> -<p>The optional argument <code><var>position</var></code> specifies where in the box -the <var>text</var> appears. The default is to center it, both horizontally +<p>The optional argument <code class="code"><var class="var">position</var></code> specifies where in the box +the <var class="var">text</var> appears. The default is to center it, both horizontally and vertically. To place it somewhere else, use a string with one or two of these letters. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Puts <var>text</var> the top of the box. +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt> +<dd><p>Puts <var class="var">text</var> the top of the box. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> at the bottom. +<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt> +<dd><p>Put <var class="var">text</var> at the bottom. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> on the left. +<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt> +<dd><p>Put <var class="var">text</var> on the left. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> on the right. +<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt> +<dd><p>Put <var class="var">text</var> on the right. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -8005,172 +8013,173 @@ two of these letters. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frame</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frame</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1">8.19.14 <code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</h4> -<span id="index-_005cframebox"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframebox"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\framebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>){<var>text</var>} -\framebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\framebox(<var class="var">rec-width</var>,<var class="var">rec-height</var>){<var class="var">text</var>} +\framebox(<var class="var">rec-width</var>,<var class="var">rec-height</var>)[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>This is the same as <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> except that it puts a frame +<p>This is the same as <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a> except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. This command fits with the -<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there, +<code class="code">picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there, because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the -<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>). This command is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<code class="code">\unitlength</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>). This command is fragile +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>This example creates a frame 2.5 inches by 3 inches and puts the text in the center. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1in} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\unitlength}{1in} \framebox(2.5,3){test text} </pre></div> <p>The required arguments are that the rectangle has overall width -<var>rect-width</var> units and height <var>rect-height</var> units. +<var class="var">rect-width</var> units and height <var class="var">rect-height</var> units. </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> specifies the position of -<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">position</var> specifies the position of +<var class="var">text</var>; see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can take. </p> -<span id="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></span> -<p>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space -<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a> +<p>The rule has thickness <code class="code">\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space +<code class="code">\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box. </p> -<p>For this command, you must specify the <var>width</var> and <var>height</var>. If +<p>For this command, you must specify the <var class="var">width</var> and <var class="var">height</var>. If you want to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is -determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>) or <code>\frame</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>). +determined in some other way then either use <code class="code">\fbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>) or <code class="code">\frame</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cframe"><code class="code">\frame</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframe"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cframe"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\dashbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\dashbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cframe-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframe-1">8.19.15 <code class="code">\frame</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cframe"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframe"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\frame{<var>contents</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\frame{<var class="var">contents</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Puts a rectangular frame around <var>contents</var>. The reference point is -the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to <code>\framebox</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>), this command puts no extra space is put -between the frame and the object. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Puts a rectangular frame around <var class="var">contents</var>. The reference point +is the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to +<code class="code">\framebox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>), this command puts no +extra space between the frame and the object. It is fragile +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cdashbox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cdashbox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frame</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frame</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">picture</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cdashbox-1">8.19.16 <code class="code">\dashbox</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cdashbox"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdashbox"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\dashbox{<var>dash-len</var>}(<var>rect-width</var>,<var>rect-height</var>){<var>text</var>} -\dashbox{<var>dash-len</var>}(<var>rect-width</var>,<var>rect-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\dashbox{<var class="var">dash-len</var>}(<var class="var">rect-width</var>,<var class="var">rect-height</var>){<var class="var">text</var>} +\dashbox{<var class="var">dash-len</var>}(<var class="var">rect-width</var>,<var class="var">rect-height</var>)[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Create a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var>. This command fits with the -<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there, +<p>Create a dashed rectangle around <var class="var">text</var>. This command fits with the +<code class="code">picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there, because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the -<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>). +<code class="code">\unitlength</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>). </p> -<p>The required arguments are: dashes are <var>dash-len</var> units long, with +<p>The required arguments are: dashes are <var class="var">dash-len</var> units long, with the same length gap, and the rectangle has overall width -<var>rect-width</var> units and height <var>rect-height</var> units. +<var class="var">rect-width</var> units and height <var class="var">rect-height</var> units. </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> specifies the position of -<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">position</var> specifies the position of +<var class="var">text</var>; see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can take. </p> -<p>This shows that you can use non-integer value for <var>dash-len</var>. +<p>This shows that you can use non-integer value for <var class="var">dash-len</var>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}} </pre></div> -<p>Each dash will be <code>0.1\unitlength</code> long, the box’s width is -<code>5\unitlength</code> and its height is <code>0.5\unitlength</code>. +<p>Each dash will be <code class="code">0.1\unitlength</code> long, the box’s width is +<code class="code">5\unitlength</code> and its height is <code class="code">0.5\unitlength</code>. </p> -<p>As in that example, a dashed box looks best when <var>rect-width</var> and -<var>rect-height</var> are multiples of the <var>dash-len</var>. +<p>As in that example, a dashed box looks best when <var class="var">rect-width</var> and +<var class="var">rect-height</var> are multiples of the <var class="var">dash-len</var>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="quotation-_0026-quote"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="quotation-_0026-quote"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>tabbing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>picture</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">tabbing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">picture</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="quotation-_0026-quote-1">8.20 <code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-quotation"></span> -<span id="index-quotation-environment"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="quotation"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quotation-environment"></a> -<span id="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></span> -<span id="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></span> -<span id="index-environment_002c-quote"></span> -<span id="index-quote-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="quote"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-quote"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quote-environment"></a> -<span id="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></span> -<span id="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} - <var>text</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{quotation} + <var class="var">text</var> \end{quotation} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{quote} - <var>text</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{quote} + <var class="var">text</var> \end{quote} </pre></div> <p>Include a quotation. Both environments indent margins on both sides by -<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is right-justified. +<code class="code">\leftmargin</code> and the text is right-justified. </p> -<p>They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the <code>quotation</code> -environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5em and the space -between paragraphs is small, <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code>quote</code> +<p>They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the <code class="code">quotation</code> +environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5<span class="dmn">em</span> and the space +between paragraphs is small, <code class="code">0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code class="code">quote</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space -between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>). +between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code class="code">\parsep</code>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small\it +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{quotation} \small\it Four score and seven years ago ... shall not perish from the earth. \hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln @@ -8180,42 +8189,42 @@ between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>). <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="tabbing"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="tabbing"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>table</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">table</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">quotation</code> & <code class="code">quote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="tabbing-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="tabbing-1">8.21 <code class="code">tabbing</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></span> -<span id="index-tabbing-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tabbing-environment"></a> -<span id="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></span> -<span id="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></span> -<span id="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing} -<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> ... \\ -<var>row2col1</var> \> <var>row2col2</var> ... \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabbing} +<var class="var">row1col1</var> \= <var class="var">row1col2</var> ... \\ +<var class="var">row2col1</var> \> <var class="var">row2col2</var> ... \\ ... \end{tabbing} </pre></div> <p>Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the environments -<code>tabular</code> (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>) or <code>array</code> (see <a href="#array"><code>array</code></a>) because +<code class="code">tabular</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>) or <code class="code">array</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#array"><code class="code">array</code></a>) because in those the width of each column need not be constant and need not be known in advance. </p> <p>This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit -widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below): +widths, ended by a <code class="code">\kill</code> command (which is described below): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabbing} \hspace{1.2in}\=\hspace{1in}\=\kill Ship \>Guns \>Year \\ \textit{Sophie} \>14 \>1800 \\ @@ -8225,123 +8234,123 @@ Ship \>Guns \>Year \\ \end{tabbing} </pre></div> -<p>Both the <code>tabbing</code> environment and the more widely-used -<code>tabular</code> environment put text in columns. The most important -distinction is that in <code>tabular</code> the width of columns is -determined automatically by LaTeX, while in <code>tabbing</code> the user -sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code>tabular</code> -generates a box, but <code>tabbing</code> can be broken across pages. -Finally, while <code>tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code>tabbing</code> +<p>Both the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment and the more widely-used +<code class="code">tabular</code> environment put text in columns. The most important +distinction is that in <code class="code">tabular</code> the width of columns is +determined automatically by LaTeX, while in <code class="code">tabbing</code> the user +sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code class="code">tabular</code> +generates a box, but <code class="code">tabbing</code> can be broken across pages. +Finally, while <code class="code">tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code class="code">tabbing</code> can be used only in paragraph mode and it always starts a new paragraph, without indentation. </p> <p>Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need -to use the starred form of the <code>\hspace</code> command at the beginning -of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is +to use the starred form of the <code class="code">\hspace</code> command at the beginning +of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment is the end of line, so that the width of the environment is -<code>\linewidth</code>. +<code class="code">\linewidth</code>. </p> -<span id="index-row_002c-tabbing"></span> -<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <em>tabbed +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-row_002c-tabbing"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <em class="dfn">tabbed rows</em>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after -<code>\begin{tabbing}</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or -<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just -<code>\end{tabbing}</code>. -</p> -<span id="index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing"></span> -<p>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a <em>current tab stop -pattern</em>, a sequence of <em class='math'><var>n</var> > 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1, -etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is +<code class="code">\begin{tabbing}</code> and each row ends with <code class="code">\\</code> or +<code class="code">\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code class="code">\\</code> and end with just +<code class="code">\end{tabbing}</code>. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing"></a> +<p>At any point the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment has a <em class="dfn">current tab stop +pattern</em>, a sequence of <em class="math"><var class="var">n</var> > 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1, +etc. These create <var class="var">n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab -stop number <var>i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal -position on the page. Tab stop number <var>i</var> can only be set if -all the stops 0, …, <em class='math'>i-1</em> have already been set; normally +stop number <var class="var">i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal +position on the page. Tab stop number <var class="var">i</var> can only be set if +all the stops 0, …, <em class="math">i-1</em> have already been set; normally later stops are to the right of earlier ones. </p> -<p>By default any text typeset in a <code>tabbing</code> environment is typeset +<p>By default any text typeset in a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment is typeset ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is -done in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +done in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). </p> -<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment. -They are all fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment. +They are all fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\\ <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>End a tabbed line and typeset it. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\= <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005c_003e"></span> +<dt id='index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\> <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_003e"></a> <p>Advances to the next tab stop. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_003c'><span><code>\<</code><a href='#index-_005c_003c' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005c_003c'><span><code class="code">\<</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003c'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_002b'><span><code>\+</code><a href='#index-_005c_002b' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005c_002b'><span><code class="code">\+</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002b'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_002d'><span><code>\-</code><a href='#index-_005c_002d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005c_002d'><span><code class="code">\-</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002d'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\' <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., -everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, -<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned +everything from the most recent <code class="code">\></code>, <code class="code">\<</code>, <code class="code">\'</code>, +<code class="code">\\</code>, or <code class="code">\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned to the right, flush against the current column’s tab stop. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\` <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last -column because there’s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves -all the text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or -<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin -of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or -<code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or -<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line. +column because there’s no tab stop there. The <code class="code">\`</code> command moves +all the text that follows it, up to the <code class="code">\\</code> or +<code class="code">\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin +of the <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code class="code">\></code> or +<code class="code">\'</code> command between the <code class="code">\`</code> and the <code class="code">\\</code> or +<code class="code">\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span> -<span id="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span> -<span id="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span> -<p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and -<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead, -use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>. +<dt id='index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code class="code">\a <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a> +<p>In a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code class="code">\=</code>, <code class="code">\'</code> and +<code class="code">\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a class="pxref" href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead, +use the commands <code class="code">\a=</code>, <code class="code">\a'</code> and <code class="code">\a`</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ckill'><span><code>\kill</code><a href='#index-_005ckill' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except +<dt id='index-_005ckill'><span><code class="code">\kill</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ckill'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code class="code">\\</code> except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. -Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in +Any <code class="code">\=</code>, <code class="code">\+</code> or <code class="code">\-</code> commands in that line remain in effect. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpoptabs'><span><code>\poptabs</code><a href='#index-_005cpoptabs' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></span> -<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cpoptabs'><span><code class="code">\poptabs</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpoptabs'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></a> +<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code class="code">\pushtabs</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpushtabs'><span><code>\pushtabs</code><a href='#index-_005cpushtabs' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cpushtabs'><span><code class="code">\pushtabs</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpushtabs'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing -tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. +tab stop positions in the middle of a <code class="code">tabbing</code> environment. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctabbingsep'><span><code>\tabbingsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctabbingsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop. +<dt id='index-_005ctabbingsep'><span><code class="code">\tabbingsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctabbingsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code class="code">\'</code> to left of current tab stop. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -8349,7 +8358,7 @@ tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. <p>This example typesets a Pascal function: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ @@ -8363,7 +8372,7 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ <p>The output looks like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">function fact(n : integer) : integer; +<pre class="example-preformatted">function fact(n : integer) : integer; begin if n > 1 then fact := n * fact(n-1); @@ -8372,56 +8381,56 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ end; </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></span> -<span id="index-algorithm2e-package"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-listings"></span> -<span id="index-listings-package"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-minted"></span> -<span id="index-minted-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-algorithm2e-package"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-listings"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-listings-package"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></span> -<span id="index-fancyvrb-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyvrb-package"></a> <p>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment -(see <a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code, -there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>, -<code>fancyvrb</code>, <code>listings</code>, and <code>minted</code>. +(see <a class="pxref" href="#verbatim"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code, +there are quite a few packages, including <code class="code">algorithm2e</code>, +<code class="code">fancyvrb</code>, <code class="code">listings</code>, and <code class="code">minted</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="table"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="table"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>tabular</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>tabbing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">tabbing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="table-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="table-1">8.22 <code class="code">table</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-table"></span> -<span id="index-table-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-table"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-environment"></a> -<span id="index-tables_002c-creating"></span> -<span id="index-creating-tables"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tables_002c-creating"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-creating-tables"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{table}[<var>placement</var>] - <var>table body</var> - \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} % optional - \label{<var>label}</var> % also optional +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{table}[<var class="var">placement</var>] + <var class="var">table body</var> + \caption[<var class="var">loftitle</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} % optional + \label{<var class="var">label}</var> % also optional \end{table} </pre></div> -<p>A class of floats (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). They cannot be split across pages +<p>A class of floats (see <a class="pxref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>). They cannot be split across pages and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page. </p> -<p>This example <code>table</code> environment contains a <code>tabular</code> +<p>This example <code class="code">table</code> environment contains a <code class="code">tabular</code> </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{table} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{table} \centering\small \begin{tabular}{ll} \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Author}} @@ -8435,25 +8444,25 @@ are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page. \end{table} </pre></div> -<p>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code>table</code>: -the <var>table body</var> may contain text, LaTeX commands, graphics, etc. It is -typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>. +<p>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code class="code">table</code>: +the <var class="var">table body</var> may contain text, LaTeX commands, graphics, etc. It is +typeset in a <code class="code">parbox</code> of width <code class="code">\textwidth</code>. </p> -<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the -float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>. +<p>For the possible values of <var class="var">placement</var> and their effect on the +float placement algorithm, see <a class="ref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>. </p> -<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). -<span id="index-_005ccaption-2"></span> -The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption -text <var>title</var> for the table (see <a href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>). By default it is -numbered. If its optional <var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is -used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). +<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a class="pxref" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccaption-2"></a> +The <code class="code">\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption +text <var class="var">title</var> for the table (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code class="code">\caption</code></a>). By default it is +numbered. If its optional <var class="var">lottitle</var> is present then that text is +used in the list of tables instead of <var class="var">title</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). </p> <p>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page, unless it is pushed to a float page at the end. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{table}[b] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{table}[b] \centering \begin{tabular}{r|p{2in}} \hline One &The loneliest number \\ @@ -8468,24 +8477,24 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="tabular"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="tabular"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>table</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">table</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="tabular-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="tabular-1">8.23 <code class="code">tabular</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-tabular"></span> -<span id="index-tabular-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tabular-environment"></a> -<span id="index-lines-in-tables"></span> -<span id="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lines-in-tables"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>} - <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}[<var class="var">pos</var>]{<var class="var">cols</var>} + <var class="var">column 1 entry</var> &<var class="var">column 2 entry</var> ... &<var class="var">column n entry</var> \\ ... \end{tabular} </pre></div> @@ -8493,8 +8502,8 @@ Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>thebibliography< <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{<var>width</var>}[<var>pos</var>]{<var>cols</var>} - <var>column 1 entry</var> &<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &<var>column n entry</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular*}{<var class="var">width</var>}[<var class="var">pos</var>]{<var class="var">cols</var>} + <var class="var">column 1 entry</var> &<var class="var">column 2 entry</var> ... &<var class="var">column n entry</var> \\ ... \end{tabular*} </pre></div> @@ -8504,7 +8513,7 @@ Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically in columns. This illustrates many of the features. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|l} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{l|l} \textit{Player name} &\textit{Career home runs} \\ \hline Hank Aaron &755 \\ @@ -8513,80 +8522,80 @@ illustrates many of the features. </pre></div> <p>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar -between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>’s argument -<code>{l|l}</code>. -<span id="index-_0026-for-table-cells"></span> +between them. This is specified in <code class="code">tabular</code>’s argument +<code class="code">{l|l}</code>. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0026-_0028for-table-cells_0029"></a> Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an -ampersand, <code>&</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double -backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double -backslash, with <code>\hline</code>. -<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></span> -After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code> +ampersand, <code class="code">&</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double +backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double +backslash, with <code class="code">\hline</code>. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-tabular_0029"></a> +After the last row the <code class="code">\\</code> is optional, unless an <code class="code">\hline</code> command follows to put a rule below the table. </p> -<p>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of: +<p>The required and optional arguments to <code class="code">tabular</code> consist of: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>pos</var></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">pos</var></dt> <dd><p>Optional. Specifies the table’s vertical position. The default is to align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the -surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: <code>t</code> +surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: <code class="code">t</code> aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the surrounding -text, and <code>b</code> aligns on the bottom row. +text, and <code class="code">b</code> aligns on the bottom row. </p> <p>This only has an effect if there is other text. In the common case of a -<code>tabular</code> alone in a <code>center</code> environment this option makes +<code class="code">tabular</code> alone in a <code class="code">center</code> environment this option makes no difference. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>cols</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">cols</var></dt> <dd><p>Required. Specifies the formatting of columns. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the types of column and intercolumn material. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt> <dd><p>A column of left-aligned items. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt> <dd><p>A column of right-aligned items. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt> <dd><p>A column of centered items. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>|</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">|</code></dt> <dd><p>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>@{<var>text or space</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Insert <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The <var>text +<dt><code class="code">@{<var class="var">text or space</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><p>Insert <var class="var">text or space</var> at this location in every row. The <var class="var">text or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>If between two columns there is no @-expression then LaTeX’s -<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on -either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by -default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are -separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly named +<p>If between two column specifiers there is no @-expression then +LaTeX’s <code class="code">book</code>, <code class="code">article</code>, and <code class="code">report</code> classes will +put on either side of each column a space of width <code class="code">\tabcolsep</code>, +which by default is 6<span class="dmn">pt</span>. That is, by default adjacent columns are +separated by 12<span class="dmn">pt</span> (so <code class="code">\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly named since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In -addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column and -after the final column, unless you put a <code>@{...}</code> or <code>|</code> +addition, a space of <code class="code">\tabcolsep</code> also comes before the first +column and after the final column, unless you put a <code class="code">@{...}</code> there. </p> <p>If you override the default and use an @-expression then LaTeX does -not insert <code>\tabcolsep</code> so you must insert any desired space -yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>. +not insert <code class="code">\tabcolsep</code> so you must insert any desired space +yourself, as in <code class="code">@{\hspace{1em}}</code>. </p> -<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space. In +<p>An empty expression <code class="code">@{}</code> will eliminate the space. In particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the space before the first column or after the last one, as in the example below where the tabular lines need to lie on the left margin. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{flushleft} \begin{tabular}{@{}l} ... \end{tabular} @@ -8597,66 +8606,66 @@ tabular lines need to lie on the left margin. arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r@{$.$}l} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{r@{$.$}l} $3$ &$14$ \\ $9$ &$80665$ \end{tabular} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005cextracolsep"></span> -<p>An <code>\extracolsep{<var>wd</var>}</code> command in an @-expression causes an -extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent -columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cextracolsep"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cextracolsep"></a> +<p>An <code class="code">\extracolsep{<var class="var">wd</var>}</code> command in an @-expression causes an +extra space of width <var class="var">wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent +columns, until countermanded by another <code class="code">\extracolsep</code>. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an -@-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an -@-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument. Below, LaTeX inserts the +@-expression. An <code class="code">\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an +@-expression in the <code class="code">cols</code> argument. Below, LaTeX inserts the right amount of intercolumn space to make the entire table 4 inches wide. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{4in}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}l} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular*}{4in}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}l} Seven times down, eight times up \ldots &such is life! \end{tabular*} </pre></div> <p>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given -column, load the <code>array</code> package and use the <code>>{...}</code> +column, load the <code class="code">array</code> package and use the <code class="code">>{...}</code> specifier. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>, as if -it were the argument of a <code>\parbox[t]{wd}{...}</code> command. +<dt><code class="code">p{<var class="var">wd</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var class="var">wd</var>, as if +it were the argument of a <code class="code">\parbox[t]{wd}{...}</code> command. </p> -<p>A line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the item, -except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or -<code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope of -a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> -declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations -must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\ +<p>A line break double backslash <code class="code">\\</code> may not appear in the item, +except inside an environment like <code class="code">minipage</code>, <code class="code">array</code>, or +<code class="code">tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code class="code">\parbox</code>, or in the scope of +a <code class="code">\centering</code>, <code class="code">\raggedright</code>, or <code class="code">\raggedleft</code> +declaration (when used in a <code class="code">p</code>-column element these declarations +must appear inside braces, as with <code class="code">{\centering .. \\ ..}</code>). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as ending the tabular row. Instead, to get a line break in there use -<code>\newline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>). +<code class="code">\newline</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>). </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a -positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus the -specifier <code>\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to -the specifier <code>\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that -<var>cols</var> may contain another <code>*</code>-expression. +<dt><code class="code">*{<var class="var">num</var>}{<var class="var">cols</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><p>Equivalent to <var class="var">num</var> copies of <var class="var">cols</var>, where <var class="var">num</var> is a +positive integer and <var class="var">cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus the +specifier <code class="code">\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to +the specifier <code class="code">\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that +<var class="var">cols</var> may contain another <code class="code">*</code>-expression. </p> </dd> </dl> </dd> -<dt><span><var>width</var></span></dt> -<dd><p>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies -the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns -should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow +<dt><var class="var">width</var></dt> +<dd><p>Required for <code class="code">tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code class="code">tabular</code>. Specifies +the width of the <code class="code">tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns +should be rubber, as with <code class="code">@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you -are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment +are likely to get the <code class="code">Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment ...</code> warning. </p> </dd> @@ -8664,72 +8673,72 @@ are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment <p>Parameters that control formatting: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005carrayrulewidth'><span><code>\arrayrulewidth</code><a href='#index-_005carrayrulewidth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></span><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, -<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> -environments. The default is ‘<samp>.4pt</samp>’. Change it as in -<code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>. +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005carrayrulewidth'><span><code class="code">\arrayrulewidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carrayrulewidth'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></a><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code class="code">|</code>, +<code class="code">\hline</code>, and <code class="code">\vline</code> in the <code class="code">tabular</code> and <code class="code">array</code> +environments. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">.4pt</samp>’. Change it as in +<code class="code">\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005carraystretch'><span><code>\arraystretch</code><a href='#index-_005carraystretch' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="tabular-arraystrech"></span><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and -<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is ‘<samp>1</samp>’, for -no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>. +<dt id='index-_005carraystretch'><span><code class="code">\arraystretch</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carraystretch'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-arraystrech"></a><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code class="code">tabular</code> and +<code class="code">array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’, for +no scaling. Change it as <code class="code">\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdoublerulesep'><span><code>\doublerulesep</code><a href='#index-_005cdoublerulesep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="tabular-doublerulesep"></span><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the -<code>||</code> specifier. The default is ‘<samp>2pt</samp>’. +<dt id='index-_005cdoublerulesep'><span><code class="code">\doublerulesep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdoublerulesep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-doublerulesep"></a><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the +<code class="code">||</code> specifier. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">2pt</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctabcolsep'><span><code>\tabcolsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctabcolsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="tabular-tabcolsep"></span><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is -‘<samp>6pt</samp>’. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>. +<dt id='index-_005ctabcolsep'><span><code class="code">\tabcolsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctabcolsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="tabular-tabcolsep"></a><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is +‘<samp class="samp">6pt</samp>’. Change it with <code class="code">\setlength</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>The following commands can be used inside the body of a <code>tabular</code> +<p>The following commands can be used inside the body of a <code class="code">tabular</code> environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between lines: </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1"><code>\multicolumn</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2"><code>\vline</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3"><code>\cline</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4"><code>\hline</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\multicolumn</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\vline</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\cline</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\hline</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1">8.23.1 <code class="code">\multicolumn</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cmulticolumn"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\multicolumn{<var>numcols</var>}{<var>cols</var>}{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\multicolumn{<var class="var">numcols</var>}{<var class="var">cols</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Make an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> entry that spans several columns. -The first argument <var>numcols</var> gives the number of columns to span. -The second argument <var>cols</var> specifies the formatting of the entry, -with <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> for flush left, or <code>r</code> for -flush right. The third argument <var>text</var> gives the contents of that +<p>Make an <code class="code">array</code> or <code class="code">tabular</code> entry that spans several columns. +The first argument <var class="var">numcols</var> gives the number of columns to span. +The second argument <var class="var">cols</var> specifies the formatting of the entry, +with <code class="code">c</code> for centered, <code class="code">l</code> for flush left, or <code class="code">r</code> for +flush right. The third argument <var class="var">text</var> gives the contents of that entry. </p> <p>In this example, in the first row, the second and third columns are -spanned by the single heading ‘<samp>Name</samp>’. +spanned by the single heading ‘<samp class="samp">Name</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{lccl} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{lccl} \textit{ID} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &\textit{Age} \\ \hline 978-0-393-03701-2 &O'Brian &Patrick &55 \\ @@ -8738,22 +8747,22 @@ spanned by the single heading ‘<samp>Name</samp>’. </pre></div> <p>What counts as a column is: the column format specifier for the -<code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment is broken into parts, where -each part (except the first) begins with <code>l</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>r</code>, -or <code>p</code>. So from <code>\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}</code> -the parts are <code>|r|</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>c</code>, -and <code>p{1.5in}|</code>. +<code class="code">array</code> or <code class="code">tabular</code> environment is broken into parts, where +each part (except the first) begins with <code class="code">l</code>, <code class="code">c</code>, <code class="code">r</code>, +or <code class="code">p</code>. So from <code class="code">\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}</code> +the parts are <code class="code">|r|</code>, <code class="code">c</code>, <code class="code">c</code>, +and <code class="code">p{1.5in}|</code>. </p> -<p>The <var>cols</var> argument overrides the <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> +<p>The <var class="var">cols</var> argument overrides the <code class="code">array</code> or <code class="code">tabular</code> environment’s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars -<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>@{...}</code> -expressions. Thus if <var>cols</var> is ‘<samp>|c|</samp>’ then this multicolumn +<code class="code">|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code class="code">@{...}</code> +expressions. Thus if <var class="var">cols</var> is ‘<samp class="samp">|c|</samp>’ then this multicolumn entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{|cc|c|c|} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{|cc|c|c|} \multicolumn{1}{r}{w} % entry one &\multicolumn{1}{|r|}{x} % entry two &\multicolumn{1}{|r}{y} % entry three @@ -8762,33 +8771,33 @@ area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior. </pre></div> <p>Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because -the <code>\multicolumn</code> has the <var>cols</var> specifier ‘<samp>r</samp>’ with no +the <code class="code">\multicolumn</code> has the <var class="var">cols</var> specifier ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ with no initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a -vertical rule; although the first <var>cols</var> does not have an ending -vertical bar, the second <var>cols</var> does have a starting one. Between +vertical rule; although the first <var class="var">cols</var> does not have an ending +vertical bar, the second <var class="var">cols</var> does have a starting one. Between entry two and entry three there is a single vertical rule; despite that -the <var>cols</var> in both of the surrounding <code>multicolumn</code>’s call for +the <var class="var">cols</var> in both of the surrounding <code class="code">multicolumn</code>’s call for a vertical rule, you only get one rule. Between entry three and entry four there is no vertical rule; the default calls for one but the -<var>cols</var> in the entry three <code>\multicolumn</code> leaves it out, and +<var class="var">cols</var> in the entry three <code class="code">\multicolumn</code> leaves it out, and that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four there is a vertical rule because of the default. </p> -<p>The number of spanned columns <var>numcols</var> can be 1. Besides giving +<p>The number of spanned columns <var class="var">numcols</var> can be 1. Besides giving the ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to -override for one row the <code>tabular</code> definition’s default intercolumn +override for one row the <code class="code">tabular</code> definition’s default intercolumn area specification, including the placement of vertical rules. </p> -<p>In the example below, in the <code>tabular</code> definition the first column +<p>In the example below, in the <code class="code">tabular</code> definition the first column is specified to default to left justified but in the first row the entry -is centered with <code>\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}</code>. +is centered with <code class="code">\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}</code>. Also in the first row, the second and third columns are spanned by a -single entry with <code>\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}</code>, +single entry with <code class="code">\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}</code>, overriding the specification to center those two columns on the page range en-dash. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l} \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline Baroque &1600 &1760 \\ @@ -8798,44 +8807,44 @@ range en-dash. \end{tabular} </pre></div> -<p>Although the <code>tabular</code> specification by default puts a vertical +<p>Although the <code class="code">tabular</code> specification by default puts a vertical rule between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears in the first row here. That’s because there is no vertical bar in the -<var>cols</var> part of the first row’s first <code>\multicolumn</code> command. +<var class="var">cols</var> part of the first row’s first <code class="code">\multicolumn</code> command. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\multicolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cvline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvline-1">8.23.2 <code class="code">\vline</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cvline"></span> -<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvline"></a> +<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment extending the full height and depth of an entry’s row. Can also be used in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical -bar <code>|</code> is more common. This command is rarely used in the +bar <code class="code">|</code> is more common. This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table’s vertical lines are specified in -<code>tabular</code>’s <var>cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with -<code>\multicolumn</code> (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>). +<code class="code">tabular</code>’s <var class="var">cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with +<code class="code">\multicolumn</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>). </p> <p>The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row’s second -entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the +entry the <code class="code">\hfill</code> moves the <code class="code">\vline</code> to the left edge of the cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two columns, so between the first and second columns there are two vertical -rules, with the one from the <code>{c|cc}</code> specifier coming before the -one produced by the <code>\vline\hfill</code>. In contrast, the first row’s +rules, with the one from the <code class="code">{c|cc}</code> specifier coming before the +one produced by the <code class="code">\vline\hfill</code>. In contrast, the first row’s third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar between two -columns. In the second row, the <code>ghi</code> is the widest entry in its -column so in the <code>\vline\hfill</code> the <code>\hfill</code> has no effect and +columns. In the second row, the <code class="code">ghi</code> is the widest entry in its +column so in the <code class="code">\vline\hfill</code> the <code class="code">\hfill</code> has no effect and the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the -<code>g</code>, with no whitespace. +<code class="code">g</code>, with no whitespace. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{c|cc} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{c|cc} x &\vline\hfill y &\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\ % row 1 abc &def &\vline\hfill ghi % row 2 \end{tabular} @@ -8844,25 +8853,25 @@ the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ccline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccline-1">8.23.3 <code class="code">\cline</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005ccline"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccline"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\cline{<var class="var">i</var>-<var class="var">j</var>} </pre></div> -<p>In an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment, draw a horizontal rule -beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>. The -dash, <code>-</code>, must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a single -column use the number twice, as with <code>\cline{2-2}</code>. +<p>In an <code class="code">array</code> or <code class="code">tabular</code> environment, draw a horizontal rule +beginning in column <var class="var">i</var> and ending in column <var class="var">j</var>. The +dash, <code class="code">-</code>, must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a single +column use the number twice, as with <code class="code">\cline{2-2}</code>. </p> <p>This example puts two horizontal lines between the first and second rows, one line in the first column only, and the other spanning the @@ -8870,7 +8879,7 @@ third and fourth columns. The two lines are side-by-side, at the same height. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{llrr} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{llrr} a &b &c &d \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4} e &f &g &h \end{tabular} @@ -8879,27 +8888,27 @@ height. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005chline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005chline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">tabular</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005chline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005chline-1">8.23.4 <code class="code">\hline</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005chline"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chline"></a> -<p>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or -<code>array</code> environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the +<p>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code class="code">tabular</code> or +<code class="code">array</code> environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. </p> <p>In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one above the other, that span both columns. The bottom of the table has a single -rule spanning both columns. Because of the <code>\hline</code>, the -<code>tabular</code> second row’s line ending double backslash <code>\\</code> +rule spanning both columns. Because of the <code class="code">\hline</code>, the +<code class="code">tabular</code> second row’s line ending double backslash <code class="code">\\</code> is required. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline Baseball &Red Sox \\ Basketball &Celtics \\ \hline \end{tabular} @@ -8909,36 +8918,36 @@ is required. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="thebibliography"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="thebibliography"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>theorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>tabular</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">theorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="thebibliography-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="thebibliography-1">8.24 <code class="code">thebibliography</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></span> -<span id="index-thebibliography-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thebibliography-environment"></a> -<span id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>} - \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{thebibliography}{<var class="var">widest-label</var>} + \bibitem[<var class="var">label</var>]{<var class="var">cite_key}</var> ... \end{thebibliography} </pre></div> <p>Produce a bibliography or reference list. There are two ways to produce bibliographic lists. This environment is suitable when you have only a -few references and can maintain the list by hand. See <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>, +few references and can maintain the list by hand. See <a class="xref" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>, for a more sophisticated approach. </p> <p>This shows the environment with two entries. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">This work is based on \cite{latexdps}. +<pre class="example-preformatted">This work is based on \cite{latexdps}. Together they are \cite{latexdps, texbook}. ... \begin{thebibliography}{9} @@ -8953,80 +8962,80 @@ Together they are \cite{latexdps, texbook}. \end{thebibliography} </pre></div> -<p>This styles the first reference as ‘<samp>[1] Leslie ...</samp>’, and so that -<code>... based on \cite{latexdps}</code> produces the matching -‘<samp>... based on [1]</samp>’. The second <code>\cite</code> produces ‘<samp>[1, +<p>This styles the first reference as ‘<samp class="samp">[1] Leslie ...</samp>’, and so that +<code class="code">... based on \cite{latexdps}</code> produces the matching +‘<samp class="samp">... based on [1]</samp>’. The second <code class="code">\cite</code> produces ‘<samp class="samp">[1, 2]</samp>’. You must compile the document twice to resolve these references. </p> -<p>The mandatory argument <var>widest-label</var> is text that, when typeset, is -as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code> -commands. The tradition is to use <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less -than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. -</p> -<span id="index-_005cbibname"></span> -<span id="index-_005crefname"></span> -<p>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as ‘<samp>Bibliography</samp>’. -To change it there are two cases. In the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> -classes, where the top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> and the -default title is ‘<samp>Bibliography</samp>’, that title is in the macro -<code>\bibname</code>. For <samp>article</samp>, where the class’s top level -sectioning is <code>\section</code> and the default is ‘<samp>References</samp>’, the -title is in macro <code>\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command, -as with <code>\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code>, after -<code>\begin{document}</code>. -</p> -<span id="index-package_002c-babel-1"></span> -<span id="index-babel-package-1"></span> - -<p>Language support packages such as <code>babel</code> will automatically -redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected +<p>The mandatory argument <var class="var">widest-label</var> is text that, when typeset, is +as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code class="code">\bibitem</code> +commands. The tradition is to use <code class="code">9</code> for bibliographies with less +than 10 references, <code class="code">99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibname"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crefname"></a> +<p>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as ‘<samp class="samp">Bibliography</samp>’. +To change it there are two cases. In the <samp class="file">book</samp> and <samp class="file">report</samp> +classes, where the top level sectioning is <code class="code">\chapter</code> and the +default title is ‘<samp class="samp">Bibliography</samp>’, that title is in the macro +<code class="code">\bibname</code>. For <samp class="file">article</samp>, where the class’s top level +sectioning is <code class="code">\section</code> and the default is ‘<samp class="samp">References</samp>’, the +title is in macro <code class="code">\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command, +as with <code class="code">\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code>, after +<code class="code">\begin{document}</code>. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-1"></a> + +<p>Language support packages such as <code class="code">babel</code> will automatically +redefine <code class="code">\refname</code> or <code class="code">\bibname</code> to fit the selected language. </p> -<p>See <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>, for the list layout control parameters. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>, for the list layout control parameters. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1"><code>\bibitem</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2"><code>\cite</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3"><code>\nocite</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\cite</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a></li> <li><a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cbibitem"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbibitem"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cbibitem-1">8.24.1 <code class="code">\bibitem</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cbibitem"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibitem"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\bibitem{<var>cite_key</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\bibitem{<var class="var">cite_key</var>} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\bibitem[<var class="var">label</var>]{<var class="var">cite_key</var>} </pre></div> <p>Generate an entry labeled by default by a number generated using the -<code>enumi</code> counter. The <em>citation key</em> -<span id="index-citation-key"></span> -<var>cite_key</var> can be any string of +<code class="code">enumi</code> counter. The <em class="dfn">citation key</em> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-citation-key"></a> +<var class="var">cite_key</var> can be any string of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma). </p> -<p>See <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, for an example. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>, for an example. </p> -<p>When provided, the optional <var>label</var> becomes the entry label and the -<code>enumi</code> counter is not incremented. With this +<p>When provided, the optional <var class="var">label</var> becomes the entry label and the +<code class="code">enumi</code> counter is not incremented. With this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{thebibliography} \bibitem[Lamport 1993]{latexdps} Leslie Lamport. \textit{\LaTeX{}: a document preparation system}. @@ -9038,67 +9047,67 @@ letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma). \end{thebibliography} </pre></div> -<p>the first entry will be styled as ‘<samp>[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...</samp>’ (The +<p>the first entry will be styled as ‘<samp class="samp">[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...</samp>’ (The amount of horizontal space that LaTeX leaves for the label depends on -the <var>widest-label</var> argument of the <code>thebibliography</code> -environment; see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>.) Similarly, <code>... based on -\cite{latexdps}</code> will produce ‘<samp>... based on [Lamport 1994]</samp>’. +the <var class="var">widest-label</var> argument of the <code class="code">thebibliography</code> +environment; see <a class="ref" href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>.) Similarly, <code class="code">... based on +\cite{latexdps}</code> will produce ‘<samp class="samp">... based on [Lamport 1994]</samp>’. </p> -<p>If you mix <code>\bibitem</code> entries having a <var>label</var> with those that +<p>If you mix <code class="code">\bibitem</code> entries having a <var class="var">label</var> with those that do not then LaTeX will number the unlabelled ones sequentially. In -the example above the <code>texbook</code> entry will appear as ‘<samp>[1] +the example above the <code class="code">texbook</code> entry will appear as ‘<samp class="samp">[1] Donald ...</samp>’, despite that it is the second entry. </p> -<p>If you use the same <var>cite_key</var> twice then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX +<p>If you use the same <var class="var">cite_key</var> twice then you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: There were multiply-defined labels</samp>’. </p> -<p>Under the hood, LaTeX remembers the <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var> -information because <code>\bibitem</code> writes it to the auxiliary file -<samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, the above -example causes the two <code>\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}</code> and -<code>\bibcite{texbook}{1}</code> to appear in that file. The <samp>.aux</samp> -file is read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command and then the -information is available for <code>\cite</code> commands. This explains why +<p>Under the hood, LaTeX remembers the <var class="var">cite_key</var> and <var class="var">label</var> +information because <code class="code">\bibitem</code> writes it to the auxiliary file +<samp class="file"><var class="var">jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, the above +example causes the two <code class="code">\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}</code> and +<code class="code">\bibcite{texbook}{1}</code> to appear in that file. The <samp class="file">.aux</samp> +file is read by the <code class="code">\begin{document}</code> command and then the +information is available for <code class="code">\cite</code> commands. This explains why you need to run LaTeX twice to resolve references: once to write it out and once to read it in. </p> -<p>Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a <code>\bibitem</code> or -change its <var>cite_key</var> you may get ‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may +<p>Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a <code class="code">\bibitem</code> or +change its <var class="var">cite_key</var> you may get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right</samp>’. Fix it by recompiling. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccite"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccite"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\nocite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bibitem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ccite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccite-1">8.24.2 <code class="code">\cite</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005ccite"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccite"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\cite{<var>keys</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\cite{<var class="var">keys</var>} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\cite[<var class="var">subcite</var>]{<var class="var">keys</var>} </pre></div> <p>Generate as output a citation to the references associated with -<var>keys</var>. The mandatory <var>keys</var> is a citation key, or a -comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>). +<var class="var">keys</var>. The mandatory <var class="var">keys</var> is a citation key, or a +comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>). </p> <p>This </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The ultimate source is \cite{texbook}. +<pre class="example-preformatted">The ultimate source is \cite{texbook}. ... \begin{thebibliography} \bibitem{texbook} @@ -9108,119 +9117,119 @@ comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bib \end{thebibliography} </pre></div> -<p>produces output like ‘<samp>... source is [1]</samp>’. You can change the +<p>produces output like ‘<samp class="samp">... source is [1]</samp>’. You can change the appearance of the citation and of the reference by using bibliography -styles if you generate automatically the <code>thebibliography</code> -environment. More information in <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>. +styles if you generate automatically the <code class="code">thebibliography</code> +environment. More information in <a class="ref" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>. </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>subcite</var> is appended to the citation. For -example, <code>See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}</code> might produce -‘<samp>See 14.3 in [1, p. 314]</samp>’. +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">subcite</var> is appended to the citation. For +example, <code class="code">See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}</code> might produce +‘<samp class="samp">See 14.3 in [1, p. 314]</samp>’. </p> -<p>In addition to what appears in the output, <code>\cite</code> writes -information to the auxiliary file <samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp> -(see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, <code>\cite{latexdps}</code> writes -‘<samp>\citation{latexdps}</samp>’ to that file. This information is used by +<p>In addition to what appears in the output, <code class="code">\cite</code> writes +information to the auxiliary file <samp class="file"><var class="var">jobname</var>.aux</samp> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, <code class="code">\cite{latexdps}</code> writes +‘<samp class="samp">\citation{latexdps}</samp>’ to that file. This information is used by BibTeX to include in your reference list only those works that you -have actually cited; see <a href="#g_t_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a> also. +have actually cited; see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cnocite"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a> also. </p> -<p>If <var>keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get -‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>’, and in the output +<p>If <var class="var">keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get +‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>’, and in the output the citation shows as a boldface question mark between square brackets. There are two possible causes. If you have mistyped something, as in -<code>\cite{texbok}</code> then you need to correct the spelling. On the +<code class="code">\cite{texbok}</code> then you need to correct the spelling. On the other hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic -information and so changed the <samp>.aux</samp> file (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>) then +information and so changed the <samp class="file">.aux</samp> file (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>) then the fix may be to run LaTeX again. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnocite"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnocite"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnocite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnocite-1">8.24.3 <code class="code">\nocite</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cnocite"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocite"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><code>\nocite{<var>keys</var>}</code> +<pre class="example-preformatted"><code class="code">\nocite{<var class="var">keys</var>}</code> </pre></div> -<p>Produces no output but writes <var>keys</var> to the auxiliary file -<samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). +<p>Produces no output but writes <var class="var">keys</var> to the auxiliary file +<samp class="file"><var class="var">jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). </p> -<p>The mandatory argument <var>keys</var> is a comma-separated list of one or -more citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>). This information is used by +<p>The mandatory argument <var class="var">keys</var> is a comma-separated list of one or +more citation keys (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code class="code">\bibitem</code></a>). This information is used by BibTeX to include these works in your reference list even though you -have not explicitly cited them (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>). +have not explicitly cited them (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccite"><code class="code">\cite</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Using-BibTeX"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Using-BibTeX"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\nocite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\nocite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Using-BibTeX-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Using-BibTeX-1">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4> -<span id="index-using-BibTeX"></span> -<span id="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></span> -<span id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></span> -<span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></span> -<span id="index-_005cbibliography"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-using-BibTeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliography"></a> -<p>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>), a +<p>As described in <code class="code">thebibliography</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>), a sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full -documentation on CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). +documentation on CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). </p> -<p>With BibTeX, you don’t use the <code>thebibliography</code> environment -directly (see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>). Instead, include these lines: +<p>With BibTeX, you don’t use the <code class="code">thebibliography</code> environment +directly (see <a class="pxref" href="#thebibliography"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>). Instead, include these lines: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>} -\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>, <var>bibfile2</var>, ...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\bibliographystyle{<var class="var">bibstyle</var>} +\bibliography{<var class="var">bibfile1</var>, <var class="var">bibfile2</var>, ...} </pre></div> -<p>The <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file <samp><var>bibstyle</var>.bst</samp>, which -defines how your citations will look. The standard <var>bibstyle</var>’s +<p>The <var class="var">bibstyle</var> refers to a file <samp class="file"><var class="var">bibstyle</var>.bst</samp>, which +defines how your citations will look. The standard <var class="var">bibstyle</var>’s distributed with BibTeX are: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>alpha</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">alpha</code></dt> <dd><p>Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication. The bibliographic items are sorted alphabetically. </p></dd> -<dt><span><code>plain</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">plain</code></dt> <dd><p>Labels are integers. Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically. </p></dd> -<dt><span><code>unsrt</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation. +<dt><code class="code">unsrt</code></dt> +<dd><p>Like <code class="code">plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation. </p></dd> -<dt><span><code>abbrv</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels. +<dt><code class="code">abbrv</code></dt> +<dd><p>Like <code class="code">plain</code>, but more compact labels. </p></dd> </dl> <p>Many, many other BibTeX style files exist, tailored to the demands of various publications. See the CTAN topic -<a href="https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty">https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty">https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty</a>. </p> -<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the +<p>The <code class="code">\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to -files named <samp><var>bibfile1</var>.bib</samp>, <samp><var>bibfile2</var>.bib</samp>, +files named <samp class="file"><var class="var">bibfile1</var>.bib</samp>, <samp class="file"><var class="var">bibfile2</var>.bib</samp>, … These contain your database in BibTeX format. This shows a typical couple of entries in that format. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">@book{texbook, +<pre class="example-preformatted">@book{texbook, title = {The {{\TeX}}book}, author = {D.E. Knuth}, isbn = {0201134489}, @@ -9236,67 +9245,67 @@ typical couple of entries in that format. } </pre></div> -<p>Only the bibliographic entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and -<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the document’s bibliography. Thus you +<p>Only the bibliographic entries referred to via <code class="code">\cite</code> and +<code class="code">\nocite</code> will be listed in the document’s bibliography. Thus you can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of files, and rely on BibTeX to include in this document only those that you used. </p> -<span id="index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"></span> -<p>With BibTeX, the <var>keys</var> argument to <code>\nocite</code> can also be -the single character ‘<samp>*</samp>’. This means to implicitly cite all +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"></a> +<p>With BibTeX, the <var class="var">keys</var> argument to <code class="code">\nocite</code> can also be +the single character ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’. This means to implicitly cite all entries from all given bibliographies. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages" accesskey="1">BibTeX error messages</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsubsection" id="BibTeX-error-messages"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="BibTeX-error-messages"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Up: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using BibTeX</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="BibTeX-error-messages-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</h4> +<h4 class="subsubsection" id="BibTeX-error-messages-1">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</h4> -<span id="index-BibTeX-error-messages"></span> -<span id="index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX"></span> -<span id="index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-BibTeX-error-messages"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"></a> -<p>If you forget to use <code>\bibliography</code> or <code>\bibliographystyle</code> -in your document (or, less likely, any <code>\cite</code> or <code>\nocite</code> +<p>If you forget to use <code class="code">\bibliography</code> or <code class="code">\bibliographystyle</code> +in your document (or, less likely, any <code class="code">\cite</code> or <code class="code">\nocite</code> command), BibTeX will issue an error message. Because BibTeX can be used with any program, not just LaTeX, the error messages -refer to the internal commands read by BibTeX (from the <samp>.aux</samp> +refer to the internal commands read by BibTeX (from the <samp class="file">.aux</samp> file), rather than the user-level commands described above. </p> <p>Here is a table showing internal commands mentioned in the BibTeX errors, and the corresponding user-level commands. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cbibdata'><span><code>\bibdata</code><a href='#index-_005cbibdata' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"></span> -<p><code>\bibliography</code> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cbibdata'><span><code class="code">\bibdata</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbibdata'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"></a> +<p><code class="code">\bibliography</code> </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbibstyle'><span><code>\bibstyle</code><a href='#index-_005cbibstyle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"></span> -<p><code>\bibliographystyle</code> +<dt id='index-_005cbibstyle'><span><code class="code">\bibstyle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbibstyle'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"></a> +<p><code class="code">\bibliographystyle</code> </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccitation'><span><code>\citation</code><a href='#index-_005ccitation' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></span> -<p><code>\cite</code>, <code>\nocite</code> +<dt id='index-_005ccitation'><span><code class="code">\citation</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccitation'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></a> +<p><code class="code">\cite</code>, <code class="code">\nocite</code> </p></dd> </dl> -<p>For example, if your document has no <code>\bibliographystyle</code> +<p>For example, if your document has no <code class="code">\bibliographystyle</code> command, BibTeX complains as follows: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file <var>document</var>.aux +<pre class="example-preformatted">I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file <var class="var">document</var>.aux </pre></div> @@ -9304,32 +9313,32 @@ command, BibTeX complains as follows: </div> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="theorem"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="theorem"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>titlepage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">thebibliography</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="theorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="theorem-1">8.25 <code class="code">theorem</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-theorem"></span> -<span id="index-theorem-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorem-environment"></a> -<span id="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{theorem} - <var>theorem body</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{theorem} + <var class="var">theorem body</var> \end{theorem} </pre></div> -<p>Produces ‘<samp>Theorem <var>n</var></samp>’ in boldface followed by <var>theorem -body</var> in italics. The numbering possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under -<code>\newtheorem</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>). +<p>Produces ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem <var class="var">n</var></samp>’ in boldface followed by <var class="var">theorem +body</var> in italics. The numbering possibilities for <var class="var">n</var> are described under +<code class="code">\newtheorem</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble \newtheorem{thm}{Theorem} ... \begin{lem} % in document body @@ -9342,13 +9351,13 @@ The next result follows immediately. \end{thm} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-4"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-4"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm"></span> -<span id="index-amsthm-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsthm"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsthm-package"></a> -<p>Most new documents use the packages <code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code> +<p>Most new documents use the packages <code class="code">amsthm</code> and <code class="code">amsmath</code> from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these packages include a large number of options for theorem environments, such as styling options. @@ -9356,23 +9365,23 @@ such as styling options. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="titlepage"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="titlepage"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>verbatim</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>theorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">theorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="titlepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="titlepage-1">8.26 <code class="code">titlepage</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></span> -<span id="index-titlepage-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titlepage-environment"></a> -<span id="index-making-a-title-page"></span> -<span id="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-making-a-title-page"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{titlepage} ... text and spacing ... \end{titlepage} </pre></div> @@ -9384,7 +9393,7 @@ with succeeding pages numbered starting with page one. the author. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{titlepage} \vspace*{\stretch{1}} \begin{center} {\huge\bfseries Thesis \\[1ex] @@ -9406,195 +9415,195 @@ the author. \end{titlepage} </pre></div> -<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> -environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>). +<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code class="code">titlepage</code> +environment, use <code class="code">\maketitle</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="verbatim"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="verbatim"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>verse</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>titlepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">verse</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="verbatim-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="verbatim-1">8.27 <code class="code">verbatim</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></span> -<span id="index-verbatim-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatim-environment"></a> -<span id="index-verbatim-text"></span> -<span id="index-simulating-typed-text"></span> -<span id="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></span> -<span id="index-code_002c-typesetting"></span> -<span id="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatim-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-simulating-typed-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-code_002c-typesetting"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{verbatim} -<var>literal-text</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verbatim} +<var class="var">literal-text</var> \end{verbatim} </pre></div> <p>A paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces as output -exactly what you type as input. For instance inside <var>literal-text</var> -the backslash <code>\</code> character does not start commands, it -produces a printed ‘<samp>\</samp>’, and carriage returns and blanks are taken +exactly what you type as input. For instance inside <var class="var">literal-text</var> +the backslash <code class="code">\</code> character does not start commands, it +produces a printed ‘<samp class="samp">\</samp>’, and carriage returns and blanks are taken literally. The output appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font -(<code>\tt</code>). +(<code class="code">\tt</code>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{verbatim} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verbatim} Symbol swearing: %&$#?!. \end{verbatim} </pre></div> -<p>The only restriction on <code>literal-text</code> is that it cannot include -the string <code>\end{verbatim}</code>. +<p>The only restriction on <code class="code">literal-text</code> is that it cannot include +the string <code class="code">\end{verbatim}</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect"></span> -<span id="index-cprotect-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cprotect"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cprotect-package"></a> <p>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for -instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as -commands being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work, -as the <code>verbatim</code> environment changes the catcode regime before +instance in the argument to a <code class="code">\section</code>. This is not the same as +commands being fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work, +as the <code class="code">verbatim</code> environment changes the catcode regime before processing its contents, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect -when the macro was called. However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can +when the macro was called. However, the <code class="code">cprotect</code> package can help with this. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-listings-1"></span> -<span id="index-listings-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-listings-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-listings-package-1"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-minted-1"></span> -<span id="index-minted-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package-1"></a> <p>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are -packages that are an improvement the <code>verbatim</code> environment. For +packages that are an improvement the <code class="code">verbatim</code> environment. For instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external -files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code>listings</code>, -and <code>minted</code>. +files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code class="code">listings</code>, +and <code class="code">minted</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></span> -<span id="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></span> -<span id="index-verbatimbox-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatimbox-package"></a> <p>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is -<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>. +<code class="code">fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code class="code">verbatimbox</code>. </p> -<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). +<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1"><code>\verb</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\verb</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cverb"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cverb"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>verbatim</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cverb-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cverb-1">8.27.1 <code class="code">\verb</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cverb"></span> -<span id="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cverb"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\verb <var>char</var> <var>literal-text</var> <var>char</var> -\verb* <var>char</var> <var>literal-text</var> <var>char</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\verb <var class="var">char</var> <var class="var">literal-text</var> <var class="var">char</var> +\verb* <var class="var">char</var> <var class="var">literal-text</var> <var class="var">char</var> </pre></div> -<p>Typeset <var>literal-text</var> as it is input, including special characters -and spaces, using the typewriter (<code>\tt</code>) font. +<p>Typeset <var class="var">literal-text</var> as it is input, including special characters +and spaces, using the typewriter (<code class="code">\tt</code>) font. </p> -<p>This example shows two different invocations of <code>\verb</code>. +<p>This example shows two different invocations of <code class="code">\verb</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever. +<pre class="example-preformatted">This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever. And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+ </pre></div> -<p>The first <code>\verb</code> has its <var>literal-text</var> surrounded with -exclamation point, <code>!</code>. The second instead uses plus, <code>+</code>, -because the exclamation point is part of <code>literal-text</code>. +<p>The first <code class="code">\verb</code> has its <var class="var">literal-text</var> surrounded with +exclamation point, <code class="code">!</code>. The second instead uses plus, <code class="code">+</code>, +because the exclamation point is part of <code class="code">literal-text</code>. </p> -<p>The single-character delimiter <var>char</var> surrounds -<var>literal-text</var>—it must be the same character before and after. -No spaces come between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and <var>char</var>, -or between <var>char</var> and <var>literal-text</var>, or between -<var>literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var>char</var> (the +<p>The single-character delimiter <var class="var">char</var> surrounds +<var class="var">literal-text</var>—it must be the same character before and after. +No spaces come between <code class="code">\verb</code> or <code class="code">\verb*</code> and <var class="var">char</var>, +or between <var class="var">char</var> and <var class="var">literal-text</var>, or between +<var class="var">literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var class="var">char</var> (the synopsis shows a space only to distinguish one component from the -other). The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The -<var>literal-text</var> cannot include a line break. +other). The delimiter must not appear in <var class="var">literal-text</var>. The +<var class="var">literal-text</var> cannot include a line break. </p> -<span id="index-visible-space"></span> -<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-visible-space"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible space character. </p> <p>The output from this will include a visible space on both side of word -‘<samp>with</samp>’: +‘<samp class="samp">with</samp>’: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ... +<pre class="example-preformatted">The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ... </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-url"></span> -<span id="index-url-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-url"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-url-package"></a> -<p>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code>url</code> -is a better option than the <code>\verb</code> command, since +<p>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code class="code">url</code> +is a better option than the <code class="code">\verb</code> command, since it allows line breaks. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-listings-2"></span> -<span id="index-listings-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-listings-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-listings-package-2"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-minted-2"></span> -<span id="index-minted-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-minted-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-minted-package-2"></a> <p>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over -<code>\verb</code>. One is <code>listings</code>, another is <code>minted</code>. +<code class="code">\verb</code>. One is <code class="code">listings</code>, another is <code class="code">minted</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></span> -<span id="index-cprotect-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cprotect-package-1"></a> -<p>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in -the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code> -being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work, as the -<code>\verb</code> command changes the catcode regime before reading its +<p>You cannot use <code class="code">\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in +the argument to a <code class="code">\section</code>. It is not a question of <code class="code">\verb</code> +being fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work, as the +<code class="code">\verb</code> command changes the catcode regime before reading its argument, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect when the macro was called. -However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this. +However, the <code class="code">cprotect</code> package can help with this. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="verse"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="verse"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>verbatim</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="verse-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="verse-1">8.28 <code class="code">verse</code></h3> -<span id="index-environment_002c-verse"></span> -<span id="index-verse-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-verse"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-verse-environment"></a> -<span id="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{verse} - <var>line1</var> \\ - <var>line2</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verse} + <var class="var">line1</var> \\ + <var class="var">line2</var> \\ ... \end{verse} </pre></div> @@ -9604,16 +9613,16 @@ Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>verbatim</code></a> <p>Here are two lines from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\ On the fair daughter of rich Capulet. </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></span> -<p>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-verse_0029"></a> +<p>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code class="code">\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{verse} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{verse} \makebox[\linewidth][c]{\textit{Shut Not Your Doors} ---Walt Whitman} \\[1\baselineskip] Shut not your doors to me proud libraries, \\ @@ -9633,15 +9642,15 @@ are not indented, and the text is not right-justified. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Line-breaking"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Line-breaking"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Line-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</h2> -<span id="index-line-breaking"></span> -<span id="index-breaking-lines"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaking"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaking-lines"></a> <p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To @@ -9659,90 +9668,90 @@ fiddling with breaks that will change anyway. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1"><code>\\</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2"><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3"><code>\newline</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7"><code>\hyphenation</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8"><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\\</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\newline</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\linebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_005c"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_005c"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005c_005c-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_005c-1">9.1 <code class="code">\\</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></span> -<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting"></span> -<span id="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028force-line-break_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\\ -\\[<var>morespace</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\\ +\\[<var class="var">morespace</var>] </pre></div> <p>or one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\\* -\\*[<var>morespace</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\\* +\\*[<var class="var">morespace</var>] </pre></div> -<p>End the current line. The optional argument <var>morespace</var> specifies +<p>End the current line. The optional argument <var class="var">morespace</var> specifies extra vertical space to be inserted before the next line. This is a -rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) and can be negative. The text before +rubber length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) and can be negative. The text before the line break is set at its normal length, that is, it is not stretched -to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\title{My story: \\[0.25in] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\title{My story: \\[0.25in] a tale of woe} </pre></div> -<p>The starred form, <code>\\*</code>, tells LaTeX not to start a new page -between the two lines, by issuing a <code>\nobreak</code>. +<p>The starred form, <code class="code">\\*</code>, tells LaTeX not to start a new page +between the two lines, by issuing a <code class="code">\nobreak</code>. </p> <p>Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In -particular, don’t start new paragraphs with <code>\\</code>. Instead leave a +particular, don’t start new paragraphs with <code class="code">\\</code>. Instead leave a blank line between the two paragraphs. And don’t put in a sequence of -<code>\\</code>’s to make vertical space. Instead use -<code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code>, or -<code>\leavevmode\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code>, or -<code>\vspace*{<var>length</var>}</code> if you want the space to not be thrown -out at the top of a new page (see <a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>). -</p> -<p>The <code>\\</code> command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text -such as in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment or in an +<code class="code">\\</code>’s to make vertical space. Instead use +<code class="code">\vspace{<var class="var">length</var>}</code>, or +<code class="code">\leavevmode\vspace{<var class="var">length</var>}</code>, or +<code class="code">\vspace*{<var class="var">length</var>}</code> if you want the space to not be thrown +out at the top of a new page (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>). +</p> +<p>The <code class="code">\\</code> command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text +such as in a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment or in an equation environment. </p> -<p>The <code>\\</code> command is a synonym for <code>\newline</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>) under ordinary circumstances (an example of an -exception is the <code>p{...}</code> column in a <code>tabular</code> -environment; see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>). +<p>The <code class="code">\\</code> command is a synonym for <code class="code">\newline</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>) under ordinary circumstances (an example of an +exception is the <code class="code">p{...}</code> column in a <code class="code">tabular</code> +environment; see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>). </p> -<p>The <code>\\</code> command is a macro, and its definition changes by context -so that its definition in normal text, a <code>center</code> environment, a -<code>flushleft</code> environment, and a <code>tabular</code> are all different. +<p>The <code class="code">\\</code> command is a macro, and its definition changes by context +so that its definition in normal text, a <code class="code">center</code> environment, a +<code class="code">flushleft</code> environment, and a <code class="code">tabular</code> are all different. In normal text when it forces a linebreak it is essentially a shorthand -for <code>\newline</code>. It does not end horizontal mode or end the +for <code class="code">\newline</code>. It does not end horizontal mode or end the paragraph, it just inserts some glue and penalties so that when the paragraph does end a linebreak will occur at that point, with the short line padded with white space. </p> -<p>You get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end</samp>’ if you use -<code>\\</code> to ask for a new line, rather than to end the current line. -An example is if you have <code>\begin{document}\\</code> or, more likely, +<p>You get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end</samp>’ if you use +<code class="code">\\</code> to ask for a new line, rather than to end the current line. +An example is if you have <code class="code">\begin{document}\\</code> or, more likely, something like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth} \\ In that vertical space put your mark. @@ -9751,34 +9760,34 @@ something like this. </pre></div> <p>Fix it by replacing the double backslash with something like -<code>\vspace{\baselineskip}</code>. +<code class="code">\vspace{\baselineskip}</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\\</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\\</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1">9.2 <code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cobeycr"></span> -<span id="index-_005crestorecr"></span> -<span id="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cobeycr"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crestorecr"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cobeycr"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crestorecr"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a> -<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (‘<samp>^^M</samp>’, -internally) the same as <code>\\</code>, followed by <code>\relax</code>. So each +<p>The <code class="code">\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (‘<samp class="samp">^^M</samp>’, +internally) the same as <code class="code">\\</code>, followed by <code class="code">\relax</code>. So each new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. The -<code>\restorecr</code> command restores normal line-breaking behavior. +<code class="code">\restorecr</code> command restores normal line-breaking behavior. </p> <p>This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use -<code>verbatim</code> (see <a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a>) instead. +<code class="code">verbatim</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#verbatim"><code class="code">verbatim</code></a>) instead. </p> <p>With LaTeX’s usual defaults, this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">aaa +<pre class="example-preformatted">aaa bbb \obeycr @@ -9797,7 +9806,7 @@ iii <p>produces output like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"> aaa bbb +<pre class="example-preformatted"> aaa bbb ccc ddd eee @@ -9811,69 +9820,69 @@ fff ggg <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\obeycr</code> & <code class="code">\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewline-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewline-1">9.3 <code class="code">\newline</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewline"></span> -<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewline"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a> <p>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify it, so the text before the end of line is not stretched. That is, in -paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), the <code>\newline</code> command is -equivalent to double-backslash (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>). This command is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +paragraph mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>), the <code class="code">\newline</code> command is +equivalent to double-backslash (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a>). This command is fragile +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>However, the two commands are different inside a <code>tabular</code> or -<code>array</code> environment. In a column with a specifier producing a -paragraph box such as typically <code>p{...}</code>, <code>\newline</code> will +<p>However, the two commands are different inside a <code class="code">tabular</code> or +<code class="code">array</code> environment. In a column with a specifier producing a +paragraph box such as typically <code class="code">p{...}</code>, <code class="code">\newline</code> will insert a line end inside of the column; that is, it does not break the -entire tabular row. To break the entire row use <code>\\</code> or its -equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>. +entire tabular row. To break the entire row use <code class="code">\\</code> or its +equivalent <code class="code">\tabularnewline</code>. </p> -<p>This will print ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Address:</samp>’ as two lines in a +<p>This will print ‘<samp class="samp">Name:</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Address:</samp>’ as two lines in a single cell of the table. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{p{1in}@{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{p{1in}@{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}} Name: \newline Address: &Date: \\ \hline \end{tabular} </pre></div> -<p>The ‘<samp>Date:</samp>’ will be baseline-aligned with ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’. +<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">Date:</samp>’ will be baseline-aligned with ‘<samp class="samp">Name:</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029">9.4 <code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3> -<span id="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></span> -<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a> <p>Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you -insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at +insert <code class="code">\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the other hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>LaTeX is good at hyphenating and usually finds most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The -<code>\-</code> command is for exceptional cases. +<code class="code">\-</code> command is for exceptional cases. </p> <p>For example, LaTeX does not ordinarily hyphenate words containing a hyphen. Below, the long and hyphenated word means LaTeX has to put in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rp{1.75in}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rp{1.75in}} Isaac Asimov &The strain of anti-intellectualism % an\-ti-in\-tel\-lec\-tu\-al\-ism @@ -9887,43 +9896,43 @@ in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column. <p>Commenting out the third line and uncommenting the fourth makes a much better fit. </p> -<p>The <code>\-</code> command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not -require that it break there. You can force a split with something like -<code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the text -then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires -care. +<p>The <code class="code">\-</code> command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not +require that it break there. You can force a split with something +like <code class="code">Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the +text then this forced break may look out of place, so this approach +requires care. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3> -<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></span> -<span id="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></span> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029">9.5 <code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\discretionary{<var>pre-break</var>}{<var>post-break</var>}{<var>no-break</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\discretionary{<var class="var">pre-break</var>}{<var class="var">post-break</var>}{<var class="var">no-break</var>} </pre></div> <p>Handle word changes around hyphens. This command is not often used in LaTeX documents. </p> -<p>If a line break occurs at the point where <code>\discretionary</code> appears -then TeX puts <var>pre-break</var> at the end of the current line and puts -<var>post-break</var> at the start of the next line. If there is no line -break here then TeX puts <var>no-break</var>. +<p>If a line break occurs at the point where <code class="code">\discretionary</code> appears +then TeX puts <var class="var">pre-break</var> at the end of the current line and puts +<var class="var">post-break</var> at the start of the next line. If there is no line +break here then TeX puts <var class="var">no-break</var>. </p> -<p>In ‘<samp>difficult</samp>’ the three letters <code>ffi</code> form a ligature. But -TeX can nonetheless break between the two ‘<samp>f</samp>’’s with this. +<p>In ‘<samp class="samp">difficult</samp>’ the three letters <code class="code">ffi</code> form a ligature. But +TeX can nonetheless break between the two ‘<samp class="samp">f</samp>’’s with this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult +<pre class="example-preformatted">di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult </pre></div> <p>Note that users do not have to do this. It is typically handled @@ -9933,62 +9942,62 @@ automatically by TeX’s hyphenation algorithm. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1">9.6 <code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cfussy"></span> -<span id="index-_005csloppy"></span> -<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfussy"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csloppy"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfussy"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csloppy"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></a> <p>Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line -breaking. Declaring <code>\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between +breaking. Declaring <code class="code">\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely, -<code>\sloppy</code> avoids overfull boxes while suffering loose interword +<code class="code">\sloppy</code> avoids overfull boxes while suffering loose interword spacing. </p> -<p>The default is <code>\fussy</code>. Line breaking in a paragraph is +<p>The default is <code class="code">\fussy</code>. Line breaking in a paragraph is controlled by whichever declaration is current at the end of the -paragraph, i.e., at the blank line or <code>\par</code> or displayed +paragraph, i.e., at the blank line or <code class="code">\par</code> or displayed equation ending that paragraph. So to affect the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1"><code>sloppypar</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1"><code class="code">sloppypar</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="sloppypar"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="sloppypar"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="sloppypar-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="sloppypar-1">9.6.1 <code class="code">sloppypar</code></h4> -<span id="index-environment_002c-sloppypar"></span> -<span id="index-sloppypar-environment-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-sloppypar"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sloppypar-environment-1"></a> -<span id="index-sloppypar-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sloppypar-environment"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{sloppypar} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{sloppypar} ... paragraphs ... \end{sloppypar} </pre></div> -<p>Typeset the paragraphs with <code>\sloppy</code> in effect (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid -‘<samp>Overfull box</samp>’ or ‘<samp>Underfull box</samp>’ errors. +<p>Typeset the paragraphs with <code class="code">\sloppy</code> in effect (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid +‘<samp class="samp">Overfull box</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">Underfull box</samp>’ errors. </p> <p>The example is simple. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{sloppypar} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{sloppypar} Her plan for the morning thus settled, she sat quietly down to her book after breakfast, resolving to remain in the same place and the same employment till the clock struck one; and from habitude very @@ -10006,112 +10015,113 @@ Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\fus <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005chyphenation"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chyphenation"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\linebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\fussy</code> & <code class="code">\sloppy</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chyphenation-1">9.7 <code class="code">\hyphenation</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005chyphenation"></span> -<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chyphenation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\hyphenation{<var>word1</var> ...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\hyphenation{<var class="var">word1</var> ...} </pre></div> <p>Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list. The words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points for -hyphenation with a dash character, <code>-</code>. +hyphenation with a dash character, <code class="code">-</code>. </p> <p>Here is an example: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness} </pre></div> <p>Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches -exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> +exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code class="code">\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hyphenation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1">9.8 <code class="code">\linebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nolinebreak</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005clinebreak"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnolinebreak"></span> -<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></span> -<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005clinebreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnolinebreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clinebreak"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></a> <p>Synopses, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\linebreak -\linebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\linebreak +\linebreak[<var class="var">zero-to-four</var>] </pre></div> <p>or one of these. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\nolinebreak -\nolinebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\nolinebreak +\nolinebreak[<var class="var">zero-to-four</var>] </pre></div> -<p>Encourage or discourage a line break. The optional <var>zero-to-four</var> +<p>Encourage or discourage a line break. The optional <var class="var">zero-to-four</var> is an integer lying between 0 and 4 that allows you to soften the instruction. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or prevent the break. But for instance, -<code>\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a suggestion that another place may be better. +<code class="code">\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a suggestion that another place may be better. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands -are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +are fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>Here we tell LaTeX that a good place to put a linebreak is after the standard legal text. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\boilerplatelegal{} \linebreak[2] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\boilerplatelegal{} \linebreak[2] We especially encourage applications from members of traditionally underrepresented groups. </pre></div> -<p>When you issue <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched -out so that the break point reaches the right margin. See <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a> -and <a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>, to have the spaces not stretched out. +<p>When you issue <code class="code">\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched +out so that the break point reaches the right margin. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code class="code">\\</code></a> +and <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code class="code">\newline</code></a>, to have the spaces not stretched out. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Page-breaking"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Page-breaking"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Page-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</h2> -<span id="index-page-breaking"></span> -<span id="index-breaking-pages"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-breaking"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaking-pages"></a> <p>Ordinarily LaTeX automatically takes care of breaking output into pages with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to understand how to influence its actions. </p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-badness"></a> <p>LaTeX’s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and outputting the result. Instead, LaTeX typesets more material than would fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some -way (it has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this -approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be +way (it has the smallest <em class="dfn">badness</em>). An example of the advantage of +this approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs, then LaTeX can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts with the last line of a paragraph; LaTeX can squeeze the extra line @@ -10128,147 +10138,149 @@ second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn’t look as far ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document. </p> -<p>See <a href="#Layout">Layout</a>, for more material that is relevant to page breaking. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Layout">Layout</a>, for more material that is relevant to page breaking. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2"><code>\newpage</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4"><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1">10.1 <code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cclearpage"></span> -<span id="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></span> -<span id="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></span> -<span id="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></span> -<span id="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cclearpage"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cclearpage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005ccleardoublepage"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\clearpage +<pre class="example-preformatted">\clearpage </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\cleardoublepage +<pre class="example-preformatted">\cleardoublepage </pre></div> <p>End the current page and output all of the pending floating figures and -tables (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). If there are too many floats to fit on the +tables (see <a class="pxref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>). If there are too many floats to fit on the page then LaTeX will put in extra pages containing only floats. In -two-sided printing, <code>\cleardoublepage</code> also makes the next page of +two-sided printing, <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> also makes the next page of content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting -a blank page. The <code>\clearpage</code> command is robust while -<code>\cleardoublepage</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +a blank page. The <code class="code">\clearpage</code> command is robust while +<code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. </p> -<p>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command will put in a blank page, but it +<p>The <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> command will put in a blank page, but it will have the running headers and footers. To get a really blank page, use this command. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\let\origdoublepage\cleardoublepage +<pre class="example-preformatted">\let\origdoublepage\cleardoublepage \newcommand{\clearemptydoublepage}{% \clearpage {\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}% } </pre></div> -<p>If you want LaTeX’s standard <code>\chapter</code> command to do this then -add the line <code>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</code>. +<p>If you want LaTeX’s standard <code class="code">\chapter</code> command to do this then +add the line <code class="code">\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</code>. (Of +course this affects all uses of <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code>, not just the +one in <code class="code">\chapter</code>.) </p> -<p>The command <code>\newpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>) also ends the current +<p>The command <code class="code">\newpage</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>) also ends the current page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if LaTeX is in -two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while -<code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> end the current page. +two-column mode then <code class="code">\newpage</code> ends the current column while +<code class="code">\clearpage</code> and <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> end the current page. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewpage"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewpage"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewpage-1">10.2 <code class="code">\newpage</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewpage"></span> -<span id="index-new-page_002c-starting"></span> -<span id="index-starting-a-new-page"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewpage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starting-a-new-page"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newpage +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newpage </pre></div> -<p>End the current page. This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>End the current page. This command is robust (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. </p> -<p>While the commands <code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> also +<p>While the commands <code class="code">\clearpage</code> and <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> also end the current page, in addition they clear pending floats -(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>). And, if LaTeX is in -two-column mode then <code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> end +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>). And, if LaTeX is in +two-column mode then <code class="code">\clearpage</code> and <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code> end the current page, possibly leaving an empty column, while -<code>\newpage</code> only ends the current column. +<code class="code">\newpage</code> only ends the current column. </p> -<p>In contrast with <code>\pagebreak</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a>), -the <code>\newpage</code> command will cause the new page to start right where +<p>In contrast with <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"><code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a>), +the <code class="code">\newpage</code> command will cause the new page to start right where requested. This </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this +<pre class="example-preformatted">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, \newpage \noindent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. </pre></div> -<p>makes a new page start after ‘<samp>continent</samp>’, and the cut-off line is -not right justified. In addition, <code>\newpage</code> does not vertically -stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does. +<p>makes a new page start after ‘<samp class="samp">continent</samp>’, and the cut-off line is +not right justified. In addition, <code class="code">\newpage</code> does not vertically +stretch out the page, as <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> does. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1">10.3 <code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cenlargethispage"></span> -<span id="index-enlarge-current-page"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enlarge-current-page"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\enlargethispage{size} -\enlargethispage*{size} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\enlargethispage{<var class="var">size</var>} +\enlargethispage*{<var class="var">size</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page. The required -argument <var>size</var> must be a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It may be -positive or negative. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Enlarge the <code class="code">\textheight</code> for the current page. The required +argument <var class="var">size</var> must be a rigid length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It may be +positive or negative. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>A common strategy is to wait until you have the final text of a document, and then pass through it tweaking line and page breaks. This @@ -10277,100 +10289,100 @@ command allows you some page size leeway. <p>This will allow one extra line on the current page. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} </pre></div> -<p>The starred form <code>\enlargesthispage*</code> tries to squeeze the material +<p>The starred form <code class="code">\enlargesthispage*</code> tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible, for the common use case of getting one more line on the page. This is often used together with an -explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>. +explicit <code class="code">\pagebreak</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\enlargethispage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1">10.4 <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> & <code class="code">\nopagebreak</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cpagebreak"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnopagebreak"></span> -<span id="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></span> -<span id="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cpagebreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnopagebreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagebreak"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\pagebreak -\pagebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagebreak +\pagebreak[<var class="var">zero-to-four</var>] </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\nopagebreak -\nopagebreak[<var>zero-to-four</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\nopagebreak +\nopagebreak[<var class="var">zero-to-four</var>] </pre></div> -<p>Encourage or discourage a page break. The optional <var>zero-to-four</var> +<p>Encourage or discourage a page break. The optional <var class="var">zero-to-four</var> is an integer that allows you to soften the request. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or -prevent the break. But for instance <code>\nopagebreak[1]</code> suggests to +prevent the break. But for instance <code class="code">\nopagebreak[1]</code> suggests to LaTeX that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>LaTeX’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this -command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside +<p>LaTeX’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these +commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. </p> <p>If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point following the line in which they appear. So this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this +<pre class="example-preformatted">Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, \pagebreak a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. </pre></div> -<p>does not give a page break at ‘<samp>continent</samp>’, but instead at -‘<samp>nation</samp>’, since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In -addition, with <code>\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is +<p>does not give a page break at ‘<samp class="samp">continent</samp>’, but instead at +‘<samp class="samp">nation</samp>’, since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In +addition, with <code class="code">\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom -margin. This can look strange, and if <code>\flushbottom</code> is in effect -this can cause you to get ‘<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has -occurred while \output is active</samp>’. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>, for a command that +margin. This can look strange, and if <code class="code">\flushbottom</code> is in effect +this can cause you to get ‘<samp class="samp">Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has +occurred while \output is active</samp>’. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code class="code">\newpage</code></a>, for a command that does not have these effects. </p> -<span id="index-_005csamepage"></span> -<span id="index-samepage-environment"></span> -<p>(There is an obsolete declaration <code>\samepage</code>, which tries to only +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csamepage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-samepage-environment"></a> +<p>(There is an obsolete declaration <code class="code">\samepage</code>, which tries to only allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment -<code>samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For +<code class="code">samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry -<a href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</a>.) +<a class="url" href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</a>.) </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Footnotes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Footnotes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Footnotes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</h2> -<span id="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a> <p>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Noël Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having +<pre class="example-preformatted">Noël Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having to go downstairs to answer the door, while in the midst of making love.\footnote{% I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.} @@ -10379,44 +10391,44 @@ love.\footnote{% <p>You can put multiple footnotes on a page. If the footnote text becomes too long then it will flow to the next page. </p> -<p>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code>\footnotemark</code> and -the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special +<p>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code class="code">\footnotemark</code> and +the <code class="code">\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special circumstances. </p> <p>To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to -include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>). +include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a class="pxref" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>). </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1"><code>\footnote</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2"><code>\footnotemark</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3"><code>\footnotetext</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\footnote</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a></li> <li><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a></li> <li><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a></li> <li><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnote"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfootnote"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnote-1">11.1 <code class="code">\footnote</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cfootnote"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnote"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\footnote{<var>text</var>} -\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\footnote{<var class="var">text</var>} +\footnote[<var class="var">number</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Place a footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page. +<p>Place a footnote <var class="var">text</var> at the bottom of the current page. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's +<pre class="example-preformatted">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's \textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{% After reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained, ``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method @@ -10424,101 +10436,101 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\footnotema at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''} </pre></div> -<p>The optional argument <var>number</var> allows you to specify the number of +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">number</var> allows you to specify the number of the footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the -<code>footnote</code> counter. +<code class="code">footnote</code> counter. </p> -<span id="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></span> -<span id="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></a> <p>By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change this with something like -<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which -uses a sequence of symbols (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which +uses a sequence of symbols (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with -<code>\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>. +<code class="code">\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>. </p> <p>LaTeX determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters. </p> -<span id="index-footnote-parameters"></span> -<span id="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote-parameters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cfootnoterule'><span><code>\footnoterule</code><a href='#index-_005cfootnoterule' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="footnote-footnoterule"></span><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cfootnoterule'><span><code class="code">\footnoterule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootnoterule'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="footnote-footnoterule"></a><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except -<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of -<code>0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long. +<code class="code">slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of +<code class="code">0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code class="code">0.4\columnwidth</code> long. Change the rule with something like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space \kern -3pt % This -3 is negative \hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1 \kern 2pt} % and this 2 </pre></div> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfootnotesep'><span><code>\footnotesep</code><a href='#index-_005cfootnotesep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="footnote-footnotesep"></span><span id="index-strut"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cfootnotesep'><span><code class="code">\footnotesep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfootnotesep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="footnote-footnotesep"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strut"></a> <p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote -(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for -<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no -extra space between footnotes. This is ‘<samp>6.65pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, -‘<samp>7.7pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>8.4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’. Change -it as with <code>\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}</code>. +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for +<code class="code">\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a class="pxref" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no +extra space between footnotes. This is ‘<samp class="samp">6.65pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’, +‘<samp class="samp">7.7pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">8.4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’. Change +it as with <code class="code">\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>The <code>\footnote</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>The <code class="code">\footnote</code> command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>LaTeX’s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a -<code>\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a -sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer -paragraph mode; see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). There are some workarounds; see +<code class="code">\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a +sectioning command such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer +paragraph mode; see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). There are some workarounds; see following sections. </p> -<span id="index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></span> -<span id="index-mpfootnote-counter"></span> -<p>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the -<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpfootnote-counter"></a> +<p>In a <code class="code">minipage</code> environment the <code class="code">\footnote</code> command uses the +<code class="code">mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code class="code">footnote</code> counter, so they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the environment, not at the bottom of the page. And by default they are -shown alphabetically. See <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a> and <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>. +shown alphabetically. See <a class="xref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1">11.2 <code class="code">\footnotemark</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cfootnotemark"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\footnotemark -\footnotemark[<var>number</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\footnotemark +\footnotemark[<var class="var">number</var>] </pre></div> <p>Put the current footnote mark in the text. To specify associated text -for the footnote see <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>. The optional argument -<var>number</var> causes the command to use that number to determine the +for the footnote see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a>. The optional argument +<var class="var">number</var> causes the command to use that number to determine the footnote mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode -(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). </p> -<p>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it -increments the <code>footnote</code> counter, but if you use the optional -<var>number</var> then it does not. The next example produces several +<p>If you use <code class="code">\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it +increments the <code class="code">footnote</code> counter, but if you use the optional +<var class="var">number</var> then it does not. The next example produces several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.} +<pre class="example-preformatted">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.} and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] </pre></div> @@ -10526,11 +10538,11 @@ and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] <p>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of the number of the common mark. This example gives the same institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors -(<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>\footnote</code>), by-hand giving the +(<code class="code">\thanks</code> is a version of <code class="code">\footnote</code>), by-hand giving the number of the footnote. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem} \author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds} \and A C Doyle\thanks{Durham University} \and S Holmes\footnotemark[1]} @@ -10542,7 +10554,7 @@ number of the footnote. is followed by the same footnote marker as the first. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver} All babies are illogical.\footnote{% Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}} Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{% @@ -10551,16 +10563,16 @@ Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}] Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby. </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></span> -<span id="index-cleveref-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cleveref-package-2"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref"></span> -<span id="index-hyperref-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package"></a> -<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <code>cleveref</code>. +<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <code class="code">cleveref</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble \crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3} ... The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker, Evers, 1994.} @@ -10568,91 +10580,91 @@ The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers, Chance, 1990.} But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></span> -<span id="index-hyperref-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-1"></a> -<p>It will work with the package <code>hyperref</code>. +<p>It will work with the package <code class="code">hyperref</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1">11.3 <code class="code">\footnotetext</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cfootnotetext"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\footnotetext{<var>text</var>} -\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\footnotetext{<var class="var">text</var>} +\footnotetext[<var class="var">number</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. It pairs with -<code>\footnotemark</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>) and can come anywhere after -that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). -The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the number of the footnote +<p>Place <var class="var">text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. It pairs with +<code class="code">\footnotemark</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a>) and can come anywhere after +that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +The optional argument <var class="var">number</var> changes the number of the footnote mark. </p> -<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a> and <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>, for usage +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code class="code">\footnotemark</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>, for usage examples. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\footnotetext</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3> -<span id="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></span> -<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a> <p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}} </pre></div> <p>causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional -argument to <code>\section</code> +argument to <code class="code">\section</code> </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\section[Please]{Please\footnote{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\section[Please]{Please\footnote{% Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}} </pre></div> -<p>No <code>\protect</code> is needed in front of <code>\footnote</code> here because +<p>No <code class="code">\protect</code> is needed in front of <code class="code">\footnote</code> here because what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Footnotes-in-a-table"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Footnotes-in-a-table"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-in-a-table-1">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3> -<span id="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></a> -<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> +<p>Inside a <code class="code">tabular</code> or <code class="code">array</code> environment the <code class="code">\footnote</code> command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a -<code>minipage</code> environment as here (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>). +<code class="code">minipage</code> environment as here (see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \centering \begin{tabular}{l|l} \textsc{Ship} &\textsc{Book} \\ \hline @@ -10666,18 +10678,18 @@ the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a \end{center} </pre></div> -<p>Inside a <code>minipage</code>, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change +<p>Inside a <code class="code">minipage</code>, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change that with something like -<code>\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). </p> <p>The footnotes in the prior example appear at the bottom of the -<code>minipage</code>. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as -part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and -<code>\footnotetext</code> pair and make a new counter. +<code class="code">minipage</code>. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as +part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code class="code">\footnotemark</code> and +<code class="code">\footnotetext</code> pair and make a new counter. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver} \begin{center} \begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \setcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}} \centering @@ -10697,14 +10709,14 @@ part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and \end{center} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-tablefootnote"></span> -<span id="index-tablefootnote-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tablefootnote"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tablefootnote-package"></a> -<p>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>), use the -<code>tablefootnote</code> package. +<p>For a floating <code class="code">table</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>), use the +<code class="code">tablefootnote</code> package. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble ... \begin{table} \centering @@ -10725,25 +10737,25 @@ other footnotes. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3> -<span id="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></span> -<span id="index-bigfoot-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bigfoot-package"></a> <p>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package -<code>bigfoot</code> extends LaTeX’s default footnote mechanism in many +<code class="code">bigfoot</code> extends LaTeX’s default footnote mechanism in many ways, including allow these two, as in this example. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble \DeclareNewFootnote{Default} \DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph] % create class \footnotefrom{} ... @@ -10756,93 +10768,96 @@ second.\footnotefrom{% <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Definitions"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Definitions"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Definitions-1">12 Definitions</h2> -<span id="index-definitions"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-definitions"></a> <p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2"><code>\providecommand</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4"><code>\@ifstar</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6"><code>\newlength</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7"><code>\newsavebox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8"><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9"><code>\newtheorem</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\providecommand</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\newlength</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li> <li><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1">12.1 <code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewcommand"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-redefining"></span> -<span id="index-defining-a-new-command"></span> -<span id="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnewcommand"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crenewcommand"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewcommand"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crenewcommand"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-redefining"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-a-new-command"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-redefining-a-command"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></a> -<p>Synopses, one of: +<p>Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} -\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} -\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\newcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\newcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\newcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\newcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\newcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\newcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} </pre></div> -<p>or one of these. +<p>or all the same possibilities with <code class="code">\renewcommand</code> instead of +<code class="code">\newcommand</code>: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\renewcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\renewcommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\renewcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\renewcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\renewcommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of -<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). + +<p>Define or redefine a command (see also <code class="code">\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in +<a class="ref" href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). </p> -<span id="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></span> -<span id="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></span> -<span id="index-_005clong"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clong"></a> <p>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing -multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms, the commands -are not <code>\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be +multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms: the commands +are not <code class="code">\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs. </p> -<p>These are the parameters: +<p>These are the parameters (examples follow): </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>cmd</var></span></dt> -<dd> -<p>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>, -and must not begin with the four character string <code>\end</code>. For -<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined. For -<code>\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined. +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">cmd</var></dt> +<dd><p>Required; <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is the command name. It must begin with a +backslash, <code class="code">\</code>, and must not begin with the four character string +<code class="code">\end</code>. For <code class="code">\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined. +For <code class="code">\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>nargs</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">nargs</var></dt> <dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments that the command takes, including any optional argument. Omitting this argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that the command has no @@ -10850,257 +10865,282 @@ arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a different number of arguments than the old version. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>optargdefault</var></span></dt> -<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of -<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var> -(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargsdefault</var> is not present -then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument. -</p> -<span id="index-positional-parameter"></span> -<p>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets, as in -<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the -parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the value of <var>optval</var>. On the -other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without the square brackets -then within <var>defn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the value of -<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, the required arguments start with -<code>#2</code>. -</p> -<p>Omitting <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is different from having the -square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former sets -<code>#1</code> to the value of <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter sets <code>#1</code> -to the empty string. -</p> -</dd> -<dt><span><var>defn</var></span></dt> +<dt id='index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using'><span><var class="var">optargdefault</var><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using"></a> +<p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of +<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var class="var">optargdefault</var> +(which may be the empty string). If <var class="var">optargdefault</var> is not present +then <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument. +</p> +<p>That is, if <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is called with a following argument in +square brackets, as in <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var>[<var class="var">optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then +within <var class="var">defn</var> the parameter <code class="code">#1</code> is set to <var class="var">optval</var>. +On the other hand, if <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> is called without following +square brackets then within <var class="var">defn</var> the parameter <code class="code">#1</code> is set +to <var class="var">optargdefault</var>. In either case, the required arguments start +with <code class="code">#2</code>. +</p> +<p>Omitting <code class="code">[<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]</code> from the definition is entirely +different from giving the square brackets with empty contents, as in +<code class="code">[]</code>. The former says the command being defined takes no +optional argument, so <code class="code">#1</code> is the first required argument (if +<em class="math"><var class="var">nargs</var> ≥ 1</em>); the latter sets the optional argument +<code class="code">#1</code> to the empty string as the default, if no optional argument +was given in the call. +</p> +<p>Similarly, omitting <code class="code">[<var class="var">optval</var>]</code> from a call is also entirely +different from giving the square brackets with empty contents. The +former sets <code class="code">#1</code> to the value of <var class="var">optval</var> (assuming the +command was defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets +<code class="code">#1</code> to the empty string, just as with any other value. +</p> +<p>If a command is not defined to take an optional argument, but is +called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: there +may be a LaTeX error, there may be incorrect typeset output, or both. +</p> +</dd> +<dt id='index-parameters_002c-substituting'><span><var class="var">defn</var><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-parameters_002c-substituting'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of -<code>\<var>cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, -... <code>#<var>nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values that you supply when -you call the command (or by the default value if there is an optional -argument and you don’t exercise the option). +<code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code class="code">#1</code>, <code class="code">#2</code>, +…, <code class="code">#<var class="var">nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values supplied when +the command is called (or by <var class="var">optargdefault</var> in the case of an +optional argument not specified in the call, as just explained). </p> </dd> </dl> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-blanks_002c-after-control-sequences"></a> <p>TeX ignores blanks in the source following a control word -(see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), as in ‘<samp>\cmd </samp>’. If you actually want a -space there, one solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command -(‘<samp>\cmd{} </samp>’, and another solution is to use an explicit control -space (‘<samp>\cmd\ </samp>’). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), as in ‘<samp class="samp">\cmd </samp>’. If you want a space +there, one solution is to type <code class="code">{}</code> after the command +(‘<samp class="samp">\cmd{} </samp>’), and another solution is to use an explicit control +space (‘<samp class="samp">\cmd\ </samp>’). </p> <p>A simple example of defining a new command: -<code>\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in <code>\RS</code> being +<code class="code">\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in <code class="code">\RS</code> being replaced by the longer text. Redefining an existing command is similar: -<code>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>. +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>. </p> -<p>If you try to define a command and the name has already been used then -you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \fred already -defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’. If you try -to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get -something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: \hank undefined</samp>’. +<p>If you use <code class="code">\newcommand</code> and the command name has already been +used then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \fred +already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’. +Similarly, If you use <code class="code">\renewcommand</code> and the command name has +not been defined then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: \hank +undefined</samp>’. </p> <p>Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and the -second, one with one required argument. +second, a command with one required argument: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary} \newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}} </pre></div> -<p>Use the first as in <code>I highly recommend \student{} to you</code>. The -second has a variable argument, so that <code>\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to -<code>Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which ultimately expands to -something like ‘<samp>Definition~3.14</samp>’. +<p>Use the first as in <code class="code">I highly recommend \student{} to you</code>. The +second has a variable argument, so that <code class="code">\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to +<code class="code">Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which ultimately expands to +something like ‘<samp class="samp">Definition~3.14</samp>’. </p> <p>Similarly, but with two required arguments: -<code>\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}</code> is invoked as -<code>\nbym{2}{k}</code>. +<code class="code">\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}</code> is invoked as +<code class="code">\nbym{2}{k}</code>. </p> <p>This example has an optional argument. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:} </pre></div> -<p>Then <code>\salutation</code> gives ‘<samp>Dear Sir or Madam:</samp>’ while -<code>\salutation[John]</code> gives ‘<samp>Dear John:</samp>’. And -<code>\salutation[]</code> gives ‘<samp>Dear :</samp>’. +<p>Then <code class="code">\salutation</code> gives ‘<samp class="samp">Dear Sir or Madam:</samp>’ while +<code class="code">\salutation[John]</code> gives ‘<samp class="samp">Dear John:</samp>’. And +<code class="code">\salutation[]</code> gives ‘<samp class="samp">Dear :</samp>’. </p> <p>This example has an optional argument and two required arguments. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1} I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}. </pre></div> -<p>The output is ‘<samp>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe</samp>’. The optional -argument, the <code>Howe</code>, is associated with <code>#1</code>, while -<code>Dewey</code> and <code>Cheatem</code> are associated with <code>#2</code> -and <code>#3</code>. Because of the optional argument, -<code>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</code> will give the output ‘<samp>I employ -Dewey, Cheatem, and company</samp>’. +<p>The output is ‘<samp class="samp">I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.</samp>’. The optional +argument, <code class="code">Howe</code>, is associated with <code class="code">#1</code>, while +<code class="code">Dewey</code> and <code class="code">Cheatem</code> are associated with <code class="code">#2</code> +and <code class="code">#3</code>. Because of the optional argument, +<code class="code">\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</code> will give the output ‘<samp class="samp">I +employ Dewey, Cheatem, and company.</samp>’. </p> -<p>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do not -delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var>defn</var>. For example, -with <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code>, in this sentence, +<p>The braces around <var class="var">defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do not +delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var class="var">defn</var>. For example, +with <code class="code">\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code>, in this sentence, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}. +<pre class="example-preformatted">The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}. </pre></div> -<p>the words ‘<samp>met the</samp>’ would incorrectly be in italics. The solution -is to put another pair of braces inside the definition: -<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>. +<p>the words ‘<samp class="samp">met the</samp>’, and the period, would incorrectly be in +italics. The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the +definition: <code class="code">\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Control-sequences" accesskey="1">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="Control-sequences"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Control-sequences"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Up: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Up: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol"></span><h4 class="subsection">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</h4> + +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-control-sequences"></a> -<p>When reading input TeX converts the sequences of read characters into -a sequence of <em>tokens</em>. When TeX sees a backslash <code>\</code>, it -will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a -<em>control sequence</em> token. +<p>When reading input TeX converts the stream of read characters into a +sequence of <em class="dfn">tokens</em>. When TeX sees a backslash <code class="code">\</code>, it will +handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a +<em class="dfn">control sequence</em> token. </p> <p>The control sequences fall into two categories: </p> -<ul> -<li> <em>control word</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a -<code>\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one -blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the -<em>control sequence name</em>. -</li><li> <em>control symbol</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a -<code>\</code> followed by one non-letter character. +<ul class="itemize mark-bullet"> +<li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-control-word_002c-defined"></a> +<em class="dfn">control word</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a +<code class="code">\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter (<code class="code">A-Z</code> and +<code class="code">a-z</code>), followed by at least one non-letter. + +</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-control-symbol_002c-defined"></a> +<em class="dfn">control symbol</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a +<code class="code">\</code> followed by one non-letter character. </li></ul> +<p>The sequence of characters so found after the <code class="code">\</code> is also called +the <em class="dfn">control sequence name</em>. +</p> <p>Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any -whitespace in the output (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a> and -<a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>). +whitespace in the output (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a> and +<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>). </p> -<p>Just as the <code>\relax</code> command does nothing, the following will print -‘<samp>Hello!</samp>’: +<p>Just as the <code class="code">\relax</code> command does nothing, the following input +will simply print ‘<samp class="samp">Hello!</samp>’ : </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> +<pre class="example-preformatted">Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->lo! </pre></div> -<p>This is because blanks after <code>\relax</code>, including the newline are +<p>This is because blanks after <code class="code">\relax</code>, including the newline, are ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored -(see <a href="#Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</a>). </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1">12.2 <code class="code">\providecommand</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cprovidecommand"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></span> -<span id="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></span> -<span id="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprovidecommand"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></a> <p>Synopses, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} -\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} -\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\providecommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\providecommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\providecommand{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\providecommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\providecommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} +\providecommand*{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">defn</var>} </pre></div> <p>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists. If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect -as <code>\newcommand</code>. If a command of this name already exists then +as <code class="code">\newcommand</code>. If a command of this name already exists then this definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file. -See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>, for the description of the arguments. +See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>, for the description of the arguments. </p> <p>This example </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College} \providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV} From \myaffiliation. </pre></div> -<p>outputs ‘<samp>From Saint Michael's College</samp>’. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code>, -the repeated use of <code>\providecommand</code> does not give an error. +<p>outputs ‘<samp class="samp">From Saint Michael's College.</samp>’. Unlike +<code class="code">\newcommand</code>, the repeated use of <code class="code">\providecommand</code> to (try +to) define <code class="code">\myaffiliation</code> does not give an error. </p> - <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1">12.3 <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></h3> + +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakeatother"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeatother"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeatother-1"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\makeatletter +<pre class="example-preformatted">\makeatletter ... definition of commands with @ in their name .. \makeatother </pre></div> <p>Use this pair when you redefine LaTeX commands that are named with an -at-sign character ‘<samp><code>@</code></samp>’. The <code>\makeatletter</code> +at-sign character ‘<samp class="samp"><code class="code">@</code></samp>’. The <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> declaration makes the at-sign character have the category code of a -letter, code 11. The <code>\makeatother</code> declaration sets the +letter, code 11. The <code class="code">\makeatother</code> declaration sets the category code of the at-sign to code 12, its default value. </p> <p>As TeX reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or -<span id="index-catcode"></span> -<span id="index-character-category-code"></span> -<span id="index-category-code_002c-character"></span> -<em>catcode</em>. For instance, it assigns the backslash -character ‘<samp><code>\</code></samp>’ the catcode 0. Command names +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-catcode"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-category-code"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-category-code_002c-character"></a> +<em class="dfn">catcode</em>. For instance, it assigns the backslash +character ‘<samp class="samp"><code class="code">\</code></samp>’ the catcode 0. Command names consist of a category 0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters, category 11 characters (except that a command name can also consist of a category 0 character followed by a single non-letter symbol). </p> <p>LaTeX’s source code has the convention that some commands use -<code>@</code> in their name. These commands are mainly intended for package +<code class="code">@</code> in their name. These commands are mainly intended for package or class writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a package or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of their own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12. </p> -<p>Use the pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> inside a -<samp>.tex</samp> file, typically in the preamble, when you are defining or -redefining commands named with <code>@</code>, by having them surround your -definition. Don’t use these inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files -since the <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already +<p>Use the pair <code class="code">\makeatletter</code> and <code class="code">\makeatother</code> inside a +<samp class="file">.tex</samp> file, typically in the preamble, when you are defining or +redefining commands named with <code class="code">@</code>, by having them surround your +definition. Don’t use these inside <samp class="file">.sty</samp> or <samp class="file">.cls</samp> files +since the <code class="code">\usepackage</code> and <code class="code">\documentclass</code> commands already arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter, catcode 11. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-macros2e"></span> -<span id="index-macros2e-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macros2e-package"></a> <p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see -<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>. </p> <p>In this example the class file has a command -<code>\thesis@universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These +<code class="code">\thesis@universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These three lines should go in the preamble, before the -<code>\begin{document}</code>. +<code class="code">\begin{document}</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\makeatletter +<pre class="example-preformatted">\makeatletter \renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College} \makeatother </pre></div> @@ -11108,56 +11148,56 @@ three lines should go in the preamble, before the <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1">12.4 <code class="code">\@ifstar</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></span> -<span id="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}} -\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[<var>nostar-num-args</var>]{<var>nostar-body</var>} -\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[<var>star-num-args</var>]{<var>star-body</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}} +\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[<var class="var">nostar-num-args</var>]{<var class="var">nostar-body</var>} +\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[<var class="var">star-num-args</var>]{<var class="var">star-body</var>} </pre></div> <p>Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the -same name but ending with a star character <code>*</code>, an asterisk. -Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the -<code>\section</code> and <code>\section*</code> commands. +same name but ending with a star character <code class="code">*</code>, an asterisk. +Examples are the <code class="code">table</code> and <code class="code">table*</code> environments and the +<code class="code">\section</code> and <code class="code">\section*</code> commands. </p> <p>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward -because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the +because <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> and <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code> allow the environment name to contain a star. So you just have to write -<code>\newenvironment{<var>myenv</var>}</code> or -<code>\newenvironment{<var>myenv</var>*}</code> and continue the definition as +<code class="code">\newenvironment{<var class="var">myenv</var>}</code> or +<code class="code">\newenvironment{<var class="var">myenv</var>*}</code> and continue the definition as usual. For commands the situation is more complex as the star not being a letter cannot be part of the command name. As in the synopsis above, -there will be a user-called command, given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which +there will be a user-called command, given above as <code class="code">\mycmd</code>, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For instance, LaTeX -does not really have a <code>\section*</code> command; instead, the -<code>\section</code> command peeks ahead. This command does not accept +does not really have a <code class="code">\section*</code> command; instead, the +<code class="code">\section</code> command peeks ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept -arguments. In the synopsis these two are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and -<code>\mycmd@star</code>. They could take the same number of arguments or a +arguments. In the synopsis these two are <code class="code">\mycmd@nostar</code> and +<code class="code">\mycmd@star</code>. They could take the same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all. As always, in a LaTeX -document a command using an at-sign <code>@</code> in its name must be -enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block -(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>). +document a command using an at-sign <code class="code">@</code> in its name must be +enclosed inside a <code class="code">\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>). </p> -<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a -variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to -<code>\ciel{blue}</code> will return "not starry blue sky" while -<code>\ciel*{night}</code> will return "starry night sky". +<p>This example of <code class="code">\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code class="code">\ciel</code> and a +variant <code class="code">\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to +<code class="code">\ciel{blue}</code> will return "not starry blue sky" while +<code class="code">\ciel*{night}</code> will return "starry night sky". </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\makeatletter +<pre class="example-preformatted">\makeatletter \newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{not starry #1 sky} \newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry #1 sky} \newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}} @@ -11166,12 +11206,12 @@ variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to <p>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007’s -<code>``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, +<code class="code">``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''</code> is equivalent to entering the commands -<code>``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code> +<code class="code">``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code> </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}} \newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}} \newcommand*{\agentsecret}{% \@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}} @@ -11181,168 +11221,168 @@ arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007’s argument. (This differs from environment names in which the star is part of the name itself and as such could be in any position.) Thus, it is technically possible to put any number of spaces between the -command and the star. Thus <code>\agentsecret*{Bond}</code> and -<code>\agentsecret *<!-- /@w -->{Bond}</code> are equivalent. However, the +command and the star. Thus <code class="code">\agentsecret*{Bond}</code> and +<code class="code">\agentsecret *<!-- /@w -->{Bond}</code> are equivalent. However, the standard practice is not to insert any such spaces. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-suffix"></span> -<span id="index-suffix-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-suffix"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-suffix-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-xparse-1"></span> -<span id="index-xparse-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xparse-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xparse-package-1"></a> <p>There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of -<code>\@ifstar</code>. (1) The <code>suffix</code> package allows the -construct <code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred-variant</var>}</code> +<code class="code">\@ifstar</code>. (1) The <code class="code">suffix</code> package allows the +construct <code class="code">\newcommand\mycommand{<var class="var">unstarred-variant</var>}</code> followed by -<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred-variant</var>}</code>. -(2) LaTeX provides the <code>xparse</code> package, which allows +<code class="code">\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var class="var">starred-variant</var>}</code>. +(2) LaTeX provides the <code class="code">xparse</code> package, which allows this code: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1 - {<var>starred-variant</var>}% - {<var>unstarred-variant</var>}% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1 + {<var class="var">starred-variant</var>}% + {<var class="var">unstarred-variant</var>}% } </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcounter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewcounter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newlength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newlength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@ifstar</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></span><h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter">12.5 <code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewcounter"></span> -<span id="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewcounter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>countername</var>} -\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{<var class="var">countername</var>} +\newcounter{<var class="var">countername</var>}[<var class="var">supercounter</var>] </pre></div> -<p>Globally defines a new counter named <var>countername</var> and initialize it -to zero (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). +<p>Globally defines a new counter named <var class="var">countername</var> and initialize it +to zero (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>). </p> -<p>The name <var>countername</var> must consist of letters only. It does not +<p>The name <var class="var">countername</var> must consist of letters only. It does not begin with a backslash. This name must not already be in use by another counter. </p> -<p>When you use the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> then the -counter <var>countername</var> will be reset to zero whenever -<var>supercounter</var> is incremented. For example, ordinarily -<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code> so that any time you -increment <var>section</var>, either with <code>\stepcounter</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>), then LaTeX will reset <var>subsection</var> to +<p>When you use the optional argument <code class="code">[<var class="var">supercounter</var>]</code> then the +counter <var class="var">countername</var> will be reset to zero whenever +<var class="var">supercounter</var> is incremented. For example, ordinarily +<code class="code">subsection</code> is numbered within <code class="code">section</code> so that any time you +increment <var class="var">section</var>, either with <code class="code">\stepcounter</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>) or <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>), then LaTeX will reset <var class="var">subsection</var> to zero. </p> <p>This example </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcounter{asuper} \setcounter{asuper}{1} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{asuper} \setcounter{asuper}{1} \newcounter{asub}[asuper] \setcounter{asub}{3} % Note `asuper' The value of asuper is \arabic{asuper} and of asub is \arabic{asub}. \stepcounter{asuper} Now asuper is \arabic{asuper} while asub is \arabic{asub}. </pre></div> -<p>produces ‘<samp>The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3</samp>’ and -‘<samp>Now asuper is 2 while asub is 0</samp>’. +<p>produces ‘<samp class="samp">The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3</samp>’ and +‘<samp class="samp">Now asuper is 2 while asub is 0</samp>’. </p> -<p>If the counter already exists, for instance by entering <code>asuper</code> -twice, then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \c@asuper +<p>If the counter already exists, for instance by entering <code class="code">asuper</code> +twice, then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \c@asuper already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.</samp>’. </p> <p>If you use the optional argument then the super counter must already -exist. Entering <code>\newcounter{jh}[lh]</code> when <code>lh</code> is not a -defined counter will get you ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh' +exist. Entering <code class="code">\newcounter{jh}[lh]</code> when <code class="code">lh</code> is not a +defined counter will get you ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh' defined.</samp>’ </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewlength"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewlength"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewlength-1">12.6 <code class="code">\newlength</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewlength"></span> -<span id="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></span> -<span id="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></span> -<span id="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></span> -<span id="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewlength"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newlength{\<var>len</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\<var class="var">len</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Allocate a new length register (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The required argument -<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under +<p>Allocate a new length register (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The required argument +<code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under normal circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as -<code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (a LaTeX length -register is what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code> register). The -initial value is zero. The control sequence <code>\<var>len</var></code> must not +<code class="code">72.27pt</code> or <code class="code">1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (a LaTeX length +register is what plain TeX calls a <code class="code">skip</code> register). The +initial value is zero. The control sequence <code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> must not be already defined. </p> <p>An example: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newlength{\graphichgt} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\graphichgt} </pre></div> -<p>If you forget the backslash then you get ‘<samp>Missing control sequence +<p>If you forget the backslash then you get ‘<samp class="samp">Missing control sequence inserted</samp>’. If the control sequence already exists then you get -something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined. +something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1">12.7 <code class="code">\newsavebox</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewsavebox"></span> -<span id="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\<var>cmd</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\<var class="var">cmd</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Define \<var>cmd</var>, the string consisting of a backslash followed by -<var>cmd</var>, to refer to a new bin for storing material. These bins hold +<p>Define \<var class="var">cmd</var>, the string consisting of a backslash followed by +<var class="var">cmd</var>, to refer to a new bin for storing material. These bins hold material that has been typeset, to use multiple times or to measure or -manipulate (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). The bin name \<var>cmd</var> is required, must +manipulate (see <a class="pxref" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). The bin name \<var class="var">cmd</var> is required, must start with a backslash, \, and must not already be a defined command. -This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>This allocates a bin and then puts typeset material into it. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\logobox} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\logobox} \savebox{\logobox}{LoGo} Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}. </pre></div> -<p>The output is ‘<samp>Our logo is LoGo</samp>’. +<p>The output is ‘<samp class="samp">Our logo is LoGo</samp>’. </p> <p>If there is an already defined bin then you get something like -‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \logobox already defined. Or name +‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \logobox already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’. </p> <p>The allocation of a box is global. @@ -11350,124 +11390,124 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1">12.8 <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewenvironment"></span> -<span id="index-_005crenewenvironment"></span> -<span id="index-environments_002c-defining"></span> -<span id="index-defining-new-environments"></span> -<span id="index-redefining-environments"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005crenewenvironment"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environments_002c-defining"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-new-environments"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-redefining-environments"></a> <p>Synopses, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\newenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\newenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\newenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\newenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\newenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\newenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} </pre></div> <p>or one of these. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\renewenvironment*{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\renewenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\renewenvironment{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\renewenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\renewenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} +\renewenvironment*{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">nargs</var>][<var class="var">optargdefault</var>]{<var class="var">begdef</var>}{<var class="var">enddef</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the -construct <code>\begin{<var>env</var>} ... <var>body</var> ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. +<p>Define or redefine the environment <var class="var">env</var>, that is, create the +construct <code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>} ... <var class="var">body</var> ... \end{<var class="var">env</var>}</code>. </p> -<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></a> <p>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these environments can contain multiple paragraphs. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>env</var></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">env</var></dt> <dd><p>Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the -<code>*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash, <code>\</code>. -It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For -<code>\newenvironment</code>, the name <var>env</var> must not be the name of an -already existing environment, and also the command <code>\<var>env</var></code> -must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be the +<code class="code">*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash, <code class="code">\</code>. +It must not begin with the string <code class="code">end</code>. For +<code class="code">\newenvironment</code>, the name <var class="var">env</var> must not be the name of an +already existing environment, and also the command <code class="code">\<var class="var">env</var></code> +must be undefined. For <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code>, <var class="var">env</var> must be the name of an existing environment. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>nargs</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">nargs</var></dt> <dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of that the environment takes. When you use the environment these -arguments appear after the <code>\begin</code>, as in -<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}{<var>arg1</var>} ... {<var>argn</var>}</code>. Omitting +arguments appear after the <code class="code">\begin</code>, as in +<code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>}{<var class="var">arg1</var>} ... {<var class="var">argn</var>}</code>. Omitting this is equivalent to setting it to 0; the environment will have no arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have a different number of arguments than the old version. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>optargdefault</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">optargdefault</var></dt> <dd><p>Optional; if this is present then the first argument of the defined -environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var> (which +environment is optional, with default value <var class="var">optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string). If this is not in the definition then the environment does not take an optional argument. </p> -<p>That is, when <var>optargdefault</var> is present in the definition of the +<p>That is, when <var class="var">optargdefault</var> is present in the definition of the environment then you can start the environment with square brackets, as -in <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}[<var>optval</var>]{...} ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. -In this case, within <var>begdefn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the -value of <var>optval</var>. If you call <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code> without -square brackets, then within <var>begdefn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is -set to the value of the default <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, -any required arguments start with <code>#2</code>. +in <code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>}[<var class="var">optval</var>]{...} ... \end{<var class="var">env</var>}</code>. +In this case, within <var class="var">begdefn</var> the parameter <code class="code">#1</code> is set to the +value of <var class="var">optval</var>. If you call <code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>}</code> without +square brackets, then within <var class="var">begdefn</var> the parameter <code class="code">#1</code> is +set to the value of the default <var class="var">optargdefault</var>. In either case, +any required arguments start with <code class="code">#2</code>. </p> -<p>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different than having the -square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results -in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in -<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string. +<p>Omitting <code class="code">[<var class="var">myval</var>]</code> in the call is different than having the +square brackets with no contents, as in <code class="code">[]</code>. The former results +in <code class="code">#1</code> expanding to <var class="var">optargdefault</var>; the latter results in +<code class="code">#1</code> expanding to the empty string. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>begdef</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">begdef</var></dt> <dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of -<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>. Within <var>begdef</var>, the parameters -<code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, ... <code>#<var>nargs</var></code>, are replaced by the +<code class="code">\begin{<var class="var">env</var>}</code>. Within <var class="var">begdef</var>, the parameters +<code class="code">#1</code>, <code class="code">#2</code>, ... <code class="code">#<var class="var">nargs</var></code>, are replaced by the values that you supply when you call the environment; see the examples below. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>enddef</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">enddef</var></dt> <dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of -<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. This may not contain any parameters, that is, -you cannot use <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, etc., here (but see the final +<code class="code">\end{<var class="var">env</var>}</code>. This may not contain any parameters, that is, +you cannot use <code class="code">#1</code>, <code class="code">#2</code>, etc., here (but see the final example below). </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>All environments, that is to say the <var>begdef</var> code, the environment -body, and the <var>enddef</var> code, are processed within a group. Thus, in -the first example below, the effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to +<p>All environments, that is to say the <var class="var">begdef</var> code, the environment +body, and the <var class="var">enddef</var> code, are processed within a group. Thus, in +the first example below, the effect of the <code class="code">\small</code> is limited to the quote and does not extend to material following the environment. </p> <p>If you try to define an environment and the name has already been used -then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \fred already +then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Command \fred already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>’. If you try to redefine an environment and the name has not yet been used then you -get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.</samp>’. +get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.</samp>’. </p> -<p>This example gives an environment like LaTeX’s <code>quotation</code> +<p>This example gives an environment like LaTeX’s <code class="code">quotation</code> except that it will be set in smaller type. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newenvironment{smallquote}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{smallquote}{% \small\begin{quotation} }{% \end{quotation} @@ -11478,7 +11518,7 @@ except that it will be set in smaller type. paragraph. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newenvironment{point}[1]{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{point}[1]{% \noindent\textbf{#1} }{% } @@ -11488,7 +11528,7 @@ paragraph. environment that cites the author. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{% \begin{quotation} \noindent\textit{#1}: }{% @@ -11496,20 +11536,20 @@ environment that cites the author. } </pre></div> -<p>The author’s name is optional, and defaults to ‘<samp>Shakespeare</samp>’. In +<p>The author’s name is optional, and defaults to ‘<samp class="samp">Shakespeare</samp>’. In the document, use the environment like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{citequote}[Lincoln] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{citequote}[Lincoln] ... \end{citequote} </pre></div> <p>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in -<var>enddef</var>, in this case in a box (see <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>). +<var class="var">enddef</var>, in this case in a box (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor} \newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{% \sbox\quoteauthor{#1}% \begin{quotation} @@ -11522,92 +11562,92 @@ the document, use the environment like this. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newfont</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newenvironment</code> & <code class="code">\renewenvironment</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1">12.9 <code class="code">\newtheorem</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewtheorem"></span> -<span id="index-theorems_002c-defining"></span> -<span id="index-defining-new-theorems"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-new-theorems"></a> -<span id="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></span> -<span id="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>} -\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>] -\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">title</var>} +\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">title</var>}[<var class="var">numbered_within</var>] +\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}[<var class="var">numbered_like</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>} </pre></div> <p>Define a new theorem-like environment. You can specify one of -<var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>, or neither, but not both. +<var class="var">numbered_within</var> and <var class="var">numbered_like</var>, or neither, but not both. </p> -<p>The first form, <code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}</code>, creates -an environment that will be labelled with <var>title</var>; see the first +<p>The first form, <code class="code">\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">title</var>}</code>, creates +an environment that will be labelled with <var class="var">title</var>; see the first example below. </p> <p>The second form, -<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}{<var>title</var>}[<var>numbered_within</var>]</code>, +<code class="code">\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">title</var>}[<var class="var">numbered_within</var>]</code>, creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing -counter <var>numbered_within</var>, so this counter will be reset when -<var>numbered_within</var> is reset. See the second example below. +counter <var class="var">numbered_within</var>, so this counter will be reset when +<var class="var">numbered_within</var> is reset. See the second example below. </p> <p>The third form -<code>\newtheorem{<var>name</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code>, +<code class="code">\newtheorem{<var class="var">name</var>}[<var class="var">numbered_like</var>]{<var class="var">title</var>}</code>, with optional argument between the two required arguments, creates an environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter -<var>numbered_like</var>. See the third example. +<var class="var">numbered_like</var>. See the third example. </p> -<p>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>. In addition, unless -the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the -theorem-like environment the current <code>\ref</code> value will be that of -<code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>). +<p>This command creates a counter named <var class="var">name</var>. In addition, unless +the optional argument <var class="var">numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the +theorem-like environment the current <code class="code">\ref</code> value will be that of +<code class="code">\the<var class="var">numbered_within</var></code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cref"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>). </p> -<p>This declaration is global. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>This declaration is global. It is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>Arguments: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>name</var></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">name</var></dt> <dd><p>The name of the environment. It is a string of letters. It must not -begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. It must not be the name of an -existing environment, and the command name <code>\<var>name</var></code> must not +begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code>. It must not be the name of an +existing environment, and the command name <code class="code">\<var class="var">name</var></code> must not already be defined. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>title</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">title</var></dt> <dd><p>The text to be printed at the beginning of the environment, before the -number. For example, ‘<samp>Theorem</samp>’. +number. For example, ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>numbered_within</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">numbered_within</var></dt> <dd><p>Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a sectional -unit such as <code>chapter</code> or <code>section</code>. When the -<var>numbered_within</var> counter is reset then the <var>name</var> environment’s +unit such as <code class="code">chapter</code> or <code class="code">section</code>. When the +<var class="var">numbered_within</var> counter is reset then the <var class="var">name</var> environment’s counter will also be reset. </p> <p>If this optional argument is not used then the command -<code>\the<var>name</var></code> is set to <code>\arabic{<var>name</var>}</code>. +<code class="code">\the<var class="var">name</var></code> is set to <code class="code">\arabic{<var class="var">name</var>}</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>numbered_like</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">numbered_like</var></dt> <dd><p>Optional; the name of an already defined theorem-like environment. The -new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var>numbered_like</var>. +new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var class="var">numbered_like</var>. </p> </dd> </dl> <p>Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered sequentially. The example below has a declaration in the preamble that -results in ‘<samp>Definition 1</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Definition 2</samp>’ in the +results in ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 1</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 2</samp>’ in the output. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition} \begin{document} \section{...} \begin{defn} @@ -11621,12 +11661,12 @@ output. </pre></div> <p>This example has the same document body as the prior one. But here -<code>\newtheorem</code>’s optional argument <var>numbered_within</var> is given as -<code>section</code>, so the output is like ‘<samp>Definition 1.1</samp>’ and -‘<samp>Definition 2.1</samp>’. +<code class="code">\newtheorem</code>’s optional argument <var class="var">numbered_within</var> is given as +<code class="code">section</code>, so the output is like ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 1.1</samp>’ and +‘<samp class="samp">Definition 2.1</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] \begin{document} \section{...} \begin{defn} @@ -11640,12 +11680,12 @@ output. </pre></div> <p>In the next example there are two declarations in the preamble, the -second of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same -counter as <code>defn</code>. It gives ‘<samp>Definition 1.1</samp>’, followed -by ‘<samp>Theorem 2.1</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Definition 2.2</samp>’. +second of which calls for the new <code class="code">thm</code> environment to use the same +counter as <code class="code">defn</code>. It gives ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 1.1</samp>’, followed +by ‘<samp class="samp">Theorem 2.1</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Definition 2.2</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] \newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem} \begin{document} \section{...} @@ -11666,47 +11706,47 @@ by ‘<samp>Theorem 2.1</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Definition <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewfont"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewfont"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\protect</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newtheorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cnewfont-1">12.10 <code class="code">\newfont</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cnewfont"></span> -<span id="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></span> -<span id="index-defining-new-fonts"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewfont"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-defining-new-fonts"></a> <p>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old documents. New documents should define fonts in families through the New Font Selection Scheme which allows you to, for example, associate a -boldface with a roman (see <a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a>). +boldface with a roman (see <a class="pxref" href="#Fonts">Fonts</a>). </p> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newfont{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>font description</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newfont{\<var class="var">cmd</var>}{<var class="var">font description</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Define a command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> that will change the current font. +<p>Define a command <code class="code">\<var class="var">cmd</var></code> that will change the current font. The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a -backslash, <code>\</code>. -</p> -<span id="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></span> -<span id="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></span> -<p>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional -<em>at clause</em>. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named -<samp><var>fontname</var>.tfm</samp>. The at clause can have the form either -<code>at <var>dimen</var></code> or <code>scaled <var>factor</var></code>, where a -<var>factor</var> of ‘<samp>1000</samp>’ means no scaling. For LaTeX’s purposes, +backslash, <code class="code">\</code>. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></a> +<p>The <var class="var">font description</var> consists of a <var class="var">fontname</var> and an optional +<em class="dfn">at clause</em>. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named +<samp class="file"><var class="var">fontname</var>.tfm</samp>. The at clause can have the form either +<code class="code">at <var class="var">dimen</var></code> or <code class="code">scaled <var class="var">factor</var></code>, where a +<var class="var">factor</var> of ‘<samp class="samp">1000</samp>’ means no scaling. For LaTeX’s purposes, all this does is scale all the character and other font dimensions relative to the font’s design size, which is a value defined in the -<samp>.tfm</samp> file. +<samp class="file">.tfm</samp> file. </p> <p>This defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few characters in each. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt} \newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 1100} \testfontat abc \testfontscaled abc @@ -11715,18 +11755,18 @@ relative to the font’s design size, which is a value defined in the <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cprotect"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cprotect"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newfont</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newfont</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cprotect-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.11 <code>\protect</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cprotect-1">12.11 <code class="code">\protect</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cprotect"></span> -<span id="index-fragile-commands"></span> -<span id="index-robust-commands"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprotect"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fragile-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-robust-commands"></a> -<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em>fragile</em> or <em>robust</em>. A +<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em class="dfn">fragile</em> or <em class="dfn">robust</em>. A fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands. Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material @@ -11734,49 +11774,49 @@ that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from breaking, one solution is to preceded them with the command -<code>\protect</code>. +<code class="code">\protect</code>. </p> -<p>For example, when LaTeX runs the <code>\section{<var>section -name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the -<samp>.aux</samp> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the +<p>For example, when LaTeX runs the <code class="code">\section{<var class="var">section +name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var class="var">section name</var> text to the +<samp class="file">.aux</samp> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is internally expanded by LaTeX without typesetting it directly is referred to as a -<span id="index-moving-arguments"></span> -<em>moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-moving-arguments"></a> +<em class="dfn">moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can expand during this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of -moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{...}</code> -command (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>), in the <code>\thanks{...}</code> command -(see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>), and in @-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and -<code>array</code> environments (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>). +moving arguments are those that appear in the <code class="code">\caption{...}</code> +command (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a>), in the <code class="code">\thanks{...}</code> command +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a>), and in @-expressions in the <code class="code">tabular</code> and +<code class="code">array</code> environments (see <a class="pxref" href="#tabular"><code class="code">tabular</code></a>). </p> <p>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try -preceding it with <code>\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be -protected with their own <code>\protect</code>. +preceding it with <code class="code">\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be +protected with their own <code class="code">\protect</code>. </p> -<p>Although usually a <code>\protect</code> command doesn’t hurt, length -commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code>\protect</code> -command. Nor can a <code>\protect</code> command be used in the argument to -<code>\addtocounter</code> or <code>\setcounter</code> command. +<p>Although usually a <code class="code">\protect</code> command doesn’t hurt, length +commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code class="code">\protect</code> +command. Nor can a <code class="code">\protect</code> command be used in the argument to +<code class="code">\addtocounter</code> or <code class="code">\setcounter</code> command. </p> -<p>In this example the <code>\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error +<p>In this example the <code class="code">\caption</code> command gives a mysterious error about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each -<code>\raisebox</code> command with <code>\protect</code>. +<code class="code">\raisebox</code> command with <code class="code">\protect</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{figure} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure} ... \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}} \end{figure} </pre></div> -<p>In the next example the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error -because the <code>\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal TeX -in the <samp>.toc</samp> file. You can solve this by changing <code>\(..\)</code> -to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>. +<p>In the next example the <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error +because the <code class="code">\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal TeX +in the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> file. You can solve this by changing <code class="code">\(..\)</code> +to <code class="code">\protect\(..\protect\)</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{document} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document} \tableofcontents ... \section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)} @@ -11786,44 +11826,44 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\protect</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1">12.12 <code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cignorespaces"></span> -<span id="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></span> -<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cignorespaces"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cignorespacesafterend"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cignorespaces"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ignorespaces +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ignorespaces </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ignorespacesafterend +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ignorespacesafterend </pre></div> <p>Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore blanks (that is, characters of catcode 10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the command up to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a -command from plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. +primitive command of TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. </p> -<p>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via -<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The +<p>The <code class="code">\ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via +<code class="code">\newcommand</code>, or <code class="code">\newenvironment</code>, or <code class="code">\def</code>. The example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as -shown in the <code>enumerate</code> list, users must not put any space between +shown in the <code class="code">enumerate</code> list, users must not put any space between the command and the question text. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} \begin{enumerate} \item\points{10}no extra space output here \item\points{15} extra space between the number and the `extra' @@ -11833,17 +11873,17 @@ the command and the question text. <p>The solution is to change to this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\points}[1]{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\points}[1]{% \makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces} </pre></div> <p>A second example shows blanks being removed from the front of text. The commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then -<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that. +<code class="code">\fullname</code> will reproduce that. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}} % remember title +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}} % remember title \newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\honorific~#1} % put title before name \begin{tabular}{|l|} @@ -11853,20 +11893,20 @@ as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then </pre></div> <p>To fix this, change to -<code>\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}</code>. +<code class="code">\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}</code>. </p> -<p>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code>\newenvironment</code> -at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, as in -<code>\begin{newenvironment}{<var>env +<p>The <code class="code">\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code class="code">\newenvironment</code> +at the end of the <var class="var">begin</var> clause, as in +<code class="code">\begin{newenvironment}{<var class="var">env name</var>}{... \ignorespaces}{...}</code>. </p> <p>To strip blanks off the end of an environment use -<code>\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much +<code class="code">\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much larger vertical space between the first and second environments than between the second and third. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} \begin{eq} e=mc^2 \end{eq} @@ -11878,222 +11918,223 @@ E=IR \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>Putting a comment character <code>%</code> immediately after the -<code>\end{eq}</code> will make the vertical space disappear, but that is +<p>Putting a comment character <code class="code">%</code> immediately after the +<code class="code">\end{eq}</code> will make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The solution is to change to -<code>\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}</code>. +<code class="code">\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="xspace-package"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="xspace-package"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="xspace-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.13 xspace package</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="xspace-package-1">12.13 xspace package</h3> -<span id="index-_005cxspace"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-xspace"></span> -<span id="index-xspace-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cxspace"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xspace"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xspace-package"></a> -<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{xspace} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{xspace} ... \newcommand{...}{...\xspace} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command definition, +<p>The <code class="code">\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command definition, adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation characters. </p> -<p>After a command control sequence that is a control word (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code>\$</code>), TeX +<p>After a command control sequence that is a control word (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code class="code">\$</code>), TeX gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output -has ‘<samp>Vermont</samp>’ placed snugly against the period, without any +has ‘<samp class="samp">Vermont</samp>’ placed snugly against the period, without any intervening space. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont} Our college is in \VT . The \VT{} summers are nice. </pre></div> <p>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly -braces or else there would be no space separating ‘<samp>Vermont</samp>’ from -‘<samp>summers</samp>’. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space -<code>\ </code> for this. See <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>.) +braces or else there would be no space separating ‘<samp class="samp">Vermont</samp>’ from +‘<samp class="samp">summers</samp>’. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space +<code class="code">\ </code> for this. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>.) </p> -<p>The <code>xspace</code> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing -commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place +<p>The <code class="code">xspace</code> package provides <code class="code">\xspace</code>. It is for writing +commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be placed at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace} Our college is in \VT . \VT summers are nice. </pre></div> -<p>The default exception list contains the characters <code>,.'/?;:!~-)</code>, +<p>The default exception list contains the characters <code class="code">,.'/?;:!~-)</code>, the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above, -and the commands <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotemark</code>. Add to that -list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code> which adds -<code>\myfni</code> and <code>\myfnii</code> to the list, and remove from that -list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>. +and the commands <code class="code">\footnote</code> or <code class="code">\footnotemark</code>. Add to that +list as with <code class="code">\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code> which adds +<code class="code">\myfni</code> and <code class="code">\myfnii</code> to the list, and remove from that +list as with <code class="code">\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>. </p> -<p>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code>\xspace</code>. Putting it in +<p>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code class="code">\xspace</code>. Putting it in a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right. But it isn’t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because -<code>\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another -command, and so <code>\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more +<code class="code">\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another +command, and so <code class="code">\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Counters"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Counters"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Counters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Counters-1">13 Counters</h2> -<span id="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></span> -<span id="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a> <p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the environment or command associated with the number, except that the -counter’s name has no backslash <code>\</code>. Thus, associated with -the <code>\chapter</code> command is the <code>chapter</code> counter that keeps +counter’s name has no backslash <code class="code">\</code>. Thus, associated with +the <code class="code">\chapter</code> command is the <code class="code">chapter</code> counter that keeps track of the chapter number. </p> <p>Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document classes to control numbering. </p> -<span id="index-part-counter"></span> -<span id="index-chapter-counter"></span> -<span id="index-section-counter"></span> -<span id="index-subsection-counter"></span> -<span id="index-subsubsection-counter"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph-counter"></span> -<span id="index-subparagraph-counter"></span> -<span id="index-page-counter"></span> -<span id="index-equation-counter"></span> -<span id="index-figure-counter"></span> -<span id="index-table-counter"></span> -<span id="index-footnote-counter"></span> -<span id="index-mpfootnote-counter-1"></span> -<span id="index-enumi-counter"></span> -<span id="index-enumii-counter"></span> -<span id="index-enumiii-counter"></span> -<span id="index-enumiv-counter"></span> -<div class="example"> -<pre class="example">part paragraph figure enumi +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-part-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-chapter-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsection-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subsubsection-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subparagraph-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mpfootnote-counter-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumi-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumii-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumiii-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enumiv-counter"></a> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example-preformatted">part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection </pre></div> -<p>The <code>mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code>\footnote</code> command -inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>). The counters <code>enumi</code> -through <code>enumiv</code> are used in the <code>enumerate</code> environment, for -up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>). +<p>The <code class="code">mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code class="code">\footnote</code> command +inside of a minipage (see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>). The counters <code class="code">enumi</code> +through <code class="code">enumiv</code> are used in the <code class="code">enumerate</code> environment, for +up to four levels of nesting (see <a class="pxref" href="#enumerate"><code class="code">enumerate</code></a>). </p> <p>Counters can have any integer value but they are typically positive. </p> -<p>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>. +<p>New counters are created with <code class="code">\newcounter</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2"><code>\usecounter</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3"><code>\value</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4"><code>\setcounter</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5"><code>\addtocounter</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7"><code>\stepcounter</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8"><code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\value</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></span><h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters">13.1 <code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3> -<span id="index-counters_002c-printing"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-printing"></a> <p>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if -the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a -<code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lowercase +the counter <var class="var">counter</var> has the value 1 then a +<code class="code">\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code> in your source will result in a lowercase letter a appearing in the output. </p> <p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for -instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name does not +instance, <code class="code">\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name does not start with a backslash. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Print the value of <var class="var">counter</var> in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter’s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then -you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>’ +you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>’ </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\Alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter’s value -is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter +is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>’ </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘<samp>5</samp>’ or ‘<samp>-2</samp>’. +<dt id='index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\arabic{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘<samp class="samp">5</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">-2</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter’s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX does not print anything in the output. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\Roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter’s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX does not print anything in the output. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that +<dt id='index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'><span><code class="code">\fnsymbol{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Prints the value of <var class="var">counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of -<var>counter</var> should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the -counter’s value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX +<var class="var">counter</var> should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the +counter’s value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’, while if it is 0 then you get no error or warning but LaTeX does not output anything. </p> <p>Here are the symbols: </p> -<table> +<table class="multitable"> <thead><tr><th width="11%">Number</th><th width="30%">Name</th><th width="30%">Command</th><th width="28%">Symbol</th></tr></thead> -<tr><td width="11%">1</td><td width="30%">asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast</code></td><td width="28%">*</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">2</td><td width="30%">dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">†</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">3</td><td width="30%">ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">‡</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">4</td><td width="30%">section-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\S</code></td><td width="28%">§</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">5</td><td width="30%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\P</code></td><td width="28%">¶</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">6</td><td width="30%">double-vert</td><td width="30%"><code>\parallel</code></td><td width="28%">‖</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">7</td><td width="30%">double-asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast\ast</code></td><td width="28%">**</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">8</td><td width="30%">double-dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">††</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">9</td><td width="30%">double-ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">‡‡</td></tr> +<tbody><tr><td width="11%">1</td><td width="30%">asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\ast</code></td><td width="28%">*</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">2</td><td width="30%">dagger</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">†</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">3</td><td width="30%">ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">‡</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">4</td><td width="30%">section-sign</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\S</code></td><td width="28%">§</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">5</td><td width="30%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\P</code></td><td width="28%">¶</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">6</td><td width="30%">double-vert</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\parallel</code></td><td width="28%">‖</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">7</td><td width="30%">double-asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\ast\ast</code></td><td width="28%">**</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">8</td><td width="30%">double-dagger</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">††</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">9</td><td width="30%">double-ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">‡‡</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> </dd> @@ -12102,36 +12143,36 @@ warning but LaTeX does not output anything. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cusecounter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cusecounter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\value</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\value</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cusecounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusecounter-1">13.2 <code class="code">\usecounter</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cusecounter"></span> -<span id="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></span> -<span id="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusecounter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usecounter{<var class="var">counter</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Used in the second argument of the <code>list</code> environment -(see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), this declares that list items will be numbered by -<var>counter</var>. It initializes <var>counter</var> to zero, and arranges that -when <code>\item</code> is called without its optional argument then -<var>counter</var> is incremented by <code>\refstepcounter</code>, making its value -be the current <code>ref</code> value (see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>). This command is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Used in the second argument of the <code class="code">list</code> environment +(see <a class="pxref" href="#list"><code class="code">list</code></a>), this declares that list items will be numbered by +<var class="var">counter</var>. It initializes <var class="var">counter</var> to zero, and arranges that +when <code class="code">\item</code> is called without its optional argument then +<var class="var">counter</var> is incremented by <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code>, making its value +be the current <code class="code">ref</code> value (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cref"><code class="code">\ref</code></a>). This command is fragile +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>Put in the document preamble, this example makes a new list environment -enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>: +enumerated with <var class="var">testcounter</var>: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcounter{testcounter} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{testcounter} \newenvironment{test}{% \begin{list}{}{% \usecounter{testcounter} @@ -12144,30 +12185,30 @@ enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>: <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvalue"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvalue"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\setcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cvalue-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvalue-1">13.3 <code class="code">\value</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cvalue"></span> -<span id="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvalue"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\value{<var>counter</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\value{<var class="var">counter</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Expands to the value of the counter <var>counter</var>. (Note that the name +<p>Expands to the value of the counter <var class="var">counter</var>. (Note that the name of a counter does not begin with a backslash.) </p> -<p>This example outputs ‘<samp>Test counter is 6. Other counter +<p>This example outputs ‘<samp class="samp">Test counter is 6. Other counter is 5.</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5} \newcounter{other} \setcounter{other}{\value{test}} \addtocounter{test}{1} @@ -12175,79 +12216,79 @@ Test counter is \arabic{test}. Other counter is \arabic{other}. </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the -counter. For that, see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>. +<p>The <code class="code">\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the +counter. For that, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>. </p> -<p>It is often used in <code>\setcounter</code> or <code>\addtocounter</code> but -<code>\value</code> can be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number, such -as in <code>\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}</code>. It must not be -preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>It is often used in <code class="code">\setcounter</code> or <code class="code">\addtocounter</code> but +<code class="code">\value</code> can be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number, such +as in <code class="code">\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}</code>. It must not be +preceded by <code class="code">\protect</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>This example inserts <code>\hspace{4\parindent}</code>. +<p>This example inserts <code class="code">\hspace{4\parindent}</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1} \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csetcounter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csetcounter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\value</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\value</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csetcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csetcounter-1">13.4 <code class="code">\setcounter</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005csetcounter"></span> -<span id="index-counters_002c-setting"></span> -<span id="index-setting-counters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csetcounter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-counters_002c-setting"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-setting-counters"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}{<var class="var">value</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Globally set the counter <var>counter</var> to have the value of the -<var>value</var> argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a -counter’s value as <code>\setcounter{section}{5}</code>. Note that the +<p>Globally set the counter <var class="var">counter</var> to have the value of the +<var class="var">value</var> argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a +counter’s value as <code class="code">\setcounter{section}{5}</code>. Note that the counter name does not start with a backslash. </p> -<p>In this example if the counter <code>theorem</code> has value 12 then the -second line will print ‘<samp>XII</samp>’. +<p>In this example if the counter <code class="code">theorem</code> has value 12 then the +second line will print ‘<samp class="samp">XII</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}} Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}. </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddtocounter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddtocounter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\setcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\setcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1">13.5 <code class="code">\addtocounter</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005caddtocounter"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtocounter"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\addtocounter{<var class="var">counter</var>}{<var class="var">value</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Globally increment <var>counter</var> by the amount specified by the -<var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. +<p>Globally increment <var class="var">counter</var> by the amount specified by the +<var class="var">value</var> argument, which may be negative. </p> -<p>In this example the section value appears as ‘<samp>VII</samp>’. +<p>In this example the section value appears as ‘<samp class="samp">VII</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setcounter{section}{5} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setcounter{section}{5} \addtocounter{section}{2} Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}. </pre></div> @@ -12255,128 +12296,128 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtocounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1">13.6 <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005crefstepcounter"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\refstepcounter{<var class="var">counter</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Globally increments the value of <var>counter</var> by one, as does -<code>\stepcounter</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>). The difference is that this +<p>Globally increments the value of <var class="var">counter</var> by one, as does +<code class="code">\stepcounter</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>). The difference is that this command resets the value of any counter numbered within it. (For the -definition of “counters numbered within”, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.) +definition of “counters numbered within”, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.) </p> -<p>In addition, this command also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value -to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>. +<p>In addition, this command also defines the current <code class="code">\ref</code> value +to be the result of <code class="code">\thecounter</code>. </p> -<p>While the counter value is set globally, the <code>\ref</code> value is set +<p>While the counter value is set globally, the <code class="code">\ref</code> value is set locally, i.e., inside the current group. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstepcounter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cstepcounter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1">13.7 <code class="code">\stepcounter</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cstepcounter"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstepcounter"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\stepcounter{<var class="var">counter</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and resets all counters numbered +<p>Globally adds one to <var class="var">counter</var> and resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of “counters numbered within”, -see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.) +see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code class="code">\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.) </p> -<p>This command differs from <code>\refstepcounter</code> in that this one does +<p>This command differs from <code class="code">\refstepcounter</code> in that this one does not influence references; that is, it does not define the current -<code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>). +<code class="code">\ref</code> value to be the result of <code class="code">\thecounter</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code class="code">\refstepcounter</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\stepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1">13.8 <code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cday"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmonth"></span> -<span id="index-_005cyear"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cday"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmonth"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cyear"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cday"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmonth"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cyear"></a> -<p>LaTeX defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month -(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of -the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and <code>\year</code> for +<p>LaTeX defines the counter <code class="code">\day</code> for the day of the month +(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code class="code">\month</code> for the month of +the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and <code class="code">\year</code> for the year. When TeX starts up, they are set from the current values -on the system. The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string -representing the current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>). +on the system. The related command <code class="code">\today</code> produces a string +representing the current day (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code class="code">\today</code></a>). </p> <p>They counters are not updated as the job progresses so in principle they could be incorrect by the end. In addition, TeX does no sanity check: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\day=-2 \month=13 \year=-4 \today +<pre class="example-preformatted">\day=-2 \month=13 \year=-4 \today </pre></div> -<p>gives no error or warning and results in the output ‘<samp>-2, -4</samp>’ (the +<p>gives no error or warning and results in the output ‘<samp class="samp">-2, -4</samp>’ (the bogus month value produces no output). </p> -<p>See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>, to force the date to a given value from the +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>, to force the date to a given value from the command line. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Lengths"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Lengths"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Lengths-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Lengths-1">14 Lengths</h2> -<span id="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a> -<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a +<p>A <em class="dfn">length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. </p> -<span id="index-rigid-lengths"></span> -<span id="index-rubber-lengths"></span> -<span id="index-dimen-plain-TeX"></span> -<span id="index-skip-plain-TeX"></span> -<span id="index-glue-plain-TeX"></span> -<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em>rigid length</em> such as <code>10pt</code> -does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain -TeX calls this a <em>dimen</em>.) A <em>rubber length</em> (what plain -TeX calls a <em>skip</em> or <em>glue</em>) such as with <code>1cm +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rigid-lengths"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rubber-lengths"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dimen-plain-TeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-skip-plain-TeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glue-plain-TeX"></a> +<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em class="dfn">rigid length</em> such as <code class="code">10pt</code> +does not contain a <code class="code">plus</code> or <code class="code">minus</code> component. (Plain +TeX calls this a <em class="dfn">dimen</em>.) A <em class="dfn">rubber length</em> (what plain +TeX calls a <em class="dfn">skip</em> or <em class="dfn">glue</em>) such as with <code class="code">1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code> can contain either or both of those -components. In that rubber length, the <code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural -length</em> while the other two, the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> +components. In that rubber length, the <code class="code">1cm</code> is the <em class="dfn">natural +length</em> while the other two, the <code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code> components, allow TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement. </p> <p>The illustrations below use these two commands. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">% make a black bar 10pt tall and #1 wide +<pre class="example-preformatted">% make a black bar 10pt tall and #1 wide \newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}} % Make a box around #2 that is #1 wide (excluding the border) @@ -12385,30 +12426,30 @@ placement. </pre></div> <p>This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points -long between ‘<samp>XXX</samp>’ and ‘<samp>YYY</samp>’. This length is rigid. +long between ‘<samp class="samp">XXX</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">YYY</samp>’. This length is rigid. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY +<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY </pre></div> -<p>As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with <code>1cm minus -0.05cm</code>, the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down -as far as 0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more. +<p>As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with <code class="code">1cm minus +0.05cm</code>, the natural length is 1<span class="dmn">cm</span> but TeX can shrink it down +as far as 0.95<span class="dmn">cm</span>. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more. Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of 98 points between the two bars. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% \blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% \blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY </pre></div> -<p>But the second one gets a warning like ‘<samp>Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too -wide) detected at line 17</samp>’. In the output the first ‘<samp>Y</samp>’ is +<p>But the second one gets a warning like ‘<samp class="samp">Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too +wide) detected at line 17</samp>’. In the output the first ‘<samp class="samp">Y</samp>’ is overwritten by the end of the black bar, because the box’s material is -wider than the 300pt allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink +wider than the 300<span class="dmn">pt</span> allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than 309 points. </p> <p>Stretching is like shrinking except that if TeX is asked to stretch @@ -12416,7 +12457,7 @@ beyond the given amount, it will do it. Here the first line is fine, producing a space of 110 points between the bars. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% \blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% @@ -12425,17 +12466,17 @@ XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% <p>In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only 1 point was specified. TeX stretches the space to the required -length but it gives you a warning like ‘<samp>Underfull \hbox (badness +length but it gives you a warning like ‘<samp class="samp">Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line 22</samp>’. (We won’t discuss badness.) </p> <p>You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in -<code>1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex</code>. +<code class="code">1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex</code>. </p> <p>If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the stretch or shrink in proportion. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% \blackbar{100pt}% left \hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle \blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right @@ -12443,106 +12484,106 @@ stretch or shrink in proportion. <p>The left and right bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another 100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two -<code>\hspace</code>’s must stretch 20 points. Because the two are -<code>plus 50pt</code> and <code>plus 10pt</code>, TeX gets 5/6 of the stretch +<code class="code">\hspace</code>’s must stretch 20 points. Because the two are +<code class="code">plus 50pt</code> and <code class="code">plus 10pt</code>, TeX gets 5/6 of the stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second. </p> -<p>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain -a <em>fill</em> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the +<p>The <code class="code">plus</code> or <code class="code">minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain +a <em class="dfn">fill</em> component, as in <code class="code">1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{\linewidth} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}{\linewidth} \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}% \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{einstein.png}% \hspace{0pt plus 1fill} \end{minipage} </pre></div> -<p>TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: <code>fil</code>, -<code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than +<p>TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: <code class="code">fil</code>, +<code class="code">fill</code>, and <code class="code">filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one -(see <a href="#g_t_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005chfill"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a>). </p> <p>Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so -that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and -<code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of -<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>. +that after <code class="code">\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and +<code class="code">\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of +<code class="code">\zlength</code> is <code class="code">3in</code>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2"><code>\setlength</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3"><code>\addtolength</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4"><code>\settodepth</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5"><code>\settoheight</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6"><code>\settowidth</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="7"><code>\stretch</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\addtolength</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\stretch</code></a></li> <li><a href="#Expressions" accesskey="8">Expressions</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Units-of-length"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Units-of-length"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Units-of-length-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Units-of-length-1">14.1 Units of length</h3> -<span id="index-units_002c-of-length"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-units_002c-of-length"></a> <p>TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of math mode. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-pt'><span><code>pt</code><a href='#index-pt' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-point"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-pt"></span><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units -is 1point = .35146mm = .035146cm. +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-pt'><span><code class="code">pt</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pt'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-point"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-pt"></a><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units +is 1<span class="dmn">point</span> = .35146<span class="dmn">mm</span> = .035146<span class="dmn">cm</span>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-pc'><span><code>pc</code><a href='#index-pc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-pica"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-pc"></span><p>Pica, 12 pt +<dt id='index-pc'><span><code class="code">pc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-pc'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pica"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-pc"></a><p>Pica, 12 pt </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-in'><span><code>in</code><a href='#index-in' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-inch"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-in"></span><p>Inch, 72.27 pt +<dt id='index-in'><span><code class="code">in</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-in'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inch"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-in"></a><p>Inch, 72.27 pt </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-bp'><span><code>bp</code><a href='#index-bp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-big-point"></span> -<span id="index-PostScript-point"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-bp"></span><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in +<dt id='index-bp'><span><code class="code">bp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-bp'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-big-point"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PostScript-point"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-bp"></a><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-mm'><span><code>mm</code><a href='#index-mm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-millimeter"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-mm"></span><p>Millimeter, 2.845 pt +<dt id='index-mm'><span><code class="code">mm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-mm'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-millimeter"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-mm"></a><p>Millimeter, 2.845<span class="dmn">pt</span> </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-cm'><span><code>cm</code><a href='#index-cm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-centimeter"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-cm"></span><p>Centimeter, 10 mm +<dt id='index-cm'><span><code class="code">cm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-cm'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centimeter"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-cm"></a><p>Centimeter, 10<span class="dmn">mm</span> </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-dd'><span><code>dd</code><a href='#index-dd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-didot-point"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-dd"></span><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt +<dt id='index-dd'><span><code class="code">dd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-dd'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-didot-point"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-dd"></a><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-cc'><span><code>cc</code><a href='#index-cc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-cicero"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-cc"></span><p>Cicero, 12 dd +<dt id='index-cc'><span><code class="code">cc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-cc'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cicero"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-cc"></a><p>Cicero, 12 dd </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-sp'><span><code>sp</code><a href='#index-sp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-scaled-point"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-sp"></span><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt +<dt id='index-sp'><span><code class="code">sp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-sp'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaled-point"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-sp"></a><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -12550,265 +12591,265 @@ PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. <p>Three other units are defined according to the current font, rather than being an absolute dimension. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-ex-1'><span><code>ex</code><a href='#index-ex-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-x_002dheight"></span> -<span id="index-ex"></span> -<span id="Lengths_002fex"></span><span id="units-of-length-ex"></span><p>The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-ex-1'><span><code class="code">ex</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-ex-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-x_002dheight"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ex"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="Lengths_002fex"></a><a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-ex"></a><p>The x-height of the current font <em class="dfn">ex</em>, traditionally the height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical lengths. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-em-1'><span><code>em</code><a href='#index-em-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-m_002dwidth"></span> -<span id="index-em"></span> -<span id="Lengths_002fem"></span><span id="units-of-length-em"></span><p>Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital +<dt id='index-em-1'><span><code class="code">em</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-em-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-m_002dwidth"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="Lengths_002fem"></a><a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-em"></a><p>Similarly <em class="dfn">em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths. This is also often -the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10pt font will -have 1em = 10pt. LaTeX has several commands to produce -horizontal spaces based on the em (see <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a>). +the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10<span class="dmn">pt</span> font will +have 1<span class="dmn">em</span> = 10<span class="dmn">pt</span>. LaTeX has several commands to produce +horizontal spaces based on the em (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-mu'><span><code>mu</code><a href='#index-mu' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></span> -<span id="units-of-length-mu"></span><p>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms -of the math unit <em>mu</em>, defined by 1em = 18mu, where the -em is taken from the current math symbols family. See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>. +<dt id='index-mu'><span><code class="code">mu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-mu'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="units-of-length-mu"></a><p>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms +of the math unit <em class="dfn">mu</em>, defined by 1<span class="dmn">em</span> = 18<span class="dmn">mu</span>, where the +em is taken from the current math symbols family. See <a class="xref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>. </p> </dd> </dl> <p>Using these units can help make a definition work better across font changes. For example, a definition of the vertical space between list -items given as <code>\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus +items given as <code class="code">\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}</code> is more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition given in points. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csetlength"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csetlength"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtolength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtolength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csetlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csetlength-1">14.2 <code class="code">\setlength</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005csetlength"></span> -<span id="index-lengths_002c-setting"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csetlength"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\<var class="var">len</var>}{<var class="var">amount</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name -<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under -normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> can be a rubber length -(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in -any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). +<p>Set the length \<var class="var">len</var> to <var class="var">amount</var>. The length name +<code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under +normal circumstances. The <var class="var">amount</var> can be a rubber length +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in +any units that LaTeX understands (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). </p> <p>Below, with LaTeX’s defaults the first paragraph will be indented while the second will not. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places. +<pre class="example-preformatted">I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places. \setlength{\parindent}{0em} He said stop going to those places. </pre></div> -<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if +<p>If you did not declare \<var class="var">len</var> with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, for example if you mistype it as in -<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>, -then you get an error like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> +<code class="code">\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>, +then you get an error like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent</samp>’. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name -then you get an error like ‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero.</samp>’. +then you get an error like ‘<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as zero.</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddtolength"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddtolength"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settodepth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddtolength-1">14.3 <code class="code">\addtolength</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005caddtolength"></span> -<span id="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtolength"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\addtolength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\addtolength{\<var class="var">len</var>}{<var class="var">amount</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Increment the length \<var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name -<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under -normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> is a rubber length -(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in -any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). +<p>Increment the length \<var class="var">len</var> by <var class="var">amount</var>. The length name +<code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under +normal circumstances. The <var class="var">amount</var> is a rubber length +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in +any units that LaTeX understands (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). </p> -<p>Below, if <code>\parskip</code> starts with the value <code>0pt plus 1pt</code> +<p>Below, if <code class="code">\parskip</code> starts with the value <code class="code">0pt plus 1pt</code> </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar? +<pre class="example-preformatted">Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar? \addtolength{\parskip}{1pt} Nurse: no change. </pre></div> -<p>then it has the value <code>1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph. +<p>then it has the value <code class="code">1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph. </p> -<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if +<p>If you did not declare \<var class="var">len</var> with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, for example if you mistype it as in -<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>, -then you get an error like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> -\sepcindent</samp>’. If the <var>amount</var> uses some length that has not been +<code class="code">\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>, +then you get an error like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> +\sepcindent</samp>’. If the <var class="var">amount</var> uses some length that has not been declared, for instance if for example you mistype the above as -<code>\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}</code>, then you get -something like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent</samp>’. -If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var>len</var>, as in -<code>\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}</code>, then you get something like -‘<samp>You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>’. +<code class="code">\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}</code>, then you get +something like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent</samp>’. +If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in +<code class="code">\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}</code>, then you get something like +‘<samp class="samp">You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettodepth"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csettodepth"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settoheight</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtolength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtolength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettodepth-1">14.4 <code class="code">\settodepth</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005csettodepth"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettodepth"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\settodepth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\settodepth{\<var class="var">len</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on -typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code> -has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such -must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances. +<p>Set the length \<var class="var">len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on +typesetting the <var class="var">text</var> argument. The length name <code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> +has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such +must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under normal circumstances. </p> <p>This will print how low the character descenders go. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetdepth} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\alphabetdepth} \settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetdepth </pre></div> -<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if for example you -mistype the above as <code>\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}</code>, -then you get something like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> -\aplhabetdepth</samp>’. If you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in -<code>\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}</code> then you get something like -‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’. +<p>If you did not declare \<var class="var">len</var> with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, if for example you +mistype the above as <code class="code">\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}</code>, +then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> +\aplhabetdepth</samp>’. If you leave the backslash out of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in +<code class="code">\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}</code> then you get something like +‘<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettoheight"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csettoheight"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settowidth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settodepth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettoheight-1">14.5 <code class="code">\settoheight</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005csettoheight"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettoheight"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\settoheight{\<var>len</var>}{text} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\settoheight{\<var class="var">len</var>}{text} </pre></div> -<p>Sets the length \<var>len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on -typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code> -has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such -must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances. +<p>Sets the length \<var class="var">len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on +typesetting the <code class="code">text</code> argument. The length name <code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> +has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such +must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under normal circumstances. </p> <p>This will print how high the characters go. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetheight} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\alphabetheight} \settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetheight </pre></div> -<p>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if +<p>If no such length \<var class="var">len</var> has been declared with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, if for example you mistype as -<code>\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}</code>, then you get something -like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \alphabetheight</samp>’. If -you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in -<code>\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}</code> then you get something like -‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’. +<code class="code">\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}</code>, then you get something +like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \alphabetheight</samp>’. If +you leave the backslash out of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in +<code class="code">\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}</code> then you get something like +‘<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettowidth"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csettowidth"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settoheight</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csettowidth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csettowidth-1">14.6 <code class="code">\settowidth</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005csettowidth"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csettowidth"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\settowidth{\<var class="var">len</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on -typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code> -has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such -must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances. +<p>Set the length \<var class="var">len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on +typesetting the <var class="var">text</var> argument. The length name <code class="code">\<var class="var">len</var></code> +has to be a control sequence (see <a class="pxref" href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such +must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code> under normal circumstances. </p> <p>This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetwidth} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\alphabetwidth} \settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetwidth </pre></div> -<p>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, +<p>If no such length \<var class="var">len</var> has been declared with <code class="code">\newlength</code>, if for example you mistype the above as -<code>\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>, then you get something -like ‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth</samp>’. If -you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in -<code>\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}</code> then you get something like -‘<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’. +<code class="code">\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>, then you get something +like ‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth</samp>’. If +you leave the backslash out of \<var class="var">len</var>, as in +<code class="code">\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}</code> then you get something like +‘<samp class="samp">Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstretch"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cstretch"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settowidth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cstretch-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.7 <code>\stretch</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstretch-1">14.7 <code class="code">\stretch</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cstretch"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstretch"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\stretch{<var>number</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\stretch{<var class="var">number</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and <var>number</var> times -<code>\fill</code> units of stretchability (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The -<var>number</var> can be positive or negative. This command is robust -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and <var class="var">number</var> times +<code class="code">\fill</code> units of stretchability (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The +<var class="var">number</var> can be positive or negative. This command is robust +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>It works for both vertical and horizontal spacing. In this horizontal example, LaTeX produces three tick marks, and the distance between @@ -12816,16 +12857,16 @@ the first and second is half again as long as the distance between the second and third. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1.5}}% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1.5}}% \rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1}}% \rule{0.4pt}{1ex} </pre></div> -<p>In this vertical example, the ‘<samp>We dedicate …</samp>’ will have three +<p>In this vertical example, the ‘<samp class="samp">We dedicate …</samp>’ will have three times as much space under it as above it. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newenvironment{dedication}{% in document preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newenvironment{dedication}{% in document preamble \clearpage\thispagestyle{empty}% \vspace*{\stretch{1}} % stretchable space at top \it @@ -12842,43 +12883,43 @@ We dedicate this book to our wives. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Expressions"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Expressions"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\stretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\stretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Expressions-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.8 Expressions</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Expressions-1">14.8 Expressions</h3> -<span id="index-expressions"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expressions"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\numexpr <var>expression</var> -\dimexpr <var>expression</var> -\glueexpr <var>expression</var> -\muglue <var>expression</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\numexpr <var class="var">expression</var> +\dimexpr <var class="var">expression</var> +\glueexpr <var class="var">expression</var> +\muglue <var class="var">expression</var> </pre></div> <p>Any place where you may write an integer, or a TeX dimen, or TeX glue, or muglue, you can instead write an expression to compute that type of quantity. </p> -<p>An example is that <code>\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax</code> will +<p>An example is that <code class="code">\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax</code> will produce as output the length that is four points less than width of a -line (the only purpose of <code>\the</code> is to show the result in the -document). Analogously, <code>\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax</code> will -produce ‘<samp>ix</samp>’, and <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax</code> -will produce ‘<samp>10.0pt plus 2.0pt</samp>’. +line (the only purpose of <code class="code">\the</code> is to show the result in the +document). Analogously, <code class="code">\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax</code> will +produce ‘<samp class="samp">ix</samp>’, and <code class="code">\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax</code> +will produce ‘<samp class="samp">10.0pt plus 2.0pt</samp>’. </p> <p>A convenience here over doing calculations by allocating registers and -then using <code>\advance</code>, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions +then using <code class="code">\advance</code>, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in places where assignments are not allowed. The next example computes the width -of the <code>\parbox</code>. +of the <code class="code">\parbox</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em} \begin{center} \parbox{\dimexpr\linewidth-\offset*3}{With malice toward none with charity for all with firmness in the right as God gives us to see @@ -12891,57 +12932,57 @@ memorial} \end{center} </pre></div> -<p>The <var>expression</var> consists of one or more terms of the same type +<p>The <var class="var">expression</var> consists of one or more terms of the same type (integer, dimension, etc.) that are added or subtracted. A term that is a type of number, dimension, etc., consists of a factor of that type, optionally multiplied or divided by factors. A factor of a type is either a quantity of that type or a parenthesized subexpression. The -expression produces a result of the given type, so that <code>\numexpr</code> -produces an integer, <code>\dimexpr</code> produces a dimension, etc. +expression produces a result of the given type, so that <code class="code">\numexpr</code> +produces an integer, <code class="code">\dimexpr</code> produces a dimension, etc. </p> <p>In the quotation example above, changing to -<code>\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset</code> gives the error <code>Illegal unit -of measure (pt inserted)</code>. This is because for <code>\dimexpr</code> and -<code>\glueexpr</code>, the input consists of a dimension or glue value +<code class="code">\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset</code> gives the error <code class="code">Illegal unit +of measure (pt inserted)</code>. This is because for <code class="code">\dimexpr</code> and +<code class="code">\glueexpr</code>, the input consists of a dimension or glue value followed by an optional multiplication factor, and not the other way -around. Thus <code>\the\dimexpr 1pt*10\relax</code> is valid and produces -‘<samp>10.0pt</samp>’, but <code>\the\dimexpr 10*1pt\relax</code> gives the -<code>Illegal unit</code> error. +around. Thus <code class="code">\the\dimexpr 1pt*10\relax</code> is valid and produces +‘<samp class="samp">10.0pt</samp>’, but <code class="code">\the\dimexpr 10*1pt\relax</code> gives the +<code class="code">Illegal unit</code> error. </p> <p>The expressions absorb tokens and carry out appropriate mathematics up -to a <code>\relax</code> (which will be absorbed), or up to the first -non-valid token. Thus, <code>\the\numexpr2+3px</code> will print -‘<samp>5px</samp>’, because LaTeX reads the <code>\numexpr2+3</code>, which is -made up of numbers, and then finds the letter <code>p</code>, which cannot +to a <code class="code">\relax</code> (which will be absorbed), or up to the first +non-valid token. Thus, <code class="code">\the\numexpr2+3px</code> will print +‘<samp class="samp">5px</samp>’, because LaTeX reads the <code class="code">\numexpr2+3</code>, which is +made up of numbers, and then finds the letter <code class="code">p</code>, which cannot be part of a number. It therefore terminates the expression and -produces the ‘<samp>5</samp>’, followed by the regular text ‘<samp>px</samp>’. +produces the ‘<samp class="samp">5</samp>’, followed by the regular text ‘<samp class="samp">px</samp>’. </p> <p>This termination behavior is useful in comparisons. In -<code>\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi</code>, the less than -sign terminates the expression and the result is ‘<samp>No</samp>’ (in a +<code class="code">\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi</code>, the less than +sign terminates the expression and the result is ‘<samp class="samp">No</samp>’ (in a standard LaTeX article). </p> -<p>Expressions may use the operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code> and -<code>/</code> along with parentheses for subexpressions, <code>(...)</code>. In -glue expressions the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> parts do not need -parentheses to be affected by a factor. So <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus -1pt * 2 \relax</code> results in ‘<samp>10pt plus 2pt</samp>’. +<p>Expressions may use the operators <code class="code">+</code>, <code class="code">-</code>, <code class="code">*</code> and +<code class="code">/</code> along with parentheses for subexpressions, <code class="code">(...)</code>. In +glue expressions the <code class="code">plus</code> and <code class="code">minus</code> parts do not need +parentheses to be affected by a factor. So <code class="code">\the\glueexpr 5pt plus +1pt * 2 \relax</code> results in ‘<samp class="samp">10pt plus 2pt</samp>’. </p> <p>TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when -doing register assignment. Thus <code>\the\numexpr\dimexpr -1pt\relax\relax</code> will result in ‘<samp>65536</samp>’, which is <code>1pt</code> -converted to scaled points (see <a href="#units-of-length-sp"><code>sp</code></a>, +doing register assignment. Thus <code class="code">\the\numexpr\dimexpr +1pt\relax\relax</code> will result in ‘<samp class="samp">65536</samp>’, which is <code class="code">1pt</code> +converted to scaled points (see <a class="pxref" href="#units-of-length-sp"><code class="code">sp</code></a>, TeX’s internal unit) and then coerced into an integer. With a -<code>\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink would be dropped. Going -the other way, a <code>\numexpr</code> inside a <code>\dimexpr</code> or -<code>\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in -<code>\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax</code>, which produces -‘<samp>3.0pt</samp>’. +<code class="code">\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink would be dropped. Going +the other way, a <code class="code">\numexpr</code> inside a <code class="code">\dimexpr</code> or +<code class="code">\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in +<code class="code">\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax</code>, which produces +‘<samp class="samp">3.0pt</samp>’. </p> <p>The details of the arithmetic: each factor is checked to be in the -allowed range, numbers must be less than <em class='math'>2^{31}</em> in absolute +allowed range, numbers must be less than <em class="math">2^{31}</em> in absolute value, and dimensions or glue components must be less than -<em class='math'>2^{14}</em> points, or <code>mu</code>, or <code>fil</code>, etc. The +<em class="math">2^{14}</em> points, or <code class="code">mu</code>, or <code class="code">fil</code>, etc. The arithmetic operations are performed individually, except for a scaling operation (a multiplication immediately followed by a division) which is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit product as @@ -12949,31 +12990,31 @@ intermediate value. The result of each operation is again checked to be in the allowed range. </p> <p>Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX’s -<code>\divide</code>, which truncates). Thus -<code>\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax</code> puts ‘<samp>10.0pt</samp>’ in the document, -because it rounds <code>3/2</code> to <code>2</code>, while -<code>\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax</code> produces ‘<samp>5.0pt</samp>’. +<code class="code">\divide</code>, which truncates). Thus +<code class="code">\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax</code> puts ‘<samp class="samp">10.0pt</samp>’ in the document, +because it rounds <code class="code">3/2</code> to <code class="code">2</code>, while +<code class="code">\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax</code> produces ‘<samp class="samp">5.0pt</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Making-paragraphs"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Making-paragraphs"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Making-paragraphs-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</h2> -<span id="index-making-paragraphs"></span> -<span id="index-paragraphs"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-making-paragraphs"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraphs"></a> <p>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the separation of which is made by two empty lines. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession +<pre class="example-preformatted">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his @@ -12985,15 +13026,15 @@ of some one or other of their daughters. ``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?'' </pre></div> -<p>A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank -line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank -line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as -space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code>%</code> and -span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns -are identical: +<p>A paragraph separator can be made of a sequence of at least one blank +line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank line +is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as space +or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code class="code">%</code> and span up +to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are +identical: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} \begin{document} First paragraph. @@ -13010,150 +13051,149 @@ Second paragraph. <p>Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph’s contents it divides that content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph -(see <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>). </p> <p>There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don’t put a -blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the blank line before the -<code>\end{equation}</code> +blank line in math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the blank line before the +<code class="code">\end{equation}</code> </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} 2^{|S|} > |S| \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>will get you the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’. Similarly, the blank -line in this <code>\section</code> argument +<p>will get you the error ‘<samp class="samp">Missing $ inserted</samp>’. Similarly, the blank +line in this <code class="code">\section</code> argument </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\section{aaa +<pre class="example-preformatted">\section{aaa bbb} </pre></div> -<p>gets ‘<samp>Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was +<p>gets ‘<samp class="samp">Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was complete</samp>’. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1"><code>\par</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2"><code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\par</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a></li> <li><a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpar"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpar"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cpar-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpar-1">15.1 <code class="code">\par</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cpar"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpar"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></a> <p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts any sequence -of one or more blank lines to a <code>\par</code>, <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>): +of one or more blank lines to a <code class="code">\par</code>, <a class="ref" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\par +<pre class="example-preformatted">\par </pre></div> <p>End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is with -a blank line but the <code>\par</code> command is entirely equivalent. This -command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +a blank line but the <code class="code">\par</code> command is entirely equivalent. This +command is robust (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>This example uses <code>\par</code> rather than a blank line simply for +<p>This example uses <code class="code">\par</code> rather than a blank line simply for readability. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{% \whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou} </pre></div> -<p>In LR mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing and is ignored. In -paragraph mode, the <code>\par</code> command terminates paragraph mode, -switching LaTeX to vertical mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +<p>In LR mode the <code class="code">\par</code> command does nothing and is ignored. In +paragraph mode, the <code class="code">\par</code> command terminates paragraph mode, +switching LaTeX to vertical mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). </p> -<p>You cannot use the <code>\par</code> command in a math mode. You also cannot +<p>You cannot use the <code class="code">\par</code> command in a math mode. You also cannot use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectioning -commands, e.g. <code>\section</code> (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and -<a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a>). +commands, e.g. <code class="code">\section</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and +<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code class="code">\newcommand</code> & <code class="code">\renewcommand</code></a>). </p> -<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as the <code>\paragraph</code> -command. The latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a +<p>The <code class="code">\par</code> command is not the same as the <code class="code">\paragraph</code> +command. The latter is, like <code class="code">\section</code> or <code class="code">\subsection</code>, a sectioning command used by the LaTeX document standard classes -(see <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"><code class="code">\subsubsection</code>, <code class="code">\paragraph</code>, <code class="code">\subparagraph</code></a>). </p> -<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as <code>\newline</code> or the line -break double backslash, <code>\\</code>. The difference is that <code>\par</code> +<p>The <code class="code">\par</code> command is not the same as <code class="code">\newline</code> or the line +break double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. The difference is that <code class="code">\par</code> ends the paragraph, not just the line, and also triggers the addition of -the between-paragraph vertical space <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>). +the between-paragraph vertical space <code class="code">\parskip</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>). </p> <p>The output from this example </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">xyz +<pre class="example-preformatted">xyz \setlength{\parindent}{3in} \setlength{\parskip}{5in} \noindent test\indent test1\par test2 </pre></div> -<p>is: after ‘<samp>xyz</samp>’ there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then -‘<samp>test</samp>’ appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line, +<p>is: after ‘<samp class="samp">xyz</samp>’ there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then +‘<samp class="samp">test</samp>’ appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line, there is an empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then -‘<samp>test1</samp>’ appears. Finally. there is a vertical space of +‘<samp class="samp">test1</samp>’ appears. Finally. there is a vertical space of 5 inches, followed by a fresh paragraph with a paragraph indent of -3 inches, and then LaTeX puts the text ‘<samp>test2</samp>’. +3 inches, and then LaTeX puts the text ‘<samp class="samp">test2</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\par</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\par</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1">15.2 <code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cindent"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnoindent"></span> -<span id="index-_005cparindent-1"></span> -<span id="index-indent_002c-forcing"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cindent"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnoindent"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnoindent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\indent +<pre class="example-preformatted">\indent </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\noindent +<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent </pre></div> -<p>Go into horizontal mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The <code>\indent</code> command -first outputs an empty box whose width is <code>\parindent</code>. These -commands are robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Go into horizontal mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The <code class="code">\indent</code> command +first outputs an empty box whose width is <code class="code">\parindent</code>. These +commands are robust (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line. -See <a href="#g_t_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>, for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To +See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cpar"><code class="code">\par</code></a>, for the difference between this command and <code class="code">\par</code>. To start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted -paragraph, use <code>\noindent</code>. +paragraph, use <code class="code">\noindent</code>. </p> -<p>In the middle of a paragraph the <code>\noindent</code> command has no effect, +<p>In the middle of a paragraph the <code class="code">\noindent</code> command has no effect, because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The -<code>\indent</code> command’s only effect is to output a space. +<code class="code">\indent</code> command’s only effect is to output a space. </p> <p>This example starts a fresh paragraph. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">... end of the prior paragraph. +<pre class="example-preformatted">... end of the prior paragraph. \noindent This paragraph is not indented. </pre></div> @@ -13161,7 +13201,7 @@ because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The <p>and this continues an interrupted paragraph. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The data +<pre class="example-preformatted">The data \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{rl} ... \end{tabular} @@ -13170,137 +13210,138 @@ because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The \noindent shows this clearly. </pre></div> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparindent-1"></a> <p>To omit indentation in the entire document put -<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. If you do that, +<code class="code">\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. If you do that, you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, -<code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>). +<code class="code">\parskip</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></span> -<span id="index-indentfirst-package-5"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indentfirst-package-5"></a> <p>Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that, -look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>. +look on CTAN for the package <code class="code">indentfirst</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\indent</code> & <code class="code">\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1">15.3 <code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cparindent-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005cparskip"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph-indentation"></span> -<span id="index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation"></span> -<span id="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cparindent"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cparskip"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparindent-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparskip"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-indentation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\parindent}{<var>horizontal len</var>} -\setlength{\parskip}{<var>vertical len</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\parindent}{<var class="var">horizontal len</var>} +\setlength{\parskip}{<var class="var">vertical len</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Both are rubber lengths (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They affect the +<p>Both are rubber lengths (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They affect the indentation of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside -minipages (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>), and the vertical space between +minipages (see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>), and the vertical space between paragraphs, respectively. </p> <p>For example, if this is put in the preamble: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\parindent}{0em} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\parindent}{0em} \setlength{\parskip}{1ex} </pre></div> <p>The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead -are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase ‘<samp>x</samp>’. +are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase ‘<samp class="samp">x</samp>’. </p> <p>In LaTeX standard class documents, the default value for -<code>\parindent</code> in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the -default text size is <code>10pt</code>, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and -<code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. -(These values are set before LaTeX calls <code>\normalfont</code> so -<code>em</code> is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use -a different font then to set <code>\parindent</code> to 1em matching +<code class="code">\parindent</code> in one-column documents is <code class="code">15pt</code> when the +default text size is <code class="code">10pt</code>, <code class="code">17pt</code> for <code class="code">11pt</code>, and +<code class="code">1.5em</code> for <code class="code">12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code class="code">1em</code>. +(These values are set before LaTeX calls <code class="code">\normalfont</code> so +<code class="code">em</code> is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use +a different font then to set <code class="code">\parindent</code> to 1<span class="dmn">em</span> matching that font, put -<code>\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}</code> in the +<code class="code">\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}</code> in the preamble.) </p> -<p>The default value for <code>\parskip</code> in LaTeX’s standard document -classes is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. +<p>The default value for <code class="code">\parskip</code> in LaTeX’s standard document +classes is <code class="code">0pt plus1pt</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Marginal-notes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Marginal-notes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\parindent</code> & <code class="code">\parskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Marginal-notes-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Marginal-notes-1">15.4 Marginal notes</h3> -<span id="index-marginal-notes"></span> -<span id="index-notes-in-the-margin"></span> -<span id="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmarginpar"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-marginal-notes"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmarginpar"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\marginpar{<var>right</var>} -\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\marginpar{<var class="var">right</var>} +\marginpar[<var class="var">left</var>]{<var class="var">right</var>} </pre></div> <p>Create a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the -same baseline as the line in the text where the <code>\marginpar</code> +same baseline as the line in the text where the <code class="code">\marginpar</code> occurs. </p> <p>The margin that LaTeX uses for the note depends on the current layout -(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>) and also on <code>\reversemarginpar</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>) and also on <code class="code">\reversemarginpar</code> (see below). If you are using one-sided layout (document option -<code>oneside</code>) then it goes in the right margin. If you are using -two-sided layout (document option <code>twoside</code>) then it goes in the +<code class="code">oneside</code>) then it goes in the right margin. If you are using +two-sided layout (document option <code class="code">twoside</code>) then it goes in the outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option -<code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin. +<code class="code">twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin. </p> -<span id="index-_005creversemarginpar"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></span> -<p>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then LaTeX will place +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></a> +<p>If you declare <code class="code">\reversemarginpar</code> then LaTeX will place subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with -<code>\normalmarginpar</code>. +<code class="code">\normalmarginpar</code>. </p> -<p>When you specify the optional argument <var>left</var> then it is used for -a note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument <var>right</var> is +<p>When you specify the optional argument <var class="var">left</var> then it is used for +a note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument <var class="var">right</var> is used for a note in the right margin. </p> <p>Normally, a note’s first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable -hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with -<code>\hspace{0pt}</code>. +hyphenation there by beginning <var class="var">left</var> or <var class="var">right</var> with +<code class="code">\hspace{0pt}</code>. </p> <p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush-2'><span><code>\marginparpush</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparpush-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></span><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ -documents, ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ else. See also <a href="#page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</a>. +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush-2'><span><code class="code">\marginparpush</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparpush-2'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></a><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp class="samp">7pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’ +documents, ‘<samp class="samp">5pt</samp>’ else. See also <a class="ref" href="#page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</a>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmarginparsep'><span><code>\marginparsep</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparsep' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default -‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ else. +<dt id='index-_005cmarginparsep'><span><code class="code">\marginparsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparsep'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default +‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ else. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'><span><code>\marginparwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></span><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ document -is ‘<samp>90pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>83pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>68pt</samp>’ for -‘<samp>12pt</samp>’; ‘<samp>17pt</samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document. -In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp>48pt</samp>’. +<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'><span><code class="code">\marginparwidth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></a><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp class="samp">10pt</samp>’ document +is ‘<samp class="samp">90pt</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">83pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp class="samp">11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">68pt</samp>’ for +‘<samp class="samp">12pt</samp>’; ‘<samp class="samp">17pt</samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document. +In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp class="samp">48pt</samp>’. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -13312,31 +13353,31 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Math-formulas"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Math-formulas"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Math-formulas-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</h2> -<span id="index-math-formulas"></span> -<span id="index-formulas_002c-math"></span> -<span id="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></span> -<span id="index-environment_002c-math-1"></span> -<span id="index-math-environment-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-formulas"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-formulas_002c-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-environment-1"></a> -<span id="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></span> -<span id="index-displaymath-environment-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a> -<span id="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></span> -<span id="index-equation-environment-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-equation-environment-1"></a> <p>Produce mathematical text by putting LaTeX into math mode or display -math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). This example shows both. +math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). This example shows both. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The wave equation for \( u \) is +<pre class="example-preformatted">The wave equation for \( u \) is \begin{displaymath} \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = c^2\nabla^2u \end{displaymath} @@ -13344,9 +13385,9 @@ where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant. </pre></div> <p>Math mode is for inline mathematics. In the above example it is invoked -by the starting <code>\(</code> and finished by the matching ending <code>\)</code>. +by the starting <code class="code">\(</code> and finished by the matching ending <code class="code">\)</code>. Display math mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the -<code>displaymath</code> environment. Note that any mathematical text +<code class="code">displaymath</code> environment. Note that any mathematical text whatever, including mathematical text consisting of just one character, is handled in math mode. </p> @@ -13354,7 +13395,7 @@ is handled in math mode. your input text differently than in other text modes. For example, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">contrast x+y with \( x+y \) +<pre class="example-preformatted">contrast x+y with \( x+y \) </pre></div> <p>in math mode the letters are in italics and the spacing around the plus @@ -13364,60 +13405,60 @@ sign is different. mode. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\( <var>mathematical material</var> \) -$ <var>mathematical material</var> $ -\begin{math} <var>mathematical material</var> \end{math} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\( <var class="var">mathematical material</var> \) +$ <var class="var">mathematical material</var> $ +\begin{math} <var class="var">mathematical material</var> \end{math} </pre></div> <p>The first form is preferred and the second is quite common, but the third form is rarely used. You can sometimes use one and sometimes -another, as in <code>\(x\) and $y$</code>. You can use these in paragraph -mode or in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +another, as in <code class="code">\(x\) and $y$</code>. You can use these in paragraph +mode or in LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). </p> <p>To make displayed formulas, put LaTeX into display math mode with either: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} - <var>mathematical material</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath} + <var class="var">mathematical material</var> \end{displaymath} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} - <var>mathematical material</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} + <var class="var">mathematical material</var> \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>(see <a href="#displaymath"><code>displaymath</code></a>, see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>). The only difference is that -with the <code>equation</code> environment, LaTeX puts a formula number -alongside the formula. The construct <code>\[ <var>math</var> \]</code> is -equivalent to <code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> +<p>(see <a class="pxref" href="#displaymath"><code class="code">displaymath</code></a>, see <a class="pxref" href="#equation"><code class="code">equation</code></a>). The only difference is that +with the <code class="code">equation</code> environment, LaTeX puts a formula number +alongside the formula. The construct <code class="code">\[ <var class="var">math</var> \]</code> is +equivalent to <code class="code">\begin{displaymath} <var class="var">math</var> \end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph -mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-5"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-5"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></span> -<span id="index-amsfonts-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsfonts-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools"></span> -<span id="index-mathtools-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package"></a> <p>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics, -<code>amsmath</code> and <code>amssymb</code> (also be aware of the <code>mathtools</code> -package that is an extension to, and loads, <code>amsmath</code>). New +<code class="code">amsmath</code> and <code class="code">amssymb</code> (also be aware of the <code class="code">mathtools</code> +package that is an extension to, and loads, <code class="code">amsmath</code>). New documents that will have mathematical text should use these packages. Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document; see their documentation on CTAN. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> <li><a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a></li> <li><a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a></li> @@ -13428,51 +13469,51 @@ see their documentation on CTAN. <li><a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="8">Math miscellany</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3> -<span id="index-superscript"></span> -<span id="index-subscript"></span> -<span id="index-_005e-superscript"></span> -<span id="index-_005f-subscript"></span> -<span id="index-exponent"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="superscript"></a><a class="anchor" id="subscript"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-superscript"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-subscript"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005e-superscript"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005f-subscript"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exponent"></a> <p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><var>base</var>^<var>exp</var> -<var>base</var>^{<var>exp</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">base</var>^<var class="var">exp</var> +<var class="var">base</var>^{<var class="var">exp</var>} </pre></div> <p>or, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><var>base</var>_<var>exp</var> -<var>base</var>_{<var>exp</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">base</var>_<var class="var">exp</var> +<var class="var">base</var>_{<var class="var">exp</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Make <var>exp</var> appear as a superscript of <var>base</var> (with the caret -character, <code>^</code>) or a subscript (with -underscore, <code>_</code>). +<p>Make <var class="var">exp</var> appear as a superscript of <var class="var">base</var> (with the caret +character, <code class="code">^</code>) or a subscript (with +underscore, <code class="code">_</code>). </p> -<p>In this example the <code>0</code>’s and <code>1</code>’s are subscripts while the -<code>2</code>’s are superscripts. +<p>In this example the <code class="code">0</code>’s and <code class="code">1</code>’s are subscripts while the +<code class="code">2</code>’s are superscripts. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \) </pre></div> <p>To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character, -surround the expression with curly braces, as in <code>e^{-2x}</code>. +surround the expression with curly braces, as in <code class="code">e^{-2x}</code>. This example’s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for the exponent. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath} (3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683 \qquad 3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987 @@ -13481,1134 +13522,1136 @@ for the exponent. <p>LaTeX knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So, -expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and <code>x_{i_0}</code> give correct +expressions such as <code class="code">e^{x^2}</code> and <code class="code">x_{i_0}</code> give correct output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the -<var>base</var> a determined <var>exp</var>. If you enter <code>\(3^3^3\)</code> then -you get ‘<samp>Double superscript</samp>’. +<var class="var">base</var> a determined <var class="var">exp</var>. If you enter <code class="code">\(3^3^3\)</code>, this +interpreted as <code class="code">\(3^{3}^{3}\)</code> and then you get TeX error +‘<samp class="samp">Double superscript</samp>’. </p> <p>LaTeX does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in the correct place without any author intervention. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath} \int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a) \end{displaymath} </pre></div> -<p>Note the parentheses around <code>x=a</code> to make the entire expression a +<p>Note the curly braces around <code class="code">x=a</code> to make the entire expression a subscript. </p> <p>To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like -<code>{}_t K^2</code>. The empty curly braces <code>{}</code> give the +<code class="code">{}_t K^2</code>. The empty curly braces <code class="code">{}</code> give the subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally attaching to a prior symbols. </p> <p>Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or -display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you -the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’. +display math mode, as in <code class="code">the expression x^2</code>, will get you +the TeX error ‘<samp class="samp">Missing $ inserted</samp>’. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-mhchem"></span> -<span id="index-mhchem-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mhchem"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mhchem-package"></a> <p>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as -<code>mhchem</code>; see CTAN. +<code class="code">mhchem</code>; see CTAN. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Math-symbols"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-symbols"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts & superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Math-symbols-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Math-symbols-1">16.2 Math symbols</h3> -<span id="index-math-symbols"></span> -<span id="index-symbols_002c-math"></span> -<span id="index-greek-letters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-symbols"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-greek-letters"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-comprehensive"></span> -<span id="index-comprehensive-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-comprehensive"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-comprehensive-package"></a> <p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that -anyone uses. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, +anyone uses. For example, if you include <code class="code">$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get the pi symbol π. See the “Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List” package at -<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive">https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive">https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive</a>. </p> <p>Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means exhaustive. Each symbol is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class, which determines the spacing around it, is given in parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can be used only in math mode. To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current -mode, see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath"><code>\ensuremath</code></a>. +mode, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005censuremath"><code class="code">\ensuremath</code></a>. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005c_007c'><span><code>\|</code><a href='#index-_005c_007c' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\parallel</code>. +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005c_007c'><span><code class="code">\|</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_007c'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\parallel</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005caleph'><span><code>\aleph</code><a href='#index-_005caleph' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005caleph'><span><code class="code">\aleph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005caleph'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ℵ Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005calpha'><span><code>\alpha</code><a href='#index-_005calpha' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005calpha'><span><code class="code">\alpha</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005calpha'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>α Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005camalg'><span><code>\amalg</code><a href='#index-_005camalg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005camalg'><span><code class="code">\amalg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005camalg'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⨿ Disjoint union (binary) </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cangle'><span><code>\angle</code><a href='#index-_005cangle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cangle'><span><code class="code">\angle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cangle'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than -sign <code><</code> and angle bracket <code>\langle</code>. +sign <code class="code"><</code> and angle bracket <code class="code">\langle</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005capprox'><span><code>\approx</code><a href='#index-_005capprox' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005capprox'><span><code class="code">\approx</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005capprox'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≈ Almost equal to (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cast'><span><code>\ast</code><a href='#index-_005cast' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cast'><span><code class="code">\ast</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cast'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∗ Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed -(binary). Synonym: <code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or -subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: <code>\star</code>, which is +(binary). Synonym: <code class="code">*</code>, which is often a superscript or +subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: <code class="code">\star</code>, which is five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and sometimes reserved for cross-correlation. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005casymp'><span><code>\asymp</code><a href='#index-_005casymp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005casymp'><span><code class="code">\asymp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005casymp'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≍ Asymptotically equivalent (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbackslash'><span><code>\backslash</code><a href='#index-_005cbackslash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus <code>\setminus</code>, and -<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode. +<dt id='index-_005cbackslash'><span><code class="code">\backslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbackslash'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus <code class="code">\setminus</code>, and +<code class="code">\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbeta'><span><code>\beta</code><a href='#index-_005cbeta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbeta'><span><code class="code">\beta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbeta'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>β Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigcap'><span><code>\bigcap</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcap' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigcap'><span><code class="code">\bigcap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcap'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⋂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar: -binary intersection <code>\cap</code>. +binary intersection <code class="code">\cap</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigcirc'><span><code>\bigcirc</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcirc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigcirc'><span><code class="code">\bigcirc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcirc'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function -composition <code>\circ</code>. +composition <code class="code">\circ</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigcup'><span><code>\bigcup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigcup'><span><code class="code">\bigcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigcup'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⋃ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary -union <code>\cup</code>. +union <code class="code">\cup</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigodot'><span><code>\bigodot</code><a href='#index-_005cbigodot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigodot'><span><code class="code">\bigodot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigodot'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⨀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigoplus'><span><code>\bigoplus</code><a href='#index-_005cbigoplus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigoplus'><span><code class="code">\bigoplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigoplus'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⨁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigotimes'><span><code>\bigotimes</code><a href='#index-_005cbigotimes' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigotimes'><span><code class="code">\bigotimes</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigotimes'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⨂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangledown'><span><code>\bigtriangledown</code><a href='#index-_005cbigtriangledown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down -(operator). +<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangledown'><span><code class="code">\bigtriangledown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigtriangledown'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle +pointing down (binary). Synonym: <var class="var">\varbigtriangledown</var>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangleup'><span><code>\bigtriangleup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigtriangleup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator). +<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangleup'><span><code class="code">\bigtriangleup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigtriangleup'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle +pointing up (binary). Synonym: <var class="var">\varbigtriangleup</var>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigsqcup'><span><code>\bigsqcup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigsqcup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigsqcup'><span><code class="code">\bigsqcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigsqcup'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⨆ Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbiguplus'><span><code>\biguplus</code><a href='#index-_005cbiguplus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbiguplus'><span><code class="code">\biguplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbiguplus'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⨄ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus (operator). (Note that the name has only one p.) </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigvee'><span><code>\bigvee</code><a href='#index-_005cbigvee' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigvee'><span><code class="code">\bigvee</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigvee'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⋁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigwedge'><span><code>\bigwedge</code><a href='#index-_005cbigwedge' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbigwedge'><span><code class="code">\bigwedge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigwedge'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⋀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbot'><span><code>\bot</code><a href='#index-_005cbot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbot'><span><code class="code">\bot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbot'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊥, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered -set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also <code>\top</code>. +set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also <code class="code">\top</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbowtie'><span><code>\bowtie</code><a href='#index-_005cbowtie' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cbowtie'><span><code class="code">\bowtie</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbowtie'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⋈ Natural join of two relations (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cBox'><span><code>\Box</code><a href='#index-_005cBox' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cBox'><span><code class="code">\Box</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cBox'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>□ Modal operator for necessity; square open box -(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. +(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbullet'><span><code>\bullet</code><a href='#index-_005cbullet' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-bullet-symbol"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cbullet'><span><code class="code">\bullet</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbullet'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bullet-symbol"></a> <p>• Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication -dot <code>\cdot</code>. +dot <code class="code">\cdot</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccap'><span><code>\cap</code><a href='#index-_005ccap' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccap'><span><code class="code">\cap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccap'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∩ Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized -operator <code>\bigcap</code>. +operator <code class="code">\bigcap</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccdot'><span><code>\cdot</code><a href='#index-_005ccdot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccdot'><span><code class="code">\cdot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccdot'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet -dot <code>\bullet</code>. +dot <code class="code">\bullet</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cchi'><span><code>\chi</code><a href='#index-_005cchi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cchi'><span><code class="code">\chi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cchi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>χ Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccirc'><span><code>\circ</code><a href='#index-_005ccirc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccirc'><span><code class="code">\circ</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccirc'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∘ Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar: -variable-sized operator <code>\bigcirc</code>. +variable-sized operator <code class="code">\bigcirc</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cclubsuit'><span><code>\clubsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cclubsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cclubsuit'><span><code class="code">\clubsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cclubsuit'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>♣ Club card suit (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccomplement'><span><code>\complement</code><a href='#index-_005ccomplement' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccomplement'><span><code class="code">\complement</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccomplement'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in -<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. Also used: -<code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or <code>$\bar{S}$</code>. +<code class="code">$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. Also used: +<code class="code">$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or <code class="code">$\bar{S}$</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccong'><span><code>\cong</code><a href='#index-_005ccong' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccong'><span><code class="code">\cong</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccong'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≅ Congruent (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccoprod'><span><code>\coprod</code><a href='#index-_005ccoprod' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccoprod'><span><code class="code">\coprod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccoprod'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∐ Coproduct (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccup'><span><code>\cup</code><a href='#index-_005ccup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccup'><span><code class="code">\cup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccup'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∪ Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized -operator <code>\bigcup</code>. +operator <code class="code">\bigcup</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdagger'><span><code>\dagger</code><a href='#index-_005cdagger' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdagger'><span><code class="code">\dagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdagger'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>† Dagger relation (binary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdashv'><span><code>\dashv</code><a href='#index-_005cdashv' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdashv'><span><code class="code">\dashv</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdashv'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊣ Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar: -turnstile <code>\vdash</code>. +turnstile <code class="code">\vdash</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cddagger'><span><code>\ddagger</code><a href='#index-_005cddagger' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cddagger'><span><code class="code">\ddagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddagger'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>‡ Double dagger relation (binary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cDelta'><span><code>\Delta</code><a href='#index-_005cDelta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cDelta'><span><code class="code">\Delta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDelta'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Δ Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdelta'><span><code>\delta</code><a href='#index-_005cdelta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdelta'><span><code class="code">\delta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdelta'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>δ Greek lowercase delta (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cDiamond'><span><code>\Diamond</code><a href='#index-_005cDiamond' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. +<dt id='index-_005cDiamond'><span><code class="code">\Diamond</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDiamond'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdiamond'><span><code>\diamond</code><a href='#index-_005cdiamond' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdiamond'><span><code class="code">\diamond</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiamond'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large -diamond <code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet <code>\bullet</code>. +diamond <code class="code">\Diamond</code>, circle bullet <code class="code">\bullet</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdiamondsuit'><span><code>\diamondsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cdiamondsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdiamondsuit'><span><code class="code">\diamondsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiamondsuit'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>♢ Diamond card suit (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdiv'><span><code>\div</code><a href='#index-_005cdiv' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdiv'><span><code class="code">\div</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdiv'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>÷ Division sign (binary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdoteq'><span><code>\doteq</code><a href='#index-_005cdoteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdoteq'><span><code class="code">\doteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdoteq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≐ Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal -to <code>\Doteq</code>. +to <code class="code">\Doteq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdownarrow'><span><code>\downarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\downarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdownarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: -<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow. +<code class="code">\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cDownarrow'><span><code>\Downarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cDownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cDownarrow'><span><code class="code">\Downarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cDownarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: -<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow. +<code class="code">\downarrow</code> single line down arrow. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cell'><span><code>\ell</code><a href='#index-_005cell' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cell'><span><code class="code">\ell</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cell'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cemptyset'><span><code>\emptyset</code><a href='#index-_005cemptyset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cemptyset'><span><code class="code">\emptyset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cemptyset'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is -<code>\varnothing</code>. +<code class="code">\varnothing</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cepsilon'><span><code>\epsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cepsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cepsilon'><span><code class="code">\epsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cepsilon'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ϵ Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small -letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code> ε. Related: -the set membership relation <code>\in</code> ∈. +letter epsilon <code class="code">\varepsilon</code> ε. Related: +the set membership relation <code class="code">\in</code> ∈. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cequiv'><span><code>\equiv</code><a href='#index-_005cequiv' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cequiv'><span><code class="code">\equiv</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cequiv'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≡ Equivalence (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ceta'><span><code>\eta</code><a href='#index-_005ceta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ceta'><span><code class="code">\eta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ceta'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>η Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cexists'><span><code>\exists</code><a href='#index-_005cexists' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cexists'><span><code class="code">\exists</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cexists'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∃ Existential quantifier (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cflat'><span><code>\flat</code><a href='#index-_005cflat' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cflat'><span><code class="code">\flat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cflat'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>♭ Musical flat (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cforall'><span><code>\forall</code><a href='#index-_005cforall' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cforall'><span><code class="code">\forall</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cforall'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∀ Universal quantifier (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfrown'><span><code>\frown</code><a href='#index-_005cfrown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cfrown'><span><code class="code">\frown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfrown'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⌢ Downward curving arc (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cGamma'><span><code>\Gamma</code><a href='#index-_005cGamma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cGamma'><span><code class="code">\Gamma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cGamma'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Γ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cgamma'><span><code>\gamma</code><a href='#index-_005cgamma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cgamma'><span><code class="code">\gamma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgamma'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>γ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cge'><span><code>\ge</code><a href='#index-_005cge' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cge'><span><code class="code">\ge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cge'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym -for <code>\geq</code>. +for <code class="code">\geq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cgeq'><span><code>\geq</code><a href='#index-_005cgeq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cgeq'><span><code class="code">\geq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgeq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym -for <code>\ge</code>. +for <code class="code">\ge</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cgets'><span><code>\gets</code><a href='#index-_005cgets' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cgets'><span><code class="code">\gets</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgets'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>← Is assigned the value (relation). -Synonym: <code>\leftarrow</code>. +Synonym: <code class="code">\leftarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cgg'><span><code>\gg</code><a href='#index-_005cgg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cgg'><span><code class="code">\gg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgg'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less -than <code>\ll</code>. +than <code class="code">\ll</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005chbar'><span><code>\hbar</code><a href='#index-_005chbar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005chbar'><span><code class="code">\hbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chbar'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ℏ Planck constant over two pi (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cheartsuit'><span><code>\heartsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cheartsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cheartsuit'><span><code class="code">\heartsuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cheartsuit'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>♡ Heart card suit (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005chookleftarrow'><span><code>\hookleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005chookleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005chookleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\hookleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chookleftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↩ Hooked left arrow (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005chookrightarrow'><span><code>\hookrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005chookrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005chookrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\hookrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chookrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↪ Hooked right arrow (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ciff'><span><code>\iff</code><a href='#index-_005ciff' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>⟷ If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code> -with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side. +<dt id='index-_005ciff'><span><code class="code">\iff</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ciff'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>⟷ If and only if (relation). It is <code class="code">\Longleftrightarrow</code> +with a <code class="code">\thickmuskip</code> on either side. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cIm'><span><code>\Im</code><a href='#index-_005cIm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part <code>\Re</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cIm'><span><code class="code">\Im</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cIm'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part <code class="code">\Re</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cimath'><span><code>\imath</code><a href='#index-_005cimath' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></span> -<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>). +<dt id='index-_005cimath'><span><code class="code">\imath</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cimath'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a> +<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cin'><span><code>\in</code><a href='#index-_005cin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cin'><span><code class="code">\in</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cin'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∈ Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate -epsilon <code>\epsilon</code>ϵ and small letter script -epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>. +epsilon <code class="code">\epsilon</code>ϵ and small letter script +epsilon <code class="code">\varepsilon</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cinfty'><span><code>\infty</code><a href='#index-_005cinfty' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cinfty'><span><code class="code">\infty</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cinfty'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∞ Infinity (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cint'><span><code>\int</code><a href='#index-_005cint' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cint'><span><code class="code">\int</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cint'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∫ Integral (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ciota'><span><code>\iota</code><a href='#index-_005ciota' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ciota'><span><code class="code">\iota</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ciota'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ι Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cJoin'><span><code>\Join</code><a href='#index-_005cJoin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cJoin'><span><code class="code">\Join</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cJoin'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⨝ Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain TeX. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cjmath'><span><code>\jmath</code><a href='#index-_005cjmath' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></span> -<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>). +<dt id='index-_005cjmath'><span><code class="code">\jmath</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cjmath'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a> +<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ckappa'><span><code>\kappa</code><a href='#index-_005ckappa' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ckappa'><span><code class="code">\kappa</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ckappa'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>κ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cLambda'><span><code>\Lambda</code><a href='#index-_005cLambda' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cLambda'><span><code class="code">\Lambda</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLambda'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Λ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clambda'><span><code>\lambda</code><a href='#index-_005clambda' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clambda'><span><code class="code">\lambda</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clambda'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>λ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cland'><span><code>\land</code><a href='#index-_005cland' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code>\wedge</code>. -See also logical or <code>\lor</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cland'><span><code class="code">\land</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cland'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code class="code">\wedge</code>. +See also logical or <code class="code">\lor</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clangle'><span><code>\langle</code><a href='#index-_005clangle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clangle'><span><code class="code">\langle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clangle'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⟨ Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar: -less-than <code><</code>. Matches <code>\rangle</code>. +less-than <code class="code"><</code>. Matches <code class="code">\rangle</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clbrace'><span><code>\lbrace</code><a href='#index-_005clbrace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clbrace'><span><code class="code">\lbrace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clbrace'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>{ Left curly brace -(opening). Synonym: <code>\{</code>. Matches <code>\rbrace</code>. +(opening). Synonym: <code class="code">\{</code>. Matches <code class="code">\rbrace</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clbrack'><span><code>\lbrack</code><a href='#index-_005clbrack' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clbrack'><span><code class="code">\lbrack</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clbrack'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>[ Left square bracket (opening). -Synonym: <code>[</code>. Matches <code>\rbrack</code>. +Synonym: <code class="code">[</code>. Matches <code class="code">\rbrack</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clceil'><span><code>\lceil</code><a href='#index-_005clceil' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clceil'><span><code class="code">\lceil</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clceil'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⌈ Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom -shaved off (opening). Matches <code>\rceil</code>. +shaved off (opening). Matches <code class="code">\rceil</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cle'><span><code>\le</code><a href='#index-_005cle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cle'><span><code class="code">\le</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cle'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym -for <code>\leq</code>. +for <code class="code">\leq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cleadsto'><span><code>\leadsto</code><a href='#index-_005cleadsto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cleadsto'><span><code class="code">\leadsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleadsto'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation). To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put -<code>\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the -preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead. +<code class="code">\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the +preamble and then use <code class="code">\Leadsto</code> instead. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cLeftarrow'><span><code>\Leftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cLeftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cLeftarrow'><span><code class="code">\Leftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLeftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇐ Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar: -single-line left arrow <code>\leftarrow</code>. +single-line left arrow <code class="code">\leftarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cleftarrow'><span><code>\leftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\leftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>← Single-line left arrow (relation). -Synonym: <code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left -arrow <code>\Leftarrow</code>. +Synonym: <code class="code">\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left +arrow <code class="code">\Leftarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoondown'><span><code>\leftharpoondown</code><a href='#index-_005cleftharpoondown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoondown'><span><code class="code">\leftharpoondown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftharpoondown'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↽ Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoonup'><span><code>\leftharpoonup</code><a href='#index-_005cleftharpoonup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoonup'><span><code class="code">\leftharpoonup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftharpoonup'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↼ Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cLeftrightarrow'><span><code>\Leftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cLeftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cLeftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLeftrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇔ Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation). -Similar: single-line double headed arrow <code>\leftrightarrow</code>. +Similar: single-line double headed arrow <code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cleftrightarrow'><span><code>\leftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cleftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cleftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleftrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↔ Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: -double-line double headed arrow <code>\Leftrightarrow</code>. +double-line double headed arrow <code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cleq'><span><code>\leq</code><a href='#index-_005cleq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cleq'><span><code class="code">\leq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cleq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym -for <code>\le</code>. +for <code class="code">\le</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clfloor'><span><code>\lfloor</code><a href='#index-_005clfloor' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: <code>\floor</code>. +<dt id='index-_005clfloor'><span><code class="code">\lfloor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clfloor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: <code class="code">\floor</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clhd'><span><code>\lhd</code><a href='#index-_005clhd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clhd'><span><code class="code">\lhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clhd'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should load -<code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation +<code class="code">amssymb</code> and use <code class="code">\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cll'><span><code>\ll</code><a href='#index-_005cll' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cll'><span><code class="code">\ll</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cll'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater -than <code>\gg</code>. +than <code class="code">\gg</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clnot'><span><code>\lnot</code><a href='#index-_005clnot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: <code>\neg</code>. +<dt id='index-_005clnot'><span><code class="code">\lnot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clnot'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: <code class="code">\neg</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clongleftarrow'><span><code>\longleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clongleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\longleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongleftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⟵ Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long -double-line left arrow <code>\Longleftarrow</code>. +double-line left arrow <code class="code">\Longleftarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clongleftrightarrow'><span><code>\longleftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongleftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clongleftrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\longleftrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongleftrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⟷ Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long -double-line double-headed arrow <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>. +double-line double-headed arrow <code class="code">\Longleftrightarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clongmapsto'><span><code>\longmapsto</code><a href='#index-_005clongmapsto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clongmapsto'><span><code class="code">\longmapsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongmapsto'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⟼ Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar -(relation). Similar: shorter version <code>\mapsto</code>. +(relation). Similar: shorter version <code class="code">\mapsto</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clongrightarrow'><span><code>\longrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clongrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\longrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clongrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⟶ Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long -double-line right arrow <code>\Longrightarrow</code>. +double-line right arrow <code class="code">\Longrightarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clor'><span><code>\lor</code><a href='#index-_005clor' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: <code>\vee</code>. -See also logical and <code>\land</code>. +<dt id='index-_005clor'><span><code class="code">\lor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: <code class="code">\vee</code>. +See also logical and <code class="code">\land</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmapsto'><span><code>\mapsto</code><a href='#index-_005cmapsto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmapsto'><span><code class="code">\mapsto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmapsto'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↦ Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). -Similar: longer version <code>\longmapsto</code>. +Similar: longer version <code class="code">\longmapsto</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmho'><span><code>\mho</code><a href='#index-_005cmho' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmho'><span><code class="code">\mho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmho'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>℧ Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmid'><span><code>\mid</code><a href='#index-_005cmid' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmid'><span><code class="code">\mid</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmid'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of -<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>. +<code class="code">\mid</code> is for a set <code class="code">\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>. </p> -<p>Similar: <code>\vert</code> and <code>|</code> produce the same single-line +<p>Similar: <code class="code">\vert</code> and <code class="code">|</code> produce the same single-line vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry -for <code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for <code>\Vert</code>. +for <code class="code">\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for <code class="code">\Vert</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmodels'><span><code>\models</code><a href='#index-_005cmodels' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmodels'><span><code class="code">\models</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmodels'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊨ Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash -(relation). Similar: long double dash <code>\vDash</code>. +(relation). Similar: long double dash <code class="code">\vDash</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmp'><span><code>\mp</code><a href='#index-_005cmp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmp'><span><code class="code">\mp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmp'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∓ Minus or plus (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmu'><span><code>\mu</code><a href='#index-_005cmu' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmu'><span><code class="code">\mu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmu'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnabla'><span><code>\nabla</code><a href='#index-_005cnabla' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cnabla'><span><code class="code">\nabla</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnabla'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnatural'><span><code>\natural</code><a href='#index-_005cnatural' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cnatural'><span><code class="code">\natural</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnatural'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cne'><span><code>\ne</code><a href='#index-_005cne' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\neq</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cne'><span><code class="code">\ne</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cne'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\neq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnearrow'><span><code>\nearrow</code><a href='#index-_005cnearrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cnearrow'><span><code class="code">\nearrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnearrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↗ North-east arrow (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cneg'><span><code>\neg</code><a href='#index-_005cneg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cneg'><span><code class="code">\neg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cneg'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>¬ Logical negation (ordinary). -Synonym: <code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for -negation: <code>\sim</code>. +Synonym: <code class="code">\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for +negation: <code class="code">\sim</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cneq'><span><code>\neq</code><a href='#index-_005cneq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\ne</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cneq'><span><code class="code">\neq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cneq'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\ne</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cni'><span><code>\ni</code><a href='#index-_005cni' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cni'><span><code class="code">\ni</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cni'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member -(relation). Synonym: <code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member -of <code>\in</code>. +(relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\owns</code>. Similar: is a member +of <code class="code">\in</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnot'><span><code>\not</code><a href='#index-_005cnot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cnot'><span><code class="code">\not</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnot'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>  Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator (relation). </p> -<p>Many negated operators are available that don’t require <code>\not</code>, -particularly with the <code>amssymb</code> package. For example, <code>\notin</code> -is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>. +<p>Many negated operators are available that don’t require <code class="code">\not</code>, +particularly with the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. For example, <code class="code">\notin</code> +is typographically preferable to <code class="code">\not\in</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnotin'><span><code>\notin</code><a href='#index-_005cnotin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cnotin'><span><code class="code">\notin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnotin'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∉ Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset -of <code>\nsubseteq</code>. +of <code class="code">\nsubseteq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnu'><span><code>\nu</code><a href='#index-_005cnu' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cnu'><span><code class="code">\nu</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnu'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ν Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnwarrow'><span><code>\nwarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cnwarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cnwarrow'><span><code class="code">\nwarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnwarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↖ North-west arrow (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005codot'><span><code>\odot</code><a href='#index-_005codot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005codot'><span><code class="code">\odot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005codot'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊙ Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized -operator <code>\bigodot</code>. +operator <code class="code">\bigodot</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005coint'><span><code>\oint</code><a href='#index-_005coint' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005coint'><span><code class="code">\oint</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coint'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cOmega'><span><code>\Omega</code><a href='#index-_005cOmega' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cOmega'><span><code class="code">\Omega</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cOmega'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Ω uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005comega'><span><code>\omega</code><a href='#index-_005comega' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005comega'><span><code class="code">\omega</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005comega'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ω Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cominus'><span><code>\ominus</code><a href='#index-_005cominus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cominus'><span><code class="code">\ominus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cominus'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊖ Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005coplus'><span><code>\oplus</code><a href='#index-_005coplus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005coplus'><span><code class="code">\oplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coplus'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊕ Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized -operator <code>\bigoplus</code>. +operator <code class="code">\bigoplus</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005coslash'><span><code>\oslash</code><a href='#index-_005coslash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005coslash'><span><code class="code">\oslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coslash'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊘ Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cotimes'><span><code>\otimes</code><a href='#index-_005cotimes' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cotimes'><span><code class="code">\otimes</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cotimes'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊗ Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar: -variable-sized operator <code>\bigotimes</code>. +variable-sized operator <code class="code">\bigotimes</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cowns'><span><code>\owns</code><a href='#index-_005cowns' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cowns'><span><code class="code">\owns</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cowns'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member -(relation). Synonym: <code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member -of <code>\in</code>. +(relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\ni</code>. Similar: is a member +of <code class="code">\in</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cparallel'><span><code>\parallel</code><a href='#index-_005cparallel' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\|</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cparallel'><span><code class="code">\parallel</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cparallel'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\|</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpartial'><span><code>\partial</code><a href='#index-_005cpartial' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cpartial'><span><code class="code">\partial</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpartial'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∂ Partial differential (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cperp'><span><code>\perp</code><a href='#index-_005cperp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: <code>\bot</code> uses the +<dt id='index-_005cperp'><span><code class="code">\perp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cperp'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: <code class="code">\bot</code> uses the same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class ordinary. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cPhi'><span><code>\Phi</code><a href='#index-_005cPhi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cPhi'><span><code class="code">\Phi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPhi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Φ Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cphi'><span><code>\phi</code><a href='#index-_005cphi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cphi'><span><code class="code">\phi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cphi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ϕ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is -<code>\varphi</code> φ. +<code class="code">\varphi</code> φ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cPi'><span><code>\Pi</code><a href='#index-_005cPi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cPi'><span><code class="code">\Pi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Π uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpi'><span><code>\pi</code><a href='#index-_005cpi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cpi'><span><code class="code">\pi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>π Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is -<code>\varpi</code> ϖ. +<code class="code">\varpi</code> ϖ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpm'><span><code>\pm</code><a href='#index-_005cpm' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cpm'><span><code class="code">\pm</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpm'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>± Plus or minus (binary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cprec'><span><code>\prec</code><a href='#index-_005cprec' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than <code><</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cprec'><span><code class="code">\prec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprec'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than <code class="code"><</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpreceq'><span><code>\preceq</code><a href='#index-_005cpreceq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cpreceq'><span><code class="code">\preceq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpreceq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⪯ Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or -equals <code>\leq</code>. +equals <code class="code">\leq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cprime'><span><code>\prime</code><a href='#index-_005cprime' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cprime'><span><code class="code">\prime</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprime'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). -Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code> -and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second -is that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the desired symbol, that is, the same -result as <code>$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$</code>, but uses rather less -typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right -single quote <code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character +Typically used as a superscript: <code class="code">$f^\prime$</code>; <code class="code">$f^\prime$</code> +and <code class="code">$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second +is that <code class="code">$f'''$</code> produces the desired symbol, that is, the same +result as <code class="code">$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$</code>, but uses rather less +typing. You can only use <code class="code">\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right +single quote <code class="code">'</code> in text mode produces a different character (apostrophe). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cprod'><span><code>\prod</code><a href='#index-_005cprod' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cprod'><span><code class="code">\prod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cprod'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∏ Product (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpropto'><span><code>\propto</code><a href='#index-_005cpropto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cpropto'><span><code class="code">\propto</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpropto'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∝ Is proportional to (relation) </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cPsi'><span><code>\Psi</code><a href='#index-_005cPsi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cPsi'><span><code class="code">\Psi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPsi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Ψ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpsi'><span><code>\psi</code><a href='#index-_005cpsi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cpsi'><span><code class="code">\psi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpsi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ψ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crangle'><span><code>\rangle</code><a href='#index-_005crangle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crangle'><span><code class="code">\rangle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crangle'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). -Similar: greater than <code>></code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>. +Similar: greater than <code class="code">></code>. Matches:<code class="code">\langle</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crbrace'><span><code>\rbrace</code><a href='#index-_005crbrace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crbrace'><span><code class="code">\rbrace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crbrace'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>} Right curly brace -(closing). Synonym: <code>\}</code>. Matches <code>\lbrace</code>. +(closing). Synonym: <code class="code">\}</code>. Matches <code class="code">\lbrace</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crbrack'><span><code>\rbrack</code><a href='#index-_005crbrack' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crbrack'><span><code class="code">\rbrack</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crbrack'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>] Right square bracket -(closing). Synonym: <code>]</code>. Matches <code>\lbrack</code>. +(closing). Synonym: <code class="code">]</code>. Matches <code class="code">\lbrack</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crceil'><span><code>\rceil</code><a href='#index-_005crceil' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches <code>\lceil</code>. +<dt id='index-_005crceil'><span><code class="code">\rceil</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crceil'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches <code class="code">\lceil</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cRe'><span><code>\Re</code><a href='#index-_005cRe' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cRe'><span><code class="code">\Re</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRe'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ℜ Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related: -double-line, or blackboard bold, R <code>\mathbb{R}</code>; to access -this, load the <code>amsfonts</code> package. +double-line, or blackboard bold, R <code class="code">\mathbb{R}</code>; to access +this, load the <code class="code">amsfonts</code> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crestriction'><span><code>\restriction</code><a href='#index-_005crestriction' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crestriction'><span><code class="code">\restriction</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crestriction'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↾, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym: -<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. +<code class="code">\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crevemptyset'><span><code>\revemptyset</code><a href='#index-_005crevemptyset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crevemptyset'><span><code class="code">\revemptyset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crevemptyset'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: -<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>stix</samp> package. +<code class="code">\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp class="file">stix</samp> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crfloor'><span><code>\rfloor</code><a href='#index-_005crfloor' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crfloor'><span><code class="code">\rfloor</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crfloor'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⌋ Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut -off (closing). Matches <code>\lfloor</code>. +off (closing). Matches <code class="code">\lfloor</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crhd'><span><code>\rhd</code><a href='#index-_005crhd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crhd'><span><code class="code">\rhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crhd'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead -load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a +load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and use <code class="code">\vartriangleright</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crho'><span><code>\rho</code><a href='#index-_005crho' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crho'><span><code class="code">\rho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crho'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ρ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is -<code>\varrho</code> ϱ. +<code class="code">\varrho</code> ϱ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cRightarrow'><span><code>\Rightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cRightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cRightarrow'><span><code class="code">\Rightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cRightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow -(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow <code>\rightarrow</code>. +(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow <code class="code">\rightarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crightarrow'><span><code>\rightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005crightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crightarrow'><span><code class="code">\rightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). -Synonym: <code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line -arrow <code>\Rightarrow</code>. +Synonym: <code class="code">\to</code>. Similar: right double line +arrow <code class="code">\Rightarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crightharpoondown'><span><code>\rightharpoondown</code><a href='#index-_005crightharpoondown' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crightharpoondown'><span><code class="code">\rightharpoondown</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightharpoondown'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crightharpoonup'><span><code>\rightharpoonup</code><a href='#index-_005crightharpoonup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crightharpoonup'><span><code class="code">\rightharpoonup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightharpoonup'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crightleftharpoons'><span><code>\rightleftharpoons</code><a href='#index-_005crightleftharpoons' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005crightleftharpoons'><span><code class="code">\rightleftharpoons</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crightleftharpoons'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csearrow'><span><code>\searrow</code><a href='#index-_005csearrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csearrow'><span><code class="code">\searrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csearrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↘ Arrow pointing southeast (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csetminus'><span><code>\setminus</code><a href='#index-_005csetminus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csetminus'><span><code class="code">\setminus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csetminus'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash, -like \ (binary). Similar: backslash <code>\backslash</code> and also -<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode. +like \ (binary). Similar: backslash <code class="code">\backslash</code> and also +<code class="code">\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csharp'><span><code>\sharp</code><a href='#index-_005csharp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csharp'><span><code class="code">\sharp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csharp'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>♯ Musical sharp (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cSigma'><span><code>\Sigma</code><a href='#index-_005cSigma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cSigma'><span><code class="code">\Sigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cSigma'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Σ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csigma'><span><code>\sigma</code><a href='#index-_005csigma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csigma'><span><code class="code">\sigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csigma'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>σ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is -<code>\varsigma</code> ς. +<code class="code">\varsigma</code> ς. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csim'><span><code>\sim</code><a href='#index-_005csim' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csim'><span><code class="code">\sim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csim'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∼ Similar, in a relation (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csimeq'><span><code>\simeq</code><a href='#index-_005csimeq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csimeq'><span><code class="code">\simeq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csimeq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≃ Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csmallint'><span><code>\smallint</code><a href='#index-_005csmallint' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csmallint'><span><code class="code">\smallint</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmallint'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∫ Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a display (operator). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csmile'><span><code>\smile</code><a href='#index-_005csmile' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csmile'><span><code class="code">\smile</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmile'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⌣ Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cspadesuit'><span><code>\spadesuit</code><a href='#index-_005cspadesuit' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cspadesuit'><span><code class="code">\spadesuit</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cspadesuit'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>♠ Spade card suit (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csqcap'><span><code>\sqcap</code><a href='#index-_005csqcap' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csqcap'><span><code class="code">\sqcap</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqcap'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊓ Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar: -intersection <code>cap</code>. +intersection <code class="code">cap</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csqcup'><span><code>\sqcup</code><a href='#index-_005csqcup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csqcup'><span><code class="code">\sqcup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqcup'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar: -union <code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized -operator <code>\bigsqcup</code>. +union <code class="code">cup</code>. Related: variable-sized +operator <code class="code">\bigsqcup</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csqsubset'><span><code>\sqsubset</code><a href='#index-_005csqsubset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csqsubset'><span><code class="code">\sqsubset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsubset'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: -subset <code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. +subset <code class="code">\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csqsubseteq'><span><code>\sqsubseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csqsubseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csqsubseteq'><span><code class="code">\sqsubseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsubseteq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊑ Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or -equal to <code>\subseteq</code>. +equal to <code class="code">\subseteq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csqsupset'><span><code>\sqsupset</code><a href='#index-_005csqsupset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csqsupset'><span><code class="code">\sqsupset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsupset'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: -superset <code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. +superset <code class="code">\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csqsupseteq'><span><code>\sqsupseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csqsupseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csqsupseteq'><span><code class="code">\sqsupseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csqsupseteq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary). -Similar: superset or equal <code>\supseteq</code>. +Similar: superset or equal <code class="code">\supseteq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cstar'><span><code>\star</code><a href='#index-_005cstar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cstar'><span><code class="code">\star</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cstar'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). -Similar: the synonyms asterisk <code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which +Similar: the synonyms asterisk <code class="code">*</code> and <code class="code">\ast</code>, which are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene star. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csubset'><span><code>\subset</code><a href='#index-_005csubset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csubset'><span><code class="code">\subset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csubset'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊂ Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csubseteq'><span><code>\subseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csubseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csubseteq'><span><code class="code">\subseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csubseteq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊆ Subset or equal to (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csucc'><span><code>\succ</code><a href='#index-_005csucc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csucc'><span><code class="code">\succ</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csucc'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less -than <code>></code>. +than <code class="code">></code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csucceq'><span><code>\succeq</code><a href='#index-_005csucceq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csucceq'><span><code class="code">\succeq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csucceq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⪰ Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less -than or equal to <code>\leq</code>. +than or equal to <code class="code">\leq</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csum'><span><code>\sum</code><a href='#index-_005csum' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csum'><span><code class="code">\sum</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csum'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital -sigma <code>\Sigma</code>. +sigma <code class="code">\Sigma</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csupset'><span><code>\supset</code><a href='#index-_005csupset' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csupset'><span><code class="code">\supset</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csupset'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊃ Superset (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csupseteq'><span><code>\supseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csupseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csupseteq'><span><code class="code">\supseteq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csupseteq'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊇ Superset or equal to (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csurd'><span><code>\surd</code><a href='#index-_005csurd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csurd'><span><code class="code">\surd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csurd'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>√ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command -<code>\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar +<code class="code">\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar that extends to cover the argument. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cswarrow'><span><code>\swarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cswarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cswarrow'><span><code class="code">\swarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cswarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↙ Southwest-pointing arrow (relation). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctau'><span><code>\tau</code><a href='#index-_005ctau' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctau'><span><code class="code">\tau</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctau'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>τ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctheta'><span><code>\theta</code><a href='#index-_005ctheta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctheta'><span><code class="code">\theta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctheta'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>θ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is -<code>\vartheta</code> ϑ. +<code class="code">\vartheta</code> ϑ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctimes'><span><code>\times</code><a href='#index-_005ctimes' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctimes'><span><code class="code">\times</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctimes'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>× Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See -also <code>\cdot</code>. +also <code class="code">\cdot</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cto'><span><code>\to</code><a href='#index-_005cto' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cto'><span><code class="code">\to</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cto'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). -Synonym: <code>\rightarrow</code>. +Synonym: <code class="code">\rightarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctop'><span><code>\top</code><a href='#index-_005ctop' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctop'><span><code class="code">\top</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctop'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊤ Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set -(ordinary). See also <code>\bot</code>. +(ordinary). See also <code class="code">\bot</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctriangle'><span><code>\triangle</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctriangle'><span><code class="code">\triangle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangle'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>△ Triangle (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctriangleleft'><span><code>\triangleleft</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangleleft' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctriangleleft'><span><code class="code">\triangleleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangleleft'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left -(binary). Similar: <code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you -should load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which +(binary). Similar: <code class="code">\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you +should load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and use <code class="code">\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctriangleright'><span><code>\triangleright</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangleright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctriangleright'><span><code class="code">\triangleright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctriangleright'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load -<code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a +<code class="code">amssymb</code> and use <code class="code">\vartriangleright</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cunlhd'><span><code>\unlhd</code><a href='#index-_005cunlhd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cunlhd'><span><code class="code">\unlhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunlhd'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊴ Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the -normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and -use <code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives +normal subgroup symbol load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and +use <code class="code">\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cunrhd'><span><code>\unrhd</code><a href='#index-_005cunrhd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cunrhd'><span><code class="code">\unrhd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunrhd'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊵ Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the -normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and -use <code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives +normal subgroup symbol load <code class="code">amssymb</code> and +use <code class="code">\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cUparrow'><span><code>\Uparrow</code><a href='#index-_005cUparrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cUparrow'><span><code class="code">\Uparrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUparrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing -arrow <code>\uparrow</code>. +arrow <code class="code">\uparrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cuparrow'><span><code>\uparrow</code><a href='#index-_005cuparrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cuparrow'><span><code class="code">\uparrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cuparrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing -arrow <code>\Uparrow</code>. +arrow <code class="code">\Uparrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cUpdownarrow'><span><code>\Updownarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cUpdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cUpdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\Updownarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUpdownarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing -arrow <code>\updownarrow</code>. +arrow <code class="code">\updownarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cupdownarrow'><span><code>\updownarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cupdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cupdownarrow'><span><code class="code">\updownarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupdownarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing -arrow <code>\Updownarrow</code>. +arrow <code class="code">\Updownarrow</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cupharpoonright'><span><code>\upharpoonright</code><a href='#index-_005cupharpoonright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cupharpoonright'><span><code class="code">\upharpoonright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupharpoonright'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>↾, Up harpoon, with barb on right side -(relation). Synonym: <code>\restriction</code>. -Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. +(relation). Synonym: <code class="code">\restriction</code>. +Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cuplus'><span><code>\uplus</code><a href='#index-_005cuplus' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cuplus'><span><code class="code">\uplus</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cuplus'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in -the middle (binary). Similar: union <code>\cup</code>. Related: -variable-sized operator <code>\biguplus</code>. +the middle (binary). Similar: union <code class="code">\cup</code>. Related: +variable-sized operator <code class="code">\biguplus</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cUpsilon'><span><code>\Upsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cUpsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cUpsilon'><span><code class="code">\Upsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cUpsilon'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Υ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cupsilon'><span><code>\upsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cupsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cupsilon'><span><code class="code">\upsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cupsilon'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>υ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvarepsilon'><span><code>\varepsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cvarepsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvarepsilon'><span><code class="code">\varepsilon</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarepsilon'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ε Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form -<code>\epsilon</code> ϵ. Related: set -membership <code>\in</code>. +<code class="code">\epsilon</code> ϵ. Related: set +membership <code class="code">\in</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvanothing'><span><code>\vanothing</code><a href='#index-_005cvanothing' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related: -<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. +<dt id='index-_005cvanothing'><span><code class="code">\vanothing</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvanothing'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code class="code">\emptyset</code>. Related: +<code class="code">\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code class="code">amssymb</code> package. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvarphi'><span><code>\varphi</code><a href='#index-_005cvarphi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvarphi'><span><code class="code">\varphi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarphi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>φ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code> ϕ. +The non-variant form is <code class="code">\phi</code> ϕ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvarpi'><span><code>\varpi</code><a href='#index-_005cvarpi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvarpi'><span><code class="code">\varpi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarpi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ϖ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code> π. +The non-variant form is <code class="code">\pi</code> π. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvarrho'><span><code>\varrho</code><a href='#index-_005cvarrho' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvarrho'><span><code class="code">\varrho</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarrho'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ϱ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code> ρ. +The non-variant form is <code class="code">\rho</code> ρ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvarsigma'><span><code>\varsigma</code><a href='#index-_005cvarsigma' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvarsigma'><span><code class="code">\varsigma</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvarsigma'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ς Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is -<code>\sigma</code> σ. +<code class="code">\sigma</code> σ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvartheta'><span><code>\vartheta</code><a href='#index-_005cvartheta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvartheta'><span><code class="code">\vartheta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvartheta'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ϑ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is -<code>\theta</code> θ. +<code class="code">\theta</code> θ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvdash'><span><code>\vdash</code><a href='#index-_005cvdash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvdash'><span><code class="code">\vdash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvdash'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a -half-circle <code>\dashv</code>. +half-circle <code class="code">\dashv</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvee'><span><code>\vee</code><a href='#index-_005cvee' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvee'><span><code class="code">\vee</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvee'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: -logical and <code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized -operator <code>\bigvee</code>. +logical and <code class="code">\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized +operator <code class="code">\bigvee</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cVert'><span><code>\Vert</code><a href='#index-_005cVert' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, -for how to use the <code>mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized +<dt id='index-_005cVert'><span><code class="code">\Vert</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cVert'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, +for how to use the <code class="code">mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvert'><span><code>\vert</code><a href='#index-_005cvert' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cvert'><span><code class="code">\vert</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvert'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>| Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such -that”, as in the definition of a set, use <code>\mid</code> because it -is a relation. See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <code>mathtools</code> +that”, as in the definition of a set, use <code class="code">\mid</code> because it +is a relation. See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <code class="code">mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cwedge'><span><code>\wedge</code><a href='#index-_005cwedge' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code>\land</code>. See also -logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized -operator <code>\bigwedge</code>. +<dt id='index-_005cwedge'><span><code class="code">\wedge</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwedge'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code class="code">\land</code>. See also +logical or <code class="code">\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized +operator <code class="code">\bigwedge</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cwp'><span><code>\wp</code><a href='#index-_005cwp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cwp'><span><code class="code">\wp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwp'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>℘ Weierstrass p (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cwr'><span><code>\wr</code><a href='#index-_005cwr' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cwr'><span><code class="code">\wr</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwr'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>≀ Wreath product (binary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cXi'><span><code>\Xi</code><a href='#index-_005cXi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cXi'><span><code class="code">\Xi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cXi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Ξ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cxi'><span><code>\xi</code><a href='#index-_005cxi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cxi'><span><code class="code">\xi</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cxi'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ξ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005czeta'><span><code>\zeta</code><a href='#index-_005czeta' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005czeta'><span><code class="code">\zeta</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005czeta'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </p> </dd> @@ -14617,24 +14660,24 @@ operator <code>\bigwedge</code>. <p>The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX provides versions to use in mathematical text. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cmathdollar'><span><code>\mathdollar</code><a href='#index-_005cmathdollar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cmathdollar'><span><code class="code">\mathdollar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathdollar'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathparagraph'><span><code>\mathparagraph</code><a href='#index-_005cmathparagraph' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathparagraph'><span><code class="code">\mathparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathparagraph'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathsection'><span><code>\mathsection</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsection' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Section sign in math mode §. +<dt id='index-_005cmathsection'><span><code class="code">\mathsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsection'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Section sign in math mode: §. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathsterling'><span><code>\mathsterling</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsterling' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathsterling'><span><code class="code">\mathsterling</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathsterling'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: £. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathunderscore'><span><code>\mathunderscore</code><a href='#index-_005cmathunderscore' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathunderscore'><span><code class="code">\mathunderscore</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathunderscore'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _. </p> </dd> @@ -14642,9 +14685,9 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text. -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Arrows" accesskey="1">Arrows</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2"><code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a></li> <li><a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="3">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="4">Calligraphic</a></li> <li><a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="5">Delimiters</a></li> @@ -14652,155 +14695,215 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text. <li><a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="7">Greek letters</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="Arrows"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Arrows"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Arrows-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Arrows</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Arrows-1">16.2.1 Arrows</h4> -<span id="index-arrows"></span> -<span id="index-symbols_002c-arrows"></span> -<span id="index-math_002c-arrows"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrows"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-arrows"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math_002c-arrows"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"></span> -<span id="index-amsfonts-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsfonts-package-1"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-latexsym"></span> -<span id="index-latexsym-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-latexsym"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-latexsym-package"></a> <p>These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The -<code>latexsym</code> and <code>amsfonts</code> packages contain many more. +<code class="code">latexsym</code> and <code class="code">amsfonts</code> packages contain many more. </p> -<table> +<table class="multitable"> <thead><tr><th width="10%">Symbol</th><th width="40%">Command</th><th width="50%"></th></tr></thead> -<tr><td width="10%">⇓</td><td width="40%"><code>\Downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↓</td><td width="40%"><code>\downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↩</td><td width="40%"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↪</td><td width="40%"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">←</td><td width="40%"><code>\leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⇐</td><td width="40%"><code>\Leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⇔</td><td width="40%"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↔</td><td width="40%"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⟵</td><td width="40%"><code>\longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⟸</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⟷</td><td width="40%"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⟺</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⟼</td><td width="40%"><code>\longmapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⟹</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⟶</td><td width="40%"><code>\longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↦</td><td width="40%"><code>\mapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↗</td><td width="40%"><code>\nearrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↖</td><td width="40%"><code>\nwarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⇒</td><td width="40%"><code>\Rightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">→</td><td width="40%"><code>\rightarrow</code>, or <code>\to</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↘</td><td width="40%"><code>\searrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↙</td><td width="40%"><code>\swarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↑</td><td width="40%"><code>\uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⇑</td><td width="40%"><code>\Uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">↕</td><td width="40%"><code>\updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">⇕</td><td width="40%"><code>\Updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tbody><tr><td width="10%">⇓</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↓</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↩</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\hookleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↪</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\hookrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">←</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⇐</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⇔</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↔</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⟵</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⟸</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⟷</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⟺</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⟼</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\longmapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⟹</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⟶</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↦</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\mapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↗</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\nearrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↖</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\nwarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⇒</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Rightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">→</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\rightarrow</code>, or <code class="code">\to</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↘</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\searrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↙</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\swarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↑</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⇑</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">↕</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">⇕</td><td width="40%"><code class="code">\Updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<p>An example of the difference between <code>\to</code> and <code>\mapsto</code> -is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>. +<p>An example of the difference between <code class="code">\to</code> and <code class="code">\mapsto</code> +is: <code class="code">\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amscd"></span> -<span id="index-amscd-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amscd"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amscd-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"></span> -<span id="index-tikz_002dcd-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tikz_002dcd-package"></a> <p>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including -<code>tikz-cd</code> and <code>amscd</code>. +<code class="code">tikz-cd</code> and <code class="code">amscd</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="n" rel="next">Blackboard bold</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrows</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1">16.2.2 <code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></h4> -<span id="index-boldface-mathematics"></span> -<span id="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></span> -<span id="index-_005cboldmath"></span> -<span id="index-_005cunboldmath"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cboldmath"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cunboldmath"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cboldmath"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunboldmath"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-boldface-mathematics"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathematics_002c-boldface"></a> <p>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\boldmath \( <var>math</var> \) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\boldmath \( <var class="var">math</var> \) </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\unboldmath \( <var class="var">math</var> \) </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005cboldmath-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></span> -<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cboldmath-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></a> +<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var class="var">math</var> to be in a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular -(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display -math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +(non-bold) default, respectively. They must be used when <em class="emph">not</em> in +math mode or display math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are +fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an -<code>\mbox</code>, +<p>In this example each <code class="code">\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an +<code class="code">\mbox</code>, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$ +<pre class="example-preformatted">we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$ </pre></div> -<p>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR -mode, and explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set <code>v</code> -and <code>u</code>. +<p>which means <code class="code">\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR +mode, and explains why we must switch LaTeX into math mode to set +<code class="code">v</code> and <code class="code">u</code>. </p> -<p>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \( -\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like ‘<samp>LaTeX Font Warning: -Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp>’ and ‘<samp>LaTeX -Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line -11</samp>’. +<p>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code class="code">Trouble: \( +\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Font Warning: +Command \boldmath invalid in math mode</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Font Warning: +Command \mathversion invalid in math mode</samp>’. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-bm"></span> -<span id="index-bm-package"></span> -<p>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use -the <code>bm</code> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete -description is outside the scope of this document (see the full -documentation on CTAN) but even this small example +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#bm" accesskey="1"><code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</a></li> +<li><a href="#OpenType-bold-math" accesskey="2">OpenType bold math</a></li> +</ul> +<hr> +<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="bm"> +<div class="nav-panel"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#OpenType-bold-math" accesskey="n" rel="next">OpenType bold math</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<h4 class="subsubsection" id="bm_003a-Individual-bold-math-symbols">16.2.2.1 <code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</h4> + +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-bm"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bm-package"></a> + +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></a> + +<p>Specifying <code class="code">\boldmath</code> is the best method for typesetting a whole +math expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an +expression in bold, the <code class="code">bm</code> package provided by the LaTeX +Project team is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this +document (see its documentation at <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/bm">https://ctan.org/pkg/bm</a> or in +your installation) but the spacing in the output of this small example +will show that it is an improvement over <code class="code">\boldmath</code> within an +expression: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble ... we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$ </pre></div> -<p>shows that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>. +<hr> +</div> +<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="OpenType-bold-math"> +<div class="nav-panel"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#bm" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<h4 class="subsubsection" id="OpenType-bold-math-1">16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math</h4> + +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fontspec-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fontspec-package-1"></a> + + +<p>Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (XeLaTeX, +LuaLaTeX), neither <code class="code">\boldmath</code> nor <code class="code">bm</code> usually work +well, because the OpenType math fonts normally used with those engines +rarely come with a bold companion, and both <code class="code">\boldmath</code> and +<code class="code">bm</code> require this. (The implementation of <code class="code">bm</code> relies +on <code class="code">\boldmath</code>, so the requirements are the same.) If you do have +a bold math font, though, then <code class="code">\boldmath</code> and <code class="code">bm</code> work +fine. +</p> +<p>If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake +bold fonts with the <code class="code">fontspec</code> package’s <code class="code">FakeBold=1</code> +parameter (see its documentation, +<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec">https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec</a>). This may be acceptable for +drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a true +bold font. </p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unicode_002dmath-package"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csymbf"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csymbfit"></a> +<p>Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to use +the <code class="code">\symbf</code> (bold), <code class="code">\symbfit</code> (bold italic), and related +commands from the <code class="code">unicode-math</code> package. These do not change +the current font, but rather change the (Unicode) “alphabet” used, +which in practice is more widely supported than a separate bold font. +Many variations are possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the +desired output. As usual, see the package documentation +(<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math">https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math</a>). +</p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Blackboard-bold"> -<div class="header"> +</div> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Blackboard-bold"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\boldmath</code> & <code class="code">\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Blackboard-bold-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Blackboard-bold-1">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4> -<span id="index-blackboard-bold"></span> -<span id="index-doublestruck"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-blackboard-bold"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-doublestruck"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{amssymb} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{amssymb} % in preamble ... -\mathbb{<var>uppercase-letter</var>} +\mathbb{<var class="var">uppercase-letter</var>} </pre></div> <p>Provide blackboard bold symbols, sometimes also known as doublestruck @@ -14810,14 +14913,15 @@ integers, etc. <p>Here </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \) </pre></div> -<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ, +<p>the <code class="code">\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ, representing the natural numbers. </p> -<p>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error -but you get strange results, including unexpected characters. +<p>If the argument contains something other than an uppercase letter, you +do not get an error but you do get strange results, including +unexpected characters. </p> <p>There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the capital letters; look on CTAN. @@ -14825,21 +14929,21 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Calligraphic"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Calligraphic"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Delimiters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Calligraphic-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.4 Calligraphic</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Calligraphic-1">16.2.4 Calligraphic</h4> -<span id="index-calligraphic-fonts"></span> -<span id="index-script-fonts"></span> -<span id="index-fonts_002c-script"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-calligraphic-fonts"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-script-fonts"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fonts_002c-script"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\mathcal{<var>uppercase-letters</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\mathcal{<var class="var">uppercase-letters</var>} </pre></div> <p>Use a script-like font. @@ -14847,105 +14951,106 @@ Next: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Delimiters</a>, Previous: < <p>In this example the graph identifier is output in a cursive font. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \). +<pre class="example-preformatted">Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \). </pre></div> <p>If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance, -<code>\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol. +<code class="code">\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Delimiters"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Delimiters"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="n" rel="next">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Delimiters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Delimiters-1">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4> -<span id="index-delimiters"></span> -<span id="index-parentheses"></span> -<span id="index-braces"></span> -<span id="index-curly-braces"></span> -<span id="index-brackets"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-delimiters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parentheses"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-braces"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-curly-braces"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brackets"></a> <p>Delimiters are parentheses, braces, or other characters used to mark the start and end of subformulas. This formula has three sets of parentheses delimiting the three subformulas. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">(z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2 +<pre class="example-preformatted">(z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2 </pre></div> -<p>The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter <code>\( [0,1) \)</code>. +<p>The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter <code class="code">\( [0,1) \)</code>. </p> <p>Here are the common delimiters: </p> -<table> +<table class="multitable"> <thead><tr><th width="11%">Delimiter</th><th width="20%">Command</th><th width="40%">Name</th></tr></thead> -<tr><td width="11%">(</td><td width="20%"><code>(</code></td><td width="40%">Left parenthesis</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">)</td><td width="20%"><code>)</code></td><td width="40%">Right parenthesis</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">\}</td><td width="20%"><code>{</code> or <code>\lbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Left brace</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">\{</td><td width="20%"><code>}</code> or <code>\rbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Right brace</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">[</td><td width="20%"><code>[</code> or <code>\lbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Left bracket</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">]</td><td width="20%"><code>]</code> or <code>\rbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Right bracket</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">⌊</td><td width="20%"><code>\lfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Left floor bracket</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">⌋</td><td width="20%"><code>\rfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Right floor bracket</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">⌈</td><td width="20%"><code>\lceil</code></td><td width="40%">Left ceiling bracket</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">⌉</td><td width="20%"><code>\rceil</code></td><td width="40%">Right ceiling bracket</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">⟨</td><td width="20%"><code>\langle</code></td><td width="40%">Left angle bracket</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">⟩</td><td width="20%"><code>\rangle</code></td><td width="40%">Right angle bracket</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">/</td><td width="20%"><code>/</code></td><td width="40%">Slash, or forward slash</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">\</td><td width="20%"><code>\backslash</code></td><td width="40%">Reverse slash, or backslash</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">|</td><td width="20%"><code>|</code> or <code>\vert</code></td><td width="40%">Vertical bar</td></tr> -<tr><td width="11%">‖</td><td width="20%"><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code></td><td width="40%">Double vertical bar</td></tr> +<tbody><tr><td width="11%">(</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">(</code></td><td width="40%">Left parenthesis</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">)</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">)</code></td><td width="40%">Right parenthesis</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">\}</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">{</code> or <code class="code">\lbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Left brace</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">\{</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">}</code> or <code class="code">\rbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Right brace</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">[</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">[</code> or <code class="code">\lbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Left bracket</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">]</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">]</code> or <code class="code">\rbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Right bracket</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">⌊</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\lfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Left floor bracket</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">⌋</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\rfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Right floor bracket</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">⌈</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\lceil</code></td><td width="40%">Left ceiling bracket</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">⌉</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\rceil</code></td><td width="40%">Right ceiling bracket</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">⟨</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\langle</code></td><td width="40%">Left angle bracket</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">⟩</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\rangle</code></td><td width="40%">Right angle bracket</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">/</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">/</code></td><td width="40%">Slash, or forward slash</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">\</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\backslash</code></td><td width="40%">Reverse slash, or backslash</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">|</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">|</code> or <code class="code">\vert</code></td><td width="40%">Vertical bar</td></tr> +<tr><td width="11%">‖</td><td width="20%"><code class="code">\|</code> or <code class="code">\Vert</code></td><td width="40%">Double vertical bar</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></span> -<span id="index-mathtools-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-1"></a> -<p>The <code>mathtools</code> package allows you to create commands for paired +<p>The <code class="code">mathtools</code> package allows you to create commands for paired delimiters. For instance, if you put -<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> in your preamble +<code class="code">\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> in your preamble then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work in math mode). The starred form, such as -<code>\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the height of the vertical bars +<code class="code">\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the height of the vertical bars match the height of the argument. The unstarred form, such as -<code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height. -This form accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size +<code class="code">\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height. +This form accepts an optional argument, as in <code class="code">\abs[<var class="var">size command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, where the height of the bars is given in -<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using instead <code>\lVert</code> -and <code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the +<var class="var">size command</var>, such as <code class="code">\Bigg</code>. Using instead <code class="code">\lVert</code> +and <code class="code">\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same behavior. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1"><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="2"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1">16.2.5.1 <code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></h4> -<span id="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></span> -<span id="index-paired-delimiters"></span> -<span id="index-matching-parentheses"></span> -<span id="index-matching-brackets"></span> -<span id="index-null-delimiter"></span> -<span id="index-_005cleft"></span> -<span id="index-_005cright"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cleft"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cright"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cleft"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cright"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paired-delimiters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-matching-parentheses"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-matching-brackets"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-null-delimiter"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\left <var>delimiter1</var> ... \right <var>delimiter2</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\left <var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \right <var class="var">delimiter2</var> </pre></div> <p>Make matching parentheses, braces, or other delimiters. LaTeX makes @@ -14956,7 +15061,7 @@ they enclose. the entries. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \left(\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ @@ -14964,25 +15069,25 @@ the entries. \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters. </p> -<p>Every <code>\left</code> must have a matching <code>\right</code>. In the above -example, leaving out the <code>\left(</code> gets the error message -‘<samp>Extra \right</samp>’. Leaving out the <code>\right)</code> gets ‘<samp>You +<p>Every <code class="code">\left</code> must have a matching <code class="code">\right</code>. In the above +example, leaving out the <code class="code">\left(</code> gets the error message +‘<samp class="samp">Extra \right</samp>’. Leaving out the <code class="code">\right)</code> gets ‘<samp class="samp">You can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>’. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-6"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-6"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></span> -<span id="index-mathtools-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-2"></a> -<p>However, <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need not match. A common +<p>However, <var class="var">delimiter1</var> and <var class="var">delimiter2</var> need not match. A common case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, -‘<samp>.</samp>’, as a null delimiter. +‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’, as a <em class="dfn">null delimiter</em>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 &\mbox{--if \(n=0\)} \\ f(n-1)+3n^2 &\mbox{--else} @@ -14991,48 +15096,48 @@ case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, </pre></div> <p>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a -backslash, <code>\{</code> (see <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>). (The packages -<code>amsmath</code> and <code>mathtools</code> allow you to get the above -construct through in a <code>cases</code> environment.) +backslash, <code class="code">\{</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>). (The packages +<code class="code">amsmath</code> and <code class="code">mathtools</code> allow you to get the above +construct through in a <code class="code">cases</code> environment.) </p> -<p>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair make a group. One consequence is that -the formula enclosed in the <code>\left ... \right</code> pair cannot have +<p>The <code class="code">\left ... \right</code> pair make a group. One consequence is that +the formula enclosed in the <code class="code">\left ... \right</code> pair cannot have line breaks in the output. This includes both manual line breaks and LaTeX-generated automatic ones. In this example, LaTeX breaks the equation to make the formula fit the margins. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet +<pre class="example-preformatted">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet \( (a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z) \) </pre></div> -<p>But with <code>\left</code> and <code>\right</code> +<p>But with <code class="code">\left</code> and <code class="code">\right</code> </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet +<pre class="example-preformatted">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet \( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \) </pre></div> <p>LaTeX won’t break the line, causing the formula to extend into the margin. </p> -<p>Because <code>\left ... \right</code> make a group, all the usual grouping -rules hold. Here, the value of <code>\testlength</code> set inside the -equation will be forgotten, and the output is ‘<samp>1.2pt</samp>’. +<p>Because <code class="code">\left ... \right</code> make a group, all the usual grouping +rules hold. Here, the value of <code class="code">\testlength</code> set inside the +equation will be forgotten, and the output is ‘<samp class="samp">1.2pt</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newlength{\testlength} \setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\testlength} \setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt} \begin{equation} \left( a+b=c \setlength{\testlength}{3.4pt} \right) \the\testlength \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair affect the horizontal spacing of the -enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in <code>\( \sin(x) = +<p>The <code class="code">\left ... \right</code> pair affect the horizontal spacing of the +enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in <code class="code">\( \sin(x) = \sin\left(x\right) \)</code> the one after the equals sign has more space -around the <code>x</code>. That’s because <code>\left( ... \right)</code> inserts -an inner node while <code>( ... )</code> inserts an opening node. The second +around the <code class="code">x</code>. That’s because <code class="code">\left( ... \right)</code> inserts +an inner node while <code class="code">( ... )</code> inserts an opening node. The second way that the pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they form a group, the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better. @@ -15042,7 +15147,7 @@ enclosed formula. Here LaTeX grows the brackets to extend the full height of the integral. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \left[ \int_{x=r_0}^{\infty} -G\frac{Mm}{r^2}\, dr \right] \end{equation} </pre></div> @@ -15052,94 +15157,97 @@ has no depth, TeX will create delimiters that extend far below the rule. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \left( \rule{1pt}{1cm} \right) \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in <code>\( \left| +<p>TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in <code class="code">\( \left| |x|+|y| \right| \)</code>. It can also choose delimiters that are too large, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \left( \sum_{0\leq i<n} i^k \right) \end{equation} </pre></div> <p>A third awkward case is when a long displayed formula is on more than one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing -delimiter; you can’t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and -<code>\right</code> on the last because they must be paired. +delimiter; you can’t use <code class="code">\left</code> on the first line and +<code class="code">\right</code> on the last because they must be paired. </p> -<p>To size the delimiters manually, see <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a>. +<p>To size the delimiters manually, see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"><code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</h4> +<h4 class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code class="code">\bigl</code>, <code class="code">\bigr</code>, etc.</h4> + +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigl"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigr"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigl"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigr"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var> -\Bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var> -\biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<var>delimiter2</var> -\Biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<var>delimiter2</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\bigl<var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var class="var">delimiter2</var> +\Bigl<var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var class="var">delimiter2</var> +\biggl<var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<var class="var">delimiter2</var> +\Biggl<var class="var">delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<var class="var">delimiter2</var> </pre></div> -<p>(as with <code>\bigl[...\bigr]</code>; strictly speaking they need not be +<p>(as with <code class="code">\bigl[...\bigr]</code>; strictly speaking they need not be paired, see below), or one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\bigm<var>delimiter</var> -\Bigm<var>delimiter</var> -\biggm<var>delimiter</var> -\Biggm<var>delimiter</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\bigm<var class="var">delimiter</var> +\Bigm<var class="var">delimiter</var> +\biggm<var class="var">delimiter</var> +\Biggm<var class="var">delimiter</var> </pre></div> -<p>(as with <code>\bigm|</code>), or one of: +<p>(as with <code class="code">\bigm|</code>), or one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\big<var>delimiter</var> -\Big<var>delimiter</var> -\bigg<var>delimiter</var> -\Bigg<var>delimiter</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\big<var class="var">delimiter</var> +\Big<var class="var">delimiter</var> +\bigg<var class="var">delimiter</var> +\Bigg<var class="var">delimiter</var> </pre></div> -<p>(as with <code>\big[</code>). +<p>(as with <code class="code">\big[</code>). </p> <p>Produce manually-sized delimiters. For delimiters that are -automatically sized see <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a>). +automatically sized see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a>). </p> <p>This produces slightly larger outer vertical bars. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"> \bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr| +<pre class="example-preformatted"> \bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr| </pre></div> <p>The commands above are listed in order of increasing size. You can use -the smallest size such as <code>\bigl...\bigr</code> in a paragraph without +the smallest size such as <code class="code">\bigl...\bigr</code> in a paragraph without causing LaTeX to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant for displayed equations. </p> -<p>See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters. In the family of -commands with ‘<samp>l</samp>’ or ‘<samp>r</samp>’, <var>delimiter1</var> and -<var>delimiter2</var> need not match together. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters. In the family of +commands with ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’, <var class="var">delimiter1</var> and +<var class="var">delimiter2</var> need not match together. </p> -<p>The ‘<samp>l</samp>’ and ‘<samp>r</samp>’ commands produce open and close delimiters +<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ commands produce open and close delimiters that insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the -delimiter, while the commands without ‘<samp>l</samp>’ and ‘<samp>r</samp>’ insert some +delimiter, while the commands without ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ insert some space (because each delimiter is set as an ordinary variable). Compare these two. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{l} \(\displaystyle \sin\biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr) \) \\ % good \(\displaystyle \sin\bigg(\frac{1}{2}\bigg) \) \\ % bad \end{tabular} @@ -15147,45 +15255,45 @@ these two. <p>The traditional typographic treatment is on the first line. On the second line the output will have some extra space between the -<code>\sin</code> and the open parenthesis. +<code class="code">\sin</code> and the open parenthesis. </p> -<p>Commands without ‘<samp>l</samp>’ or ‘<samp>r</samp>’ do give correct spacing in +<p>Commands without ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ do give correct spacing in some circumstances, as with this large vertical line </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \int_{x=a}^b x^2\,dx = \frac{1}{3} x^3 \Big|_{x=a}^b \end{equation} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-7"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-7"></a> -<p>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command -from the <code>amsmath</code> package), and as with this larger slash. +<p>(many authors would replace <code class="code">\frac</code> with the <code class="code">\tfrac</code> command +from the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package), and as with this larger slash. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \lim_{n\to\infty}\pi(n) \big/ (n/\log n) = 1 \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>Unlike the <code>\left...\right</code> pair (see <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></a>), the -commands here with ‘<samp>l</samp>’ or ‘<samp>r</samp>’ do not make a group. +<p>Unlike the <code class="code">\left...\right</code> pair (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code class="code">\left</code> & <code class="code">\right</code></a>), the +commands here with ‘<samp class="samp">l</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">r</samp>’ do not make a group. Strictly speaking they need not be matched so you can write something like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \Biggl[ \pi/6 ] \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>The commands with ‘<samp>m</samp>’ are for relations, which are in the middle of +<p>The commands with ‘<samp class="samp">m</samp>’ are for relations, which are in the middle of formulas, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \biggl\{ a\in B \biggm| a=\sum_{0\leq i<n}3i^2+4 \biggr\} \end{equation} </pre></div> @@ -15195,21 +15303,21 @@ formulas, as here. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Dots"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Dots"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Greek letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Delimiters</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4> -<span id="index-ellipses"></span> -<span id="index-dots"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipses"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dots"></a> <p>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern continues. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{array}{cccc} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{array}{cccc} a_{0,0} &a_{0,1} &a_{0,2} &\ldots \\ a_{1,0} &\ddots \\ \vdots @@ -15218,46 +15326,47 @@ continues. <p>LaTeX provides these. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="ellipses-cdots"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccdots'><span><code>\cdots</code><a href='#index-_005ccdots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="ellipses-cdots"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005ccdots'><span><code class="code">\cdots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccdots'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as -in ⋯. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1} +in ⋯. Used as: <code class="code">\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1} \)</code>. </p> -<span id="ellipses-ddots"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cddots'><span><code>\ddots</code><a href='#index-_005cddots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-ddots"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cddots'><span><code class="code">\ddots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddots'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Diagonal ellipsis, ⋱. See the above array example for a usage. </p> -<span id="ellipses-ldots"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cldots'><span><code>\ldots</code><a href='#index-_005cldots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: <code>\( -x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A -synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <code>amsmath</code> -package is <code>\hdots</code>. +<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-ldots"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cldots'><span><code class="code">\ldots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cldots'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmathellipsis'><span><code class="code">\mathellipsis</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathellipsis'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdots'><span><code class="code">\dots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdots'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: <code class="code">\( +x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. +Synonyms are <code class="code">\mathellipsis</code> and <code class="code">\dots</code>. A synonym from +the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package is <code class="code">\hdots</code>. </p> <p>You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in -<code>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>. (In a paragraph -mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.) +<code class="code">The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>. </p> -<span id="ellipses-vdots"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvdots'><span><code>\vdots</code><a href='#index-_005cvdots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="ellipses-vdots"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cvdots'><span><code class="code">\vdots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvdots'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Vertical ellipsis, ⋮. See the above array example for a usage. </p> </dd> </dl> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-8"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-8"></a> -<p>The <code>amsmath</code> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically +<p>The <code class="code">amsmath</code> package has the command <code class="code">\dots</code> to semantically mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs -for the first two uses of the <code>\dots</code> command. +for the first two uses of the <code class="code">\dots</code> command. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble ... Suppose that \( p_0, p_1, \dots, p_{n-1} \) lists all of the primes. Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a @@ -15265,375 +15374,403 @@ Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \). </pre></div> -<p>In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following <code>\dots</code> to +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotsc"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotsb"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotsi"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdots-1"></a> +<p>In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following <code class="code">\dots</code> to determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second -line has a <code>\cdot</code> following <code>\dots</code> so LaTeX outputs an +line has a <code class="code">\cdot</code> following <code class="code">\dots</code> so LaTeX outputs an ellipsis that is on the math axis, vertically centered. However, the third usage has no follow-on character so you have to tell LaTeX what -to do. You can use one of the commands: <code>\dotsc</code> if you need the -ellipsis appropriate for a comma following, <code>\dotsb</code> if you need +to do. You can use one of the commands: <code class="code">\dotsc</code> if you need the +ellipsis appropriate for a comma following, <code class="code">\dotsb</code> if you need the ellipses that fits when the dots are followed by a binary operator -or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or -<code>\dotso</code> for others. +or relation symbol, <code class="code">\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or +<code class="code">\dotso</code> for others. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unicode_002dmath-package-1"></a> + +<p>The <code class="code">\dots</code> command from <code class="code">amsmath</code> differs from the +LaTeX kernel’s <code class="code">\dots</code> command in another way: it outputs a +thin space after the ellipsis. Furthermore, the <code class="code">unicode-math</code> +package automatically loads <code class="code">amsmath</code>, so <code class="code">amsmath</code>’s +<code class="code">\dots</code> may be active even when you did not explicitly load it, +thus changing the output from <code class="code">\dots</code> in both text and math mode. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipsis_002c-in-Unicode-_0028U_002b2026_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipsis_002c-traditional-_0028three-periods_0029"></a> +<p>Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode +engines (<code class="code">lualatex</code>, <code class="code">xelatex</code>), LaTeX will use the +Unicode ellipsis character (U+2026) in the font if it’s available; +under traditional TeX engines (<code class="code">pdflatex</code>, <code class="code">latex</code>), it +will typeset three spaced periods. Generally, the Unicode +single-character ellipsis has almost no space between the three +periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis is looser, more +in accordance with traditional typography. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Greek-letters"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Greek-letters"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Greek-letters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Greek-letters-1">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4> -<span id="index-Greek-letters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Greek-letters"></a> <p>The upper case versions of these Greek letters are only shown when they differ from Roman upper case letters. </p> -<table> +<table class="multitable"> <thead><tr><th width="10%">Symbol</th><th width="30%">Command</th><th width="15%">Name</th><th width="45%"></th></tr></thead> -<tr><td width="10%">α</td><td width="30%"><code>\alpha</code></td><td width="15%">Alpha</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">β</td><td width="30%"><code>\beta</code></td><td width="15%">Beta</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">γ, Γ</td><td width="30%"><code>\gamma</code>, <code>\Gamma</code></td><td width="15%">Gamma</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">δ, Δ</td><td width="30%"><code>\delta</code>, <code>\Delta</code></td><td width="15%">Delta</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ε, ϵ</td><td width="30%"><code>\varepsilon</code>, <code>\epsilon</code></td><td width="15%">Epsilon</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ζ</td><td width="30%"><code>\zeta</code></td><td width="15%">Zeta</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">η</td><td width="30%"><code>\eta</code></td><td width="15%">Eta</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">θ, ϑ</td><td width="30%"><code>\theta</code>, <code>\vartheta</code></td><td width="15%">Theta</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ι</td><td width="30%"><code>\iota</code></td><td width="15%">Iota</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">κ</td><td width="30%"><code>\kappa</code></td><td width="15%">Kappa</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">λ, Λ</td><td width="30%"><code>\lambda</code>, <code>\Lambda</code></td><td width="15%">Lambda</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">μ</td><td width="30%"><code>\mu</code></td><td width="15%">Mu</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ν</td><td width="30%"><code>\nu</code></td><td width="15%">Nu</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ξ, Ξ</td><td width="30%"><code>\xi</code>, <code>\Xi</code></td><td width="15%">Xi</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">π, Π</td><td width="30%"><code>\pi</code>, <code>\Pi</code></td><td width="15%">Pi</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ρ, ϱ</td><td width="30%"><code>\rho</code>, <code>\varrho</code></td><td width="15%">Rho</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">σ, Σ</td><td width="30%"><code>\sigma</code>, <code>\Sigma</code></td><td width="15%">Sigma</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">τ</td><td width="30%"><code>\tau</code></td><td width="15%">Tau</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ϕ, φ, Φ</td><td width="30%"><code>\phi</code>, <code>\varphi</code>, <code>\Phi</code></td><td width="15%">Phi</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">χ</td><td width="30%"><code>\chi</code></td><td width="15%">chi</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ψ, Ψ</td><td width="30%"><code>\psi</code>, <code>\Psi</code></td><td width="15%">Psi</td></tr> -<tr><td width="10%">ω, Ω</td><td width="30%"><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></td><td width="15%">Omega</td></tr> +<tbody><tr><td width="10%">α</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\alpha</code></td><td width="15%">Alpha</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">β</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\beta</code></td><td width="15%">Beta</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">γ, Γ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\gamma</code>, <code class="code">\Gamma</code></td><td width="15%">Gamma</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">δ, Δ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\delta</code>, <code class="code">\Delta</code></td><td width="15%">Delta</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ε, ϵ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\varepsilon</code>, <code class="code">\epsilon</code></td><td width="15%">Epsilon</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ζ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\zeta</code></td><td width="15%">Zeta</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">η</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\eta</code></td><td width="15%">Eta</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">θ, ϑ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\theta</code>, <code class="code">\vartheta</code></td><td width="15%">Theta</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ι</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\iota</code></td><td width="15%">Iota</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">κ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\kappa</code></td><td width="15%">Kappa</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">λ, Λ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\lambda</code>, <code class="code">\Lambda</code></td><td width="15%">Lambda</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">μ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\mu</code></td><td width="15%">Mu</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ν</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\nu</code></td><td width="15%">Nu</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ξ, Ξ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\xi</code>, <code class="code">\Xi</code></td><td width="15%">Xi</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">π, Π</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\pi</code>, <code class="code">\Pi</code></td><td width="15%">Pi</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ρ, ϱ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\rho</code>, <code class="code">\varrho</code></td><td width="15%">Rho</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">σ, Σ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\sigma</code>, <code class="code">\Sigma</code></td><td width="15%">Sigma</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">τ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\tau</code></td><td width="15%">Tau</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ϕ, φ, Φ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\phi</code>, <code class="code">\varphi</code>, <code class="code">\Phi</code></td><td width="15%">Phi</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">χ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\chi</code></td><td width="15%">chi</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ψ, Ψ</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\psi</code>, <code class="code">\Psi</code></td><td width="15%">Psi</td></tr> +<tr><td width="10%">ω, Ω</td><td width="30%"><code class="code">\omega</code>, <code class="code">\Omega</code></td><td width="15%">Omega</td></tr> +</tbody> </table> -<span id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"></span> -<span id="index-unicode_002dmath-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unicode_002dmath-package-2"></a> <p>For omicron, if you are using LaTeX’s default Computer Modern font -then enter omicron just as ‘<samp>o</samp>’ or ‘<samp>O</samp>’. If you like having the +then enter omicron just as ‘<samp class="samp">o</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">O</samp>’. If you like having the name or if your font shows a difference then you can use something like -<code>\newcommand\omicron{o}</code>. The package <code>unicode-math</code> has -<code>\upomicron</code> for upright omicron and <code>\mitomicron</code> for math +<code class="code">\newcommand\omicron{o}</code>. The package <code class="code">unicode-math</code> has +<code class="code">\upomicron</code> for upright omicron and <code class="code">\mitomicron</code> for math italic. </p> <p>While the set membership relation symbol ∈ generated by -<code>\in</code> is related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable. +<code class="code">\in</code> is related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="Math-functions"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-functions"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Math-functions-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Math-functions-1">16.3 Math functions</h3> -<span id="index-math-functions"></span> -<span id="index-functions_002c-math"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-functions"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-functions_002c-math"></a> <p>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005carccos'><span><code>\arccos</code><a href='#index-_005carccos' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005carccos'><span><code class="code">\arccos</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carccos'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Inverse cosine </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005carcsin'><span><code>\arcsin</code><a href='#index-_005carcsin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005carcsin'><span><code class="code">\arcsin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carcsin'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Inverse sine </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005carctan'><span><code>\arctan</code><a href='#index-_005carctan' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005carctan'><span><code class="code">\arctan</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carctan'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Inverse tangent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005carg'><span><code>\arg</code><a href='#index-_005carg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005carg'><span><code class="code">\arg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005carg'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbmod'><span><code>\bmod</code><a href='#index-_005cbmod' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code> +<dt id='index-_005cbmod'><span><code class="code">\bmod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbmod'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code class="code">\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code> </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccos'><span><code>\cos</code><a href='#index-_005ccos' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccos'><span><code class="code">\cos</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccos'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Cosine </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccosh'><span><code>\cosh</code><a href='#index-_005ccosh' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccosh'><span><code class="code">\cosh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccosh'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Hyperbolic cosine </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccot'><span><code>\cot</code><a href='#index-_005ccot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccot'><span><code class="code">\cot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccot'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Cotangent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccoth'><span><code>\coth</code><a href='#index-_005ccoth' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccoth'><span><code class="code">\coth</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccoth'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Hyperbolic cotangent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccsc'><span><code>\csc</code><a href='#index-_005ccsc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ccsc'><span><code class="code">\csc</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccsc'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Cosecant </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdeg'><span><code>\deg</code><a href='#index-_005cdeg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdeg'><span><code class="code">\deg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdeg'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Degrees </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdet'><span><code>\det</code><a href='#index-_005cdet' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdet'><span><code class="code">\det</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdet'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Determinant </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdim'><span><code>\dim</code><a href='#index-_005cdim' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdim'><span><code class="code">\dim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdim'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Dimension </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cexp'><span><code>\exp</code><a href='#index-_005cexp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cexp'><span><code class="code">\exp</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cexp'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Exponential </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cgcd'><span><code>\gcd</code><a href='#index-_005cgcd' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cgcd'><span><code class="code">\gcd</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgcd'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Greatest common divisor </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005chom'><span><code>\hom</code><a href='#index-_005chom' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005chom'><span><code class="code">\hom</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chom'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Homomorphism </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cinf'><span><code>\inf</code><a href='#index-_005cinf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Infinum +<dt id='index-_005cinf'><span><code class="code">\inf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cinf'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Infimum </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cker'><span><code>\ker</code><a href='#index-_005cker' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cker'><span><code class="code">\ker</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cker'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Kernel </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clg'><span><code>\lg</code><a href='#index-_005clg' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clg'><span><code class="code">\lg</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clg'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Base 2 logarithm </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clim'><span><code>\lim</code><a href='#index-_005clim' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clim'><span><code class="code">\lim</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clim'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Limit </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005climinf'><span><code>\liminf</code><a href='#index-_005climinf' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005climinf'><span><code class="code">\liminf</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005climinf'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Limit inferior </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005climsup'><span><code>\limsup</code><a href='#index-_005climsup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005climsup'><span><code class="code">\limsup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005climsup'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Limit superior </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cln'><span><code>\ln</code><a href='#index-_005cln' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cln'><span><code class="code">\ln</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cln'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Natural logarithm </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clog'><span><code>\log</code><a href='#index-_005clog' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005clog'><span><code class="code">\log</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clog'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Logarithm </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmax'><span><code>\max</code><a href='#index-_005cmax' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmax'><span><code class="code">\max</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmax'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Maximum </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmin'><span><code>\min</code><a href='#index-_005cmin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmin'><span><code class="code">\min</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmin'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Minimum </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpmod'><span><code>\pmod</code><a href='#index-_005cpmod' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code> +<dt id='index-_005cpmod'><span><code class="code">\pmod</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpmod'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code class="code">\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code> </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cPr'><span><code>\Pr</code><a href='#index-_005cPr' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cPr'><span><code class="code">\Pr</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cPr'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Probability </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csec'><span><code>\sec</code><a href='#index-_005csec' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csec'><span><code class="code">\sec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csec'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Secant </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csin'><span><code>\sin</code><a href='#index-_005csin' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csin'><span><code class="code">\sin</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csin'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Sine </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csinh'><span><code>\sinh</code><a href='#index-_005csinh' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005csinh'><span><code class="code">\sinh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csinh'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Hyperbolic sine </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005csup'><span><code>\sup</code><a href='#index-_005csup' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>sup +<dt id='index-_005csup'><span><code class="code">\sup</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csup'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Supremum +sup </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctan'><span><code>\tan</code><a href='#index-_005ctan' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctan'><span><code class="code">\tan</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctan'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Tangent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctanh'><span><code>\tanh</code><a href='#index-_005ctanh' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctanh'><span><code class="code">\tanh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctanh'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Hyperbolic tangent </p> </dd> </dl> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-9"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-9"></a> -<p>The <code>amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and also -allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but -briefly, you can define an identity operator with -<code>\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</code> that is like the ones -above but prints as ‘<samp>id</samp>’. The starred form -<code>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</code> sets any limits above and -below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\max</code>. +<p>The <code class="code">amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and +also allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, +but briefly, you can define an identity operator with +<code class="code">\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</code> that is like the ones +above but prints as ‘<samp class="samp">id</samp>’. The starred form +<code class="code">\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</code> sets any superscript or +subscript to be above and below, as is traditional with <code class="code">\lim</code>, +<code class="code">\sup</code>, or <code class="code">\max</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Math-accents"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-accents"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="n" rel="next">Over- and Underlining</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Math-accents-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Math-accents-1">16.4 Math accents</h3> -<span id="index-math-accents"></span> -<span id="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-accents"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a> <p>LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text -(see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Accents">Accents</a>). </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cacute'><span><code>\acute</code><a href='#index-_005cacute' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cacute'><span><code class="code">\acute</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cacute'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math acute accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbar'><span><code>\bar</code><a href='#index-_005cbar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></span> -<span id="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cbar'><span><code class="code">\bar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbar'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math bar-over accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbreve'><span><code>\breve</code><a href='#index-_005cbreve' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cbreve'><span><code class="code">\breve</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbreve'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math breve accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ccheck'><span><code>\check</code><a href='#index-_005ccheck' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-check-accent_002c-math"></span> -<span id="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ccheck'><span><code class="code">\check</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccheck'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math háček (check) accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cddot'><span><code>\ddot</code><a href='#index-_005cddot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cddot'><span><code class="code">\ddot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddot'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math dieresis accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdot'><span><code>\dot</code><a href='#index-_005cdot' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></span> -<span id="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cdot'><span><code class="code">\dot</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdot'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math dot accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cgrave'><span><code>\grave</code><a href='#index-_005cgrave' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cgrave'><span><code class="code">\grave</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cgrave'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math grave accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005chat'><span><code>\hat</code><a href='#index-_005chat' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></span> -<span id="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005chat'><span><code class="code">\hat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005chat'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math hat (circumflex) accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmathring'><span><code>\mathring</code><a href='#index-_005cmathring' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cmathring'><span><code class="code">\mathring</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmathring'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math ring accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctilde'><span><code>\tilde</code><a href='#index-_005ctilde' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctilde'><span><code class="code">\tilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctilde'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math tilde accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cvec'><span><code>\vec</code><a href='#index-_005cvec' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cvec'><span><code class="code">\vec</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cvec'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a> <p>Math vector symbol </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cwidehat'><span><code>\widehat</code><a href='#index-_005cwidehat' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cwidehat'><span><code class="code">\widehat</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwidehat'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math wide hat accent </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cwidetilde'><span><code>\widetilde</code><a href='#index-_005cwidetilde' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cwidetilde'><span><code class="code">\widetilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cwidetilde'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a> <p>Math wide tilde accent </p> </dd> </dl> <p>When you are putting an accent on an i or a j, the tradition is to use -one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (see <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>). +one without a dot, <code class="code">\imath</code> or <code class="code">jmath</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3> -<span id="index-overlining"></span> -<span id="index-underlining"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overlining"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underlining"></a> <p>LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or putting braces over or under some material. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'><span><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside. +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\underline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Underline <var class="var">text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside. The line is always completely below the text, taking account of -descenders, so in <code>\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in -<code>\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +descenders, so in <code class="code">\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in +<code class="code">\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-ulem"></span> -<span id="index-ulem-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-ulem"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ulem-package"></a> -<p>Note that the package <code>ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows +<p>Note that the package <code class="code">ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the -documentation on CTAN. See also <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a> for +documentation on CTAN. See also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a> for producing a line, for such things as a signature. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'><span><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and -outside. For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>. -Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>). +<dt id='index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\overline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var class="var">text</var>. Works inside math mode, and +outside. For example, <code class="code">\overline{x+y}</code>. +Note that this differs from the command <code class="code">\bar</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this -<code>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part. -Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript, -<code>^</code>, as here. +<dt id='index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code class="code">\underbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Put a brace under <var class="var">math</var>. For example, this +<code class="code">(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part. +Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, <code class="code">_</code>, or +superscript, <code class="code">^</code>, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath} 1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+ \underbrace{1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8}_{>1/2}+\cdots \end{displaymath} @@ -15643,176 +15780,176 @@ Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript, unconnected to the underbrace. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with -<code>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also -<code>\underbrace</code>. +<dt id='index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code class="code">\overbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Put a brace over <var class="var">math</var>, as with +<code class="code">\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also +<code class="code">\underbrace</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> -<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></span> -<span id="index-mathtools-package-3"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-3"></a> -<p>The package <code>mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as +<p>The package <code class="code">mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3> -<span id="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></span> -<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a> <p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the -normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then +normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code class="code">y=m x</code> then LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x, -as <em class='math'>y=mx</em>. +as <em class="math">y=mx</em>. </p> <p>But LaTeX’s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the -<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command: +<code class="code">f(x)</code> and the <code class="code">dx</code>, here done with the <code class="code">\,</code> command: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx +<pre class="example-preformatted">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx </pre></div> <p>LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit -<em>mu</em>. It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the -current math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). Thus, a -<code>\thickspace</code> is something like 5/18 times the width of -a ‘<samp>M</samp>’. -</p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005c_003b'><span><code>\;</code><a href='#index-_005c_003b' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cthickspace"></span> -<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></span><span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-10"></span> - -<p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With -the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, +<em class="dfn">mu</em>. It is defined as 1/18<span class="dmn">em</span>, where the em is taken from the +current math symbols family (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). Thus, a +<code class="code">\thickspace</code> is something like 5/18 times the width of +a ‘<samp class="samp">M</samp>’. +</p> +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-_005c_003b'><span><code class="code">\;</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003b'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthickspace"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-10"></a> + +<p>Synonym: <code class="code">\thickspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With +the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnegthickspace'><span><code>\negthickspace</code><a href='#index-_005cnegthickspace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> +<dt id='index-_005cnegthickspace'><span><code class="code">\negthickspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnegthickspace'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Normally <code class="code">-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_003a'><span><code>\:</code><a href='#index-_005c_003a' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\></code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005c_003e-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmedspace"></span> -<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus -4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 +<dt id='index-_005c_003a'><span><code class="code">\:</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003a'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\></code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_003e-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedspace"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\medspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus +4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cnegmedspace'><span><code>\negmedspace</code><a href='#index-_005cnegmedspace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> +<dt id='index-_005cnegmedspace'><span><code class="code">\negmedspace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cnegmedspace'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Normally <code class="code">-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_002c'><span><code>\,</code><a href='#index-_005c_002c' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cthinspace"></span> -<span id="index-thin-space"></span> -<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></span><span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em. -Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>). +<dt id='index-_005c_002c'><span><code class="code">\,</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002c'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinspace"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\thinspace</code>. Normally <code class="code">3mu</code>, which is 1/6<span class="dmn">em</span>. +Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>). </p> <p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the -infinitesimal in an integral <code>\int f(x)\,dx</code> and, if an author does +infinitesimal in an integral <code class="code">\int f(x)\,dx</code> and, if an author does this, before punctuation in a displayed equation. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The antiderivative is +<pre class="example-preformatted">The antiderivative is \begin{equation} 3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,. \end{equation} </pre></div> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_0021'><span><code>\!</code><a href='#index-_005c_0021' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></span> -<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></span> -<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally -<code>-3mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 +<dt id='index-_005c_0021'><span><code class="code">\!</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0021'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code class="code">\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally +<code class="code">-3mu</code>. With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; -otherwise, the <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the -<code>\negthinspace</code> command has always also worked in text mode -(see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>). +otherwise, the <code class="code">\!</code> command is math mode only but the +<code class="code">\negthinspace</code> command has always also worked in text mode +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-quad'><span><code>\quad</code><a href='#index-quad' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cquad"></span> -<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></span><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space +<dt id='index-quad'><span><code class="code">\quad</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-quad'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cquad"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></a><p>This is 18<span class="dmn">mu</span>, that is, 1<span class="dmn">em</span>. This is often used for space surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between -two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available +two equations inside a <code class="code">displaymath</code> environment. It is available in both text and math mode. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cqquad'><span><code>\qquad</code><a href='#index-_005cqquad' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></span><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in +<dt id='index-_005cqquad'><span><code class="code">\qquad</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cqquad'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></a><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<span class="dmn">mu</span> = 2<span class="dmn">em</span>. It is available in both text and math mode. </p></dd> </dl> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1"><code>\smash</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="3"><code>\mathstrut</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\smash</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005csmash"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005csmash"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csmash-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005csmash-1">16.6.1 <code class="code">\smash</code></h4> -<span id="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></span> -<span id="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\smash{<var>subformula</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\smash{<var class="var">subformula</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Typeset <var>subformula</var> as if its height and depth were zero. +<p>Typeset <var class="var">subformula</var> as if its height and depth were zero. </p> <p>In this example the exponential is so tall that without the -<code>\smash</code> command LaTeX would separate its line from the line +<code class="code">\smash</code> command LaTeX would separate its line from the line above it, and the uneven line spacing might be unsightly. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$, +<pre class="example-preformatted">To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$, evaluate from the top down, as $2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$. </pre></div> -<p>(Because of the <code>\smash</code> the printed expression could run into the +<p>(Because of the <code class="code">\smash</code> the printed expression could run into the line above so you may want to wait until the final version of the document to make such adjustments.) </p> -<p>This pictures the effect of <code>\smash</code> by using <code>\fbox</code> to +<p>This pictures the effect of <code class="code">\smash</code> by using <code class="code">\fbox</code> to surround the box that LaTeX will put on the line. The -<code>\blackbar</code> command makes a bar extending from 10 points below +<code class="code">\blackbar</code> command makes a bar extending from 10 points below the baseline to 20 points above. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}} \fbox{\blackbar} \fbox{\smash{\blackbar}} </pre></div> @@ -15822,186 +15959,190 @@ the baseline to 20 points above. having zero height and zero depth, despite that the ink printed on the page still extends well above and below the line. </p> -<p>The <code>\smash</code> command appears often in mathematics to adjust the +<p>The <code class="code">\smash</code> command appears often in mathematics to adjust the size of an element that surrounds a subformula. Here the first radical extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \sqrt{\sum_{0\leq k< n} f(k)} \sqrt{\vphantom{\sum}\smash{\sum_{0\leq k< n}} f(k)} \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>Note the use of <code>\vphantom</code> to give the <code>\sqrt</code> command an -argument with the height of the <code>\sum</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a>). +<p>Note the use of <code class="code">\vphantom</code> to give the <code class="code">\sqrt</code> command an +argument with the height of the <code class="code">\sum</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a>). </p> -<p>While most often used in mathematics, the <code>\smash</code> command can +<p>While most often used in mathematics, the <code class="code">\smash</code> command can appear in other contexts. However, it doesn’t change into horizontal mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a -<code>\leavevmode</code>, as in the bottom line below. +<code class="code">\leavevmode</code>, as in the bottom line below. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">xxx xxx xxx +<pre class="example-preformatted">xxx xxx xxx \smash{yyy} % no paragraph indent \leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-4"></span> -<span id="index-mathtools-package-4"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-4"></a> -<p>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer +<p>The package <code class="code">mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer control over smashing a subformula box. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\mathstrut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\smash</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\smash</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1">16.6.2 <code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></h4> + +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cphantom"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cvphantom"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005chphantom"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cphantom"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvphantom"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chphantom"></a> -<span id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></span> -<span id="index-horizontal-spacing"></span> -<span id="index-vertical-spacing"></span> -<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></span> -<span id="index-invisible-character"></span> -<span id="index-character_002c-invisible"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-spacing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-spacing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-invisible-character"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character_002c-invisible"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\phantom{<var>subformula</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\phantom{<var class="var">subformula</var>} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\vphantom{<var>subformula</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\vphantom{<var class="var">subformula</var>} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\hphantom{<var>subformula</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\hphantom{<var class="var">subformula</var>} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth, -and width as <var>subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes +<p>The <code class="code">\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth, +and width as <var class="var">subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes LaTeX to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here LaTeX will put a blank line that is the correct width for the answer, but will not show that answer. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath} \int x^2\,dx=\mbox{\underline{$\phantom{(1/3)x^3+C}$}} \end{displaymath} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\vphantom</code> variant produces an invisible box with the same -vertical size as <var>subformula</var>, the same height and depth, but having -zero width. And <code>\hphantom</code> makes a box with the same width as -<var>subformula</var> but with zero height and depth. +<p>The <code class="code">\vphantom</code> variant produces an invisible box with the same +vertical size as <var class="var">subformula</var>, the same height and depth, but having +zero width. And <code class="code">\hphantom</code> makes a box with the same width as +<var class="var">subformula</var> but with zero height and depth. </p> <p>In this example, the tower of exponents in the second summand expression is so tall that TeX places this expression further down than its default. Without adjustment, the two summand expressions would be at -different levels. The <code>\vphantom</code> in the first expression tells +different levels. The <code class="code">\vphantom</code> in the first expression tells TeX to leave as much vertical room as it does for the tower, so the two expressions come out at the same level. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{displaymath} \sum_{j\in\{0,\ldots\, 10\}\vphantom{3^{3^{3^j}}}} \sum_{i\in\{0,\ldots\, 3^{3^{3^j}}\}} i\cdot j \end{displaymath} </pre></div> -<p>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code>\smash</code>. -See <a href="#g_t_005csmash"><code>\smash</code></a>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>. +<p>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code class="code">\smash</code>. +See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005csmash"><code class="code">\smash</code></a>, which includes another example of <code class="code">\vphantom</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-5"></span> -<span id="index-mathtools-package-5"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mathtools-5"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mathtools-package-5"></a> <p>The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more -convenient, including <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) as well -as <code>\settodepth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>), <code>\settoheight</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>), and <code>\settowidth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>). -In addition, the <code>mathtools</code> package has many commands that offer +convenient, including <code class="code">\makebox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) as well +as <code class="code">\settodepth</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csettodepth"><code class="code">\settodepth</code></a>), <code class="code">\settoheight</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csettoheight"><code class="code">\settoheight</code></a>), and <code class="code">\settowidth</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csettowidth"><code class="code">\settowidth</code></a>). +In addition, the <code class="code">mathtools</code> package has many commands that offer fine-grained control over spacing. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-11"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-11"></a> <p>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you -should give it such a status, for example with the <code>\operatorname</code> -command from the package <code>amsmath</code>. +should give it such a status, for example with the <code class="code">\operatorname</code> +command from the package <code class="code">amsmath</code>. </p> <p>While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other contexts. However, they don’t cause LaTeX to change into horizontal mode. So if one of these starts a paragraph then you should prefix it -with <code>\leavevmode</code>. +with <code class="code">\leavevmode</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmathstrut"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmathstrut"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmathstrut-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.3 <code>\mathstrut</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmathstrut-1">16.6.3 <code class="code">\mathstrut</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cmathstrut"></span> -<span id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1"></span> -<span id="index-vertical-spacing-1"></span> -<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2"></span> -<span id="index-invisible-character-1"></span> -<span id="index-character_002c-invisible-1"></span> -<span id="index-strut_002c-math"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmathstrut"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-spacing-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-invisible-character-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character_002c-invisible-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strut_002c-math"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\mathstrut +<pre class="example-preformatted">\mathstrut </pre></div> -<p>The analogue of <code>\strut</code> for mathematics. See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>. +<p>The analogue of <code class="code">\strut</code> for mathematics. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>. </p> -<p>The input <code>$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$</code> gives output where the +<p>The input <code class="code">$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$</code> gives output where the second radical is taller than the first. To add extra vertical space without any horizontal space, so that the two have the same height, use -<code>$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$</code>. +<code class="code">$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$</code>. </p> -<p>The <code>\mathstrut</code> command adds the vertical height of an open -parenthesis, <code>(</code>, but no horizontal space. It is defined as -<code>\vphantom{(}</code>, so see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></a> for -more. An advantage over <code>\strut</code> is that <code>\mathstrut</code> adds no +<p>The <code class="code">\mathstrut</code> command adds the vertical height of an open +parenthesis, <code class="code">(</code>, but no horizontal space. It is defined as +<code class="code">\vphantom{(}</code>, so see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code class="code">\phantom</code> & <code class="code">\vphantom</code> & <code class="code">\hphantom</code></a> for +more. An advantage over <code class="code">\strut</code> is that <code class="code">\mathstrut</code> adds no depth, which is often the right thing for formulas. Using the height of an open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the -amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. See <a href="#g_t_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>. +amount of space, use <code class="code">\rule</code> with a width of zero. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005crule"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="Math-styles"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-styles"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Math-styles-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.7 Math styles</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Math-styles-1">16.7 Math styles</h3> -<span id="index-math-styles"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-styles"></a> <p>TeX’s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For -example, inside a displayed equation, the input <code>\sum_{0\leq +example, inside a displayed equation, the input <code class="code">\sum_{0\leq i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}</code> will give output with the summation index centered below the summation symbol. But if that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right @@ -16012,36 +16153,36 @@ superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math. </p> <p>TeX uses four math styles. </p> -<ul> -<li> <span id="index-display-style"></span> +<ul class="itemize mark-bullet"> +<li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-display-style"></a> Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such as -with <code>\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}</code>. +with <code class="code">\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}</code>. -</li><li> <span id="index-text-style"></span> -Text style is for an inline formula, as with ‘<samp>so we have $ ... $</samp>’. +</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text-style"></a> +Text style is for an inline formula, as with ‘<samp class="samp">so we have $ ... $</samp>’. -</li><li> <span id="index-script-style"></span> +</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-script-style"></a> Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or superscript. -</li><li> <span id="index-scriptscript-style"></span> +</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scriptscript-style"></a> Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or more) of subscript or superscript. </li></ul> -<span id="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></span> -<span id="index-_005ctextstyle"></span> -<span id="index-_005cscriptstyle"></span> -<span id="index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextstyle"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscriptstyle"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"></a> <p>TeX determines a default math style but you can override it with a -declaration of <code>\displaystyle</code>, or <code>\textstyle</code>, or -<code>\scriptstyle</code>, or <code>\scriptscriptstyle</code>. +declaration of <code class="code">\displaystyle</code>, or <code class="code">\textstyle</code>, or +<code class="code">\scriptstyle</code>, or <code class="code">\scriptscriptstyle</code>. </p> -<p>In this example, the ‘<samp>Arithmetic</samp>’ line’s fraction will look +<p>In this example, the ‘<samp class="samp">Arithmetic</samp>’ line’s fraction will look scrunched. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r|cc} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{r|cc} \textsc{Name} &\textsc{Series} &\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline Arithmetic &$a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b)$ &$na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}$ \\ @@ -16050,26 +16191,26 @@ scrunched. \end{tabular} </pre></div> -<p>But because of the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration, -the ‘<samp>Geometric</samp>’ line’s fraction will be easy to read, with +<p>But because of the <code class="code">\displaystyle</code> declaration, +the ‘<samp class="samp">Geometric</samp>’ line’s fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same size as in the rest of the line. </p> <p>Another example is that, compared to the same input without the declaration, the result of </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">we get +<pre class="example-preformatted">we get $\pi=2\cdot{\displaystyle\int_{x=0}^1 \sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx}$ </pre></div> <p>will have an integral sign that is much taller. Note that here the -<code>\displaystyle</code> applies to only part of the formula, and it is -delimited by being inside curly braces, as ‘<samp>{\displaystyle ...}</samp>’. +<code class="code">\displaystyle</code> applies to only part of the formula, and it is +delimited by being inside curly braces, as ‘<samp class="samp">{\displaystyle ...}</samp>’. </p> <p>The last example is a continued fraction. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} a_0+\frac{1}{ \displaystyle a_1+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{ \displaystyle a_2+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{ @@ -16077,196 +16218,197 @@ a_0+\frac{1}{ \end{equation} </pre></div> -<p>Without the <code>\displaystyle</code> declarations, the denominators would be -set in script style and scriptscript style. (The <code>\mathstrut</code> -improves the height of the denominators; see <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut"><code>\mathstrut</code></a>.) +<p>Without the <code class="code">\displaystyle</code> declarations, the denominators would be +set in script style and scriptscript style. (The <code class="code">\mathstrut</code> +improves the height of the denominators; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut"><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></a>.) </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Math-miscellany"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Math-miscellany"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Math-miscellany-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.8 Math miscellany</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Math-miscellany-1">16.8 Math miscellany</h3> -<span id="index-math-miscellany"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-miscellany"></a> <p>LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are some that don’t fit into other categories. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2"><code>\*</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3"><code>\frac</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4"><code>\sqrt</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5"><code>\stackrel</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character <code class="code">:</code> & <code class="code">\colon</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\*</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\frac</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\sqrt</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\stackrel</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.1 Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon">16.8.1 Colon character <code class="code">:</code> & <code class="code">\colon</code></h4> -<span id="index-colon-character"></span> -<span id="index-_003a-for-math"></span> -<span id="index-_005ccolon"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="colon"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colon-character"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_003a-_0028for-math_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccolon"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">: +<pre class="example-preformatted">: \colon </pre></div> -<p>In mathematics, the colon character, <code>:</code>, is a relation. +<p>In mathematics, the colon character, <code class="code">:</code>, is a relation. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right. +<pre class="example-preformatted">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right. </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-12"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-12"></a> -<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character +<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code class="code">\colon</code> to produce the colon character with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation -<code>\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}</code>. +<code class="code">\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-13"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-13"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-13"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-13"></a> -<p>But the widely-used <code>amsmath</code> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use -in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want -the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct{:}</code>. +<p>But the widely-used <code class="code">amsmath</code> package defines <code class="code">\colon</code> for use +in the definition of functions <code class="code">f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want +the colon character as a punctuation then use <code class="code">\mathpunct{:}</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_002a"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_002a"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frac</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frac</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character <code class="code">:</code> & <code class="code">\colon</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005c_002a-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.2 <code>\*</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_002a-1">16.8.2 <code class="code">\*</code></h4> -<span id="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></span> -<span id="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span> -<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span> -<span id="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_002a"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_002a"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\* +<pre class="example-preformatted">\* </pre></div> <p>A multiplication symbol that allows a line break. If there is a break -then LaTeX puts a <code>\times</code> symbol, ×, before +then LaTeX puts a <code class="code">\times</code> symbol, ×, before that break. </p> -<p>In <code>\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)</code>, if there is no line break then -LaTeX outputs it as though it were <code>\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)</code>. If +<p>In <code class="code">\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)</code>, if there is no line break then +LaTeX outputs it as though it were <code class="code">\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)</code>. If a line break does happen, for example between the two middle ones, then -LaTeX sets it like <code>\( A_1 A_2 \times \)</code>, followed by the -break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>. +LaTeX sets it like <code class="code">\( A_1 A_2 \times \)</code>, followed by the +break, followed by <code class="code">\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrac"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfrac"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\sqrt</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\sqrt</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cfrac-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.3 <code>\frac</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrac-1">16.8.3 <code class="code">\frac</code></h4> -<span id="index-fraction"></span> -<span id="index-_005cfrac"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fraction"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrac"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\frac{<var>numerator</var>}{<var>denominator</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\frac{<var class="var">numerator</var>}{<var class="var">denominator</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Produces the fraction. Used as: <code>\begin{displaymath} +<p>Produces the fraction. Used as: <code class="code">\begin{displaymath} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} \end{displaymath}</code>. In inline math -mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code> -(see <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>). +mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code class="code">\displaystyle</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005csqrt"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005csqrt"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stackrel</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frac</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\stackrel</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frac</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csqrt-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.4 <code>\sqrt</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005csqrt-1">16.8.4 <code class="code">\sqrt</code></h4> -<span id="index-square-root"></span> -<span id="index-roots"></span> -<span id="index-radical"></span> -<span id="index-_005csqrt"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-square-root"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-roots"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-radical"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csqrt"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\sqrt{<var>arg</var>} -\sqrt[<var>root-number</var>]{<var>arg</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\sqrt{<var class="var">arg</var>} +\sqrt[<var class="var">root-number</var>]{<var class="var">arg</var>} </pre></div> -<p>The square root, or optionally other roots, of <var>arg</var>. The optional -argument <var>root-number</var> gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of -<code>x+y</code> as <code>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>. -The radical grows with the size of <var>arg</var> (as the height of the -radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until for -a large enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical). +<p>The square root, or optionally other roots, of <var class="var">arg</var>. The optional +argument <var class="var">root-number</var> gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of +<code class="code">x+y</code> as <code class="code">\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>. +The size of the radical grows with that of <var class="var">arg</var> (as the height of +the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until +for a tall enough <code class="code">arg</code>, it is vertical). </p> -<p>LaTeX has a separate <code>\surd</code> character (see <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>). +<p>LaTeX has a separate <code class="code">\surd</code> symbol for making a square root +without <var class="var">arg</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cstackrel"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cstackrel"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\sqrt</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\sqrt</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.5 <code>\stackrel</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cstackrel-1">16.8.5 <code class="code">\stackrel</code></h4> -<span id="index-stack-math"></span> -<span id="index-relation_002c-text-above"></span> -<span id="index-_005cstackrel"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stack-math"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-relation_002c-text-above"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstackrel"></a> -<p>Synopsis, one of: +<p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\stackrel{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">relation</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Put <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. To put a function name above an -arrow enter <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>. +<p>Put <var class="var">text</var> above <var class="var">relation</var>. To put a function name above an +arrow enter <code class="code">\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Modes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Modes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Modes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Modes-1">17 Modes</h2> -<span id="index-modes"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-modes"></a> <p>As LaTeX processes your document, at any point it is in one of six modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal @@ -16274,97 +16416,97 @@ modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of the math modes), and error messages will refer to these. </p> -<ul> -<li> <span id="modes-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="index-paragraph-mode"></span> -<em>Paragraph mode</em> (in plain TeX this is called <em>horizontal +<ul class="itemize mark-bullet"> +<li><a class="anchor" id="modes-paragraph-mode"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-mode"></a> +<em class="dfn">Paragraph mode</em> (in plain TeX this is called <em class="dfn">horizontal mode</em>) is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks the input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so that in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time. -<span id="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></span> -<span id="index-LR-mode"></span> -<span id="modes-lr-mode"></span><p><em>LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called -<em>restricted horizontal mode</em>) is in effect when LaTeX starts -making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode, +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LR-mode"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="modes-lr-mode"></a><p><em class="dfn">LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called +<em class="dfn">restricted horizontal mode</em>) is in effect when LaTeX starts +making a box with an <code class="code">\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX’s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike in paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just keeps going from left to right. (Although LaTeX will not complain that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put -that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR +that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished LR box won’t fit there.) </p> -</li><li> <span id="index-math-mode"></span> -<span id="modes-math-mode"></span><em>Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating +</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-math-mode"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="modes-math-mode"></a><em class="dfn">Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating an inline mathematical formula. -<span id="index-display-math-mode"></span> -<p><em>Display math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating a displayed +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-display-math-mode"></a> +<p><em class="dfn">Display math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating a displayed mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline -ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code> +ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code class="code">\int</code> differs in the two situations.) </p> -</li><li> <span id="index-vertical-mode"></span> -<span id="modes-vertical-mode"></span><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is +</li><li><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-mode"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="modes-vertical-mode"></a><em class="dfn">Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and other material making the output page, which comprises insertion of page breaks. This is the mode LaTeX is in when it starts a document. -<span id="index-internal-vertical-mode"></span> -<span id="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></span><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a -<code>\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-internal-vertical-mode"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></a><p><em class="dfn">Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a +<code class="code">\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the vertical analogue of LR mode. </p> </li></ul> -<p>For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with ‘<samp>Let \( x \) be +<p>For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with ‘<samp class="samp">Let \( x \) be ...</samp>’ then these are the modes: first LaTeX starts every document in -vertical mode, then it reads the ‘<samp>L</samp>’ and switches to paragraph -mode, then the next switch happens at the ‘<samp>\(</samp>’ where LaTeX +vertical mode, then it reads the ‘<samp class="samp">L</samp>’ and switches to paragraph +mode, then the next switch happens at the ‘<samp class="samp">\(</samp>’ where LaTeX changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops back to paragraph mode. </p> -<span id="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></span> -<span id="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></span> -<span id="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></span><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command -or a <code>minipage</code> then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></a><a class="anchor" id="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></a><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code class="code">\parbox</code> command +or a <code class="code">minipage</code> then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it will not put a page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a -<em>parbox</em>, LaTeX is in <em>inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual -situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em>outer paragraph mode</em> -(see <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>). +<em class="dfn">parbox</em>, LaTeX is in <em class="dfn">inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual +situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em class="dfn">outer paragraph mode</em> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>). </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1"><code>\ensuremath</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\ensuremath</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005censuremath"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005censuremath"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005censuremath-1"></span><h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005censuremath-1">17.1 <code class="code">\ensuremath</code></h3> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ensuremath{<var>formula</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ensuremath{<var class="var">formula</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Ensure that <var>formula</var> is typeset in math mode. +<p>Ensure that <var class="var">formula</var> is typeset in math mode. </p> <p>For instance, you can redefine commands that ordinarily can be used only in math mode, so that they can be used both in math and in plain text. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}} In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx{} is an infinitesimal. </pre></div> -<p>Caution: the <code>\ensuremath</code> command is useful but not a panacea. +<p>Caution: the <code class="code">\ensuremath</code> command is useful but not a panacea. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}} You get an alpha in text mode: \alf. But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf. </pre></div> @@ -16375,15 +16517,15 @@ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Page-styles"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Page-styles"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Page-styles-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</h2> -<span id="index-styles_002c-page"></span> -<span id="index-page-styles"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-styles_002c-page"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-styles"></a> <p>The style of a page determines where LaTeX places the components of that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This @@ -16391,47 +16533,47 @@ includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or the first page of an article. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></span> -<span id="index-fancyhdr-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyhdr-package"></a> -<p>The package <code>fancyhdr</code> is very helpful for constructing page -styles. See its documentation on CTAN. +<p>The package <code class="code">fancyhdr</code> is commonly used for constructing page +styles. See its documentation. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1"><code>\maketitle</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3"><code>\pagestyle</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmaketitle"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmaketitle"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1">18.1 <code class="code">\maketitle</code></h3> -<span id="index-titles_002c-making"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmaketitle"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-titles_002c-making"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmaketitle"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\maketitle +<pre class="example-preformatted">\maketitle </pre></div> <p>Generate a title. In the standard classes the title appears on a -separate page, except in the <code>article</code> class where it is at the top -of the first page. (See <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>, for information about -the <code>titlepage</code> document class option.) +separate page, except in the <code class="code">article</code> class where it is at the top +of the first page. (See <a class="xref" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>, for information about +the <code class="code">titlepage</code> document class option.) </p> -<p>This example shows <code>\maketitle</code> appearing in its usual place, -immediately after <code>\begin{document}</code>. +<p>This example shows <code class="code">\maketitle</code> appearing in its usual place, +immediately after <code class="code">\begin{document}</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article} \title{Constructing a Nuclear Reactor Using Only Coconuts} \author{Jonas Grumby\thanks{% With the support of a Ginger Grant from the Roy Hinkley Society.} \\ @@ -16454,204 +16596,206 @@ sail that day for a three hour tour. A three hour tour. <p>You tell LaTeX the information used to produce the title by making the following declarations. These must come before the -<code>\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body. +<code class="code">\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'><span><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code><a href='#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></span> -<span id="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></span> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'><span><code class="code">\author{<var class="var">name1</var> \and <var class="var">name2</var> \and ...}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cand-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"></a> <p>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a -list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines +list of authors separated by <code class="code">\and</code> commands. To separate lines within a single author’s entry, for instance to give the author’s -institution or address, use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you omit -the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Warning: No +institution or address, use a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. If you omit +the <code class="code">\author</code> declaration then you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Warning: No \author given</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'><span><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></span> -<p>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document’s date. The <var>text</var> +<dt id='index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\date{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a> +<p>Optional. Declare <var class="var">text</var> to be the document’s date. The <var class="var">text</var> doesn’t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you -omit <code>\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>). -To have no date, instead use <code>\date{}</code>. +omit <code class="code">\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code class="code">\today</code></a>). +To have no date, instead use <code class="code">\date{}</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'><span><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></span> -<span id="index-credit-footnote"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\thanks{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-credit-footnote"></a> <p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in -the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at -all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email +the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text +at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email address. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'><span><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></span> -<p>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line -breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you -omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: No -\title given</samp>’. +<dt id='index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'><span><code class="code">\title{<var class="var">text</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005ctitle_0029"></a> +<p>Required. Declare <var class="var">text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line +breaks inside <var class="var">text</var> with a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. If you +omit the <code class="code">\title</code> declaration then the <code class="code">\maketitle</code> command +yields error ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: No \title given</samp>’. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>To make your own title page, see <a href="#titlepage"><code>titlepage</code></a>. You can either +<p>To make your own title page, see <a class="ref" href="#titlepage"><code class="code">titlepage</code></a>. You can either create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed -<code>\maketitle</code> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use -in place of <code>article</code> that formats the title according to their +<code class="code">\maketitle</code> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use +in place of <code class="code">article</code> that formats the title according to their house requirements.) </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\maketitle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\maketitle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1">18.2 <code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cpagenumbering"></span> -<span id="index-page-numbering-style"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-numbering-style"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\pagenumbering{<var>number-style</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagenumbering{<var class="var">number-style</var>} </pre></div> <p>Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope -so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments. +so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace +or an end of environment. </p> -<p>In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered -‘<samp>a</samp>’, etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages -are numbered ‘<samp>1</samp>’, etc. +<p>In this example, before the ‘<samp class="samp">Main</samp>’ section the pages are numbered +‘<samp class="samp">a</samp>’, etc. Starting on the page containing the +<code class="code">\pagenumbering</code> call in that section, the pages are numbered +‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’, etc. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph} ... \section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic} ... </pre></div> -<p>The argument <var>number-style</var> is one of the following (see -also <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). +<p>The argument <var class="var">number-style</var> is one of the following (see +also <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code class="code">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>arabic</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">arabic</code></dt> <dd><p>Arabic numerals: 1, 2, … </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>roman</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">roman</code></dt> <dd><p>lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii, … </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>Roman</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">Roman</code></dt> <dd><p>uppercase Roman numerals: I, II, … </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>alph</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">alph</code></dt> <dd><p>lowercase letters: a, b, … If you have more than 26 pages then you -get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’. +get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>Alph</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">Alph</code></dt> <dd><p>uppercase letters: A, B, … If you have more than 26 pages then you -get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’. +get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-package_002c-hyperref-2'><span><code>gobble</code><a href='#index-package_002c-hyperref-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-hyperref-package-2"></span> +<dt id='index-package_002c-hyperref-2'><span><code class="code">gobble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-package_002c-hyperref-2'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-2"></a> <p>LaTeX does not output a page number, although it does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not -work with the popular package <code>hyperref</code> so to have the page number -not appear you may want to instead use <code>\pagestyle{empty}</code> or -<code>\thispagestyle{empty}</code>.) +work with the popular package <code class="code">hyperref</code> so to have the page number +not appear you may want to instead use <code class="code">\pagestyle{empty}</code> or +<code class="code">\thispagestyle{empty}</code>.) </p> </dd> </dl> <p>Traditionally, if a document has front matter—preface, table of contents, etc.—then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The -main matter of a document uses arabic. See <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>. +main matter of a document uses arabic. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>. </p> <p>If you want to change where the page number appears on the page, -see <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>. If you want to change the value of the page -number, then you manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). +see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>. If you want to change the value of the page +number, then you manipulate the <code class="code">page</code> counter (see <a class="pxref" href="#Counters">Counters</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagestyle"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cpagestyle"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1">18.3 <code class="code">\pagestyle</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cpagestyle"></span> -<span id="index-header-style"></span> -<span id="index-footer-style"></span> -<span id="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cpagestyle"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-header-style"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footer-style"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\pagestyle{<var>style</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagestyle{<var class="var">style</var>} </pre></div> <p>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset, from the current page onwards. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></span> -<span id="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></a> <p>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package -<code>fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and +<code class="code">fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the standard options below should use this package. See its documentation on CTAN. </p> -<p>Values for <var>style</var>: +<p>Values for <var class="var">style</var>: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>plain</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">plain</code></dt> <dd><p>The header is empty. The footer contains only a page number, centered. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>empty</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">empty</code></dt> <dd><p>The header and footer are both empty. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>headings</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">headings</code></dt> <dd><p>Put running headers and footers on each page. The document style specifies what goes in there; see the discussion below. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>myheadings</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the -<code>\markright</code> commands. +<dt><code class="code">myheadings</code></dt> +<dd><p>Custom headers, specified via the <code class="code">\markboth</code> or the +<code class="code">\markright</code> commands. </p> </dd> </dl> <p>Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX’s mechanism will help you -work with the options <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. The +work with the options <code class="code">headings</code> or <code class="code">myheadings</code>. The document source below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle -<code>headings</code>. On this document’s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in +<code class="code">headings</code>. On this document’s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page number) the title of the current section. On its right hand pages LaTeX wants the title of the current subsection. When it makes up a page, LaTeX gets this information from the -commands <code>\leftmark</code> and <code>\rightmark</code>. So it is up to -<code>\section</code> and <code>\subsection</code> to store that information there. +commands <code class="code">\leftmark</code> and <code class="code">\rightmark</code>. So it is up to +<code class="code">\section</code> and <code class="code">\subsection</code> to store that information there. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass[twoside]{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass[twoside]{article} \pagestyle{headings} \begin{document} ... \section{Section 1} ... \subsection{Subsection 1.1} ... @@ -16665,7 +16809,7 @@ commands <code>\leftmark</code> and <code>\rightmark</code>. So it is up to <p>Suppose that the second section falls on a left page. Although when the page starts it is in the first section, LaTeX will put -‘<samp>Section 2</samp>’ in the left page header. As to the right header, +‘<samp class="samp">Section 2</samp>’ in the left page header. As to the right header, if no subsection starts before the end of the right page then LaTeX blanks the right hand header. If a subsection does appear before the right page finishes then there are two cases. If at least one @@ -16676,26 +16820,26 @@ none starts on the right then LaTeX puts in the right hand header the title of the last subsection to start, that is, the one in effect during the right hand page. </p> -<p>To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has <code>\section</code> -issue a command <code>\markboth</code>, setting <code>\leftmark</code> -to ‘<samp>Section 2</samp>’ and setting <code>\rightmark</code> to blank. -And, LaTeX has <code>\subsection</code> issue a command <code>\markright</code>, -setting <code>\rightmark</code> to ‘<samp>Subsection 2.1</samp>’, etc. +<p>To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has <code class="code">\section</code> +issue a command <code class="code">\markboth</code>, setting <code class="code">\leftmark</code> to +‘<samp class="samp">Section 2</samp>’ and setting <code class="code">\rightmark</code> to an empty content. +And, LaTeX has <code class="code">\subsection</code> issue a command <code class="code">\markright</code>, +setting <code class="code">\rightmark</code> to ‘<samp class="samp">Subsection 2.1</samp>’, etc. </p> -<p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>: +<p>Here are the descriptions of <code class="code">\markboth</code> and <code class="code">\markright</code>: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code class="code">\markboth{<var class="var">left-head</var>}{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a -page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page -heading <var>left-head</var> is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> +page style of <code class="code">headings</code> or <code class="code">myheadings</code>. A left hand page +heading <var class="var">left-head</var> is generated by the last <code class="code">\markboth</code> command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading -<var>right-head</var> is generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or -<code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by +<var class="var">right-head</var> is generated by the first <code class="code">\markboth</code> or +<code class="code">\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one that came before that page. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d'><span><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code class="code">\markright{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged. </p> </dd> @@ -16704,33 +16848,33 @@ the last one that came before that page. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1">18.4 <code class="code">\thispagestyle</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cthispagestyle"></span> -<span id="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\thispagestyle{<var class="var">style</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Works in the same way as the <code>\pagestyle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>), -except that it changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. This +<p>Works in the same way as the <code class="code">\pagestyle</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code class="code">\pagestyle</code></a>), +except that it changes to <var class="var">style</var> for the current page only. This declaration has global scope, so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments. </p> <p>Often the first page of a chapter or section has a different style. For example, this LaTeX book document has the first page of the first -chapter in <code>plain</code> style, as is the default (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). +chapter in <code class="code">plain</code> style, as is the default (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} \pagestyle{headings} \begin{document} \chapter{First chapter} @@ -16739,194 +16883,194 @@ chapter in <code>plain</code> style, as is the default (see <a href="#Page-style ... </pre></div> -<p>The <code>plain</code> style has a page number on it, centered in the footer. +<p>The <code class="code">plain</code> style has a page number on it, centered in the footer. To make the page entirely empty, the command -<code>\thispagestyle{empty}</code> immediately follows the second -<code>\chapter</code>. +<code class="code">\thispagestyle{empty}</code> immediately follows the second +<code class="code">\chapter</code>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Spaces"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Spaces"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Spaces-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Spaces-1">19 Spaces</h2> -<span id="index-spaces"></span> -<span id="index-white-space"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spaces"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-white-space"></a> <p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white space, or filled space. Some of these are best suited to mathematical text; for these -see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>. -</p> - - -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1"><code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2"><code>\hspace</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3"><code>\hfill</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4"><code>\hss</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5"><code>\spacefactor</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7"><code>~</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9"><code>\/</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a></li> +see <a class="ref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>. +</p> + + +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\hss</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7"><code class="code">~</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\/</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace"><code class="code">\addvspace</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1">19.1 <code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005censpace"></span> -<span id="index-_005cquad-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cqquad-1"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005censpace"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cquad"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cqquad"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005censpace"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cquad-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cqquad-1"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\enspace +<pre class="example-preformatted">\enspace \quad \qquad </pre></div> -<p>Insert a horizontal space of 1/2em, 1em, or 2em. The +<p>Insert a horizontal space of 1/2<span class="dmn">em</span>, 1<span class="dmn">em</span>, or 2<span class="dmn">em</span>. The em is a length defined by a font designer, often thought of as being the width of a capital M. One advantage of describing space in ems is that it can be more portable across documents than an absolute -measurement such as points (see <a href="#Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</a>). +measurement such as points (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</a>). </p> <p>This puts a suitable gap between two graphics. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \includegraphics{womensmile.png}% \qquad\includegraphics{mensmile.png} \end{center} </pre></div> -<p>See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, for <code>\quad</code> and <code>\qquad</code>. These +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, for <code class="code">\quad</code> and <code class="code">\qquad</code>. These are lengths from centuries of typesetting and so may be a better choice in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with -<code>\hspace</code>. +<code class="code">\hspace</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005chspace"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chspace"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\enspace</code> & <code class="code">\quad</code> & <code class="code">\qquad</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005chspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chspace-1">19.2 <code class="code">\hspace</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005chspace"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chspace"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\hspace{<var>length</var>} -\hspace*{<var>length</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\hspace{<var class="var">length</var>} +\hspace*{<var class="var">length</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Insert the amount <var>length</var> of horizontal space. The <var>length</var> can +<p>Insert the amount <var class="var">length</var> of horizontal space. The <var class="var">length</var> can be positive, negative, or zero; adding a negative amount of space is like backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a -<code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component, or both (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +<code class="code">plus</code> or <code class="code">minus</code> component, or both (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Because the space is stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called -<em>glue</em>. +<em class="dfn">glue</em>. </p> -<p>This makes a line with ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ an inch from the right margin. +<p>This makes a line with ‘<samp class="samp">Name:</samp>’ an inch from the right margin. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>*</code>-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More +<p>The <code class="code">*</code>-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space—glues and kerns—that come at a line break are discarded. The -<code>*</code>-form avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable +<code class="code">*</code>-form avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable invisible item in front of the space). </p> <p>In this example </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\parbox{0.8\linewidth}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\parbox{0.8\linewidth}{% Fill in each blank: Four \hspace*{1in} and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new \hspace*{1in}, conceived in \hspace*{1in}, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created \hspace*{1in}.} </pre></div> -<p>the 1 inch blank following ‘<samp>conceived in</samp>’ falls at the start -of a line. If you erase the <code>*</code> then LaTeX discards the blank. +<p>the 1 inch blank following ‘<samp class="samp">conceived in</samp>’ falls at the start +of a line. If you erase the <code class="code">*</code> then LaTeX discards the blank. </p> -<p>Here, the <code>\hspace</code> separates the three graphics. +<p>Here, the <code class="code">\hspace</code> separates the three graphics. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \includegraphics{lion.png}% comment keeps out extra space \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{tiger.png}% \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png} \end{center} </pre></div> -<p>Because the argument to each <code>\hspace</code> has <code>minus 0.25cm</code>, +<p>Because the argument to each <code class="code">\hspace</code> has <code class="code">minus 0.25cm</code>, each can shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each -space won’t shrink more than 0.25cm (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +space won’t shrink more than 0.25<span class="dmn">cm</span> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005chfill"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chfill"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hss</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hss</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005chfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chfill-1">19.3 <code class="code">\hfill</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005chfill"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chfill"></a> -<span id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></span> -<span id="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\hfill +<pre class="example-preformatted">\hfill </pre></div> <p>Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but that can stretch -horizontally as far as needed (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +horizontally as far as needed (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). </p> -<p>This creates a one-line paragraph with ‘<samp>Name:</samp>’ on the left side -of the page and ‘<samp>Quiz One</samp>’ on the right. +<p>This creates a one-line paragraph with ‘<samp class="samp">Name:</samp>’ on the left side +of the page and ‘<samp class="samp">Quiz One</samp>’ on the right. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One +<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005cfill"></span> -<p>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code> and +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfill"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code class="code">\hspace{\fill}</code> and so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use -<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>). +<code class="code">\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005chspace"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>). </p> <p>Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}} ... \begin{figure} \hspace*{\fill}% @@ -16937,74 +17081,74 @@ so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use \end{figure} </pre></div> -<p>Note the <code>\hspace*</code>’s where the space could otherwise be dropped. +<p>Note the <code class="code">\hspace*</code>’s where the space could otherwise be dropped. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005chss"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chss"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005chss-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\hss</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chss-1">19.4 <code class="code">\hss</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005chss"></span> -<span id="index-horizontal-space"></span> -<span id="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></span> -<span id="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chss"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-space"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\hss +<pre class="example-preformatted">\hss </pre></div> <p>Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as infinitely stretchable (this command is a TeX primitive). LaTeX -authors should reach first for the <code>\makebox</code> command to get the -effects of <code>\hss</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>). +authors should reach first for the <code class="code">\makebox</code> command to get the +effects of <code class="code">\hss</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>). </p> -<p>Here, the first line’s <code>\hss</code> makes the Z stick out to the right, +<p>Here, the first line’s <code class="code">\hss</code> makes the Z stick out to the right, overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left, overwriting the X. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y +<pre class="example-preformatted">X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y </pre></div> -<p>Without the <code>\hss</code> you get something like ‘<samp>Overfull \hbox +<p>Without the <code class="code">\hss</code> you get something like ‘<samp class="samp">Overfull \hbox (6.11111pt too wide) detected at line 20</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cspacefactor"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cspacefactor"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hss</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hss</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1">19.5 <code class="code">\spacefactor</code></h3> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\spacefactor=<var class="var">integer</var> </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005cspacefactor"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspacefactor"></a> <p>Influence LaTeX’s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level documents do not use this command. </p> <p>While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the -<em>interword glue</em>; see <a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>). The <code>\spacefactor</code> command +<em class="dfn">interword glue</em>; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005chspace"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>). The <code class="code">\spacefactor</code> command (from Plain TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter. </p> <p>After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a -parameter called the <em>space factor</em>. If the next thing in the input +parameter called the <em class="dfn">space factor</em>. If the next thing in the input is a space then this parameter affects how much stretching or shrinking can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space @@ -17015,19 +17159,19 @@ a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. </p> -<p>If the space factor <var>f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the +<p>If the space factor <var class="var">f</var> is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is -3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater +3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var class="var">f</var> is greater than 2000 then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s -normal stretch value is multiplied by <em class='math'>f /1000</em> and the normal -shrink value is multiplied by <em class='math'>1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman +normal stretch value is multiplied by <em class="math">f /1000</em> and the normal +shrink value is multiplied by <em class="math">1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). </p> -<p>For example, consider the period ending <code>A man's best friend is his +<p>For example, consider the period ending <code class="code">A man's best friend is his dog.</code> After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue -after <code>friend</code>, which does not end in a period. +after <code class="code">friend</code>, which does not end in a period. </p> <p>The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a @@ -17037,44 +17181,44 @@ period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations -that do not end in a capital letter (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>). +that do not end in a capital letter (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>). </p> -<p>You can only use <code>\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode -(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). You can see the current value with -<code>\the\spacefactor</code> or <code>\showthe\spacefactor</code>. +<p>You can only use <code class="code">\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). You can see the current value with +<code class="code">\the\spacefactor</code> or <code class="code">\showthe\spacefactor</code>. </p> -<p>(Comment, not really related to <code>\spacefactor</code>: if you get errors -like ‘<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>’, or ‘<samp>You -can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>’, or ‘<samp>Improper \spacefactor</samp>’ +<p>(Comment, not really related to <code class="code">\spacefactor</code>: if you get errors +like ‘<samp class="samp">You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>’, or ‘<samp class="samp">You +can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>’, or ‘<samp class="samp">Improper \spacefactor</samp>’ then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command. -See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></a>.) +See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code class="code">\makeatletter</code> & <code class="code">\makeatother</code></a>.) </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1"><code>\@</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="2"><code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\@</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0040"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005c_0040-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040-1">19.5.1 <code class="code">\@</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005c_0040"></span> -<span id="index-at_002dsign"></span> -<span id="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></span> -<span id="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></span> -<span id="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></span> -<span id="g_t_005cAT"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-at_002dsign"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cAT"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><var>capital-letter</var>\@. +<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">capital-letter</var>\@. </pre></div> <p>Treat a period as sentence-ending, where LaTeX would otherwise think @@ -17083,63 +17227,63 @@ abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space -between words (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>). +between words (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>). </p> <p>This example shows the two cases to remember. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@. +<pre class="example-preformatted">The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@. </pre></div> <p>The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting -<code>\@</code> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation -‘<samp>etc.</samp>’ but not the sentence. The backslash-space, <code>\ </code>, +<code class="code">\@</code> before it. The first period ends the abbreviation +‘<samp class="samp">etc.</samp>’ but not the sentence. The backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code>, produces a mid-sentence space. </p> <p>So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the -sentence, then put <code>\@</code> before the period. This holds even if +sentence, then put <code class="code">\@</code> before the period. This holds even if there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or double quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through those characters. For example, this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Use the \textit{Instructional Practices Guide}, +<pre class="example-preformatted">Use the \textit{Instructional Practices Guide}, (a book by the MAA)\@. </pre></div> <p>will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period. </p> -<p>The <code>\@</code> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of -a text mode then you get ‘<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical -mode</samp>’ (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +<p>The <code class="code">\@</code> command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of +a text mode then you get ‘<samp class="samp">You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical +mode</samp>’ (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). </p> <p>Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a -backslash-space, (<code>\ </code>), or a tie, (<code>~</code>), or <code>\@</code>. -Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and -<code>(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code> (note in the last one that the -<code>\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis). +backslash-space, (<code class="code">\ </code>), or a tie, (<code class="code">~</code>), or <code class="code">\@</code>. +Examples are <code class="code">Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code class="code">Mr.~Bean</code>, and +<code class="code">(manure, etc.\@) for sale</code> (note in the last one that the +<code class="code">\@</code> comes before the closing parenthesis). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></span><span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></h4> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a><h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1">19.5.2 <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></span> -<span id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\frenchspacing +<pre class="example-preformatted">\frenchspacing \nonfrenchspacing </pre></div> @@ -17147,69 +17291,69 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\normalsfc sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more -(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>). </p> <p>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words -that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code>\frenchspacing</code> +that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> (the command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all spaces are treated equally. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\frenchspacing</code> & <code class="code">\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1">19.5.3 <code class="code">\normalsfcodes</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></span> -<span id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\normalsfcodes +<pre class="example-preformatted">\normalsfcodes </pre></div> <p>Reset the LaTeX space factors to the default values -(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>~</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">~</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></span><h3 class="section">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-">19.6 Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cNEWLINE"></span> -<span id="index-_005cSPACE"></span> -<span id="index-_005cTAB"></span> -<span id="index-_005c--_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></span> -<span id="index-_005cSPACE-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSPACE"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cTAB"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSPACE-1"></a> <p>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a backslash followed by a space.<br>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ <!-- /@w --> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ <!-- /@w --> </pre></div> <p>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length -3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt. +3.33333<span class="dmn">pt</span> plus 1.66666<span class="dmn">pt</span> minus 1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span>. </p> <p>When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces white space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rl} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rl} One blank:& makes some space \\ Three blanks:& in a row \\ Three spaces:&\ \ \ in a row \\ @@ -17224,123 +17368,123 @@ whitespace if one, two or all of the three blanks were replaced by a tab, or by a newline. However, the bottom line asks for three spaces so the white area is wider. That is, the backslash-space command creates a fixed amount of horizontal space. (Note that you can define a -horizontal space of any width at all with <code>\hspace</code>; -see <a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>.) +horizontal space of any width at all with <code class="code">\hspace</code>; +see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005chspace"><code class="code">\hspace</code></a>.) </p> <p>The backslash-space command has two main uses. It is often used after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the blank that follows, as -after <code>\TeX</code> in <code>\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)</code>. (But using curly braces +after <code class="code">\TeX</code> in <code class="code">\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)</code>. (But using curly braces has the advantage of still working whether the next character is a blank -or any other non-letter, as in <code>\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})</code> in which -<code>{}</code> can be added after <code>\LaTeX</code> as well as after -<code>\TeX</code>.) The other common use is that it marks a period as ending -an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>Prof.\ Smith</code> -or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>). +or any other non-letter, as in <code class="code">\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})</code> in which +<code class="code">{}</code> can be added after <code class="code">\LaTeX</code> as well as after +<code class="code">\TeX</code>.) The other common use is that it marks a period as ending +an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code class="code">Prof.\ Smith</code> +or <code class="code">Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>). </p> -<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">TAB</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">NEWLINE</tt> -are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>. +<p>Under normal circumstances, <code class="code">\</code><kbd class="key">TAB</kbd> and <code class="code">\</code><kbd class="key">NEWLINE</kbd> +are equivalent to backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code>. </p> -<span id="Leading-blanks"></span><p>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under +<a class="anchor" id="Leading-blanks"></a><p>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So the -following prints ‘<samp>one word</samp>’: +following prints ‘<samp class="samp">one word</samp>’: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">one +<pre class="example-preformatted">one word </pre></div> -<p>where the white space between ‘<samp>one</samp>’ and ‘<samp>word</samp>’ is produced by -the newline after ‘<samp>one</samp>’, not by the space before ‘<samp>word</samp>’. +<p>where the white space between ‘<samp class="samp">one</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">word</samp>’ is produced by +the newline after ‘<samp class="samp">one</samp>’, not by the space before ‘<samp class="samp">word</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_007e"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_007e"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Backslash-space, <code class="code">\ </code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_007e-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.7 <code>~</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_007e-1">19.7 <code class="code">~</code></h3> -<span id="index-_007e"></span> -<span id="index-tie"></span> -<span id="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></span> -<span id="index-hard-space"></span> -<span id="index-unbreakable-space"></span> -<span id="index-NBSP"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_007e"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tie"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hard-space"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unbreakable-space"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-NBSP"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><var>before</var>~<var>after</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">before</var>~<var class="var">after</var> </pre></div> -<p>The <em>tie</em> character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var> and -<var>after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white -space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus -1.11111pt (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +<p>The <em class="dfn">tie</em> character, <code class="code">~</code>, produces a space between <var class="var">before</var> and +<var class="var">after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white +space has length 3.33333<span class="dmn">pt</span> plus 1.66666<span class="dmn">pt</span> minus +1.11111<span class="dmn">pt</span> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). </p> -<p>Note that the word ‘<samp>tie</samp>’ has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo +<p>Note that the word ‘<samp class="samp">tie</samp>’ has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo community; this differs from the typographic term “tie”, which is a diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a “tie-after” accent -in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>. +in <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>. </p> <p>Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Thanks to Prof.~Lerman. +<pre class="example-preformatted">Thanks to Prof.~Lerman. </pre></div> <p>In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the -end-of-sentence spacing (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>). +end-of-sentence spacing (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code class="code">\@</code></a>). </p> <p>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive -words in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>). +words in an <code class="code">\mbox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>). </p> <p>They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them -from <cite>The TeXbook</cite>. +from <cite class="cite">The TeXbook</cite>. </p> -<ul> -<li> Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references: -<code>Chapter~12</code>, or <code>Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</code>, or -<code>Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>. +<ul class="itemize mark-bullet"> +<li>Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references: +<code class="code">Chapter~12</code>, or <code class="code">Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</code>, or +<code class="code">Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>. -</li><li> When cases are enumerated inline: <code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is +</li><li>When cases are enumerated inline: <code class="code">(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>. -<span id="index-package_002c-siunitx-1"></span> -<span id="index-siunitx-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-siunitx-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-siunitx-package-1"></a> -</li><li> Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the -<code>siunitx</code> package has a special facility for this) or -<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and day number in a date: -<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where +</li><li>Between a number and its unit: <code class="code">$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the +<code class="code">siunitx</code> package has a special facility for this) or +<code class="code">144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and day number in a date: +<code class="code">October~12</code> or <code class="code">12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space: -<code>AD~565</code>, or <code>2:50~pm</code>, or <code>Boeing~747</code>, or -<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>. Other common -choices here are a thin space (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>) and +<code class="code">AD~565</code>, or <code class="code">2:50~pm</code>, or <code class="code">Boeing~747</code>, or +<code class="code">268~Plains Road</code>, or <code class="code">\$$1.4$~billion</code>. Other common +choices here are a thin space (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>) and no space at all. -</li><li> When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code>equals~$n$</code>, or -<code>less than~$\epsilon$</code>, or <code>given~$X$</code>, or <code>modulo~$p^e$ -for all large~$n$</code> (but compare <code>is~$15$</code> with <code>is $15$~times +</li><li>When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code class="code">equals~$n$</code>, or +<code class="code">less than~$\epsilon$</code>, or <code class="code">given~$X$</code>, or <code class="code">modulo~$p^e$ +for all large~$n$</code> (but compare <code class="code">is~$15$</code> with <code class="code">is $15$~times the height</code>). Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns: -<code>dimension~$d$</code> or <code>function~$f(x)$</code> (but compare <code>with +<code class="code">dimension~$d$</code> or <code class="code">function~$f(x)$</code> (but compare <code class="code">with length $l$~or more</code>). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a -preposition: <code>of~$x$</code>, or <code>from $0$ to~$1$</code>, or <code>in +preposition: <code class="code">of~$x$</code>, or <code class="code">from $0$ to~$1$</code>, or <code class="code">in common with~$m$</code>. -</li><li> Between symbols in series: <code>$1$,~$2$, or~$3$</code> or <code>$1$,~$2$, +</li><li>Between symbols in series: <code class="code">$1$,~$2$, or~$3$</code> or <code class="code">$1$,~$2$, \ldots,~$n$</code>. -</li><li> Between a person’s given names and between multiple surnames: -<code>Donald~E. Knuth</code>, or <code>Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo</code>, or -<code>Charles~XII</code>—but you must give TeX places to break the line -so you might do <code>Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la +</li><li>Between a person’s given names and between multiple surnames: +<code class="code">Donald~E. Knuth</code>, or <code class="code">Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo</code>, or +<code class="code">Charles~XII</code>—but you must give TeX places to break the line +so you might do <code class="code">Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>. </li></ul> @@ -17348,110 +17492,110 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\/</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>~</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\/</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">~</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1">19.8 <code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cthinspace-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span> -<span id="index-thin-space-1"></span> -<span id="index-space_002c-thin"></span> -<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></span> -<span id="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cthinspace"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cnegthinspace"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-thin"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\thinspace +<pre class="example-preformatted">\thinspace \negthinspace </pre></div> -<p>These produce unbreakable and unstretchable spaces of 1/6em and --1/6em, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of -<code>\,</code> and <code>\!</code> (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</a>). +<p>These produce unbreakable and unstretchable spaces of 1/6<span class="dmn">em</span> and +-1/6<span class="dmn">em</span>, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of +<code class="code">\,</code> and <code class="code">\!</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</a>). </p> -<p>You can use <code>\,</code> as a synonym for <code>\thinspace</code> in text mode. +<p>You can use <code class="code">\,</code> as a synonym for <code class="code">\thinspace</code> in text mode. </p> -<p>One common use of <code>\thinspace</code> is as the space between nested +<p>One common use of <code class="code">\thinspace</code> is as the space between nested quotes: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace'' +<pre class="example-preformatted">Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace'' </pre></div> -<p>Another use is that some style guides call for a <code>\thinspace</code> +<p>Another use is that some style guides call for a <code class="code">\thinspace</code> between an ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides, think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another -style-specific use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\ +style-specific use is between initials, as in <code class="code">D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-14"></span> -<span id="index-amsmath-package-14"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsmath-14"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsmath-package-14"></a> <p>LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode -(see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). With the <code class="code">amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, they can be used in text mode as -well as math mode, including <code>\!</code> for <code>\negthinspace</code>; but +well as math mode, including <code class="code">\!</code> for <code class="code">\negthinspace</code>; but otherwise, they are available only in math mode. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_002f"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_002f"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\thinspace</code> & <code class="code">\negthinspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005c_002f-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\/</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005c_002f-1">19.9 <code class="code">\/</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005c_002f"></span> -<span id="index-italic-correction"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_002f"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-italic-correction"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><var>before-character</var>\/<var>after-character</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">before-character</var>\/<var class="var">after-character</var> </pre></div> -<p>Insert an <em>italic correction</em>, a small space defined by the font +<p>Insert an <em class="dfn">italic correction</em>, a small space defined by the font designer for each character (possibly zero), to avoid the character -colliding with whatever follows. When you use <code>\/</code>, LaTeX +colliding with whatever follows. When you use <code class="code">\/</code>, LaTeX takes the correction from the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has been applied to the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space. </p> -<p>Here, were it not for the <code>\/</code>, the <var>before-character</var> -italic f would hit the <var>after-character</var> roman H +<p>Here, were it not for the <code class="code">\/</code>, the <var class="var">before-character</var> +italic f would hit the <var class="var">after-character</var> roman H </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H} </pre></div> <p>because the italic letter f leans far to the right. </p> -<p>If <var>after-character</var> is a period or comma then don’t insert an +<p>If <var class="var">after-character</var> is a period or comma then don’t insert an italic correction since those punctuation symbols are so low to the baseline already. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as with normal letters, the italic correction can help. It is typically used between a switch from italic or slanted fonts to an upright font. </p> -<p>When you use commands such as <code>\emph</code> and <code>\textit</code> and -<code>\textsl</code> to change fonts, LaTeX automatically inserts the -italic correction when needed (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). However, -declarations such as <code>\em</code> and <code>\itshape</code> and -<code>\slshape</code> do not automatically insert italic corrections. +<p>When you use commands such as <code class="code">\emph</code> and <code class="code">\textit</code> and +<code class="code">\textsl</code> to change fonts, LaTeX automatically inserts the +italic correction when needed (see <a class="pxref" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). However, +declarations such as <code class="code">\em</code> and <code class="code">\itshape</code> and +<code class="code">\slshape</code> do not automatically insert italic corrections. </p> <p>Upright characters can also have an italic correction. An example -where this is needed is the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most +where this is needed is the name <code class="code">pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts. </p> -<span id="index-_005cfontdimen1"></span> -<span id="index-font-dimension_002c-slant"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfontdimen1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-dimension_002c-slant"></a> <p>Technically, LaTeX uses another font-specific value, the so-called -<em>slant parameter</em> (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether +<em class="dfn">slant parameter</em> (namely <code class="code">\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether to possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to particular font commands. </p> @@ -17461,31 +17605,31 @@ done in a different way. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\/</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\/</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1">19.10 <code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005chrulefill"></span> -<span id="index-_005cdotfill"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005chrulefill"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cdotfill"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005chrulefill"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdotfill"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\hrulefill +<pre class="example-preformatted">\hrulefill \dotfill </pre></div> -<p>Produce an infinite horizontal rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) that +<p>Produce an infinite horizontal rubber length (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) that LaTeX fills with a rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of white space. </p> <p>This outputs a line 2 inches long. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} +<pre class="example-preformatted">Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} </pre></div> <p>This example, when placed between blank lines, creates a paragraph that @@ -17493,68 +17637,72 @@ is left and right justified and where the middle is filled with evenly spaced dots. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge +<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge </pre></div> -<p>To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use <code>\null</code> at the +<p>To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use <code class="code">\null</code> at the start or end. </p> <p>To change the rule’s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as here </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{% \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern0pt } </pre></div> -<p>which changes the default thickness of 0.4pt to 1pt. +<p>which changes the default thickness of 0.4<span class="dmn">pt</span> to 1<span class="dmn">pt</span>. Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\dotfill}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\dotfill}{% \leavevmode\cleaders\hbox to 1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern0pt } </pre></div> -<p>which changes the default length of 0.33em to 1.00em. +<p>which changes the default length of 0.33<span class="dmn">em</span> to 1.00<span class="dmn">em</span>. </p> <p>This example produces a line for a signature. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}{4cm} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{minipage}{4cm} \centering \hrulefill\\ Signed \end{minipage} </pre></div> -<p>The line is 4cm long. +<p>The line is 4<span class="dmn">cm</span> long. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\hrulefill</code> & <code class="code">\dotfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1">19.11 <code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></h3> + +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmedskip"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csmallskip"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigskip"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedskip"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmallskip"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\bigskip +<pre class="example-preformatted">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip </pre></div> <p>Produce an amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or -small. These commands are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +small. These commands are fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from <i>The Golden Ocean</i> by +<p>Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from <i class="i">The Golden Ocean</i> by O’Brian). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he +<pre class="example-preformatted">Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he was at home again, and it was delightful. \bigskip @@ -17565,117 +17713,122 @@ said Peter. <p>Each command is associated with a length defined in the document class file. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="bigskip"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cbigskip'><span><code>\bigskip</code><a href='#index-_005cbigskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cbigskipamount"></span> -<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line -space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and -<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>. -</p> -<span id="medskip"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cmedskip'><span><code>\medskip</code><a href='#index-_005cmedskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cmedskipamount"></span> -<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a -line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> -and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>. -</p> -<span id="smallskip"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005csmallskip'><span><code>\smallskip</code><a href='#index-_005csmallskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005csmallskipamount"></span> -<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a +<dl class="ftable"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="bigskip"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cbigskip-1'><span><code class="code">\bigskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cbigskip-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a> +<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line +space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code class="code">book</code> and +<code class="code">article</code> classes is <code class="code">12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>. +</p> +<a class="anchor" id="medskip"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cmedskip-1'><span><code class="code">\medskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cmedskip-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a> +<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a +line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code class="code">book</code> +and <code class="code">article</code> classes is <code class="code">6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>. +</p> +<a class="anchor" id="smallskip"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005csmallskip-1'><span><code class="code">\smallskip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005csmallskip-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a> +<p>The same as <code class="code">\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the -<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>. +<code class="code">book</code> and <code class="code">article</code> classes is <code class="code">3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>Because each command is a <code>\vspace</code>, if you use it in mid-paragraph +<p>Because each command is a <code class="code">\vspace</code>, if you use it in mid-paragraph then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So these are best between paragraphs. </p> -<p>The commands <code>\bigbreak</code>, <code>\medbreak</code>, and <code>\smallbreak</code> +<p>The commands <code class="code">\bigbreak</code>, <code class="code">\medbreak</code>, and <code class="code">\smallbreak</code> are similar but also suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to -put a page break (see <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a>. +put a page break (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\strut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1">19.12 <code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></h3> + +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cbigbreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmedbreak"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csmallbreak"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbigbreak"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmedbreak"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csmallbreak"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\bigbreak +<pre class="example-preformatted">\bigbreak \medbreak \smallbreak </pre></div> <p>Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to break the page. (The -associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.) +associated penalties are respectively −200, −100, and +−50.) </p> -<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a>, for more. These commands +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, for more. These commands produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a preceding vertical space if it is less than what they would insert (as -with <code>\addvspace</code>). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where +with <code class="code">\addvspace</code>). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where they are used: this example </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">abc\bigbreak def ghi +<pre class="example-preformatted">abc\bigbreak def ghi jkl mno pqr </pre></div> -<p>will output three paragraphs, the first ending in ‘<samp>abc</samp>’ and the +<p>will output three paragraphs, the first ending in ‘<samp class="samp">abc</samp>’ and the second starting, after an extra vertical space and a paragraph indent, -with ‘<samp>def</samp>’. +with ‘<samp class="samp">def</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstrut"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cstrut"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\bigbreak</code> & <code class="code">\medbreak</code> & <code class="code">\smallbreak</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cstrut-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cstrut-1">19.13 <code class="code">\strut</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cstrut"></span> -<span id="index-strut-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstrut"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-strut-1"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\strut +<pre class="example-preformatted">\strut </pre></div> -<p>Ensure that the current line has height at least <code>0.7\baselineskip</code> -and depth at least <code>0.3\baselineskip</code>. Essentially, LaTeX +<p>Ensure that the current line has height at least <code class="code">0.7\baselineskip</code> +and depth at least <code class="code">0.3\baselineskip</code>. Essentially, LaTeX inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width, -<code>\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>). -The <code>\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font or fontsize. +<code class="code">\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crule"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>). +The <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font or fontsize. </p> -<p>In this example the <code>\strut</code> keeps the box inside the frame from +<p>In this example the <code class="code">\strut</code> keeps the box inside the frame from having zero height. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut} </pre></div> <p>This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap between items 2 and 3 than there is between items 1 and 2. -The second list fixes that with a <code>\strut</code> at the end of its first +The second list fixes that with a <code class="code">\strut</code> at the end of its first item’s second line. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} \noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth} \begin{enumerate} \item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test} @@ -17706,32 +17859,32 @@ item’s second line. \end{minipage}% </pre></div> -<p>The final two lists use <code>\fbox</code> to show what’s happening. The -first item <code>\parbox</code> of the third list goes only to the bottom of -its second ‘<samp>test</samp>’, which happens not have any characters that +<p>The final two lists use <code class="code">\fbox</code> to show what’s happening. The +first item <code class="code">\parbox</code> of the third list goes only to the bottom of +its second ‘<samp class="samp">test</samp>’, which happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra below-baseline space. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></span> -<span id="index-TikZ-package-1"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></span> -<span id="index-Asymptote-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TikZ-package-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Asymptote-package-1"></a> -<p>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in -<code>TikZ</code> or <code>Asymptote</code>. For instance, you may have a command -such as <code>\graphnode{<var>node-name</var>}</code> that fits a circle around -<var>node-name</var>. However, unless you are careful the <var>node-name</var>’s -‘<samp>x</samp>’ and ‘<samp>y</samp>’ will produce different-diameter circles because -the characters are different sizes. A careful <code>\graphnode</code> might -insert a <code>\strut</code>, then <var>node-name</var>, and then draw the circle. +<p>The <code class="code">\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in +<code class="code">TikZ</code> or <code class="code">Asymptote</code>. For instance, you may have a command +such as <code class="code">\graphnode{<var class="var">node-name</var>}</code> that fits a circle around +<var class="var">node-name</var>. However, unless you are careful the <var class="var">node-name</var>’s +‘<samp class="samp">x</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">y</samp>’ will produce different-diameter circles because +the characters are different sizes. A careful <code class="code">\graphnode</code> might +insert a <code class="code">\strut</code>, then <var class="var">node-name</var>, and then draw the circle. </p> -<p>The general approach of using a zero width <code>\rule</code> is useful in +<p>The general approach of using a zero width <code class="code">\rule</code> is useful in many circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of -the first integral from hitting the <code>\hline</code>. Similarly, the +the first integral from hitting the <code class="code">\hline</code>. Similarly, the second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rl} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{rl} \textsc{Integral} &\textsc{Value} \\ \hline $\int_0^x t\, dt$ &$x^2/2$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex} \\ @@ -17742,53 +17895,53 @@ second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first. <p>(Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won’t solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like -<code>\\[2.5ex]</code> will put more room between the header line and the -<code>\hline</code> rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.) +<code class="code">\\[2.5ex]</code> will put more room between the header line and the +<code class="code">\hline</code> rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.) </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvspace"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvspace"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\strut</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvspace-1">19.14 <code class="code">\vspace</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cvspace"></span> -<span id="index-vertical-space"></span> -<span id="index-space_002c-vertical"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvspace"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-space"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-vertical"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\vspace{<var>length</var>} -\vspace*{<var>length</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\vspace{<var class="var">length</var>} +\vspace*{<var class="var">length</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> can be positive, -negative, or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a <code>plus</code> -or <code>minus</code> component (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +<p>Add the vertical space <var class="var">length</var>. The <var class="var">length</var> can be positive, +negative, or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a <code class="code">plus</code> +or <code class="code">minus</code> component (see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). </p> <p>This puts space between the two paragraphs. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">And I slept. +<pre class="example-preformatted">And I slept. \vspace{1ex plus 0.5ex} The new day dawned cold. </pre></div> -<p>(See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></a>, for common inter-paragraph +<p>(See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code class="code">\bigskip</code> & <code class="code">\medskip</code> & <code class="code">\smallskip</code></a>, for common inter-paragraph spaces.) </p> -<p>The <code>*</code>-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More +<p>The <code class="code">*</code>-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break and the -<code>*</code>-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space +<code class="code">*</code>-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space between the two questions. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \). +<pre class="example-preformatted">Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \). \vspace*{2cm plus 0.5cm} Question: Find the derivative of \( x^5+5x+9 \). @@ -17797,16 +17950,16 @@ Question: Find the derivative of \( x^5+5x+9 \). <p>That space will be present even if the page break happens to fall between the questions. </p> -<p>If you use <code>\vspace</code> in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in +<p>If you use <code class="code">\vspace</code> in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in horizontal mode) then the space is inserted after the line containing -the <code>\vspace</code> command; it does not start a new paragraph at the -<code>\vspace</code> command. +the <code class="code">\vspace</code> command; it does not start a new paragraph at the +<code class="code">\vspace</code> command. </p> <p>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on the page, with at least one inch of space below each. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{document} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document} 1) Who put the bomp in the bomp bah bomp bah bomp? \vspace{1in plus 1fill} @@ -17818,41 +17971,41 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvfill"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cvfill"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addvspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addvspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cvfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cvfill-1">19.15 <code class="code">\vfill</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cvfill"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cvfill"></a> -<span id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></span> -<span id="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\vfill +<pre class="example-preformatted">\vfill </pre></div> <p>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length that is infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far as needed -(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). </p> -<p>It is often used in the same way as <code>\vspace{\fill}</code>, except that -<code>\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph whereas <code>\vspace{\fill}</code> +<p>It is often used in the same way as <code class="code">\vspace{\fill}</code>, except that +<code class="code">\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph whereas <code class="code">\vspace{\fill}</code> adds the infinite vertical space below its line, irrespective of the paragraph structure. In both cases that space will disappear at a page boundary; to circumvent this see the starred option -in <a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>. +in <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code class="code">\vspace</code></a>. </p> <p>In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines contain -the text ‘<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>’ and the second ‘<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>’ is exactly +the text ‘<samp class="samp">Lost Dog!</samp>’ and the second ‘<samp class="samp">Lost Dog!</samp>’ is exactly halfway between them. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{document} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{document} Lost Dog! \vfill Lost Dog! % perfectly in the middle @@ -17864,38 +18017,38 @@ Lost Dog! <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddvspace"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddvspace"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\vfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddvspace-1">19.16 <code class="code">\addvspace</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005caddvspace"></span> -<span id="index-vertical-space-1"></span> -<span id="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddvspace"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-space-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\addvspace{<var>vert-length</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\addvspace{<var class="var">vert-length</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Add a vertical space of <var>vert-length</var>. However, if there are two or -more <code>\addvspace</code>’s in a sequence then together they only add the +<p>Add a vertical space of <var class="var">vert-length</var>. However, if there are two or +more <code class="code">\addvspace</code>’s in a sequence then together they only add the space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the -<var>vert-length</var>’s in that sequence. This command is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). The <var>vert-length</var> is a rubber length -(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). +<var class="var">vert-length</var>’s in that sequence. This command is fragile +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). The <var class="var">vert-length</var> is a rubber length +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). </p> -<p>This example illustrates. The <code>picture</code> draws a scale over which +<p>This example illustrates. The <code class="code">picture</code> draws a scale over which to rules are placed. In a standard LaTeX article the length -<code>\baselineskip</code> is 12pt. As shown by the scale, the two -rules are 22pt apart: the sum of the <code>\baselineskip</code> and the -10pt from the first <code>\addvspace</code>. +<code class="code">\baselineskip</code> is 12<span class="dmn">pt</span>. As shown by the scale, the two +rules are 22<span class="dmn">pt</span> apart: the sum of the <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> and the +10<span class="dmn">pt</span> from the first <code class="code">\addvspace</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article} \usepackage{color} \begin{document} \setlength{\unitlength}{2pt}% @@ -17909,309 +18062,310 @@ rules are 22pt apart: the sum of the <code>\baselineskip</code> and the \end{document} </pre></div> -<p>Now uncomment the second <code>\addvspace</code>. It does not make the gap -20pt longer; instead the gap is the sum of <code>\baselineskip</code> -and 20pt. So <code>\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of +<p>Now uncomment the second <code class="code">\addvspace</code>. It does not make the gap +20<span class="dmn">pt</span> longer; instead the gap is the sum of <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> +and 20<span class="dmn">pt</span>. So <code class="code">\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of its name—it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used. </p> <p>LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a -<code>theorem</code> environment begins and ends with <code>\addvspace</code> so -that two consecutive <code>theorem</code>’s are separated by one vertical +<code class="code">theorem</code> environment begins and ends with <code class="code">\addvspace</code> so +that two consecutive <code class="code">theorem</code>’s are separated by one vertical space, not two. </p> -<p>A error ‘<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’ pointing to an -<code>\addvspace</code> means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit -this command. One way to change that is to precede <code>\addvspace</code> -with a <code>\par</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>), as in the above example. +<p>A error ‘<samp class="samp">Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>’ pointing to an +<code class="code">\addvspace</code> means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit +this command. One way to change that is to precede <code class="code">\addvspace</code> +with a <code class="code">\par</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cpar"><code class="code">\par</code></a>), as in the above example. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Boxes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Boxes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Boxes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Boxes-1">20 Boxes</h2> -<span id="index-boxes"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-boxes"></a> <p>At its core, LaTeX puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a page. So these commands are central. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-adjustbox"></span> -<span id="index-adjustbox-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-adjustbox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-adjustbox-package"></a> <p>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes. -One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code>adjustbox</code>. +One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code class="code">adjustbox</code>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3"><code>\parbox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4"><code>\raisebox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6"><code>lrbox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7"><code>\usebox</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\raisebox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6"><code class="code">lrbox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\usebox</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1">20.1 <code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cmbox"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmakebox"></span> -<span id="index-box"></span> -<span id="index-make-a-box"></span> -<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cmakebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmbox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakebox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-make-a-box"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\mbox{<var>text</var>} -\makebox{<var>text</var>} -\makebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>} -\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\mbox{<var class="var">text</var>} +\makebox{<var class="var">text</var>} +\makebox[<var class="var">width</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} +\makebox[<var class="var">width</var>][<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is typeset in -LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines. The -<code>\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code>\makebox</code> is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var class="var">text</var> is typeset in +LR mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines. The +<code class="code">\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code class="code">\makebox</code> is fragile +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>Because <code>text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code>\mbox</code> +<p>Because <code class="code">text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code class="code">\mbox</code> to prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate -the tank name, ‘<samp>T-34</samp>’. +the tank name, ‘<samp class="samp">T-34</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism. +<pre class="example-preformatted">The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism. </pre></div> -<p>The first two command synopsis versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are -roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the -<var>text</var>. (They are like plain TeX’s <code>\hbox</code>.) +<p>The first two command invocations shown, <code class="code">\mbox</code> and +<code class="code">\makebox</code>, are roughly the same. They create a box just wide +enough to contain the <var class="var">text</var>. (They are like plain TeX’s +<code class="code">\hbox</code>.) </p> -<p>In the third version the optional argument <var>width</var> specifies the +<p>In the third version the optional argument <var class="var">width</var> specifies the width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not -equal the width of the box. For one thing, <var>text</var> can be too small; +equal the width of the box. For one thing, <var class="var">text</var> can be too small; this creates a full-line box </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam} </pre></div> -<p>with ‘<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>’ centered. But <var>text</var> can also be too wide -for <var>width</var>. See the example below of zero-width boxes. +<p>with ‘<samp class="samp">Chapter Exam</samp>’ centered. But <var class="var">text</var> can also be too wide +for <var class="var">width</var>. See the example below of zero-width boxes. </p> -<span id="mbox-makebox-depth"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-height"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-width"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></span><p>In the <var>width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer +<a class="anchor" id="mbox-makebox-depth"></a><a class="anchor" id="mbox-makebox-height"></a><a class="anchor" id="mbox-makebox-width"></a><a class="anchor" id="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the <var class="var">width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting -<var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\width</code>, -<code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its depth). For +<var class="var">text</var>: <code class="code">\depth</code>, <code class="code">\height</code>, <code class="code">\width</code>, +<code class="code">\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its depth). For example, to make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size you can say this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher} </pre></div> -<p>For the fourth command synopsis version the optional argument <var>position</var> +<p>For the fourth command synopsis version the optional argument <var class="var">position</var> gives position of the text within the box. It may take the following values: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is centered (default). +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">c</code></dt> +<dd><p>The <var class="var">text</var> is centered (default). </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is flush left. +<dt><code class="code">l</code></dt> +<dd><p>The <var class="var">text</var> is flush left. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">r</code></dt> <dd><p>Flush right. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>s</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>. -The <var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work. For +<dt><code class="code">s</code></dt> +<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var class="var">text</var> across the entire <var class="var">width</var>. +The <var class="var">text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work. For instance, this could head a press release: -<code>\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil +<code class="code">\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil RELEASE\hfil}</code> </p></dd> </dl> -<p>A common use of <code>\makebox</code> is to make zero-width text boxes. This +<p>A common use of <code class="code">\makebox</code> is to make zero-width text boxes. This puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}} \pts{10}What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow? \pts{90}An African or European swallow? </pre></div> -<p><span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></span> -<span id="index-TikZ-package-2"></span> -</p> -<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></span> -<span id="index-Asymptote-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TikZ-package-2"></a> -<p>The right edge of the output ‘<samp>10 points </samp>’ (note the ending space -after ‘<samp>points</samp>’) will be just before the ‘<samp>What</samp>’. You can use -<code>\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <code>TikZ</code> -or <code>Asymptote</code>, where you put the edge of the text at a known +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Asymptote-package-2"></a> + +<p>The right edge of the output ‘<samp class="samp">10 points </samp>’ (note the ending space +after ‘<samp class="samp">points</samp>’) will be just before the ‘<samp class="samp">What</samp>’. You can use +<code class="code">\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <code class="code">TikZ</code> +or <code class="code">Asymptote</code>, where you put the edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the length of that text. </p> -<p>For boxes with frames see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>. For colors -see <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>. +<p>For boxes with frames see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>. For colors +see <a class="ref" href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>. </p> -<p>There is a related version of <code>\makebox</code> that is used within the -<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of -<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>). +<p>There is a related version of <code class="code">\makebox</code> that is used within the +<code class="code">picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of +<code class="code">\unitlength</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\makebox</code> (picture)</a>). </p> -<p>As <var>text</var> is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash -<code>\\</code> nor <code>\par</code> will give you a new line; for instance -<code>\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code> outputs ‘<samp>abc defghi</samp>’ while -<code>\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code> outputs ‘<samp>abc def ghi</samp>’, both on -a single line. To get multiple lines see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a> -and <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>. +<p>As <var class="var">text</var> is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash +<code class="code">\\</code> nor <code class="code">\par</code> will give you a new line; for instance +<code class="code">\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code> outputs ‘<samp class="samp">abc defghi</samp>’ while +<code class="code">\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code> outputs ‘<samp class="samp">abc def ghi</samp>’, both on +a single line. To get multiple lines see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a> +and <a class="ref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\parbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1">20.2 <code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cfbox"></span> -<span id="index-_005cframebox-1"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cfbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cframebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfbox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cframebox-1"></a> <p>Synopses, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>} -\framebox{<var>text</var>} -\framebox[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>} -\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\fbox{<var class="var">text</var>} +\framebox{<var class="var">text</var>} +\framebox[<var class="var">width</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} +\framebox[<var class="var">width</var>][<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the <var>text</var>. -These commands are the same as <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code> except -for the frame (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>). The <code>\fbox</code> command is -robust, the <code>\framebox</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the <var class="var">text</var>. +These commands are the same as <code class="code">\mbox</code> and <code class="code">\makebox</code> except +for the frame (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>). The <code class="code">\fbox</code> command is +robust, the <code class="code">\framebox</code> command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.} </pre></div> <p>LaTeX puts the text into a box, the text cannot be hyphenated. Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four rules making a frame. </p> -<p>The first two command invocations, <code>\fbox{...}</code> and -<code>\framebox{...}</code>, are roughly the same. As to the third and +<p>The first two command invocations, <code class="code">\fbox{...}</code> and +<code class="code">\framebox{...}</code>, are roughly the same. As to the third and fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box -width as <var>width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as -<var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>, for the full description but -here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4in wide. +width as <var class="var">width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as +<var class="var">position</var>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>, for the full description but +here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<span class="dmn">in</span> wide. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\strut</code> ensures a total height of <code>\baselineskip</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>). +<p>The <code class="code">\strut</code> ensures a total height of <code class="code">\baselineskip</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>). </p> <p>These parameters determine the frame layout. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfboxrule-2'><span><code>\fboxrule</code><a href='#index-_005cfboxrule-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-line-width"></span> -<span id="index-frame-rule-width"></span> -<span id="index-_005cfboxrule"></span> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cfboxrule-2'><span><code class="code">\fboxrule</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfboxrule-2'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame_002c-line-width"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame-rule-width"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxrule"></a> <p>The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is -0.2pt. Change it with a command such as -<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>). -</p> -<span id="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-_005cfboxsep-2'><span><code>\fboxsep</code><a href='#index-_005cfboxsep-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></span> -<span id="index-_005cfboxsep"></span> -<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3pt. -Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes: +0.2<span class="dmn">pt</span>. Change it with a command such as +<code class="code">\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>). +</p> +<a class="anchor" id="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-_005cfboxsep-2'><span><code class="code">\fboxsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cfboxsep-2'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfboxsep"></a> +<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3<span class="dmn">pt</span>. +Change it with a command such as <code class="code">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code class="code">\setlength</code></a>). Setting it to 0<span class="dmn">pt</span> is useful sometimes: this will put a frame around the picture with no white border. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}% +<pre class="example-preformatted">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}% \framebox{% \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}} </pre></div> -<p>The extra curly braces keep the effect of the <code>\setlength</code> local. +<p>The extra curly braces keep the effect of the <code class="code">\setlength</code> local. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>As with <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, LaTeX will not break lines -in <var>text</var>. But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a +<p>As with <code class="code">\mbox</code> and <code class="code">\makebox</code>, LaTeX will not break lines +in <var class="var">text</var>. But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a paragraph, and then frame the result. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\framebox{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\framebox{% \begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth} My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place. And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that. \end{minipage}} </pre></div> -<p>See <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>, for colors other than black and white. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>, for colors other than black and white. </p> -<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of the <code>\framebox</code> -command where the units depend on <code>picture</code>’s <code>\unitlength</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>). +<p>The <code class="code">picture</code> environment has a version of the <code class="code">\framebox</code> +command where the units depend on <code class="code">picture</code>’s <code class="code">\unitlength</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code class="code">\framebox</code> (picture)</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cparbox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cparbox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\raisebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\raisebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cparbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cparbox-1">20.3 <code class="code">\parbox</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cparbox"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph-mode-1"></span> -<span id="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cparbox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></a> <p>Synopses, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\parbox{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>} -\parbox[<var>position</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>} -\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>} -\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>contents</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\parbox{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">contents</var>} +\parbox[<var class="var">position</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">contents</var>} +\parbox[<var class="var">position</var>][<var class="var">height</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">contents</var>} +\parbox[<var class="var">position</var>][<var class="var">height</var>][<var class="var">inner-pos</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">contents</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Produce a box of text that is <var>width</var> wide. Use this command to make +<p>Produce a box of text that is <var class="var">width</var> wide. Use this command to make a box of small pieces of text, of a single paragraph. This command is -fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(0,0) +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{picture}(0,0) ... \put(1,2){\parbox{1.75in}{\raggedright Because the graph is a line on this semilog paper, the relationship is @@ -18219,89 +18373,89 @@ fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). \end{picture} </pre></div> -<p>The <var>contents</var> are processed in a text mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so +<p>The <var class="var">contents</var> are processed in a text mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so LaTeX will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won’t make -multiple paragraphs; for that, use a <code>minipage</code> environment -(see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>). +multiple paragraphs; for that, use a <code class="code">minipage</code> environment +(see <a class="pxref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a>). </p> -<p>The options for <code>\parbox</code> (except for <var>contents</var>) are the same -as those for <code>minipage</code>. For convenience a summary of the options -is here but see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a> for a complete description. +<p>The options for <code class="code">\parbox</code> (except for <var class="var">contents</var>) are the same +as those for <code class="code">minipage</code>. For convenience a summary of the options +is here but see <a class="ref" href="#minipage"><code class="code">minipage</code></a> for a complete description. </p> -<p>There are two required arguments. The <var>width</var> is a rigid length -(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It sets the width of the box into which LaTeX -typesets <var>contents</var>. The <var>contents</var> is the text that is placed +<p>There are two required arguments. The <var class="var">width</var> is a rigid length +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It sets the width of the box into which LaTeX +typesets <var class="var">contents</var>. The <var class="var">contents</var> is the text that is placed in that box. It should not have any paragraph-making components. </p> -<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and -<var>inner-pos</var>. The <var>position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the -<em>parbox</em> with respect to the surrounding material. The supported -values are <code>c</code> or <code>m</code> to make the vertical center of the +<p>There are three optional arguments, <var class="var">position</var>, <var class="var">height</var>, and +<var class="var">inner-pos</var>. The <var class="var">position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the +<em class="dfn">parbox</em> with respect to the surrounding material. The supported +values are <code class="code">c</code> or <code class="code">m</code> to make the vertical center of the parbox lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (this is the -default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the parbox with -the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code>b</code> to match the +default), or <code class="code">t</code> to match the top line of the parbox with +the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code class="code">b</code> to match the bottom line. </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>height</var> overrides the natural height of the +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">height</var> overrides the natural height of the box. </p> -<p>The optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of -<var>content</var> inside the <code>parbox</code>. Its default is the value of -<var>position</var>. Its possible values are: <code>t</code> to put the -<var>content</var> at the top of the box, <code>c</code> to put it in the vertical -center, <code>b</code> to put it at the bottom of the box, and <code>s</code> to +<p>The optional argument <var class="var">inner-pos</var> controls the placement of +<var class="var">content</var> inside the <code class="code">parbox</code>. Its default is the value of +<var class="var">position</var>. Its possible values are: <code class="code">t</code> to put the +<var class="var">content</var> at the top of the box, <code class="code">c</code> to put it in the vertical +center, <code class="code">b</code> to put it at the bottom of the box, and <code class="code">s</code> to stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must contain vertically stretchable space). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005craisebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005craisebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\parbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\parbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005craisebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005craisebox-1">20.4 <code class="code">\raisebox</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005craisebox"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005craisebox"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}{<var>text</var>} -\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>]{<var>text</var>} -\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\raisebox{<var class="var">distance</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} +\raisebox{<var class="var">distance</var>}[<var class="var">height</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} +\raisebox{<var class="var">distance</var>}[<var class="var">height</var>][<var class="var">depth</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Raise or lower <var>text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Raise or lower <var class="var">text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>This example makes a command for denoting the restriction of a function by lowering the vertical bar symbol. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand*\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}} $f\restricted{A}$ </pre></div> -<p>The first mandatory argument <var>distance</var> specifies how far to raise -the second mandatory argument <var>text</var>. This is a rigid length -(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). If it is negative then it lowers <var>text</var>. The -<var>text</var> is processed in LR mode so it cannot contain line breaks -(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). +<p>The first mandatory argument <var class="var">distance</var> specifies how far to raise +the second mandatory argument <var class="var">text</var>. This is a rigid length +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). If it is negative then it lowers <var class="var">text</var>. The +<var class="var">text</var> is processed in LR mode so it cannot contain line breaks +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). </p> -<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. If +<p>The optional arguments <var class="var">height</var> and <var class="var">depth</var> are dimensions. If they are specified, they override the natural height and depth of the -box LaTeX gets by typesetting <var>text</var>. +box LaTeX gets by typesetting <var class="var">text</var>. </p> -<span id="raisebox-depth"></span><span id="raisebox-height"></span><span id="raisebox-width"></span><span id="raisebox-totalheight"></span><p>In the arguments <var>distance</var>, <var>height</var>, and <var>depth</var> you can +<a class="anchor" id="raisebox-depth"></a><a class="anchor" id="raisebox-height"></a><a class="anchor" id="raisebox-width"></a><a class="anchor" id="raisebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the arguments <var class="var">distance</var>, <var class="var">height</var>, and <var class="var">depth</var> you can use the following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that -LaTeX gets on typesetting <var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, -<code>\width</code>, <code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its +LaTeX gets on typesetting <var class="var">text</var>: <code class="code">\depth</code>, <code class="code">\height</code>, +<code class="code">\width</code>, <code class="code">\totalheight</code> (this is the box’s height plus its depth). </p> -<p>This will align two graphics on their top (see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>). +<p>This will align two graphics on their top (see <a class="pxref" href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx,calc} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx,calc} % in preamble ... \begin{center} \raisebox{1ex-\height}{% @@ -18312,43 +18466,43 @@ depth). \end{center} </pre></div> -<p>The first <code>\height</code> is the height of <samp>lion.png</samp> while the -second is the height of <samp>meta.png</samp>. +<p>The first <code class="code">\height</code> is the height of <samp class="file">lion.png</samp> while the +second is the height of <samp class="file">meta.png</samp>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>lrbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\raisebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">lrbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\raisebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1">20.5 <code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005csbox"></span> -<span id="index-_005csavebox"></span> -<span id="index-box_002c-save"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csbox"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005csavebox"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csbox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csavebox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-save"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>} -\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>} -\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>]{<var>text</var>} -\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\sbox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} +\savebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} +\savebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}[<var class="var">width</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} +\savebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}[<var class="var">width</var>][<var class="var">pos</var>]{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Typeset <var>text</var> just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it -in a box register referred to by a variable named <var>box-cmd</var>. The -variable name <var>box-cmd</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must -have previously allocated the box register <var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>). The <code>\sbox</code> command is robust while -<code>\savebox</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Typeset <var class="var">text</var> just as with <code class="code">\makebox</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it +in a box register referred to by a variable named <var class="var">box-cmd</var>. The +variable name <var class="var">box-cmd</var> begins with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code>. You must +have previously allocated the box register <var class="var">box-cmd</var> with <code class="code">\newsavebox</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>). The <code class="code">\sbox</code> command is robust while +<code class="code">\savebox</code> is fragile (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>This creates and uses a box register. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\fullname} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\fullname} \sbox{\fullname}{John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt} ... \usebox{\fullname}! His name is my name, too! @@ -18357,28 +18511,28 @@ There goes \usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da. </pre></div> <p>One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a -<code>\newcommand</code> macro variable is efficiency, that LaTeX need not +<code class="code">\newcommand</code> macro variable is efficiency, that LaTeX need not repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below. </p> -<p>The first two command invocations, -<code>\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code> and -<code>\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, are roughly equivalent. -As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify -the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that -box as <var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></a>, for the full -description. +<p>The first two command invocations shown above, +<code class="code">\sbox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code> and +<code class="code">\savebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code>, are roughly the same. +As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to +specify the box width as <var class="var">width</var>, and the position of the text +inside that box as <var class="var">position</var>. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code class="code">\mbox</code> & <code class="code">\makebox</code></a>, for the +full description. </p> -<p>In the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> commands the <var>text</var> is -typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). If +<p>In the <code class="code">\sbox</code> and <code class="code">\savebox</code> commands the <var class="var">text</var> is +typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). If you use these then LaTeX doesn’t give you an error but it ignores -what you want: if you enter <code>\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}</code> and -<code>\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get ‘<samp>testtest</samp>’, while if you -enter <code>\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}</code> and -<code>\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get ‘<samp>test test</samp>’, but no error or -warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as here. +what you want: if you enter <code class="code">\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}</code> and +<code class="code">\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get ‘<samp class="samp">testtest</samp>’, while if you +enter <code class="code">\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}</code> and +<code class="code">\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get ‘<samp class="samp">test test</samp>’, but no error or +warning. To fix this use a <code class="code">\parbox</code> or <code class="code">minipage</code> as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\areg} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\areg} \savebox{\areg}{% \begin{minipage}{\linewidth} \begin{enumerate} @@ -18395,7 +18549,7 @@ the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in the header. LaTeX only typesets it once. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % all this in the preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % all this in the preamble \newsavebox{\sealreg} \savebox{\sealreg}{% \setlength{\unitlength}{1in}% @@ -18411,44 +18565,44 @@ header. LaTeX only typesets it once. \pagestyle{headings} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>picture</code> environment is good for fine-tuning the placement. +<p>The <code class="code">picture</code> environment is good for fine-tuning the placement. </p> -<p>If the register <code>\noreg</code> has not already been defined then you get something like -‘<samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg</samp>’. +<p>If the register <code class="code">\noreg</code> has not already been defined then you get something like +‘<samp class="samp">Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="lrbox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="lrbox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\usebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\usebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="lrbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="lrbox-1">20.6 <code class="code">lrbox</code></h3> -<span id="index-lrbox"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lrbox"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{lrbox}{<var>box-cmd</var>} - <var>text</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{lrbox}{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>} + <var class="var">text</var> \end{lrbox} </pre></div> -<p>This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> -commands, and is equivalent to them. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>, for the +<p>This is the environment form of the <code class="code">\sbox</code> and <code class="code">\savebox</code> +commands, and is equivalent to them. See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>, for the full description. </p> -<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box register -referred to by variable <code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The variable name -<var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must allocate -this box register in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>). In this example the environment is convenient -for entering the <code>tabular</code>. +<p>The <var class="var">text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box register +referred to by variable <code class="code"><var class="var">box-cmd</var></code>. The variable name +<var class="var">box-cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, <code class="code">\</code>. You must allocate +this box register in advance with <code class="code">\newsavebox</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code class="code">\newsavebox</code></a>). In this example the environment is convenient +for entering the <code class="code">tabular</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\jhreg} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newsavebox{\jhreg} \begin{lrbox}{\jhreg} \begin{tabular}{c} \includegraphics[height=1in]{jh.png} \\ @@ -18462,109 +18616,109 @@ for entering the <code>tabular</code>. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cusebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cusebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>lrbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">lrbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cusebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cusebox-1">20.7 <code class="code">\usebox</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cusebox"></span> -<span id="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cusebox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>box-cmd</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usebox{<var class="var">box-cmd</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the box register <var>box-cmd</var> by -the commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code> -environment. For more information and examples, see <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></a>. (Note that the variable name <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a -backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the box register <var class="var">box-cmd</var> by +the commands <code class="code">\sbox</code> or <code class="code">\savebox</code>, or the <code class="code">lrbox</code> +environment. For more information and examples, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code class="code">\sbox</code> & <code class="code">\savebox</code></a>. (Note that the variable name <var class="var">box-cmd</var> starts with a +backslash, <code class="code">\</code>.) This command is robust (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Color"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Color"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Color-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Color-1">21 Color</h2> -<span id="index-color"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color"></a> <p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box or on an entire page and write text on top of it. </p> <p>Color support comes as an additional package. So put -<code>\usepackage{color}</code> in your document preamble to use the +<code class="code">\usepackage{color}</code> in your document preamble to use the commands described here. </p> <p>Many other packages also supplement LaTeX’s color abilities. -Particularly worth mentioning is <samp>xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and +Particularly worth mentioning is <samp class="file">xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding -‘<samp>HTML</samp>’ and ‘<samp>Hsb</samp>’ color models. +‘<samp class="samp">HTML</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">Hsb</samp>’ color models. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1"><code>color</code> package options</a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a></li> <li><a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a></li> <li><a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Color-package-options"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Color-package-options"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="color-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="color-package-options">21.1 <code class="code">color</code> package options</h3> -<span id="index-color-package-options"></span> -<span id="index-options_002c-color-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-package-options"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-color-package"></a> <p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{color} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">comma-separated option list</var>]{color} </pre></div> -<p>When you load the <samp>color</samp> package there are two kinds of available +<p>When you load the <samp class="file">color</samp> package there are two kinds of available options. </p> -<p>The first specifies the <em>printer driver</em>. LaTeX doesn’t contain +<p>The first specifies the <em class="dfn">printer driver</em>. LaTeX doesn’t contain information about different output systems but instead depends on information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The -currently relevant ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>, -<samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>, <samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two -<samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp> -(and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new -systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>, <samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>, -<samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>, <samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>, -<samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>, <samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>, -<samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>). +currently relevant ones are: <samp class="file">dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp class="file">dvips</samp>, +<samp class="file">dvisvgm</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp>, <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>. The two +<samp class="file">xdvi</samp> and <samp class="file">oztex</samp> are essentially aliases for <samp class="file">dvips</samp> +(and <samp class="file">xdvi</samp> is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: <samp class="file">dvipdf</samp>, <samp class="file">dvipdfm</samp>, <samp class="file">dviwin</samp>, +<samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>, <samp class="file">emtex</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexps</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexwin</samp>, +<samp class="file">pctexhp</samp>, <samp class="file">pctex32</samp>, <samp class="file">truetex</samp>, <samp class="file">tcidvi</samp>, +<samp class="file">vtex</samp> (and <samp class="file">dviwindo</samp> is an alias for <samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>). </p> <p>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>monochrome</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">monochrome</code></dt> <dd><p>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do not generate color either. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>dvipsnames</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">dvipsnames</code></dt> <dd><p>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally -provided by the <samp>dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name. +provided by the <samp class="file">dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>nodvipsnames</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">nodvipsnames</code></dt> <dd><p>Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of memory space. </p> @@ -18574,18 +18728,18 @@ memory space. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Color-models"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Color-models"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>color</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Color-models-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Color-models-1">21.2 Color models</h3> -<span id="index-color-models"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-models"></a> -<p>A <em>color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s -capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp>pdftex</samp>, -<samp>xetex</samp>, and <samp>luatex</samp> printer drivers are today by far the +<p>A <em class="dfn">color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s +capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, +<samp class="file">xetex</samp>, and <samp class="file">luatex</samp> printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today. @@ -18596,44 +18750,44 @@ of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, and yellow makes black. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="color-models-cmyk"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>cmyk</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="color-models-cmyk"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">cmyk</code></dt> <dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. </p> -<span id="color-models-gray"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>gray</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="color-models-gray"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">gray</code></dt> <dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. </p> -<span id="color-models-rgb"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>rgb</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="color-models-rgb"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">rgb</code></dt> <dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity. This is an additive model. </p> -<span id="color-models-RGB"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>RGB</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>(<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated +<a class="anchor" id="color-models-RGB"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">RGB</code></dt> +<dd><p>(<samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a -convenience for using <code>rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are +convenience for using <code class="code">rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. -The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by +The values entered here are converted to the <code class="code">rgb</code> model by dividing by 255. </p> -<span id="color-models-named"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>named</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘<samp>PrussianBlue</samp>’. The list of -names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘<samp>black</samp>’, -‘<samp>blue</samp>’, ‘<samp>cyan</samp>’, ‘<samp>green</samp>’, ‘<samp>magenta</samp>’, ‘<samp>red</samp>’, -‘<samp>white</samp>’, and ‘<samp>yellow</samp>’ (See the <code>dvipsnames</code> option in -<a href="#Color-package-options"><code>color</code> package options</a>). +<a class="anchor" id="color-models-named"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">named</code></dt> +<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘<samp class="samp">PrussianBlue</samp>’. The list of +names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘<samp class="samp">black</samp>’, +‘<samp class="samp">blue</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">cyan</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">green</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">magenta</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">red</samp>’, +‘<samp class="samp">white</samp>’, and ‘<samp class="samp">yellow</samp>’ (See the <code class="code">dvipsnames</code> option in +<a class="ref" href="#Color-package-options"><code class="code">color</code> package options</a>). </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -18641,57 +18795,57 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘<samp>black</samp> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Commands-for-color"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Commands-for-color"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Commands-for-color-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Commands-for-color-1">21.3 Commands for color</h3> -<span id="index-color-package-commands"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-package-commands"></a> -<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>color</samp> package. +<p>These are the commands available with the <samp class="file">color</samp> package. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a></li> <li><a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a></li> <li><a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a></li> <li><a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="Define-colors"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Define-colors"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Define-colors-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Define-colors-1">21.3.1 Define colors</h4> -<span id="index-color-1"></span> -<span id="index-define-color"></span> -<span id="index-color_002c-define"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-define-color"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color_002c-define"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\definecolor{<var>name</var>}{<var>model</var>}{<var>specification</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{<var class="var">name</var>}{<var class="var">model</var>}{<var class="var">specification</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Give the name <var>name</var> to the color. For example, after this +<p>Give the name <var class="var">name</var> to the color. For example, after this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74} </pre></div> -<p>you can use that color name with <code>Hi ho, +<p>you can use that color name with <code class="code">Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!</code>. </p> <p>This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and not be misleading. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex +<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} </pre></div> @@ -18701,57 +18855,57 @@ or style, rather than in the document body. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Colored-text"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-text"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Colored-text-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-text-1">21.3.2 Colored text</h4> -<span id="index-color-2"></span> -<span id="index-colored-text"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-text"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\textcolor{<var>name</var>}{...} -\textcolor[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>}{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{<var class="var">name</var>}{...} +\textcolor[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>}{...} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\color{<var>name</var>} -\color[<var>color model</var>]{<var>specification</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\color{<var class="var">name</var>} +\color[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>} </pre></div> <p>The affected text gets the color. This line </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! </pre></div> <p>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You -can use a color declared with <code>\definecolor</code> in exactly the same -way that we just used the builtin color ‘<samp>magenta</samp>’. +can use a color declared with <code class="code">\definecolor</code> in exactly the same +way that we just used the builtin color ‘<samp class="samp">magenta</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. </pre></div> -<p>The two <code>\textcolor</code> and <code>\color</code> differ in that the first is +<p>The two <code class="code">\textcolor</code> and <code class="code">\color</code> differ in that the first is a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second -form is a declaration, as in <code>The moon is made of {\color{green} +form is a declaration, as in <code class="code">The moon is made of {\color{green} green} cheese</code>, so it is in effect until the end of the current group or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as -below where it colors everything inside the <code>center</code> environment, +below where it colors everything inside the <code class="code">center</code> environment, including the vertical and horizontal lines. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} \color{blue} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \color{blue} \begin{tabular}{l|r} UL &UR \\ \hline LL &LR @@ -18763,13 +18917,13 @@ including the vertical and horizontal lines. in the preamble </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0} </pre></div> <p>and then contain this equation. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{equation} \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) \end{equation} </pre></div> @@ -18779,22 +18933,22 @@ but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in the synopses. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and +<pre class="example-preformatted">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team. </pre></div> -<p>The format of <var>color specification</var> depends on the color model -(see <a href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three -numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one. +<p>The format of <var class="var">color specification</var> depends on the color model +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code class="code">rgb</code> takes three +numbers, <code class="code">gray</code> takes only one. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. +<pre class="example-preformatted">The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. </pre></div> <p>Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} </pre></div> <p>has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. @@ -18803,94 +18957,94 @@ numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Colored-boxes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-boxes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Colored-boxes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-boxes-1">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4> -<span id="index-color-3"></span> -<span id="index-colored-boxes"></span> -<span id="index-box_002c-colored"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-boxes"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-colored"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\colorbox{<var>name</var>}{...} -\colorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>box background color</var>}{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\colorbox{<var class="var">name</var>}{...} +\colorbox[<var class="var">model name</var>]{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\fcolorbox{<var>frame color</var>}{<var>box background color</var>}{...} -\fcolorbox[<var>model name</var>]{<var>frame color</var>}{<var>box background color</var>}{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\fcolorbox{<var class="var">frame color</var>}{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...} +\fcolorbox[<var class="var">model name</var>]{<var class="var">frame color</var>}{<var class="var">box background color</var>}{...} </pre></div> -<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code>\fcolorbox</code> +<p>Make a box with the stated background color. The <code class="code">\fcolorbox</code> command puts a frame around the box. For instance this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} </pre></div> <p>makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its -depth and height from the <code>\strut</code> (so the depth is -<code>-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code>\baselineskip</code>). This +depth and height from the <code class="code">\strut</code> (so the depth is +<code class="code">-.3\baselineskip</code> and the height is <code class="code">\baselineskip</code>). This puts white text on a blue background. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to +<p>The <code class="code">\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code class="code">\fbox</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code class="code">\fbox</code> & <code class="code">\framebox</code></a>), <code class="code">\fboxrule</code> and <code class="code">\fboxsep</code>, to set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior -and the surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and -<code>3pt</code>, respectively. +and the surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are <code class="code">0.4pt</code> and +<code class="code">3pt</code>, respectively. </p> <p>This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end of the second line. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} +<pre class="example-preformatted">{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="Colored-pages"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Colored-pages"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Colored-pages-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Colored-pages-1">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4> -<span id="index-color-4"></span> -<span id="index-colored-page"></span> -<span id="index-page_002c-colored"></span> -<span id="index-background_002c-colored"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-color-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-colored-page"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-page_002c-colored"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-background_002c-colored"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\pagecolor{<var>name</var>} -\pagecolor[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\pagecolor{<var class="var">name</var>} +\pagecolor[<var class="var">color model</var>]{<var class="var">color specification</var>} \nopagecolor </pre></div> <p>The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second -form see <a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a>. The third returns the background to normal, +form see <a class="pxref" href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a>. The third returns the background to normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported use -<code>\pagecolor{white}</code>, although that will make a white background +<code class="code">\pagecolor{white}</code>, although that will make a white background rather than the default transparent background.) </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"> ... +<pre class="example-preformatted"> ... \pagecolor{cyan} ... \nopagecolor @@ -18901,36 +19055,36 @@ rather than the default transparent background.) </div> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Graphics"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Graphics"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Graphics-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Graphics-1">22 Graphics</h2> -<span id="index-graphics"></span> -<span id="index-graphics-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package"></a> <p>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document. You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX. This example is the short how-to. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble ... \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} </pre></div> <p>To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain -either <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> or -<code>\usepackage{graphics}</code>. Most of the time, <code>graphicx</code> is the +either <code class="code">\usepackage{graphicx}</code> or +<code class="code">\usepackage{graphics}</code>. Most of the time, <code class="code">graphicx</code> is the better choice. </p> <p>Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of -instructions such as ‘<samp>draw a circle with this radius and that +instructions such as ‘<samp class="samp">draw a circle with this radius and that center</samp>’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, @@ -18938,8 +19092,8 @@ and because they often have a smaller size. </p> <p>There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts -as in your document. LaTeX comes with a <code>picture</code> environment -(see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are +as in your document. LaTeX comes with a <code class="code">picture</code> environment +(see <a class="pxref" href="#picture"><code class="code">picture</code></a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the @@ -18950,93 +19104,93 @@ see their documentation on CTAN. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1"><code>graphics</code> package options</a></li> -<li><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1"><code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a></li> +<li><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a></li> <li><a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Graphics-package-options"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Graphics-package-options"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="graphics-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="graphics-package-options">22.1 <code class="code">graphics</code> package options</h3> -<span id="index-graphics-package-options"></span> -<span id="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-options"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a> <p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphics} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">comma-separated option list</var>]{graphics} </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>comma-separated option list</var>]{graphicx} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">comma-separated option list</var>]{graphicx} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the -<code>\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value +<p>The <code class="code">graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the +<code class="code">\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load -the <code>graphics</code> or <code>graphicx</code> package with <code>\usepackage</code> +the <code class="code">graphics</code> or <code class="code">graphicx</code> package with <code class="code">\usepackage</code> there are two kinds of available options. </p> <p>The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different output systems but instead depends on information stored in a -<em>printer driver</em> file. Normally you should not specify the driver +<em class="dfn">printer driver</em> file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. </p> <p>For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently relevant -ones are: <samp>dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp>dvips</samp>, <samp>dvisvgm</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp>, -<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>. The two <samp>xdvi</samp> and <samp>oztex</samp> are -essentially aliases for <samp>dvips</samp> (and <samp>xdvi</samp> is monochrome). -Ones that should not be used for new systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>, -<samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>, <samp>dvipsone</samp>, <samp>emtex</samp>, -<samp>pctexps</samp>, <samp>pctexwin</samp>, <samp>pctexhp</samp>, <samp>pctex32</samp>, -<samp>truetex</samp>, <samp>tcidvi</samp>, <samp>vtex</samp> (and <samp>dviwindo</samp> is an -alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>). These are stored in files with a -<samp>.def</samp> extension, such as <samp>pdftex.def</samp>. +ones are: <samp class="file">dvipdfmx</samp>, <samp class="file">dvips</samp>, <samp class="file">dvisvgm</samp>, <samp class="file">luatex</samp>, +<samp class="file">pdftex</samp>, <samp class="file">xetex</samp>. The two <samp class="file">xdvi</samp> and <samp class="file">oztex</samp> are +essentially aliases for <samp class="file">dvips</samp> (and <samp class="file">xdvi</samp> is monochrome). +Ones that should not be used for new systems are: <samp class="file">dvipdf</samp>, +<samp class="file">dvipdfm</samp>, <samp class="file">dviwin</samp>, <samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>, <samp class="file">emtex</samp>, +<samp class="file">pctexps</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexwin</samp>, <samp class="file">pctexhp</samp>, <samp class="file">pctex32</samp>, +<samp class="file">truetex</samp>, <samp class="file">tcidvi</samp>, <samp class="file">vtex</samp> (and <samp class="file">dviwindo</samp> is an +alias for <samp class="file">dvipsone</samp>). These are stored in files with a +<samp class="file">.def</samp> extension, such as <samp class="file">pdftex.def</samp>. </p> <p>The second kind of options are below. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>demo</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">demo</code></dt> <dd><p>Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt rectangle (unless another size is specified in the -<code>\includegraphics</code> command). +<code class="code">\includegraphics</code> command). </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>draft</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">draft</code></dt> <dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size, the file must be present. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>final</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>(Default) Override any previous <code>draft</code> option, so that the +<dt><code class="code">final</code></dt> +<dd><p>(Default) Override any previous <code class="code">draft</code> option, so that the document shows the contents of the graphic files. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>hiderotate</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">hiderotate</code></dt> <dd><p>Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>hidescale</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">hidescale</code></dt> <dd><p>Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a previewer does not have the capability to scale.) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>hiresbb</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">hiresbb</code></dt> <dd><p>In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The -<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using integer +<code class="code">%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal -multiples, such as 1.23, in <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines. This +multiples, such as 1.23, in <code class="code">%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines. This option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter. </p> </dd> @@ -19045,16 +19199,16 @@ option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Graphics-package-configuration"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Graphics-package-configuration"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>graphics</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">graphics</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="graphics-package-configuration"></span><h3 class="section">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</h3> -<span id="index-graphics-1"></span> -<span id="index-graphics-package-1"></span> -<span id="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></a> <p>These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the graphic. @@ -19062,133 +19216,133 @@ the graphic. <p>The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform dependent. In this document we cover GNU/Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult -the documentation in <samp>grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your +the documentation in <samp class="file">grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your TeX distribution’s documentation. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1"><code>\graphicspath</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1">22.2.1 <code class="code">\graphicspath</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cgraphicspath"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgraphicspath"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of directories inside curly braces</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\graphicspath{<var class="var">list of directories inside curly braces</var>} </pre></div> <p>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows -you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics{lion.png}</code> +you to later say something like <code class="code">\includegraphics{lion.png}</code> instead of having to give its path. </p> <p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory -(and the output directory, if specified; see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>). +(and the output directory, if specified; see <a class="pxref" href="#output-directory">output directory</a>). The declaration below tells the system to then look in the -subdirectory <samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>. +subdirectory <samp class="file">pix</samp>, and then <samp class="file">../pix</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble ... \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\graphicspath</code> declaration is optional. If you don’t include +<p>The <code class="code">\graphicspath</code> declaration is optional. If you don’t include it then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it -usually looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s <code>\input@path</code>). In +usually looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s <code class="code">\input@path</code>). In particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current directory. </p> <p>Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it says -‘<samp><code>{pix}</code></samp>’. Do this even if there is only one directory. -Each directory name must end in a forward slash, <samp>/</samp>. This is true +‘<samp class="samp"><code class="code">{pix}</code></samp>’. Do this even if there is only one directory. +Each directory name must end in a forward slash, <samp class="file">/</samp>. This is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double -quotes, as with <code>{"my docs/"}</code>. Getting one of these rules wrong -will cause LaTeX to report <code>Error: File `<var>filename</var>' not +quotes, as with <code class="code">{"my docs/"}</code>. Getting one of these rules wrong +will cause LaTeX to report <code class="code">Error: File `<var class="var">filename</var>' not found</code>. </p> <p>Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the current directory, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } +<pre class="example-preformatted">\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } ... \usepackage{lion.png} </pre></div> <p>for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the -filename and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp> -and then <samp>../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means that the -<code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories: -if you issue <code>\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the graphic is in -<samp>a/b/lion.png</samp> then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that +filename and searches for the result, checking for <samp class="file">pix/lion.png</samp> +and then <samp class="file">../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means that the +<code class="code">\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories: +if you issue <code class="code">\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the graphic is in +<samp class="file">a/b/lion.png</samp> then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute paths such as -<code>\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}</code> or -<code>\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}</code>. However, using +<code class="code">\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}</code> or +<code class="code">\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}</code>. However, using these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file -parameter <code>TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.) +parameter <code class="code">TEXINPUTS</code>; see the documentation of your system.) </p> -<p>You can use <code>\graphicspath</code> anywhere in the document. You can use +<p>You can use <code class="code">\graphicspath</code> anywhere in the document. You can use it more than once. Show its value with -<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother</code>. +<code class="code">\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother</code>. </p> <p>The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, -suppose that you are working on a document based on <samp>book/book.tex</samp> -and it contains <code>\include{chapters/chap1}</code>. If in -<samp>chap1.tex</samp> you put <code>\graphicspath{{plots/}}</code> then -LaTeX will not search for graphics in <samp>book/chapters/plots</samp>, but -instead in <samp>book/plots</samp>. +suppose that you are working on a document based on <samp class="file">book/book.tex</samp> +and it contains <code class="code">\include{chapters/chap1}</code>. If in +<samp class="file">chap1.tex</samp> you put <code class="code">\graphicspath{{plots/}}</code> then +LaTeX will not search for graphics in <samp class="file">book/chapters/plots</samp>, but +instead in <samp class="file">book/plots</samp>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1">22.2.2 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{<var>comma-separated list of file extensions</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{<var class="var">comma-separated list of file extensions</var>} </pre></div> <p>Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files by giving the filename without the extension, as in -<code>\includegraphics{functionplot}</code>. +<code class="code">\includegraphics{functionplot}</code>. </p> <p>In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF files. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} ... -\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp>lion.png</samp> before <samp>lion.pdf</samp> +\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp class="file">lion.png</samp> before <samp class="file">lion.pdf</samp> </pre></div> -<p>Because the filename <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses +<p>Because the filename <samp class="file">lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path -(see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories -and extensions then it reports ‘<samp>! LaTeX Error: File `<samp>lion</samp>' +and extensions then it reports ‘<samp class="samp">! LaTeX Error: File `<samp class="file">lion</samp>' not found</samp>’. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. </p> @@ -19196,108 +19350,107 @@ extensions. file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows platform is not case sensitive. </p> -<p>You are not required to include <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code> in +<p>You are not required to include <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code> in your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, -the most recent <samp>pdftex.def</samp> has this extension list. +the most recent <samp class="file">pdftex.def</samp> has this extension list. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2 +<pre class="example-preformatted">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2 </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-grfext"></span> -<span id="index-grfext-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-grfext"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-grfext-package"></a> -<p>To change the order, use the <code>grfext</code> package. +<p>To change the order, use the <code class="code">grfext</code> package. </p> <p>You can use this command anywhere in the document. You can use it more than once. Show its value with -<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother</code>. +<code class="code">\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1">22.2.3 <code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{<var>extension</var>}{<var>type</var>}{<var>size-file extension</var>}{<var>command</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsRule{<var class="var">extension</var>}{<var class="var">type</var>}{<var class="var">size-file extension</var>}{<var class="var">command</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var>extension</var>. +<p>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var class="var">extension</var>. </p> <p>This example declares that all files with names of the form -<samp>filename-without-dot.mps</samp> will be treated as output from MetaPost, +<samp class="file">filename-without-dot.mps</samp> will be treated as output from MetaPost, meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to input the file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} </pre></div> <p>This </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} </pre></div> <p>tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an -extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp>filename.1</samp>, -<samp>filename.2</samp>, etc. +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp class="file">filename.1</samp>, +<samp class="file">filename.2</samp>, etc. </p> <p>This describes the four arguments. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>extension</var></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">extension</var></dt> <dd><p>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star, -<code>*</code>, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions. +<code class="code">*</code>, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>type</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">type</var></dt> <dd><p>The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined -in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <samp>.ps</samp>, -<samp>.eps</samp>, or <samp>.ps.gz</samp> may all be classed as type <code>eps</code>. +in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <samp class="file">.ps</samp>, +<samp class="file">.eps</samp>, or <samp class="file">.ps.gz</samp> may all be classed as type <code class="code">eps</code>. All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command -by the printer driver. For example, the file types that <samp>pdftex</samp> -recognizes are: <code>jpg</code>, <code>jbig2</code>, <code>mps</code>, <code>pdf</code>, -<code>png</code>, <code>tif</code>. +by the printer driver. For example, the file types that <samp class="file">pdftex</samp> +recognizes are: <code class="code">jpg</code>, <code class="code">jbig2</code>, <code class="code">mps</code>, <code class="code">pdf</code>, +<code class="code">png</code>, <code class="code">tif</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>size-file extension</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">size-file extension</var></dt> <dd><p>The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the -graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var>extension</var> +graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var class="var">extension</var> but it may be different. </p> <p>As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, it -might be compressed into a <samp>.ps.gz</samp> file. Compressed files are not +might be compressed into a <samp class="file">.ps.gz</samp> file. Compressed files are not easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box information in a -separate file. If <var>size-file extension</var> is empty then you must -specify size information in the arguments of <code>\includegraphics</code>. +separate file. If <var class="var">size-file extension</var> is empty then you must +specify size information in the arguments of <code class="code">\includegraphics</code>. </p> <p>If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for -<code>type</code> then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure -for reading <samp>.eps</samp> files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap -files in a file with a PostScript style <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line if no +<code class="code">type</code> then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure +for reading <samp class="file">.eps</samp> files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap +files in a file with a PostScript style <code class="code">%%BoundingBox</code> line if no other format is available.) </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>command</var></span></dt> -<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the -file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a -single backward quote. Thus, -<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c -#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp>.eps.gz</samp> should -be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the BoundingBox information -stored in the file with extension <samp>.eps.bb</samp>, and that the command -<code>gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file. +<dt><var class="var">command</var></dt> +<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the file. This is often left +empty. This command must start with a single backward quote. Thus, +<code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c +#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp class="file">.eps.gz</samp> should +be treated as an <code class="code">eps</code> file, with the BoundingBox information +stored in the file with extension <samp class="file">.eps.bb</samp>, and that the command +<code class="code">gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file. </p> <p>Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX system must allow you to run external commands; as a security measure @@ -19310,67 +19463,67 @@ See the documentation for your TeX distribution. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="Commands-for-graphics"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Commands-for-graphics"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Commands-for-graphics-1"></span><h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Commands-for-graphics-1">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3> -<span id="index-graphics-package-commands"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></a> -<p>These are the commands available with the <code>graphics</code> and -<code>graphicx</code> packages. +<p>These are the commands available with the <code class="code">graphics</code> and +<code class="code">graphicx</code> packages. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1"><code>\includegraphics</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2"><code>\rotatebox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3"><code>\scalebox</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4"><code>\resizebox</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\resizebox</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1">22.3.1 <code class="code">\includegraphics</code></h4> -<span id="index-graphics-2"></span> -<span id="index-graphics-package-2"></span> -<span id="index-including-graphics"></span> -<span id="index-importing-graphics"></span> -<span id="index-EPS-files"></span> -<span id="index-JPEG-files"></span> -<span id="index-JPG-files"></span> -<span id="index-PDF-graphic-files"></span> -<span id="index-PNG-files"></span> -<span id="index-_005cincludegraphics"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics-package-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-including-graphics"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-importing-graphics"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-EPS-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-JPEG-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-JPG-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PDF-graphic-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-PNG-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cincludegraphics"></a> -<p>Synopses for <code>graphics</code> package: +<p>Synopses for <code class="code">graphics</code> package: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>} -\includegraphics[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>} -\includegraphics[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>} -\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>} -\includegraphics*[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>} -\includegraphics*[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics{<var class="var">filename</var>} +\includegraphics[<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>} +\includegraphics[<var class="var">llx</var>,<var class="var">lly</var>][<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>} +\includegraphics*{<var class="var">filename</var>} +\includegraphics*[<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>} +\includegraphics*[<var class="var">llx</var>,<var class="var">lly</var>][<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Synopses for <code>graphicx</code> package: +<p>Synopses for <code class="code">graphicx</code> package: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>} -\includegraphics[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>} -\includegraphics*{<var>filename</var>} -\includegraphics*[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>filename</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics{<var class="var">filename</var>} +\includegraphics[<var class="var">key-value list</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>} +\includegraphics*{<var class="var">filename</var>} +\includegraphics*[<var class="var">key-value list</var>]{<var class="var">filename</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Include a graphics file. The starred form <code>\includegraphics*</code> will +<p>Include a graphics file. The starred form <code class="code">\includegraphics*</code> will clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will over-print the surrounding area. @@ -19378,41 +19531,41 @@ over-print the surrounding area. <p>This </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble ... \begin{center} \includegraphics{plot.pdf} \end{center} </pre></div> -<p>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <samp>plot.pdf</samp>, +<p>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <samp class="file">plot.pdf</samp>, centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, -as with <code>\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list -of locations to search for the file, see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>. +as with <code class="code">\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list +of locations to search for the file, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code class="code">\graphicspath</code></a>. </p> <p>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes. An example -is <code>\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}</code>. +is <code class="code">\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}</code>. </p> -<p>The <code>\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}</code> command decides on the -type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can -instead use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in -<code>\includegraphics{turing}</code>, and then LaTeX tries a sequence of -extensions such as <code>.png</code> and <code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file -with that extension (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>). +<p>The <code class="code">\includegraphics{<var class="var">filename</var>}</code> command decides on the +type of graphic by splitting <var class="var">filename</var> on the first dot. You can +instead use <var class="var">filename</var> with no dot, as in +<code class="code">\includegraphics{turing}</code>, and then LaTeX tries a sequence of +extensions such as <code class="code">.png</code> and <code class="code">.pdf</code> until it finds a file +with that extension (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>). </p> <p>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide them with curly braces, as in -<code>\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}</code>. Or, if you use -the <code>graphicx</code> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and -<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled -with the package <samp>grffile</samp>. +<code class="code">\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}</code>. Or, if you use +the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package then you can use the options <code class="code">type</code> and +<code class="code">ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled +with the package <samp class="file">grffile</samp>. </p> -<p>This example puts a graphic in a <code>figure</code> environment so LaTeX can +<p>This example puts a graphic in a <code class="code">figure</code> environment so LaTeX can move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward -(see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a>). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{figure} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg} \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray} @@ -19425,7 +19578,7 @@ resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a caption. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{caption} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{caption} % in preamble ... \begin{center} \includegraphics{pix/nix.png} @@ -19437,7 +19590,7 @@ caption. text, with the two vertically centered. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}} ... \begin{center} \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} @@ -19450,23 +19603,23 @@ text, with the two vertically centered. \end{center} </pre></div> -<p>If you use the <code>graphics</code> package then the only options involve the -size of the graphic (but see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a> and <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>). +<p>If you use the <code class="code">graphics</code> package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cscalebox"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a>). When one optional argument is present then it is -<code>[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top -right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). If the units are omitted they default to <code>bp</code>. In +<code class="code">[<var class="var">urx</var>,<var class="var">ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top +right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). If the units are omitted they default to <code class="code">bp</code>. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is -<code>[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>]</code>, specifying the coordinates of the image’s -lower left. Thus, <code>\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}</code> calls for +<code class="code">[<var class="var">llx</var>,<var class="var">lly</var>]</code>, specifying the coordinates of the image’s +lower left. Thus, <code class="code">\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}</code> calls for the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so its origin is at (0,0). </p> -<p>The <code>graphicx</code> package gives you many more options. Specify them +<p>The <code class="code">graphicx</code> package gives you many more options. Specify them in a key-value form, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} \hspace{2em} \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} @@ -19480,132 +19633,132 @@ two will end with different widths and heights. </p> <p>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. </p> -<span id="index-bounding-box"></span> -<span id="index-box_002c-bounding"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bounding-box"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-box_002c-bounding"></a> <p>Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is -traditionally referred to as its <em>bounding box</em> (distinct from the +traditionally referred to as its <em class="dfn">bounding box</em> (distinct from the PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the graphic. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="includegraphics-width"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>width</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-width"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">width</code></dt> <dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example -is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard -TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is -<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code> -(see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the -<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrower than +is <code class="code">\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard +TeX dimensions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is +<code class="code">\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code class="code">\columnwidth</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the +<samp class="file">calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrower than the width of the text with -<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>. +<code class="code">\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>height</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="includegraphics-height"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can -use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also -convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, the command -<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the +<dt><code class="code">height</code></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-height"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can +use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also +convenient are <code class="code">\pageheight</code> and <code class="code">\textheight</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, the command +<code class="code">\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the graphic a quarter of the height of the text area. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>totalheight</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="includegraphics-totalheight"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus +<dt><code class="code">totalheight</code></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-totalheight"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height but a large depth. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>keepaspectratio</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></span><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here +<dt><code class="code">keepaspectratio</code></dt> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></a><p>If set to <code class="code">true</code>, or just specified as here </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code> +<pre class="example-preformatted"><code class="code">\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code> </pre></div> -<p>and you give as options both <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> (or -<code>totalheight</code>), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as +<p>and you give as options both <code class="code">width</code> and <code class="code">height</code> (or +<code class="code">totalheight</code>), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither -is the graphic wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code> (or -<code>totalheight</code>). +is the graphic wider than <code class="code">width</code> nor taller than <code class="code">height</code> (or +<code class="code">totalheight</code>). </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>scale</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">scale</code></dt> <dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its -nominal size, enter <code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code>. This +nominal size, enter <code class="code">\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code>. This number may be any value; a number between 0 and 1 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect it. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>angle</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">angle</code></dt> <dd><p>Rotate the graphic. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise. -The graphic is rotated about its <code>origin</code>; see that option. For a +The graphic is rotated about its <code class="code">origin</code>; see that option. For a complete description of how rotated material is typeset, -see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>. +see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>origin</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">origin</code></dt> <dd><p>The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible -values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for left, -<code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, <code>t</code> -for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, entering the command -<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the +values are any string containing one or two of: <code class="code">l</code> for left, +<code class="code">r</code> for right, <code class="code">b</code> for bottom, <code class="code">c</code> for center, <code class="code">t</code> +for top, and <code class="code">B</code> for baseline. Thus, entering the command +<code class="code">\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}</code> will turn the picture upside down about that picture’s center, while the command -<code>\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its -picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code> -gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code>, but gives the -vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>. +<code class="code">\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}</code> will turn its +picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code class="code">c</code> +gives the horizontal center in <code class="code">bc</code> or <code class="code">tc</code>, but gives the +vertical center in <code class="code">lc</code> or <code class="code">rc</code>.) The default is <code class="code">lB</code>. </p> -<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>. +<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>. </p> </dd> </dl> <p>These are lesser-used options. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="includegraphics-viewport"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>viewport</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-viewport"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">viewport</code></dt> <dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with -<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. When +<code class="code">\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. When the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big -points, <code>bp</code>. They are taken relative to the origin specified -by the bounding box. See also the <code>trim</code> option. +points, <code class="code">bp</code>. They are taken relative to the origin specified +by the bounding box. See also the <code class="code">trim</code> option. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-trim"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>trim</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-trim"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">trim</code></dt> <dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with -<code>\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}</code>. +<code class="code">\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}</code>. These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the -top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option. +top. See also the <code class="code">viewport</code> option. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-clip"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>clip</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-clip"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">clip</code></dt> +<dd><p>If set to <code class="code">true</code>, or just specified as here </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...} </pre></div> <p>then the graphic is cropped to the bounding box. This is the same as using the starred form of the command, -<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>. +<code class="code">\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-page"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>page</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-page"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">page</code></dt> <dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is -<code>page=1</code>. +<code class="code">page=1</code>. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-pagebox"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>pagebox</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-pagebox"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">pagebox</code></dt> <dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among -<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or -<code>artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript +<code class="code">mediabox</code>, <code class="code">cropbox</code>, <code class="code">bleedbox</code>, <code class="code">trimbox</code>, or +<code class="code">artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when @@ -19616,27 +19769,27 @@ content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-interpolate"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>interpolate</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-interpolate"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">interpolate</code></dt> <dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be -set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here. +set with <code class="code">interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...} </pre></div> -<span id="includegraphics-quiet"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>quiet</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-quiet"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">quiet</code></dt> <dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with -<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with -<code>\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}</code>, +<code class="code">quiet=true</code> or just specified it with +<code class="code">\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}</code>, </p> -<span id="includegraphics-draft"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>draft</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specify it with +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-draft"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">draft</code></dt> +<dd><p>If you set it with <code class="code">draft=true</code> or just specify it with </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...} </pre></div> <p>then the graphic will not appear in the document, possibly saving color @@ -19648,82 +19801,82 @@ size with the filename printed in it. <p>These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript graphic files, which have a size specified with a line -<code>%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values, -giving the lower <em class='math'>x</em> coordinate, lower <em class='math'>y</em> coordinate, upper -<em class='math'>x</em> coordinate, and upper <em class='math'>y</em> coordinate. The units are +<code class="code">%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values, +giving the lower <em class="math">x</em> coordinate, lower <em class="math">y</em> coordinate, upper +<em class="math">x</em> coordinate, and upper <em class="math">y</em> coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch. -For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10 +For example, if an <samp class="file">.eps</samp> file has the line <code class="code">%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80</code> then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by 60/72 inch tall. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="includegraphics-bb"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>bb</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bb"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">bb</code></dt> <dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four -dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb= -0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. Usually <code>\includegraphics</code> reads the +dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code class="code">\includegraphics[.., bb= +0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. Usually <code class="code">\includegraphics</code> reads the BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want to change it. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-bbllx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bblly"></span><span id="includegraphics-bburx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bbury"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bbllx"></a><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bblly"></a><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bburx"></a><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-bbury"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt> <dd><p>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for compatibility with old packages. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-natwidth"></span><span id="includegraphics-natheight"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>natwidth, natheight</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-natwidth"></a><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-natheight"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">natwidth, natheight</code></dt> +<dd><p>An alternative for <code class="code">bb</code>. Setting </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...} </pre></div> -<p>is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>. +<p>is the same as setting <code class="code">bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-hiresbb"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>hiresbb</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-hiresbb"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">hiresbb</code></dt> +<dd><p>If set to <code class="code">true</code>, or just specified as with </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...} </pre></div> -<p>then LaTeX will look for <code>%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of -<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines. (The <code>BoundingBox</code> lines use only -natural numbers while the <code>HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals; +<p>then LaTeX will look for <code class="code">%%HiResBoundingBox</code> lines instead of +<code class="code">%%BoundingBox</code> lines. (The <code class="code">BoundingBox</code> lines use only +natural numbers while the <code class="code">HiResBoundingBox</code> lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To -override a prior setting of <code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</code>. +override a prior setting of <code class="code">true</code>, you can set it to <code class="code">false</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> <p>These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example -is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code> -will read the file <samp>lion.xxx</samp> as though it were -<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>. +is that <code class="code">\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code> +will read the file <samp class="file">lion.xxx</samp> as though it were +<samp class="file">lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code class="code">\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="includegraphics-type"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>type</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-type"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">type</code></dt> <dd><p>Specify the graphics type. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-ext"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>ext</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-ext"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">ext</code></dt> <dd><p>Specify the graphics extension. -Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. +Only use this in conjunction with the option <code class="code">type</code>. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-read"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>read</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-read"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">read</code></dt> <dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file. -Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. +Only use this in conjunction with the option <code class="code">type</code>. </p> -<span id="includegraphics-command"></span></dd> -<dt><span><code>command</code></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="includegraphics-command"></a></dd> +<dt><code class="code">command</code></dt> <dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in -conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>, -for a discussion of enabling the <code>\write18</code> functionality to run +conjunction with the option <code class="code">type</code>. See <a class="xref" href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>, +for a discussion of enabling the <code class="code">\write18</code> functionality to run external commands. </p> </dd> @@ -19732,52 +19885,52 @@ external commands. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005crotatebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005crotatebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\scalebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005crotatebox-1">22.3.2 <code class="code">\rotatebox</code></h4> -<span id="index-rotation"></span> -<span id="index-rotating-graphics"></span> -<span id="index-rotating-text"></span> -<span id="index-_005crotatebox"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rotation"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rotating-graphics"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rotating-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crotatebox"></a> -<p>Synopsis if you use the <code>graphics</code> package: +<p>Synopsis if you use the <code class="code">graphics</code> package: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\rotatebox{<var class="var">angle</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Synopses if you use the <code>graphicx</code> package: +<p>Synopses if you use the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>} -\rotatebox[<var>key-value list</var>]{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\rotatebox{<var class="var">angle</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>} +\rotatebox[<var class="var">key-value list</var>]{<var class="var">angle</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees +<p>Put <var class="var">material</var> in a box and rotate it <var class="var">angle</var> degrees counterclockwise. </p> <p>This example rotates the table column heads forty-five degrees. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{tabular}{ll} \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\ A &AL-FAH \\ B &BRAH-VOH \end{tabular} </pre></div> -<p>The <var>material</var> can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. +<p>The <var class="var">material</var> can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"> \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} +<pre class="example-preformatted"> \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} </pre></div> <p>To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets -<var>material</var> in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. +<var class="var">material</var> in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. The second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. The third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated material. Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left @@ -19786,43 +19939,43 @@ from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this material. </p> -<p>If you use the <code>graphics</code> package then the rotation is about the -reference point of the box. If you use the <code>graphicx</code> package -then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>, +<p>If you use the <code class="code">graphics</code> package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package +then these are the options that can go in the <var class="var">key-value list</var>, but note that you can get the same effect without needing this -package, except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options -(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>). +package, except for the <code class="code">x</code> and <code class="code">y</code> options +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>). </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>origin</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>The point of the <var>material</var>’s box about which the rotation happens. -Possible value is any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for -left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, -<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, the first line here +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">origin</code></dt> +<dd><p>The point of the <var class="var">material</var>’s box about which the rotation happens. +Possible value is any string containing one or two of: <code class="code">l</code> for +left, <code class="code">r</code> for right, <code class="code">b</code> for bottom, <code class="code">c</code> for center, +<code class="code">t</code> for top, and <code class="code">B</code> for baseline. Thus, the first line here </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon} \rotatebox[origin=lB]{180}{LeBateau} </pre></div> <p>will turn the picture upside down from the center while the second will turn its picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character -<code>c</code> gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives -the vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>, and gives both in -<code>c</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>. +<code class="code">c</code> gives the horizontal center in <code class="code">bc</code> or <code class="code">tc</code> but gives +the vertical center in <code class="code">lc</code> or <code class="code">rc</code>, and gives both in +<code class="code">c</code>.) The default is <code class="code">lB</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>x, y</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">x, y</code></dt> <dd><p>Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with -<code>\rotatebox[x=<var>TeX dimension</var>,y=<var>TeX -dimension</var>]{...}</code> (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). These give the offset +<code class="code">\rotatebox[x=<var class="var">TeX dimension</var>,y=<var class="var">TeX +dimension</var>]{...}</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). These give the offset from the box’s reference point. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>units</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">units</code></dt> <dd><p>This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise. -Setting <code>units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and -setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise. +Setting <code class="code">units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and +setting <code class="code">units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -19830,184 +19983,184 @@ setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cscalebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cscalebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\resizebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\resizebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cscalebox-1">22.3.3 <code class="code">\scalebox</code></h4> -<span id="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></span> -<span id="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></span> -<span id="index-scaling"></span> -<span id="index-resizing"></span> -<span id="index-text_002c-scaling"></span> -<span id="index-text_002c-resizing"></span> -<span id="index-_005cscalebox"></span> -<span id="index-_005creflectbox"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaling"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-resizing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text_002c-scaling"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text_002c-resizing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cscalebox"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005creflectbox"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}{<var>material</var>} -\scalebox{<var>horizontal factor</var>}[<var>vertical factor</var>]{<var>material</var>} -\reflectbox{<var>material</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\scalebox{<var class="var">horizontal factor</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>} +\scalebox{<var class="var">horizontal factor</var>}[<var class="var">vertical factor</var>]{<var class="var">material</var>} +\reflectbox{<var class="var">material</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Scale the <var>material</var>. +<p>Scale the <var class="var">material</var>. </p> <p>This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of the first text and doubles the size of the second. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} </pre></div> -<p>If you do not specify the optional <var>vertical factor</var> then it -defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>. +<p>If you do not specify the optional <var class="var">vertical factor</var> then it +defaults to the same value as the <var class="var">horizontal factor</var>. </p> <p>You can use this command to resize a graphic, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}} </pre></div> -<p>If you use the <code>graphicx</code> package then you can accomplish the same -thing with optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>). +<p>If you use the <code class="code">graphicx</code> package then you can accomplish the same +thing with optional arguments to <code class="code">\includegraphics</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>). </p> -<p>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates -<code>\scalebox{-1}[1]{<var>material</var>}</code>. Thus, <code>Able was -I\reflectbox{Able was I}</code> will show the phrase ‘<samp>Able was I</samp>’ +<p>The <code class="code">\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates +<code class="code">\scalebox{-1}[1]{<var class="var">material</var>}</code>. Thus, <code class="code">Able was +I\reflectbox{Able was I}</code> will show the phrase ‘<samp class="samp">Able was I</samp>’ immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cresizebox"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cresizebox"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\scalebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\scalebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cresizebox-1">22.3.4 <code class="code">\resizebox</code></h4> -<span id="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></span> -<span id="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></span> -<span id="index-scaling-1"></span> -<span id="index-resizing-1"></span> -<span id="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></span> -<span id="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cresizebox"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scaling-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-resizing-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cresizebox"></a> <p>Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\resizebox{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>} -\resizebox*{<var>horizontal length</var>}{<var>vertical length</var>}{<var>material</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\resizebox{<var class="var">horizontal length</var>}{<var class="var">vertical length</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>} +\resizebox*{<var class="var">horizontal length</var>}{<var class="var">vertical length</var>}{<var class="var">material</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Given a size, such as <code>3cm</code>, transform <var>material</var> to make it -that size. If either <var>horizontal length</var> or <var>vertical length</var> -is an exclamation point <code>!</code> then the other argument is used +<p>Given a size, such as <code class="code">3cm</code>, transform <var class="var">material</var> to make it +that size. If either <var class="var">horizontal length</var> or <var class="var">vertical length</var> +is an exclamation point <code class="code">!</code> then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor for both directions. </p> <p>This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} </pre></div> -<p>The unstarred form <code>\resizebox</code> takes <var>vertical length</var> to be -the box’s height while the starred form <code>\resizebox*</code> takes it to +<p>The unstarred form <code class="code">\resizebox</code> takes <var class="var">vertical length</var> to be +the box’s height while the starred form <code class="code">\resizebox*</code> takes it to be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a -quarter-inch with <code>\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This +quarter-inch with <code class="code">\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This box has both height and depth.}}</code>. </p> -<p>You can use <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\totalheight</code>, and -<code>\width</code> to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the +<p>You can use <code class="code">\depth</code>, <code class="code">\height</code>, <code class="code">\totalheight</code>, and +<code class="code">\width</code> to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the text two inches wide but keep the original height with -<code>\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}</code>. +<code class="code">\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}</code>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Special-insertions"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Special-insertions"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Special-insertions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</h2> -<span id="index-special-insertions"></span> -<span id="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-insertions"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a> <p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a></li> <li><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a></li> <li><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a></li> <li><a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a></li> <li><a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a></li> <li><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a></li> -<li><a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="7"><code>inputenc</code> package</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="8"><code>\rule</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="9"><code>\today</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="7"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\rule</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\today</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Reserved-characters"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Reserved-characters"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Reserved-characters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Reserved-characters-1">23.1 Reserved characters</h3> -<span id="index-reserved-characters"></span> -<span id="index-characters_002c-reserved"></span> -<span id="index-special-characters"></span> -<span id="index-characters_002c-special"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-reserved-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-special"></a> <p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For -example, the percent sign <code>%</code> is for comments. They are -called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>. They are +example, the percent sign <code class="code">%</code> is for comments. They are +called <em class="dfn">reserved characters</em> or <em class="dfn">special characters</em>. They are all discussed elsewhere in this manual. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \ +<pre class="example-preformatted"># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \ </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005c_0023"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_0024"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_0025"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_0026"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_005f"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_007b"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_007d"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0023"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0024"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0025"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0026"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005f"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_007b"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_007d"></a> <p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply -put a backslash <code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus, -typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce <code>$1.23</code> in your output. +put a backslash <code class="code">\</code> in front of the character. Thus, +typing <code class="code">\$1.23</code> will produce <code class="code">$1.23</code> in your output. </p> -<span id="index-_005c_007e"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_005e"></span> -<span id="index-_005ctextbackslash"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_007e"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005e"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a> <p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font -use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next +use <code class="code">\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body -font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font of -the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>. +font circumflex use <code class="code">\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font of +the text body, enter <code class="code">\textbackslash{}</code>. </p> <p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use -<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash <code>\\</code> is only -there to split the lines in the output). +<code class="code">\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash <code class="code">\\</code> in the +example is only there to split the lines in the output). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{center} \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\ \verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \! \end{center} @@ -20016,361 +20169,373 @@ there to split the lines in the output). <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Upper-and-lower-case"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Upper-and-lower-case"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Upper-and-lower-case-1">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3> -<span id="index-uppercase"></span> -<span id="index-lowercase"></span> -<span id="index-characters_002c-case-of"></span> -<span id="index-changing-case-of-characters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-uppercase"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-lowercase"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-case-of"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-changing-case-of-characters"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\uppercase{<var>text</var>} -\lowercase{<var>text</var>} -\MakeUppercase{<var>text</var>} -\MakeLowercase{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\uppercase{<var class="var">text</var>} +\lowercase{<var class="var">text</var>} +\MakeUppercase{<var class="var">text</var>} +\MakeLowercase{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> <p>Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands -<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> are set up by default to work +<code class="code">\uppercase</code> and <code class="code">\lowercase</code> are set up by default to work only with the 26 letters a–z and A–Z. The LaTeX commands -<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change -characters accessed by commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The -commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust -but they have moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +<code class="code">\MakeUppercase</code> and <code class="code">\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change +characters accessed by commands such as <code class="code">\ae</code> or <code class="code">\aa</code>. The +commands <code class="code">\MakeUppercase</code> and <code class="code">\MakeLowercase</code> are robust +but they have moving arguments (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> <p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a -command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other -Latin letter inside the argument <var>text</var>. Thus, -<code>\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces ‘<samp>LET Y=F(X)</samp>’. Another +command within <var class="var">text</var>. But they do change the case of every other +Latin letter inside the argument <var class="var">text</var>. Thus, +<code class="code">\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$</code>} produces ‘<samp class="samp">LET Y=F(X)</samp>’. Another example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that -<code>\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}}</code> will +<code class="code">\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}}</code> will produce an error because the first half is changed to -<code>\begin{TABULAR}</code>. +<code class="code">\begin{TABULAR}</code>. </p> <p>LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but will cause problems when using other alphabets. </p> -<p>To change the case of text that results from a macro inside <var>text</var> -you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces -‘<samp>COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS</samp>’. +<p>To change the case of text that results from a macro inside <var class="var">text</var> +you need to do expansion. Here the <code class="code">\Schoolname</code> produces +‘<samp class="samp">COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS</samp>’. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} \newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase <!-- /@w -->\expandafter{\schoolname}} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-textcase"></span> -<span id="index-textcase-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-textcase"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-textcase-package"></a> -<p>The <code>textcase</code> package brings some of the missing feature of the -standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and -<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>. +<p>The <code class="code">textcase</code> package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard LaTeX commands <code class="code">\MakeUppercase</code> and +<code class="code">\MakeLowerCase</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></span> -<span id="index-mfirstuc-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mfirstuc-package"></a> <p>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package -<code>mfirstuc</code>. +<code class="code">mfirstuc</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-expl3-1"></span> -<span id="index-expl3-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-expl3-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-expl3-package-1"></a> -<span id="index-Wright_002c-Joseph"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Wright_002c-Joseph"></a> <p>Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in the original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the -<code>expl3</code> package as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From +<code class="code">expl3</code> package as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From TeX primitives to the Unicode algorithm”, (Joseph Wright, -<cite>TUGboat</cite> 41:1, -<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf</a>), gives a +<cite class="cite">TUGboat</cite> 41:1, +<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf</a>), gives a good overview of the topic, past and present. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Symbols-by-font-position"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Symbols-by-font-position"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Symbols-by-font-position-1">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3> -<span id="index-_005csymbol"></span> -<span id="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></span> -<span id="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csymbol"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></a> <p>You can access any character of the current font using its number with -the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character -used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32 in the +the <code class="code">\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character +used in the <code class="code">\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32 in the standard Computer Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as -<code>\symbol{32}</code>. +<code class="code">\symbol{32}</code>. </p> -<p>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code>'</code> -prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>"</code> prefix, so the +<p>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code class="code">'</code> +prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code class="code">"</code> prefix, so the visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as -<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>. +<code class="code">\symbol{'40}</code> or <code class="code">\symbol{"20}</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Text-symbols"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Text-symbols"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Text-symbols-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Text-symbols-1">23.4 Text symbols</h3> + +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-text-symbols"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symbols_002c-text"></a> -<span id="index-text-symbols"></span> -<span id="index-symbols_002c-text"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-textcomp"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-textcomp-package"></a> -<span id="index-textcomp-package"></span> -<span id="index-TS1-encoding"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TS1-encoding"></a> <p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1. As of the LaTeX February 2020 release, all symbols are available by default; before that, it was necessary to use -the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the -<code>TS1</code> font encoding). +the <code class="code">textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the +<code class="code">TS1</code> font encoding). </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005ccopyright'><span><code>\copyright</code><a href='#index-_005ccopyright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextcopyright'><span><code>\textcopyright</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcopyright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-copyright-symbol"></span> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-_005ccopyright'><span><code class="code">\copyright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ccopyright'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextcopyright'><span><code class="code">\textcopyright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcopyright'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-copyright-symbol"></a> <p>© The copyright symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdag'><span><code>\dag</code><a href='#index-_005cdag' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cdag'><span><code class="code">\dag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdag'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a> <p>† The dagger symbol (in text). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cddag'><span><code>\ddag</code><a href='#index-_005cddag' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cddag'><span><code class="code">\ddag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cddag'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a> <p>‡ The double dagger symbol (in text). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cLaTeX'><span><code>\LaTeX</code><a href='#index-_005cLaTeX' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-LaTeX-logo"></span> -<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cLaTeX'><span><code class="code">\LaTeX</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLaTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX-logo"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></a> <p>The LaTeX logo. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cLaTeXe'><span><code>\LaTeXe</code><a href='#index-_005cLaTeXe' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></span> -<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cLaTeXe'><span><code class="code">\LaTeXe</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cLaTeXe'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></a> <p>The LaTeX2e logo. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'><span><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'><span><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'><span><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'><span><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-double-guillemets"></span> -<span id="index-single-guillemets"></span> -<span id="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></span> -<span id="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></span> -<span id="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></span> -<span id="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></span> -<span id="index-French-quotation-marks"></span> -<span id="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'><span><code class="code">\guillemotleft <span class="r">(«)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'><span><code class="code">\guillemotright <span class="r">(»)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'><span><code class="code">\guilsinglleft <span class="r">(‹)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'><span><code class="code">\guilsinglright <span class="r">(›)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-guillemets"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-guillemets"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-French-quotation-marks"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a> <p>«, », ‹, › Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cldots-1'><span><code>\ldots</code><a href='#index-_005cldots-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cdots'><span><code>\dots</code><a href='#index-_005cdots' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextellipsis'><span><code>\textellipsis</code><a href='#index-_005ctextellipsis' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-ellipsis"></span> -<p>… An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code> -and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode. +<dt id='index-_005cldots-1'><span><code class="code">\ldots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cldots-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextellipsis'><span><code class="code">\textellipsis</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextellipsis'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cdots-2'><span><code class="code">\dots</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdots-2'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ellipsis"></a> +<p>… An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code class="code">\ldots</code> and +<code class="code">\dots</code> also work in math mode (see <a class="pxref" href="#Dots">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>). See that math +mode ellipsis description for additional general information. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005clq'><span><code>\lq</code><a href='#index-_005clq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-left-quote"></span> -<span id="index-opening-quote"></span> +<dt id='index-_005clq'><span><code class="code">\lq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005clq'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-opening-quote"></a> <p>‘ Left (opening) quote. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cP'><span><code>\P</code><a href='#index-_005cP' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextparagraph'><span><code>\textparagraph</code><a href='#index-_005ctextparagraph' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-paragraph-symbol"></span> -<span id="index-pilcrow"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cP'><span><code class="code">\P</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cP'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextparagraph'><span><code class="code">\textparagraph</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextparagraph'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-paragraph-symbol"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pilcrow"></a> <p>¶ Paragraph sign (pilcrow). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cpounds'><span><code>\pounds</code><a href='#index-_005cpounds' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextsterling'><span><code>\textsterling</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsterling' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-pounds-symbol"></span> -<span id="index-sterling-symbol"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cpounds'><span><code class="code">\pounds</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cpounds'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextsterling'><span><code class="code">\textsterling</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsterling'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-pounds-symbol"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sterling-symbol"></a> <p>£ English pounds sterling. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'><span><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'><span><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span> -<span id="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span> -<span id="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'><span><code class="code">\quotedblbase <span class="r">(„)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'><span><code class="code">\quotesinglbase <span class="r">(‚)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a> <p>„ and ‚ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005crq'><span><code>\rq</code><a href='#index-_005crq' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-right-quote"></span> -<span id="index-closing-quote"></span> +<dt id='index-_005crq'><span><code class="code">\rq</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005crq'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-closing-quote"></a> <p>’ Right (closing) quote. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cS'><span><code>\S</code><a href='#index-_005cS' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextsection'><span><code>\textsection</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsection' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-section-symbol"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cS'><span><code class="code">\S</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cS'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextsection'><span><code class="code">\textsection</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextsection'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-section-symbol"></a> <p>§ Section sign. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cTeX'><span><code>\TeX</code><a href='#index-_005cTeX' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-TeX-logo"></span> -<span id="index-logo_002c-TeX"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cTeX'><span><code class="code">\TeX</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cTeX'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-TeX-logo"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-logo_002c-TeX"></a> <p>The TeX logo. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextasciicircum'><span><code>\textasciicircum</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasciicircum' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextasciicircum'><span><code class="code">\textasciicircum</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasciicircum'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a> <p>^ ASCII circumflex. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextasciitilde'><span><code>\textasciitilde</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasciitilde' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextasciitilde'><span><code class="code">\textasciitilde</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasciitilde'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a> <p>~ ASCII tilde. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'><span><code>\textasteriskcentered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'><span><code class="code">\textasteriskcentered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a> <p>* Centered asterisk. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextbackslash-1'><span><code>\textbackslash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbackslash-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></span> -<p>\ Backslash. +<dt id='index-_005ctextbackslash-1'><span><code class="code">\textbackslash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbackslash-1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>\ Backslash. However, <code class="code">\texttt{\textbackslash}</code> produces a roman +(not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, it +is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding, as +in: </p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +</pre></div> + </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextbar'><span><code>\textbar</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextbar'><span><code class="code">\textbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbar'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a> <p>| Vertical bar. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextbardbl'><span><code>\textbardbl</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbardbl' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextbardbl'><span><code class="code">\textbardbl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbardbl'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a> <p>⏸ Double vertical bar. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextbigcircle'><span><code>\textbigcircle</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbigcircle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextbigcircle'><span><code class="code">\textbigcircle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbigcircle'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a> <p>◯, Big circle symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceleft'><span><code>\textbraceleft</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbraceleft' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span> -<p>{ Left brace. +<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceleft'><span><code class="code">\textbraceleft</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbraceleft'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>{ Left brace. See remarks at <code class="code">\textbackslash</code> above about +making <code class="code">\texttt{\textbraceleft}</code> produce a typewriter brace. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceright'><span><code>\textbraceright</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbraceright' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span> -<p>} Right brace. +<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceright'><span><code class="code">\textbraceright</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbraceright'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>} Right brace. See remarks at <code class="code">\textbackslash</code> above about +making <code class="code">\texttt{\textbraceright}</code> produce a typewriter brace. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextbullet'><span><code>\textbullet</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbullet' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextbullet'><span><code class="code">\textbullet</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextbullet'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a> <p>• Bullet. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'><span><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></span> -<p>Ⓐ, Circle around <var>letter</var>. +<dt id='index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'><span><code class="code">\textcircled{<var class="var">letter</var>}</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Ⓐ, Circle around <var class="var">letter</var>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextcompwordmark'><span><code>\textcompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'><span><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'><span><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-cap-height"></span> -<span id="index-ascender-height"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextcompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textcompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcompwordmark'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textcapitalcompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'><span><code class="code">\textascendercompwordmark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cap-height"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ascender-height"></a> <p>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example, -<code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces ‘<samp>fi</samp>’ without a ligature. This +<code class="code">f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces ‘<samp class="samp">fi</samp>’ without a ligature. This is most useful in non-English languages. The -<code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font -while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height. +<code class="code">\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font +while the <code class="code">\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextdagger'><span><code>\textdagger</code><a href='#index-_005ctextdagger' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextdagger'><span><code class="code">\textdagger</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdagger'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a> <p>† Dagger. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'><span><code>\textdaggerdbl</code><a href='#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'><span><code class="code">\textdaggerdbl</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a> <p>‡ Double dagger. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'><span><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-dollar-sign"></span> -<span id="index-currency_002c-dollar"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'><span><code class="code">\textdollar <span class="r">(or <code class="code">\$</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dollar-sign"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a> <p>$ Dollar sign. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'><span><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-em_002ddash"></span> -<p>— Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or -parentheses, as in ‘<code>The playoffs---if you're lucky +<dt id='index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'><span><code class="code">\textemdash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">---</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash"></a> +<div class="raggedright"><p class="raggedright-paragraph">— Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or +parentheses, as in ‘<code class="code">The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>’ Conventions for spacing around em-dashes vary widely. -</p> +</p></div> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'><span><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-e_002ddash"></span> -<p>– En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ‘<code>see pages 12--14</code>’. +<dt id='index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'><span><code class="code">\textendash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">--</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-e_002ddash"></a> +<p>– En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ‘<code class="code">see pages 12--14</code>’. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctexteuro'><span><code>\texteuro</code><a href='#index-_005ctexteuro' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-euro-symbol"></span> -<span id="index-currency_002c-euro"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-eurosym"></span> -<span id="index-eurosym-package"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctexteuro'><span><code class="code">\texteuro</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexteuro'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-euro-symbol"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-currency_002c-euro"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-eurosym"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eurosym-package"></a> <p>The Euro currency symbol: €. -<span id="index-package_002c-eurosym-1"></span> -<span id="index-eurosym-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-eurosym-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eurosym-package-1"></a> </p> <p>For an alternative glyph design, try the -<code>eurosym</code> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own +<code class="code">eurosym</code> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'><span><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textexclamdown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">!`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a> <p>¡ Upside down exclamation point. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextfiguredash'><span><code>\textfiguredash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfiguredash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-figure-dash-character"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextfiguredash'><span><code class="code">\textfiguredash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextfiguredash'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-figure-dash-character"></a> <p>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021 release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if available @@ -20378,133 +20543,133 @@ in the current font, or writes the usual “Missing character” warning to the log file. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextgreater'><span><code>\textgreater</code><a href='#index-_005ctextgreater' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextgreater'><span><code class="code">\textgreater</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextgreater'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a> <p>> Greater than symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'><span><code>\texthorizontalbar</code><a href='#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-horizontal-bar-character"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'><span><code class="code">\texthorizontalbar</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-horizontal-bar-character"></a> <p>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021 -release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above; +release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code class="code">\textfiguredash</code> above; the pdfTeX approximation is an em-dash. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextless'><span><code>\textless</code><a href='#index-_005ctextless' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextless'><span><code class="code">\textless</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextless'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a> <p>< Less than symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextleftarrow'><span><code>\textleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005ctextleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextleftarrow'><span><code class="code">\textleftarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextleftarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a> <p>←, Left arrow. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'><span><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code><a href='#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character"></span> -<span id="index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'><span><code class="code">\textnonbreakinghyphen</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking"></a> <p>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June -2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> +2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code class="code">\textfiguredash</code> above; the pdfTeX approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with breaks disallowed after). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextordfeminine'><span><code>\textordfeminine</code><a href='#index-_005ctextordfeminine' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextordmasculine'><span><code>\textordmasculine</code><a href='#index-_005ctextordmasculine' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></span> -<span id="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></span> -<span id="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span> -<span id="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextordfeminine'><span><code class="code">\textordfeminine</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextordfeminine'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextordmasculine'><span><code class="code">\textordmasculine</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextordmasculine'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a> <p>ª, º Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextperiodcentered'><span><code>\textperiodcentered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextperiodcentered' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextperiodcentered'><span><code class="code">\textperiodcentered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextperiodcentered'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a> <p>· Centered period. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquestiondown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">?`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></a> <p>¿ Upside down question mark. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-double"></span> -<span id="index-double-left-quote"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquotedblleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">``</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-left-quote"></a> <p>“ Double left quote. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'><span><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-double"></span> -<span id="index-double-right-quote"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquotedblright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">''</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-right-quote"></a> <p>” Double right quote. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-single"></span> -<span id="index-single-left-quote"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquoteleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">`</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-left-quote"></a> <p>‘ Single left quote. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'><span><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-single"></span> -<span id="index-single-right-quote"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'><span><code class="code">\textquoteright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">'</code>)</span></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-right-quote"></a> <p>’ Single right quote. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextquotesingle'><span><code>\textquotesingle</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotesingle' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></span> -<span id="index-straight-single-quote"></span> -<span id="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextquotesingle'><span><code class="code">\textquotesingle</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotesingle'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-straight-single-quote"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></a> <p>', Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.) </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'><span><code>\textquotestraightbase</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'><span><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></span> -<span id="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></span> -<span id="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></span> -<span id="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'><span><code class="code">\textquotestraightbase</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'><span><code class="code">\textquotestraightdblbase</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></a> <p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextregistered'><span><code>\textregistered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextregistered' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-registered-symbol"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextregistered'><span><code class="code">\textregistered</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextregistered'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-registered-symbol"></a> <p>® Registered symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextrightarrow'><span><code>\textrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005ctextrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span> -<span id="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextrightarrow'><span><code class="code">\textrightarrow</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextrightarrow'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a> <p>→, Right arrow. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'><span><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></span> -<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'><span><code class="code">\textthreequartersemdash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a> <p>﹘, “Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctexttrademark'><span><code>\texttrademark</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttrademark' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-trademark-symbol"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctexttrademark'><span><code class="code">\texttrademark</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttrademark'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-trademark-symbol"></a> <p>™ Trademark symbol. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctexttwelveudash'><span><code>\texttwelveudash</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttwelveudash' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></span> -<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctexttwelveudash'><span><code class="code">\texttwelveudash</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctexttwelveudash'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></a> <p>﹘, “Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextunderscore'><span><code>\textunderscore</code><a href='#index-_005ctextunderscore' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextunderscore'><span><code class="code">\textunderscore</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextunderscore'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a> <p>_ Underscore. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ctextvisiblespace'><span><code>\textvisiblespace</code><a href='#index-_005ctextvisiblespace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ctextvisiblespace'><span><code class="code">\textvisiblespace</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ctextvisiblespace'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a> <p>␣, Visible space symbol. </p> </dd> @@ -20513,174 +20678,174 @@ breaks disallowed after). <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Accents"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Accents"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Accents-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Accents-1">23.5 Accents</h3> -<span id="index-accents"></span> -<span id="index-characters_002c-accented"></span> -<span id="index-letters_002c-accented"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-accents"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-accented"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-accented"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-babel-2"></span> -<span id="index-babel-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-2"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></span> -<span id="index-polyglossia-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polyglossia-package"></a> -<span id="index-multilingual-support"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multilingual-support"></a> <p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and -languages, provided through the core <code>babel</code> package, which +languages, provided through the core <code class="code">babel</code> package, which supports pdfLaTeX, XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The -<code>polyglossia</code> package provides similar support with the latter +<code class="code">polyglossia</code> package provides similar support with the latter two engines. </p> <p>This section does not cover that support. It only lists the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The -<code>\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for +<code class="code">\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1. </p> <p>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with -lowercase ‘<samp>o</samp>’. -</p> -<span id="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></span> -<span id="index-dotless-i"></span> -<p>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i, -<span id="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></span> -<span id="index-dotless-j"></span> -and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j. +lowercase ‘<samp class="samp">o</samp>’. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-i"></a> +<p>Note that <code class="code">\i</code> produces a dotless i, +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dotless-j"></a> +and <code class="code">\j</code> produces a dotless j. These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are accented. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code>\"</code><a href='#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitaldieresis</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></span> -<span id="index-umlaut-accent"></span> -<span id="index-dieresis-accent"></span> +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\"</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitaldieresis</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-umlaut-accent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dieresis-accent"></a> <p>ö Umlaut (dieresis). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'><span><code>\'</code><a href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalacute</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></span> -<span id="index-acute-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\'</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalacute</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acute-accent"></a> <p>ó Acute accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'><span><code>\.</code><a href='#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-dot-accent"></span> -<span id="index-dot_002dover-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\.</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot-accent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a> <p>ȯ Dot accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'><span><code>\=</code><a href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalmacron</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></span> -<span id="index-macron-accent"></span> -<span id="index-overbar-accent"></span> -<span id="index-bar_002dover-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\=</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalmacron</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-macron-accent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-overbar-accent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a> <p>ō Macron (overbar) accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'><span><code>\^</code><a href='#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></span> -<span id="index-circumflex-accent"></span> -<span id="index-hat-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\^</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalcircumflex</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-circumflex-accent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hat-accent"></a> <p>ô Circumflex (hat) accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'><span><code>\`</code><a href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalgrave</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></span> -<span id="index-grave-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\`</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalgrave</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-grave-accent"></a> <p>ò Grave accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'><span><code>\~</code><a href='#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitaltilde</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></span> -<span id="index-tilde-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\~</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitaltilde</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tilde-accent"></a> <p>ñ Tilde accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code>\b</code><a href='#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></span> -<p>o_ Bar accent underneath. +<dt id='index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\b</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a> +<p>o̲ Bar accent underneath. </p> -<span id="index-_005cunderbar"></span> -<span id="index-underbar"></span> -<p>Related to this, <code>\underbar{<var>text</var>}</code> produces a bar under -<var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode -(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, -thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in -<a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cunderbar"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-underbar"></a> +<p>Related to this, <code class="code">\underbar{<var class="var">text</var>}</code> produces a bar under +<var class="var">text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, +thus crossing through descenders. See also <code class="code">\underline</code> in +<a class="ref" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'><span><code>\c</code><a href='#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalcedilla</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></span> -<span id="index-cedilla-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\c</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalcedilla</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cedilla-accent"></a> <p>ç Cedilla accent underneath. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code>\d</code><a href='#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></span> -<span id="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\d</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitaldotaccent</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a> <p>ọ Dot accent underneath. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code>\H</code><a href='#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></span> -<span id="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\H</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a> <p>ő Long Hungarian umlaut accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'><span><code>\k</code><a href='#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalogonek</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></span> -<span id="index-ogonek"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'><span><code class="code">\k</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalogonek</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ogonek"></a> <p>ǫ Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'><span><code>\r</code><a href='#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalring</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalring"></span> -<span id="index-ring-accent"></span> -<p>o* Ring accent. +<dt id='index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\r</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalring</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalring"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ring-accent"></a> +<p>o̊ Ring accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'><span><code>\t</code><a href='#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitaltie</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\newtie</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalnewtie</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnewtie"></span> -<span id="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></span> -<span id="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\t</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitaltie</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\newtie</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalnewtie</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewtie"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a> <p>Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two characters. -The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. +The <code class="code">\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code>\u</code><a href='#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalbreve</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></span> -<span id="index-breve-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\u</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalbreve</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-breve-accent"></a> <p>ŏ Breve accent. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code>\v</code><a href='#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\capitalcaron</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></span> -<span id="index-hacek-accent"></span> -<span id="index-check-accent"></span> -<span id="index-caron-accent"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code class="code">\v</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\capitalcaron</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hacek-accent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-check-accent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-caron-accent"></a> <p>ǒ Háček (check, caron) accent. </p> </dd> @@ -20688,33 +20853,33 @@ The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1"><code>\accent</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\accent</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caccent"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005caccent"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Up: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Accents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005caccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005caccent"></span> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caccent-1">23.5.1 <code class="code">\accent</code></h4> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caccent"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\accent <var>number</var> <var>character</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\accent <var class="var">number</var> <var class="var">character</var> </pre></div> <p>A TeX primitive command used to generate accented characters from -accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var>number</var>, a -numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var>character</var> +accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var class="var">number</var>, a +numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var class="var">character</var> argument to construct the accented character in the current font. </p> -<p>These are accented ‘<samp>e</samp>’ characters. +<p>These are accented ‘<samp class="samp">e</samp>’ characters. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\accent18 e +<pre class="example-preformatted">\accent18 e \accent20 e \accent21 e \accent22 e @@ -20725,132 +20890,132 @@ argument to construct the accented character in the current font. a macron, and the fifth a ring above. </p> <p>The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so the -outcome of <code>\accent</code> use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is +outcome of <code class="code">\accent</code> use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is desirable to have glyphs for accented characters rather than building -them using <code>\accent</code>. Using glyphs that already contain the +them using <code class="code">\accent</code>. Using glyphs that already contain the accented characters (as in T1 encoding) allows correct hyphenation -whereas <code>\accent</code> disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font +whereas <code class="code">\accent</code> disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font encoding where accented glyphs are absent). </p> -<p>There can be an optional font change between <var>number</var> and -<var>character</var>. Note also that this command sets the -<code>\spacefactor</code> to 1000 (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>). +<p>There can be an optional font change between <var class="var">number</var> and +<var class="var">character</var>. Note also that this command sets the +<code class="code">\spacefactor</code> to 1000 (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code class="code">\spacefactor</code></a>). </p> <p>An unavoidable characteristic of some Cyrillic letters and the majority of accented Cyrillic letters is that they must be assembled from multiple elements (accents, modifiers, etc.) while -<code>\accent</code> provides for a single accent mark and a single letter +<code class="code">\accent</code> provides for a single accent mark and a single letter combination. There are also cases where accents must appear between letters that \accent does not support. Still other cases exist where the letters I and J have dots above their lowercase counterparts that -conflict with dotted accent marks. The use of <code>\accent</code> in these +conflict with dotted accent marks. The use of <code class="code">\accent</code> in these cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="Additional-Latin-letters"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Additional-Latin-letters"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>inputenc</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Additional-Latin-letters-1">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3> -<span id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></span><span id="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></span> -<span id="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></span> -<span id="index-extended-Latin"></span> -<span id="index-special-characters-1"></span> -<span id="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></span> -<span id="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-extended-Latin"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a> <p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A–Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other than English. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'><span><code>\aa</code><a href='#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\AA</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></span> -<span id="index-aring"></span> +<dl class="table"> +<dt id='index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'><span><code class="code">\aa</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\AA</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-aring"></a> <p>å and Å. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'><span><code>\ae</code><a href='#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\AE</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></span> -<span id="index-ae-ligature"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'><span><code class="code">\ae</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\AE</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ae-ligature"></a> <p>æ and Æ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'><span><code>\dh</code><a href='#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\DH</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></span> -<span id="index-Icelandic-eth"></span> -<span id="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span> -<p>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with <small>OT1</small> -encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate -font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>. +<dt id='index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'><span><code class="code">\dh</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\DH</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Icelandic-eth"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a> +<p>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with <small class="sc">OT1</small> +encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate +font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cdj'><span><code>\dj</code><a href='#index-_005cdj' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\DJ</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cDJ"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cdj'><span><code class="code">\dj</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cdj'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\DJ</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDJ"></a> <p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not -available with <small>OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to -select an alternate font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>. +available with <small class="sc">OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to +select an alternate font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'><span><code>\ij</code><a href='#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\IJ</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></span> -<span id="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'><span><code class="code">\ij</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\IJ</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></a> <p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'><span><code>\l</code><a href='#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\L</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></span> -<span id="index-polish-l"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'><span><code class="code">\l</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\L</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polish-l"></a> <p>ł and Ł. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cng'><span><code>\ng</code><a href='#index-_005cng' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\NG</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cNG"></span> +<dt id='index-_005cng'><span><code class="code">\ng</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cng'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\NG</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cNG"></a> <p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005co-_0028o_0029'><span><code>\o</code><a href='#index-_005co-_0028o_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\O</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></span> -<span id="index-oslash"></span> +<dt id='index-_005co-_0028o_0029'><span><code class="code">\o</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005co-_0028o_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\O</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oslash"></a> <p>ø and Ø. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'><span><code>\oe</code><a href='#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\OE</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></span> -<span id="index-oe-ligature"></span> +<dt id='index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'><span><code class="code">\oe</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\OE</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-oe-ligature"></a> <p>œ and Œ. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'><span><code>\ss</code><a href='#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\SS</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></span> -<span id="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></span> -<span id="index-sharp-S-letters"></span> +<dt id='index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'><span><code class="code">\ss</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\SS</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sharp-S-letters"></a> <p>ß and SS. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'><span><code>\th</code><a href='#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>\TH</code></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></span> -<span id="index-Icelandic-thorn"></span> -<span id="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span> -<p>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with <small>OT1</small> -encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate -font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>. +<dt id='index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'><span><code class="code">\th</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">\TH</code></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a> +<p>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with <small class="sc">OT1</small> +encoding, you need the <samp class="file">fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate +font encoding, such as <small class="sc">T1</small>. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -20858,35 +21023,35 @@ font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="inputenc-package"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="inputenc-package"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\rule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="inputenc-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.7 <code>inputenc</code> package</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="inputenc-package-1">23.7 <code class="code">inputenc</code> package</h3> -<span id="index-inputenc"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-inputenc"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>encoding-name</var>]{inputenc} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[<var class="var">encoding-name</var>]{inputenc} </pre></div> -<p>Declare the input file’s text encoding to be <var>encoding-name</var>. The +<p>Declare the input file’s text encoding to be <var class="var">encoding-name</var>. The default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it. </p> -<span id="index-encoding_002c-of-input-files"></span> -<span id="index-character-encoding"></span> -<span id="index-Unicode"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-encoding_002c-of-input-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-character-encoding"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Unicode"></a> <p>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme -called the <em>encoding</em>. There are many different encodings. The +called the <em class="dfn">encoding</em>. There are many different encodings. The simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough for most of the world’s languages. For instance, to typeset the -a-umlaut character ‘<samp>ä</samp>’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the -sequence <code>\"a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything +a-umlaut character ‘<samp class="samp">ä</samp>’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the +sequence <code class="code">\"a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive encoding is more convenient. </p> @@ -20894,86 +21059,86 @@ encoding is more convenient. UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for LaTeX since 2018. </p> -<p>The <code>inputenc</code> package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is +<p>The <code class="code">inputenc</code> package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash). </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} </pre></div> -<p>Caution: use <code>inputenc</code> only with the pdfTeX engine -(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume +<p>Caution: use <code class="code">inputenc</code> only with the pdfTeX engine +(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with -either the <code>xelatex</code> command or the <code>lualatex</code> -command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code>inputenc</code>, -such as <code>latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code>inputenc is +either the <code class="command">xelatex</code> command or the <code class="command">lualatex</code> +command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code class="code">inputenc</code>, +such as <code class="code">latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code class="code">inputenc is not designed for xetex or luatex</code>. </p> -<p>An <code>inputenc</code> package error such as <code>Invalid UTF-8 byte "96</code> +<p>An <code class="code">inputenc</code> package error such as <code class="code">Invalid UTF-8 byte "96</code> means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one -is a left single quote from a web page using <code>latin1</code> inside a +is a left single quote from a web page using <code class="code">latin1</code> inside a LaTeX input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a LaTeX equivalent command or character. </p> -<span id="index-_005cinputencoding"></span> -<span id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></span><p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinputencoding"></a> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></a><p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be necessary. Use the command -<code>\inputencoding{<var>encoding-name</var>}</code>. The most common values -for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>, -<code>latin2</code>, <code>latin3</code>, <code>latin4</code>, <code>latin5</code>, -<code>latin9</code>, <code>latin10</code>, and <code>utf8</code>. +<code class="code">\inputencoding{<var class="var">encoding-name</var>}</code>. The most common values +for <var class="var">encoding-name</var> are: <code class="code">ascii</code>, <code class="code">latin1</code>, +<code class="code">latin2</code>, <code class="code">latin3</code>, <code class="code">latin4</code>, <code class="code">latin5</code>, +<code class="code">latin9</code>, <code class="code">latin10</code>, and <code class="code">utf8</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005crule"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005crule"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\today</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>inputenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\today</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">inputenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005crule-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\rule</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005crule-1">23.8 <code class="code">\rule</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005crule"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005crule"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\rule{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>} -\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\rule{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">thickness</var>} +\rule[<var class="var">raise</var>]{<var class="var">width</var>}{<var class="var">thickness</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Produce a <em>rule</em>, a filled-in rectangle. +<p>Produce a <em class="dfn">rule</em>, a filled-in rectangle. </p> -<span id="index-Halmos-symbol"></span> -<span id="index-tombstone"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Halmos-symbol"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tombstone"></a> <p>This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol, or just “qed”, often used to mark the end of a proof: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></span> -<span id="index-amsthm-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-amsthm-package-1"></a> -<p>The <code>amsthm</code> package includes this command, with a somewhat +<p>The <code class="code">amsthm</code> package includes this command, with a somewhat different-looking symbol. </p> -<p>The mandatory arguments give the horizontal <var>width</var> and vertical -<var>thickness</var> of the rectangle. They are rigid lengths -(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The optional argument <var>raise</var> is also a rigid +<p>The mandatory arguments give the horizontal <var class="var">width</var> and vertical +<var class="var">thickness</var> of the rectangle. They are rigid lengths +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The optional argument <var class="var">raise</var> is also a rigid length, and tells LaTeX how much to raise the rule above the baseline, or lower it if the length is negative. </p> <p>This produces a line, a rectangle that is wide but not tall. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt} </pre></div> <p>The line is the width of the page and 0.4 points tall. This line @@ -20981,44 +21146,44 @@ thickness is common in LaTeX. </p> <p>A rule that has zero width, or zero thickness, will not show up in the output, but can cause LaTeX to change the output around it. -See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>, for examples. +See <a class="xref" href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code class="code">\strut</code></a>, for examples. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctoday"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctoday"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\rule</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\rule</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ctoday-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.9 <code>\today</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctoday-1">23.9 <code class="code">\today</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005ctoday"></span> -<span id="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></span> -<span id="index-today_0027s-date"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctoday"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-today_0027s-date"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\today +<pre class="example-preformatted">\today </pre></div> -<p>Produce today’s date in the format ‘<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, -<var>yyyy</var></samp>’. An example of a date in that format is ‘<samp>July 4, +<p>Produce today’s date in the format ‘<samp class="samp"><var class="var">month</var> <var class="var">dd</var>, +<var class="var">yyyy</var></samp>’. An example of a date in that format is ‘<samp class="samp">July 4, 1976</samp>’. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-babel-3"></span> -<span id="index-babel-package-3"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-3"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></span> -<span id="index-polyglossia-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polyglossia-package-1"></a> -<p>Multilingual packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>, or -classes such as <samp>lettre</samp>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example, -the following will output ‘<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>’: +<p>Multilingual packages such as <code class="code">babel</code> or <code class="code">polyglossia</code>, or +classes such as <samp class="file">lettre</samp>, will localize <code class="code">\today</code>. For example, +the following will output ‘<samp class="samp">4 juillet 1976</samp>’: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4 +<pre class="example-preformatted">\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4 \documentclass{minimal} \usepackage[french]{babel} \begin{document} @@ -21026,13 +21191,13 @@ the following will output ‘<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>’: \end{document} </pre></div> -<p><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and -<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></a>). +<p><code class="code">\today</code> uses the counters <code class="code">\day</code>, <code class="code">\month</code>, and +<code class="code">\year</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><code class="code">\day</code> & <code class="code">\month</code> & <code class="code">\year</code></a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-datetime"></span> -<span id="index-datetime-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-datetime"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-datetime-package"></a> -<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <code>datetime</code> package +<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <code class="code">datetime</code> package which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards. </p> <p>The date is not updated as the LaTeX process runs, so in principle the @@ -21042,28 +21207,28 @@ date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Splitting-the-input"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Splitting-the-input"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Splitting-the-input-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</h2> -<span id="index-splitting-the-input-file"></span> -<span id="index-input-file"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input-file"></a> <p>LaTeX lets you split a large document into several smaller ones. This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the document. It can also speed processing. </p> <p>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one -<span id="index-root-file"></span> -<span id="index-file_002c-root"></span> -<em>root file</em>, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-root-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-root"></a> +<em class="dfn">root file</em>, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such a file with five included files. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} \includeonly{ % comment out lines below to omit compiling pref, chap1, @@ -21084,53 +21249,53 @@ a file with five included files. \end{document} </pre></div> -<p>This will bring in material from <samp>pref.tex</samp>, <samp>chap1.tex</samp>, -<samp>chap2.tex</samp>, <samp>append.tex</samp>, and <samp>bib.tex</samp>. If you compile +<p>This will bring in material from <samp class="file">pref.tex</samp>, <samp class="file">chap1.tex</samp>, +<samp class="file">chap2.tex</samp>, <samp class="file">append.tex</samp>, and <samp class="file">bib.tex</samp>. If you compile this file, and then comment out all of the lines inside -<code>\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code>chap1</code>, and compile again, +<code class="code">\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code class="code">chap1</code>, and compile again, then LaTeX will only process the material in the first chapter. Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print. -However, the advantage of the <code>\includeonly</code> command is that +However, the advantage of the <code class="code">\includeonly</code> command is that LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in your output correctly. </p> -<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>. +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for another example of <code class="code">\includeonly</code>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1"><code>\endinput</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3"><code>\input</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\endinput</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\input</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cendinput"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cendinput"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cendinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cendinput-1">24.1 <code class="code">\endinput</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cendinput"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cendinput"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\endinput +<pre class="example-preformatted">\endinput </pre></div> -<p>When you <code>\include{filename}</code>, inside <samp>filename.tex</samp> the -material after <code>\endinput</code> will not be included. This command is -optional; if <samp>filename.tex</samp> has no <code>\endinput</code> then LaTeX +<p>When you <code class="code">\include{filename}</code>, inside <samp class="file">filename.tex</samp> the +material after <code class="code">\endinput</code> will not be included. This command is +optional; if <samp class="file">filename.tex</samp> has no <code class="code">\endinput</code> then LaTeX will read all of the file. </p> <p>For example, suppose that a document’s root file has -<code>\input{chap1}</code> and this is <samp>chap1.tex</samp>. +<code class="code">\input{chap1}</code> and this is <samp class="file">chap1.tex</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter{One} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{One} This material will appear in the document. \endinput This will not appear. @@ -21139,62 +21304,62 @@ This will not appear. <p>This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end of a file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added if the file is transmitted in the body of an email. It is also useful for debugging: -one strategy to localize errors is to put <code>\endinput</code> halfway +one strategy to localize errors is to put <code class="code">\endinput</code> halfway through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing -which half contains the error, moving <code>\endinput</code> to halfway +which half contains the error, moving <code class="code">\endinput</code> to halfway through that area further narrows down the location. This process rapidly finds the offending line. </p> -<p>After reading <code>\endinput</code>, LaTeX continues to read to the end of +<p>After reading <code class="code">\endinput</code>, LaTeX continues to read to the end of the line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless. -This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a -<code>\fi</code>. +This allows you, for instance, to close an <code class="code">\if...</code> with a +<code class="code">\fi</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\input</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\endinput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\input</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\endinput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1">24.2 <code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cinclude"></span> -<span id="index-_005cincludeonly"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cinclude"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinclude"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cincludeonly"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\includeonly{ % in document preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\includeonly{ % in document preamble ... - <var>filename</var>, + <var class="var">filename</var>, ... } ... -\include{<var>filename</var>} % in document body +\include{<var class="var">filename</var>} % in document body </pre></div> -<p>Bring material from the external file <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into a +<p>Bring material from the external file <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var>.tex</samp> into a LaTeX document. </p> -<p>The <code>\include</code> command does three things: it executes -<code>\clearpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>), then it -inputs the material from <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into the document, -and then it does another <code>\clearpage</code>. This command can only +<p>The <code class="code">\include</code> command does three things: it executes +<code class="code">\clearpage</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code class="code">\clearpage</code> & <code class="code">\cleardoublepage</code></a>), then it +inputs the material from <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var>.tex</samp> into the document, +and then it does another <code class="code">\clearpage</code>. This command can only appear in the document body. </p> -<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by -LaTeX under subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. Its list of +<p>The <code class="code">\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by +LaTeX under subsequent <code class="code">\include</code> commands. Its list of filenames is comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even earlier, e.g., the command line; it can’t appear in the document body. </p> -<p>This example root document, <samp>constitution.tex</samp>, brings in -three files, <samp>preamble.tex</samp>, <samp>articles.tex</samp>, and -<samp>amendments.tex</samp>. +<p>This example root document, <samp class="file">constitution.tex</samp>, brings in +three files, <samp class="file">preamble.tex</samp>, <samp class="file">articles.tex</samp>, and +<samp class="file">amendments.tex</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} \includeonly{ preamble, articles, @@ -21207,44 +21372,44 @@ three files, <samp>preamble.tex</samp>, <samp>articles.tex</samp>, and \end{document} </pre></div> -<p>The file <samp>preamble.tex</samp> contains no special code; you have just -excerpted the chapter from <samp>consitution.tex</samp> and put it in a +<p>The file <samp class="file">preamble.tex</samp> contains no special code; you have just +excerpted the chapter from <samp class="file">consitution.tex</samp> and put it in a separate file just for editing convenience. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter{Preamble} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter{Preamble} We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, ... </pre></div> -<p>Running LaTeX on <samp>constitution.tex</samp> makes the material from the +<p>Running LaTeX on <samp class="file">constitution.tex</samp> makes the material from the three files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary -files <samp>preamble.aux</samp>, <samp>articles.aux</samp>, and -<samp>amendments.aux</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers -and cross-references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). If you now comment out -<code>\includeonly</code>’s lines with <code>preamble</code> and <code>amendments</code> +files <samp class="file">preamble.aux</samp>, <samp class="file">articles.aux</samp>, and +<samp class="file">amendments.aux</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers +and cross-references (see <a class="pxref" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). If you now comment out +<code class="code">\includeonly</code>’s lines with <code class="code">preamble</code> and <code class="code">amendments</code> and run LaTeX again then the resulting document shows only the -material from <samp>articles.tex</samp>, not the material from -<samp>preamble.tex</samp> or <samp>amendments.tex</samp>. Nonetheless, all of the +material from <samp class="file">articles.tex</samp>, not the material from +<samp class="file">preamble.tex</samp> or <samp class="file">amendments.tex</samp>. Nonetheless, all of the auxiliary information from the omitted files is still there, including the starting page number of the chapter. </p> -<p>If the document preamble does not have <code>\includeonly</code> then -LaTeX will include all the files you call for with <code>\include</code> +<p>If the document preamble does not have <code class="code">\includeonly</code> then +LaTeX will include all the files you call for with <code class="code">\include</code> commands. </p> -<p>The <code>\include</code> command makes a new page. To avoid that, see -<a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary +<p>The <code class="code">\include</code> command makes a new page. To avoid that, see +<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary information). </p> -<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for another example using <code>\include</code> -and <code>\includeonly</code>. That example also uses <code>\input</code> for some +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for another example using <code class="code">\include</code> +and <code class="code">\includeonly</code>. That example also uses <code class="code">\input</code> for some material that will not necessarily start on a new page. </p> <p>File names can involve paths. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} \includeonly{ chapters/chap1, } @@ -21255,12 +21420,12 @@ material that will not necessarily start on a new page. <p>To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use -dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘<samp>amo amas amat</samp>’, +dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘<samp class="samp">amo amas amat</samp>’, this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux: </p> -<span id="index-_005cspace"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspace"></a> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} \includeonly{ "amo\space amas\space amat" } @@ -21272,7 +21437,7 @@ this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux: <p>and this works under MiKTeX on Windows: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} \includeonly{ {"amo amas amat"} } @@ -21281,116 +21446,116 @@ this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux: \end{document} </pre></div> -<span id="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></span> -<p>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or -you get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp>’ The -<code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will -get ‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}</samp>’. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a> +<p>You cannot use <code class="code">\include</code> inside a file that is being included or +you get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp>’ The +<code class="code">\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will +get ‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}</samp>’. </p> -<p>If a file that you <code>\include</code> does not exist, for instance if you -<code>\include{athiesm}</code> but you meant <code>\include{atheism}</code>, -then LaTeX does not give you an error but will warn you ‘<samp>No file -athiesm.tex.</samp>’ (It will also create <samp>athiesm.aux</samp>.) +<p>If a file that you <code class="code">\include</code> does not exist, for instance if you +<code class="code">\include{athiesm}</code> but you meant <code class="code">\include{atheism}</code>, +then LaTeX does not give you an error but will warn you ‘<samp class="samp">No file +athiesm.tex.</samp>’ (It will also create <samp class="file">athiesm.aux</samp>.) </p> -<p>If you <code>\include</code> the root file in itself then you first get -‘<samp>LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble.</samp>’ Later runs get -‘<samp>TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]</samp>’. To fix -this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include{<var>root</var>}</code> but -also delete the file <samp><var>root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX. +<p>If you <code class="code">\include</code> the root file in itself then you first get +‘<samp class="samp">LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble.</samp>’ Later runs get +‘<samp class="samp">TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]</samp>’. To fix +this, you must remove the inclusion <code class="code">\include{<var class="var">root</var>}</code> but +also delete the file <samp class="file"><var class="var">root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cinput"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cinput"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cinput-1">24.3 <code class="code">\input</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cinput"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cinput"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\input{<var>filename</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{<var class="var">filename</var>} </pre></div> <p>LaTeX processes the file as if its contents were inserted in the current file. For a more sophisticated inclusion mechanism see -<a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>. +<a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>. </p> -<p>If <var>filename</var> does not end in ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’ then LaTeX first tries +<p>If <var class="var">filename</var> does not end in ‘<samp class="samp">.tex</samp>’ then LaTeX first tries the filename with that extension; this is the usual case. If -<var>filename</var> ends with ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’ then LaTeX looks for the +<var class="var">filename</var> ends with ‘<samp class="samp">.tex</samp>’ then LaTeX looks for the filename as it is. </p> <p>For example, this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\input{macros} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{macros} </pre></div> -<p>will cause LaTeX to first look for <samp>macros.tex</samp>. If it finds +<p>will cause LaTeX to first look for <samp class="file">macros.tex</samp>. If it finds that file then it processes its contents as thought they had been -copy-pasted in. If there is no file of the name <samp>macros.tex</samp> then -LaTeX tries the name <samp>macros</samp>, without an extension. (This may +copy-pasted in. If there is no file of the name <samp class="file">macros.tex</samp> then +LaTeX tries the name <samp class="file">macros</samp>, without an extension. (This may vary by distribution.) </p> <p>To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use -dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘<samp>amo amas amat</samp>’, +dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘<samp class="samp">amo amas amat</samp>’, this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux: </p> -<span id="index-_005cspace-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspace-1"></a> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\input{"amo\space amas\space amat"} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{"amo\space amas\space amat"} </pre></div> <p>and this works under MiKTeX on Windows: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\input{{"amo amas amat"}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\input{{"amo amas amat"}} </pre></div> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Front_002fback-matter"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Front_002fback-matter"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Front_002fback-matter-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</h2> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a></li> <li><a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a></li> <li><a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables"></span><h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</h3> -<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a> -<span id="index-_005ctableofcontents"></span> -<span id="index-_002etoc-file-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005clistoffigures"></span> -<span id="index-_005clistoftables"></span> -<span id="index-_002elof-file-1"></span> -<span id="index-_002elot-file-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etoc-file-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clistoffigures"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clistoftables"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elof-file-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elot-file-1"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\tableofcontents +<pre class="example-preformatted">\tableofcontents \listoffigures \listoftables </pre></div> @@ -21399,13 +21564,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fro the command in the input file where you want the table or list to go. You do not type the entries; for example, typically the table of contents entries are automatically generated from the sectioning -commands <code>\chapter</code>, etc. +commands <code class="code">\chapter</code>, etc. </p> -<p>This example illustrates the first command, <code>\tableofcontents</code>. +<p>This example illustrates the first command, <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code>. LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book’s first page. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} % \setcounter{tocdepth}{1} \begin{document} \tableofcontents\newpage @@ -21421,21 +21586,21 @@ LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book’s first page. <p>Uncommenting the second line would cause that table to contain chapter and section listings but not subsection listings, because the -<code>\section</code> command has level 1. See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for level -numbers of the sectioning units. For more on the <code>tocdepth</code> -see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>. +<code class="code">\section</code> command has level 1. See <a class="xref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for level +numbers of the sectioning units. For more on the <code class="code">tocdepth</code> +see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>. </p> -<p>Another example of the use of <code>\tableofcontents</code> is in <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>. +<p>Another example of the use of <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> is in <a class="ref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>. </p> <p>If you want a page break after the table of contents, write a -<code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command, as +<code class="code">\newpage</code> command after the <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> command, as above. </p> <p>To make the table of contents, LaTeX stores the information in an -auxiliary file named <samp><var>root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). For example, this LaTeX file <samp>test.tex</samp> +auxiliary file named <samp class="file"><var class="var">root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). For example, this LaTeX file <samp class="file">test.tex</samp> </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article} \begin{document} \tableofcontents\newpage \section{First section} @@ -21443,30 +21608,30 @@ auxiliary file named <samp><var>root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a href="#Splitt ... </pre></div> -<p>writes these lines to <samp>test.toc</samp>. +<p>writes these lines to <samp class="file">test.toc</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2} \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}First subsection}{2} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005ccontentsline"></span> -<p>Each line contains a single command, <code>\contentsline</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or -<code>subsection</code>, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two -components. The hook <code>\numberline</code> determines how the sectioning -number, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>, appears in the table of contents -(see <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>). The remainder of the second argument of -<code>\contentsline</code>, ‘<samp>First section</samp>’ or ‘<samp>First subsection</samp>’, -is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, ‘<samp>2</samp>’, is +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccontentsline"></a> +<p>Each line contains a single command, <code class="code">\contentsline</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>). The first argument, the <code class="code">section</code> or +<code class="code">subsection</code>, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two +components. The hook <code class="code">\numberline</code> determines how the sectioning +number, <code class="code">1</code> or <code class="code">1.1</code>, appears in the table of contents +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnumberline"><code class="code">\numberline</code></a>). The remainder of the second argument of +<code class="code">\contentsline</code>, ‘<samp class="samp">First section</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">First subsection</samp>’, +is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, ‘<samp class="samp">2</samp>’, is the page number on which this sectioning unit starts. </p> <p>To typeset these lines, the document class provides -<code>\l@<var>section-unit</var></code> commands such as -<code>\l@section{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}</code> and -<code>\l@subsection{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}</code>. These commands -often use the <code>\@dottedtocline</code> command -(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>). +<code class="code">\l@<var class="var">section-unit</var></code> commands such as +<code class="code">\l@section{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>}</code> and +<code class="code">\l@subsection{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>}</code>. These commands +often use the <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code> command +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a>). </p> <p>A consequence of LaTeX’s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to get the correct information in the document you must run LaTeX twice, @@ -21474,231 +21639,231 @@ once to store the information and the second time to retrieve it. In the ordinary course of writing a document authors run LaTeX a number of times, but you may notice that the first time that you compile a new document, the table of contents page will be empty except for its -‘<samp>Contents</samp>’ header. Just run LaTeX again. +‘<samp class="samp">Contents</samp>’ header. Just run LaTeX again. </p> -<p>The commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> produce a +<p>The commands <code class="code">\listoffigures</code> and <code class="code">\listoftables</code> produce a list of figures and a list of tables. Their information is stored in -files with extension <samp>.lof</samp> and <samp>.lot</samp>. They work the same way -as <code>\tableofcontents</code> but the latter is more common, so we use it +files with extension <samp class="file">.lof</samp> and <samp class="file">.lot</samp>. They work the same way +as <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code> but the latter is more common, so we use it for most examples. </p> <p>You can manually add material to the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of tables. For instance, add a line about a section to the table of contents with -<code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{<var>text</var>}</code>. -(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line -material, with <code>\addtocontents</code>, as with the command -<code>\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}</code>, which adds -vertical space to the list of figures (see <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>). +<code class="code">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code>. +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line +material, with <code class="code">\addtocontents</code>, as with the command +<code class="code">\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}</code>, which adds +vertical space to the list of figures (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a>). </p> <p>Lines in the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of tables, have four parts. First is an indent. Next is a box into which sectioning numbers are placed, and then the third box holds the title -text, such as ‘<samp>First section</samp>’. Finally there is a box up against +text, such as ‘<samp class="samp">First section</samp>’. Finally there is a box up against the right margin, inside of which LaTeX puts the page number box. For the indent and the width of the number box, -see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>. The right margin box has width -<code>\@tocrmarg</code> and the page number is flush right in that space, -inside a box of width <code>\@pnumwidth</code>. By default -<code>\@tocrmarg</code> is <code>2.55em</code> and <code>\@pnumwidth</code> is -<code>1.55em</code>. Change these as with -<code>\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}</code>. +see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a>. The right margin box has width +<code class="code">\@tocrmarg</code> and the page number is flush right in that space, +inside a box of width <code class="code">\@pnumwidth</code>. By default +<code class="code">\@tocrmarg</code> is <code class="code">2.55em</code> and <code class="code">\@pnumwidth</code> is +<code class="code">1.55em</code>. Change these as with +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}</code>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-tocloft"></span> -<span id="index-tocloft-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tocloft"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocloft-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></span> -<span id="index-tocbibbind-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocbibbind-package"></a> <p>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures -and tables (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). The package <code>tocloft</code> is convenient for +and tables (see <a class="pxref" href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). The package <code class="code">tocloft</code> is convenient for adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And, -<code>tocbibbind</code> will automatically add the bibliography, index, +<code class="code">tocbibbind</code> will automatically add the bibliography, index, etc. to the table of contents. </p> <p>To change the header for the table of contents page, do something like -these commands before you call <code>\tableofcontents</code>, etc. +these commands before you call <code class="code">\tableofcontents</code>, etc. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents} \renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots} \renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications} </pre></div> -<p><span id="index-package_002c-babel-4"></span> -<span id="index-babel-package-4"></span> -</p> -<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></span> -<span id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-4"></a> + +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></a> -<p>Internationalization packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code> +<p>Internationalization packages such as <code class="code">babel</code> or <code class="code">polyglossia</code> will change these headers depending on the chosen base language. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="1"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="2"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="3"><code>\addtocontents</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="4"><code>\contentsline</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="5"><code>\nofiles</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="6"><code>\numberline</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\nofiles</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\numberline</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\@dottedtocline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1">25.1.1 <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"></span> -<span id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\@dottedtocline{<var>section-level-num</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>numwidth</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\@dottedtocline{<var class="var">section-level-num</var>}{<var class="var">indent</var>}{<var class="var">numwidth</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>} </pre></div> <p>Used internally by LaTeX to format an entry line in the table of contents, list of figures, or list of tables. Authors do not directly -enter <code>\@dottedtocline</code> commands. +enter <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code> commands. </p> -<p>This command is typically used by <code>\l@section</code>, <code>\l@subsection</code>, -etc., to format the content lines. For example, the <samp>article.cls</samp> +<p>This command is typically used by <code class="code">\l@section</code>, <code class="code">\l@subsection</code>, +etc., to format the content lines. For example, the <samp class="file">article.cls</samp> file contains these definitions: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}} \newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}} \newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}} </pre></div> -<p>In this example, <code>\@dottedcline</code> appears to have been given only +<p>In this example, <code class="code">\@dottedcline</code> appears to have been given only three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up -the final <var>text</var> and <var>pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis -from a call to <code>\contentsline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>). +the final <var class="var">text</var> and <var class="var">pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis +from a call to <code class="code">\contentsline</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>). </p> -<span id="index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents"></a> <p>Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin -box, these <code>\@dottedtocline</code> commands insert <em>leaders</em>, that +box, these <code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code> commands insert <em class="dfn">leaders</em>, that is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command -<code>\@dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka. -<code>mu</code>, which are <code>1/18</code> em. Change it using -<code>\renewcommand</code>, as in <code>\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}</code>. +<code class="code">\@dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka. +<code class="code">mu</code>, which are <code class="code">1/18</code> em. Change it using +<code class="code">\renewcommand</code>, as in <code class="code">\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}</code>. </p> -<p>In the standard <samp>book</samp> class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders +<p>In the standard <samp class="file">book</samp> class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard -<samp>article</samp> class it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries. +<samp class="file">article</samp> class it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\@dottedtocline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1">25.1.2 <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005caddcontentsline"></span> -<span id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\addcontentsline{<var class="var">ext</var>}{<var class="var">unit</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005ccontentsline-1"></span> -<p>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccontentsline-1"></a> +<p>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var class="var">ext</var>. </p> -<p>The following will result in an ‘<samp>Appendices</samp>’ line in the table of +<p>The following will result in an ‘<samp class="samp">Appendices</samp>’ line in the table of contents. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}} </pre></div> <p>It will appear at the same indentation level as the sections, will be in boldface, and will be assigned the page number associated with the point where the command appears in the input file. </p> -<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command writes information to the file -<samp><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></samp>, where <var>root-name</var> is the file name -of the root file (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). It writes that +<p>The <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> command writes information to the file +<samp class="file"><var class="var">root-name</var>.<var class="var">ext</var></samp>, where <var class="var">root-name</var> is the file name +of the root file (see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). It writes that information as the text of the command -<code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>num</var>}</code>, where -<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>). The most common case is the table of contents -and there <var>num</var> is the page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>. -</p> -<p>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code>\chapter</code>, -etc. (see <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>), and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float -environment (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). But it is also directly used by authors. +<code class="code">\contentsline{<var class="var">unit</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">num</var>}</code>, where +<code class="code"><var class="var">num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code class="code"><var class="var">unit</var></code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>). The most common case is the table of contents +and there <var class="var">num</var> is the page number of the first page of <var class="var">unit</var>. +</p> +<p>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code class="code">\chapter</code>, +etc. (see <a class="pxref" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>), and also by <code class="code">\caption</code> inside a float +environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#Floats">Floats</a>). But it is also directly used by authors. For example, an author writing a book whose style is to have an -unnumbered preface may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>. But that +unnumbered preface may use the starred <code class="code">\chapter*</code>. But that command leaves out table of contents information, which can be entered manually, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\chapter*{Preface} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\chapter*{Preface} \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface} </pre></div> -<p>In the <samp><var>root-name</var>.toc</samp> file LaTeX will put the line -<code>\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note -that the page number ‘<samp>3</samp>’ is automatically generated by the system, +<p>In the <samp class="file"><var class="var">root-name</var>.toc</samp> file LaTeX will put the line +<code class="code">\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note +that the page number ‘<samp class="samp">3</samp>’ is automatically generated by the system, not entered manually. </p> -<p>All of the arguments for <code>\addcontentsline</code> are required. +<p>All of the arguments for <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> are required. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>ext</var></span></dt> -<dd><p>Typically one of the strings <code>toc</code> for the table of contents, -<code>lof</code> for the list of figures, or <code>lot</code> for the list of +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">ext</var></dt> +<dd><p>Typically one of the strings <code class="code">toc</code> for the table of contents, +<code class="code">lof</code> for the list of figures, or <code class="code">lot</code> for the list of tables. The filename extension of the information file. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>unit</var></span></dt> -<dd><p>A string that depends on the value of the <var>ext</var> argument, typically +<dt><var class="var">unit</var></dt> +<dd><p>A string that depends on the value of the <var class="var">ext</var> argument, typically one of: </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><code>toc</code></span></dt> +<dl class="table"> +<dt><code class="code">toc</code></dt> <dd><p>For the table of contents, this is the name of a sectional unit: -<code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, etc. +<code class="code">part</code>, <code class="code">chapter</code>, <code class="code">section</code>, <code class="code">subsection</code>, etc. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>lof</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>For the list of figures: <code>figure</code>. +<dt><code class="code">lof</code></dt> +<dd><p>For the list of figures: <code class="code">figure</code>. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><code>lot</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>For the list of tables: <code>table</code>. +<dt><code class="code">lot</code></dt> +<dd><p>For the list of tables: <code class="code">table</code>. </p></dd> </dl> </dd> -<dt><span><var>text</var></span></dt> -<dd><p>The text of the entry. You must <code>\protect</code> any fragile commands -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>) used in it. +<dt><var class="var">text</var></dt> +<dd><p>The text of the entry. You must <code class="code">\protect</code> any fragile commands +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>) used in it. </p></dd> </dl> -<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command has an interaction with -<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at +<p>The <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> command has an interaction with +<code class="code">\include</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at the same level, as with -<code>\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines +<code class="code">\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution -is to move <code>\addcontentsline</code> into the file being included. +is to move <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> into the file being included. </p> -<p>If you use a <var>unit</var> that LaTeX does not recognize, as with the +<p>If you use a <var class="var">unit</var> that LaTeX does not recognize, as with the typo here </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}} </pre></div> <p>then you don’t get an error but the formatting in the table of contents @@ -21707,39 +21872,39 @@ will not make sense. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddtocontents"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddtocontents"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\contentsline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.3 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1">25.1.3 <code class="code">\addtocontents</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\addtocontents{<var class="var">ext</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Add <var>text</var>, which may be text or formatting commands, directly to -the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>. This is most commonly used +<p>Add <var class="var">text</var>, which may be text or formatting commands, directly to +the auxiliary file with extension <var class="var">ext</var>. This is most commonly used for the table of contents so that is the discussion here, but it also applies to the list of figures and list of tables. </p> <p>This will put some vertical space in the table of contents after the -‘<samp>Contents</samp>’ header. +‘<samp class="samp">Contents</samp>’ header. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\tableofcontents\newpage +<pre class="example-preformatted">\tableofcontents\newpage \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace*{3ex}} </pre></div> -<p>This puts the word ‘<samp>Page</samp>’, in boldface, above the column of page +<p>This puts the word ‘<samp class="samp">Page</samp>’, in boldface, above the column of page numbers and after the header. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\tableofcontents +<pre class="example-preformatted">\tableofcontents \addtocontents{toc}{~\hfill\textbf{Page}\par} \chapter{...} </pre></div> @@ -21747,144 +21912,144 @@ numbers and after the header. <p>This adds a line announcing work by a new author. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\addtocontents{toc}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\addtocontents{toc}{% \protect\vspace{2ex} \textbf{Chapters by N. Other Author}\par} </pre></div> -<p>The difference between <code>\addtocontents</code> and <code>\addcontentsline</code> +<p>The difference between <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> and <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> is that the latter is strictly for lines, such as with a line giving the page number for the start of a new subset of the chapters. As the above -examples show, <code>\addtocontents</code> is for material such as spacing. +examples show, <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> is for material such as spacing. </p> -<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has two arguments. Both are +<p>The <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> command has two arguments. Both are required. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt><span><var>ext</var></span></dt> -<dd><p>Typically one of: <samp>toc</samp> for the table of contents, <samp>lof</samp> for -the list of figures, or <samp>lot</samp> for the list of tables. The +<dl class="table"> +<dt><var class="var">ext</var></dt> +<dd><p>Typically one of: <samp class="file">toc</samp> for the table of contents, <samp class="file">lof</samp> for +the list of figures, or <samp class="file">lot</samp> for the list of tables. The extension of the file holding the information. </p> </dd> -<dt><span><var>text</var></span></dt> +<dt><var class="var">text</var></dt> <dd><p>The text, and possibly commands, to be written. </p></dd> </dl> -<p>The sectioning commands such as <code>\chapter</code> use the -<code>\addcontentsline</code> command to store information. This command -creates lines in the <samp>.toc</samp> auxiliary file containing the -<code>\contentsline</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>). In contrast, -the command <code>\addtocontents</code> puts material directly in that file. +<p>The sectioning commands such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> use the +<code class="code">\addcontentsline</code> command to store information. This command +creates lines in the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> auxiliary file containing the +<code class="code">\contentsline</code> command (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>). In contrast, +the command <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> puts material directly in that file. </p> -<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has an interaction with -<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at +<p>The <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> command has an interaction with +<code class="code">\include</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at the same level, as with -<code>\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines in the +<code class="code">\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to -move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included. +move <code class="code">\addtocontents</code> into the file being included. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccontentsline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccontentsline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\nofiles</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\nofiles</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\addtocontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ccontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.4 <code>\contentsline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccontentsline-1">25.1.4 <code class="code">\contentsline</code></h4> -<span id="index-table-of-contents"></span> -<span id="index-_005ccontentsline-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005ctableofcontents-1"></span> -<span id="index-_002etoc-file-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005clistoffigures-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005clistoftables-1"></span> -<span id="index-_002elof-file-2"></span> -<span id="index-_002elot-file-2"></span> -<span id="index-_005cl_0040chapter"></span> -<span id="index-_005cl_0040section"></span> -<span id="index-_005cl_0040subsection"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-table-of-contents"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccontentsline-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctableofcontents-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etoc-file-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clistoffigures-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clistoftables-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elof-file-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002elot-file-2"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cl_0040chapter"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cl_0040section"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cl_0040subsection"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline{<var class="var">unit</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}{<var class="var">pagenumber</var>} </pre></div> <p>Used internally by LaTeX to typeset an entry of the table of -contents, list of figures, or list of tables (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). Authors do not directly enter <code>\contentsline</code> commands. +contents, list of figures, or list of tables (see <a class="pxref" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). Authors do not directly enter <code class="code">\contentsline</code> commands. </p> <p>Usually adding material to these lists is done automatically by the -commands <code>\chapter</code>, <code>\section</code>, etc. for the table of -contents, or by the <code>\caption</code> command inside of a <code>\figure</code> -or <code>\table</code> environment (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a> and see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>). Thus, -where the root file is <samp>thesis.tex</samp>, and contains the declaration -<code>\tableofcontents</code>, the command <code>\chapter{Chapter One}</code> -produces something like this in the file <samp>thesis.toc</samp>. +commands <code class="code">\chapter</code>, <code class="code">\section</code>, etc. for the table of +contents, or by the <code class="code">\caption</code> command inside of a <code class="code">\figure</code> +or <code class="code">\table</code> environment (see <a class="pxref" href="#figure"><code class="code">figure</code></a> and see <a class="pxref" href="#table"><code class="code">table</code></a>). Thus, +where the root file is <samp class="file">thesis.tex</samp>, and contains the declaration +<code class="code">\tableofcontents</code>, the command <code class="code">\chapter{Chapter One}</code> +produces something like this in the file <samp class="file">thesis.toc</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Chapter One}{3} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Chapter One}{3} </pre></div> -<p>If the file contains the declaration <code>\listoffigures</code> then a figure -environment involving <code>\caption{Test}</code> will produce -something like this in <samp>thesis.lof</samp>. +<p>If the file contains the declaration <code class="code">\listoffigures</code> then a figure +environment involving <code class="code">\caption{Test}</code> will produce +something like this in <samp class="file">thesis.lof</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Test}}{6} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Test}}{6} </pre></div> <p>To manually add material, use -<code>\addcontentsline{<var>filetype</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, -where <var>filetype</var> is <code>toc</code>, <code>lof</code>, or <code>lot</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>). +<code class="code">\addcontentsline{<var class="var">filetype</var>}{<var class="var">unit</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code>, +where <var class="var">filetype</var> is <code class="code">toc</code>, <code class="code">lof</code>, or <code class="code">lot</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-tocloft-1"></span> -<span id="index-tocloft-package-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-tocloft-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tocloft-package-1"></a> -<p>For manipulating how the <code>\contentline</code> material is typeset, see -the <code>tocloft</code> package. +<p>For manipulating how the <code class="code">\contentline</code> material is typeset, see +the <code class="code">tocloft</code> package. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></span> -<span id="index-hyperref-package-3"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-3"></a> -<p>Note that the <code>hyperref</code> package changes the definition of -<code>\contentsline</code> (and <code>\addcontentsline</code>) to add more +<p>Note that the <code class="code">hyperref</code> package changes the definition of +<code class="code">\contentsline</code> (and <code class="code">\addcontentsline</code>) to add more arguments, to make hyperlinks. This is the source of the error -<code>Argument of \contentsline has an extra }</code> when one adds/remove -the use of package <code>hyperref</code> and a compilation was already run. -Fix this error by deleting the <samp>.toc</samp> or <samp>.lof</samp> or <samp>.lot</samp> +<code class="code">Argument of \contentsline has an extra }</code> when one adds/remove +the use of package <code class="code">hyperref</code> and a compilation was already run. +Fix this error by deleting the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> or <samp class="file">.lof</samp> or <samp class="file">.lot</samp> file, and running LaTeX again. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnofiles"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnofiles"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\numberline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\contentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\numberline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnofiles-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.5 <code>\nofiles</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnofiles-1">25.1.5 <code class="code">\nofiles</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cnofiles"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnofiles"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\nofiles +<pre class="example-preformatted">\nofiles </pre></div> <p>Prevent LaTeX from writing any auxiliary files. The only output will -be the <samp>.log</samp> and <samp>.pdf</samp> (or <samp>.dvi</samp>) files. This command +be the <samp class="file">.log</samp> and <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> (or <samp class="file">.dvi</samp>) files. This command must go in the preamble. </p> -<p>Because of the <code>\nofiles</code> command this example will not produce a -<samp>.toc</samp> file. +<p>Because of the <code class="code">\nofiles</code> command this example will not produce a +<samp class="file">.toc</samp> file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} \nofiles \begin{document} \tableofcontents\newpage @@ -21893,82 +22058,82 @@ must go in the preamble. </pre></div> <p>LaTeX will not erase any existing auxiliary files, so if you insert -the <code>\nofiles</code> command after you have run the file and gotten -a <samp>.toc</samp> then the table of contents page will continue to show +the <code class="code">\nofiles</code> command after you have run the file and gotten +a <samp class="file">.toc</samp> then the table of contents page will continue to show the old information. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnumberline"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnumberline"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\nofiles</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\nofiles</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnumberline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.6 <code>\numberline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnumberline-1">25.1.6 <code class="code">\numberline</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cnumberline"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnumberline"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\numberline{<var>number</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\numberline{<var class="var">number</var>} </pre></div> <p>Typeset its argument flush left in a box. This is used in a -<code>\contentsline</code> command to typeset the section number -(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>). +<code class="code">\contentsline</code> command to typeset the section number +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code class="code">\contentsline</code></a>). </p> -<p>For example, this line in a <samp>.toc</samp> file causes the <code>1.1</code> to be +<p>For example, this line in a <samp class="file">.toc</samp> file causes the <code class="code">1.1</code> to be typeset flush left. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2} </pre></div> <p>By default, LaTeX typesets the section numbers in a box of length -<code>\@tempdima</code>. That length is set by the commands -<code>\l@section</code>, <code>\l@subsection</code>, etc. Put section numbers +<code class="code">\@tempdima</code>. That length is set by the commands +<code class="code">\l@section</code>, <code class="code">\l@subsection</code>, etc. Put section numbers inside a natural-width box with -<code>\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}</code> before -<code>\tableofcontents</code>. +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}</code> before +<code class="code">\tableofcontents</code>. </p> <p>This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with -<code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). An example is the use of -<code>\protect</code> in this command, +<code class="code">\protect</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). An example is the use of +<code class="code">\protect</code> in this command, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}</code> +<pre class="example-preformatted"><code class="code">\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}</code> </pre></div> -<p>to get the <code>\numberline</code> into the <code>\contentsline</code> -command in the <samp>.toc</samp> file: <code>\contentsline -{section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}</code> (the page number ‘<samp>6</samp>’ -is automatically added by LaTeX; see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>). +<p>to get the <code class="code">\numberline</code> into the <code class="code">\contentsline</code> +command in the <samp class="file">.toc</samp> file: <code class="code">\contentsline +{section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}</code> (the page number ‘<samp class="samp">6</samp>’ +is automatically added by LaTeX; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code class="code">\addcontentsline</code></a>). </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="Indexes"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Indexes"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Indexes-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.2 Indexes</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Indexes-1">25.2 Indexes</h3> -<span id="index-indexes"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-indexes"></a> -<span id="index-_005cmakeindex"></span> -<span id="index-_005cindex"></span> -<span id="index-_002eidx-file"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeindex"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindex"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eidx-file"></a> <p>If you tell LaTeX what terms you want to appear in an index then it can produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers automatically maintained. This illustrates the basics. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{article} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{article} \usepackage{makeidx} % Provide indexing commands \makeindex % \usepackage{showidx} % Show marginal notes of index entries @@ -21984,76 +22149,76 @@ modulo~$n$.\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem} \end{document} </pre></div> -<p>As that shows, declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command -(see <a href="#g_t_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>). When you run LaTeX, the <code>\index</code> writes its -information, such as ‘<samp>Wilson's Theorem</samp>’ and the page number, to an -auxiliary file whose name ends in <samp>.idx</samp>. Next, to alphabetize and +<p>As that shows, declare index entries with the <code class="code">\index</code> command +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cindex"><code class="code">\index</code></a>). When you run LaTeX, the <code class="code">\index</code> writes its +information, such as ‘<samp class="samp">Wilson's Theorem</samp>’ and the page number, to an +auxiliary file whose name ends in <samp class="file">.idx</samp>. Next, to alphabetize and do other manipulations, run an external command, typically -<code>makeindex</code> (see <a href="#makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>), which writes a file whose name -ends in <samp>.ind</samp>. Finally, <code>\printindex</code> brings this -manipulated information into the output (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>). +<code class="command">makeindex</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#makeindex"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>), which writes a file whose name +ends in <samp class="file">.ind</samp>. Finally, <code class="code">\printindex</code> brings this +manipulated information into the output (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a>). </p> -<p>Thus, if the above example is in the file <samp>numth.tex</samp> then running -‘<samp>pdflatex numth</samp>’ will save index entry and page number information -to <samp>numth.idx</samp>. Then running ‘<samp>makeindex numth</samp>’ will -alphabetize and save the results to <samp>numth.ind</samp>. Finally, again -running ‘<samp>pdflatex numth</samp>’ will show the desired index, at the place -where the <code>\printindex</code> command is in the source file. +<p>Thus, if the above example is in the file <samp class="file">numth.tex</samp> then running +‘<samp class="samp">pdflatex numth</samp>’ will save index entry and page number information +to <samp class="file">numth.idx</samp>. Then running ‘<samp class="samp">makeindex numth</samp>’ will +alphabetize and save the results to <samp class="file">numth.ind</samp>. Finally, again +running ‘<samp class="samp">pdflatex numth</samp>’ will show the desired index, at the place +where the <code class="code">\printindex</code> command is in the source file. </p> <p>There are many options for the output. An example is that the -exclamation point in <code>\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}</code> -produces a main entry of ‘<samp>congruence</samp>’ with a subentry of ‘<samp>and -Wilson's Theorem</samp>’. For more, see <a href="#makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>. +exclamation point in <code class="code">\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}</code> +produces a main entry of ‘<samp class="samp">congruence</samp>’ with a subentry of ‘<samp class="samp">and +Wilson's Theorem</samp>’. For more, see <a class="pxref" href="#makeindex"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>. </p> -<p>The <code>\makeindex</code> and <code>\printindex</code> commands are independent. -Leaving out the <code>\makeindex</code> will stop LaTeX from saving the -index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code>\printindex</code> +<p>The <code class="code">\makeindex</code> and <code class="code">\printindex</code> commands are independent. +Leaving out the <code class="code">\makeindex</code> will stop LaTeX from saving the +index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code class="code">\printindex</code> will cause LaTeX to not show the index in the document output. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-showidx"></span> -<span id="index-showidx-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-showidx"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-showidx-package"></a> -<span id="index-package_002c-multind"></span> -<span id="index-multind-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-multind"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multind-package"></a> -<span id="index-index_002c-multiple"></span> -<span id="index-multiple-indexes"></span> -<p>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code>showidx</code> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-multiple"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-multiple-indexes"></a> +<p>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code class="code">showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the -page where the <code>\index</code> appears. This can help in preparing the index. -The <code>multind</code> package, among others, supports multiple indexes. +page where the <code class="code">\index</code> appears. This can help in preparing the index. +The <code class="code">multind</code> package, among others, supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic, -<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind</a>, and the CTAN topic, -<a href="https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi">https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind</a>, and the CTAN topic, +<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi">https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</a>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="1">Produce the index manually</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="2"><code>\index</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#makeindex" accesskey="3"><code>makeindex</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="4"><code>\printindex</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\index</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#makeindex" accesskey="3"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="4"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="Produce-the-index-manually"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Produce-the-index-manually"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Produce-the-index-manually-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Produce-the-index-manually-1">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</h4> -<span id="index-index_002c-producing-manually"></span> -<span id="index-theindex"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-producing-manually"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theindex"></a> <p>Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index. -This will make a separate page labeled ‘<samp>Index</samp>’, in twocolumn +This will make a separate page labeled ‘<samp class="samp">Index</samp>’, in twocolumn format. </p> -<span id="index-environment_002c-theindex"></span> -<span id="index-theindex-environment"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-environment_002c-theindex"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-theindex-environment"></a> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\begin{theindex} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\begin{theindex} \item acorn squash, 1 \subitem maple baked, 2 \indexspace @@ -22064,51 +22229,51 @@ format. <p>Note that the author must enter the page numbers, which is tedious and which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is why -in most cases automated methods such as <code>makeindex</code> are best. -See <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>. +in most cases automated methods such as <code class="command">makeindex</code> are best. +See <a class="xref" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>. </p> -<span id="index-_005citem-4"></span> -<span id="index-_005csubitem"></span> -<span id="index-_005csubsubitem"></span> -<span id="index-_005cindexspace"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005citem-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubitem"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csubsubitem"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindexspace"></a> <p>However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels -of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses <code>\item</code>, -subentries use <code>\subitem</code>, and the lowest level uses -<code>\subsubitem</code>. Blank lines between entries have no effect. The -example above includes <code>\indexspace</code> to produce vertical space in +of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses <code class="code">\item</code>, +subentries use <code class="code">\subitem</code>, and the lowest level uses +<code class="code">\subsubitem</code>. Blank lines between entries have no effect. The +example above includes <code class="code">\indexspace</code> to produce vertical space in the output that some index styles use before the first entry starting with a new letter. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cindex"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cindex"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>makeindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Produce the index manually</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Produce the index manually</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>\index</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cindex-1">25.2.2 <code class="code">\index</code></h4> -<span id="index-index-entry"></span> -<span id="index-_005cindex-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-entry"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindex-1"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\index{<var>index-entry-string</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\index{<var class="var">index-entry-string</var>} </pre></div> <p>Declare an entry in the index. This command is fragile -(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). </p> -<p>For example, as described in <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, one way to get an index from -what’s below is to compile the document with <code>pdflatex test</code>, then -process the index entries with <code>makeindex test</code>, and then compile -again with <code>pdflatex test</code>. +<p>For example, as described in <a class="ref" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, one way to get an index from +what’s below is to compile the document with <code class="code">pdflatex test</code>, then +process the index entries with <code class="code">makeindex test</code>, and then compile +again with <code class="code">pdflatex test</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">% file test.tex +<pre class="example-preformatted">% file test.tex ... W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann} ... @@ -22117,30 +22282,30 @@ Ackermann function\index{Ackermann!function} rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate} </pre></div> -<span id="index-index-entries_002c-subentries"></span> -<p>All three index entries will get a page number, such as ‘<samp>Ackermann, +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-entries_002c-subentries"></a> +<p>All three index entries will get a page number, such as ‘<samp class="samp">Ackermann, 22</samp>’. LaTeX will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the line below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second. Three levels deep is as far as you can nest subentries. (If you add -<code>\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}</code> then -<code>makeindex</code> says ‘<samp>Scanning input file test.idx....done (4 +<code class="code">\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}</code> then +<code class="command">makeindex</code> says ‘<samp class="samp">Scanning input file test.idx....done (4 entries accepted, 1 rejected)</samp>’ and the fourth level is silently missing from the index.) </p> -<p>If you enter a second <code>\index</code> with the same -<var>index-entry-string</var> then you will get a single index entry with two +<p>If you enter a second <code class="code">\index</code> with the same +<var class="var">index-entry-string</var> then you will get a single index entry with two page numbers (unless they happen to fall on the same page). Thus, -adding <code>as for Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}</code> later in the same -document as above will give an index entry like ‘<samp>Ackermann, 22, +adding <code class="code">as for Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}</code> later in the same +document as above will give an index entry like ‘<samp class="samp">Ackermann, 22, 151</samp>’. Also, you can enter the index entries in any order, so for -instance <code>\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before -<code>\index{Ackermann}</code>. +instance <code class="code">\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before +<code class="code">\index{Ackermann}</code>. </p> -<span id="index-index_002c-page-range"></span> -<p>Get a page range in the output, like ‘<samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>’, as here. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-page-range"></a> +<p>Get a page range in the output, like ‘<samp class="samp">Hilbert, 23--27</samp>’, as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann} +<pre class="example-preformatted">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann} ... D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|(} ... @@ -22151,41 +22316,41 @@ disapproved of his marriage.\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|)} just gives a single page number, not a range. </p> <p>If you index subentries but not a main entry, as with -<code>\index{Jones!program}</code> and <code>\index{Jones!results}</code>, then -the output is the item ‘<samp>Jones</samp>’ with no comma or page number, -followed by two subitems, like ‘<samp>program, 50</samp>’ and ‘<samp>results, +<code class="code">\index{Jones!program}</code> and <code class="code">\index{Jones!results}</code>, then +the output is the item ‘<samp class="samp">Jones</samp>’ with no comma or page number, +followed by two subitems, like ‘<samp class="samp">program, 50</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">results, 51</samp>’. </p> -<span id="index-see-and-see-also-index-entries"></span> -<span id="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></span> -<span id="index-_005cseename"></span> -<span id="index-_005calsoname"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-babel-5"></span> -<span id="index-babel-package-5"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></span> -<span id="index-polyglossia-package-3"></span> - - -<p>Generate a index entry that says ‘<samp>see</samp>’ by using a vertical bar -character: <code>\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's -function}}</code>. You can instead get ‘<samp>see also</samp>’ with <code>seealso</code>. -(The text ‘<samp>see</samp>’ is defined by <code>\seename</code>, and ‘<samp>see also</samp>’ -by <code>\alsoname</code>. You can redefine these either by using an -internationalization package such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>, -or directly as with <code>\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also see}</code>.) -</p> -<p>The ‘<samp>see</samp>’ feature is part of a more general functionality. After +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-see-and-see-also-index-entries"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cseename"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005calsoname"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-babel-5"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-babel-package-5"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-polyglossia-package-3"></a> + + +<p>Generate a index entry that says ‘<samp class="samp">see</samp>’ by using a vertical bar +character: <code class="code">\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's +function}}</code>. You can instead get ‘<samp class="samp">see also</samp>’ with <code class="code">seealso</code>. +(The text ‘<samp class="samp">see</samp>’ is defined by <code class="code">\seename</code>, and ‘<samp class="samp">see also</samp>’ +by <code class="code">\alsoname</code>. You can redefine these either by using an +internationalization package such as <code class="code">babel</code> or <code class="code">polyglossia</code>, +or directly as with <code class="code">\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also see}</code>.) +</p> +<p>The ‘<samp class="samp">see</samp>’ feature is part of a more general functionality. After the vertical bar you can put the name of a one-input command, as in -<code>\index{group|textit}</code> (note the missing backslash on the -<code>\textit</code> command) and the system will apply that command to the -page number, here giving something like <code>\textit{7}</code>. You can +<code class="code">\index{group|textit}</code> (note the missing backslash on the +<code class="code">\textit</code> command) and the system will apply that command to the +page number, here giving something like <code class="code">\textit{7}</code>. You can define your own one-input commands, such as -<code>\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}</code> and then -<code>\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}</code> will give a blue page -number (see <a href="#Color">Color</a>). Another, less practical, example is this, +<code class="code">\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}</code> and then +<code class="code">\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}</code> will give a blue page +number (see <a class="pxref" href="#Color">Color</a>). Another, less practical, example is this, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1, \thepage} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1, \thepage} ... Epimenides.\index{self-reference|indexownpage} </pre></div> @@ -22194,98 +22359,98 @@ number (see <a href="#Color">Color</a>). Another, less practical, example is th <p>The two functions just described combine, as here </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\index{Ackermann!function|(definedpage} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\index{Ackermann!function|(definedpage} ... \index{Ackermann!function|)} </pre></div> -<p>which outputs an index entry like ‘<samp>function, 23--27</samp>’ where the page +<p>which outputs an index entry like ‘<samp class="samp">function, 23--27</samp>’ where the page number range is in blue. </p> -<p>Consider an index entry such as ‘<samp>α-ring</samp>’. Entering -it as <code>$\alpha$-ring</code> will cause it to be alphabetized according to +<p>Consider an index entry such as ‘<samp class="samp">α-ring</samp>’. Entering +it as <code class="code">$\alpha$-ring</code> will cause it to be alphabetized according to the dollar sign. You can instead enter it using an at-sign, as -<code>\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}</code>. If you specify an entry -with an at-sign separating two strings, <code><var>pos</var>@<var>text</var></code>, -then <var>pos</var> gives the alphabetical position of the entry while -<var>text</var> produces the text of the entry. Another example is that -<code>\index{Saint Michael's College@SMC}</code> produces an index entry -‘<samp>SMC</samp>’ alphabetized into a different location than its spelling +<code class="code">\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}</code>. If you specify an entry +with an at-sign separating two strings, <code class="code"><var class="var">pos</var>@<var class="var">text</var></code>, +then <var class="var">pos</var> gives the alphabetical position of the entry while +<var class="var">text</var> produces the text of the entry. Another example is that +<code class="code">\index{Saint Michael's College@SMC}</code> produces an index entry +‘<samp class="samp">SMC</samp>’ alphabetized into a different location than its spelling would naturally give it. </p> -<p>To put a <code>!</code>, or <code>@</code>, or <code>|</code>, or <code>"</code> character in -an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, <code>"</code>. +<p>To put a <code class="code">!</code>, or <code class="code">@</code>, or <code class="code">|</code>, or <code class="code">"</code> character in +an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, <code class="code">"</code>. (The double quote gets deleted before alphabetization.) </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-index"></span> -<span id="index-index-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-index"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index-package"></a> <p>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that -provided by <code>makeidx</code>. One is <code>index</code>, which allows for +provided by <code class="code">makeidx</code>. One is <code class="code">index</code>, which allows for multiple indices and contains a command -<code>\index*{<var>index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the -<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it. +<code class="code">\index*{<var class="var">index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the +<var class="var">index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it. </p> -<span id="index-_005cindexentry"></span> -<span id="index-idx-file"></span> -<p>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file -<samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp> file. Specifically, it writes text of the +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindexentry"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-idx-file"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file +<samp class="file"><var class="var">root-name</var>.idx</samp> file. Specifically, it writes text of the command -<code>\indexentry{<var>index-entry-string</var>}{<var>page-num</var>}</code>, -where <var>page-num</var> is the value of the <code>\thepage</code> counter. On -occasion, when the <code>\printindex</code> command is confused, you have to +<code class="code">\indexentry{<var class="var">index-entry-string</var>}{<var class="var">page-num</var>}</code>, +where <var class="var">page-num</var> is the value of the <code class="code">\thepage</code> counter. On +occasion, when the <code class="code">\printindex</code> command is confused, you have to delete this file to start with a fresh slate. </p> -<p>If you omit the closing brace of an <code>\index</code> command then you get a +<p>If you omit the closing brace of an <code class="code">\index</code> command then you get a message like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Runaway argument? {Ackermann!function +<pre class="example-preformatted">Runaway argument? {Ackermann!function ! Paragraph ended before \@wrindex was complete. </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="makeindex"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="makeindex"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\printindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="makeindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>makeindex</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="makeindex-1">25.2.3 <code class="command">makeindex</code></h4> -<span id="index-index_002c-processing"></span> -<span id="index-makeindex_002c-program"></span> -<span id="index-makeindex-program"></span> -<span id="index-_002eind-file"></span> -<span id="index-_002eidx-file-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-processing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeindex_002c-program"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeindex-program"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eind-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eidx-file-1"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">makeindex <var>filename</var> -makeindex -s <var>style-file</var> <var>filename</var> -makeindex <var>options</var> <var>filename0</var> ... +<pre class="example-preformatted">makeindex <var class="var">filename</var> +makeindex -s <var class="var">style-file</var> <var class="var">filename</var> +makeindex <var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">filename0</var> ... </pre></div> <p>Sort, and otherwise process, the index information in the auxiliary file -<var>filename</var>. This is a command line program. It takes one or more -raw index files, <samp><var>filename</var>.idx</samp> files, and produces the -actual index file, the <samp><var>filename</var>.ind</samp> file that is input by -<code>\printindex</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>). -</p> -<span id="index-_002eisty-file"></span> -<span id="index-index_002c-style-file"></span> -<span id="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></span> +<var class="var">filename</var>. This is a command line program. It takes one or more +raw index files, <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var>.idx</samp> files, and produces the +actual index file, the <samp class="file"><var class="var">filename</var>.ind</samp> file that is input by +<code class="code">\printindex</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code class="command">\printindex</code></a>). +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eisty-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-style-file"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></a> <p>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows -you to format the index by using an <em>index style file</em>, a -<samp>.isty</samp> file. The third form is the most general; see the full +you to format the index by using an <em class="dfn">index style file</em>, a +<samp class="file">.isty</samp> file. The third form is the most general; see the full documentation on CTAN. </p> -<p>This is a simple <samp>.isty</samp> file. +<p>This is a simple <samp class="file">.isty</samp> file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">% book.isty +<pre class="example-preformatted">% book.isty % $ makeindex -s book.isty -p odd book.idx % creates the index as book.ind, starting on an odd page. preamble @@ -22300,228 +22465,228 @@ postamble </pre></div> <p>The description here covers only some of the index formatting -possibilities in <var>style-file</var>. For a full list see the documentation +possibilities in <var class="var">style-file</var>. For a full list see the documentation on CTAN. </p> -<p>A style file consists of a list of pairs: <var>specifier</var> and -<var>attribute</var>. These can appear in the file in any order. All of the -<var>attribute</var>s are strings, except where noted. Strings are -surrounded with double quotes, <code>"</code>, and the maximum length of a -string is 144 characters. The <code>\n</code> is for a newline and <code>\t</code> +<p>A style file consists of a list of pairs: <var class="var">specifier</var> and +<var class="var">attribute</var>. These can appear in the file in any order. All of the +<var class="var">attribute</var>s are strings, except where noted. Strings are +surrounded with double quotes, <code class="code">"</code>, and the maximum length of a +string is 144 characters. The <code class="code">\n</code> is for a newline and <code class="code">\t</code> is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with another backslash, -<code>\\</code>. If a line begins with a percent sign, <code>%</code>, then it is a +<code class="code">\\</code>. If a line begins with a percent sign, <code class="code">%</code>, then it is a comment. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="makeindex-preamble"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-preamble'><span><code>preamble</code><a href='#index-preamble' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dd><a class="anchor" id="makeindex-preamble"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-preamble'><span><code class="code">preamble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-preamble'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which the index is -formatted. Default: <code>"\\begin{theindex}\n"</code>. +formatted. Default: <code class="code">"\\begin{theindex}\n"</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-postamble"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-postamble'><span><code>postamble</code><a href='#index-postamble' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code>"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"</code>. +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-postamble"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-postamble'><span><code class="code">postamble</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-postamble'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code class="code">"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-group-skip"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-group_005fskip'><span><code>group_skip</code><a href='#index-group_005fskip' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-_005cindexspace-1"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-group-skip"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-group_005fskip'><span><code class="code">group_skip</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-group_005fskip'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cindexspace-1"></a> <p>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for -entries starting with letter ‘<samp>a</samp>’, etc. This specifier gives what -is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>"\n\n -\\indexspace\n"</code> (<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber -length, by default <code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>). +entries starting with letter ‘<samp class="samp">a</samp>’, etc. This specifier gives what +is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code class="code">"\n\n +\\indexspace\n"</code> (<code class="code">\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber +length, by default <code class="code">10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>). </p> -<span id="makeindex-letheadflag"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-lethead_005fflag'><span><code>lethead_flag</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fflag' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-letheadflag"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-lethead_005fflag'><span><code class="code">lethead_flag</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fflag'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If -it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing +it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code class="code">group_skip</code> nothing will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new -letter the <code>lethead_prefix</code> and <code>lethead_suffix</code> will be +letter the <code class="code">lethead_prefix</code> and <code class="code">lethead_suffix</code> will be inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them. If it is negative then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default is 0. </p> -<span id="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-lethead_005fprefix'><span><code>lethead_prefix</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fprefix' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-lethead_005fprefix'><span><code class="code">lethead_prefix</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fprefix'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix -inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>""</code> +inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code class="code">""</code> </p> -<span id="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-lethead_005fsuffix'><span><code>lethead_suffix</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fsuffix' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-lethead_005fsuffix'><span><code class="code">lethead_suffix</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-lethead_005fsuffix'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix -inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>""</code>. +inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code class="code">""</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-item-0"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-item_005f0'><span><code>item_0</code><a href='#index-item_005f0' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>What is put between two level 0 items. Default: <code>"\n \\item +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-0"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-item_005f0'><span><code class="code">item_0</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f0'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>What is put between two level 0 items. Default: <code class="code">"\n \\item "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-item-1"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-item_005f1'><span><code>item_1</code><a href='#index-item_005f1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>Put between two level 1 items. Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>. +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-1"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-item_005f1'><span><code class="code">item_1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f1'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>Put between two level 1 items. Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subitem "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-item-2"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-item_005f2'><span><code>item_2</code><a href='#index-item_005f2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>put between two level 2 items. Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>. +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-2"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-item_005f2'><span><code class="code">item_2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f2'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>put between two level 2 items. Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subsubitem "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-item-01"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-item_005f01'><span><code>item_01</code><a href='#index-item_005f01' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-01"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-item_005f01'><span><code class="code">item_01</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f01'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item. -Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>. +Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subitem "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-item-x1"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-item_005fx1'><span><code>item_x1</code><a href='#index-item_005fx1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-x1"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-item_005fx1'><span><code class="code">item_x1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005fx1'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item in the case that the level 0 item doesn’t have any page numbers (as in -<code>\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>. +<code class="code">\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subitem "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-item-12"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-item_005f12'><span><code>item_12</code><a href='#index-item_005f12' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-12"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-item_005f12'><span><code class="code">item_12</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005f12'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item. -Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>. +Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subsubitem "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-item-x2"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-item_005fx2'><span><code>item_x2</code><a href='#index-item_005fx2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-item-x2"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-item_005fx2'><span><code class="code">item_x2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-item_005fx2'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, if the -level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: <code>"\n +level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: <code class="code">"\n \\subsubitem "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-delim-0"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-delim_005f0'><span><code>delim_0</code><a href='#index-delim_005f0' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-0"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-delim_005f0'><span><code class="code">delim_0</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f0'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Delimiter put between a level 0 key and its first page -number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>. +number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">", "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-delim-1"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-delim_005f1'><span><code>delim_1</code><a href='#index-delim_005f1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-1"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-delim_005f1'><span><code class="code">delim_1</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f1'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Delimiter put between a level 1 key and its first page -number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>. +number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">", "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-delim-2"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-delim_005f2'><span><code>delim_2</code><a href='#index-delim_005f2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-2"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-delim_005f2'><span><code class="code">delim_2</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005f2'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Delimiter between a level 2 key and its first page number. Default: -a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>. +a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">", "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-delim-n"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-delim_005fn'><span><code>delim_n</code><a href='#index-delim_005fn' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-n"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-delim_005fn'><span><code class="code">delim_n</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005fn'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any -level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>. +level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code class="code">", "</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-delim-r"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-delim_005fr'><span><code>delim_r</code><a href='#index-delim_005fr' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-delim-r"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-delim_005fr'><span><code class="code">delim_r</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-delim_005fr'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range. -Default: <code>"--"</code>. +Default: <code class="code">"--"</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-line-max"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-line_005fmax'><span><code>line_max</code><a href='#index-line_005fmax' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-line-max"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-line_005fmax'><span><code class="code">line_max</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-line_005fmax'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry’s line in the output, -beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>. +beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code class="code">72</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-indent-space"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-indent_005fspace'><span><code>indent_space</code><a href='#index-indent_005fspace' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-indent-space"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-indent_005fspace'><span><code class="code">indent_space</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-indent_005fspace'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default: -<code>"\t\t"</code>. +<code class="code">"\t\t"</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-indent-length"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-indent_005flength'><span><code>indent_length</code><a href='#index-indent_005flength' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-indent-length"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-indent_005flength'><span><code class="code">indent_length</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-indent_005flength'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default -<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the -default here is <code>16</code>. +<code class="code">indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the +default here is <code class="code">16</code>. </p> -<span id="makeindex-page-precedence"></span></dd> -<dt id='index-page_005fprecedence'><span><code>page_precedence</code><a href='#index-page_005fprecedence' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<a class="anchor" id="makeindex-page-precedence"></a></dd> +<dt id='index-page_005fprecedence'><span><code class="code">page_precedence</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-page_005fprecedence'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which -they will appear in the index. The <code>makeindex</code> command supports -five different types of numerals: lowercase roman <code>r</code>, and numeric -or arabic <code>n</code>, and lowercase alphabetic <code>a</code>, and uppercase -roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default: -<code>"rnaRA"</code>. +they will appear in the index. The <code class="command">makeindex</code> command supports +five different types of numerals: lowercase roman <code class="code">r</code>, and numeric +or arabic <code class="code">n</code>, and lowercase alphabetic <code class="code">a</code>, and uppercase +roman <code class="code">R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code class="code">A</code>. Default: +<code class="code">"rnaRA"</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> -<span id="index-xindy-program"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xindy-program"></a> <p>There are a number of other programs that do the job -<code>makeindex</code> does. One is <code>xindy</code> -(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy</a>), which does internationalization and can +<code class="command">makeindex</code> does. One is <code class="command">xindy</code> +(<a class="uref" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy</a>), which does internationalization and can process indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as described in its documentation. </p> -<span id="index-xindex-program"></span> -<p>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code>xindex</code>, -written in Lua (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</a>). +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xindex-program"></a> +<p>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code class="code">xindex</code>, +written in Lua (<a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cprintindex"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cprintindex"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>makeindex</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="command">makeindex</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.4 <code>\printindex</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cprintindex-1">25.2.4 <code class="command">\printindex</code></h4> -<span id="index-index_002c-printing"></span> -<span id="index-_005cprintindex"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-index_002c-printing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprintindex"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\printindex +<pre class="example-preformatted">\printindex </pre></div> <p>Place the index into the output. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-makeidx"></span> -<span id="index-makeidx-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-makeidx"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-makeidx-package"></a> <p>To get an index you must first include -<code>\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and -compile the document, then run the system command <code>makeindex</code>, -and then compile the document again. See <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, for further -discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>. +<code class="code">\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and +compile the document, then run the system command <code class="command">makeindex</code>, +and then compile the document again. See <a class="xref" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, for further +discussion and an example of the use of <code class="code">\printindex</code>. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="section" id="Glossaries"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Glossaries"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Glossaries-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.3 Glossaries</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Glossaries-1">25.3 Glossaries</h3> -<span id="index-glossary"></span> -<span id="index-glossaries"></span> -<span id="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></span> -<span id="index-_005cmakeglossary"></span> -<span id="index-_005cprintglossaries"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossaries"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprintglossaries"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries ... -\newglossaryentry{<var>label</var>}{<var>settings</var>} +\newglossaryentry{<var class="var">label</var>}{<var class="var">settings</var>} ... -\gls{<var>label</var>}. +\gls{<var class="var">label</var>}. ... \printglossaries </pre></div> -<p>The <samp>glossaries</samp> package allows you to make glossaries, including +<p>The <samp class="file">glossaries</samp> package allows you to make glossaries, including multiple glossaries, as well as lists of acronyms. </p> <p>To get the output from this example, compile the document (for instance -with <code>pdflatex filename</code>), then run the command line command -<code>makeglossaries filename</code>, and then compile the document again. +with <code class="code">pdflatex filename</code>), then run the command line command +<code class="code">makeglossaries filename</code>, and then compile the document again. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{...} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{...} \usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries \newglossaryentry{tm}{% name={Turing machine}, @@ -22536,106 +22701,106 @@ Everything begins with the definition of a \gls{tm}. \end{document} </pre></div> -<p>That gives two things. In the main text it outputs ‘<samp>... definition +<p>That gives two things. In the main text it outputs ‘<samp class="samp">... definition of a Turing machine</samp>’. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed -‘<samp>Glossary</samp>’ there appears a description list. In boldface it says -‘<samp>Turing machine</samp>’ and the rest of the item says in normal type -‘<samp>A model of a machine … Computer Science</samp>’. -</p> -<span id="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></span> -<span id="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></span> -<span id="index-_002eglo-file"></span> -<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the -entry information, <samp><var>root-file</var>.glo</samp>. Put the -<code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear +‘<samp class="samp">Glossary</samp>’ there appears a description list. In boldface it says +‘<samp class="samp">Turing machine</samp>’ and the rest of the item says in normal type +‘<samp class="samp">A model of a machine … Computer Science</samp>’. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002eglo-file"></a> +<p>The command <code class="code">\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the +entry information, <samp class="file"><var class="var">root-file</var>.glo</samp>. Put the +<code class="code">\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear in your document. </p> -<p>The <samp>glossaries</samp> package is very powerful. For instance, besides -the commands <code>\newglossaryentry</code> and <code>\gls</code>, there are similar +<p>The <samp class="file">glossaries</samp> package is very powerful. For instance, besides +the commands <code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code> and <code class="code">\gls</code>, there are similar commands for a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on CTAN. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2"><code>\gls</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\gls</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\gls</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\gls</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1">25.3.1 <code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></h4> -<span id="index-glossary_002c-entries"></span> -<span id="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary_002c-entries"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{<var>label</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newglossaryentry{<var class="var">label</var>} { - name={<var>name</var>}, - description={<var>description</var>}, - <var>other options</var>, ... + name={<var class="var">name</var>}, + description={<var class="var">description</var>}, + <var class="var">other options</var>, ... } </pre></div> <p>or </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\longnewglossaryentry{<var>label</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\longnewglossaryentry{<var class="var">label</var>} { - name={<var>name</var>}, - <var>other options</var> ..., + name={<var class="var">name</var>}, + <var class="var">other options</var> ..., } -{<var>description</var>} +{<var class="var">description</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Declare a new entry for a glossary. The <var>label</var> must be unique for +<p>Declare a new entry for a glossary. The <var class="var">label</var> must be unique for the document. The settings associated with the label are pairs: -<code><var>key</var>=<var>value</var></code>. +<code class="code"><var class="var">key</var>=<var class="var">value</var></code>. </p> <p>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers ℝ, in the glossary. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{R} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newglossaryentry{R} { name={\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}, description={the real numbers}, } </pre></div> -<p>Use the second command form if the <var>description</var> spans more than one +<p>Use the second command form if the <var class="var">description</var> spans more than one paragraph. </p> -<p>For a full list of <var>key</var>s see the package documentation on CTAN but +<p>For a full list of <var class="var">key</var>s see the package documentation on CTAN but here are a few. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dt id='index-name'><span><code>name</code><a href='#index-name' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dl class="ftable"> +<dt id='index-name'><span><code class="code">name</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-name'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-description'><span><code>description</code><a href='#index-description' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-description'><span><code class="code">description</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-description'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary. If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command form given in the synopsis. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-plural'><span><code>plural</code><a href='#index-plural' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><p>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using -<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>). +<dt id='index-plural'><span><code class="code">plural</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-plural'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><p>The plural form of <var class="var">name</var>. Refer to the plural form using +<code class="code">\glspl</code> or <code class="code">\Glspl</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cgls"><code class="code">\gls</code></a>). </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-sort'><span><code>sort</code><a href='#index-sort' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-sort'><span><code class="code">sort</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-sort'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds. </p> </dd> -<dt id='index-symbol'><span><code>symbol</code><a href='#index-symbol' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dt id='index-symbol'><span><code class="code">symbol</code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-symbol'> ¶</a></span></dt> <dd><p>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name. </p> </dd> @@ -22644,32 +22809,32 @@ form given in the synopsis. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgls"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cgls"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cgls-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgls-1">25.3.2 <code class="code">\gls</code></h4> -<span id="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></span> -<span id="index-_005cgls"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cgls"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\gls{<var>label</var>} -\glspl{<var>label</var>} -\Gls{<var>label</var>} -\Glspl{<var>label</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\gls{<var class="var">label</var>} +\glspl{<var class="var">label</var>} +\Gls{<var class="var">label</var>} +\Glspl{<var class="var">label</var>} </pre></div> <p>Refer to a glossary entry. The entries are declared with -<code>\newglossaryentry</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>). +<code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"><code class="code">\newglossaryentry</code></a>). </p> <p>This </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newglossaryentry{N}{% +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newglossaryentry{N}{% name={the natural numbers}, description={The numbers $0$, $1$, $2$, $\ldots$\@}, symbol={\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}, @@ -22678,11 +22843,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ne Consider \gls{N}. </pre></div> -<p>gives the output ‘<samp>Consider the natural numbers</samp>’. +<p>gives the output ‘<samp class="samp">Consider the natural numbers</samp>’. </p> -<p>The second command form <code>\glspl{<var>label</var>}</code> produces the plural -of <var>name</var> (by default it tries adding an ‘<samp>s</samp>’). The third form -capitalizes the first letter of <var>name</var>, as does the fourth form, +<p>The second command form <code class="code">\glspl{<var class="var">label</var>}</code> produces the plural +of <var class="var">name</var> (by default it tries adding an ‘<samp class="samp">s</samp>’). The third form +capitalizes the first letter of <var class="var">name</var>, as does the fourth form, which also takes the plural. </p> @@ -22690,27 +22855,27 @@ which also takes the plural. </div> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Letters"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Letters"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Letters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Letters-1">26 Letters</h2> -<span id="index-letters_002c-writing"></span> -<span id="index-writing-letters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-writing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-writing-letters"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter} -\address{<var>senders address</var>} % return address -\signature{<var>sender name</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{letter} +\address{<var class="var">senders address</var>} % return address +\signature{<var class="var">sender name</var>} \begin{document} -\begin{letter}{<var>recipient address</var>} -\opening{<var>salutation</var>} - <var>letter body</var> -\closing{<var>closing text</var>} +\begin{letter}{<var class="var">recipient address</var>} +\opening{<var class="var">salutation</var>} + <var class="var">letter body</var> +\closing{<var class="var">closing text</var>} \end{letter} ... \end{document} @@ -22718,56 +22883,56 @@ Next: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input/output</a>, Pre <p>Produce one or more letters. </p> -<p>Each letter is in a separate <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument -<var>recipient address</var> often contains multiple lines separated with a -double backslash, (<code>\\</code>). For example, you might have: +<p>Each letter is in a separate <code class="code">letter</code> environment, whose argument +<var class="var">recipient address</var> often contains multiple lines separated with a +double backslash, (<code class="code">\\</code>). For example, you might have: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Ninon de l'Enclos \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted"> \begin{letter}{Ninon de l'Enclos \\ l'h\^otel Sagonne} ... \end{letter} </pre></div> -<p>The start of the <code>letter</code> environment resets the page number to 1, +<p>The start of the <code class="code">letter</code> environment resets the page number to 1, and the footnote number to 1 also. </p> -<p>The <var>sender address</var> and <var>sender name</var> are common to all of the +<p>The <var class="var">sender address</var> and <var class="var">sender name</var> are common to all of the letters, whether there is one or more, so these are best put in the -preamble. As with the recipient address, often <var>sender address</var> +preamble. As with the recipient address, often <var class="var">sender address</var> contains multiple lines separated by a double -backslash (<code>\\</code>). LaTeX will put the <var>sender name</var> +backslash (<code class="code">\\</code>). LaTeX will put the <var class="var">sender name</var> under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional hand-written signature. </p> -<p>Each <code>letter</code> environment body begins with a required -<code>\opening</code> command such as <code>\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>. -The <var>letter body</var> text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain +<p>Each <code class="code">letter</code> environment body begins with a required +<code class="code">\opening</code> command such as <code class="code">\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}</code>. +The <var class="var">letter body</var> text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands -such as <code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off. -Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a -<code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>. +such as <code class="code">\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off. +Each <code class="code">letter</code> environment body typically ends with a +<code class="code">\closing</code> command such as <code class="code">\closing{Yours,}</code>. </p> -<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></span> -<p>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who -is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc{the -Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There’s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for -a list of enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with <code>\ps</code>. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-letters_0029"></a> +<p>Additional material may come after the <code class="code">\closing</code>. You can say who +is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code class="code">\cc{the +Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There’s a similar <code class="code">\encl</code> command for +a list of enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with <code class="code">\ps</code>. </p> <p>LaTeX’s default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it -by a length of <code>\longindentation</code>. By default this is -<code>0.5\textwidth</code>. To make them flush left, put -<code>\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}</code> in your preamble. +by a length of <code class="code">\longindentation</code>. By default this is +<code class="code">0.5\textwidth</code>. To make them flush left, put +<code class="code">\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}</code> in your preamble. </p> <p>To set a fixed date use something like -<code>\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}</code>. If put in your preamble +<code class="code">\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}</code>. If put in your preamble then it will apply to all the letters. </p> -<p>This example shows only one <code>letter</code> environment. The three lines +<p>This example shows only one <code class="code">letter</code> environment. The three lines marked as optional are typically omitted. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{letter} \address{Sender's street \\ Sender's town} \signature{Sender's name \\ Sender's title} % optional: \location{Mailbox 13} @@ -22782,208 +22947,208 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you. \end{document} </pre></div> -<p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class. +<p>These commands are used with the <code class="code">letter</code> class. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1"><code>\address</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2"><code>\cc</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3"><code>\closing</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4"><code>\encl</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5"><code>\location</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6"><code>\makelabels</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7"><code>\name</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8"><code>\opening</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9"><code>\ps</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\address</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\cc</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\closing</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\encl</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\location</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6"><code class="code">\makelabels</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7"><code class="code">\name</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8"><code class="code">\opening</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9"><code class="code">\ps</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature"><code class="code">\signature</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone"><code class="code">\telephone</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddress"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005caddress"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005caddress-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005caddress-1">26.1 <code class="code">\address</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005caddress"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005caddress"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\address{<var>senders address</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\address{<var class="var">senders address</var>} </pre></div> <p>Specify the return address, as it appears on the letter and on the -envelope. Separate multiple lines in <var>senders address</var> with a -double backslash, <code>\\</code>. +envelope. Separate multiple lines in <var class="var">senders address</var> with a +double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. </p> <p>Because it can apply to multiple letters this declaration is often put in the preamble. However, it can go anywhere, including inside an -individual <code>letter</code> environment. +individual <code class="code">letter</code> environment. </p> <p>This command is optional: if you do not use it then the letter is formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto pre-printed -letterhead paper. If you do use the <code>\address</code> declaration then it +letterhead paper. If you do use the <code class="code">\address</code> declaration then it is formatted as a personal letter. </p> <p>Here is an example. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\address{Stephen Maturin \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\address{Stephen Maturin \\ The Grapes of the Savoy} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005ccc"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ccc"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\closing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\address</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\closing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\address</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ccc-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ccc-1">26.2 <code class="code">\cc</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005ccc"></span> -<span id="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccc"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\cc{<var>name0</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\cc{<var class="var">name0</var> \\ ... } </pre></div> <p>Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after -<code>\closing</code>. Put the names on different lines by separating them -with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in: +<code class="code">\closing</code>. Put the names on different lines by separating them +with a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>, as in: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\cc{President \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\cc{President \\ Vice President} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cclosing"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cclosing"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\encl</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\encl</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cclosing-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cclosing-1">26.3 <code class="code">\closing</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cclosing"></span> -<span id="index-letters_002c-ending"></span> -<span id="index-closing-letters"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cclosing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-ending"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-closing-letters"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\closing{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\closing{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> <p>Produce the letter’s closing. This is optional, but usual. It appears at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\closing{Regards,} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\closing{Regards,} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cencl"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cencl"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\location</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\closing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\location</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\closing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cencl-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cencl-1">26.4 <code class="code">\encl</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cencl"></span> -<span id="index-enclosure-list"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cencl"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-enclosure-list"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\encl{<var>first enclosed object</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\encl{<var class="var">first enclosed object</var> \\ ... } </pre></div> <p>Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is -optional; when it is used, it typically is put after <code>\closing</code>. -Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. +optional; when it is used, it typically is put after <code class="code">\closing</code>. +Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\encl{License \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\encl{License \\ Passport} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005clocation"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005clocation"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makelabels</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\encl</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\makelabels</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\encl</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005clocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005clocation-1">26.5 <code class="code">\location</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005clocation"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005clocation"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\location{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\location{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> -<p>The <var>text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the page. It only -appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>. +<p>The <var class="var">text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the page. It only +appears if the page style is <code class="code">firstpage</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmakelabels"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmakelabels"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\name</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\location</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\name</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\location</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1">26.6 <code class="code">\makelabels</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cmakelabels"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmakelabels"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\makelabels % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\makelabels % in preamble </pre></div> -<p>Optional, for a document that contains <code>letter</code> environments. If -you just put <code>\makelabels</code> in the preamble then at the end of the +<p>Optional, for a document that contains <code class="code">letter</code> environments. If +you just put <code class="code">\makelabels</code> in the preamble then at the end of the document you will get a sheet with labels for all the recipients, one for each letter environment, that you can copy to a sheet of peel-off address labels. </p> -<p>Customize the labels by redefining the commands <code>\startlabels</code>, -<code>\mlabel</code>, and <code>\returnaddress</code> (and perhaps <code>\name</code>) in -the preamble. The command <code>\startlabels</code> sets the width, height, +<p>Customize the labels by redefining the commands <code class="code">\startlabels</code>, +<code class="code">\mlabel</code>, and <code class="code">\returnaddress</code> (and perhaps <code class="code">\name</code>) in +the preamble. The command <code class="code">\startlabels</code> sets the width, height, number of columns, etc., of the page onto which the labels are printed. -The command <code>\mlabel{<var>return address</var>}{<var>recipient +The command <code class="code">\mlabel{<var class="var">return address</var>}{<var class="var">recipient address</var>}</code> produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the -<var>return address</var>) for each letter environment. The first argument, -<var>return address</var>, is the value returned by the macro -<code>\returnaddress</code>. The second argument, <var>recipient address</var>, is -the value passed in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By -default <code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>return +<var class="var">return address</var>) for each letter environment. The first argument, +<var class="var">return address</var>, is the value returned by the macro +<code class="code">\returnaddress</code>. The second argument, <var class="var">recipient address</var>, is +the value passed in the argument to the <code class="code">letter</code> environment. By +default <code class="code">\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var class="var">return address</var>, causing the default behavior described in the prior paragraph. </p> <p>This illustrates customization. Its output includes a page with two columns having two labels each. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{letter} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{letter} \renewcommand*{\returnaddress}{Fred McGuilicuddy \\ Oshkosh, Mineola 12305} \newcommand*\originalMlabel{} @@ -23008,30 +23173,30 @@ columns having two labels each. <p>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column contains the address for each recipient. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-envlab"></span> -<span id="index-envlab-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-envlab"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-envlab-package"></a> -<p>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with +<p>The package <code class="code">envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines -<code>\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}</code> and <code>\makelabels</code> +<code class="code">\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}</code> and <code class="code">\makelabels</code> are all that you need to print envelopes. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cname"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cname"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\opening</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makelabels</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\opening</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\makelabels</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cname-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cname-1">26.7 <code class="code">\name</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cname"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cname"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\name{<var>name</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\name{<var class="var">name</var>} </pre></div> <p>Optional. Sender’s name, used for printing on the envelope together @@ -23040,72 +23205,72 @@ with the return address. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005copening"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005copening"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ps</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\name</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\ps</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\name</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005copening-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005copening-1">26.8 <code class="code">\opening</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005copening"></span> -<span id="index-letters_002c-starting"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copening"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-letters_002c-starting"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\opening{<var>salutation</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\opening{<var class="var">salutation</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Required. Follows the <code>\begin{letter}{...}</code>. The argument -<var>salutation</var> is mandatory. For instance: +<p>Required. Follows the <code class="code">\begin{letter}{...}</code>. The argument +<var class="var">salutation</var> is mandatory. For instance: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\opening{Dear John:} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\opening{Dear John:} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cps"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cps"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\signature</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\opening</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\signature</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\opening</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cps-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cps"></span> -<span id="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></span> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cps-1">26.9 <code class="code">\ps</code></h3> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cps"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ps{<var>text</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ps{<var class="var">text</var>} </pre></div> <p>Add a postscript. This command is optional and usually is used after -<code>\closing</code>. +<code class="code">\closing</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005csignature"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005csignature"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\telephone</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ps</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\telephone</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\ps</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005csignature-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005csignature-1">26.10 <code class="code">\signature</code></h3> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\signature{<var>first line</var> \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\signature{<var class="var">first line</var> \\ ... } </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005csignature"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csignature"></a> <p>The sender’s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is usual. @@ -23113,53 +23278,53 @@ usual. <p>The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the closing. LaTeX leaves some vertical space for a handwritten signature. Separate multiple lines with a double -backslash, <code>\\</code>. For example: +backslash, <code class="code">\\</code>. For example: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\signature{J Fred Muggs \\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\signature{J Fred Muggs \\ White House} </pre></div> -<p>LaTeX’s default for the vertical space from the <code>\closing</code> text -down to the <code>\signature</code> text is <code>6\medskipamount</code>, which is -six times <code>\medskipamount</code> (where <code>\medskipamount</code> is equal to -a <code>\parskip</code>, which in turn is defined by default here to -0.7em). +<p>LaTeX’s default for the vertical space from the <code class="code">\closing</code> text +down to the <code class="code">\signature</code> text is <code class="code">6\medskipamount</code>, which is +six times <code class="code">\medskipamount</code> (where <code class="code">\medskipamount</code> is equal to +a <code class="code">\parskip</code>, which in turn is defined by default here to +0.7<span class="dmn">em</span>). </p> <p>This command is usually in the preamble, to apply to all the letters in the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a -<code>letter</code> environment and before the <code>\closing</code>. +<code class="code">letter</code> environment and before the <code class="code">\closing</code>. </p> <p>You can include a graphic in the signature as here. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\ +<pre class="example-preformatted">\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\ My name} </pre></div> -<p>For this you must put <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> in the preamble -(see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>). +<p>For this you must put <code class="code">\usepackage{graphicx}</code> in the preamble +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>). </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctelephone"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctelephone"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\signature</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\signature</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctelephone-1">26.11 <code class="code">\telephone</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005ctelephone"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctelephone"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\telephone{<var>number</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\telephone{<var class="var">number</var>} </pre></div> <p>The sender’s telephone number. This is typically in the preamble, where -it applies to all letters. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code> +it applies to all letters. This only appears if the <code class="code">firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the page. </p> @@ -23167,16 +23332,16 @@ page. <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Input_002foutput"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Input_002foutput"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line interface</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Input_002foutput-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">27 Input/output</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</h2> -<span id="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></span> -<span id="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></span> -<span id="index-input_002foutput"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input_002foutput"></a> <p>LaTeX uses the ability to write to a file and later read it back in to build document components such as a table of contents or index. You @@ -23186,87 +23351,87 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1"><code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2"><code>\read</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3"><code>\typein</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4"><code>\typeout</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5"><code>\write</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\openin</code> & <code class="code">\openout</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\read</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\typein</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5"><code class="code">\write</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1">27.1 <code class="code">\openin</code> & <code class="code">\openout</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005copenin"></span> -<span id="index-_005copenout"></span> -<span id="index-_005cclosein"></span> -<span id="index-_005ccloseout"></span> -<span id="index-file_002c-opening"></span> -<span id="index-file_002c-closing"></span> -<span id="index-open-a-file"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="g_t_005copenin"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005copenout"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005cclosein"></a><a class="anchor" id="g_t_005ccloseout"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenin"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005copenout"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cclosein"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ccloseout"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-opening"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-closing"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-open-a-file"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\openin <var class="var">number</var>=<var class="var">filename</var> </pre></div> <p>or: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\openout <var class="var">number</var>=<var class="var">filename</var> </pre></div> <p>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. In most engines, -the <var>number</var> must be between 0 and 15, as in <code>\openin3</code>; in -LuaLaTeX, <var>number</var> can be between 0 and 127. +the <var class="var">number</var> must be between 0 and 15, as in <code class="code">\openin3</code>; in +LuaLaTeX, <var class="var">number</var> can be between 0 and 127. </p> -<p>Here TeX opens the file <samp>presidents.tex</samp> for reading. +<p>Here TeX opens the file <samp class="file">presidents.tex</samp> for reading. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newread\presidentsfile +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newread\presidentsfile \openin\presidentsfile=presidents \typeout{presidentsfile is \the\presidentsfile} \read\presidentsfile to\presidentline \typeout{\presidentline} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\newread</code> command allocates input stream numbers from 0 -to 15 (there is also a <code>\newwrite</code>). The -<code>\presidentsfile</code> is more memorable but under the hood it is still -a number; the first <code>\typeout</code> gives something like -‘<samp>presidentsfile is 1</samp>’. In addition, <code>\newread</code> keeps track of +<p>The <code class="code">\newread</code> command allocates input stream numbers from 0 +to 15 (there is also a <code class="code">\newwrite</code>). The +<code class="code">\presidentsfile</code> is more memorable but under the hood it is still +a number; the first <code class="code">\typeout</code> gives something like +‘<samp class="samp">presidentsfile is 1</samp>’. In addition, <code class="code">\newread</code> keeps track of the allocation so that if you use too many then you get an error like -‘<samp>! No room for a new \read</samp>’. The second <code>\typeout</code> gives the -first line of the file, something like ‘<samp>1 Washington, George</samp>’. +‘<samp class="samp">! No room for a new \read</samp>’. The second <code class="code">\typeout</code> gives the +first line of the file, something like ‘<samp class="samp">1 Washington, George</samp>’. </p> <p>Ordinarily TeX will not try to open the file until the next page shipout. To change this, use -<code>\immediate\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code> or -<code>\immediate\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code>. +<code class="code">\immediate\openin <var class="var">number</var>=<var class="var">filename</var></code> or +<code class="code">\immediate\openout <var class="var">number</var>=<var class="var">filename</var></code>. </p> -<p>Close files with <code>\closein <var>number</var></code> and -<code>\closeout <var>number</var></code>. +<p>Close files with <code class="code">\closein <var class="var">number</var></code> and +<code class="code">\closeout <var class="var">number</var></code>. </p> <p>How LaTeX handles filenames varies among distributions, and even can vary among versions of a distribution. If the file does not have an -extension then TeX will add a <samp>.tex</samp>. This creates -<samp>presidents.tex</samp>, writes one line to it, and closes it. +extension then TeX will add a <samp class="file">.tex</samp>. This creates +<samp class="file">presidents.tex</samp>, writes one line to it, and closes it. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newwrite\presidentsfile +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newwrite\presidentsfile \openout\presidentsfile=presidents \write\presidentsfile{1 Washington, George} \closeout\presidentsfile </pre></div> <p>But filenames with a period can cause trouble: if TeX finds a -<var>filename</var> of <samp>presidents.dat</samp> it could look first for -<samp>presidents.dat.tex</samp> and later for <samp>presidents.dat</samp>, or it +<var class="var">filename</var> of <samp class="file">presidents.dat</samp> it could look first for +<samp class="file">presidents.dat.tex</samp> and later for <samp class="file">presidents.dat</samp>, or it could do the opposite. Your distribution’s documentation should say more, and if you find something that works for you then you are good, but to ensure complete portability the best thing is to use file names @@ -23274,206 +23439,206 @@ containing only the twenty six ASCII letters (not case-sensitive) and the ten digits, along with underscore and dash, and in particular with no dot or space. </p> -<p>For <code>\openin</code>, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give +<p>For <code class="code">\openin</code>, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give an error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this -with <code>\ifeof</code>; one recourse is the command -<code>\InputIfFileExists</code>, see <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). If you +with <code class="code">\ifeof</code>; one recourse is the command +<code class="code">\InputIfFileExists</code>, see <a class="pxref" href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). If you try to use the same number twice, LaTeX won’t give you an error. If -you try to use a bad number then you get an error message like ‘<samp>! +you try to use a bad number then you get an error message like ‘<samp class="samp">! Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cread"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cread"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\typein</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\typein</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\openin</code> & <code class="code">\openout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cread-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\read</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cread-1">27.2 <code class="code">\read</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cread"></span> -<span id="index-file_002c-reading"></span> -<span id="index-read-a-file"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cread"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-reading"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-read-a-file"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\read <var>number</var> to<var>macro</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">\read <var class="var">number</var> to<var class="var">macro</var> </pre></div> -<p>Make the command <var>macro</var> contain the next line of input from text -stream <var>number</var>, as in <code>\read5 to\data</code>. +<p>Make the command <var class="var">macro</var> contain the next line of input from text +stream <var class="var">number</var>, as in <code class="code">\read5 to\data</code>. </p> -<p>This opens the file <samp>email.tex</samp> for reading, puts the contents of -the first line into the command <code>\email</code>, and then closes the file. +<p>This opens the file <samp class="file">email.tex</samp> for reading, puts the contents of +the first line into the command <code class="code">\email</code>, and then closes the file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newread\recipientfile +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newread\recipientfile \openin\recipientfile=email \read\recipientfile to\email \typeout{Email address: \email} \closein\recipientfile </pre></div> -<p>If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file -of that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code>\read</code> +<p>If <var class="var">number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file +of that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code class="code">\read</code> will take input from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not -allowed, e.g., <code>\nonstopmode</code>; see <a href="#interaction-modes">interaction modes</a>). +allowed, e.g., <code class="code">\nonstopmode</code>; see <a class="pxref" href="#interaction-modes">interaction modes</a>). (However, the natural way in LaTeX to take input from the terminal -is <code>\typein</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>.) +is <code class="code">\typein</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctypein"><code class="code">\typein</code></a>.) </p> <p>To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use -<code>\input</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>) or <code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></a>). +<code class="code">\input</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>) or <code class="code">\include</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code class="code">\include</code> & <code class="code">\includeonly</code></a>). </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-datatool"></span> -<span id="index-datatool-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-datatool"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-datatool-package"></a> -<span id="index-mail-merges"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mail-merges"></a> <p>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges. -CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code>datatool</code>. +CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code class="code">datatool</code>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctypein"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctypein"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\typeout</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ctypein-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.3 <code>\typein</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctypein-1">27.3 <code class="code">\typein</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005ctypein"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctypein"></a> <p>Synopsis, one of: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\typein{<var>prompt-msg</var>} -\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>prompt-msg</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\typein{<var class="var">prompt-msg</var>} +\typein[<var class="var">cmd</var>]{<var class="var">prompt-msg</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Print <var>prompt-msg</var> on the terminal and cause LaTeX to stop and +<p>Print <var class="var">prompt-msg</var> on the terminal and cause LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input. This line of input ends when you hit the return key. </p> <p>For example, this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">As long as I live I shall never forget \typein{Enter student name:} +<pre class="example-preformatted">As long as I live I shall never forget \typein{Enter student name:} </pre></div> <p>coupled with this command line interaction </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Enter student name: +<pre class="example-preformatted">Enter student name: \@typein=Aphra Behn </pre></div> -<p>gives the output ‘<samp>... never forget Aphra Behn</samp>’. +<p>gives the output ‘<samp class="samp">... never forget Aphra Behn</samp>’. </p> -<p>The first command version, <code>\typein{<var>prompt-msg</var>}</code>, causes +<p>The first command version, <code class="code">\typein{<var class="var">prompt-msg</var>}</code>, causes the input you typed to be processed as if it had been included in the -input file in place of the <code>\typein</code> command. +input file in place of the <code class="code">\typein</code> command. </p> -<p>In the second command version the optional argument <code><var>cmd</var></code> +<p>In the second command version the optional argument <code class="code"><var class="var">cmd</var></code> argument must be a command name, that is, it must begin with a backslash, \. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the input that you typed. For example, this </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\typein[\student]{Enter student name:} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\typein[\student]{Enter student name:} \typeout{Recommendation for \student .} </pre></div> <p>gives this output on the command line, </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Enter student name: +<pre class="example-preformatted">Enter student name: \student=John Dee Recommendation for John Dee. </pre></div> -<p>where the user has entered ‘<samp>John Dee.</samp>’ +<p>where the user has entered ‘<samp class="samp">John Dee.</samp>’ </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctypeout"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005ctypeout"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\write</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\typein</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\write</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\typein</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005ctypeout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005ctypeout-1">27.4 <code class="code">\typeout</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005ctypeout"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctypeout"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\typeout{<var>msg</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\typeout{<var class="var">msg</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Print <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file. +<p>Print <code class="code">msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code class="code">log</code> file. </p> <p>This </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\student}{John Dee} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\student}{John Dee} \typeout{Recommendation for \student .} </pre></div> -<p>outputs ‘<samp>Recommendation for John Dee</samp>’. Like what happens here with -<code>\student</code>, commands that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or -<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions +<p>outputs ‘<samp class="samp">Recommendation for John Dee</samp>’. Like what happens here with +<code class="code">\student</code>, commands that are defined with <code class="code">\newcommand</code> or +<code class="code">\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed. </p> -<span id="index-_005cspace-2"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cspace-2"></a> <p>LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space -and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. Use the -command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of surrounding -spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent character with -<code>\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>. +and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code class="code">msg</code>. Use the +command <code class="code">\space</code> to get a single space, independent of surrounding +spaces. Use <code class="code">^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent character with +<code class="code">\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>. </p> <p>This command can be useful for simple debugging, as here: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newlength{\jhlength} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newlength{\jhlength} \setlength{\jhlength}{5pt} \typeout{The length is \the\jhlength.} </pre></div> -<p>produces on the command line ‘<samp>The length is 5.0pt</samp>’. +<p>produces on the command line ‘<samp class="samp">The length is 5.0pt</samp>’. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="g_t_005cwrite"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="g_t_005cwrite"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\typeout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cwrite-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.5 <code>\write</code></h3> +<h3 class="section" id="g_t_005cwrite-1">27.5 <code class="code">\write</code></h3> -<span id="index-_005cwrite"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\write <var>number</var>{<var>string</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\write <var class="var">number</var>{<var class="var">string</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file -opened by <code>\openout</code>. For instance, <code>\write6</code> writes to text +<p>Write <var class="var">string</var> to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file +opened by <code class="code">\openout</code>. For instance, <code class="code">\write6</code> writes to text stream number 6. </p> -<p>If the following appears in <samp><var>basefile</var>.tex</samp> then it opens -<samp><var>basefile</var>.jh</samp>, writes ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’ and a newline to +<p>If the following appears in <samp class="file"><var class="var">basefile</var>.tex</samp> then it opens +<samp class="file"><var class="var">basefile</var>.jh</samp>, writes ‘<samp class="samp">Hello World!</samp>’ and a newline to it, and closes that file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newwrite\myfile +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newwrite\myfile \immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is root file basename ... \immediate\write\myfile{Hello world!} @@ -23481,141 +23646,141 @@ it, and closes that file. \immediate\closeout\myfile </pre></div> -<span id="index-_005cnewwrite"></span> -<p>The <code>\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic -name to make life easier, so that <code>stream -\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile</code> produces something like ‘<samp>stream 3</samp>’. -Then <code>\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file -name. TeX ultimately executed <code>\write3</code> which puts the string +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cnewwrite"></a> +<p>The <code class="code">\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic +name to make life easier, so that <code class="code">stream +\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile</code> produces something like ‘<samp class="samp">stream 3</samp>’. +Then <code class="code">\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file +name. TeX ultimately executed <code class="code">\write3</code> which puts the string in the file. </p> -<span id="index-log-file_002c-writing-to"></span> -<span id="index-terminal_002c-writing-to"></span> -<span id="index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"></span> -<p>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and 15, because typically +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-log-file_002c-writing-to"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-terminal_002c-writing-to"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"></a> +<p>Typically <var class="var">number</var> is between 0 and 15, because typically LaTeX authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated -by the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or +by the system. If <var class="var">number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if it is not associated with an open file then LaTeX writes -<var>string</var> to the log file. If <var>number</var> is positive then in -addition LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the terminal. +<var class="var">string</var> to the log file. If <var class="var">number</var> is positive then in +addition LaTeX writes <var class="var">string</var> to the terminal. </p> -<p>Thus, <code>test \write-1{Hello World!}</code> puts ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’ -followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the <code>\wlog</code> -command does; see <a href="#g_t_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>). And <code>\write100{Hello World!}</code> -puts the same in the log file but also puts ‘<samp>Hello World!</samp>’ +<p>Thus, <code class="code">test \write-1{Hello World!}</code> puts ‘<samp class="samp">Hello World!</samp>’ +followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the <code class="code">\wlog</code> +command does; see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cwlog"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a>). And <code class="code">\write100{Hello World!}</code> +puts the same in the log file but also puts ‘<samp class="samp">Hello World!</samp>’ followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are -special as <var>number</var>; see below.) +special as <var class="var">number</var>; see below.) </p> -<span id="index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in"></a> <p>In LuaTeX, instead of 16 output streams there are 256 -(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). +(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). </p> -<span id="index-_005c_0040auxout"></span> -<span id="index-_005c_0040mainaux"></span> -<p>Use <code>\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the current -<samp>.aux</samp> file, which is associated with either the root file or +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040auxout"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0040mainaux"></a> +<p>Use <code class="code">\write\@auxout{<var class="var">string</var>}</code> to write to the current +<samp class="file">.aux</samp> file, which is associated with either the root file or with the current include file; and use -<code>\write\@mainaux{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the main -<samp>.aux</samp>. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX. +<code class="code">\write\@mainaux{<var class="var">string</var>}</code> to write to the main +<samp class="file">.aux</samp>. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX. </p> -<p>By default LaTeX does not write <var>string</var> to the file right -away. This is because, for example, you may need <code>\write</code> to +<p>By default LaTeX does not write <var class="var">string</var> to the file right +away. This is because, for example, you may need <code class="code">\write</code> to save the current page number, but when TeX comes across a -<code>\write</code> it typically does not know what the page number is, -since it has not yet done the page breaking. So, you use <code>\write</code> +<code class="code">\write</code> it typically does not know what the page number is, +since it has not yet done the page breaking. So, you use <code class="code">\write</code> in one of three contexts: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\immediate\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>} %1 -\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>} %2 -\protected@write\@auxout{}{<var>string</var>} %3 +<pre class="example-preformatted">\immediate\write\@auxout{<var class="var">string</var>} %1 +\write\@auxout{<var class="var">string</var>} %2 +\protected@write\@auxout{}{<var class="var">string</var>} %3 </pre></div> -<ol> -<li> <span id="index-immediate-_005cwrite"></span> -<span id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"></span> -With the first, LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the file immediately. -Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in -<code>\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code>\noexpand</code>, -<code>toks</code>, etc., except that you should use <code>#</code> instead of -<code>##</code>). +<ol class="enumerate"> +<li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-immediate-_005cwrite"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"></a> +With the first, LaTeX writes <var class="var">string</var> to the file immediately. +Any macros in <var class="var">string</var> are fully expanded (just as in +<code class="code">\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code class="code">\noexpand</code>, +<code class="code">toks</code>, etc., except that you should use <code class="code">#</code> instead of +<code class="code">##</code>). -</li><li> <span id="index-delayed-_005cwrite"></span> -<span id="index-whatsit-item"></span> -<span id="index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"></span> -With the second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things +</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-delayed-_005cwrite"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-whatsit-item"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"></a> +With the second, <var class="var">string</var> is stored on the current list of things (as a TeX “whatsit” item) and kept until the page is shipped out -and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code>\shipout</code>. At -<code>\shipout</code>, <var>string</var> is fully expanded. +and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code class="code">\shipout</code>. At +<code class="code">\shipout</code>, <var class="var">string</var> is fully expanded. -</li><li> <span id="index-_005cprotected_0040write"></span> -The third, <code>\protected@write</code>, is like the second except that -you can use <code>\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first +</li><li> <a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cprotected_0040write"></a> +The third, <code class="code">\protected@write</code>, is like the second except that +you can use <code class="code">\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more macros protected or to have some other special definition for the write. </li></ol> -<p>As a simple example of expansion with <code>\write</code>, <var>string</var> here -contains a control sequence <code>\triplex</code> which we’ve defined to be -the text ‘<samp>XYZ</samp>’: +<p>As a simple example of expansion with <code class="code">\write</code>, <var class="var">string</var> here +contains a control sequence <code class="code">\triplex</code> which we’ve defined to be +the text ‘<samp class="samp">XYZ</samp>’: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newwrite\jhfile \openout\jhfile=test.jh \newcommand{\triplex}{XYZ} \write\jhfile{test \triplex test} </pre></div> -<p>This results in the file <samp>test.jh</samp> containing the text -‘<samp>test XYZtest</samp>’ followed by a newline. +<p>This results in the file <samp class="file">test.jh</samp> containing the text +‘<samp class="samp">test XYZtest</samp>’ followed by a newline. </p> -<span id="index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"></span> -<p>The cases where <var>number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of -<code>\write</code>’s behavior when <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 -to 15 described above, in Plain TeX <code>\write16</code> and -<code>\write17</code> were sometimes used to write to the log file and the +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"></a> +<p>The cases where <var class="var">number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of +<code class="code">\write</code>’s behavior when <var class="var">number</var> is outside the range from 0 +to 15 described above, in Plain TeX <code class="code">\write16</code> and +<code class="code">\write17</code> were sometimes used to write to the log file and the terminal; however, in LaTeX, the natural way to do that is with -<code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>). The <code>\write18</code> command is +<code class="code">\typeout</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>). The <code class="code">\write18</code> command is even more special; modern TeX systems use it for giving commands to -the operating system (see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>). +the operating system (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code class="code">\write18</code></a>). </p> -<span id="index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span> -<span id="index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span> -<p>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a -newline with <code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"></a> +<p>Ordinarily <code class="code">\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a +newline with <code class="code">^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.} </pre></div> -<span id="index-package_002c-answers"></span> -<span id="index-answers-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-answers"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-answers-package"></a> <p>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of -packages for this; one is <code>answers</code>. +packages for this; one is <code class="code">answers</code>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="1"><code>\write</code> and security</a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="2"><code>\message</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="3"><code>\wlog</code></a></li> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="4"><code>\write18</code></a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="2"><code class="code">\message</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="3"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a></li> +<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="4"><code class="code">\write18</code></a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1">27.5.1 <code class="code">\write</code> and security</h4> -<span id="index-security-and-_005cwrite"></span> -<span id="index-_005cwrite-and-security"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-security-and-_005cwrite"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite-and-security"></a> <p>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a downloaded LaTeX file and it overwrote your password file then you @@ -23623,56 +23788,56 @@ would be justifiably troubled. </p> <p>Thus, by default TeX systems only allow you to open files for writing that are in the current directory or output directory, if -specified (see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>), or in a subdirectory of +specified (see <a class="pxref" href="#output-directory">output directory</a>), or in a subdirectory of those. So, this code </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newwrite\jhfile \openout\jhfile=../test.jh </pre></div> <p>gives an error like: </p><div class="example"> -<pre class="example">Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p). +<pre class="example-preformatted">Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p). ! I can't write on file `../test.jh' </pre></div> -<span id="index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to"></a> <p>You can get just such an error when using commands such as -<code>\include{../filename}</code> because LaTeX will try to open -<samp>../filename.aux</samp>. The simplest solution is to put the included +<code class="code">\include{../filename}</code> because LaTeX will try to open +<samp class="file">../filename.aux</samp>. The simplest solution is to put the included files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmessage"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cmessage"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\wlog</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\write</code> and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cmessage-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmessage-1">27.5.2 <code class="code">\message</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cmessage"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cmessage"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\message{<var>string</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\message{<var class="var">string</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file and the terminal. +<p>Write <var class="var">string</var> to the log file and the terminal. </p> -<p>Typically, LaTeX authors use <code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>). It -allows you to use <code>\protect</code> on any fragile commands in -<var>string</var> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). But <code>\typeout</code> always inserts a -newline at the end of <var>string</var> while <code>\message</code> does not, so +<p>Typically, LaTeX authors use <code class="code">\typeout</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code class="code">\typeout</code></a>). It +allows you to use <code class="code">\protect</code> on any fragile commands in +<var class="var">string</var> (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code class="code">\protect</code></a>). But <code class="code">\typeout</code> always inserts a +newline at the end of <var class="var">string</var> while <code class="code">\message</code> does not, so the latter can be useful. </p> <p>With this example document body. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">before\message{One Two}\message{Three}\message{Four^^JI} +<pre class="example-preformatted">before\message{One Two}\message{Three}\message{Four^^JI} \message{declare a thumb war.}After </pre></div> @@ -23680,28 +23845,28 @@ the latter can be useful. both the terminal and the log file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">One Two Three Four +<pre class="example-preformatted">One Two Three Four I declare a thumb war. </pre></div> -<p>The <code>^^J</code> produces a newline. Also, in the output document, -between ‘<samp>before</samp>’ and ‘<samp>After</samp>’ will be a single space (from -the end of line following ‘<samp>I}</samp>’). +<p>The <code class="code">^^J</code> produces a newline. Also, in the output document, +between ‘<samp class="samp">before</samp>’ and ‘<samp class="samp">After</samp>’ will be a single space (from +the end of line following ‘<samp class="samp">I}</samp>’). </p> -<p>While <code>\message</code> allows you more control over formatting, a +<p>While <code class="code">\message</code> allows you more control over formatting, a gotcha is that LaTeX may mess up that formatting because it inserts line breaks depending on what it has already written. Contrast this -document body, where the ‘<samp>Two</samp>’ has moved, to the one given above. +document body, where the ‘<samp class="samp">Two</samp>’ has moved, to the one given above. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI} +<pre class="example-preformatted">before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI} \message{declare a thumb war.}After </pre></div> <p>This can happen: when LaTeX is outputting the messages to the -terminal, now the message with ‘<samp>One</samp>’ is shorter and it fits at the +terminal, now the message with ‘<samp class="samp">One</samp>’ is shorter and it fits at the end of the output terminal line, and so LaTeX breaks the line between -it and the ‘<samp>Two Three</samp>’. That line break appears also in the log +it and the ‘<samp class="samp">Two Three</samp>’. That line break appears also in the log file. This line break insertion can depend on, for instance, the length of the full path names of included files. So producing finely-formatted lines in a way that is portable is hard, likely requiring @@ -23710,153 +23875,153 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line. <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwlog"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cwlog"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\write18</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">\write18</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cwlog-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwlog-1">27.5.3 <code class="code">\wlog</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cwlog"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwlog"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\wlog{<var>string</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\wlog{<var class="var">string</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file. +<p>Write <var class="var">string</var> to the log file. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?} \wlog{He'll stop at nothing to avoid them.} </pre></div> -<p>Ordinarily <var>string</var> appears in a single separate line. Use -<code>^^J</code> to insert a newline. +<p>Ordinarily <var class="var">string</var> appears in a single separate line. Use +<code class="code">^^J</code> to insert a newline. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\wlog{Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\wlog{Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.} \wlog{The barman says,^^JWe don't serve your type.} </pre></div> <hr> </div> -<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite18"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="g_t_005cwrite18"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\wlog</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\wlog</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code class="code">\write</code></a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="g_t_005cwrite18-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite18-1">27.5.4 <code class="code">\write18</code></h4> -<span id="index-_005cwrite18"></span> -<span id="index-external-commands"></span> -<span id="index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span> -<span id="index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span> -<span id="index-shell-access"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite18"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-external-commands"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-access"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\write18{<var>shell_command</var>} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\write18{<var class="var">shell_command</var>} </pre></div> <p>Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system runs the command and LaTeX’s execution is blocked until that finishes. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"></span> -<span id="index-Asymptote-package-3"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-Asymptote-package-3"></a> <p>This sequence (on Unix) </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble ... \newcommand{\fignum}{1} \immediate\write18{cd pix && asy figure\fignum} -\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf} +\includegraphics{pix/figure\fignum.pdf} </pre></div> -<p>will run Asymptote (the <code>asy</code> program) on <samp>pix/figure1.asy</samp>, +<p>will run Asymptote (the <code class="code">asy</code> program) on <samp class="file">pix/figure1.asy</samp>, so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic -(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>). Like any <code>\write</code>, here LaTeX -expands macros in <var>shell_command</var> so that <code>\fignum</code> is -replaced by ‘<samp>1</samp>’. +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code class="code">\includegraphics</code></a>). Like any <code class="code">\write</code>, here LaTeX +expands macros in <var class="var">shell_command</var> so that <code class="code">\fignum</code> is +replaced by ‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’. </p> <p>Another example is that you can automatically run BibTeX at the start -of each LaTeX run (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>) by including -<code>\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}</code> as the first line of the -file. Note that <code>\jobname</code> expands to the basename of the root -file unless the <code>--jobname</code> option is passed on the command line, +of each LaTeX run (see <a class="pxref" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>) by including +<code class="code">\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}</code> as the first line of the +file. Note that <code class="code">\jobname</code> expands to the basename of the root +file unless the <code class="code">--jobname</code> option is passed on the command line, in which case this is the option argument. </p> <p>You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files -in the current directory (but see <code>texosquery</code> below): +in the current directory (but see <code class="code">texosquery</code> below): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat} \input{tmp.dat} </pre></div> -<p>The standard behavior of any <code>\write</code> is to wait until a page is +<p>The standard behavior of any <code class="code">\write</code> is to wait until a page is being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream -(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use -<code>\immediate\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>. +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cwrite"><code class="code">\write</code></a>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use +<code class="code">\immediate\write18{<var class="var">shell_command</var>}</code>. </p> <p>There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands inside a LaTeX file. If you download a file off the net and it contains commands to delete all your files then you would be unhappy. The standard settings in modern distributions turn off full shell access. You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are -safe, by compiling with <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code> -(see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>). (The <code>--shell-escape</code> option is +safe, by compiling with <code class="code">latex --enable-write18 <var class="var">filename</var></code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>). (The <code class="code">--shell-escape</code> option is a synonym, in TeX Live.) </p> -<span id="index-restricted-shell-access"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-restricted-shell-access"></a> <p>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use -the <code>enable-write18</code> option. By default this list of allowed +the <code class="code">enable-write18</code> option. By default this list of allowed commands is short and features only commands that are under the -control of the distribution maintainers (see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>). +control of the distribution maintainers (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>). </p> -<span id="index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span> -<span id="index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span> -<span id="index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span> -<span id="index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"></span> -<p>The <var>shell_command</var> text is always passed to <samp>/bin/sh</samp> on +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"></a> +<p>The <var class="var">shell_command</var> text is always passed to <samp class="file">/bin/sh</samp> on Unix-like operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter -<samp>cmd.exe</samp> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and -the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored. +<samp class="file">cmd.exe</samp> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and +the <code class="code">SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-texosquery"></span> -<span id="index-texosquery-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-texosquery"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texosquery-package"></a> -<span id="index-system-information"></span> -<span id="index-operating-system-information"></span> -<span id="index-locale-information_002c-from-system"></span> -<span id="index-directory-listings_002c-from-system"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-system-information"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-operating-system-information"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-locale-information_002c-from-system"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-directory-listings_002c-from-system"></a> <p>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the -<code>texosquery</code> package, which provides a convenient and secure +<code class="code">texosquery</code> package, which provides a convenient and secure interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw -<code>\write18</code>: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery">https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</a>. +<code class="code">\write18</code>: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery">https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</a>. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-shellesc"></span> -<span id="index-shellesc-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-shellesc"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shellesc-package"></a> -<span id="index-_005cShellEscape"></span> -<span id="index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"></span> -<p>LaTeX provides a package <code>shellesc</code> on top of the primitive -<code>\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command -<code>\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all TeX engines; -LuaTeX intentionally did not retain <code>\write18</code> as a way to +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cShellEscape"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"></a> +<p>LaTeX provides a package <code class="code">shellesc</code> on top of the primitive +<code class="code">\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command +<code class="code">\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all TeX engines; +LuaTeX intentionally did not retain <code class="code">\write18</code> as a way to invoke a shell command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The -<code>shellesc</code> package also provides a command -<code>\DelayedShellEscape</code>, executed at <code>\output</code> time, for the +<code class="code">shellesc</code> package also provides a command +<code class="code">\DelayedShellEscape</code>, executed at <code class="code">\output</code> time, for the same reason. </p> @@ -23864,197 +24029,197 @@ same reason. </div> </div> </div> -<div class="chapter" id="Command-line-interface"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="chapter-level-extent" id="Command-line-interface"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Command-line-interface-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">28 Command line interface</h2> +<h2 class="chapter" id="Command-line-interface-1">28 Command line interface</h2> -<span id="Command-line"></span><span id="index-command-line-interface"></span> -<span id="index-interface_002c-command-line"></span> -<span id="index-CLI"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="Command-line"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-command-line-interface"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-interface_002c-command-line"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-CLI"></a> <p>Synopsis (from a terminal command line): </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pdflatex <var>options</var> <var>argument</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex <var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">argument</var> </pre></div> -<p>Run LaTeX on <var>argument</var>. In place of <code>pdflatex</code> you -can also use (for PDF output) <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code>, or -(for DVI output) <code>latex</code> or <code>dvilualatex</code>, among others -(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). +<p>Run LaTeX on <var class="var">argument</var>. In place of <code class="command">pdflatex</code> you +can also use (for PDF output) <code class="command">xelatex</code> or <code class="code">lualatex</code>, or +(for DVI output) <code class="code">latex</code> or <code class="code">dvilualatex</code>, among others +(see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). </p> -<p>For example, this will run LaTeX on the file <samp>thesis.tex</samp>, -creating the output <samp>thesis.pdf</samp>. +<p>For example, this will run LaTeX on the file <samp class="file">thesis.tex</samp>, +creating the output <samp class="file">thesis.pdf</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pdflatex thesis +<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex thesis </pre></div> -<p><span id="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></span> -Note that <samp>.tex</samp> is the default file name extension. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></a> +<p>Note that <samp class="file">.tex</samp> is the default file name extension. </p> <p>pdfTeX is an extension of the original TeX program, as are -XeTeX and LuaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). The first two are +XeTeX and LuaTeX (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). The first two are completely backward compatible and the latter, almost so. Perhaps the most fundamental new feature for all three is that the original TeX output its own DVI format, while the newer ones can output directly to PDF. This allows them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run -<code>pdflatex</code> or <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code> then you +<code class="command">pdflatex</code> or <code class="command">xelatex</code> or <code class="command">lualatex</code> then you will by default get PDF and have access to all its modern features. -If you run <code>latex</code>, or <code>dvilualatex</code>, then you will get -DVI. The description here assumes pdfLaTeX. +If you run <code class="command">latex</code>, or <code class="command">dvilualatex</code>, then you will get +DVI. The description here assumes <code class="command">pdflatex</code>. </p> -<p>See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>, for a selection of the most useful -command line options. As to <var>argument</var>, the usual case is that it +<p>See <a class="xref" href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>, for a selection of the most useful +command line options. As to <var class="var">argument</var>, the usual case is that it does not begin with a backslash, so the system takes it to be the name -of a file and it compiles that file. If <var>argument</var> begins with a +of a file and it compiles that file. If <var class="var">argument</var> begins with a backslash then the system will interpret it as a line of LaTeX -input, which can be used for special effects (see <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>). +input, which can be used for special effects (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>). </p> -<p>If you gave no arguments or options then <code>pdflatex</code> prompts for +<p>If you gave no arguments or options then <code class="command">pdflatex</code> prompts for input from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering -<kbd>CTRL-D</kbd>. +<kbd class="kbd">CTRL-D</kbd>. </p> <p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then by default it stops and -asks you about it. See <a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a>, for an outline of what +asks you about it. See <a class="xref" href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a>, for an outline of what to do. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> +<ul class="mini-toc"> <li><a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a></li> <li><a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a></li> <li><a href="#Jobname" accesskey="3">Jobname</a></li> <li><a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="4">Recovering from errors</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="Command-line-options"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Command-line-options"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Command-line-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.1 Command line options</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Command-line-options-1">28.1 Command line options</h3> -<span id="index-options_002c-command-line"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-options_002c-command-line"></a> <p>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document -authoring. For a full list, try running ‘<samp>latex --help</samp>’ from the +authoring. For a full list, try running ‘<samp class="samp">latex --help</samp>’ from the command line. </p> <p>With many implementations you can specify command line options by -prefixing them with ‘<samp>-</samp>’ or ‘<samp>--</samp>’. This is the case for both +prefixing them with ‘<samp class="samp">-</samp>’ or ‘<samp class="samp">--</samp>’. This is the case for both TeX Live (including MacTeX) and MiKTeX. We will use both conventions interchangeably. If an option takes a value, it can be -specified either as a separate argument (‘<samp>--foo val</samp>’), or as one -argument with an ‘<samp>=</samp>’ sign (‘<samp>--foo=val</samp>’), but there can be no -spaces around the ‘<samp>=</samp>’. We will generally use the ‘<samp>=</samp>’ syntax. +specified either as a separate argument (‘<samp class="samp">--foo val</samp>’), or as one +argument with an ‘<samp class="samp">=</samp>’ sign (‘<samp class="samp">--foo=val</samp>’), but there can be no +spaces around the ‘<samp class="samp">=</samp>’. We will generally use the ‘<samp class="samp">=</samp>’ syntax. </p> -<dl compact="compact"> -<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></span> +<dl class="table"> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></a> </dd> -<dt><span><code>-version</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Show the current version, like ‘<samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX +<dt><code class="code">-version</code></dt> +<dd><p>Show the current version, like ‘<samp class="samp">pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX Live 2015/Debian)</samp>’ along with a small amount of additional information, and exit. </p> -<span id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a> </dd> -<dt><span><code>-help</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">-help</code></dt> <dd><p>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit. </p> -<span id="interaction-modes"></span><span id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="interaction-modes"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></a> </dd> -<dt id='index-batchmode'><span><code>-interaction=<var>mode</var></code><a href='#index-batchmode' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt> -<dd><span id="index-scrollmode"></span> -<span id="index-errorstopmode"></span> -<span id="index-nonstopmode"></span> +<dt id='index-batchmode'><span><code class="code">-interaction=<var class="var">mode</var></code><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-batchmode'> ¶</a></span></dt> +<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-scrollmode"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-errorstopmode"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-nonstopmode"></a> <p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes: -<code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>, -<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <em>errorstopmode</em> (the default), TeX -stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em>batchmode</em> +<code class="code">batchmode</code>, <code class="code">nonstopmode</code>, <code class="code">scrollmode</code>, +<code class="code">errorstopmode</code>. In <em class="dfn">errorstopmode</em> (the default), TeX +stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em class="dfn">batchmode</em> it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user -hit <kbd>RETURN</kbd> at every error, and missing files cause the job to -abort. In <em>nonstopmode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the terminal +hit <kbd class="kbd">RETURN</kbd> at every error, and missing files cause the job to +abort. In <em class="dfn">nonstopmode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the terminal but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In -<em>scrollmode</em>, TeX stops for missing files or keyboard +<em class="dfn">scrollmode</em>, TeX stops for missing files or keyboard input, but nothing else. </p> <p>For instance, starting LaTeX with this command line </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pdflatex -interaction=batchmode <var>filename</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex -interaction=batchmode <var class="var">filename</var> </pre></div> <p>eliminates most terminal output. </p> -<span id="index-jobname"></span> -<span id="index-filename-for-current-job"></span> -<span id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-jobname"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-filename-for-current-job"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></a> </dd> -<dt><span><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Set the value of TeX’s <em>jobname</em> to the string. The log file -and output file will then be named <samp><var>string</var>.log</samp> and -<samp><var>string</var>.pdf</samp>. see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>. +<dt><code class="code">-jobname=<var class="var">string</var></code></dt> +<dd><p>Set the value of TeX’s <em class="dfn">jobname</em> to the string. The log file +and output file will then be named <samp class="file"><var class="var">string</var>.log</samp> and +<samp class="file"><var class="var">string</var>.pdf</samp>. see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>. </p> -<span id="output-directory"></span><span id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></span> -<span id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></span> +<a class="anchor" id="output-directory"></a><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></a> </dd> -<dt><span><code>-output-directory=<var>directory</var></code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist. +<dt><code class="code">-output-directory=<var class="var">directory</var></code></dt> +<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var class="var">directory</var>. It must already exist. This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such -as the <samp>.log</samp> file for the run, the <samp>.aux</samp>, <samp>.toc</samp>, -etc., files created by LaTeX, as well as the main <samp>.pdf</samp> or -<samp>.dvi</samp> output file itself. +as the <samp class="file">.log</samp> file for the run, the <samp class="file">.aux</samp>, <samp class="file">.toc</samp>, +etc., files created by LaTeX, as well as the main <samp class="file">.pdf</samp> or +<samp class="file">.dvi</samp> output file itself. </p> -<p>When specified, the output directory <var>directory</var> is also +<p>When specified, the output directory <var class="var">directory</var> is also automatically checked first for any file that it is input, so that the external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current directory (in which LaTeX was run) remains unchanged, and is also checked for input files. </p> -<span id="index-shell-escape"></span> -<span id="index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"></span> -<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span> -<span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span> -<span id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span> -<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span> -</dd> -<dt><span><code>--enable-write18</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>--disable-write18</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>--shell-escape</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>--no-shell-escape</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Enable or disable <code>\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code> -(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>). The first two options are supported by both +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-shell-escape"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a> +</dd> +<dt><code class="code">--enable-write18</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">--disable-write18</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">--shell-escape</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">--no-shell-escape</code></dt> +<dd><p>Enable or disable <code class="code">\write18{<var class="var">shell_command</var>}</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code class="code">\write18</code></a>). The first two options are supported by both TeX Live and MiKTeX, while the second two are synonyms supported by TeX Live. </p> <p>Enabling this functionality has major security implications, since it allows a LaTeX file to run any command whatsoever. Thus, by -default, unrestricted <code>\write18</code> is not allowed. (The default +default, unrestricted <code class="code">\write18</code> is not allowed. (The default for TeX Live, MacTeX, and MiKTeX is to allow the execution of a limited number of TeX-related programs, which they distribute.) </p> <p>For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option -<code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in your document you call -<code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an error but the log -file says ‘<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>’. +<code class="code">no-shell-escape</code>, and in your document you call +<code class="code">\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an error but the log +file says ‘<samp class="samp">runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>’. </p> -<span id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a> </dd> -<dt><span><code>-halt-on-error</code></span></dt> +<dt><code class="code">-halt-on-error</code></dt> <dd><p>Stop processing at the first error. </p> -<span id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span> -<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a> </dd> -<dt><span><code>-file-line-error</code></span></dt> -<dt><span><code>-no-file-line-error</code></span></dt> -<dd><p>Enable or disable <code><var>filename</var>:<var>lineno</var>:<var>error</var></code>-style +<dt><code class="code">-file-line-error</code></dt> +<dt><code class="code">-no-file-line-error</code></dt> +<dd><p>Enable or disable <code class="code"><var class="var">filename</var>:<var class="var">lineno</var>:<var class="var">error</var></code>-style error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX. </p></dd> </dl> @@ -24062,33 +24227,33 @@ error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Command-line-input"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Command-line-input"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="n" rel="next">Jobname</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line options</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Command-line-input-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.2 Command line input</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Command-line-input-1">28.2 Command line input</h3> -<span id="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></a> <p>As part of the command line invocation </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"><var>latex-engine</var> <var>options</var> <var>argument</var> +<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">latex-engine</var> <var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">argument</var> </pre></div> <p>you can specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting -<var>argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This +<var class="var">argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This allows you to do some special effects. </p> -<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-4"></span> -<span id="index-hyperref-package-4"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-hyperref-4"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-hyperref-package-4"></a> <p>For example, this file (which uses the -<code>hyperref</code> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of +<code class="code">hyperref</code> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\ifdefined\paperversion % in preamble +<pre class="example-preformatted">\ifdefined\paperversion % in preamble \newcommand{\urlcolor}{black} \else \newcommand{\urlcolor}{blue} @@ -24099,12 +24264,12 @@ output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online. ... </pre></div> -<p>Compiling this document <samp>book.tex</samp> with the command line -<code>pdflatex book</code> will give the ‘<samp>CTAN</samp>’ link in blue. But +<p>Compiling this document <samp class="file">book.tex</samp> with the command line +<code class="code">pdflatex book</code> will give the ‘<samp class="samp">CTAN</samp>’ link in blue. But compiling it with </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pdflatex "\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex" +<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex "\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex" </pre></div> <p>has the link in black. We use double quotes to prevent @@ -24113,24 +24278,24 @@ usually works on both Unix and Windows systems, but there are many peculiarities to shell quoting, so read your system documentation if need be.) </p> -<p>In a similar way, from the single file <samp>main.tex</samp> you can compile +<p>In a similar way, from the single file <samp class="file">main.tex</samp> you can compile two different versions. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pdflatex -jobname=students "\def\student{}\input{main}" +<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex -jobname=students "\def\student{}\input{main}" pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers{}\input{main}" </pre></div> -<p>The <code>jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be -called <samp>main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the -first. (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.) +<p>The <code class="code">jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be +called <samp class="file">main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the +first. (see <a class="pxref" href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.) </p> <p>In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a -document to include. For a book named <samp>mybook.tex</samp> and structured +document to include. For a book named <samp class="file">mybook.tex</samp> and structured like this. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{book} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\documentclass{book} \begin{document} ... \include{chap1} @@ -24142,207 +24307,207 @@ like this. <p>the command line </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pdflatex "\includeonly{chap1}\input{mybook}" +<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex "\includeonly{chap1}\input{mybook}" </pre></div> <p>will give output that has the first chapter but no other -chapter. See <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>. +chapter. See <a class="xref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Jobname"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Jobname"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from errors</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Jobname-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.3 Jobname</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Jobname-1">28.3 Jobname</h3> -<span id="index-_005cjobname"></span> -<span id="index-jobname-1"></span> -<span id="index-document-root-name"></span> -<span id="index-name-of-document-root"></span> -<span id="index-root-file-1"></span> -<span id="index-file_002c-root-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cjobname"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-jobname-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-root-name"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-name-of-document-root"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-root-file-1"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-file_002c-root-1"></a> <p>Running LaTeX creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the -so-called <em>jobname</em>. The most common case is also the simplest, -where for instance the command <code>pdflatex thesis</code> creates -<code>thesis.pdf</code> and also <code>thesis.log</code> and <code>thesis.aux</code>. -Here the job name is <code>thesis</code>. -</p> -<p>In general, LaTeX is invoked as <code><var>latex-engine</var> -<var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, where <var>latex-engine</var> is -<code>pdflatex</code>, <code>lualatex</code>, etc. (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). -If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above -with <code>thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the name of the file -to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <em>root -file</em> (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, and <a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>). The name of -that root file, without the <samp>.tex</samp> extension if any, is the -jobname. If <var>argument</var> does start with a backslash, or if TeX is -in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command, -and the jobname is the argument to <code>\input</code>. +so-called <em class="dfn">jobname</em>. The most common case is also the simplest, +where for instance the command <code class="code">pdflatex thesis</code> creates +<code class="code">thesis.pdf</code> and also <code class="code">thesis.log</code> and <code class="code">thesis.aux</code>. +Here the job name is <code class="code">thesis</code>. +</p> +<p>In general, LaTeX is invoked as <code class="code"><var class="var">latex-engine</var> +<var class="var">options</var> <var class="var">argument</var></code>, where <var class="var">latex-engine</var> is +<code class="command">pdflatex</code>, <code class="command">lualatex</code>, etc. (see <a class="pxref" href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). +If <var class="var">argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above +with <code class="code">thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the name of the file +to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <em class="dfn">root +file</em> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, and <a class="ref" href="#g_t_005cinput"><code class="code">\input</code></a>). The name of +that root file, without the <samp class="file">.tex</samp> extension if any, is the +jobname. If <var class="var">argument</var> does start with a backslash, or if TeX is +in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <code class="code">\input</code> command, +and the jobname is the argument to <code class="code">\input</code>. </p> <p>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly -specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex --jobname=myname</code> (see <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for a real example). +specified with the <code class="code">-jobname</code> option, as in <code class="code">pdflatex +-jobname=myname</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for a real example). </p> -<span id="index-texput_002c-jobname-default"></span> -<span id="index-fallback-jobname"></span> -<p>The final possibility is <samp>texput</samp>, which is the final fallback +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-texput_002c-jobname-default"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-fallback-jobname"></a> +<p>The final possibility is <samp class="file">texput</samp>, which is the final fallback default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no -<code>-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before +<code class="code">-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before any input file is met, then the log file will be named -<samp>texput.log</samp>. +<samp class="file">texput.log</samp>. </p> -<span id="index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"></span> -<span id="index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"></a> <p>A special case of this is that in LaTeX versions of (approximately) -2020 or later, the jobname is also <samp>texput</samp> if the first -<code>\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either -<code>\documentclass</code> or <code>\RequirePackage</code>. So this will produce -a file named <samp>texput.pdf</samp>: +2020 or later, the jobname is also <samp class="file">texput</samp> if the first +<code class="code">\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either +<code class="code">\documentclass</code> or <code class="code">\RequirePackage</code>. So this will produce +a file named <samp class="file">texput.pdf</samp>: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pdflatex "\documentclass{minimal}\begin{document}Hello!\end{document}" +<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex "\documentclass{minimal}\begin{document}Hello!\end{document}" </pre></div> <p>However, this special case only applies to those two commands. Thus, with </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pdflatex "\documentclass{article}\usepackage{lipsum}\input{thesis}" +<pre class="example-preformatted">pdflatex "\documentclass{article}\usepackage{lipsum}\input{thesis}" </pre></div> -<p>the output file is <samp>lipsum.pdf</samp>, as <code>\usepackage</code> calls -<code>\input</code>. +<p>the output file is <samp class="file">lipsum.pdf</samp>, as <code class="code">\usepackage</code> calls +<code class="code">\input</code>. </p> -<span id="index-_005cjobname-1"></span> -<p>Within the document, the macro <code>\jobname</code> expands to the jobname. +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cjobname-1"></a> +<p>Within the document, the macro <code class="code">\jobname</code> expands to the jobname. (When you run LaTeX on a file whose name contains spaces, the string -returned by <code>\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.) +returned by <code class="code">\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.) In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of catcode 12 (other) except that spaces are category 10, including letters that are normally catcode 11. </p> -<span id="index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-xstring"></span> -<span id="index-xstring-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-xstring"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-xstring-package"></a> <p>Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro -<code>\IfBeginWith</code> from the <samp>xstring</samp> package in its star +<code class="code">\IfBeginWith</code> from the <samp class="file">xstring</samp> package in its star variant, which is insensitive to catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote “Including Respublica Bananensis Francorum.” is only present if the task name starts with -<samp>my-doc</samp>. +<samp class="file">my-doc</samp>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then +<pre class="example-preformatted">If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then all banana republics \IfBeginWith*{\jobname}{my-doc}% {\footnote{Including Respublica Bananensis Francorum.}}{} are democracies. </pre></div> -<p>Manipulating the value of <code>\jobname</code> inside of a document does not +<p>Manipulating the value of <code class="code">\jobname</code> inside of a document does not change the name of the output file or the log file. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Recovering-from-errors"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Recovering-from-errors"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Jobname</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Recovering-from-errors-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.4 Recovering from errors</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Recovering-from-errors-1">28.4 Recovering from errors</h3> <p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then it gives you an error -message and prompts you with a question mark, <code>?</code>. For instance, +message and prompts you with a question mark, <code class="code">?</code>. For instance, running LaTeX on this file </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}} +<pre class="example-preformatted">\newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}} The \PN{} problem is a million dollar one. </pre></div> <p>causes it show this, and wait for input. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">! Undefined control sequence. +<pre class="example-preformatted">! Undefined control sequence. l.5 The \PN {} problem is a million dollar one. ? </pre></div> -<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>x</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> and fix the -typo. You could instead enter <kbd>?</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> to see other +<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd class="kbd">x</kbd> and <kbd class="kbd">RETURN</kbd> and fix the +typo. You could instead enter <kbd class="kbd">?</kbd> and <kbd class="kbd">RETURN</kbd> to see other options. </p> -<span id="index-_002a-prompt"></span> -<span id="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></span> -<span id="index-_005cstop"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a-prompt"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cstop"></a> <p>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to -include the <code>\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case -LaTeX gives you a ‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt. You can get back to the command -line by typing <kbd>\stop</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd>; this command does its +include the <code class="code">\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case +LaTeX gives you a ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’ prompt. You can get back to the command +line by typing <kbd class="kbd">\stop</kbd> and <kbd class="kbd">RETURN</kbd>; this command does its best to exit LaTeX immediately, whatever state it may be in. </p> <p>The last scenario is that you mistyped the filename. For instance, -instead of <code>pdflatex test</code> you might type <code>pdflatex tste</code>. +instead of <code class="code">pdflatex test</code> you might type <code class="code">pdflatex tste</code>. </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">! I can't find file `tste'. +<pre class="example-preformatted">! I can't find file `tste'. <*> tste (Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit) Please type another input file name: </pre></div> -<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>CTRL d</kbd> (holding the Control and d +<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd class="kbd">CTRL d</kbd> (holding the Control and d keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line. </p> <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="appendix" id="Document-templates"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="appendix-level-extent" id="Document-templates"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line interface</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Document-templates-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2> +<h2 class="appendix" id="Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</h2> -<span id="index-document-templates"></span> -<span id="index-templates_002c-document"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-document-templates"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-templates_002c-document"></a> <p>Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed at -<a href="https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>. +<a class="url" href="https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>. </p> -<ul class="section-toc"> -<li><a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1"><code>beamer</code> template</a></li> -<li><a href="#article-template" accesskey="2"><code>article</code> template</a></li> -<li><a href="#book-template" accesskey="3"><code>book</code> template</a></li> -<li><a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li> +<ul class="mini-toc"> +<li><a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1"><code class="code">beamer</code> template</a></li> +<li><a href="#article-template" accesskey="2"><code class="code">article</code> template</a></li> +<li><a href="#book-template" accesskey="3"><code class="code">book</code> template</a></li> +<li><a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a></li> </ul> <hr> -<div class="section" id="beamer-template"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="beamer-template"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="beamer-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="beamer-template-1">A.1 <code class="code">beamer</code> template</h3> -<span id="index-beamer-template-and-class"></span> -<span id="index-template_002c-beamer"></span> -<span id="index-package_002c-beamer"></span> -<span id="index-beamer-package"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beamer-template-and-class"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-beamer"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-beamer"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-beamer-package"></a> -<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast +<p>The <code class="code">beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of features, but here is a basic template: </p> <pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{beamer} @@ -24367,19 +24532,19 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template: \end{document} </pre> -<p>The Beamer package on CTAN: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>. +<p>The Beamer package on CTAN: <a class="url" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>. </p> <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="article-template"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="article-template"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>beamer</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">beamer</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="article-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="article-template-1">A.2 <code class="code">article</code> template</h3> -<span id="index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article"></a> <p>A simple template for an article. </p> @@ -24404,16 +24569,16 @@ Some more text. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="book-template"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="book-template"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.3 <code>book</code> template</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="book-template-1">A.3 <code class="code">book</code> template</h3> -<span id="index-template_002c-book"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-book"></a> -<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for a more elaborate one. +<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See <a class="xref" href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for a more elaborate one. </p> <pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book} \title{Book Class Template} @@ -24436,31 +24601,31 @@ The end. <hr> </div> -<div class="section" id="Larger-book-template"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="section-level-extent" id="Larger-book-template"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>book</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">book</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Larger-book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3> +<h3 class="section" id="Larger-book-template-1">A.4 Larger <code class="code">book</code> template</h3> -<span id="index-template_002c-book-1"></span> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-template_002c-book-1"></a> -<p>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See <a href="#book-template"><code>book</code> template</a>, +<p>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See <a class="xref" href="#book-template"><code class="code">book</code> template</a>, for a simpler one. </p> -<p>This template uses <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and -<code>\backmatter</code> to control the typography of the three main areas -of a book (see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>). The +<p>This template uses <code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, and +<code class="code">\backmatter</code> to control the typography of the three main areas +of a book (see <a class="pxref" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code class="code">\frontmatter</code>, <code class="code">\mainmatter</code>, <code class="code">\backmatter</code></a>). The book has a bibliography and an index. </p> -<p>Also notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code> -(see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). While you are working on a chapter you +<p>Also notable is that it uses <code class="code">\include</code> and <code class="code">\includeonly</code> +(see <a class="pxref" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). While you are working on a chapter you can comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to -<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing +<code class="code">\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing any information such as cross-references. (Material that does not -need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of -<code>\include</code>. You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with -<code>\input</code>.) +need to come on a new page is brought in with <code class="code">\input</code> instead of +<code class="code">\include</code>. You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with +<code class="code">\input</code>.) </p> <pre class="verbatim">\documentclass[titlepage]{book} \usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex @@ -24504,2687 +24669,2727 @@ need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of <hr> </div> </div> -<div class="unnumbered" id="Index"> -<div class="header"> +<div class="unnumbered-level-extent" id="Index"> +<div class="nav-panel"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2> +<h2 class="unnumbered" id="Index-1">Index</h2> -<span id="Command-Index"></span> -<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a> +<a class="anchor" id="Command-Index"></a> +<div class="printindex cp-printindex"> +<table class="cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a> <br> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> </td></tr></table> -<table class="index-cp" border="0"> -<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr> +<table class="cp-entries-printindex" border="0"> +<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th class="sections-header-printindex"> Section</th></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024-inline-math"><code>$ <span class="roman">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"><code>$$...$$ <span class="roman">plain TeX display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024-inline-math"><code>$ <span class="r">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"><code>$$...$$ <span class="r">plain TeX display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">&</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026-for-table-cells"><code>& <span class="roman">for table cells</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_0026-_0028for-table-cells_0029"><code>& <span class="r">(for table cells)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys">‘<samp>*</samp>’, to <code>\nocite</code> all keys</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’ prompt</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys">‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’, to <code class="code">\nocite</code> all keys</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code class="code">*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code class="code">*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--halt-on-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"><code>--interaction <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"><code>--jobname <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em class='math'>-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--halt-on-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"><code>--interaction <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"><code>--jobname <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-file-line-error <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--no-shell-escape <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="r">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em class="math">-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file and BibTeX commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file-1"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp>.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eisty-file"><samp>.isty</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-2"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-2"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="roman">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-2"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"><code>.aux <span class="r">file and BibTeX commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp class="file">.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp class="file">.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file-1"><samp class="file">.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eind-file"><samp class="file">.ind</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002eisty-file"><samp class="file">.isty</samp> file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-2"><code>.lof <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-2"><code>.lot <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="r">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-2"><code>.toc <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="r">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">/</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>/bin/sh<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>/bin/sh<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">1</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">:</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-for-math"><code>: <span class="roman">for math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_003a-_0028for-math_0029"><code>: <span class="r">(for math)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">[</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-_0028for-optional-arguments_0029"><code>[...] <span class="r">(for optional arguments)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c--_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"><code>\ <!-- /@w --> <span class="roman">(backslash-space)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\" <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"><code>\(...\) <span class="roman">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="roman">(hyphenation)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="roman">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\<</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(macron accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040auxout"><code>\@auxout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040mainaux"><code>\@mainaux</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa <span class="roman">(å)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA <span class="roman">(Å)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae <span class="roman">(æ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE <span class="roman">(Æ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"><code>\and <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDvi"><code>\AtBeginDvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackmatter"><code>\backmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip-1"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibdata</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibliography <span class="roman">and internal <code>\bibdata</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibliographystyle <span class="roman">and internal <code>\bibstyle</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath-1"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="roman">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-2"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter-1"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"><code>\CheckCommand*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccitation"><code>\citation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\cite <span class="roman">and internal <code>\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosein"><code>\closein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccloseout"><code>\closeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolon"><code>\colon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-2"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccomplement"><code>\complement</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-1"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-2"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cCurrentOption"><code>\CurrentOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopnumber"><code>\dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"><code>\DelayedShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh <span class="roman">(ð)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH <span class="roman">(Ð)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\documentclass<span class="roman">, and <code>texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cendinput"><code>\endinput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cendinput">\endinput</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005censpace"><code>\enspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-2"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexternaldocument"><code>\externaldocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule">\fboxrule</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep">\fboxsep</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep-1"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="roman">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen1"><code>\fontdimen1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="roman">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight-1"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep-1"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chss"><code>\hss</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"><code>\IfBeginWith*<span class="roman"> macro from <samp>xstring</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij <span class="roman">(ij)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ <span class="roman">(IJ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex-1"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace-1"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinputencoding"><code>\inputencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep-1"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-4"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjobname"><code><code>\jobname</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjobname-1"><code>\jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="roman">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l <span class="roman">(ł)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L <span class="roman">(Ł)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040chapter"><code>\l@chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040section"><code>\l@section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040subsection"><code>\l@subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots-1"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleft"><code>\left</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clineskip"><code>\lineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clineskiplimit"><code>\lineskiplimit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread-1"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures-1"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables-1"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClass"><code>\LoadClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clong"><code>\long</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmainmatter"><code>\mainmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="roman">(for <code>picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary-1"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-1"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-2"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep-1"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathstrut"><code><code>\mathstrut</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmessage"><code>\message</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmessage">\message</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegmedspace"><code>\negmedspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthickspace"><code>\negthickspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace-1"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\<tt class="key">NEWLINE</tt></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewwrite"><code>\newwrite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\nocite <span class="roman">and internal <code>\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"><code>\nocite <span class="roman">{*}, for all keys</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles">\nofiles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsfcodes"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o <span class="roman">(ø)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O <span class="roman">(Ø)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe <span class="roman">(œ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE <span class="roman">(Œ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenout"><code>\openout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfo"><code>\PackageInfo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"><code>\PackageInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarning"><code>\PackageWarning</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"><code>\PackageWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph-1"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-2"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart-1"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPhi"><code>\Phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprevdepth"><code>\prevdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotected_0040write"><code>\protected@write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"><code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier">\qbezier</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqquad"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cqquad-1"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquad"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquad-1"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="roman">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cread"><code>\read</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\RequirePackage<span class="roman">, and <code>texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csamepage"><code>\samepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"><code>\scriptscriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptstyle"><code>\scriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection-1"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cShellEscape"><code>\ShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"><code>\shipout <span class="roman">and expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\<tt class="key">SPACE</tt></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\<span class="key">SPACE</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace-1"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace-2"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt"><code>\sqrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss <span class="roman">(ß)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS <span class="roman">(SS)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel"><code>\stackrel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstretch"><code>\stretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstretch">\stretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubitem"><code>\subitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubitem"><code>\subsubitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection-1"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csuppressfloats"><code>\suppressfloats</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\<tt class="key">TAB</tt></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents-1"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfiguredash"><code>\textfiguredash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction-1"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight-1"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"><code>\texthorizontalbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"><code>\textquotesingle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsection"><code>\textsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextstyle"><code>\textstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th <span class="roman">(þ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH <span class="roman">(Þ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthickspace"><code>\thickspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath-1"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupharpoonright"><code>\upharpoonright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextSymbol"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"><code>\vbox <span class="roman">(plain TeX)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"><code>\vtop <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-and-security"><code>\write</code> and security</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxspace"><code>\xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="roman">display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>flushright</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>flushleft</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-letters"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for letters</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>tabular</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-verse"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>verse</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\title</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"><code>\\ <span class="roman">force line break</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(grave accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"><code>\ <!-- /@w --> <span class="r">(backslash-space)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="r">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\" <span class="r">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="r">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"><code>\(...\) <span class="r">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="r">(hyphenation)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="r">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\<</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="r">(macron accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040auxout"><code>\@auxout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040mainaux"><code>\@mainaux</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="r">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="r">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa <span class="r">(å)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA <span class="r">(Å)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var class="var">ext</var>}{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae <span class="r">(æ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE <span class="r">(Æ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="r">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Alph{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cand-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"><code>\and <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\author</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"><code>\arabic{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtBeginDvi"><code>\AtBeginDvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndDocument"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfClass"><code>\AtEndOfClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"><code>\AtEndOfPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>\author{<var class="var">name1</var> \and <var class="var">name2</var> \and ...}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="r">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="r">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbackmatter"><code>\backmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip-1"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibdata</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibliography <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\bibdata</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibliographystyle <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\bibstyle</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigl"><code>\bigl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigr"><code>\bigr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip-1"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigvee"><code>\bigvee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath-1"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction-1"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="r">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-2"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchapter-1"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand"><code>\CheckCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"><code>\CheckCommand*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccitation"><code>\citation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\cite <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarning"><code>\ClassWarning</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"><code>\ClassWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclosein"><code>\closein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccloseout"><code>\closeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolon"><code>\colon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-1"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep-2"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccomplement"><code>\complement</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-1"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-2"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cCurrentOption"><code>\CurrentOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="r">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopnumber"><code>\dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"><code>\DelayedShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh <span class="r">(ð)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH <span class="r">(Ð)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\documentclass<span class="r">, and <code class="code">texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots-1"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdots-2"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsb"><code>\dotsb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsc"><code>\dotsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdotsi"><code>\dotsi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cendinput"><code>\endinput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cendinput">\endinput</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005censpace"><code>\enspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-1"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin-2"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cexternaldocument"><code>\externaldocument</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule">\fboxrule</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-2"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep">\fboxsep</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-2"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep-1"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="r">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen1"><code>\fontdimen1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip-1"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="r">(«)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="r">(»)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="r">(‹)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="r">(›)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="r">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight-1"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep-1"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chphantom"><code>\hphantom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill & \dotfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chsize"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chsize-1"><code>\hsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chss"><code>\hss</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="r">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"><code>\IfBeginWith*<span class="r"> macro from <samp class="file">xstring</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij <span class="r">(ij)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ <span class="r">(IJ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindex-1"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace-1"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cinputencoding"><code>\inputencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep-1"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citem-4"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="r">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjobname"><code><code class="code">\jobname</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cjobname-1"><code>\jobname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="r">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l <span class="r">(ł)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L <span class="r">(Ł)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040chapter"><code>\l@chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040section"><code>\l@section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040subsection"><code>\l@subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cldots-1"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleft"><code>\left</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin-1"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clineskip"><code>\lineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clineskiplimit"><code>\lineskiplimit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinespread-1"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures-1"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables-1"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClass"><code>\LoadClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clong"><code>\long</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmainmatter"><code>\mainmatter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatother</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeatother-1"><code>\makeatother</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="r">(for <code class="code">picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary-1"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabel"><code>\makelabel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-1"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush-2"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarginsep-1"><code>\marginsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markboth{<var class="var">left-head</var>}{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_002dhead_007d"><code>\markright{<var class="var">right-head</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathdollar"><code>\mathdollar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathellipsis"><code>\mathellipsis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathparagraph"><code>\mathparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathring"><code>\mathring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathstrut"><code><code class="code">\mathstrut</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedbreak"><code>\medbreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip-1"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmessage"><code>\message</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmessage">\message</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegmedspace"><code>\negmedspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthickspace"><code>\negthickspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace-1"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\<kbd class="key">NEWLINE</kbd></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnewwrite"><code>\newwrite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\nocite <span class="r">and internal <code class="code">\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"><code>\nocite <span class="r">{*}, for all keys</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles">\nofiles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsfcodes"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o <span class="r">(ø)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O <span class="r">(Ø)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe <span class="r">(œ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE <span class="r">(Œ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005copenout"><code>\openout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageError"><code>\PackageError</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfo"><code>\PackageInfo</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"><code>\PackageInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarning"><code>\PackageWarning</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"><code>\PackageWarningNoLine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperheight-1"><code>\paperheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpaperwidth-1"><code>\paperwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph-1"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-2"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="r">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpart-1"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"><code>\PassOptionsToClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"><code>\PassOptionsToPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cphantom"><code>\phantom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPhi"><code>\Phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprevdepth"><code>\prevdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprotected_0040write"><code>\protected@write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"><code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier">\qbezier</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqquad"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cqquad-1"><code>\qquad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquad"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquad-1"><code>\quad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="r">(„)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="r">(‚)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="r">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cread"><code>\read</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewcommand"><code>\renewcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\RequirePackage<span class="r">, and <code class="code">texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crestriction"><code>\restriction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crevemptyset"><code>\revemptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"><code>\Roman{<var class="var">counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csamepage"><code>\samepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"><code>\scriptscriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscriptstyle"><code>\scriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csection-1"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cShellEscape"><code>\ShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"><code>\shipout <span class="r">and expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csloppy"><code>\sloppy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallbreak"><code>\smallbreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip-1"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\<kbd class="key">SPACE</kbd></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\<kbd class="key">SPACE</kbd></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace-1"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspace-2"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqrt"><code>\sqrt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss <span class="r">(ß)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS <span class="r">(SS)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel"><code>\stackrel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstretch"><code>\stretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstretch">\stretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubitem"><code>\subitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubitem"><code>\subsubitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection-1"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csuppressfloats"><code>\suppressfloats</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbf"><code>\symbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbfit"><code>\symbfit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="r">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\<kbd class="key">TAB</kbd></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents-1"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash-1"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var class="var">letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="r">(or <code class="code">\$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="r">(or <code class="code">--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfiguredash"><code>\textfiguredash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction-1"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight-1"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"><code>\texthorizontalbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="r">(or <code class="code">?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">''</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="r">(or <code class="code">`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="r">(or <code class="code">'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotesingle"><code>\textquotesingle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsection"><code>\textsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextstyle"><code>\textstyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th <span class="r">(þ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH <span class="r">(Þ)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthickspace"><code>\thickspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace-1"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction-1"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip-1"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="r">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath-1"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{<var class="var">math</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{<var class="var">text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupharpoonright"><code>\upharpoonright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextSymbol"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="r">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"><code>\vbox <span class="r">(plain TeX)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvphantom"><code>\vphantom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"><code>\vtop <span class="r">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-and-security"><code class="code">\write</code> and security</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code class="code">\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code class="code">\write18</code>, enabling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cxspace"><code>\xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day & \month & \year</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="r">display math</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushleft_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">flushleft</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">flushright</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-letters_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for letters)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-tabular_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">tabular</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-verse_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">verse</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cauthor_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\author</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005ctitle_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(for <code class="code">\title</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028force-line-break_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(force line break)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="r">(for <code class="code">eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="r">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="r">(grave accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="r">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="r">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e-superscript"><code>^ <span class="roman">superscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e-superscript"><code>^ <span class="r">superscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"><code class="code">^^J</code>, in <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">_</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f-subscript"><code>_ <span class="roman">subscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_005f-subscript"><code>_ <span class="r">subscript</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">{</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-_0028for-required-arguments_0029"><code>{...} <span class="r">(for required arguments)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-14">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-package"><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-1">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-2">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-3">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-4">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-5">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acronyms_002c-list-of">acronyms, list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjustbox-package"><code>adjustbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code>algorithm2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amscd-package"><code>amscd</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code>amsfonts</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package-1"><code>amsfonts</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-12"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-13"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-14"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-answers-package"><code>answers</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendices">appendices</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code>appendix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code>array</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-package"><code>array</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-2"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-3"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code class="code">abstract</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstract-package"><code class="code">abstract</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-1">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-2">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-3">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-4">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-5">accents, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acronyms_002c-list-of">acronyms, list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-adjustbox-package"><code class="code">adjustbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code class="code">algorithm2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="r">environment, from <code class="code">amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amscd-package"><code class="code">amscd</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code class="code">amsfonts</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package-1"><code class="code">amsfonts</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-12"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-13"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-14"><code class="code">amsmath</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="r">package, replacing <code class="code">eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code class="code">amsthm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code class="code">amsthm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-answers-package"><code class="code">answers</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendices">appendices</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code class="code">appendix</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arguments_002c-optional_002c-defining-and-using">arguments, optional, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code class="code">array</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-array-package"><code class="code">array</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-2"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-3"><code class="code">Asymptote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-2"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-3"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-4"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-5"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-back-matter-of-a-book">back matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-batchmode">batchmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-package"><code>beamer</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code>beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-point">big point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code>bigfoot</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bm-package"><code>bm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boldface-mathematics">boldface mathematics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-back-matter">book, back matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-end-matter">book, end matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-front-matter">book, front matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bounding-box">bounding box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-bounding">box, bounding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-braces">braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brackets">brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-lists">bullet lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-2"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-3"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-4"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-babel-package-5"><code class="code">babel</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-back-matter-of-a-book">back matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-badness">badness</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-batchmode">batchmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer-package"><code class="code">beamer</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code class="code">beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-big-point">big point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code class="code">bigfoot</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-blanks_002c-after-control-sequences">blanks, after control sequences</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bm-package"><code class="code">bm</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-math">bold math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boldface-mathematics">boldface mathematics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-back-matter">book, back matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-end-matter">book, end matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-front-matter">book, front matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bounding-box">bounding box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-bounding">box, bounding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox & \savebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-braces">braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-brackets">brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bug-reporting">bug reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet-lists">bullet lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caption-package"><code>caption</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-captions">captions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code>center</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centimeter">centimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible-1">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cicero">cicero</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-1"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-2"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CLI">CLI</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="roman">option to <code>slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm_002dsuper-package"><code>cm-super</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>cmd.exe<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line-interface">command line interface</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comprehensive-package"><code>comprehensive</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cprotect-package"><code>cprotect</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cprotect-package-1"><code>cprotect</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents">cross referencing, across documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-curly-braces">curly braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caption-package"><code class="code">caption</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-captions">captions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cc"><code>cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code><code class="code">center</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-centimeter">centimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible-1">character, invisible</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cicero">cicero</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-citation-key">citation key</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-commands">class and package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-difference">class and package difference</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-and-package-structure">class and package structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-file-example">class file example</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-file-layout">class file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options-1">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-class-options-2">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-1"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-2"><code class="code">cleveref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CLI">CLI</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="r">option to <code class="code">slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cm_002dsuper-package"><code class="code">cm-super</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>cmd.exe<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-1">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-2">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-3">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-4">color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-models">color models</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-models">Color models</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-package-commands">color package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-color">Commands for color</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color-package-options">color package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-color_002c-define">color, define</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-line-interface">command line interface</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-comprehensive-package"><code class="code">comprehensive</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-sequences">control sequences</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-symbol_002c-defined">control symbol, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-control-word_002c-defined">control word, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequences</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-printing">counters, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cprotect-package-1"><code class="code">cprotect</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents">cross referencing, across documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-curly-braces">curly braces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e">DANTE e.V.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datatool-package"><code>datatool</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today’s</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code>dcolumn</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands">declaration form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands">declaration form of font style commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delayed-_005cwrite">delayed <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delimiters">delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f1"><code>delim_1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f2"><code>delim_2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005fn"><code>delim_n</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005fr"><code>delim_r</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description"><code>description</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code>description</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-didot-point">didot point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimen-plain-TeX">dimen <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-listings_002c-from-system">directory listings, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-style">display style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code>document</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-root-name">document root name</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dots">dots</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvilualatex_002ddev"><code>dvilualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e">DANTE e.V.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-datatool-package"><code class="code">datatool</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today’s</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code class="code">datetime</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code class="code">dcolumn</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands">declaration form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands">declaration form of font style commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delayed-_005cwrite">delayed <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delimiters">delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f1"><code>delim_1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005f2"><code>delim_2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005fn"><code>delim_n</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-delim_005fr"><code>delim_r</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description"><code>description</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code class="code">description</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-didot-point">didot point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dimen-plain-TeX">dimen <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-directory-listings_002c-from-system">directory listings, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-display-style">display style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code class="code">displaymath</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code><code class="code">displaymath</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class-commands">document class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code class="code">document</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-root-name">document root name</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dots">dots</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvilualatex_002ddev"><code>dvilualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em">em</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-font">encoding, font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-of-input-files">encoding, of input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-matter-of-a-book">end matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code>enumerate</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumi-counter"><code>enumi counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumii-counter"><code>enumii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumiii-counter"><code>enumiii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumiv-counter"><code>enumiv counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>array</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>center</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-description"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>description</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-document"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>document</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-enumerate"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>enumerate</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-eqnarray"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>eqnarray</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>equation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>equation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-figure"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>figure</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>filecontents</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>filecontents*</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushleft"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>flushleft</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushright"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>flushright</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-itemize"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>itemize</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-letter"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>letter</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-list"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>list</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>picture</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-sloppypar"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>sloppypar</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>table</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theindex"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theindex</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verbatim</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>verse</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code>envlab</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code>eqnarray</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-counter"><code>equation counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX">error messages, from BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code>etoolbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eurosym-package"><code>eurosym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eurosym-package-1"><code>eurosym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expl3-package"><code>expl3</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expl3-package-1"><code>expl3</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions"><code>expressions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Expressions">Expressions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis_002c-in-Unicode-_0028U_002b2026_0029">ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ellipsis_002c-traditional-_0028three-periods_0029">ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em">em</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em-1"><code>em</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-font">encoding, font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-of-input-files">encoding, of input files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-matter-of-a-book">end matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code class="code">enumerate</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumi-counter"><code>enumi counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumii-counter"><code>enumii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumiii-counter"><code>enumiii counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code class="code">enumitem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code class="code">enumitem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-enumiv-counter"><code>enumiv counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">array</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">center</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-description"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">description</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">displaymath</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-document"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">document</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-enumerate"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">enumerate</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-eqnarray"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">eqnarray</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">equation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-equation-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">equation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-figure"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">figure</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">filecontents</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">filecontents*</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushleft"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">flushleft</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-flushright"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">flushright</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-itemize"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">itemize</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-letter"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">letter</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-list"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">list</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-math-1"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">math</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-minipage"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">minipage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">picture</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">quote</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-sloppypar"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">sloppypar</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">table</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theindex"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">theindex</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verbatim"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">verbatim</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environment_002c-verse"><code><span class="r">environment</span>, <code class="code">verse</code></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code class="code">envlab</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code class="code">eqnarray</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-counter"><code>equation counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code class="code">equation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code class="code">equation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX">error messages, from BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code class="code">etoolbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eurosym-package"><code class="code">eurosym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-eurosym-package-1"><code class="code">eurosym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expl3-package"><code class="code">expl3</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expl3-package-1"><code class="code">expl3</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-expressions"><code>expressions</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Expressions">Expressions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fallback-jobname">fallback jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-counter"><code>figure counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code>figure</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-closing">file, closing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-opening">file, opening</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-reading">file, reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root-1">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code>filecontents</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code>filecontents*</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code>flafter</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code>flushleft</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code>flushright</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-dimension_002c-slant">font dimension, slant</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding">font encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding-1">font encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding_002c-declaring">font encoding, declaring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontenc"><code>fontenc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontspec-package"><code>fontspec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-counter"><code>footnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings">footnote, in section headings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote">footnote, of a footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-force-option-for-filecontents"><code>force</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-format-files_002c-TeX">format files, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fraction">fraction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame-rule-width"><code>frame rule width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-front-matter-of-a-book">front matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fallback-jobname">fallback jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code class="code">fancyhdr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code class="code">fancyhdr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code class="code">fancyvrb</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code class="code">fancyvrb</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-counter"><code>figure counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code class="code">figure</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-closing">file, closing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-opening">file, opening</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-reading">file, reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-file_002c-root-1">file, root</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code class="code">filecontents</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code class="code">filecontents*</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flafter-package"><code class="code">flafter</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-float-package"><code class="code">float</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-float-page">float page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code><code class="code">flushleft</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code class="code">flushright</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-dimension_002c-slant">font dimension, slant</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding">font encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding-1">font encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-encoding_002c-declaring">font encoding, declaring</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontenc"><code>fontenc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontspec-package"><code class="code">fontspec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fontspec-package-1"><code class="code">fontspec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-counter"><code>footnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings">footnote, in section headings</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote">footnote, of a footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-force-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">force</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-format-files_002c-TeX">format files, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fraction">fraction</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrac">\frac</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame-rule-width"><code>frame rule width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox & \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-front-matter-of-a-book">front matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-plain-TeX">glue <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphpap-package"><code>graphpap</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Greek-letters">Greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grfext-package"><code>grfext</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code class="code">geometry</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code class="code">geometry</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-plain-TeX">glue <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-2">graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-1">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-2">graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-commands">graphics package commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-package-options">graphics package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-graphpap-package"><code class="code">graphpap</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Greek-letters">Greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-grfext-package"><code class="code">grfext</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">háček accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hard-space">hard space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-bar-character">horizontal bar character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation">horizontal paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-spacing">horizontal spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-4"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking">hyphen character, non-breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">háček accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hard-space">hard space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-bar-character">horizontal bar character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation">horizontal paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-horizontal-spacing">horizontal spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-4"><code class="code">hyperref</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking">hyphen character, non-breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-immediate-_005cwrite">immediate <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch">inch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-1"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-2"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-3"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-4"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-subentries">index entries, subentries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-package"><code>index</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-multiple">index, multiple</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-producing-manually">index, producing manually</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-style-file"><code>index, style file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inline-formulas">inline formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inputenc"><code>inputenc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interface_002c-command-line">interface, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interline-space">interline space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-invisible-character">invisible character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-invisible-character-1">invisible character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code>itemize</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f0"><code>item_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f01"><code>item_01</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f1"><code>item_1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f12"><code>item_12</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005f2"><code>item_2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-immediate-_005cwrite">immediate <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inch">inch</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-1"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-2"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-3"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-4"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code class="code">indentfirst</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-subentries">index entries, subentries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index-package"><code class="code">index</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-multiple">index, multiple</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-producing-manually">index, producing manually</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-index_002c-style-file"><code>index, style file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inline-formulas">inline formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inputenc"><code>inputenc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interface_002c-command-line">interface, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-interline-space">interline space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-invisible-character">invisible character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-invisible-character-1">invisible character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code class="code">itemize</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f0"><code>item_0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f01"><code>item_01</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f1"><code>item_1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f12"><code>item_12</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005f2"><code>item_2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname-1">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobname">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-jobname-1">jobname</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex"><code>latex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">LaTeX format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddev"><code>latex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX3-syntax">LaTeX3 syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexsym-package"><code>latexsym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents">leaders, dots in table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leading">leading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fflag"><code>lethead_flag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fprefix"><code>lethead_prefix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lethead_005fsuffix"><code>lethead_suffix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code>letter</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-changing">line breaks, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line_005fmax"><code>line_max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code>list</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package-1"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-listings-package-2"><code>listings</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lmodern-package"><code>lmodern</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-locale-information_002c-from-system">locale information, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-writing-to">log file, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lowercase">lowercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-box"><code>LR box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex"><code>lualatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"><code>lualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in">LuaTeX, 256 output streams in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex"><code>latex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">LaTeX format (<code class="code">.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002ddev"><code>latex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LaTeX3-syntax">LaTeX3 syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a class="email" href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a> <span class="r">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-latexsym-package"><code class="code">latexsym</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents">leaders, dots in table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leading">leading</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-allocating-new">lengths, allocating new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fflag"><code>lethead_flag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fprefix"><code>lethead_prefix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lethead_005fsuffix"><code>lethead_suffix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letter-environment"><code><code class="code">letter</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-additional-Latin">letters, additional Latin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-letters_002c-writing">letters, writing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-changing">line breaks, changing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy & \sloppy</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-line_005fmax"><code>line_max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-numerals">lining numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-environment"><code><code class="code">list</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package-1"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-listings-package-2"><code class="code">listings</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lmodern-package"><code class="code">lmodern</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-locale-information_002c-from-system">locale information, from system</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-writing-to">log file, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-long-command">long command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lowercase">lowercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-box"><code>LR box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="r">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex"><code>lualatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"><code>lualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in">LuaTeX, 256 output streams in</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-main-matter-of-a-book">main matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-program"><code>makeindex, <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-style-file"><code>makeindex, style file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching-brackets">matching brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching-parentheses">matching parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code>math</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-styles">math styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-arrows"><code>math, arrows</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-4"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-5"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code>MetaPost</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code>mhchem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-millimeter">millimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code>minipage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package-1"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package-2"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mirrors-of-CTAN">mirrors of CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter-1"><code>mpfootnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code class="code">macros2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-main-matter-of-a-book">main matter of a book</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code class="code">makeidx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code class="command">makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-program"><code>makeindex, <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-style-file"><code>makeindex, style file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching-brackets">matching brackets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-matching-parentheses">matching parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code><code class="code">math</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code><code class="code">math</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-styles">math styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math_002c-arrows"><code>math, arrows</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathematics_002c-boldface">mathematics, boldface</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-4"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-5"><code class="code">mathtools</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code class="code">MetaPost</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code class="code">mfirstuc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code class="code">mhchem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-millimeter">millimeter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code class="code">minipage</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package-1"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-minted-package-2"><code class="code">minted</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mirrors-of-CTAN">mirrors of CTAN</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mm"><code>mm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter-1"><code>mpfootnote counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code class="code">multind</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name-of-document-root">name of document root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-check">new command, check</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite">newline, in <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character">non-breaking hyphen character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nonstopmode">nonstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-name-of-document-root">name of document root</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code class="code">\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include & \includeonly</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-checking">new command, checking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-command_002c-definition">new command, definition</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-1">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite">newline, in <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">noheader</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character">non-breaking hyphen character</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nonstopmode">nonstopmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">nosearch</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-open-a-file">open a file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operating-system-information">operating system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OT1">OT1</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files">output directory for all external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"><code>overwrite</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-open-a-file">open a file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin & \openout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-operating-system-information">operating system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-optional-arguments_002c-defining-and-using">optional arguments, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-1">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-graphics-package">options, graphics package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Graphics-package-options">Graphics package options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-package">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-OT1">OT1</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files">output directory for all external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"><code class="code">overwrite</code> option for <code class="code">filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-abstract"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>abstract</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-adjustbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>adjustbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amscd"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amscd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-12"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-13"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-14"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-answers"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>answers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-array"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>array</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-caption"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cm-super</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-comprehensive"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>comprehensive</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datatool"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datatool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-dcolumn"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>dcolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>envlab</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fontspec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-graphpap"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>graphpap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-grfext"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>grfext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-index"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-latexsym"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>latexsym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>lmodern</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>MetaPost</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mhchem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>multind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-pict2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>pict2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>PSTricks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-shellesc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>shellesc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-suffix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>suffix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tablefootnote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tablefootnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>texosquery</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tikz-cd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocbibbind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocloft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocloft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>ulem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>url</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xparse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xparse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xr-hyper</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xstring"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xstring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-counter"><code>page counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-style_002c-this-page">page style, this page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_005fprecedence"><code>page_precedence</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-counter"><code>paragraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-ending">paragraph, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box">paragraph, in a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to">parent directories, cannot write to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-counter"><code>part counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex"><code>pdflatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex_002ddev"><code>pdflatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-platex"><code>platex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-platex_002ddev"><code>platex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plural"><code>plural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-point">point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-1"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-2"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-3"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-positional-parameter">positional parameter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postamble"><code>postamble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prerelease-testing">prerelease testing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, ‘<samp>*</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code>PSTricks</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-abstract"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">abstract</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-adjustbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">adjustbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amscd"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amscd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl & \bigr etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-12"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-13"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character & \colon</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-14"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">amsthm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-answers"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">answers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-array"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">array</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">babel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">bm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-caption"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cleveref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cm-super</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-comprehensive"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">comprehensive</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">cprotect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-datatool"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">datatool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">datetime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-dcolumn"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">dcolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">enumitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">envlab</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">eurosym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">expl3</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">flafter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">float</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fontspec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">fontspec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">geometry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-graphpap"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">graphpap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-grfext"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">grfext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">hyperref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent & \noindent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-index"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-latexsym"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">latexsym</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">listings</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">lmodern</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">macros2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter & \makeatother</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">makeidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mathtools</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">MetaPost</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">mhchem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-minted-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">minted</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-multind"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">multind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-pict2e"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">pict2e</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">PSTricks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">setspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-shellesc"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">shellesc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">showidx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">siunitx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-suffix"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">suffix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tablefootnote"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tablefootnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">texosquery</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">textcase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">textcomp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">TikZ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tikz-cd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-5"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">titlesec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocbibbind</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocloft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">tocloft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">ulem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath-2"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">url</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xparse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse-1"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xparse</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xr-hyper</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-package_002c-xstring"><span class="r">package</span>, <code class="code">xstring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-counter"><code>page counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-style_002c-this-page">page style, this page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_002c-colored">page, colored</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-page_005fprecedence"><code>page_precedence</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left & \right</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-counter"><code>paragraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-1">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-ending">paragraph, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box">paragraph, in a box</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-substituting">parameters, substituting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to">parent directories, cannot write to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-part-counter"><code>part counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="r">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex"><code>pdflatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdflatex_002ddev"><code>pdflatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code class="code">pict2e</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code class="code">picture</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-platex"><code>platex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-platex_002ddev"><code>platex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-plural"><code>plural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-point">point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-1"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-2"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-3"><code class="code">polyglossia</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-postamble"><code>postamble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prerelease-testing">prerelease testing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code class="code">PSTricks</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code>quote</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code class="code">quotation</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote-environment"><code><code class="code">quote</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote_002c-single-straight">quote, single straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation & quote</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-read-a-file">read a file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-relation_002c-text-above">relation, text above</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-release-candidates">release candidates</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-access">restricted shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rigid-lengths">rigid lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file-1">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roots">roots</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths">rubber lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-read-a-file">read a file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefining-a-command">redefining a command</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-relation_002c-text-above">relation, text above</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-release-candidates">release candidates</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-access">restricted shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rigid-lengths">rigid lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-root-file-1">root file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-roots">roots</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="r">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths">rubber lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-samepage-environment"><code>samepage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaled-point">scaled point</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-style">script style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scriptscript-style">scriptscript style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-counter"><code>section counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security-and-_005cwrite">security and <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-and-see-also-index-entries">see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-self_002dcontained-sources">self-contained sources</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>sh<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-access">shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-escape">shell escape</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"><code>SHELL<span class="roman">, environment variables</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shellesc-package"><code>shellesc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package-1"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-plain-TeX">skip <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment-1"><code><code>sloppypar</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slot_002c-font">slot, font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained">source files, making self-contained</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space-between-lines">space between lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-negative-thin">space, negative thin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-thin">space, thin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-unbreakable">space, unbreakable</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-square-root">square root</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stack-math">stack math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut-1">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut_002c-math">strut, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-counter"><code>subparagraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-counter"><code>subsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-counter"><code>subsubsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code>suffix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol_002c-defining">symbol, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-arrows">symbols, arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath & \unboldmath</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">system commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-information">system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-samepage-environment"><code>samepage <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaled-point">scaled point</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-script-style">script style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scriptscript-style">scriptscript style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="r">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-counter"><code>section counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-security-and-_005cwrite">security and <code class="code">\write</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-see-and-see-also-index-entries">see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-self_002dcontained-sources">self-contained sources</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code class="code">setspace</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>sh<span class="r">, used by <code class="code">\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-access">shell access</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shell-escape">shell escape</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"><code>SHELL<span class="r">, environment variables</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-shellesc-package"><code class="code">shellesc</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code class="code">showidx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code class="code">siunitx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-siunitx-package-1"><code class="code">siunitx</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip-plain-TeX">skip <span class="r">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="r">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment-1"><code><code class="code">sloppypar</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-slot_002c-font">slot, font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained">source files, making self-contained</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space-between-lines">space between lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-negative-thin">space, negative thin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-thin">space, thin</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-unbreakable">space, unbreakable</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-special-insertions">special insertions</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-square-root">square root</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stack-math">stack math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands">star-variants, commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands">starred form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-and-ending">starting and ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-straight-single-quote">straight single quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut-1">strut</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-strut_002c-math">strut, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subparagraph-counter"><code>subparagraph counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsection-counter"><code>subsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-subsubsection-counter"><code>subsubsection counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code class="code">suffix</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbol_002c-defining">symbol, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-arrows">symbols, arrows</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#bm">bm</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">system commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-system-information">system information</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-counter"><code>table counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code>table</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tablefootnote-package"><code>tablefootnote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code>tabular</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code>article</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal_002c-writing-to">terminal, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">TeX format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code>texosquery</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texput_002c-jobname-default"><code>texput<span class="roman">, jobname default</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-style">text style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code>textcase</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code>thebibliography</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theindex"><code>theindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theindex-environment"><code><code>theindex</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code>theorem</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space">thin space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space-1">thin space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative-1">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie">tie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-2"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tikz_002dcd-package"><code>tikz-cd</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code>titlepage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-5"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocbibbind-package"><code>tocbibbind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocloft-package"><code>tocloft</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocloft-package-1"><code>tocloft</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-today_0027s-date">today’s date</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tombstone">tombstone</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber-1"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber-1"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TS1-encoding">TS1 encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code class="code">tabbing</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-counter"><code>table counter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code class="code">table</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tablefootnote-package"><code class="code">tablefootnote</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code class="code">tabular</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code class="code">article</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code class="code">beamer</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code class="code">book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code class="code">book</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-terminal_002c-writing-to">terminal, writing to</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">TeX format (<code class="code">.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code class="code">texosquery</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-texput_002c-jobname-default"><code>texput<span class="r">, jobname default</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text-style">text style</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code class="code">textcase</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code class="code">textcomp</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code class="code">thebibliography</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theindex"><code>theindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theindex-environment"><code><code class="code">theindex</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code class="code">theorem</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space">thin space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space-1">thin space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thin-space_002c-negative-1">thin space, negative</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tie">tie</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-2"><code class="code">TikZ</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox & \makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tikz_002dcd-package"><code class="code">tikz-cd</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code class="code">titlepage</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-5"><code class="code">titlesec</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocbibbind-package"><code class="code">tocbibbind</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="r">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocloft-package"><code class="code">tocloft</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tocloft-package-1"><code class="code">tocloft</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-today_0027s-date">today’s date</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-tombstone">tombstone</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-topnumber-1"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-totalnumber-1"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-TS1-encoding">TS1 encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="r">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-type-styles">type styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code>ulem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unbreakable-space">unbreakable space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package"><code>unicode-math</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uplatex"><code>uplatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uplatex_002ddev"><code>uplatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-package"><code>url</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding">UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for">UTF-8, engine support for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for">UTF-8, font support for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code class="code">ulem</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unbreakable-space">unbreakable space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#OpenType-bold-math">OpenType bold math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-1"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package-2"><code class="code">unicode-math</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uplatex"><code>uplatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uplatex_002ddev"><code>uplatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-url-package"><code class="code">url</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding">UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for">UTF-8, engine support for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for">UTF-8, font support for</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code>verbatim</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatimbox-package"><code>verbatimbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code>verse</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-mode">vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing-1">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode">vertical spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code class="code">verbatim</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verbatimbox-package"><code class="code">verbatimbox</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code><code class="code">verse</code> <span class="r">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-mode">vertical mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent & \parskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing-1">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode">vertical spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whatsit-item">whatsit item</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Wright_002c-Joseph">Wright, Joseph</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-whatsit-item">whatsit item</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-Wright_002c-Joseph">Wright, Joseph</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex"><code>xelatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex_002ddev"><code>xelatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindex-program"><code>xindex <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xparse-package"><code>xparse</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xparse-package-1"><code>xparse</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code>xr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code>xr-hyper</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code>xspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xstring-package"><code>xstring</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="r">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xelatex"><code>xelatex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xelatex_002ddev"><code>xelatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xindex-program"><code>xindex <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy <span class="r">program</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xparse-package"><code class="code">xparse</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xparse-package-1"><code class="code">xparse</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code class="code">xr</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code class="code">xr-hyper</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code class="code">xspace</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="#index-xstring-package"><code class="code">xstring</code> <span class="r">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> </table> -<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a> +<table class="cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a> <br> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> </td></tr></table> +</div> </div> </div> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf Binary files differindex f1f85b55933..6dfe50e62a8 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi index 50a0d91903e..3b3a1630970 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ \input texinfo -@c $Id: latex2e.texi 1079 2022-01-26 18:15:20Z karl $ +@c $Id: latex2e.texi 1141 2023-01-10 23:19:31Z karl $ @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @setfilename latex2e.info -@set UPDATED January 2022 +@set UPDATED January 2023 @include common.texi @settitle @LaTeX{}2e unofficial reference manual (@value{UPDATED}) @comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ @c xx merge permuted-index @c xx merge latex-manual from savannah @c xx merge display style math +@c xx systematically check stated math atom type vs. fontdef.dtx etc. @c xx check recent ltnews for (lots of) changes @c xx \write of non-ASCII chars (vincent mail of 14 Mar 2020 21:39:41) @c xx \nonstopmode etc., if they are officially supported by LaTeX? +@c xx LaTeX defines \do at \begin{document} even though it is not documented @c xx JH explain nfss somewhere @c xx JH expand BiBTeX @c xx JH expand theorem, AMS math @@ -92,6 +94,8 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. \global\hbadness=4444 % don't complain much @end tex +@microtype on + @html <div class='intro'> <p>This is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX. See below for the <a href='#SEC_Overview'>Table of Contents</a>. @@ -566,8 +570,8 @@ For more information, see ``The @LaTeX{} release workflow and the @cindex command syntax @findex \ @r{character starting commands} -@findex [...] @r{for optional arguments} -@findex @{...@} @r{for required arguments} +@findex [...] @r{(for optional arguments)} +@findex @{...@} @r{(for required arguments)} In the @LaTeX{} input file, a command name starts with a backslash character, @code{\}. The name itself then consists of either (a)@tie{}a string of letters or (b)@tie{}a single non-letter. @@ -1046,7 +1050,7 @@ Save in a box register things that are written to the @file{.dvi} file at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. @item \AtEndOfClass@{@var{code}@} -@item \AtEndOfPackage@{@var{code}@} +@itemx \AtEndOfPackage@{@var{code}@} @findex \AtEndOfClass @findex \AtEndOfPackage Hook to insert @var{code} to be executed when @LaTeX{} finishes @@ -1055,10 +1059,10 @@ multiple times; the @code{code} will be executed in the order that you called it. See also @ref{\AtBeginDocument}. @item \CheckCommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@} -@item \CheckCommand*@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@} +@itemx \CheckCommand*@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@} @findex \CheckCommand @findex \CheckCommand* -@cindex new command, check +@cindex new command, checking Like @code{\newcommand} (@pxref{\newcommand & \renewcommand}) but does not define @var{cmd}; instead it checks that the current definition of @var{cmd} is exactly as given by @var{definition} and is or is not @@ -1071,15 +1075,15 @@ redefining @code{cmd} yourself that no other package has already redefined this command. @item \ClassError@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{error text}@}@{@var{help text}@} -@item \PackageError@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{error text}@}@{@var{help text}@} -@item \ClassWarning@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{warning text}@} -@item \PackageWarning@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{warning text}@} -@item \ClassWarningNoLine@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{warning text}@} -@item \PackageWarningNoLine@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{warning text}@} -@item \ClassInfo@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{info text}@} -@item \PackageInfo@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{info text}@} -@item \ClassInfoNoLine@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{info text}@} -@item \PackageInfoNoLine@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{info text}@} +@itemx \ClassWarning@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{warning text}@} +@itemx \ClassWarningNoLine@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{warning text}@} +@itemx \ClassInfo@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{info text}@} +@itemx \ClassInfoNoLine@{@var{class name}@}@{@var{info text}@} +@itemx \PackageError@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{error text}@}@{@var{help text}@} +@itemx \PackageWarning@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{warning text}@} +@itemx \PackageWarningNoLine@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{warning text}@} +@itemx \PackageInfo@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{info text}@} +@itemx \PackageInfoNoLine@{@var{package name}@}@{@var{info text}@} @findex \ClassError @findex \PackageError @findex \ClassWarning @@ -1116,7 +1120,7 @@ be used within the @var{code} argument of either @code{\DeclareOption} or @code{\DeclareOption*}. @item \DeclareOption@{@var{option}@}@{@var{code}@} -@item \DeclareOption*@{@var{code}@} +@itemx \DeclareOption*@{@var{code}@} @findex \DeclareOption @findex \DeclareOption* @cindex class options @@ -1156,7 +1160,7 @@ passes the option to the @code{article} class. @end example @item \DeclareRobustCommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@} -@item \DeclareRobustCommand*@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@} +@item* \DeclareRobustCommand*@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{num}][@var{default}]@{@var{definition}@} @findex \DeclareRobustCommand @findex \DeclareRobustCommand* @cindex new command, definition @@ -1194,9 +1198,8 @@ commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine @code{\renew@dots{}} or @code{\provide@dots{}} or you get an error. @end enumerate - @item \IfFileExists@{@var{filename}@}@{@var{true code}@}@{@var{false code}@} -@item \InputIfFileExists@{@var{filename}@}@{@var{true code}@}@{@var{false code}@} +@itemx \InputIfFileExists@{@var{filename}@}@{@var{true code}@}@{@var{false code}@} @findex \IfFileExists @findex \InputIfFileExists Execute @var{true code} if @LaTeX{} finds the file @file{@var{file @@ -1221,7 +1224,7 @@ appending the @code{.tex}; for more on how @LaTeX{} handles file extensions see @ref{\input}. @item \LoadClass[@var{options list}]@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date}] -@item \LoadClassWithOptions@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date}] +@itemx \LoadClassWithOptions@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date}] @findex \LoadClass @findex \LoadClassWithOptions Load a class, as with @code{\documentclass[@var{options @@ -1296,7 +1299,7 @@ within the @var{code} argument of either @code{\DeclareOption} or @c reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. @item \PassOptionsToClass@{@var{option list}@}@{@var{class name}@} -@item \PassOptionsToPackage@{@var{option list}@}@{@var{package name}@} +@itemx \PassOptionsToPackage@{@var{option list}@}@{@var{package name}@} @findex \PassOptionsToClass @findex \PassOptionsToPackage Adds the options in the comma-separated list @var{option list} to the @@ -1338,7 +1341,7 @@ option. The user could start their @LaTeX{} file with @code{\PassOptionsToPackage@{draft@}@{graphicx@}\documentclass@{foo@}}. @item \ProcessOptions -@item \ProcessOptions*@var{\@@options} +@itemx \ProcessOptions*@var{\@@options} @findex \ProcessOptions @findex \ProcessOptions* Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it @@ -1381,9 +1384,9 @@ the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means that the global options are processed first. @item \ProvidesClass@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date} @var{brief additional information}] -@item \ProvidesClass@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date}] -@item \ProvidesPackage@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date} @var{brief additional information}] -@item \ProvidesPackage@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date}] +@itemx \ProvidesClass@{@var{class name}@}[@var{release date}] +@itemx \ProvidesPackage@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date} @var{brief additional information}] +@itemx \ProvidesPackage@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date}] @findex \ProvidesClass @findex \ProvidesPackage Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and @@ -1427,7 +1430,7 @@ file and you get in the log a string like @code{File: test.config @samp{2017/10/12 config file for test.cls}. @item \RequirePackage[@var{option list}]@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date}] -@item \RequirePackageWithOptions@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date}] +@itemx \RequirePackageWithOptions@{@var{package name}@}[@var{release date}] @findex \RequirePackage @findex \RequirePackageWithOptions Load a package, like the command @code{\usepackage} (@pxref{Additional @@ -1754,9 +1757,10 @@ Note that @code{\DeclareTextAccentDefault} works for any one-argument @node \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand @subsection @code{\DeclareTextCommand} & @code{\ProvideTextCommand} +@anchor{\DeclareTextCommand} +@anchor{\ProvideTextCommand} @findex \DeclareTextCommand @findex \ProvideTextCommand - Synopsis, one of: @example @@ -1820,9 +1824,9 @@ take an optional argument. @node \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault @subsection @code{\DeclareTextCommandDefault} & @code{\ProvideTextCommandDefault } -@findex \DeclareTextCommand +@anchor{\DeclareTextCommandDefault} +@anchor{\ProvideTextCommandDefault} @findex \DeclareTextCommandDefault -@findex \ProvideTextCommand @findex \ProvideTextCommandDefault Synopsis: @@ -2024,6 +2028,8 @@ name of the encoding explicitly. @node \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent @subsection @code{\UseTextSymbol} & @code{\UseTextAccent} +@anchor{\UseTextSymbol} +@anchor{\UseTextAccent} @findex \UseTextSymbol @findex \UseTextAccent @@ -2101,6 +2107,8 @@ These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of @code{\sffamily\bfseries} or @code{\bfseries\sffamily}. +@anchor{\nocorrlist} +@anchor{\nocorr} @findex \nocorrlist @findex \nocorr One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic @@ -2167,7 +2175,7 @@ Main document font. @cindex emphasis @findex \emph Although it also changes fonts, the @code{\emph@{@var{text}@}} command -is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a +is semantic, for @var{text} to be emphasized, and should not be used as a substitute for @code{\textit}. For example, @code{\emph@{@var{start text} \emph@{@var{middle text}@} @var{end text}@}} will result in the @var{start text} and @var{end text} in italics, but @var{middle text} @@ -2261,6 +2269,7 @@ Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode. @end table +@anchor{\mathversion} @findex \mathversion @cindex math, bold @cindex bold math @@ -2268,6 +2277,7 @@ In addition, the command @code{\mathversion@{bold@}} can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. @code{\mathversion@{normal@}} restores the default. +@anchor{\oldstylenums} @findex \oldstylenums @cindex numerals, old-style @cindex old-style numerals @@ -2775,7 +2785,7 @@ Two column text here. @findex \flushbottom -Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same +Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the differences in facing pages can be glaring. @@ -2791,7 +2801,8 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages (@pxref{\enlargethispage}). The @code{\flushbottom} state is the default only if you select the -@code{twoside} document class option (@pxref{Document class options}). +@code{twocolumn} document class option (@pxref{Document class options}), +and for indexes made using @code{makeidx}. @node \raggedbottom @@ -2803,9 +2814,9 @@ The @code{\flushbottom} state is the default only if you select the Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go -at any point in the document body. See @ref{\flushbottom}. +at any point in the document body. @xref{\flushbottom}. -This is the default unless you select the @code{twoside} document class +This is the default unless you select the @code{twocolumn} document class option (@pxref{Document class options}). @@ -3000,6 +3011,8 @@ same as the font size, e.g., @samp{10pt} at a type size of 10pt. @node \baselineskip & \baselinestretch @section @code{\baselineskip} & @code{\baselinestretch} +@anchor{\baselineskip} +@anchor{\baselinestretch} @findex \baselineskip @findex \baselinestretch @findex \linespread @@ -3072,24 +3085,25 @@ In the standard classes @code{\lineskiplimit} is 0@dmn{pt} and between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than zero) then the lines jump to 1@dmn{pt} apart. -Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double -space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline -distance is via @code{\baselinestretch}. It scales -@code{\baselineskip}, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command, -not a length, so change the scale factor as in +Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in +double space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the +interline distance is via @code{\baselinestretch}. It scales +@code{\baselineskip}, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a +command, not a length, and does not take effect until a font change +happens, so set the scale factor like this: @code{\renewcommand@{\baselinestretch@}@{1.5@}\selectfont}. The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire document is to put @code{\linespread@{@var{factor}@}} in the preamble. For double spacing, take @var{factor} to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half -spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the +spacing use 1.3. These numbers are rough: for instance, since the @code{\baselineskip} is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The @code{\linespread} command is defined as -@code{\renewcommand@{\baselinestretch@}@{@var{factor}@}} so it won't -take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at -the start of a document, so there you don't need to follow it with -@code{\selectfont}.) +@code{\renewcommand@{\baselinestretch@}@{@var{factor}@}} so it also +won't take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes +place at the start of a document, so there you don't need to follow it +with @code{\selectfont}.) @PkgIndex{setspace} A simpler approach is the @package{setspace} package. The basic example: @@ -3491,9 +3505,10 @@ something like a subsection numbered @samp{3.0.1}. @PkgIndex{titlesec} @LaTeX{} lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a -simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case -letters with @code{\renewcommand\thesection@{\Alph@{section@}@}} in the -preamble (@pxref{\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol}). CTAN +simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase +letters with this (in the preamble):@* +@code{\renewcommand\thesection@{\Alph@{section@}@}} . +(@xref{\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol}.) CTAN has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably @package{titlesec}. @@ -3913,13 +3928,17 @@ text. @node \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph - @section @code{\subsubsection}, @code{\paragraph}, @code{\subparagraph} +@anchor{\subsubsection} @findex \subsubsection @cindex subsubsection +@c +@anchor{\paragraph} @findex \paragraph @cindex paragraph +@c +@anchor{\subparagraph} @findex \subparagraph @cindex subparagraph @@ -4013,12 +4032,12 @@ Synopsis: \appendix @end example -This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it -declares that subsequent @code{\chapter} commands start an appendix. In -an article it does the same, for @code{\section} commands. It also -resets the @code{chapter} and @code{section} counters to@tie{}0 in a -book or report, and in an article resets the @code{section} and -@code{subsection} counters. +This does not directly produce any output. But in a @code{book} or +@code{report} document it declares that subsequent @code{\chapter} +commands start an appendix. In an article it does the same, for +@code{\section} commands. It also resets the @code{chapter} and +@code{section} counters to@tie{}0 in a book or report, and in an article +resets the @code{section} and @code{subsection} counters. In this book @@ -4050,12 +4069,17 @@ number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN. @node \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter @section @code{\frontmatter}, @code{\mainmatter}, @code{\backmatter} +@anchor{\frontmatter} @findex \frontmatter @cindex book, front matter @cindex front matter of a book +@c +@anchor{\mainmatter} @findex \mainmatter @cindex book, main matter @cindex main matter of a book +@c +@anchor{\backmatter} @findex \backmatter @cindex book, back matter @cindex book, end matter @@ -4718,9 +4742,9 @@ default only in the @code{report} class. \end@{abstract@} @end example -@PkgIndex abstract +@PkgIndex{abstract} The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for -a more flexible solution, use the package @file{abstract}). +a more flexible solution, use the package @package{abstract}). @c Adopted from http://www.tex.ac.uk/FAQ-onecolabs.html @example @@ -5529,7 +5553,7 @@ Synopsis: \end@{flushleft@} @end example -@findex \\ @r{for @code{flushleft}} +@findex \\ @r{(for @code{flushleft})} An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long then @LaTeX{} will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and @@ -5590,10 +5614,10 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end} command that ends the paragraph unit. -Here @code{\raggedright} in each second column keeps @LaTeX{} from doing -very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note -that @code{\raggedright} is inside the curly braces @code{@{...@}} to -delimit its effect. +Here @code{\raggedright} in each second column keeps @LaTeX{} from +doing awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. +Note that @code{\raggedright} is inside the curly braces +@code{@{...@}} to delimit its effect. @example \begin@{tabular@}@{rp@{2in@}@} @@ -7143,10 +7167,11 @@ Synopsis: \frame@{@var{contents}@} @end example -Puts a rectangular frame around @var{contents}. The reference point is -the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to @code{\framebox} -(@pxref{\framebox (picture)}), this command puts no extra space is put -between the frame and the object. It is fragile (@pxref{\protect}). +Puts a rectangular frame around @var{contents}. The reference point +is the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to +@code{\framebox} (@pxref{\framebox (picture)}), this command puts no +extra space between the frame and the object. It is fragile +(@pxref{\protect}). @node \dashbox @@ -7191,10 +7216,12 @@ As in that example, a dashed box looks best when @var{rect-width} and @node quotation & quote @section @code{quotation} & @code{quote} +@anchor{quotation} @EnvIndex{quotation} @cindex quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying @cindex displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation @cindex paragraph indentations in quoted text +@anchor{quote} @EnvIndex{quote} @cindex quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying @cindex displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation @@ -7535,12 +7562,12 @@ illustrates many of the features. The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar between them. This is specified in @code{tabular}'s argument @code{@{l|l@}}. -@findex & @r{for table cells} +@findex & @r{(for table cells)} Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand, @code{&}. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, @code{\\}. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with @code{\hline}. -@findex \\ @r{for @code{tabular}} +@findex \\ @r{(for @code{tabular})} After the last row the @code{\\} is optional, unless an @code{\hline} command follows to put a rule below the table. @@ -7581,14 +7608,14 @@ Insert @var{text or space} at this location in every row. The @var{text or space} material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile (@pxref{\protect}). -If between two columns there is no @@-expression then @LaTeX{}'s -@code{book}, @code{article}, and @code{report} classes will put on -either side of each column a space of length @code{\tabcolsep}, which by -default is 6@dmn{pt}. That is, by default adjacent columns are +If between two column specifiers there is no @@-expression then +@LaTeX{}'s @code{book}, @code{article}, and @code{report} classes will +put on either side of each column a space of width @code{\tabcolsep}, +which by default is 6@dmn{pt}. That is, by default adjacent columns are separated by 12@dmn{pt} (so @code{\tabcolsep} is misleadingly named since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In -addition, a space of 6@dmn{pt} also comes before the first column and -after the final column, unless you put a @code{@@@{...@}} or @code{|} +addition, a space of @code{\tabcolsep} also comes before the first +column and after the final column, unless you put a @code{@@@{...@}} there. If you override the default and use an @@-expression then @LaTeX{} does @@ -7618,6 +7645,7 @@ arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it. \end@{tabular@} @end example +@anchor{\extracolsep} @findex \extracolsep An @code{\extracolsep@{@var{wd}@}} command in an @@-expression causes an extra space of width @var{wd} to appear to the left of all subsequent @@ -8501,7 +8529,7 @@ Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\ On the fair daughter of rich Capulet. @end example -@findex \\ @r{for @code{verse}} +@findex \\ @r{(for @code{verse})} Separate the lines of each stanza with @code{\\}, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. @@ -8576,7 +8604,7 @@ same time. @node \\ @section @code{\\} -@findex \\ @r{force line break} +@findex \\ @r{(force line break)} @cindex new line, starting @cindex line break, forcing @@ -8660,6 +8688,8 @@ Fix it by replacing the double backslash with something like @node \obeycr & \restorecr @section @code{\obeycr} & @code{\restorecr} +@anchor{\obeycr} +@anchor{\restorecr} @findex \obeycr @findex \restorecr @cindex new line, output as input @@ -8777,10 +8807,10 @@ Commenting out the third line and uncommenting the fourth makes a much better fit. The @code{\-} command only allows @LaTeX{} to break there, it does not -require that it break there. You can force a split with something like -@code{Hef-\linebreak feron}. Of course, if you later change the text -then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires -care. +require that it break there. You can force a split with something +like @code{Hef-\linebreak feron}. Of course, if you later change the +text then this forced break may look out of place, so this approach +requires care. @node \discretionary @@ -8857,6 +8887,8 @@ automatically by @TeX{}'s hyphenation algorithm. @node \fussy & \sloppy @section @code{\fussy} & @code{\sloppy} +@anchor{\fussy} +@anchor{\sloppy} @findex \fussy @findex \sloppy @cindex line breaks, changing @@ -8948,6 +8980,8 @@ commands accumulate. @node \linebreak & \nolinebreak @section @code{\linebreak} & @code{\nolinebreak} +@anchor{\linebreak} +@anchor{\nolinebreak} @findex \linebreak @findex \nolinebreak @cindex line breaks, forcing @@ -9002,12 +9036,13 @@ tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to understand how to influence its actions. @c credit: H Vogt https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563 +@cindex badness @LaTeX{}'s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and outputting the result. Instead, @LaTeX{} typesets more material than would fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some -way (it has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this -approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be +way (it has the smallest @dfn{badness}). An example of the advantage of +this approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs, then @LaTeX{} can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts with the last line of a paragraph; @LaTeX{} can squeeze the extra line @@ -9037,9 +9072,11 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document. @node \clearpage & \cleardoublepage @section @code{\clearpage} & @code{\cleardoublepage} +@anchor{\clearpage} @findex \clearpage @cindex flushing floats and starting a page @cindex starting a new page and clearing floats +@anchor{\cleardoublepage} @findex \cleardoublepage @cindex starting on a right-hand page @@ -9083,7 +9120,9 @@ page, use this command. @noindent If you want @LaTeX{}'s standard @code{\chapter} command to do this then -add the line @code{\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage}. +add the line @code{\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage}. (Of +course this affects all uses of @code{\cleardoublepage}, not just the +one in @code{\chapter}.) The command @code{\newpage} (@pxref{\newpage}) also ends the current page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if @LaTeX{} is in @@ -9145,8 +9184,8 @@ stretch out the page, as @code{\pagebreak} does. Synopsis, one of: @example -\enlargethispage@{size@} -\enlargethispage*@{size@} +\enlargethispage@{@var{size}@} +\enlargethispage*@{@var{size}@} @end example Enlarge the @code{\textheight} for the current page. The required @@ -9172,6 +9211,8 @@ explicit @code{\pagebreak}. @node \pagebreak & \nopagebreak @section @code{\pagebreak} & @code{\nopagebreak} +@anchor{\pagebreak} +@anchor{\nopagebreak} @findex \pagebreak @findex \nopagebreak @cindex page break, forcing @@ -9200,8 +9241,8 @@ prevent the break. But for instance @code{\nopagebreak[1]} suggests to the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (@pxref{\protect}). -@LaTeX{}'s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this -command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside +@LaTeX{}'s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these +commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point following @@ -9613,13 +9654,17 @@ second.\footnotefrom@{% @node \newcommand & \renewcommand @section @code{\newcommand} & @code{\renewcommand} +@anchor{\newcommand} +@anchor{\renewcommand} @findex \newcommand +@findex \renewcommand @cindex commands, defining new ones @cindex commands, redefining @cindex defining a new command +@cindex redefining a command @cindex new commands, defining -Synopses, one of: +Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms): @example \newcommand@{\@var{cmd}@}@{@var{defn}@} @@ -9631,10 +9676,11 @@ Synopses, one of: @end example @noindent -or one of these. +or all the same possibilities with @code{\renewcommand} instead of +@code{\newcommand}: @example -\renewcommand@{\@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{defn}@} +\renewcommand@{\@var{cmd}@}@{@var{defn}@} \renewcommand@{\@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{defn}@} \renewcommand@{\@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optargdefault}]@{@var{defn}@} \renewcommand*@{\@var{cmd}@}@{@var{defn}@} @@ -9642,26 +9688,26 @@ or one of these. \renewcommand*@{\@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optargdefault}]@{@var{defn}@} @end example -Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of -@code{\DeclareRobustCommand} in @ref{Class and package commands}). + +Define or redefine a command (see also @code{\DeclareRobustCommand} in +@ref{Class and package commands}). @cindex starred form, defining new commands @cindex *-form, defining new commands @findex \long The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing -multiple paragraphs of text (in plain @TeX{} terms, the commands +multiple paragraphs of text (in plain @TeX{} terms: the commands are not @code{\long}). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs. -These are the parameters: +These are the parameters (examples follow): @table @var @item cmd - -Required; @code{\@var{cmd}} is the command name. It must begin with a backslash, @code{\}, -and must not begin with the four character string @code{\end}. For -@code{\newcommand}, it must not be already defined. For -@code{\renewcommand}, this name must already be defined. +Required; @code{\@var{cmd}} is the command name. It must begin with a +backslash, @code{\}, and must not begin with the four character string +@code{\end}. For @code{\newcommand}, it must not be already defined. +For @code{\renewcommand}, this name must already be defined. @item nargs Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments @@ -9671,38 +9717,54 @@ arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a different number of arguments than the old version. @item optargdefault +@cindex optional arguments, defining and using +@cindex arguments, optional, defining and using Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of @code{\@var{cmd}} is optional, with default value @var{optargdefault} -(which may be the empty string). If @var{optargsdefault} is not present +(which may be the empty string). If @var{optargdefault} is not present then @code{\@var{cmd}} does not take an optional argument. -@cindex positional parameter -That is, if @code{\@var{cmd}} is used with square brackets, as in -@code{\@var{cmd}[@var{optval}]@{...@}...}, then within @var{defn} the -parameter@tie{}@code{#1} is set to the value of @var{optval}. On the -other hand, if @code{\@var{cmd}} is called without the square brackets -then within @var{defn} the parameter @code{#1} is set to the value of -@var{optargdefault}. In either case, the required arguments start with -@code{#2}. - -Omitting @code{[@var{optargdefault}]} is different from having the -square brackets with no contents, as in @code{[]}. The former sets -@code{#1} to the value of @var{optargdefault}; the latter sets @code{#1} -to the empty string. +That is, if @code{\@var{cmd}} is called with a following argument in +square brackets, as in @code{\@var{cmd}[@var{optval}]@{...@}...}, then +within @var{defn} the parameter@tie{}@code{#1} is set to @var{optval}. +On the other hand, if @code{\@var{cmd}} is called without following +square brackets then within @var{defn} the parameter @code{#1} is set +to @var{optargdefault}. In either case, the required arguments start +with @code{#2}. + +Omitting @code{[@var{optargdefault}]} from the definition is entirely +different from giving the square brackets with empty contents, as in +@code{[]}. The former says the command being defined takes no +optional argument, so @code{#1} is the first required argument (if +@math{@var{nargs} @geq{} 1}); the latter sets the optional argument +@code{#1} to the empty string as the default, if no optional argument +was given in the call. + +Similarly, omitting @code{[@var{optval}]} from a call is also entirely +different from giving the square brackets with empty contents. The +former sets @code{#1} to the value of @var{optval} (assuming the +command was defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets +@code{#1} to the empty string, just as with any other value. + +If a command is not defined to take an optional argument, but is +called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: there +may be a @LaTeX{} error, there may be incorrect typeset output, or both. @item defn +@cindex parameters, substituting Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of @code{\@var{cmd}}. The parameters @code{#1}, @code{#2}, -... @code{#@var{nargs}} are replaced by the values that you supply when -you call the command (or by the default value if there is an optional -argument and you don't exercise the option). +@dots{}, @code{#@var{nargs}} are replaced by the values supplied when +the command is called (or by @var{optargdefault} in the case of an +optional argument not specified in the call, as just explained). @end table +@cindex blanks, after control sequences @TeX{} ignores blanks in the source following a control word -(@pxref{Control sequences}), as in @samp{\cmd }. If you actually want a -space there, one solution is to type @code{@{@}} after the command -(@samp{\cmd@{@} }, and another solution is to use an explicit control +(@pxref{Control sequences}), as in @samp{\cmd }. If you want a space +there, one solution is to type @code{@{@}} after the command +(@samp{\cmd@{@} }), and another solution is to use an explicit control space (@samp{\cmd\ }). A simple example of defining a new command: @@ -9710,14 +9772,15 @@ A simple example of defining a new command: replaced by the longer text. Redefining an existing command is similar: @code{\renewcommand@{\qedsymbol@}@{@{\small QED@}@}}. -If you try to define a command and the name has already been used then -you get something like @samp{LaTeX Error: Command \fred already -defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual}. If you try -to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get -something like @samp{LaTeX Error: \hank undefined}. +If you use @code{\newcommand} and the command name has already been +used then you get something like @samp{LaTeX Error: Command \fred +already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual}. +Similarly, If you use @code{\renewcommand} and the command name has +not been defined then you get something like @samp{LaTeX Error: \hank +undefined}. Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and the -second, one with one required argument. +second, a command with one required argument: @example \newcommand@{\student@}@{Ms~O'Leary@} @@ -9753,12 +9816,12 @@ I employ \lawyers[Howe]@{Dewey@}@{Cheatem@}. @end example @noindent -The output is @samp{I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe}. The optional -argument, the @code{Howe}, is associated with @code{#1}, while +The output is @samp{I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.}. The optional +argument, @code{Howe}, is associated with @code{#1}, while @code{Dewey} and @code{Cheatem} are associated with @code{#2} and@tie{}@code{#3}. Because of the optional argument, -@code{\lawyers@{Dewey@}@{Cheatem@}} will give the output @samp{I employ -Dewey, Cheatem, and company}. +@code{\lawyers@{Dewey@}@{Cheatem@}} will give the output @samp{I +employ Dewey, Cheatem, and company.}. The braces around @var{defn} do not define a group, that is, they do not delimit the scope of the result of expanding @var{defn}. For example, @@ -9769,9 +9832,9 @@ The \shipname@{Monitor@} met the \shipname@{Merrimac@}. @end example @noindent -the words @samp{met the} would incorrectly be in italics. The solution -is to put another pair of braces inside the definition: -@code{\newcommand@{\shipname@}[1]@{@{\it #1@}@}}. +the words @samp{met the}, and the period, would incorrectly be in +italics. The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the +definition: @code{\newcommand@{\shipname@}[1]@{@{\it #1@}@}}. @menu * Control sequences:: Control sequence, control word and control symbol. @@ -9780,33 +9843,40 @@ is to put another pair of braces inside the definition: @node Control sequences @subsection Control sequence, control word and control symbol -When reading input @TeX{} converts the sequences of read characters into -a sequence of @dfn{tokens}. When @TeX{} sees a backslash @code{\}, it -will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a +@cindex control sequences + +When reading input @TeX{} converts the stream of read characters into a +sequence of @dfn{tokens}. When @TeX{} sees a backslash @code{\}, it will +handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a @dfn{control sequence} token. The control sequences fall into two categories: @itemize @item +@cindex control word, defined @dfn{control word}, when the control sequence is gathered from a -@code{\} followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one -blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the -@dfn{control sequence name}. +@code{\} followed by at least one ASCII letter (@code{A-Z} and +@code{a-z}), followed by at least one non-letter. + @item +@cindex control symbol, defined @dfn{control symbol}, when the control sequence is gathered from a @code{\} followed by one non-letter character. @end itemize +The sequence of characters so found after the @code{\} is also called +the @dfn{control sequence name}. + Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any whitespace in the output (@pxref{\newcommand & \renewcommand} and @ref{\(SPACE)}). -Just as the @code{\relax} command does nothing, the following will print -@samp{Hello!}@inlinefmt{tex,---where we used visible spaces -@samp{@visiblespace{}} instead of blanks,}@inlinefmt{info,---if you use -the Emacs info viewer@comma{} turn on the whitespace-mode minor mode to -see the trailing spaces}: +Just as the @code{\relax} command does nothing, the following input +will simply print @samp{Hello!} @inlinefmt{tex,We use visible +spaces @samp{@visiblespace{}} instead of blanks}@inlinefmt{info, (if +you use the Emacs info viewer@comma{} turn on the @code{whitespace-mode} +minor mode to see the trailing spaces)}: @example Hel\relax@visiblespace{}@visiblespace{}@visiblespace{} @@ -9814,7 +9884,7 @@ Hel\relax@visiblespace{}@visiblespace{}@visiblespace{} @end example @noindent -This is because blanks after @code{\relax}, including the newline are +This is because blanks after @code{\relax}, including the newline, are ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored (@pxref{Leading blanks}). @@ -9853,13 +9923,18 @@ From \myaffiliation. @end example @noindent -outputs @samp{From Saint Michael's College}. Unlike @code{\newcommand}, -the repeated use of @code{\providecommand} does not give an error. - +outputs @samp{From Saint Michael's College.}. Unlike +@code{\newcommand}, the repeated use of @code{\providecommand} to (try +to) define @code{\myaffiliation} does not give an error. @node \makeatletter & \makeatother @section @code{\makeatletter} & @code{\makeatother} +@anchor{\makeatletter} +@anchor{\makeatother} +@findex \makeatother +@findex \makeatother + Synopsis: @example @@ -10134,6 +10209,8 @@ The allocation of a box is global. @node \newenvironment & \renewenvironment @section @code{\newenvironment} & @code{\renewenvironment} +@anchor{\newenvironment} +@anchor{\renewenvironment} @findex \newenvironment @findex \renewenvironment @cindex environments, defining @@ -10543,6 +10620,8 @@ to @code{\protect\(..\protect\)}. @node \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend @section @code{\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend} +@anchor{\ignorespaces} +@anchor{\ignorespacesafterend} @findex \ignorespaces @findex \ignorespacesafterend @cindex spaces, ignore around commands @@ -10564,7 +10643,7 @@ or Both commands cause @LaTeX{} to ignore blanks (that is, characters of catcode@tie{}10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the command up to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a -command from plain @TeX{}, and the second is @LaTeX{}-specific. +primitive command of @TeX{}, and the second is @LaTeX{}-specific. The @code{\ignorespaces} is often used when defining commands via @code{\newcommand}, or @code{\newenvironment}, or @code{\def}. The @@ -10675,7 +10754,7 @@ braces or else there would be no space separating @samp{Vermont} from @code{\ } for this. @xref{\(SPACE)}.) The @package{xspace} package provides @code{\xspace}. It is for writing -commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place +commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be placed at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed. @@ -11016,6 +11095,9 @@ not influence references; that is, it does not define the current @node \day & \month & \year @section @code{\day} & @code{\month} & @code{\year} +@anchor{\day} +@anchor{\month} +@anchor{\year} @findex \day @findex \month @findex \year @@ -11214,12 +11296,12 @@ PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. @item mm @cindex millimeter @anchor{units of length mm} -Millimeter, 2.845 pt +Millimeter, 2.845@dmn{pt} @item cm @cindex centimeter @anchor{units of length cm} -Centimeter, 10 mm +Centimeter, 10@dmn{mm} @item dd @cindex didot point @@ -11634,12 +11716,12 @@ of some one or other of their daughters. ``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?'' @end example -A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank -line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank -line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as -space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a @code{%} and -span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns -are identical: +A paragraph separator can be made of a sequence of at least one blank +line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank line +is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as space +or tab. Comments in source code are started with a @code{%} and span up +to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are +identical: @example \documentclass[twocolumn]@{article@} @@ -11762,9 +11844,10 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3@tie{}inches and then @node \indent & \noindent @section @code{\indent} & @code{\noindent} +@anchor{\indent} +@anchor{\noindent} @findex \indent @findex \noindent -@findex \parindent @cindex indent, forcing Synopsis: @@ -11813,6 +11896,7 @@ The data \noindent shows this clearly. @end example +@findex \parindent To omit indentation in the entire document put @code{\setlength@{\parindent@}@{0pt@}} in the preamble. If you do that, you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, @@ -11827,6 +11911,8 @@ look on CTAN for the package @package{indentfirst}. @node \parindent & \parskip @section @code{\parindent} & @code{\parskip} +@anchor{\parindent} +@anchor{\parskip} @findex \parindent @findex \parskip @cindex paragraph indentation @@ -12050,6 +12136,8 @@ see their documentation on CTAN. @node Subscripts & superscripts @section Subscripts & superscripts +@anchor{superscript} +@anchor{subscript} @cindex superscript @cindex subscript @findex ^ @r{superscript} @@ -12099,8 +12187,9 @@ for the exponent. subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So, expressions such as @code{e^@{x^2@}} and @code{x_@{i_0@}} give correct output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the -@var{base} a determined @var{exp}. If you enter @code{\(3^3^3\)} then -you get @samp{Double superscript}. +@var{base} a determined @var{exp}. If you enter @code{\(3^3^3\)}, this +interpreted as @code{\(3^@{3@}^@{3@}\)} and then you get @TeX{} error +@samp{Double superscript}. @LaTeX{} does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in @@ -12113,7 +12202,7 @@ the correct place without any author intervention. @end example @noindent -Note the parentheses around @code{x=a} to make the entire expression a +Note the curly braces around @code{x=a} to make the entire expression a subscript. To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like @@ -12123,7 +12212,7 @@ attaching to a prior symbols. Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or display math mode, as in @code{the expression x^2}, will get you -the error @samp{Missing $ inserted}. +the @TeX{} error @samp{Missing $ inserted}. @PkgIndex{mhchem} A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to @@ -12216,11 +12305,12 @@ union@tie{}@code{\cup}. @BES{2A02,\bigotimes} Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator). @item \bigtriangledown -@BES{25BD,\bigtriangledown} Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down -(operator). +@BES{25BD,\bigtriangledown} Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle +pointing down (binary). Synonym: @var{\varbigtriangledown}. @item \bigtriangleup -@BES{25B3,\bigtriangleup} Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator). +@BES{25B3,\bigtriangleup} Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle +pointing up (binary). Synonym: @var{\varbigtriangleup}. @item \bigsqcup @BES{2A06,\bigsqcup} Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator). @@ -13025,7 +13115,7 @@ Dollar sign in math mode: $. Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, @BES{00B6,\P}. @item \mathsection -Section sign in math mode @BES{00A7,\S}. +Section sign in math mode: @BES{00A7,\S}. @item \mathsterling Sterling sign in math mode: @pounds{}. @@ -13126,10 +13216,12 @@ For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including @node \boldmath & \unboldmath @subsection @code{\boldmath} & @code{\unboldmath} -@cindex boldface mathematics -@cindex symbols, boldface +@anchor{\boldmath} +@anchor{\unboldmath} @findex \boldmath @findex \unboldmath +@cindex boldface mathematics +@cindex mathematics, boldface Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode): @@ -13148,9 +13240,9 @@ or @findex \unboldmath Declarations to change the letters and symbols in @var{math} to be in a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular -(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display -math mode (@pxref{Modes}). Both commands are fragile -(@pxref{\protect}). +(non-bold) default, respectively. They must be used when @emph{not} in +math mode or display math mode (@pxref{Modes}). Both commands are +fragile (@pxref{\protect}). In this example each @code{\boldmath} command takes place inside an @code{\mbox}, @@ -13161,20 +13253,34 @@ we have $\mbox@{\boldmath \( v \)@} = 5\cdot\mbox@{\boldmath \( u \)$@}$ @noindent which means @code{\boldmath} is only called in a text mode, here LR -mode, and explains why @LaTeX{} must switch to math mode to set @code{v} -and @code{u}. +mode, and explains why we must switch @LaTeX{} into math mode to set +@code{v} and @code{u}. If you use either command inside math mode, as with @code{Trouble: \( \boldmath x \)}, then you get something like @samp{LaTeX Font Warning: -Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11} and @samp{LaTeX -Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line -11}. +Command \boldmath invalid in math mode} and @samp{LaTeX Font Warning: +Command \mathversion invalid in math mode}. -@PkgIndex{bm} -There are many issues with @code{\boldmath}. New documents should use -the @package{bm} package provided by the @LaTeX{} Project team. A complete -description is outside the scope of this document (see the full -documentation on CTAN) but even this small example +@menu +* bm:: The @package{bm} package for individual bold symbols. +* OpenType bold math:: @code{FakeBold} or @code{\symbf}. +@end menu + +@node bm +@subsubsection @package{bm}: Individual bold math symbols + +@PkgIndex{bm} +@cindex symbols, boldface + +@c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/974 +Specifying @code{\boldmath} is the best method for typesetting a whole +math expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an +expression in bold, the @package{bm} package provided by the @LaTeX{} +Project team is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this +document (see its documentation at @url{https://ctan.org/pkg/bm} or in +your installation) but the spacing in the output of this small example +will show that it is an improvement over @code{\boldmath} within an +expression: @example \usepackage@{bm@} % in preamble @@ -13182,9 +13288,38 @@ documentation on CTAN) but even this small example we have $\bm@{v@} = 5\cdot\bm@{u@}$ @end example -@noindent -shows that it is an improvement over @code{\boldmath}. +@node OpenType bold math +@subsubsection OpenType bold math + +@PkgIndex{fontspec} + +Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (Xe@LaTeX{}, +Lua@LaTeX{}), neither @code{\boldmath} nor @package{bm} usually work +well, because the OpenType math fonts normally used with those engines +rarely come with a bold companion, and both @code{\boldmath} and +@package{bm} require this. (The implementation of @package{bm} relies +on @code{\boldmath}, so the requirements are the same.) If you do have +a bold math font, though, then @code{\boldmath} and @package{bm} work +fine. + +If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake +bold fonts with the @package{fontspec} package's @code{FakeBold=1} +parameter (see its documentation, +@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec}). This may be acceptable for +drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a true +bold font. +@PkgIndex{unicode-math} +@findex \symbf +@findex \symbfit +Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to use +the @code{\symbf} (bold), @code{\symbfit} (bold italic), and related +commands from the @package{unicode-math} package. These do not change +the current font, but rather change the (Unicode) ``alphabet'' used, +which in practice is more widely supported than a separate bold font. +Many variations are possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the +desired output. As usual, see the package documentation +(@url{https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math}). @node Blackboard bold @subsection Blackboard bold @@ -13214,8 +13349,9 @@ Here the @code{\mathbb@{N@}} gives blackboard bold symbol @BES{2115,\mathbbN}, representing the natural numbers. -If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error -but you get strange results, including unexpected characters. +If the argument contains something other than an uppercase letter, you +do not get an error but you do get strange results, including +unexpected characters. There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the capital letters; look on CTAN. @@ -13329,13 +13465,15 @@ same behavior. @node \left & \right @subsubsection @code{\left} & @code{\right} +@anchor{\left} +@anchor{\right} +@findex \left +@findex \right @cindex delimiters, paired @cindex paired delimiters @cindex matching parentheses @cindex matching brackets @cindex null delimiter -@findex \left -@findex \right @c Credit: SE userPhilipp https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/12793 @@ -13372,7 +13510,7 @@ can't use `\eqno' in math mode}. @PkgIndex{mathtools} However, @var{delimiter1} and @var{delimiter2} need not match. A common case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, -@samp{.}, as a null delimiter. +@samp{.}, as a @dfn{null delimiter}. @example \begin@{equation@} @@ -13476,6 +13614,11 @@ To size the delimiters manually, see@tie{}@ref{\bigl & \bigr etc.}. @node \bigl & \bigr etc. @subsubsection @code{\bigl}, @code{\bigr}, etc. +@anchor{\bigl} +@anchor{\bigr} +@findex \bigl +@findex \bigr + Synopsis, one of: @example @@ -13623,14 +13766,15 @@ usage. @anchor{ellipses ldots} @item \ldots +@itemx \mathellipsis +@itemx \dots Ellipsis on the baseline, @BES{2026,\ldots}. Used as: @code{\( -x_0,\ldots x_@{n-1@} \)}. Another example is the above array example. A -synonym is @code{\mathellipsis}. A synonym from the @package{amsmath} -package is @code{\hdots}. +x_0,\ldots x_@{n-1@} \)}. Another example is the above array example. +Synonyms are @code{\mathellipsis} and @code{\dots}. A synonym from +the @package{amsmath} package is @code{\hdots}. You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in -@code{The gears, brakes, \ldots@{@} are all broken}. (In a paragraph -mode or LR mode a synonym for @code{\ldots} is @code{\dots}.) +@code{The gears, brakes, \ldots@{@} are all broken}. @anchor{ellipses vdots} @item \vdots @@ -13653,6 +13797,10 @@ Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_@{n-1@} +1 \) is not a Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \). @end example +@findex \dotsc +@findex \dotsb +@findex \dotsi +@findex \dots @noindent In the first line @LaTeX{} looks to the comma following @code{\dots} to determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second @@ -13665,6 +13813,26 @@ the ellipses that fits when the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, @code{\dotsi} for dots with integrals, or @code{\dotso} for others. +@c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/976 +@PkgIndex{unicode-math} +The @code{\dots} command from @package{amsmath} differs from the +@LaTeX{} kernel's @code{\dots} command in another way: it outputs a +thin space after the ellipsis. Furthermore, the @package{unicode-math} +package automatically loads @package{amsmath}, so @package{amsmath}'s +@code{\dots} may be active even when you did not explicitly load it, +thus changing the output from @code{\dots} in both text and math mode. + +@cindex ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026) +@cindex ellipsis, traditional (three periods) +Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode +engines (@code{lualatex}, @code{xelatex}), @LaTeX{} will use the +Unicode ellipsis character (U+2026) in the font if it's available; +under traditional @TeX{} engines (@code{pdflatex}, @code{latex}), it +will typeset three spaced periods. Generally, the Unicode +single-character ellipsis has almost no space between the three +periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis is looser, more +in accordance with traditional typography. + @node Greek letters @subsection Greek letters @@ -13775,7 +13943,7 @@ Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane @item \bmod Binary modulo operator, used as in @code{\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)} @iftex -@math{5 \bmod 3} +@math{5 \bmod 3 = 2} @end iftex @item \cos @@ -13845,7 +14013,7 @@ Homomorphism @end iftex @item \inf -Infinum +Infimum @iftex @math{\inf} @end iftex @@ -13935,7 +14103,6 @@ Hyperbolic sine @end iftex @item \sup -@iftex Supremum @iftex @math{\mathop {\rm sup}} @@ -13962,13 +14129,14 @@ Hyperbolic tangent @end ftable @PkgIndex{amsmath} -The @package{amsmath} package adds improvements on some of these, and also -allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but -briefly, you can define an identity operator with +The @package{amsmath} package adds improvements on some of these, and +also allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, +but briefly, you can define an identity operator with @code{\DeclareMathOperator@{\identity@}@{id@}} that is like the ones above but prints as @samp{id}. The starred form -@code{\DeclareMathOperator*@{\op@}@{op@}} sets any limits above and -below, as is traditional with @code{\lim}, @code{\sup}, or @code{\max}. +@code{\DeclareMathOperator*@{\op@}@{op@}} sets any superscript or +subscript to be above and below, as is traditional with @code{\lim}, +@code{\sup}, or @code{\max}. @node Math accents @@ -13986,7 +14154,7 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text @cindex acute accent, math Math acute accent @iftex -@math{\acute{x}}. +@math{\acute{x}} @end iftex @item \bar @@ -14124,8 +14292,8 @@ Put a brace under @var{math}. For example, this @ifset HAS-MATH The result looks like this: @math{(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)}. @end ifset -Attach text to the brace by using subscript, @code{_}, or superscript, -@code{^}, as here. +Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, @code{_}, or +superscript, @code{^}, as here. @example \begin@{displaymath@} @@ -14344,6 +14512,13 @@ control over smashing a subformula box. @node \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom @subsection @code{\phantom} & @code{\vphantom} & @code{\hphantom} +@anchor{\phantom} +@anchor{\vphantom} +@anchor{\hphantom} +@findex \phantom +@findex \vphantom +@findex \hphantom + @cindex spacing, math mode @cindex horizontal spacing @cindex vertical spacing @@ -14569,11 +14744,12 @@ some that don't fit into other categories. @end menu -@node Colon character & \colon +@node Colon character & \colon @subsection Colon character @code{:} & @code{\colon} +@anchor{colon} @cindex colon character -@findex : @r{for math} +@findex : @r{(for math)} @findex \colon Synopsis, one of: @@ -14666,11 +14842,12 @@ argument @var{root-number} gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of @ifset HAS-MATH It comes out like this: @math{\root 3 \of {x+y}}. @end ifset -The radical grows with the size of @var{arg} (as the height of the -radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until for -a large enough @code{arg}, it is vertical). +The size of the radical grows with that of @var{arg} (as the height of +the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until +for a tall enough @code{arg}, it is vertical). -@LaTeX{} has a separate @code{\surd} character (@pxref{Math symbols}). +@LaTeX{} has a separate @code{\surd} symbol for making a square root +without @var{arg} (@pxref{Math symbols}). @node \stackrel @@ -14680,7 +14857,7 @@ a large enough @code{arg}, it is vertical). @cindex relation, text above @findex \stackrel -Synopsis, one of: +Synopsis: @example \stackrel@{@var{text}@}@{@var{relation}@} @@ -14724,7 +14901,7 @@ making a box with an @code{\mbox} command. As in paragraph mode, in paragraph mode, in LR mode @LaTeX{} never starts a new line, it just keeps going from left to right. (Although @LaTeX{} will not complain that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put -that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR +that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished LR box won't fit there.) @item @@ -14820,8 +14997,8 @@ special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or the first page of an article. @PkgIndex{fancyhdr} -The package @package{fancyhdr} is very helpful for constructing page -styles. See its documentation on CTAN. +The package @package{fancyhdr} is commonly used for constructing page +styles. See its documentation. @menu * \maketitle:: Generate a title page. @@ -14880,8 +15057,8 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the @ftable @code @item \author@{@var{name1} \and @var{name2} \and ...@} @cindex author, for titlepage -@findex \\ @r{for @code{\author}} -@findex \and @r{for @code{\author}} +@findex \\ @r{(for @code{\author})} +@findex \and @r{(for @code{\author})} Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a list of authors separated by @code{\and} commands. To separate lines within a single author's entry, for instance to give the author's @@ -14901,17 +15078,17 @@ To have no date, instead use @code{\date@{@}}. @cindex credit footnote Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in -the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at -all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email +the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text +at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email address. @item \title@{@var{text}@} @cindex title, for titlepage -@findex \\ @r{for @code{\title}} +@findex \\ @r{(for @code{\title})} Required. Declare @var{text} to be the title of the document. Get line breaks inside @var{text} with a double backslash, @code{\\}. If you -omit the @code{\title} declaration then you get @samp{LaTeX Error: No -\title given}. +omit the @code{\title} declaration then the @code{\maketitle} command +yields error @samp{LaTeX Error: No \title given}. @end ftable @@ -14937,11 +15114,13 @@ Synopsis: Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope -so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments. +so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace +or an end of environment. -In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered -@samp{a}, etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages -are numbered @samp{1}, etc. +In this example, before the @samp{Main} section the pages are numbered +@samp{a}, etc. Starting on the page containing the +@code{\pagenumbering} call in that section, the pages are numbered +@samp{1}, etc. @example \begin@{document@}\pagenumbering@{alph@} @@ -15071,8 +15250,8 @@ title of the last subsection to start, that is, the one in effect during the right hand page. To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, @LaTeX{} has @code{\section} -issue a command @code{\markboth}, setting @code{\leftmark} -to @samp{Section@tie{}2} and setting @code{\rightmark} to blank. +issue a command @code{\markboth}, setting @code{\leftmark} to +@samp{Section@tie{}2} and setting @code{\rightmark} to an empty content. And, @LaTeX{} has @code{\subsection} issue a command @code{\markright}, setting @code{\rightmark} to @samp{Subsection@tie{}2.1}, etc. @@ -15088,7 +15267,7 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading @code{\markright} that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one that came before that page. -@item \markright@{@var{right}@} +@item \markright@{@var{right-head}@} Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged. @end ftable @@ -15169,6 +15348,9 @@ Vertical space @node \enspace & \quad & \qquad @section @code{\enspace} & @code{\quad} & @code{\qquad} +@anchor{\enspace} +@anchor{\quad} +@anchor{\qquad} @findex \enspace @findex \quad @findex \qquad @@ -15485,6 +15667,7 @@ Examples are @code{Nat.\ Acad.\ Science}, and @code{Mr.~Bean}, and @anchor{\frenchspacing}@c old node name @subsection @code{\frenchspacing} & @code{\nonfrenchspacing} +@anchor{\nonfrenchspacing} @findex \frenchspacing @findex \nonfrenchspacing @cindex spacing, inter-sentence @@ -15696,6 +15879,8 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin}. @node \thinspace & \negthinspace @section @code{\thinspace} & @code{\negthinspace} +@anchor{\thinspace} +@anchor{\negthinspace} @findex \thinspace @findex \negthinspace @cindex thin space @@ -15797,6 +15982,8 @@ done in a different way. @node \hrulefill & \dotfill @section @code{\hrulefill} & @code{\dotfill} +@anchor{\hrulefill} +@anchor{\dotfill} @findex \hrulefill @findex \dotfill @@ -15866,6 +16053,13 @@ The line is 4@dmn{cm} long. @node \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip @section @code{\bigskip} & @code{\medskip} & @code{\smallskip} +@anchor{\bigskip} +@anchor{\medskip} +@anchor{\smallskip} +@findex \bigskip +@findex \medskip +@findex \smallskip + Synopsis, one of: @example @@ -15929,6 +16123,13 @@ put a page break (@pxref{\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak}. @node \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak @section @code{\bigbreak} & @code{\medbreak} & @code{\smallbreak} +@anchor{\bigbreak} +@anchor{\medbreak} +@anchor{\smallbreak} +@findex \bigbreak +@findex \medbreak +@findex \smallbreak + Synopsis, one of: @example @@ -15939,7 +16140,8 @@ Synopsis, one of: Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and suggest to @LaTeX{} that this is a good place to break the page. (The -associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.) +associated penalties are respectively @minus{}200, @minus{}100, and +@minus{}50.) @xref{\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip}, for more. These commands produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a @@ -16252,6 +16454,8 @@ One useful adjunct to the commands here is @package{adjustbox}. @node \mbox & \makebox @section @code{\mbox} & @code{\makebox} +@anchor{\mbox} +@anchor{\makebox} @findex \mbox @findex \makebox @cindex box @@ -16280,9 +16484,10 @@ the tank name, @samp{T-34}. The soviet tank \mbox@{T-34@} is a symbol of victory against nazism. @end example -The first two command synopsis versions, @code{\mbox} and @code{\makebox}, are -roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the -@var{text}. (They are like plain @TeX{}'s @code{\hbox}.) +The first two command invocations shown, @code{\mbox} and +@code{\makebox}, are roughly the same. They create a box just wide +enough to contain the @var{text}. (They are like plain @TeX{}'s +@code{\hbox}.) In the third version the optional argument @var{width} specifies the width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not @@ -16375,6 +16580,8 @@ and@tie{}@ref{minipage}. @node \fbox & \framebox @section @code{\fbox} & @code{\framebox} +@anchor{\fbox} +@anchor{\framebox} @findex \fbox @findex \framebox @@ -16597,6 +16804,8 @@ second is the height of @file{meta.png}. @node \sbox & \savebox @section @code{\sbox} & @code{\savebox} +@anchor{\sbox} +@anchor{\savebox} @findex \sbox @findex \savebox @cindex box, save @@ -16634,13 +16843,13 @@ One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a @code{\newcommand} macro variable is efficiency, that @LaTeX{} need not repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below. -The first two command invocations, +The first two command invocations shown above, @code{\sbox@{@var{box-cmd}@}@{@var{text}@}} and -@code{\savebox@{@var{box-cmd}@}@{@var{text}@}}, are roughly equivalent. -As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify -the box width as @var{width}, and the position of the text inside that -box as @var{position}. @xref{\mbox & \makebox}, for the full -description. +@code{\savebox@{@var{box-cmd}@}@{@var{text}@}}, are roughly the same. +As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to +specify the box width as @var{width}, and the position of the text +inside that box as @var{position}. @xref{\mbox & \makebox}, for the +full description. In the @code{\sbox} and @code{\savebox} commands the @var{text} is typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (@pxref{Modes}). If @@ -16951,13 +17160,13 @@ or @example \color@{@var{name}@} -\color[@var{color model}]@{@var{specification}@} +\color[@var{color model}]@{@var{color specification}@} @end example The affected text gets the color. This line @example -\textcolor@{magenta@}@{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:@} +\textcolor@{magenta@}@{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;@} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! @end example @@ -17472,9 +17681,8 @@ files in a file with a PostScript style @code{%%BoundingBox} line if no other format is available.) @item command -A command that will be applied to the -file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a -single backward quote. Thus, +A command that will be applied to the file. This is often left +empty. This command must start with a single backward quote. Thus, @code{\DeclareGraphicsRule@{.eps.gz@}@{eps@}@{.eps.bb@}@{`gunzip -c #1@}} specifies that any file with the extension @file{.eps.gz} should be treated as an @code{eps} file, with the BoundingBox information @@ -18146,8 +18354,8 @@ font circumflex use @code{\^@{@}}. To get a backslash in the font of the text body, enter @code{\textbackslash@{@}}. To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use -@code{\verb!!} as below (the double backslash@tie{}@code{\\} is only -there to split the lines in the output). +@code{\verb!!} as below (the double backslash@tie{}@code{\\} in the +example is only there to split the lines in the output). @example \begin@{center@} @@ -18252,7 +18460,7 @@ visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as @cindex text symbols @cindex symbols, text -@findex textcomp @r{package} +@PkgIndex{textcomp} @cindex TS1 encoding @LaTeX{} provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are @@ -18301,11 +18509,12 @@ The @LaTeX{}2e logo. Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French. @item \ldots -@itemx \dots @itemx \textellipsis +@itemx \dots @cindex ellipsis -@dots{} An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): @code{\ldots} -and @code{\dots} also work in math mode. +@dots{} An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): @code{\ldots} and +@code{\dots} also work in math mode (@pxref{Dots}). See that math +mode ellipsis description for additional general information. @item \lq @cindex left quote @@ -18364,7 +18573,15 @@ The @TeX{} logo. @item \textbackslash @cindex backslash, in text -\ Backslash. +\ Backslash. However, @code{\texttt@{\textbackslash@}} produces a roman +(not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, it +is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding, as +in: + +@example +\usepackage[T1]@{fontenc@} +@end example +@c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/824 @item \textbar @cindex vertical bar, in text @@ -18385,12 +18602,14 @@ The @TeX{} logo. @item \textbraceleft @cindex left brace, in text @cindex brace, left, in text -@{ Left brace. +@{ Left brace. See remarks at @code{\textbackslash} above about +making @code{\texttt@{\textbraceleft@}} produce a typewriter brace. @item \textbraceright @cindex right brace, in text @cindex brace, right, in text -@} Right brace. +@} Right brace. See remarks at @code{\textbackslash} above about +making @code{\texttt@{\textbraceright@}} produce a typewriter brace. @item \textbullet @cindex bullet, in text @@ -18674,7 +18893,7 @@ Related to this, @code{\underbar@{@var{text}@}} produces a bar under @var{text}. The argument is always processed in LR mode (@pxref{Modes}). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through descenders. See also @code{\underline} in -@ref{Math miscellany}. +@ref{Over- and Underlining}. @item \c @itemx \capitalcedilla @@ -19170,6 +19389,8 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an @code{\if...} with a @node \include & \includeonly @section @code{\include} & @code{\includeonly} +@anchor{\include} +@anchor{\includeonly} @findex \include @findex \includeonly @@ -20636,7 +20857,7 @@ such as @code{\chapter} that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each @code{letter} environment body typically ends with a @code{\closing} command such as @code{\closing@{Yours,@}}. -@findex \\ @r{for letters} +@findex \\ @r{(for letters)} Additional material may come after the @code{\closing}. You can say who is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like @code{\cc@{the Boss \\ the Boss's Boss@}}. There's a similar @code{\encl} command for @@ -21012,6 +21233,10 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system. @node \openin & \openout @section @code{\openin} & @code{\openout} +@anchor{\openin} +@anchor{\openout} +@anchor{\closein} +@anchor{\closeout} @findex \openin @findex \openout @findex \closein @@ -21553,7 +21778,7 @@ This sequence (on Unix) ... \newcommand@{\fignum@}@{1@} \immediate\write18@{cd pix && asy figure\fignum@} -\includegraphics@{pix\figure\fignum.pdf@} +\includegraphics@{pix/figure\fignum.pdf@} @end example @noindent @@ -21675,8 +21900,8 @@ such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run @command{pdflatex} or @command{xelatex} or @command{lualatex} then you will by default get PDF and have access to all its modern features. -If you run @command{latex}, or @code{dvilualatex}, then you will get -DVI. The description here assumes pdf@LaTeX{}. +If you run @command{latex}, or @command{dvilualatex}, then you will get +DVI. The description here assumes @command{pdflatex}. @xref{Command line options}, for a selection of the most useful command line options. As to @var{argument}, the usual case is that it diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt index 6ebb92c1686..9f3dd169cb2 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt @@ -45,229 +45,231 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual 3.3.1 Class and package structure 3.3.2 Class and package commands 4 Fonts - 4.1 'fontenc' package - 4.1.1 '\DeclareFontEncoding' - 4.1.2 '\DeclareTextAccent' - 4.1.3 '\DeclareTextAccentDefault' - 4.1.4 '\DeclareTextCommand' & '\ProvideTextCommand' - 4.1.5 '\DeclareTextCommandDefault' & '\ProvideTextCommandDefault ' - 4.1.6 '\DeclareTextComposite' - 4.1.7 '\DeclareTextCompositeCommand' - 4.1.8 '\DeclareTextSymbol' - 4.1.9 '\DeclareTextSymbolDefault' - 4.1.10 '\LastDeclaredEncoding' - 4.1.11 '\UseTextSymbol' & '\UseTextAccent' + 4.1 ‘fontenc’ package + 4.1.1 ‘\DeclareFontEncoding’ + 4.1.2 ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ + 4.1.3 ‘\DeclareTextAccentDefault’ + 4.1.4 ‘\DeclareTextCommand’ & ‘\ProvideTextCommand’ + 4.1.5 ‘\DeclareTextCommandDefault’ & ‘\ProvideTextCommandDefault ’ + 4.1.6 ‘\DeclareTextComposite’ + 4.1.7 ‘\DeclareTextCompositeCommand’ + 4.1.8 ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’ + 4.1.9 ‘\DeclareTextSymbolDefault’ + 4.1.10 ‘\LastDeclaredEncoding’ + 4.1.11 ‘\UseTextSymbol’ & ‘\UseTextAccent’ 4.2 Font styles 4.3 Font sizes 4.4 Low-level font commands 5 Layout - 5.1 '\onecolumn' - 5.2 '\twocolumn' - 5.3 '\flushbottom' - 5.4 '\raggedbottom' + 5.1 ‘\onecolumn’ + 5.2 ‘\twocolumn’ + 5.3 ‘\flushbottom’ + 5.4 ‘\raggedbottom’ 5.5 Page layout parameters - 5.6 '\baselineskip' & '\baselinestretch' + 5.6 ‘\baselineskip’ & ‘\baselinestretch’ 5.7 Floats - 5.7.1 '\caption' + 5.7.1 ‘\caption’ 6 Sectioning - 6.1 '\part' - 6.2 '\chapter' - 6.3 '\section' - 6.4 '\subsection' - 6.5 '\subsubsection', '\paragraph', '\subparagraph' - 6.6 '\appendix' - 6.7 '\frontmatter', '\mainmatter', '\backmatter' - 6.8 '\@startsection', typesetting sectional unit headings + 6.1 ‘\part’ + 6.2 ‘\chapter’ + 6.3 ‘\section’ + 6.4 ‘\subsection’ + 6.5 ‘\subsubsection’, ‘\paragraph’, ‘\subparagraph’ + 6.6 ‘\appendix’ + 6.7 ‘\frontmatter’, ‘\mainmatter’, ‘\backmatter’ + 6.8 ‘\@startsection’, typesetting sectional unit headings 7 Cross references - 7.1 '\label' - 7.2 '\pageref' - 7.3 '\ref' - 7.4 'xr' package + 7.1 ‘\label’ + 7.2 ‘\pageref’ + 7.3 ‘\ref’ + 7.4 ‘xr’ package 8 Environments - 8.1 'abstract' - 8.2 'array' - 8.3 'center' - 8.3.1 '\centering' - 8.4 'description' - 8.5 'displaymath' - 8.6 'document' - 8.6.1 '\AtBeginDocument' - 8.6.2 '\AtEndDocument' - 8.7 'enumerate' - 8.8 'eqnarray' - 8.9 'equation' - 8.10 'figure' - 8.11 'filecontents' - 8.12 'flushleft' - 8.12.1 '\raggedright' - 8.13 'flushright' - 8.13.1 '\raggedleft' - 8.14 'itemize' - 8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters - 8.16 'list' - 8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list - 8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list' - 8.17 'math' - 8.18 'minipage' - 8.19 'picture' - 8.19.1 '\put' - 8.19.2 '\multiput' - 8.19.3 '\qbezier' - 8.19.4 '\graphpaper' - 8.19.5 '\line' - 8.19.6 '\linethickness' - 8.19.7 '\thinlines' - 8.19.8 '\thicklines' - 8.19.9 '\circle' - 8.19.10 '\oval' - 8.19.11 '\shortstack' - 8.19.12 '\vector' - 8.19.13 '\makebox' (picture) - 8.19.14 '\framebox' (picture) - 8.19.15 '\frame' - 8.19.16 '\dashbox' - 8.20 'quotation' & 'quote' - 8.21 'tabbing' - 8.22 'table' - 8.23 'tabular' - 8.23.1 '\multicolumn' - 8.23.2 '\vline' - 8.23.3 '\cline' - 8.23.4 '\hline' - 8.24 'thebibliography' - 8.24.1 '\bibitem' - 8.24.2 '\cite' - 8.24.3 '\nocite' + 8.1 ‘abstract’ + 8.2 ‘array’ + 8.3 ‘center’ + 8.3.1 ‘\centering’ + 8.4 ‘description’ + 8.5 ‘displaymath’ + 8.6 ‘document’ + 8.6.1 ‘\AtBeginDocument’ + 8.6.2 ‘\AtEndDocument’ + 8.7 ‘enumerate’ + 8.8 ‘eqnarray’ + 8.9 ‘equation’ + 8.10 ‘figure’ + 8.11 ‘filecontents’ + 8.12 ‘flushleft’ + 8.12.1 ‘\raggedright’ + 8.13 ‘flushright’ + 8.13.1 ‘\raggedleft’ + 8.14 ‘itemize’ + 8.15 ‘letter’ environment: writing letters + 8.16 ‘list’ + 8.16.1 ‘\item’: An entry in a list + 8.16.2 ‘trivlist’: A restricted form of ‘list’ + 8.17 ‘math’ + 8.18 ‘minipage’ + 8.19 ‘picture’ + 8.19.1 ‘\put’ + 8.19.2 ‘\multiput’ + 8.19.3 ‘\qbezier’ + 8.19.4 ‘\graphpaper’ + 8.19.5 ‘\line’ + 8.19.6 ‘\linethickness’ + 8.19.7 ‘\thinlines’ + 8.19.8 ‘\thicklines’ + 8.19.9 ‘\circle’ + 8.19.10 ‘\oval’ + 8.19.11 ‘\shortstack’ + 8.19.12 ‘\vector’ + 8.19.13 ‘\makebox’ (picture) + 8.19.14 ‘\framebox’ (picture) + 8.19.15 ‘\frame’ + 8.19.16 ‘\dashbox’ + 8.20 ‘quotation’ & ‘quote’ + 8.21 ‘tabbing’ + 8.22 ‘table’ + 8.23 ‘tabular’ + 8.23.1 ‘\multicolumn’ + 8.23.2 ‘\vline’ + 8.23.3 ‘\cline’ + 8.23.4 ‘\hline’ + 8.24 ‘thebibliography’ + 8.24.1 ‘\bibitem’ + 8.24.2 ‘\cite’ + 8.24.3 ‘\nocite’ 8.24.4 Using BibTeX 8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages - 8.25 'theorem' - 8.26 'titlepage' - 8.27 'verbatim' - 8.27.1 '\verb' - 8.28 'verse' + 8.25 ‘theorem’ + 8.26 ‘titlepage’ + 8.27 ‘verbatim’ + 8.27.1 ‘\verb’ + 8.28 ‘verse’ 9 Line breaking - 9.1 '\\' - 9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' - 9.3 '\newline' - 9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) - 9.5 '\discretionary' (generalized hyphenation point) - 9.6 '\fussy' & '\sloppy' - 9.6.1 'sloppypar' - 9.7 '\hyphenation' - 9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' + 9.1 ‘\\’ + 9.2 ‘\obeycr’ & ‘\restorecr’ + 9.3 ‘\newline’ + 9.4 ‘\-’ (discretionary hyphen) + 9.5 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point) + 9.6 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’ + 9.6.1 ‘sloppypar’ + 9.7 ‘\hyphenation’ + 9.8 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’ 10 Page breaking - 10.1 '\clearpage' & '\cleardoublepage' - 10.2 '\newpage' - 10.3 '\enlargethispage' - 10.4 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' + 10.1 ‘\clearpage’ & ‘\cleardoublepage’ + 10.2 ‘\newpage’ + 10.3 ‘\enlargethispage’ + 10.4 ‘\pagebreak’ & ‘\nopagebreak’ 11 Footnotes - 11.1 '\footnote' - 11.2 '\footnotemark' - 11.3 '\footnotetext' + 11.1 ‘\footnote’ + 11.2 ‘\footnotemark’ + 11.3 ‘\footnotetext’ 11.4 Footnotes in section headings 11.5 Footnotes in a table 11.6 Footnotes of footnotes 12 Definitions - 12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' + 12.1 ‘\newcommand’ & ‘\renewcommand’ 12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol - 12.2 '\providecommand' - 12.3 '\makeatletter' & '\makeatother' - 12.4 '\@ifstar' - 12.5 '\newcounter': Allocating a counter - 12.6 '\newlength' - 12.7 '\newsavebox' - 12.8 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' - 12.9 '\newtheorem' - 12.10 '\newfont' - 12.11 '\protect' - 12.12 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend' + 12.2 ‘\providecommand’ + 12.3 ‘\makeatletter’ & ‘\makeatother’ + 12.4 ‘\@ifstar’ + 12.5 ‘\newcounter’: Allocating a counter + 12.6 ‘\newlength’ + 12.7 ‘\newsavebox’ + 12.8 ‘\newenvironment’ & ‘\renewenvironment’ + 12.9 ‘\newtheorem’ + 12.10 ‘\newfont’ + 12.11 ‘\protect’ + 12.12 ‘\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend’ 12.13 xspace package 13 Counters - 13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters - 13.2 '\usecounter' - 13.3 '\value' - 13.4 '\setcounter' - 13.5 '\addtocounter' - 13.6 '\refstepcounter' - 13.7 '\stepcounter' - 13.8 '\day' & '\month' & '\year' + 13.1 ‘\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol’: Printing counters + 13.2 ‘\usecounter’ + 13.3 ‘\value’ + 13.4 ‘\setcounter’ + 13.5 ‘\addtocounter’ + 13.6 ‘\refstepcounter’ + 13.7 ‘\stepcounter’ + 13.8 ‘\day’ & ‘\month’ & ‘\year’ 14 Lengths 14.1 Units of length - 14.2 '\setlength' - 14.3 '\addtolength' - 14.4 '\settodepth' - 14.5 '\settoheight' - 14.6 '\settowidth' - 14.7 '\stretch' + 14.2 ‘\setlength’ + 14.3 ‘\addtolength’ + 14.4 ‘\settodepth’ + 14.5 ‘\settoheight’ + 14.6 ‘\settowidth’ + 14.7 ‘\stretch’ 14.8 Expressions 15 Making paragraphs - 15.1 '\par' - 15.2 '\indent' & '\noindent' - 15.3 '\parindent' & '\parskip' + 15.1 ‘\par’ + 15.2 ‘\indent’ & ‘\noindent’ + 15.3 ‘\parindent’ & ‘\parskip’ 15.4 Marginal notes 16 Math formulas 16.1 Subscripts & superscripts 16.2 Math symbols 16.2.1 Arrows - 16.2.2 '\boldmath' & '\unboldmath' + 16.2.2 ‘\boldmath’ & ‘\unboldmath’ + 16.2.2.1 ‘bm’: Individual bold math symbols + 16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math 16.2.3 Blackboard bold 16.2.4 Calligraphic 16.2.5 Delimiters - 16.2.5.1 '\left' & '\right' - 16.2.5.2 '\bigl', '\bigr', etc. + 16.2.5.1 ‘\left’ & ‘\right’ + 16.2.5.2 ‘\bigl’, ‘\bigr’, etc. 16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical 16.2.7 Greek letters 16.3 Math functions 16.4 Math accents 16.5 Over- and Underlining 16.6 Spacing in math mode - 16.6.1 '\smash' - 16.6.2 '\phantom' & '\vphantom' & '\hphantom' - 16.6.3 '\mathstrut' + 16.6.1 ‘\smash’ + 16.6.2 ‘\phantom’ & ‘\vphantom’ & ‘\hphantom’ + 16.6.3 ‘\mathstrut’ 16.7 Math styles 16.8 Math miscellany - 16.8.1 Colon character ':' & '\colon' - 16.8.2 '\*' - 16.8.3 '\frac' - 16.8.4 '\sqrt' - 16.8.5 '\stackrel' + 16.8.1 Colon character ‘:’ & ‘\colon’ + 16.8.2 ‘\*’ + 16.8.3 ‘\frac’ + 16.8.4 ‘\sqrt’ + 16.8.5 ‘\stackrel’ 17 Modes - 17.1 '\ensuremath' + 17.1 ‘\ensuremath’ 18 Page styles - 18.1 '\maketitle' - 18.2 '\pagenumbering' - 18.3 '\pagestyle' - 18.4 '\thispagestyle' + 18.1 ‘\maketitle’ + 18.2 ‘\pagenumbering’ + 18.3 ‘\pagestyle’ + 18.4 ‘\thispagestyle’ 19 Spaces - 19.1 '\enspace' & '\quad' & '\qquad' - 19.2 '\hspace' - 19.3 '\hfill' - 19.4 '\hss' - 19.5 '\spacefactor' - 19.5.1 '\@' - 19.5.2 '\frenchspacing' & '\nonfrenchspacing' - 19.5.3 '\normalsfcodes' - 19.6 Backslash-space, '\ ' - 19.7 '~' - 19.8 '\thinspace' & '\negthinspace' - 19.9 '\/' - 19.10 '\hrulefill' & '\dotfill' - 19.11 '\bigskip' & '\medskip' & '\smallskip' - 19.12 '\bigbreak' & '\medbreak' & '\smallbreak' - 19.13 '\strut' - 19.14 '\vspace' - 19.15 '\vfill' - 19.16 '\addvspace' + 19.1 ‘\enspace’ & ‘\quad’ & ‘\qquad’ + 19.2 ‘\hspace’ + 19.3 ‘\hfill’ + 19.4 ‘\hss’ + 19.5 ‘\spacefactor’ + 19.5.1 ‘\@’ + 19.5.2 ‘\frenchspacing’ & ‘\nonfrenchspacing’ + 19.5.3 ‘\normalsfcodes’ + 19.6 Backslash-space, ‘\ ’ + 19.7 ‘~’ + 19.8 ‘\thinspace’ & ‘\negthinspace’ + 19.9 ‘\/’ + 19.10 ‘\hrulefill’ & ‘\dotfill’ + 19.11 ‘\bigskip’ & ‘\medskip’ & ‘\smallskip’ + 19.12 ‘\bigbreak’ & ‘\medbreak’ & ‘\smallbreak’ + 19.13 ‘\strut’ + 19.14 ‘\vspace’ + 19.15 ‘\vfill’ + 19.16 ‘\addvspace’ 20 Boxes - 20.1 '\mbox' & '\makebox' - 20.2 '\fbox' & '\framebox' - 20.3 '\parbox' - 20.4 '\raisebox' - 20.5 '\sbox' & '\savebox' - 20.6 'lrbox' - 20.7 '\usebox' + 20.1 ‘\mbox’ & ‘\makebox’ + 20.2 ‘\fbox’ & ‘\framebox’ + 20.3 ‘\parbox’ + 20.4 ‘\raisebox’ + 20.5 ‘\sbox’ & ‘\savebox’ + 20.6 ‘lrbox’ + 20.7 ‘\usebox’ 21 Color - 21.1 'color' package options + 21.1 ‘color’ package options 21.2 Color models 21.3 Commands for color 21.3.1 Define colors @@ -275,85 +277,85 @@ LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual 21.3.3 Colored boxes 21.3.4 Colored pages 22 Graphics - 22.1 'graphics' package options - 22.2 'graphics' package configuration - 22.2.1 '\graphicspath' - 22.2.2 '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' - 22.2.3 '\DeclareGraphicsRule' + 22.1 ‘graphics’ package options + 22.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration + 22.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’ + 22.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’ + 22.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’ 22.3 Commands for graphics - 22.3.1 '\includegraphics' - 22.3.2 '\rotatebox' - 22.3.3 '\scalebox' - 22.3.4 '\resizebox' + 22.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’ + 22.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’ + 22.3.3 ‘\scalebox’ + 22.3.4 ‘\resizebox’ 23 Special insertions 23.1 Reserved characters 23.2 Upper and lower case 23.3 Symbols by font position 23.4 Text symbols 23.5 Accents - 23.5.1 '\accent' + 23.5.1 ‘\accent’ 23.6 Additional Latin letters - 23.7 'inputenc' package - 23.8 '\rule' - 23.9 '\today' + 23.7 ‘inputenc’ package + 23.8 ‘\rule’ + 23.9 ‘\today’ 24 Splitting the input - 24.1 '\endinput' - 24.2 '\include' & '\includeonly' - 24.3 '\input' + 24.1 ‘\endinput’ + 24.2 ‘\include’ & ‘\includeonly’ + 24.3 ‘\input’ 25 Front/back matter 25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables - 25.1.1 '\@dottedtocline' - 25.1.2 '\addcontentsline' - 25.1.3 '\addtocontents' - 25.1.4 '\contentsline' - 25.1.5 '\nofiles' - 25.1.6 '\numberline' + 25.1.1 ‘\@dottedtocline’ + 25.1.2 ‘\addcontentsline’ + 25.1.3 ‘\addtocontents’ + 25.1.4 ‘\contentsline’ + 25.1.5 ‘\nofiles’ + 25.1.6 ‘\numberline’ 25.2 Indexes 25.2.1 Produce the index manually - 25.2.2 '\index' - 25.2.3 'makeindex' - 25.2.4 '\printindex' + 25.2.2 ‘\index’ + 25.2.3 ‘makeindex’ + 25.2.4 ‘\printindex’ 25.3 Glossaries - 25.3.1 '\newglossaryentry' - 25.3.2 '\gls' + 25.3.1 ‘\newglossaryentry’ + 25.3.2 ‘\gls’ 26 Letters - 26.1 '\address' - 26.2 '\cc' - 26.3 '\closing' - 26.4 '\encl' - 26.5 '\location' - 26.6 '\makelabels' - 26.7 '\name' - 26.8 '\opening' - 26.9 '\ps' - 26.10 '\signature' - 26.11 '\telephone' + 26.1 ‘\address’ + 26.2 ‘\cc’ + 26.3 ‘\closing’ + 26.4 ‘\encl’ + 26.5 ‘\location’ + 26.6 ‘\makelabels’ + 26.7 ‘\name’ + 26.8 ‘\opening’ + 26.9 ‘\ps’ + 26.10 ‘\signature’ + 26.11 ‘\telephone’ 27 Input/output - 27.1 '\openin' & '\openout' - 27.2 '\read' - 27.3 '\typein' - 27.4 '\typeout' - 27.5 '\write' - 27.5.1 '\write' and security - 27.5.2 '\message' - 27.5.3 '\wlog' - 27.5.4 '\write18' + 27.1 ‘\openin’ & ‘\openout’ + 27.2 ‘\read’ + 27.3 ‘\typein’ + 27.4 ‘\typeout’ + 27.5 ‘\write’ + 27.5.1 ‘\write’ and security + 27.5.2 ‘\message’ + 27.5.3 ‘\wlog’ + 27.5.4 ‘\write18’ 28 Command line interface 28.1 Command line options 28.2 Command line input 28.3 Jobname 28.4 Recovering from errors Appendix A Document templates - A.1 'beamer' template - A.2 'article' template - A.3 'book' template - A.4 Larger 'book' template + A.1 ‘beamer’ template + A.2 ‘article’ template + A.3 ‘book’ template + A.4 Larger ‘book’ template Index LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual *************************************** This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of January -2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +2023) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. 1 About this document ********************* @@ -362,14 +364,14 @@ This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting program (*note Overview::). - This document's home page is <https://latexref.xyz>; it has separate + This document’s home page is <https://latexref.xyz>; it has separate web pages for each topic. Alternatively. <https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html> has the entire document on a single page. For other output formats, the sources, and plenty more information, see <https://latexref.xyz/dev/>. - In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than -'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades + In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than +‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades ago. LaTeX is maintained by a group of volunteers @@ -411,9 +413,9 @@ with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text should be formatted. - LaTeX is implemented as a set of related so-called "macros" which use -Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program or one of its derivatives, -collectively known as "engines". Thus, the user produces output, + LaTeX is implemented as a set of related so-called “macros” which use +Donald E. Knuth’s TeX typesetting program or one of its derivatives, +collectively known as “engines”. Thus, the user produces output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a TeX engine. (The following sections describe all this in more detail.) @@ -421,10 +423,10 @@ sections describe all this in more detail.) the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands available to a LaTeX user. - The name LaTeX is short for "Lamport TeX". It is pronounced LAH-teck + The name LaTeX is short for “Lamport TeX”. It is pronounced LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, produce the -logo with '\LaTeX'. Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in -plain text, write it as 'LaTeX'. +logo with ‘\LaTeX’. Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in +plain text, write it as ‘LaTeX’. 2.1 Starting and ending ======================= @@ -437,19 +439,19 @@ and ending. This is a small example. Hello, \LaTeX\ world. \end{document} -Every LaTeX document has a '\begin{document}' line and an -'\end{document}' line. +Every LaTeX document has a ‘\begin{document}’ line and an +‘\end{document}’ line. -Here, the 'article' is the "document class". It is implemented in a -file 'article.cls'. You can use any document class on your system. A +Here, the ‘article’ is the “document class”. It is implemented in a +file ‘article.cls’. You can use any document class on your system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of others are widely available. *Note Document classes::. - You can include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and -the '\begin{document}' commands. This area is called the "preamble". + You can include other LaTeX commands between the ‘\documentclass’ and +the ‘\begin{document}’ commands. This area is called the “preamble”. - The '\begin{document}', '\end{document}' pair defines an -"environment"; the 'document' environment (and no others) is required in + The ‘\begin{document}’, ‘\end{document}’ pair defines an +“environment”; the ‘document’ environment (and no others) is required in all LaTeX documents (*note document::). LaTeX make available to you many environments that are documented here (*note Environments::). Many more are available to you from external packages, most importantly those @@ -462,45 +464,45 @@ from a LaTeX input file. ================ LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files. The -main output file's name ends in either '.dvi' or '.pdf'. - -'.dvi' - If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'latex' then it - produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension '.dvi'. You can - view this file with a command such as 'xdvi', or convert it to a - PostScript '.ps' file with 'dvips' or to a Portable Document Format - '.pdf' file with 'dvipdfmx'. The contents of the file can be - dumped in human-readable form with 'dvitype'. A vast array of +main output file’s name ends in either ‘.dvi’ or ‘.pdf’. + +‘.dvi’ + If LaTeX is invoked with the system command ‘latex’ then it + produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension ‘.dvi’. You can + view this file with a command such as ‘xdvi’, or convert it to a + PostScript ‘.ps’ file with ‘dvips’ or to a Portable Document Format + ‘.pdf’ file with ‘dvipdfmx’. The contents of the file can be + dumped in human-readable form with ‘dvitype’. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are available (<https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware>). -'.pdf' - If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'pdflatex', among other +‘.pdf’ + If LaTeX is invoked via the system command ‘pdflatex’, among other commands (*note TeX engines::), then the main output is a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. LaTeX always produces at least two additional files. -'.log' +‘.log’ This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps additional information for any errors. -'.aux' +‘.aux’ Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward - reference--a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared - in the source--it will appear in the output as a doubled question - mark '??'. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the - source then LaTeX writes its location information to this '.aux' + reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared + in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled question + mark ‘??’. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the + source then LaTeX writes its location information to this ‘.aux’ file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information from this file and uses it to resolve the reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered location. LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename -ending. These include a '.lof' file that is used to make a list of -figures, a '.lot' file used to make a list of tables, and a '.toc' file +ending. These include a ‘.lof’ file that is used to make a list of +figures, a ‘.lot’ file used to make a list of tables, and a ‘.toc’ file used to make a table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::). A particular class may create others; the list is open-ended. @@ -508,77 +510,77 @@ particular class may create others; the list is open-ended. =============== LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX program -(*note Overview::). Such a set of commands is called a "format", and is -embodied in a binary '.fmt' file, which can be read much more quickly +(*note Overview::). Such a set of commands is called a “format”, and is +embodied in a binary ‘.fmt’ file, which can be read much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source. This section gives a terse overview of the TeX programs that are commonly available (see also *note Command line interface::). -'latex' -'pdflatex' +‘latex’ +‘pdflatex’ In TeX Live (<https://tug.org/texlive>), if LaTeX is invoked via - either the system command 'latex' or 'pdflatex', then the pdfTeX + either the system command ‘latex’ or ‘pdflatex’, then the pdfTeX engine is run (<https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex>). When invoked as - 'latex', the main output is a '.dvi' file; as 'pdflatex', the main - output is a '.pdf' file. + ‘latex’, the main output is a ‘.dvi’ file; as ‘pdflatex’, the main + output is a ‘.pdf’ file. - pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth's original + pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth’s original program (<https://ctan.org/pkg/etex>), including additional programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the - system command 'etex', but this is plain TeX (and produces '.dvi'). + system command ‘etex’, but this is plain TeX (and produces ‘.dvi’). - In other TeX distributions, 'latex' may invoke e-TeX rather than + In other TeX distributions, ‘latex’ may invoke e-TeX rather than pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be available in LaTeX. -'lualatex' - If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'lualatex', the LuaTeX +‘lualatex’ + If LaTeX is invoked via the system command ‘lualatex’, the LuaTeX engine is run (<https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex>). This program allows code written in the scripting language Lua (<http://luatex.org>) to - interact with TeX's typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode + interact with TeX’s typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType and TrueType fonts, and - produces a '.pdf' file by default. There is also 'dvilualatex' to - produce a '.dvi' file. + produces a ‘.pdf’ file by default. There is also ‘dvilualatex’ to + produce a ‘.dvi’ file. -'xelatex' - If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'xelatex', the XeTeX +‘xelatex’ + If LaTeX is invoked with the system command ‘xelatex’, the XeTeX engine is run (<https://tug.org/xetex>). Like LuaTeX, XeTeX natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. XeTeX produces a - '.pdf' file as output; it does not support DVI output. + ‘.pdf’ file as output; it does not support DVI output. - Internally, XeTeX creates an '.xdv' file, a variant of DVI, and - translates that to PDF using the ('x')'dvipdfmx' program, but this - process is automatic. The '.xdv' file is only useful for + Internally, XeTeX creates an ‘.xdv’ file, a variant of DVI, and + translates that to PDF using the (‘x’)‘dvipdfmx’ program, but this + process is automatic. The ‘.xdv’ file is only useful for debugging. -'platex' -'uplatex' +‘platex’ +‘uplatex’ These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese - and other languages; the 'u' variant supports Unicode. See + and other languages; the ‘u’ variant supports Unicode. See <https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex> and <https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>. - As of 2019, there is a companion '-dev' command and format for all of + As of 2019, there is a companion ‘-dev’ command and format for all of the above: -'dvilualatex-dev' -'latex-dev' -'lualatex-dev' -'pdflatex-dev' -'platex-dev' -'uplatex-dev' -'xelatex-dev' +‘dvilualatex-dev’ +‘latex-dev’ +‘lualatex-dev’ +‘pdflatex-dev’ +‘platex-dev’ +‘uplatex-dev’ +‘xelatex-dev’ These are candidates for an upcoming LaTeX release. The main purpose is to find and address compatibility problems before an official release. - These '-dev' formats make it easy for anyone to help test documents - and code: you can run, say, 'pdflatex-dev' instead of 'pdflatex', + These ‘-dev’ formats make it easy for anyone to help test documents + and code: you can run, say, ‘pdflatex-dev’ instead of ‘pdflatex’, without changing anything else in your environment. Indeed, it is - easiest and most helpful to always run the '-dev' versions instead + easiest and most helpful to always run the ‘-dev’ versions instead of bothering to switch back and forth. During quiet times after a release, the commands will be equivalent. @@ -586,45 +588,45 @@ the above: undergo the same extensive regression testing by the LaTeX team before being released. - For more information, see "The LaTeX release workflow and the LaTeX - 'dev' formats" by Frank Mittelbach, 'TUGboat' 40:2, + For more information, see “The LaTeX release workflow and the LaTeX + ‘dev’ formats” by Frank Mittelbach, ‘TUGboat’ 40:2, <https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf>. 2.4 LaTeX command syntax ======================== In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash -character, '\'. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of +character, ‘\’. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. - LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that '\pagebreak' differs -from '\Pagebreak' (the latter is not a standard command). Most command + LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that ‘\pagebreak’ differs +from ‘\Pagebreak’ (the latter is not a standard command). Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined. A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are -contained in curly braces, '{...}'. Optional arguments are contained in -square brackets, '[...]'. Generally, but not universally, if the +contained in curly braces, ‘{...}’. Optional arguments are contained in +square brackets, ‘[...]’. Generally, but not universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any required arguments. Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square -bracket (']') hide it inside curly braces, as in '\item[closing bracket -{]}]'. Similarly, if an optional argument comes last, with no required +bracket (‘]’) hide it inside curly braces, as in ‘\item[closing bracket +{]}]’. Similarly, if an optional argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make the first character of the following text be an open square bracket, hide it inside curly braces. - LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a '*' form that is -related to the form without a '*', such as '\chapter' and '\chapter*'. + LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a ‘*’ form that is +related to the form without a ‘*’, such as ‘\chapter’ and ‘\chapter*’. The exact difference in behavior varies from command to command. - This manual describes all accepted options and '*'-forms for the + This manual describes all accepted options and ‘*’-forms for the commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). - As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the 'expl3' and 'xparse' + As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the ‘expl3’ and ‘xparse’ packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They provide a completely -different underlying programming language syntax. We won't try to cover +different underlying programming language syntax. We won’t try to cover them in this document; see the related package documentation and other LaTeX manuals. @@ -637,9 +639,9 @@ Synopsis: ... \end{ENVIRONMENT-NAME} - An "environment" is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which there is + An “environment” is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which there is a distinct behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines -between '\begin{verse}' and '\end{verse}'. +between ‘\begin{verse}’ and ‘\end{verse}’. \begin{verse} There once was a man from Nantucket \\ @@ -647,12 +649,12 @@ between '\begin{verse}' and '\end{verse}'. \end{verse} *Note Environments::, for a list of environments. Particularly -notable is that every LaTeX document must have a 'document' environment, -a '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' pair. +notable is that every LaTeX document must have a ‘document’ environment, +a ‘\begin{document} ... \end{document}’ pair. The ENVIRONMENT-NAME at the beginning must exactly match that at the end. This includes the case where ENVIRONMENT-NAME ends in a -star ('*'); both the '\begin' and '\end' texts must include the star. +star (‘*’); both the ‘\begin’ and ‘\end’ texts must include the star. Environments may have arguments, including optional arguments. This example produces a table. The first argument is optional (and causes @@ -667,21 +669,21 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns). =============================================== The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and LaTeX -community's repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites +community’s repository of free material. It is a set of Internet sites around the world that offer material related to LaTeX for download. Visit CTAN on the web at <https://ctan.org>. This material is organized into packages, discrete bundles that typically offer some coherent functionality and are maintained by one person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have -a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher's +a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher’s specifications. - In addition to the massive holdings, the 'ctan.org' web site offers + In addition to the massive holdings, the ‘ctan.org’ web site offers features such as search by name or by functionality. CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of -which is the so-called "master". The master host actively manages the +which is the so-called “master”. The master host actively manages the material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX group, DANTE e.V. @@ -694,7 +696,7 @@ The list of mirrors is at <https://ctan.org/mirrors>. 3 Document classes ****************** -The document's overall class is defined with this command, which is +The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is normally the first command in a LaTeX source file. \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS} @@ -702,127 +704,127 @@ normally the first command in a LaTeX source file. The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX. (Many other document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.) -'article' +‘article’ For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use. -'book' +‘book’ Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix (*note Front/back matter::). -'letter' +‘letter’ Mail, optionally including mailing labels (*note Letters::). -'report' - For documents of length between an 'article' and a 'book', such as +‘report’ + For documents of length between an ‘article’ and a ‘book’, such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. -'slides' - For slide presentations--rarely used nowadays. The 'beamer' - package is perhaps the most prevalent - (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>). *Note beamer template::, for a - small template for a beamer document. +‘slides’ + For slide presentations—rarely used nowadays. The ‘beamer’ package + is perhaps the most prevalent (<https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>). + *Note beamer template::, for a small template for a beamer + document. Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section. 3.1 Document class options ========================== -You can specify "global options" or "class options" to the -'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets. To +You can specify “global options” or “class options” to the +‘\documentclass’ command by enclosing them in square brackets. To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma. \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS} Here is the list of the standard class options. - All of the standard classes except 'slides' accept the following -options for selecting the typeface size (default is '10pt'): + All of the standard classes except ‘slides’ accept the following +options for selecting the typeface size (default is ‘10pt’): 10pt 11pt 12pt All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (these show height by width): -'a4paper' +‘a4paper’ 210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches) -'a5paper' +‘a5paper’ 148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3 inches) -'b5paper' +‘b5paper’ 176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8 inches) -'executivepaper' +‘executivepaper’ 7.25 by 10.5 inches -'legalpaper' +‘legalpaper’ 8.5 by 14 inches -'letterpaper' +‘letterpaper’ 8.5 by 11 inches (the default) When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX (*note -TeX engines::), options other than 'letterpaper' set the print area but +TeX engines::), options other than ‘letterpaper’ set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put -'\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth' and '\pdfpageheight=\paperheight' in your -document's preamble. +‘\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth’ and ‘\pdfpageheight=\paperheight’ in your +document’s preamble. - The 'geometry' package provides flexible ways of setting the print + The ‘geometry’ package provides flexible ways of setting the print area and physical page size. Miscellaneous other options: -'draft' -'final' - Mark ('draft') or do not mark ('final') overfull boxes with a black - box in the margin; default is 'final'. +‘draft’ +‘final’ + Mark (‘draft’) or do not mark (‘final’) overfull boxes with a black + box in the margin; default is ‘final’. -'fleqn' +‘fleqn’ Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. -'landscape' +‘landscape’ Selects landscape format; default is portrait. -'leqno' +‘leqno’ Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. -'openbib' - Use "open" bibliography format. +‘openbib’ + Use “open” bibliography format. -'titlepage' -'notitlepage' +‘titlepage’ +‘notitlepage’ Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and for the abstract also, if there is one. The - default for the 'report' class is 'titlepage', for the other - classes it is 'notitlepage'. + default for the ‘report’ class is ‘titlepage’, for the other + classes it is ‘notitlepage’. - The following options are not available with the 'slides' class. + The following options are not available with the ‘slides’ class. -'onecolumn' -'twocolumn' - Typeset in one or two columns; default is 'onecolumn'. +‘onecolumn’ +‘twocolumn’ + Typeset in one or two columns; default is ‘onecolumn’. -'oneside' -'twoside' - Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except that - in the 'book' class the default is 'twoside'. +‘oneside’ +‘twoside’ + Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is ‘oneside’, except that + in the ‘book’ class the default is ‘twoside’. For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For - two-sided printing, the '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin') + two-sided printing, the ‘\evensidemargin’ (‘\oddsidemargin’) parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages - between the left side of the page and the text's left margin, with - '\oddsidemargin' being 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth' - and '\textwidth', and '\evensidemargin' is the remainder. + between the left side of the page and the text’s left margin, with + ‘\oddsidemargin’ being 40% of the difference between ‘\paperwidth’ + and ‘\textwidth’, and ‘\evensidemargin’ is the remainder. -'openright' -'openany' +‘openright’ +‘openany’ Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default - is 'openright' for 'book', and 'openany' for 'report'. + is ‘openright’ for ‘book’, and ‘openany’ for ‘report’. - The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at + The ‘slides’ class offers the option ‘clock’ for printing the time at the bottom of each note. 3.2 Additional packages @@ -834,65 +836,65 @@ comma-separated list OPTIONS, as here. \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}. To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma, -as in '\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}', or use multiple '\usepackage' +as in ‘\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}’, or use multiple ‘\usepackage’ commands. - Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown to + Any options given in the ‘\documentclass’ command that are unknown to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with -'\usepackage'. +‘\usepackage’. 3.3 Class and package construction ================================== You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a standard -header for each page, then you could create a new class 'smcmemo.cls' -and begin your documents with '\documentclass{smcmemo}'. +header for each page, then you could create a new class ‘smcmemo.cls’ +and begin your documents with ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’. What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a package are useful across classes while those in a document class are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for -a package while a command to make the page headers say 'Memo from the -SMC Math Department' is for a class. +a package while a command to make the page headers say ‘Memo from the +SMC Math Department’ is for a class. - Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign '@' as a + Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign ‘@’ as a character in command names without having to surround the code -containing that command with '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother'. *Note +containing that command with ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’. *Note \makeatletter & \makeatother::. This allow you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine. Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with others. For instance, the class -'smcmemo' might have commands '\smc@tolist', '\smc@fromlist', etc. +‘smcmemo’ might have commands ‘\smc@tolist’, ‘\smc@fromlist’, etc. 3.3.1 Class and package structure --------------------------------- A class file or package file typically has four parts. - 1. In the "identification part", the file says that it is a LaTeX - package or class and describes itself, using the '\NeedsTeXFormat' - and '\ProvidesClass' or '\ProvidesPackage' commands. + 1. In the “identification part”, the file says that it is a LaTeX + package or class and describes itself, using the ‘\NeedsTeXFormat’ + and ‘\ProvidesClass’ or ‘\ProvidesPackage’ commands. - 2. The "preliminary declarations part" declares some commands and can + 2. The “preliminary declarations part” declares some commands and can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed - for the code used in the next part. For example, an 'smcmemo' + for the code used in the next part. For example, an ‘smcmemo’ class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list - of people for the to-head, as '\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}', + of people for the to-head, as ‘\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}’, and therefore needs to define a command - '\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}' used in that file. + ‘\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}’ used in that file. - 3. In the "handle options part" the class or package declares and + 3. In the “handle options part” the class or package declares and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their - document as '\documentclass[OPTION LIST]{CLASS NAME}', to modify + document as ‘\documentclass[OPTION LIST]{CLASS NAME}’, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you declare - '\documentclass[11pt]{article}' to set the default document font + ‘\documentclass[11pt]{article}’ to set the default document font size. - 4. Finally, in the "more declarations part" the class or package + 4. Finally, in the “more declarations part” the class or package usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and loading other files. - Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as 'stub.cls' -where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the '.tex' + Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as ‘stub.cls’ +where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the ‘.tex’ file. \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} @@ -902,8 +904,8 @@ file. \LoadClass{article} It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of -passing them all to the 'article' class, and then loads the 'article' -class to provide the basis for this class's code. +passing them all to the ‘article’ class, and then loads the ‘article’ +class to provide the basis for this class’s code. For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the Class Guide, at @@ -916,76 +918,76 @@ the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages. -'\AtBeginDvi{specials}' - Save in a box register things that are written to the '.dvi' file +‘\AtBeginDvi{specials}’ + Save in a box register things that are written to the ‘.dvi’ file at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. -'\AtEndOfClass{CODE}' -'\AtEndOfPackage{CODE}' +‘\AtEndOfClass{CODE}’ +‘\AtEndOfPackage{CODE}’ Hook to insert CODE to be executed when LaTeX finishes processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks multiple - times; the 'code' will be executed in the order that you called it. + times; the ‘code’ will be executed in the order that you called it. See also *note \AtBeginDocument::. -'\CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}' -'\CheckCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}' - Like '\newcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does +‘\CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’ +‘\CheckCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’ + Like ‘\newcommand’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does not define CMD; instead it checks that the current definition of - CMD is exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not "long" as - expected. A long command is a command that accepts '\par' within + CMD is exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not “long” as + expected. A long command is a command that accepts ‘\par’ within an argument. The CMD command is expected to be long with the - unstarred version of '\CheckCommand'. Raises an error when the + unstarred version of ‘\CheckCommand’. Raises an error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start redefining - 'cmd' yourself that no other package has already redefined this + ‘cmd’ yourself that no other package has already redefined this command. -'\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}' -'\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}' -'\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}' -'\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}' -'\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}' -'\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}' -'\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}' -'\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}' -'\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}' -'\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}' +‘\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}’ +‘\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’ +‘\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’ +‘\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}’ +‘\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}’ +‘\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}’ +‘\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’ +‘\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}’ +‘\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}’ +‘\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}’ Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages. - For '\ClassError' and '\PackageError' the message is ERROR TEXT, - followed by TeX's '?' error prompt. If the user then asks for help - by typing 'h', they see the HELP TEXT. + For ‘\ClassError’ and ‘\PackageError’ the message is ERROR TEXT, + followed by TeX’s ‘?’ error prompt. If the user then asks for help + by typing ‘h’, they see the HELP TEXT. The four warning commands are similar except that they write WARNING TEXT on the screen with no error prompt. The four info - commands write INFO TEXT only in the transcript file. The 'NoLine' + commands write INFO TEXT only in the transcript file. The ‘NoLine’ versions do not show the number of the line generating the message, while the other versions do show that number. - To format the messages, including the HELP TEXT: use '\protect' to + To format the messages, including the HELP TEXT: use ‘\protect’ to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with - '\MessageBreak', and get a space with '\space' when a space + ‘\MessageBreak’, and get a space with ‘\space’ when a space character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX appends a period to the messages. -'\CurrentOption' +‘\CurrentOption’ Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can - only be used within the CODE argument of either '\DeclareOption' or - '\DeclareOption*'. + only be used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or + ‘\DeclareOption*’. -'\DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}' -'\DeclareOption*{CODE}' +‘\DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}’ +‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’ Make an option available to a user to invoke in their - '\documentclass' command. For example, the 'smcmemo' class could - have an option '\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}' allowing users to + ‘\documentclass’ command. For example, the ‘smcmemo’ class could + have an option ‘\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}’ allowing users to put the institutional logo on the first page. The class file must - contain '\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}' (and later, - '\ProcessOptions'). + contain ‘\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}’ (and later, + ‘\ProcessOptions’). If you request an option that has not been declared, by default - this will produce a warning like 'Unused global option(s): - [badoption].' Change this behavior with the starred version - '\DeclareOption*{CODE}'. For example, many classes extend an - existing class, using a command such as '\LoadClass{article}', and + this will produce a warning like ‘Unused global option(s): + [badoption].’ Change this behavior with the starred version + ‘\DeclareOption*{CODE}’. For example, many classes extend an + existing class, using a command such as ‘\LoadClass{article}’, and for passing extra options to the underlying class use code such as this. @@ -993,72 +995,72 @@ These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages. \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% } - Another example is that the class 'smcmemo' may allow users to keep + Another example is that the class ‘smcmemo’ may allow users to keep lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could - invoke '\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}' and it will read the file - 'math.memo'. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise - passes the option to the 'article' class. + invoke ‘\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}’ and it will read the file + ‘math.memo’. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise + passes the option to the ‘article’ class. \DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{% \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}} -'\DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}' -'\DeclareRobustCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}' - Like '\newcommand' and '\newcommand*' (*note \newcommand & +‘\DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’ +‘* \DeclareRobustCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}’ + Like ‘\newcommand’ and ‘\newcommand*’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but these declare a robust command, even if some code within the DEFINITION is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and fragile commands *note \protect::.) Use this command to define new robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them - robust. Unlike '\newcommand' these do not give an error if macro + robust. Unlike ‘\newcommand’ these do not give an error if macro CMD already exists; instead, a log message is put into the transcript file if a command is redefined. Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those - defined using '\newcommand' so unless the command's data is fragile + defined using ‘\newcommand’ so unless the command’s data is fragile and the command is used within a moving argument, use - '\newcommand'. - - The 'etoolbox' package offers the commands '\newrobustcmd', - '\newrobustcmd*', as well as the commands '\renewrobustcmd', - '\renewrobustcmd*', and the commands '\providerobustcmd', and - '\providerobustcmd*'. These are similar to '\newcommand', - '\newcommand*', '\renewcommand', '\renewcommand*', - '\providecommand', and '\providecommand*', but define a robust CMD - with two advantages as compared to '\DeclareRobustCommand': + ‘\newcommand’. + + The ‘etoolbox’ package offers the commands ‘\newrobustcmd’, + ‘\newrobustcmd*’, as well as the commands ‘\renewrobustcmd’, + ‘\renewrobustcmd*’, and the commands ‘\providerobustcmd’, and + ‘\providerobustcmd*’. These are similar to ‘\newcommand’, + ‘\newcommand*’, ‘\renewcommand’, ‘\renewcommand*’, + ‘\providecommand’, and ‘\providecommand*’, but define a robust CMD + with two advantages as compared to ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’: 1. They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than - the higher level LaTeX '\protect' mechanism, so they do not + the higher level LaTeX ‘\protect’ mechanism, so they do not incur the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and - 2. They make the same distinction between '\new...', '\renew...', - and '\provide...', as the standard commands, so they do not + 2. They make the same distinction between ‘\new...’, ‘\renew...’, + and ‘\provide...’, as the standard commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine CMD that already - exists, in that case you need to use either '\renew...' or - '\provide...' or you get an error. + exists, in that case you need to use either ‘\renew...’ or + ‘\provide...’ or you get an error. -'\IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}' -'\InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}' - Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX finds the file 'FILE NAME' or FALSE CODE +‘\IfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}’ +‘\InputIfFileExists{FILENAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}’ + Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX finds the file ‘FILE NAME’ or FALSE CODE otherwise. In the first case it executing TRUE CODE and then inputs the file. Thus the command \IfFileExists{img.pdf}{% \includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!! img.pdf not found} - will include the graphic 'img.pdf' if it is found and otherwise + will include the graphic ‘img.pdf’ if it is found and otherwise give a warning. This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the - current directory do something like '\IfFileExists{./filename}{TRUE - CODE}{FALSE CODE}'. If you ask for a filename without a '.tex' + current directory do something like ‘\IfFileExists{./filename}{TRUE + CODE}{FALSE CODE}’. If you ask for a filename without a ‘.tex’ extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by appending the - '.tex'; for more on how LaTeX handles file extensions see *note + ‘.tex’; for more on how LaTeX handles file extensions see *note \input::. -'\LoadClass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' -'\LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' - Load a class, as with '\documentclass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS - NAME}[RELEASE INFO]'. An example is - '\LoadClass[twoside]{article}'. +‘\LoadClass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’ +‘\LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’ + Load a class, as with ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS + NAME}[RELEASE INFO]’. An example is + ‘\LoadClass[twoside]{article}’. The OPTIONS LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The RELEASE DATE is optional. If present it must have the form @@ -1072,189 +1074,189 @@ These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages. document class article, but only version `2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available. - The command version '\LoadClassWithOptions' uses the list of + The command version ‘\LoadClassWithOptions’ uses the list of options for the current class. This means it ignores any options - passed to it via '\PassOptionsToClass'. This is a convenience + passed to it via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the - standard 'article' class, without having to track which options + standard ‘article’ class, without having to track which options were passed. -'\ExecuteOptions{OPTIONS-LIST}' +‘\ExecuteOptions{OPTIONS-LIST}’ For each option OPTION in the OPTIONS-LIST, in order, this command - executes the command '\ds@OPTION'. If this command is not defined + executes the command ‘\ds@OPTION’. If this command is not defined then that option is silently ignored. It can be used to provide a default option list before - '\ProcessOptions'. For example, if in a class file you want the + ‘\ProcessOptions’. For example, if in a class file you want the default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify - '\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax'. + ‘\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax’. -'\NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT DATE]' +‘\NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT DATE]’ Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as: - '\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}'. When a document using that class is + ‘\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}’. When a document using that class is processed, the format name given here must match the format that is actually being run (including that the FORMAT string is case sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an - error like 'This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.' + error like ‘This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.’ To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain features, include the optional FORMAT DATE on which those features - were implemented. If present it must be in the form 'YYYY/MM/DD'. + were implemented. If present it must be in the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. If the format version installed on your system is earlier than FORMAT DATE then you get a warning like this. You have requested release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is available. -'\OptionNotUsed' +‘\OptionNotUsed’ Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be - used within the CODE argument of either '\DeclareOption' or - '\DeclareOption*'. + used within the CODE argument of either ‘\DeclareOption’ or + ‘\DeclareOption*’. -'\PassOptionsToClass{OPTION LIST}{CLASS NAME}' -'\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}' +‘\PassOptionsToClass{OPTION LIST}{CLASS NAME}’ +‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}’ Adds the options in the comma-separated list OPTION LIST to the - options used by any future '\RequirePackage' or '\usepackage' + options used by any future ‘\RequirePackage’ or ‘\usepackage’ command for package PACKAGE NAME or the class CLASS NAME. The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply them when you first load the package. Loading a package - with options more than once will get you an error like 'Option - clash for package foo.' (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no + with options more than once will get you an error like ‘Option + clash for package foo.’ (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the options.) If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse that to once, for example replacing the two - '\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}' and - '\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}' with the single command - '\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}'. + ‘\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}’ and + ‘\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}’ with the single command + ‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}’. - However, imagine that you are loading 'firstpkg' and inside that - package it loads 'secondpkg', and you need the second package to be - loaded with option 'draft'. Then before doing the first package + However, imagine that you are loading ‘firstpkg’ and inside that + package it loads ‘secondpkg’, and you need the second package to be + loaded with option ‘draft’. Then before doing the first package you must queue up the options for the second package, like this. \PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg} \RequirePackage{firstpkg} - (If 'firstpkg.sty' loads an option in conflict with what you want + (If ‘firstpkg.sty’ loads an option in conflict with what you want then you may have to alter its source.) These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the - 'graphicx' package with the option 'draft' and also wants to use a - class 'foo' that loads the 'graphicx' package, but without that + ‘graphicx’ package with the option ‘draft’ and also wants to use a + class ‘foo’ that loads the ‘graphicx’ package, but without that option. The user could start their LaTeX file with - '\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}'. + ‘\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}’. -'\ProcessOptions' -'\ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS' +‘\ProcessOptions’ +‘\ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS’ Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. - Include it in the class file as '\ProcessOptions\relax' (because of + Include it in the class file as ‘\ProcessOptions\relax’ (because of the existence of the starred command). - Options come in two types. "Local options" have been specified for + Options come in two types. “Local options” have been specified for this particular package in the OPTIONS argument of - '\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}', '\usepackage[OPTIONS]', or - '\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]'. "Global options" are those given by - the class user in '\documentclass[OPTIONS]' (If an option is + ‘\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}’, ‘\usepackage[OPTIONS]’, or + ‘\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]’. “Global options” are those given by + the class user in ‘\documentclass[OPTIONS]’ (If an option is specified both locally and globally then it is local.) - When '\ProcessOptions' is called for a package 'pkg.sty', the + When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a package ‘pkg.sty’, the following happens: - 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with '\DeclareOption', + 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with ‘\DeclareOption’, it looks to see if that option is either a global or a local - option for 'pkg'. If so then it executes the declared code. + option for ‘pkg’. If so then it executes the declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were given in - 'pkg.sty'. + ‘pkg.sty’. 2. For each remaining local option, it executes the command - '\ds@'OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a - '\DeclareOption'); otherwise, it executes the default option - code given in '\DeclareOption*'. If no default option code + ‘\ds@’OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a + ‘\DeclareOption’); otherwise, it executes the default option + code given in ‘\DeclareOption*’. If no default option code has been declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in which these options were specified. - When '\ProcessOptions' is called for a class it works in the same + When ‘\ProcessOptions’ is called for a class it works in the same way except that all options are local, and the default CODE for - '\DeclareOption*' is '\OptionNotUsed' rather than an error. + ‘\DeclareOption*’ is ‘\OptionNotUsed’ rather than an error. - The starred version '\ProcessOptions*' executes the options in the + The starred version ‘\ProcessOptions*’ executes the options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means that the global options are processed first. -'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]' -'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' -'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]' -'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' +‘\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’ +‘\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’ +‘\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’ +‘\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’ Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file. When you load a class or package, for example with - '\documentclass{smcmemo}' or '\usepackage{test}', LaTeX inputs a + ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ or ‘\usepackage{test}’, LaTeX inputs a file. If the name of the file does not match the class or package name declared in it then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke - '\documentclass{smcmemo}', and the file 'smcmemo.cls' has the - statement '\ProvidesClass{xxx}' then you get a warning like 'You + ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’, and the file ‘smcmemo.cls’ has the + statement ‘\ProvidesClass{xxx}’ then you get a warning like ‘You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document class - provides 'xxx'.' This warning does not prevent LaTeX from + provides 'xxx'.’ This warning does not prevent LaTeX from processing the rest of the class file normally. If you include the optional argument then you must include a date, - before any spaces, of the form 'YYYY/MM/DD'. The rest of the + before any spaces, of the form ‘YYYY/MM/DD’. The rest of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies the class, and is written to the screen during - compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your file 'smcmemo.cls' - contains the line '\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo - class]' and your document's first line is '\documentclass{smcmemo}' - then you will see 'Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo - class'. + compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your file ‘smcmemo.cls’ + contains the line ‘\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo + class]’ and your document’s first line is ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}’ + then you will see ‘Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo + class’. The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask to be warned if the version of the class or package is earlier than RELEASE DATE. For instance, a user could enter - '\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]' or - '\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]' to require a class or package with + ‘\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]’ or + ‘\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]’ to require a class or package with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.) -'\ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]' +‘\ProvidesFile{FILENAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]’ Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in - that file and you get in the log a string like 'File: test.config - 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls' for FILENAME equal to - 'test.config' and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to '2017/10/12 - config file for test.cls'. - -'\RequirePackage[OPTION LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' -'\RequirePackageWithOptions{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]' - Load a package, like the command '\usepackage' (*note Additional + that file and you get in the log a string like ‘File: test.config + 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls’ for FILENAME equal to + ‘test.config’ and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to ‘2017/10/12 + config file for test.cls’. + +‘\RequirePackage[OPTION LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’ +‘\RequirePackageWithOptions{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]’ + Load a package, like the command ‘\usepackage’ (*note Additional packages::). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of - these commands over Plain TeX's '\input'; see the Class Guide. An - example is '\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}'. + these commands over Plain TeX’s ‘\input’; see the Class Guide. An + example is ‘\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}’. The OPTION LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The RELEASE DATE, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier - than RELEASE DATE then you get a warning like 'You have requested, + than RELEASE DATE then you get a warning like ‘You have requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but only - version `2000/01/01' is available'. + version `2000/01/01' is available’. - The '\RequirePackageWithOptions' version uses the list of options + The ‘\RequirePackageWithOptions’ version uses the list of options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to - it via '\PassOptionsToClass'. This is a convenience command to + it via ‘\PassOptionsToClass’. This is a convenience command to allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which options were passed. - The difference between '\usepackage' and '\RequirePackage' is - small. The '\usepackage' command is intended for the document file - while '\RequirePackage' is intended for package and class files. - Thus, using '\usepackage' before the '\documentclass' command - causes LaTeX to give error like '\usepackage before - \documentclass', but you can use '\RequirePackage' there. + The difference between ‘\usepackage’ and ‘\RequirePackage’ is + small. The ‘\usepackage’ command is intended for the document file + while ‘\RequirePackage’ is intended for package and class files. + Thus, using ‘\usepackage’ before the ‘\documentclass’ command + causes LaTeX to give error like ‘\usepackage before + \documentclass’, but you can use ‘\RequirePackage’ there. 4 Fonts ******* @@ -1281,7 +1283,7 @@ typeset mathematics. (This example is from Michael Sharpe, \usepackage[bigdelims,vvarbb]{newpxmath} % bb from STIX \usepackage[cal=boondoxo]{mathalfa} % mathcal -In addition, the 'xelatex' or 'lualatex' engines allow you to use any +In addition, the ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’ engines allow you to use any fonts on your system that are in OpenType or TrueType format (*note TeX engines::). @@ -1293,7 +1295,7 @@ alphabet free fonts available for easy use with LaTeX. More information is also available from the TeX Users Group, at <https://www.tug.org/fonts/>. -4.1 'fontenc' package +4.1 ‘fontenc’ package ===================== Synopsis: @@ -1307,15 +1309,15 @@ Synopsis: Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output. - This package only applies if you use the 'pdflatex' engine (*note TeX -engines::). If you use the 'xelatex' or 'lualatex' engine then instead -use the 'fontspec' package. + This package only applies if you use the ‘pdflatex’ engine (*note TeX +engines::). If you use the ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’ engine then instead +use the ‘fontspec’ package. - TeX's original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character + TeX’s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use -'\accent' (*note \accent::) but this disables hyphenation. TeX users +‘\accent’ (*note \accent::) but this disables hyphenation. TeX users have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of -characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using 'pdflatex' then +characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using ‘pdflatex’ then put this in the preamble \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} @@ -1326,60 +1328,60 @@ words with accented letters then LaTeX will hyphenate them and your output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you to directly enter accented characters into your source file.) - If you are using an encoding such as 'T1' and the characters appear + If you are using an encoding such as ‘T1’ and the characters appear blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped, sometimes called raster or Type 3. You want vector fonts. Use a -package such as 'lmodern' or 'cm-super' to get a font that extends -LaTeX's default using vector fonts. +package such as ‘lmodern’ or ‘cm-super’ to get a font that extends +LaTeX’s default using vector fonts. For each FONT_ENCODING given as an option but not already declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named -'FONT_ENCODINGenc.def'. It also sets '\encodingdefault' to be the last +‘FONT_ENCODINGenc.def’. It also sets ‘\encodingdefault’ to be the last encoding in the option list. These are the common values for FONT_ENCODING. -'OT1' +‘OT1’ The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English characters. -'OMS, OML' +‘OMS, OML’ Math symbols and math letters encoding. -'T1' +‘T1’ TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European accented characters. The most common option for this package. -'TS1' +‘TS1’ Text Companion encoding. -LaTeX's default is to load 'OML', 'T1', 'OT1', and then 'OMS', and set -the default to 'OT1'. +LaTeX’s default is to load ‘OML’, ‘T1’, ‘OT1’, and then ‘OMS’, and set +the default to ‘OT1’. Even if you do not use accented letters, you may need to specify a font encoding if your font requires it. - If you use 'T1' encoded fonts other than the default Computer Modern + If you use ‘T1’ encoded fonts other than the default Computer Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your fonts -before loading 'fontenc', to prevent the system from loading any -'T1' encoded fonts from the default. +before loading ‘fontenc’, to prevent the system from loading any +‘T1’ encoded fonts from the default. - The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: 'T' for the -standard text encodings with 256 characters, 'TS' for symbols that -extend the corresponding T encodings, 'X' for test encodings, 'M' for -standard math encodings with 256 characters, 'A' for special -applications, 'OT' for standard text encodings with 128 characters, and -'OM' for standard math encodings with 128 characters ('O' stands for -'obsolete'). + The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: ‘T’ for the +standard text encodings with 256 characters, ‘TS’ for symbols that +extend the corresponding T encodings, ‘X’ for test encodings, ‘M’ for +standard math encodings with 256 characters, ‘A’ for special +applications, ‘OT’ for standard text encodings with 128 characters, and +‘OM’ for standard math encodings with 128 characters (‘O’ stands for +‘obsolete’). This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works for one encoding but the current encoding is different then the command is not in effect. -4.1.1 '\DeclareFontEncoding' +4.1.1 ‘\DeclareFontEncoding’ ---------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1387,33 +1389,33 @@ Synopsis: \DeclareFontEncoding{ENCODING}{TEXT-SETTINGS}{MATH-SETTINGS} Declare the font encoding ENCODING. It also saves the value of -ENCODING in '\LastDeclaredEncoding' (*note \LastDeclaredEncoding::). +ENCODING in ‘\LastDeclaredEncoding’ (*note \LastDeclaredEncoding::). - The file 't1enc.def' contains this line (followed by many others). + The file ‘t1enc.def’ contains this line (followed by many others). \DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{} The TEXT-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX will run every time it -switches from one encoding to another with the '\selectfont' and -'\fontencoding' commands. The MATH-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX +switches from one encoding to another with the ‘\selectfont’ and +‘\fontencoding’ commands. The MATH-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX will use whenever the font is accessed as a math alphabet. LaTeX ignores any space characters inside TEXT-SETTINGS and MATH-SETTINGS, to prevent unintended spaces in the output. If you invent an encoding you should pick a two or three letter name -starting with 'L' for 'local', or 'E' for 'experimental'. +starting with ‘L’ for ‘local’, or ‘E’ for ‘experimental’. Note that output encoding files may be read several times by LaTeX so -using, e.g., '\newcommand' may cause an error. In addition, such files -should contain '\ProvidesFile' line (*note Class and package +using, e.g., ‘\newcommand’ may cause an error. In addition, such files +should contain ‘\ProvidesFile’ line (*note Class and package commands::). - Note also that you should use the '\...Default' commands only in a + Note also that you should use the ‘\...Default’ commands only in a package, not in the encoding definition files, since those files should only contain declarations specific to that encoding. -4.1.2 '\DeclareTextAccent' +4.1.2 ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ -------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1423,21 +1425,21 @@ Synopsis: Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding ENCODING at the location SLOT. - A "slot" is the number identifying a glyph within a font. + A “slot” is the number identifying a glyph within a font. - This line from 't1enc.def' declares that to make a circumflex accent -as in '\^A', the system will put the accent in slot 2 over the 'A' + This line from ‘t1enc.def’ declares that to make a circumflex accent +as in ‘\^A’, the system will put the accent in slot 2 over the ‘A’ character, which is represented in ASCII as 65. (This holds unless -there is a relevant 'DeclareTextComposite' or -'\DeclareTextCompositeCommand' declaration; *note +there is a relevant ‘DeclareTextComposite’ or +‘\DeclareTextCompositeCommand’ declaration; *note \DeclareTextComposite::.) \DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2} - If CMD has already been defined then '\DeclareTextAccent' does not + If CMD has already been defined then ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the transcript file. -4.1.3 '\DeclareTextAccentDefault' +4.1.3 ‘\DeclareTextAccentDefault’ --------------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1445,16 +1447,16 @@ Synopsis: \DeclareTextAccentDefault{\CMD}{ENCODING} If there is an encoding-specific accent command \CMD but there is no -associated '\DeclareTextAccent' for that encoding then this command will +associated ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ for that encoding then this command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for ENCODING. - For example, to make the encoding 'OT1' be the default encoding for -the accent '\"', declare this. + For example, to make the encoding ‘OT1’ be the default encoding for +the accent ‘\"’, declare this. \DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1} -If you issue a '\"' when the current encoding does not have a definition -for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from 'OT1' +If you issue a ‘\"’ when the current encoding does not have a definition +for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from ‘OT1’ That is, this command is equivalent to this call (*note \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent::). @@ -1462,10 +1464,10 @@ for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from 'OT1' \DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\CMD} {\UseTextAccent{ENCODING}{\CMD}{#1}} - Note that '\DeclareTextAccentDefault' works for any one-argument -'fontenc' command, not just the accent command. + Note that ‘\DeclareTextAccentDefault’ works for any one-argument +‘fontenc’ command, not just the accent command. -4.1.4 '\DeclareTextCommand' & '\ProvideTextCommand' +4.1.4 ‘\DeclareTextCommand’ & ‘\ProvideTextCommand’ --------------------------------------------------- Synopsis, one of: @@ -1480,13 +1482,13 @@ Synopsis, one of: \ProvideTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS]{DEFN} \ProvideTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} - Define the command '\CMD', which will be specific to one encoding. -The command name CMD must be preceded by a backslash, '\'. These + Define the command ‘\CMD’, which will be specific to one encoding. +The command name CMD must be preceded by a backslash, ‘\’. These commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining \CMD does not cause an error. The defined command will be robust even if the code in DEFN is fragile (*note \protect::). - For example, the file 't1enc.def' contains this line. + For example, the file ‘t1enc.def’ contains this line. \DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char 24 } @@ -1496,25 +1498,25 @@ DEFN is fragile (*note \protect::). ... Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand. -If you change the font encoding to 'OT1' then you get an error like -'LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding OT1'. +If you change the font encoding to ‘OT1’ then you get an error like +‘LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding OT1’. - The '\ProvideTextCommand' variant does the same, except that it does -nothing if '\CMD' is already defined. The '\DeclareTextSymbol' command + The ‘\ProvideTextCommand’ variant does the same, except that it does +nothing if ‘\CMD’ is already defined. The ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’ command is faster than this one for simple slot-to-glyph association (*note \DeclareTextSymbol::) The optional NARGS and OPTARGDEFAULT arguments play the same role -here as in '\newcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::). +here as in ‘\newcommand’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::). Briefly, NARGS is an integer from 0 to 9 specifying the number of -arguments that the defined command '\CMD' takes. This number includes +arguments that the defined command ‘\CMD’ takes. This number includes any optional argument. Omitting this argument is the same as specifying -0, meaning that '\CMD' will have no arguments. And, if OPTARGDEFAULT is -present then the first argument of '\CMD' is optional, with default +0, meaning that ‘\CMD’ will have no arguments. And, if OPTARGDEFAULT is +present then the first argument of ‘\CMD’ is optional, with default value OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be the empty string). If OPTARGDEFAULT -is not present then '\CMD' does not take an optional argument. +is not present then ‘\CMD’ does not take an optional argument. -4.1.5 '\DeclareTextCommandDefault' & '\ProvideTextCommandDefault ' +4.1.5 ‘\DeclareTextCommandDefault’ & ‘\ProvideTextCommandDefault ’ ------------------------------------------------------------------ Synopsis: @@ -1525,28 +1527,28 @@ Synopsis: \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\CMD}{DEFN} - Give a default definition for '\CMD', for when that command is not + Give a default definition for ‘\CMD’, for when that command is not defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should only use encodings known to be available. - This makes '\copyright' available. + This makes ‘\copyright’ available. \DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}} It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available. - The '\DeclareTextCommandDefault' should not occur in the encoding + The ‘\DeclareTextCommandDefault’ should not occur in the encoding definition files since those files should declare only commands for use when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package. As with the related non-default commands, the -'\ProvideTextCommandDefault' has exactly the same behavior as -'\DeclareTextCommandDefault' except that it does nothing if '\CMD' is +‘\ProvideTextCommandDefault’ has exactly the same behavior as +‘\DeclareTextCommandDefault’ except that it does nothing if ‘\CMD’ is already defined (*note \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand::). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks that other packages can improve upon. -4.1.6 '\DeclareTextComposite' +4.1.6 ‘\DeclareTextComposite’ ----------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1556,8 +1558,8 @@ Synopsis: Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an accent over a separate character. - This line from 't1enc.def' means that '\^o' will cause LaTeX to -typeset lowercase 'o' by taking the character directly from slot 224 in + This line from ‘t1enc.def’ means that ‘\^o’ will cause LaTeX to +typeset lowercase ‘o’ by taking the character directly from slot 224 in the font. \DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244} @@ -1566,29 +1568,29 @@ the font. SIMPLE_OBJECT should be a single character or a single command. The SLOT argument is usually a positive integer represented in decimal (although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally \CMD has already -been declared for this encoding, either with '\DeclareTextAccent' or -with a one-argument '\DeclareTextCommand'. In 't1enc.def', the above -line follows the '\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}' command. +been declared for this encoding, either with ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ or +with a one-argument ‘\DeclareTextCommand’. In ‘t1enc.def’, the above +line follows the ‘\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}’ command. -4.1.7 '\DeclareTextCompositeCommand' +4.1.7 ‘\DeclareTextCompositeCommand’ ------------------------------------ Synopsis: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}{ARG}{CODE} - A more general version of '\DeclareTextComposite' that runs arbitrary -code with '\CMD'. + A more general version of ‘\DeclareTextComposite’ that runs arbitrary +code with ‘\CMD’. - This allows accents on 'i' to act like accents on dotless i, '\i'. + This allows accents on ‘i’ to act like accents on dotless i, ‘\i’. \DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i} *Note fontenc package::, for a list of common encodings. Normally -'\CMD' will have already been declared with '\DeclareTextAccent' or as a -one argument '\DeclareTextCommand'. +‘\CMD’ will have already been declared with ‘\DeclareTextAccent’ or as a +one argument ‘\DeclareTextCommand’. -4.1.8 '\DeclareTextSymbol' +4.1.8 ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’ -------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1598,37 +1600,37 @@ Synopsis: Define a symbol in the encoding ENCODING at the location SLOT. Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not mathematics. - For example, this line from 't1enc.def' declares the number of the + For example, this line from ‘t1enc.def’ declares the number of the glyph to use for «, the left guillemet. \DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19} -The command '\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char 19}' has the +The command ‘\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char 19}’ has the same effect but is slower (*note \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand::). *Note fontenc package::, for a list of common encodings. The SLOT -can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in ''023'), or hexadecimal (as -in '"13'), although decimal has the advantage that single quote or +can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in ‘'023’), or hexadecimal (as +in ‘"13’), although decimal has the advantage that single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package. - If '\CMD' has already been defined then '\DeclareTextSymbol' does not + If ‘\CMD’ has already been defined then ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’ does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the transcript file. -4.1.9 '\DeclareTextSymbolDefault' +4.1.9 ‘\DeclareTextSymbolDefault’ --------------------------------- Synopsis: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\CMD}{ENCODING} - If there is an encoding-specific symbol command '\CMD' but there is -no associated '\DeclareTextSymbol' for that encoding, then this command + If there is an encoding-specific symbol command ‘\CMD’ but there is +no associated ‘\DeclareTextSymbol’ for that encoding, then this command will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for ENCODING. For example, to declare that if the current encoding has no meaning -for '\textdollar' then use the one from 'OT1', declare this. +for ‘\textdollar’ then use the one from ‘OT1’, declare this. \DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1} @@ -1638,10 +1640,10 @@ for '\textdollar' then use the one from 'OT1', declare this. \DeclareTextCommandDefault{\CMD} {\UseTextSymbol{ENCODING}{\CMD}} - Note that '\DeclareTextSymbolDefault' can be used to define a default -for any zero-argument 'fontenc' command. + Note that ‘\DeclareTextSymbolDefault’ can be used to define a default +for any zero-argument ‘fontenc’ command. -4.1.10 '\LastDeclaredEncoding' +4.1.10 ‘\LastDeclaredEncoding’ ------------------------------ Synopsis: @@ -1649,16 +1651,16 @@ Synopsis: \LastDeclaredEncoding Get the name of the most recently declared encoding. The -'\DeclareFontEncoding' command stores the name so that it can be +‘\DeclareFontEncoding’ command stores the name so that it can be retrieved with this command (*note \DeclareFontEncoding::). - This relies on '\LastDeclaredEncoding' rather than give the name of + This relies on ‘\LastDeclaredEncoding’ rather than give the name of the encoding explicitly. \DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{} \DeclareTextAccent{\'}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{0} -4.1.11 '\UseTextSymbol' & '\UseTextAccent' +4.1.11 ‘\UseTextSymbol’ & ‘\UseTextAccent’ ------------------------------------------ Synopsis: @@ -1671,18 +1673,18 @@ Synopsis: Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding. - In general, to use a 'fontenc' command in an encoding where it is not + In general, to use a ‘fontenc’ command in an encoding where it is not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it like this: \UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss} which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so -LaTeX reverts back to the prior encoding after the '\ss'): +LaTeX reverts back to the prior encoding after the ‘\ss’): {\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss} - Similarly, to use a 'fontenc' command in an encoding where it is not + Similarly, to use a ‘fontenc’ command in an encoding where it is not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this: \UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a} @@ -1693,144 +1695,144 @@ group): {fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{ENC_IN_USE}\selectfont a}} Here, ENC_IN_USE is the encoding in force before this sequence of -commands, so that 'a' is typeset using the current encoding and only the -accent is taken from 'OT1'. +commands, so that ‘a’ is typeset using the current encoding and only the +accent is taken from ‘OT1’. 4.2 Font styles =============== The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. - In the table below the listed commands, the '\text...' commands, are -used with an argument as in '\textit{TEXT}'. This is the preferred + In the table below the listed commands, the ‘\text...’ commands, are +used with an argument as in ‘\textit{TEXT}’. This is the preferred form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the corresponding -"declaration form", which is often useful. This form takes no -arguments, as in '{\itshape TEXT}'. The scope of the declaration form +“declaration form”, which is often useful. This form takes no +arguments, as in ‘{\itshape TEXT}’. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. In addition, each has an environment form such as -'\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}', which we'll describe further at the +‘\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}’, which we’ll describe further at the end of the section. These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of -'\sffamily\bfseries' or '\bfseries\sffamily'. +‘\sffamily\bfseries’ or ‘\bfseries\sffamily’. One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic corrections if needed (*note \/::). Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following character is in the list -'\nocorrlist', which by default consists of period and comma. To -suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use '\nocorr' at -the start or end of the command argument, such as '\textit{\nocorr -text}' or '\textsc{text \nocorr}'. +‘\nocorrlist’, which by default consists of period and comma. To +suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use ‘\nocorr’ at +the start or end of the command argument, such as ‘\textit{\nocorr +text}’ or ‘\textsc{text \nocorr}’. -'\textrm (\rmfamily)' +‘\textrm (\rmfamily)’ Roman. -'\textit (\itshape)' +‘\textit (\itshape)’ Italics. -'\textmd (\mdseries)' +‘\textmd (\mdseries)’ Medium weight (default). -'\textbf (\bfseries)' +‘\textbf (\bfseries)’ Boldface. -'\textup (\upshape)' +‘\textup (\upshape)’ Upright (default). -'\textsl (\slshape)' +‘\textsl (\slshape)’ Slanted. -'\textsf (\sffamily)' +‘\textsf (\sffamily)’ Sans serif. -'\textsc (\scshape)' +‘\textsc (\scshape)’ Small caps. -'\texttt (\ttfamily)' +‘\texttt (\ttfamily)’ Typewriter. -'\textnormal (\normalfont)' +‘\textnormal (\normalfont)’ Main document font. - Although it also changes fonts, the '\emph{TEXT}' command is -semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a -substitute for '\textit'. For example, '\emph{START TEXT \emph{MIDDLE -TEXT} END TEXT}' will result in the START TEXT and END TEXT in italics, + Although it also changes fonts, the ‘\emph{TEXT}’ command is +semantic, for TEXT to be emphasized, and should not be used as a +substitute for ‘\textit’. For example, ‘\emph{START TEXT \emph{MIDDLE +TEXT} END TEXT}’ will result in the START TEXT and END TEXT in italics, but MIDDLE TEXT will be in roman. LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used -as declarations: '{\CMD...}' instead of '\CMD{...}'. +as declarations: ‘{\CMD...}’ instead of ‘\CMD{...}’. (The unconditional commands below are an older version of font switching. The earlier commands are an improvement in most circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is needed.) -'\bf' +‘\bf’ Switch to bold face. -'\cal' +‘\cal’ Switch to calligraphic letters for math. -'\it' +‘\it’ Italics. -'\rm' +‘\rm’ Roman. -'\sc' +‘\sc’ Small caps. -'\sf' +‘\sf’ Sans serif. -'\sl' +‘\sl’ Slanted (oblique). -'\tt' +‘\tt’ Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). - The '\em' command is the unconditional version of '\emph'. + The ‘\em’ command is the unconditional version of ‘\emph’. The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not -cumulative, so '\mathbf{\mathit{SYMBOL}}' does not create a boldface and +cumulative, so ‘\mathbf{\mathit{SYMBOL}}’ does not create a boldface and italic SYMBOL; instead, it will just be in italics. This is because typically math symbols need consistent typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment. -'\mathrm' +‘\mathrm’ Roman, for use in math mode. -'\mathbf' +‘\mathbf’ Boldface, for use in math mode. -'\mathsf' +‘\mathsf’ Sans serif, for use in math mode. -'\mathtt' +‘\mathtt’ Typewriter, for use in math mode. -'\mathit' -'(\mit)' +‘\mathit’ +‘(\mit)’ Italics, for use in math mode. -'\mathnormal' +‘\mathnormal’ For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration. -'\mathcal' +‘\mathcal’ Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode. - In addition, the command '\mathversion{bold}' can be used for + In addition, the command ‘\mathversion{bold}’ can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. -'\mathversion{normal}' restores the default. +‘\mathversion{normal}’ restores the default. - Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called -"old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and -sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals, which all have -the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX's default fonts support -this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles; there are no + Finally, the command ‘\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}’ will typeset so-called +“old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and +sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” numerals, which all have +the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX’s default fonts support +this, and will respect ‘\textbf’ (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry: <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf>. @@ -1840,21 +1842,21 @@ them the default. FAQ entry: <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf>. The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used -(in points) with the '10pt', '11pt', and '12pt' document size options, +(in points) with the ‘10pt’, ‘11pt’, and ‘12pt’ document size options, respectively (*note Document class options::). -Command '10pt' '11pt' '12pt' +Command ‘10pt’ ‘11pt’ ‘12pt’ -------------------------------------------------------- -'\tiny' 5 6 6 -'\scriptsize' 7 8 8 -'\footnotesize' 8 9 10 -'\small' 9 10 10.95 -'\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12 -'\large' 12 12 14.4 -'\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28 -'\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74 -'\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88 -'\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88 +‘\tiny’ 5 6 6 +‘\scriptsize’ 7 8 8 +‘\footnotesize’ 8 9 10 +‘\small’ 9 10 10.95 +‘\normalsize’ (default) 10 10.95 12 +‘\large’ 12 12 14.4 +‘\Large’ 14.4 14.4 17.28 +‘\LARGE’ 17.28 17.28 20.74 +‘\huge’ 20.74 20.74 24.88 +‘\Huge’ 24.88 24.88 24.88 The commands are listed here in declaration (not environment) form, since that is how they are typically used. For example. @@ -1863,30 +1865,30 @@ since that is how they are typically used. For example. The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao. \end{quotation} -Here, the scope of the '\small' lasts until the end of the 'quotation' +Here, the scope of the ‘\small’ lasts until the end of the ‘quotation’ environment. It would also end at the next type style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it in curly braces -'{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}'. +‘{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}’. - Trying to use these commands in math, as with '$\small mv^2/2$', -results in 'LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small invalid in math mode', -and the font size doesn't change. To work with a too-large formula, -often the best option is to use the 'displaymath' environment (*note -Math formulas::), or one of the environments from the 'amsmath' package. + Trying to use these commands in math, as with ‘$\small mv^2/2$’, +results in ‘LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small invalid in math mode’, +and the font size doesn’t change. To work with a too-large formula, +often the best option is to use the ‘displaymath’ environment (*note +Math formulas::), or one of the environments from the ‘amsmath’ package. For inline mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative -is something like '{\small $mv^2/2$}'. (Sometimes '\scriptsize' and -'\scriptstyle' are confused. Both change the font size, but the latter +is something like ‘{\small $mv^2/2$}’. (Sometimes ‘\scriptsize’ and +‘\scriptstyle’ are confused. Both change the font size, but the latter also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is typeset. *Note Math styles::.) - An "environment form" of each of these commands is also defined; for -instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. However, in practice this form + An “environment form” of each of these commands is also defined; for +instance, ‘\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}’. However, in practice this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or end of the -environment without careful consideration, so it's generally less +environment without careful consideration, so it’s generally less error-prone to stick to the declaration form. - (Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines '\begin' and -'\end', nearly every command that does not take an argument technically + (Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines ‘\begin’ and +‘\end’, nearly every command that does not take an argument technically has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would only cause confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the environment form of the font size declarations specifically is that this particular use is @@ -1899,125 +1901,125 @@ These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. -'\fontencoding{ENCODING}' +‘\fontencoding{ENCODING}’ Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There - are a large number of valid encodings. The most common are 'OT1', - Knuth's original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and - 'T1', also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the + are a large number of valid encodings. The most common are ‘OT1’, + Knuth’s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and + ‘T1’, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see <https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide>. -'\fontfamily{FAMILY}' +‘\fontfamily{FAMILY}’ Select the font family. The web page <https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/> provides one way to browse through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are examples of some common families. - 'pag' Avant Garde - 'fvs' Bitstream Vera Sans - 'pbk' Bookman - 'bch' Charter - 'ccr' Computer Concrete - 'cmr' Computer Modern - 'cmss' Computer Modern Sans Serif - 'cmtt' Computer Modern Typewriter - 'pcr' Courier - 'phv' Helvetica - 'fi4' Inconsolata - 'lmr' Latin Modern - 'lmss' Latin Modern Sans - 'lmtt' Latin Modern Typewriter - 'pnc' New Century Schoolbook - 'ppl' Palatino - 'ptm' Times - 'uncl' Uncial - 'put' Utopia - 'pzc' Zapf Chancery - -'\fontseries{SERIES}' - Select the font series. A "series" combines a "weight" and a - "width". Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible + ‘pag’ Avant Garde + ‘fvs’ Bitstream Vera Sans + ‘pbk’ Bookman + ‘bch’ Charter + ‘ccr’ Computer Concrete + ‘cmr’ Computer Modern + ‘cmss’ Computer Modern Sans Serif + ‘cmtt’ Computer Modern Typewriter + ‘pcr’ Courier + ‘phv’ Helvetica + ‘fi4’ Inconsolata + ‘lmr’ Latin Modern + ‘lmss’ Latin Modern Sans + ‘lmtt’ Latin Modern Typewriter + ‘pnc’ New Century Schoolbook + ‘ppl’ Palatino + ‘ptm’ Times + ‘uncl’ Uncial + ‘put’ Utopia + ‘pzc’ Zapf Chancery + +‘\fontseries{SERIES}’ + Select the font series. A “series” combines a “weight” and a + “width”. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: - 'm' Medium (normal) - 'b' Bold - 'c' Condensed - 'bc' Bold condensed - 'bx' Bold extended + ‘m’ Medium (normal) + ‘b’ Bold + ‘c’ Condensed + ‘bc’ Bold condensed + ‘bx’ Bold extended The possible values for weight, individually, are: - 'ul' Ultra light - 'el' Extra light - 'l' Light - 'sl' Semi light - 'm' Medium (normal) - 'sb' Semi bold - 'b' Bold - 'eb' Extra bold - 'ub' Ultra bold + ‘ul’ Ultra light + ‘el’ Extra light + ‘l’ Light + ‘sl’ Semi light + ‘m’ Medium (normal) + ‘sb’ Semi bold + ‘b’ Bold + ‘eb’ Extra bold + ‘ub’ Ultra bold The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): - 'uc' Ultra condensed - 'ec' Extra condensed - 'c' Condensed - 'sc' Semi condensed - 'm' Medium - 'sx' Semi expanded - 'x' Expanded - 'ex' Extra expanded - 'ux' Ultra expanded + ‘uc’ Ultra condensed + ‘ec’ Extra condensed + ‘c’ Condensed + ‘sc’ Semi condensed + ‘m’ Medium + ‘sx’ Semi expanded + ‘x’ Expanded + ‘ex’ Extra expanded + ‘ux’ Ultra expanded When forming the SERIES string from the weight and width, drop the - 'm' that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both - weight and width are 'm', in which case use just one (''m''). + ‘m’ that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both + weight and width are ‘m’, in which case use just one (‘‘m’’). -'\fontshape{SHAPE}' +‘\fontshape{SHAPE}’ Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - 'n' Upright (normal) - 'it' Italic - 'sl' Slanted (oblique) - 'sc' Small caps - 'ui' Upright italics - 'ol' Outline + ‘n’ Upright (normal) + ‘it’ Italic + ‘sl’ Slanted (oblique) + ‘sc’ Small caps + ‘ui’ Upright italics + ‘ol’ Outline The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well. -'\fontsize{SIZE}{SKIP}' +‘\fontsize{SIZE}{SKIP}’ Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both - parameters defaults to points ('pt'). The line spacing is the + parameters defaults to points (‘pt’). The line spacing is the nominal vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is - stored in the parameter '\baselineskip'. The default - '\baselineskip' for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the - '\fontsize'. Changing '\baselineskip' directly is inadvisable + stored in the parameter ‘\baselineskip’. The default + ‘\baselineskip’ for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the + ‘\fontsize’. Changing ‘\baselineskip’ directly is inadvisable since its value is reset every time a size change happens; instead - use '\baselinestretch'. (*note \baselineskip & + use ‘\baselinestretch’. (*note \baselineskip & \baselinestretch::). -'\linespread{FACTOR}' - Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and - therefore must be followed by '\selectfont' to have any effect. +‘\linespread{FACTOR}’ + Equivalent to ‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}’, and + therefore must be followed by ‘\selectfont’ to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble. *Note \baselineskip & - \baselinestretch::, for using 'setspace' package instead. + \baselinestretch::, for using ‘setspace’ package instead. -'\selectfont' +‘\selectfont’ The effects of the font commands described above do not happen - until '\selectfont' is called, as in - '\fontfamily{FAMILYNAME}\selectfont'. It is often useful to put + until ‘\selectfont’ is called, as in + ‘\fontfamily{FAMILYNAME}\selectfont’. It is often useful to put this in a macro: - '\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{FAMILYNAME}\selectfont}' + ‘\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{FAMILYNAME}\selectfont}’ (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::). -'\usefont{ENC}{FAMILY}{SERIES}{SHAPE}' - The same as invoking '\fontencoding', '\fontfamily', '\fontseries' - and '\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by - '\selectfont'. For example: +‘\usefont{ENC}{FAMILY}{SERIES}{SHAPE}’ + The same as invoking ‘\fontencoding’, ‘\fontfamily’, ‘\fontseries’ + and ‘\fontshape’ with the given parameters, followed by + ‘\selectfont’. For example: \usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n} @@ -2026,7 +2028,7 @@ ones. Commands for controlling the general page layout. -5.1 '\onecolumn' +5.1 ‘\onecolumn’ ================ Synopsis: @@ -2034,11 +2036,11 @@ Synopsis: \onecolumn Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document -is given the class option 'onecolumn' then this is the default behavior +is given the class option ‘onecolumn’ then this is the default behavior (*note Document class options::). This command is fragile (*note \protect::). -5.2 '\twocolumn' +5.2 ‘\twocolumn’ ================ Synopses: @@ -2047,7 +2049,7 @@ Synopses: \twocolumn[PRELIM ONE COLUMN TEXT] Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is -given the class option 'twocolumn' then this is the default (*note +given the class option ‘twocolumn’ then this is the default (*note Document class options::). This command is fragile (*note \protect::). If the optional PRELIM ONE COLUMN TEXT argument is present, it is @@ -2055,76 +2057,76 @@ typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: -'\columnsep' +‘\columnsep’ The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with - a command such as '\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}'. You must change + a command such as ‘\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}’. You must change it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good place. -'\columnseprule' +‘\columnseprule’ The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two columns. Change it with a command such as - '\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}', before the two-column mode + ‘\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}’, before the two-column mode starts. -'\columnwidth' +‘\columnwidth’ The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to - '\textwidth'. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the width - of each of the two columns, '\columnwidth', to be half of - '\textwidth' minus '\columnsep'. + ‘\textwidth’. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the width + of each of the two columns, ‘\columnwidth’, to be half of + ‘\textwidth’ minus ‘\columnsep’. - In a two-column document, the starred environments 'table*' and -'figure*' are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments -'table' and 'figure' take up only one column (*note figure:: and *note + In a two-column document, the starred environments ‘table*’ and +‘figure*’ are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments +‘table’ and ‘figure’ take up only one column (*note figure:: and *note table::). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page. The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output. -'\dbltopfraction' +‘\dbltopfraction’ The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning - that the height of a 'table*' or 'figure*' environment must not - exceed '0.7\textheight'. If the height of your starred float + that the height of a ‘table*’ or ‘figure*’ environment must not + exceed ‘0.7\textheight’. If the height of your starred float environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document: - * Use the '[tp]' location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put + • Use the ‘[tp]’ location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page. - * Use the '[t!]' location specifier to override the effect of - '\dbltopfraction' for this particular float. + • Use the ‘[t!]’ location specifier to override the effect of + ‘\dbltopfraction’ for this particular float. - * Increase the value of '\dbltopfraction' to a suitably large + • Increase the value of ‘\dbltopfraction’ to a suitably large number, to avoid going to float pages so soon. - You can redefine it, as with '\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}'. + You can redefine it, as with ‘\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}’. -'\dblfloatpagefraction' +‘\dblfloatpagefraction’ For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of - blank space. LaTeX's default is '0.5'. Change it with - '\renewcommand'. + blank space. LaTeX’s default is ‘0.5’. Change it with + ‘\renewcommand’. -'\dblfloatsep' +‘\dblfloatsep’ On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. - The default is '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for a document set at '10pt' - or '11pt', and '14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for a document set at - '12pt'. + The default is ‘12pt plus2pt minus2pt’ for a document set at ‘10pt’ + or ‘11pt’, and ‘14pt plus2pt minus4pt’ for a document set at + ‘12pt’. -'\dbltextfloatsep' +‘\dbltextfloatsep’ This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top - or bottom of a page and the main text. The default is '20pt - plus2pt minus4pt'. + or bottom of a page and the main text. The default is ‘20pt + plus2pt minus4pt’. -'\dbltopnumber' +‘\dbltopnumber’ On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX - default is '2'. + default is ‘2’. - This example uses '\twocolumn''s optional argument of to create a + This example uses ‘\twocolumn’’s optional argument of to create a title that spans the two-column article: \documentclass[twocolumn]{article} @@ -2145,203 +2147,204 @@ title that spans the two-column article: Two column text here. -5.3 '\flushbottom' +5.3 ‘\flushbottom’ ================== -Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same +Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the differences in facing pages can be glaring. If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page -then you get a message like 'Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has -occurred while \output is active'. If you get that, one option is to -change to '\raggedbottom' (*note \raggedbottom::). Alternatively, you -can adjust the 'textheight' to make compatible pages, or you can add +then you get a message like ‘Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has +occurred while \output is active’. If you get that, one option is to +change to ‘\raggedbottom’ (*note \raggedbottom::). Alternatively, you +can adjust the ‘textheight’ to make compatible pages, or you can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, as in -'\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}'. Your last option is to, in a +‘\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}’. Your last option is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages (*note \enlargethispage::). - The '\flushbottom' state is the default only if you select the -'twoside' document class option (*note Document class options::). + The ‘\flushbottom’ state is the default only if you select the +‘twocolumn’ document class option (*note Document class options::), and +for indexes made using ‘makeidx’. -5.4 '\raggedbottom' +5.4 ‘\raggedbottom’ =================== Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go -at any point in the document body. See *note \flushbottom::. +at any point in the document body. *Note \flushbottom::. - This is the default unless you select the 'twoside' document class + This is the default unless you select the ‘twocolumn’ document class option (*note Document class options::). 5.5 Page layout parameters ========================== -'\columnsep' -'\columnseprule' -'\columnwidth' +‘\columnsep’ +‘\columnseprule’ +‘\columnwidth’ The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class - option 'twocolumn' is in effect (*note Document class options::). + option ‘twocolumn’ is in effect (*note Document class options::). *Note \twocolumn::. -'\headheight' +‘\headheight’ Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in - the 'article', 'report', and 'book' classes is '12pt', at all type + the ‘article’, ‘report’, and ‘book’ classes is ‘12pt’, at all type sizes. -'\headsep' +‘\headsep’ Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top - of the main text. The default in the 'article' and 'report' - classes is '25pt'. In the 'book' class the default is: if the - document is set at 10pt then it is '0.25in', and at 11pt or 12pt it - is '0.275in'. + of the main text. The default in the ‘article’ and ‘report’ + classes is ‘25pt’. In the ‘book’ class the default is: if the + document is set at 10pt then it is ‘0.25in’, and at 11pt or 12pt it + is ‘0.275in’. -'\footskip' +‘\footskip’ Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline - of the page footer. The default in the 'article' and 'report' - classes is '30pt'. In the 'book' class the default is: when the - type size is 10pt the default is '0.35in', while at 11pt it is - '0.38in', and at 12pt it is '30pt'. - -'\linewidth' - Width of the current line, decreased for each nested 'list' (*note - list::). That is, the nominal value for '\linewidth' is to equal - '\textwidth' but for each nested list the '\linewidth' is decreased - by the sum of that list's '\leftmargin' and '\rightmargin' (*note + of the page footer. The default in the ‘article’ and ‘report’ + classes is ‘30pt’. In the ‘book’ class the default is: when the + type size is 10pt the default is ‘0.35in’, while at 11pt it is + ‘0.38in’, and at 12pt it is ‘30pt’. + +‘\linewidth’ + Width of the current line, decreased for each nested ‘list’ (*note + list::). That is, the nominal value for ‘\linewidth’ is to equal + ‘\textwidth’ but for each nested list the ‘\linewidth’ is decreased + by the sum of that list’s ‘\leftmargin’ and ‘\rightmargin’ (*note itemize::). -'\marginparpush' -'\marginsep' -'\marginparwidth' +‘\marginparpush’ +‘\marginsep’ +‘\marginparwidth’ The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal width of the notes. Normally marginal notes appear on the outside of the page, but the - declaration '\reversemarginpar' changes that (and - '\normalmarginpar' changes it back). + declaration ‘\reversemarginpar’ changes that (and + ‘\normalmarginpar’ changes it back). - The defaults for '\marginparpush' in both 'book' and 'article' - classes are: '7pt' if the document is set at 12pt, and '5pt' if the + The defaults for ‘\marginparpush’ in both ‘book’ and ‘article’ + classes are: ‘7pt’ if the document is set at 12pt, and ‘5pt’ if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt. - For '\marginsep', in 'article' class the default is '10pt' except + For ‘\marginsep’, in ‘article’ class the default is ‘10pt’ except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode where the - default is '11pt'. + default is ‘11pt’. - For '\marginsep' in 'book' class the default is '10pt' in - two-column mode and '7pt' in one-column mode. + For ‘\marginsep’ in ‘book’ class the default is ‘10pt’ in + two-column mode and ‘7pt’ in one-column mode. - For '\marginparwidth' in both 'book' and 'article' classes, in - two-column mode the default is 60% of '\paperwidth - \textwidth', + For ‘\marginparwidth’ in both ‘book’ and ‘article’ classes, in + two-column mode the default is 60% of ‘\paperwidth − \textwidth’, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that distance. -'\oddsidemargin' -'\evensidemargin' - The '\oddsidemargin' length is the extra distance between the left - side of the page and the text's left margin, on odd-numbered pages - when the document class option 'twoside' is chosen and on all pages - when 'oneside' is in effect. When 'twoside' is in effect, on +‘\oddsidemargin’ +‘\evensidemargin’ + The ‘\oddsidemargin’ length is the extra distance between the left + side of the page and the text’s left margin, on odd-numbered pages + when the document class option ‘twoside’ is chosen and on all pages + when ‘oneside’ is in effect. When ‘twoside’ is in effect, on even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is - '\evensidemargin'. + ‘\evensidemargin’. - LaTeX's default is that '\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference - between '\paperwidth' and '\textwidth', and '\evensidemargin' is + LaTeX’s default is that ‘\oddsidemargin’ is 40% of the difference + between ‘\paperwidth’ and ‘\textwidth’, and ‘\evensidemargin’ is the remainder. -'\paperheight' +‘\paperheight’ The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area. Normally set with a document class option, as in - '\documentclass[a4paper]{article}' (*note Document class + ‘\documentclass[a4paper]{article}’ (*note Document class options::). -'\paperwidth' +‘\paperwidth’ The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area. Normally set with a document class option, as in - '\documentclass[a4paper]{article}' (*note Document class + ‘\documentclass[a4paper]{article}’ (*note Document class options::). -'\textheight' +‘\textheight’ The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is - set at a nominal type size of 10pt then for an 'article' or - 'report' the default is '43\baselineskip', while for a 'book' it is - '41\baselineskip'. At a type size of 11pt the default is - '38\baselineskip' for all document classes. At 12pt it is - '36\baselineskip' for all classes. + set at a nominal type size of 10pt then for an ‘article’ or + ‘report’ the default is ‘43\baselineskip’, while for a ‘book’ it is + ‘41\baselineskip’. At a type size of 11pt the default is + ‘38\baselineskip’ for all document classes. At 12pt it is + ‘36\baselineskip’ for all classes. -'\textwidth' +‘\textwidth’ The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an - 'article' or 'report' document, the default is '345pt' when the - chosen type size is 10pt, the default is '360pt' at 11pt, and it is - '390pt' at 12pt. For a 'book' document, the default is '4.5in' at - a type size of 10pt, and '5in' at 11pt or 12pt. + ‘article’ or ‘report’ document, the default is ‘345pt’ when the + chosen type size is 10pt, the default is ‘360pt’ at 11pt, and it is + ‘390pt’ at 12pt. For a ‘book’ document, the default is ‘4.5in’ at + a type size of 10pt, and ‘5in’ at 11pt or 12pt. - In multi-column output, '\textwidth' remains the width of the - entire page body, while '\columnwidth' is the width of one column + In multi-column output, ‘\textwidth’ remains the width of the + entire page body, while ‘\columnwidth’ is the width of one column (*note \twocolumn::). - In lists (*note list::), '\textwidth' remains the width of the - entire page body (and '\columnwidth' the width of the entire - column), while '\linewidth' may decrease for nested lists. + In lists (*note list::), ‘\textwidth’ remains the width of the + entire page body (and ‘\columnwidth’ the width of the entire + column), while ‘\linewidth’ may decrease for nested lists. - Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or '\parbox' (*note + Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or ‘\parbox’ (*note \parbox::), all the width-related parameters are set to the specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of - the 'minipage' or '\parbox'. + the ‘minipage’ or ‘\parbox’. -'\hsize' - This entry is included for completeness: '\hsize' is the TeX +‘\hsize’ + This entry is included for completeness: ‘\hsize’ is the TeX primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal LaTeX documents. -'\topmargin' +‘\topmargin’ Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is - computed based on many other parameters: '\paperheight - 2in - - \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided + computed based on many other parameters: ‘\paperheight − 2in − + \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip’, and then divided by two. -'\topskip' +‘\topskip’ Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default - is the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at a type size of 10pt. + is the same as the font size, e.g., ‘10pt’ at a type size of 10pt. -5.6 '\baselineskip' & '\baselinestretch' +5.6 ‘\baselineskip’ & ‘\baselinestretch’ ======================================== -The '\baselineskip' is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). It gives the -"leading", the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from +The ‘\baselineskip’ is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). It gives the +“leading”, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from baseline to baseline. - Ordinarily document authors do not directly change '\baselineskip' + Ordinarily document authors do not directly change ‘\baselineskip’ while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection -command '\fontsize' (*note low level font commands fontsize::). The -'\baselineskip''s value is reset every time a font change happens and so -any direct change to '\baselineskip' would vanish the next time there +command ‘\fontsize’ (*note low level font commands fontsize::). The +‘\baselineskip’’s value is reset every time a font change happens and so +any direct change to ‘\baselineskip’ would vanish the next time there was a font switch. For how to influence line spacing, see the -discussion of '\baselinestretch' below. +discussion of ‘\baselinestretch’ below. - Usually, a font's size and baseline skip is assigned by the font + Usually, a font’s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance, -a font's style file has the command '\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}' then that +a font’s style file has the command ‘\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}’ then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall; for instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the -'\baselineskip' is about twenty percent larger than the font size.) +‘\baselineskip’ is about twenty percent larger than the font size.) - The '\baselineskip' is not a property of each line but of the entire + The ‘\baselineskip’ is not a property of each line but of the entire paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph, such -as a single '{\Huge Q}', will be squashed into its line. TeX will make -sure it doesn't scrape up against the line above but won't change the -'\baselineskip' for that one line to make extra room above. For the -fix, use a '\strut' (*note \strut::). +as a single ‘{\Huge Q}’, will be squashed into its line. TeX will make +sure it doesn’t scrape up against the line above but won’t change the +‘\baselineskip’ for that one line to make extra room above. For the +fix, use a ‘\strut’ (*note \strut::). - The value of '\baselineskip' that TeX uses for the paragraph is the + The value of ‘\baselineskip’ that TeX uses for the paragraph is the value in effect at the blank line or command that ends the paragraph unit. So if a document contains this paragraph then its lines will be scrunched together, compared to lines in surrounding paragraphs. @@ -2354,39 +2357,40 @@ scrunched together, compared to lines in surrounding paragraphs. The process for making paragraphs is that when a new line is added, if the depth of the previous line plus the height of the new line is -less than '\baselineskip' then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up the +less than ‘\baselineskip’ then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up the difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the lines -would be too close together, closer than '\lineskiplimit', then TeX -instead uses '\lineskip' as the interline glue. The second is that TeX -doesn't actually use the depth of the previous line. Instead it uses -'\prevdepth', which usually contains that depth. But at the beginning +would be too close together, closer than ‘\lineskiplimit’, then TeX +instead uses ‘\lineskip’ as the interline glue. The second is that TeX +doesn’t actually use the depth of the previous line. Instead it uses +‘\prevdepth’, which usually contains that depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or just after a rule, -'\prevdepth' has the value -1000pt and this special value tells TeX not +‘\prevdepth’ has the value -1000pt and this special value tells TeX not to insert any interline glue at the paragraph start. - In the standard classes '\lineskiplimit' is 0pt and '\lineskip' is + In the standard classes ‘\lineskiplimit’ is 0pt and ‘\lineskip’ is 1pt. By the prior paragraph then, the distance between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than zero) then the lines jump to 1pt apart. Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the -interline distance is via '\baselinestretch'. It scales -'\baselineskip', and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command, not a -length, so change the scale factor as in -'\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont'. +interline distance is via ‘\baselinestretch’. It scales +‘\baselineskip’, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command, not a +length, and does not take effect until a font change happens, so set the +scale factor like this: +‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont’. The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire -document is to put '\linespread{FACTOR}' in the preamble. For double +document is to put ‘\linespread{FACTOR}’ in the preamble. For double spacing, take FACTOR to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half spacing use 1.3. -These number are rough: for instance, since the '\baselineskip' is about -1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip to -font size ratio of about 2. (The '\linespread' command is defined as -'\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}' so it won't take effect until -a font setting happens. But that always takes place at the start of a -document, so there you don't need to follow it with '\selectfont'.) +These numbers are rough: for instance, since the ‘\baselineskip’ is +about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip +to font size ratio of about 2. (The ‘\linespread’ command is defined as +‘\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}’ so it also won’t take effect +until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at the start +of a document, so there you don’t need to follow it with ‘\selectfont’.) - A simpler approach is the 'setspace' package. The basic example: + A simpler approach is the ‘setspace’ package. The basic example: \usepackage{setspace} \doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5 @@ -2394,11 +2398,11 @@ document, so there you don't need to follow it with '\selectfont'.) In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing. But you can also use these declarations in the document body to change the spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is -'\singlespacing' to return the spacing to normal. In the document body, +‘\singlespacing’ to return the spacing to normal. In the document body, a better practice than using the declarations is to use environments, -such as '\begin{doublespace} ... \end{doublespace}'. The package also -has commands to do arbitrary spacing: '\setstretch{FACTOR}' and -'\begin{spacing}{FACTOR} ... \end{spacing}'. This package also keeps +such as ‘\begin{doublespace} ... \end{doublespace}’. The package also +has commands to do arbitrary spacing: ‘\setstretch{FACTOR}’ and +‘\begin{spacing}{FACTOR} ... \end{spacing}’. This package also keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure captions. See the package documentation. @@ -2411,9 +2415,9 @@ across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text, for instance floating to the top of a later page. LaTeX can have a number of different classes of floating material. -The default is the two classes, 'figure' (*note figure::) and 'table' +The default is the two classes, ‘figure’ (*note figure::) and ‘table’ (*note table::), but you can create a new class with the package -'float'. +‘float’. Within any one float class LaTeX always respects the order, so that the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second @@ -2434,126 +2438,126 @@ that class also appears at the end. In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its PLACEMENT argument. The possible values are a sequence of the letters -below. The default for both 'figure' and 'table', in both 'article' and -'book' classes, is 'tbp'. +below. The default for both ‘figure’ and ‘table’, in both ‘article’ and +‘book’ classes, is ‘tbp’. -'t' - (Top)--at the top of a text page. +‘t’ + (Top)—at the top of a text page. -'b' - (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page. (However, 'b' is not - allowed for full-width floats ('figure*') with double-column - output. To ameliorate this, use the 'stfloats' or 'dblfloatfix' +‘b’ + (Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, ‘b’ is not + allowed for full-width floats (‘figure*’) with double-column + output. To ameliorate this, use the ‘stfloats’ or ‘dblfloatfix’ package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ: <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat>. -'h' - (Here)--at the position in the text where the 'figure' environment - appears. However, 'h' is not allowed by itself; 't' is +‘h’ + (Here)—at the position in the text where the ‘figure’ environment + appears. However, ‘h’ is not allowed by itself; ‘t’ is automatically added. - To absolutely force a float to appear "here", you can - '\usepackage{float}' and use the 'H' specifier which it defines. + To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can + ‘\usepackage{float}’ and use the ‘H’ specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere>. -'p' - (Page of floats)--on a separate "float page", which is a page +‘p’ + (Page of floats)—on a separate “float page”, which is a page containing no text, only floats. -'!' +‘!’ Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the - page. The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see + page. The ‘!’ specifier does _not_ mean “put the float here”; see above. Note: the order in which letters appear in the PLACEMENT argument does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float; for -instance, 'btp' has the same effect as 'tbp'. All that PLACEMENT does +instance, ‘btp’ has the same effect as ‘tbp’. All that PLACEMENT does is that if a letter is not present then the algorithm does not try that -location. Thus, LaTeX's default of 'tbp' is to try every location +location. Thus, LaTeX’s default of ‘tbp’ is to try every location except placing the float where it occurs in the source. To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a -chapter you can use a '\clearpage' command to start a new page and +chapter you can use a ‘\clearpage’ command to start a new page and insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can -use the 'afterpage' package and issue '\afterpage{\clearpage}'. This +use the ‘afterpage’ package and issue ‘\afterpage{\clearpage}’. This will wait until the current page is finished and then flush all outstanding floats. LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source -(although on the same output page) if there is a 't' specifier in the -PLACEMENT parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting the 't' is +(although on the same output page) if there is a ‘t’ specifier in the +PLACEMENT parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting the ‘t’ is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at the top of the -next page, then you can prevent it by either using the 'flafter' package -or using the command '\suppressfloats[t]', which causes floats for the +next page, then you can prevent it by either using the ‘flafter’ package +or using the command ‘\suppressfloats[t]’, which causes floats for the top position on this page to moved to the next page. Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and -non-float text (change them with '\renewcommand{PARAMETER}{DECIMAL -BETWEEN 0 AND 1}'): +non-float text (change them with ‘\renewcommand{PARAMETER}{DECIMAL +BETWEEN 0 AND 1}’): -'\bottomfraction' +‘\bottomfraction’ The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats - at the bottom; default '.3'. + at the bottom; default ‘.3’. -'\floatpagefraction' +‘\floatpagefraction’ The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by - floats; default '.5'. + floats; default ‘.5’. -'\textfraction' +‘\textfraction’ Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a - different page. The default is '.2'. + different page. The default is ‘.2’. -'\topfraction' +‘\topfraction’ Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before - floats; default '.7'. + floats; default ‘.7’. Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with -a command of the form '\setlength{PARAMETER}{LENGTH EXPRESSION}'): +a command of the form ‘\setlength{PARAMETER}{LENGTH EXPRESSION}’): -'\floatsep' - Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default '12pt - plus2pt minus2pt'. +‘\floatsep’ + Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default ‘12pt + plus2pt minus2pt’. -'\intextsep' +‘\intextsep’ Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; - default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for 10 point and 11 point - documents, and '14pt plus4pt minus4pt' for 12 point documents. + default ‘12pt plus2pt minus2pt’ for 10 point and 11 point + documents, and ‘14pt plus4pt minus4pt’ for 12 point documents. -'\textfloatsep' +‘\textfloatsep’ Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; - default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. + default ‘20pt plus2pt minus4pt’. Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with -a command of the form '\setcounter{CTRNAME}{NATURAL NUMBER}'): +a command of the form ‘\setcounter{CTRNAME}{NATURAL NUMBER}’): -'bottomnumber' +‘bottomnumber’ Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. -'dbltopnumber' +‘dbltopnumber’ Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a two-column page; default 2. -'topnumber' +‘topnumber’ Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. -'totalnumber' +‘totalnumber’ Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats> contains suggestions for relaxing -LaTeX's default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed +LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the float placement algorithm is in -Frank Mittelbach's article "How to influence the position of float -environments like figure and table in LaTeX?" +Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to influence the position of float +environments like figure and table in LaTeX?” (<https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf>). -5.7.1 '\caption' +5.7.1 ‘\caption’ ---------------- Synopsis: @@ -2564,8 +2568,8 @@ or \caption[SHORT-CAPTION-TEXT]{CAPTION-TEXT} - Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a 'figure' or -'table' environment (*note figure:: or *note table::). + Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a ‘figure’ or +‘table’ environment (*note figure:: or *note table::). In this example, LaTeX places a caption below the vertical blank space that is left by the author for the later inclusion of a picture. @@ -2576,16 +2580,16 @@ space that is left by the author for the later inclusion of a picture. \label{fig:CushingPic} \end{figure} -The '\caption' command will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like -'Figure 1:' for an article or 'Figure 1.1:' for a book. The text is +The ‘\caption’ command will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like +‘Figure 1:’ for an article or ‘Figure 1.1:’ for a book. The text is centered if it is shorter than the text width, or set as an unindented paragraph if it takes more than one line. - In addition to placing the CAPTION-TEXT in the output, the '\caption' + In addition to placing the CAPTION-TEXT in the output, the ‘\caption’ command also saves that information for use in a list of figures or list of tables (*note Table of contents etc.::). - Here the '\caption' command uses the optional SHORT-CAPTION-TEXT, so + Here the ‘\caption’ command uses the optional SHORT-CAPTION-TEXT, so that the shorter text appears in the list of tables, rather than the longer CAPTION-TEXT. @@ -2604,25 +2608,25 @@ longer CAPTION-TEXT. \label{tab:LoShu} \end{table} -LaTeX will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like 'Table 1:' for an -article or 'Table 1.1:' for a book. +LaTeX will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like ‘Table 1:’ for an +article or ‘Table 1.1:’ for a book. - The caption can appear at the top of the 'figure' or 'table'. For + The caption can appear at the top of the ‘figure’ or ‘table’. For instance, that would happen in the prior example by putting the -'\caption' between the '\centering' and the '\begin{tabular}'. +‘\caption’ between the ‘\centering’ and the ‘\begin{tabular}’. Different floating environments are numbered separately, by default. -It is '\caption' that updates the counter, and so any '\label' must come -after the '\caption'. The counter for the 'figure' environment is named -'figure', and similarly the counter for the 'table' environment is -'table'. +It is ‘\caption’ that updates the counter, and so any ‘\label’ must come +after the ‘\caption’. The counter for the ‘figure’ environment is named +‘figure’, and similarly the counter for the ‘table’ environment is +‘table’. The text that will be put in the list of figures or list of tables is -moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error '! Argument of \@caption -has an extra }' then you must put '\protect' in front of any fragile +moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error ‘! Argument of \@caption +has an extra }’ then you must put ‘\protect’ in front of any fragile commands. *Note \protect::. - The 'caption' package has many options to adjust how the caption + The ‘caption’ package has many options to adjust how the caption appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be hanging text rather than set as a paragraph, or making the caption always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short. @@ -2638,30 +2642,30 @@ sectioning commands have the same form, one of: SECTIONING-COMMAND[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE} For instance, declare the start of a subsection as with -'\subsection{Motivation}'. +‘\subsection{Motivation}’. The table has each SECTIONING-COMMAND in LaTeX. All are available in -all of LaTeX's standard document classes 'book', 'report', -and 'article', except that '\chapter' is not available in 'article'. +all of LaTeX’s standard document classes ‘book’, ‘report’, +and ‘article’, except that ‘\chapter’ is not available in ‘article’. Sectioning unit Command Level -------------------------------------------------------------------- -Part '\part' -1 ('book', 'report'), 0 - ('article') -Chapter '\chapter' 0 -Section '\section' 1 -Subsection '\subsection' 2 -Subsubsection '\subsubsection' 3 -Paragraph '\paragraph' 4 -Subparagraph '\subparagraph' 5 - - All these commands have a '*'-form that prints TITLE as usual but +Part ‘\part’ -1 (‘book’, ‘report’), 0 + (‘article’) +Chapter ‘\chapter’ 0 +Section ‘\section’ 1 +Subsection ‘\subsection’ 2 +Subsubsection ‘\subsubsection’ 3 +Paragraph ‘\paragraph’ 4 +Subparagraph ‘\subparagraph’ 5 + + All these commands have a ‘*’-form that prints TITLE as usual but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents. -An example of using this is for an appendix in an 'article'. The input -'\appendix\section{Appendix}' gives the output 'A Appendix' (*note -\appendix::). You can lose the numbering 'A' by instead entering -'\section*{Appendix}' (articles often omit a table of contents and have -simple page headers so the other differences from the '\section' command +An example of using this is for an appendix in an ‘article’. The input +‘\appendix\section{Appendix}’ gives the output ‘A Appendix’ (*note +\appendix::). You can lose the numbering ‘A’ by instead entering +‘\section*{Appendix}’ (articles often omit a table of contents and have +simple page headers so the other differences from the ‘\section’ command may not matter). The section title TITLE provides the heading in the main text, but it @@ -2672,48 +2676,49 @@ TOC-TITLE for these other places. The level number in the table above determines which sectional units are numbered, and which appear in the table of contents. If the -sectioning command's LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the -counter 'secnumdepth' then the titles for this sectioning command will +sectioning command’s LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the +counter ‘secnumdepth’ then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::). And, if LEVEL is less -than or equal to the value of the counter 'tocdepth' then the table of +than or equal to the value of the counter ‘tocdepth’ then the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit (*note Sectioning/tocdepth::). - LaTeX expects that before you have a '\subsection' you will have a -'\section' and, in a 'book' class document, that before a '\section' you -will have a '\chapter'. Otherwise you can get something like a -subsection numbered '3.0.1'. + LaTeX expects that before you have a ‘\subsection’ you will have a +‘\section’ and, in a ‘book’ class document, that before a ‘\section’ you +will have a ‘\chapter’. Otherwise you can get something like a +subsection numbered ‘3.0.1’. LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a -simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case -letters with '\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}' in the preamble -(*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::). CTAN has many -packages that make this adjustment easier, notably 'titlesec'. +simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase +letters with this (in the preamble): +‘\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}’ . (*Note \alph \Alph \arabic +\roman \Roman \fnsymbol::.) CTAN has many packages that make this +adjustment easier, notably ‘titlesec’. Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands. -'secnumdepth' +‘secnumdepth’ Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter - with '\setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}' will suppress numbering of + with ‘\setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}’ will suppress numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than LEVEL (*note \setcounter::). See the above table for the level numbers. For instance, if the - 'secnumdepth' is 1 in an 'article' then a '\section{Introduction}' - command will produce output like '1 Introduction' while - '\subsection{Discussion}' will produce output like 'Discussion', - without the number. LaTeX's default 'secnumdepth' is 3 in - 'article' class and 2 in the 'book' and 'report' classes. + ‘secnumdepth’ is 1 in an ‘article’ then a ‘\section{Introduction}’ + command will produce output like ‘1 Introduction’ while + ‘\subsection{Discussion}’ will produce output like ‘Discussion’, + without the number. LaTeX’s default ‘secnumdepth’ is 3 in + ‘article’ class and 2 in the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes. -'tocdepth' +‘tocdepth’ Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of - contents. The setting '\setcounter{tocdepth}{LEVEL}' makes the + contents. The setting ‘\setcounter{tocdepth}{LEVEL}’ makes the sectioning units at LEVEL be the smallest ones listed (*note \setcounter::). See the above table for the level numbers. For - instance, if 'tocdepth' is 1 then the table of contents will list - sections but not subsections. LaTeX's default 'tocdepth' is 3 in - 'article' class and 2 in the 'book' and 'report' classes. + instance, if ‘tocdepth’ is 1 then the table of contents will list + sections but not subsections. LaTeX’s default ‘tocdepth’ is 3 in + ‘article’ class and 2 in the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes. -6.1 '\part' +6.1 ‘\part’ =========== Synopsis, one of: @@ -2722,8 +2727,8 @@ Synopsis, one of: \part*{TITLE} \part[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE} - Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes 'book', 'report', -and 'article', all have this command. + Start a document part. The standard LaTeX classes ‘book’, ‘report’, +and ‘article’, all have this command. This produces a document part, in a book. @@ -2733,19 +2738,19 @@ and 'article', all have this command. My family is American, and has been for generations, in all its branches, direct and collateral. - In each standard class the '\part' command outputs a part number such -as 'Part I', alone on its line, in boldface, and in large type. Then + In each standard class the ‘\part’ command outputs a part number such +as ‘Part I’, alone on its line, in boldface, and in large type. Then LaTeX outputs TITLE, also alone on its line, in bold and in even larger -type. In class 'book', the LaTeX default puts each part alone on its +type. In class ‘book’, the LaTeX default puts each part alone on its own page. If the book is two-sided then LaTeX will skip a page if -needed to have the new part on an odd-numbered page. In 'report' it is -again alone on a page, but LaTeX won't force it onto an odd-numbered -page. In an 'article' LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but +needed to have the new part on an odd-numbered page. In ‘report’ it is +again alone on a page, but LaTeX won’t force it onto an odd-numbered +page. In an ‘article’ LaTeX does not put it on a fresh page, but instead outputs the part number and part title onto the main document page. - The '*' form shows TITLE but it does not show the part number, does -not increment the 'part' counter, and produces no table of contents + The ‘*’ form shows TITLE but it does not show the part number, does +not increment the ‘part’ counter, and produces no table of contents entry. The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the part title in the @@ -2760,14 +2765,14 @@ the table of contents. in the table of contents, the level number of a part is -1 (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::, and *note Sectioning/tocdepth::). - In the class 'article', if a paragraph immediately follows the part + In the class ‘article’, if a paragraph immediately follows the part title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package -'indentfirst'. +‘indentfirst’. - One package to change the behavior of '\part' is 'titlesec'. See its + One package to change the behavior of ‘\part’ is ‘titlesec’. See its documentation on CTAN. -6.2 '\chapter' +6.2 ‘\chapter’ ============== Synopsis, one of: @@ -2776,8 +2781,8 @@ Synopsis, one of: \chapter*{TITLE} \chapter[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE} - Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes 'book' and 'report' have -this command but 'article' does not. + Start a chapter. The standard LaTeX classes ‘book’ and ‘report’ have +this command but ‘article’ does not. This produces a chapter. @@ -2790,16 +2795,16 @@ this command but 'article' does not. The LaTeX default starts each chapter on a fresh page, an odd-numbered page if the document is two-sided. It produces a chapter -number such as 'Chapter 1' in large boldface type (the size is '\huge'). +number such as ‘Chapter 1’ in large boldface type (the size is ‘\huge’). It then puts TITLE on a fresh line, in boldface type that is still -larger (size '\Huge'). It also increments the 'chapter' counter, adds +larger (size ‘\Huge’). It also increments the ‘chapter’ counter, adds an entry to the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::), and sets the running header information (*note Page styles::). - The '*' form shows TITLE on a fresh line, in boldface. But it does -not show the chapter number, does not increment the 'chapter' counter, + The ‘*’ form shows TITLE on a fresh line, in boldface. But it does +not show the chapter number, does not increment the ‘chapter’ counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does not affect the running -header. (If you use the page style 'headings' in a two-sided document +header. (If you use the page style ‘headings’ in a two-sided document then the header will be from the prior chapter.) This example illustrates. @@ -2812,8 +2817,8 @@ there. This shows the full name in the chapter title, \chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)} -but only 'Weyl' on the contents page. This puts a line break in the -title but that doesn't work well with running headers so it omits the +but only ‘Weyl’ on the contents page. This puts a line break in the +title but that doesn’t work well with running headers so it omits the break in the contents \chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story} @@ -2824,11 +2829,11 @@ Sectioning/secnumdepth:: and *note Sectioning/tocdepth::). The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package -'indentfirst'. +‘indentfirst’. You can change what is shown for the chapter number. To change it to -something like 'Lecture 1', put in the preamble either -'\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}' or this (*note \makeatletter & +something like ‘Lecture 1’, put in the preamble either +‘\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}’ or this (*note \makeatletter & \makeatother::). \makeatletter @@ -2836,16 +2841,16 @@ something like 'Lecture 1', put in the preamble either \makeatother To make this change because of the primary language for the document, -see the package 'babel'. +see the package ‘babel’. In a two-sided document LaTeX puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any running headers. To make that page completely blank, see *note \clearpage & \cleardoublepage::. - To change the behavior of the '\chapter' command, you can copy its + To change the behavior of the ‘\chapter’ command, you can copy its definition from the LaTeX format file and make adjustments. But there -are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is 'titlesec'. +are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is ‘titlesec’. See its documentation, but the example below gives a sense of what it can do. @@ -2856,11 +2861,11 @@ can do. {0pt} % length of separation between label and title {} % before-code hook -This omits the chapter number 'Chapter 1' from the page but unlike -'\chapter*' it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the +This omits the chapter number ‘Chapter 1’ from the page but unlike +‘\chapter*’ it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the running headers. -6.3 '\section' +6.3 ‘\section’ ============== Synopsis, one of: @@ -2869,8 +2874,8 @@ Synopsis, one of: \section*{TITLE} \section[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE} - Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes 'article', 'book', and -'report' all have this command. + Start a section. The standard LaTeX classes ‘article’, ‘book’, and +‘report’ all have this command. This produces a section. @@ -2884,16 +2889,16 @@ Synopsis, one of: first step toward defining the set of computable functions is to reflect on the details of what mechanisms can do. - For the standard LaTeX classes 'book' and 'report' the default output -is like '1.2 TITLE' (for chapter 1, section 2), alone on its line and -flush left, in boldface and a larger type (the type size is '\Large'). -The same holds in 'article' except that there are no chapters in that -class so it looks like '2 TITLE'. + For the standard LaTeX classes ‘book’ and ‘report’ the default output +is like ‘1.2 TITLE’ (for chapter 1, section 2), alone on its line and +flush left, in boldface and a larger type (the type size is ‘\Large’). +The same holds in ‘article’ except that there are no chapters in that +class so it looks like ‘2 TITLE’. - The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not show the section number, -does not increment the 'section' counter, produces no table of contents + The ‘*’ form shows TITLE. But it does not show the section number, +does not increment the ‘section’ counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does not affect the running header. (If you use the page -style 'headings' in a two-sided document then the header will be from +style ‘headings’ in a two-sided document then the header will be from the prior section.) The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the section title in @@ -2906,7 +2911,7 @@ there. This shows the full name in the title of the section: Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.} -but only 'Elizabeth II' on the contents page and in the headers. This +but only ‘Elizabeth II’ on the contents page and in the headers. This has a line break in TITLE but that does not work with headers so it is omitted from the contents and headers. @@ -2919,12 +2924,12 @@ Sectioning/secnumdepth:: and *note Sectioning/tocdepth::). The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the -package 'indentfirst'. +package ‘indentfirst’. - In general, to change the behavior of the '\section' command, there -are a number of options. One is the '\@startsection' command (*note + In general, to change the behavior of the ‘\section’ command, there +are a number of options. One is the ‘\@startsection’ command (*note \@startsection::). There are also many packages on CTAN that address -this, including 'titlesec'. See the documentation but the example below +this, including ‘titlesec’. See the documentation but the example below gives a sense of what they can do. \usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble @@ -2938,7 +2943,7 @@ gives a sense of what they can do. That puts the section number in the margin. -6.4 '\subsection' +6.4 ‘\subsection’ ================= Synopsis, one of: @@ -2947,8 +2952,8 @@ Synopsis, one of: \subsection*{TITLE} \subsection[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE} - Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes 'article', 'book', -and 'report' all have this command. + Start a subsection. The standard LaTeX classes ‘article’, ‘book’, +and ‘report’ all have this command. This produces a subsection. @@ -2959,14 +2964,14 @@ and 'report' all have this command. dramatize the challenge to our intuition posed by comparing the sizes of infinite sets. - For the standard LaTeX classes 'book' and 'report' the default output -is like '1.2.3 TITLE' (for chapter 1, section 2, subsection 3), alone on + For the standard LaTeX classes ‘book’ and ‘report’ the default output +is like ‘1.2.3 TITLE’ (for chapter 1, section 2, subsection 3), alone on its line and flush left, in boldface and a larger type (the type size is -'\large'). The same holds in 'article' except that there are no -chapters in that class so it looks like '2.3 TITLE'. +‘\large’). The same holds in ‘article’ except that there are no +chapters in that class so it looks like ‘2.3 TITLE’. - The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not show the subsection -number, does not increment the 'subsection' counter, and produces no + The ‘*’ form shows TITLE. But it does not show the subsection +number, does not increment the ‘subsection’ counter, and produces no table of contents entry. The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the subsection title @@ -2977,7 +2982,7 @@ of the subsection: \subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow} -but only 'α,β,γ paper' on the contents page. +but only ‘α,β,γ paper’ on the contents page. For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is 2 (*note @@ -2985,12 +2990,12 @@ Sectioning/secnumdepth:: and *note Sectioning/tocdepth::). The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to -use the package 'indentfirst'. +use the package ‘indentfirst’. There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the -'\subsection' command. One is the '\@startsection' command (*note +‘\subsection’ command. One is the ‘\@startsection’ command (*note \@startsection::). There are also many packages on CTAN that address -this, including 'titlesec'. See the documentation but the example below +this, including ‘titlesec’. See the documentation but the example below gives a sense of what they can do. \usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble @@ -3002,7 +3007,7 @@ gives a sense of what they can do. That puts the subsection number and TITLE in the first line of text. -6.5 '\subsubsection', '\paragraph', '\subparagraph' +6.5 ‘\subsubsection’, ‘\paragraph’, ‘\subparagraph’ =================================================== Synopsis, one of: @@ -3024,7 +3029,7 @@ or one of: \subparagraph[TOC-TITLE]{TITLE} Start a subsubsection, paragraph, or subparagraph. The standard -LaTeX classes 'article', 'book', and 'report' all have these commands, +LaTeX classes ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ all have these commands, although they are not commonly used. This produces a subsubsection. @@ -3035,19 +3040,19 @@ although they are not commonly used. consumer-grade gasoline engine piston rings. The default output of each of the three does not change over the -standard LaTeX classes 'article', 'book', and 'report'. For -'\subsubsection' the TITLE is alone on its line, in boldface and normal -size type. For '\paragraph' the TITLE is inline with the text, not -indented, in boldface and normal size type. For '\subparagraph' the +standard LaTeX classes ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’. For +‘\subsubsection’ the TITLE is alone on its line, in boldface and normal +size type. For ‘\paragraph’ the TITLE is inline with the text, not +indented, in boldface and normal size type. For ‘\subparagraph’ the TITLE is inline with the text, with a paragraph indent, in boldface and -normal size type (Because an 'article' has no chapters its -subsubsections are numbered and so it looks like '1.2.3 TITLE', for +normal size type (Because an ‘article’ has no chapters its +subsubsections are numbered and so it looks like ‘1.2.3 TITLE’, for section 1, subsection 2, and subsubsection 3. The other two divisions are not numbered.) - The '*' form shows TITLE. But it does not increment the associated + The ‘*’ form shows TITLE. But it does not increment the associated counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not show the -number for '\subsubsection'). +number for ‘\subsubsection’). The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the division title in the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::). If it is not @@ -3060,25 +3065,26 @@ Sectioning/secnumdepth:: and *note Sectioning/tocdepth::). The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to -use the package 'indentfirst'. +use the package ‘indentfirst’. There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these -commands. One is the '\@startsection' command (*note \@startsection::). +commands. One is the ‘\@startsection’ command (*note \@startsection::). There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including -'titlesec'. See the documentation on CTAN. +‘titlesec’. See the documentation on CTAN. -6.6 '\appendix' +6.6 ‘\appendix’ =============== Synopsis: \appendix - This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report -it declares that subsequent '\chapter' commands start an appendix. In -an article it does the same, for '\section' commands. It also resets -the 'chapter' and 'section' counters to 0 in a book or report, and in an -article resets the 'section' and 'subsection' counters. + This does not directly produce any output. But in a ‘book’ or +‘report’ document it declares that subsequent ‘\chapter’ commands start +an appendix. In an article it does the same, for ‘\section’ commands. +It also resets the ‘chapter’ and ‘section’ counters to 0 in a book or +report, and in an article resets the ‘section’ and ‘subsection’ +counters. In this book @@ -3089,18 +3095,18 @@ article resets the 'section' and 'subsection' counters. \chapter{Three} ... \chapter{Four} ... -the first two will generate output numbered 'Chapter 1' and 'Chapter 2'. -After the '\appendix' the numbering will be 'Appendix A' and 'Appendix -B'. *Note Larger book template::, for another example. +the first two will generate output numbered ‘Chapter 1’ and ‘Chapter 2’. +After the ‘\appendix’ the numbering will be ‘Appendix A’ and ‘Appendix +B’. *Note Larger book template::, for another example. - The 'appendix' package adds the command '\appendixpage' to put a -separate 'Appendices' in the document body before the first appendix, -and the command '\addappheadtotoc' to do the same in the table of -contents. You can reset the name 'Appendices' with a command like -'\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}', as well as a number of + The ‘appendix’ package adds the command ‘\appendixpage’ to put a +separate ‘Appendices’ in the document body before the first appendix, +and the command ‘\addappheadtotoc’ to do the same in the table of +contents. You can reset the name ‘Appendices’ with a command like +‘\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}’, as well as a number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN. -6.7 '\frontmatter', '\mainmatter', '\backmatter' +6.7 ‘\frontmatter’, ‘\mainmatter’, ‘\backmatter’ ================================================ Synopsis, one or more of: @@ -3112,31 +3118,31 @@ Synopsis, one or more of: \backmatter ... - Format a 'book' class document differently according to which part of + Format a ‘book’ class document differently according to which part of the document is being produced. All three commands are optional. - Traditionally, a book's front matter contains such things as the + Traditionally, a book’s front matter contains such things as the title page, an abstract, a table of contents, a preface, a list of notations, a list of figures, and a list of tables. (Some of these front matter pages, such as the title page, are traditionally not numbered.) The back matter may contain such things as a glossary, notes, a bibliography, and an index. - The '\frontmatter' command makes the pages numbered in lowercase -roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter's title + The ‘\frontmatter’ command makes the pages numbered in lowercase +roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter’s title appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands -here, use the '*'-version (*note Sectioning::). +here, use the ‘*’-version (*note Sectioning::). - The '\mainmatter' command changes the behavior back to the expected + The ‘\mainmatter’ command changes the behavior back to the expected version, and resets the page number. - The '\backmatter' command leaves the page numbering alone but + The ‘\backmatter’ command leaves the page numbering alone but switches the chapters back to being not numbered. *Note Larger book template::, for an example using these three commands. -6.8 '\@startsection', typesetting sectional unit headings +6.8 ‘\@startsection’, typesetting sectional unit headings ========================================================= Synopsis: @@ -3144,16 +3150,16 @@ Synopsis: \@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE} Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning -divisions such as '\section' or '\subsection'. +divisions such as ‘\section’ or ‘\subsection’. - Note that the 'titlesec' package makes manipulation of sectioning + Note that the ‘titlesec’ package makes manipulation of sectioning easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be -satisfied with '\@startsection', some cannot. For instance, in the -standard LaTeX 'book' and 'report' classes the commands '\chapter' and -'\report' are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you -may want to use the '\secdef' command. +satisfied with ‘\@startsection’, some cannot. For instance, in the +standard LaTeX ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes the commands ‘\chapter’ and +‘\report’ are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you +may want to use the ‘\secdef’ command. - Technically, '\@startsection' has the form + Technically, ‘\@startsection’ has the form \@startsection{NAME} {LEVEL} @@ -3171,20 +3177,20 @@ so that issuing {AFTERSKIP} {STYLE}} -redefines '\section' while keeping its standard calling form -'\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}' (in which, for reminder, the star '*' is +redefines ‘\section’ while keeping its standard calling form +‘\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}’ (in which, for reminder, the star ‘*’ is optional). *Note Sectioning::. This implies that when you write a -command like '\renewcommand{\section}{...}', the '\@startsection{...}' +command like ‘\renewcommand{\section}{...}’, the ‘\@startsection{...}’ must come last in the definition. See the examples below. NAME Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either - 'section', 'subsection', or 'paragraph'. Although in those cases + ‘section’, ‘subsection’, or ‘paragraph’. Although in those cases the counter name is the same as the sectioning command itself, you - don't have to use the same name. + don’t have to use the same name. - Then '\the'NAME displays the title number and '\'NAME'mark' is for + Then ‘\the’NAME displays the title number and ‘\’NAME‘mark’ is for the page headers. See the third example below. LEVEL @@ -3192,46 +3198,46 @@ LEVEL Sectioning::, for the list of standard level numbers. If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the counter - 'secnumdepth' then titles for this sectioning command will be + ‘secnumdepth’ then titles for this sectioning command will be numbered (*note Sectioning/secnumdepth::). For instance, if - 'secnumdepth' is 1 in an 'article' then the command - '\section{Introduction}' will produce output like "1 Introduction" - while '\subsection{Discussion}' will produce output like - "Discussion", without the number prefix. + ‘secnumdepth’ is 1 in an ‘article’ then the command + ‘\section{Introduction}’ will produce output like “1 Introduction” + while ‘\subsection{Discussion}’ will produce output like + “Discussion”, without the number prefix. If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of the counter TOCDEPTH then the table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning - unit (*note Sectioning/tocdepth::). For instance, in an 'article', + unit (*note Sectioning/tocdepth::). For instance, in an ‘article’, if TOCDEPTH is 1 then the table of contents will list sections but not subsections. INDENT A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title flush with the - margin use '0pt'. A negative indentation such as '-\parindent' + margin use ‘0pt’. A negative indentation such as ‘-\parindent’ will move the title into the left margin. BEFORESKIP The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space - that is inserted before this sectioning unit's title. This space + that is inserted before this sectioning unit’s title. This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the - negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus -2pt minus - -3pt'.) + negative of ‘1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt’ is ‘-1pt plus -2pt minus + -3pt’.) - For example, if BEFORESKIP is '-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex' then + For example, if BEFORESKIP is ‘-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex’ then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with - 'plus' and 'minus', is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more + ‘plus’ and ‘minus’, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page (*note Lengths::). The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of - the line prior to this sectioning unit's header and the baseline of - the header is that it is the sum of the '\parskip' of the text - font, the '\baselineskip' of the title font, and the absolute value + the line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of + the header is that it is the sum of the ‘\parskip’ of the text + font, the ‘\baselineskip’ of the title font, and the absolute value of the BEFORESKIP. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the @@ -3240,65 +3246,65 @@ BEFORESKIP AFTERSKIP This is a length. If AFTERSKIP is non-negative then this is the - vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit's title header. + vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit’s title header. If it is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space between the end of the title and the beginning of the following paragraph. - (Note that the negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus - -2pt minus -3pt'.) + (Note that the negative of ‘1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt’ is ‘-1pt plus + -2pt minus -3pt’.) - As with BEFORESKIP, using a rubber length, with 'plus' and 'minus' + As with BEFORESKIP, using a rubber length, with ‘plus’ and ‘minus’ components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more flexibility in putting together the page. - If 'afterskip' is non-negative then the full accounting of the - vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit's header + If ‘afterskip’ is non-negative then the full accounting of the + vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is - that it is the sum of the '\parskip' of the title font, the - '\baselineskip' of the text font, and the value of AFTER. That + that it is the sum of the ‘\parskip’ of the title font, the + ‘\baselineskip’ of the text font, and the value of AFTER. That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that - because the sign of 'afterskip' changes the sectioning unit - header's from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative - 'afterskip' to cancel part of the '\parskip'.) + because the sign of ‘afterskip’ changes the sectioning unit + header’s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative + ‘afterskip’ to cancel part of the ‘\parskip’.) STYLE Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. - Typical commands to use here are '\centering', '\raggedright', - '\normalfont', '\hrule', or '\newpage'. The last command in STYLE - may be one that takes one argument, such as '\MakeUppercase' or - '\fbox' that takes one argument. The section title will be + Typical commands to use here are ‘\centering’, ‘\raggedright’, + ‘\normalfont’, ‘\hrule’, or ‘\newpage’. The last command in STYLE + may be one that takes one argument, such as ‘\MakeUppercase’ or + ‘\fbox’ that takes one argument. The section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For instance, setting - STYLE to '\bfseries\MakeUppercase' would produce titles that are + STYLE to ‘\bfseries\MakeUppercase’ would produce titles that are bold and uppercase. - These are LaTeX's defaults for the first three sectioning units that -are defined with '\@startsection', for the 'article', 'book', and -'report' classes. + These are LaTeX’s defaults for the first three sectioning units that +are defined with ‘\@startsection’, for the ‘article’, ‘book’, and +‘report’ classes. - * For 'section': LEVEL is 1, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is '-3.5ex - plus -1ex minus -0.2ex', AFTERSKIP is '2.3ex plus 0.2ex', and STYLE - is '\normalfont\Large\bfseries'. + • For ‘section’: LEVEL is 1, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is ‘-3.5ex + plus -1ex minus -0.2ex’, AFTERSKIP is ‘2.3ex plus 0.2ex’, and STYLE + is ‘\normalfont\Large\bfseries’. - * For 'subsection': LEVEL is 2, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is '-3.25ex - plus -1ex minus -0.2ex', AFTERSKIP is '1.5ex plus 0.2ex', and STYLE - is '\normalfont\large\bfseries'. + • For ‘subsection’: LEVEL is 2, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is ‘-3.25ex + plus -1ex minus -0.2ex’, AFTERSKIP is ‘1.5ex plus 0.2ex’, and STYLE + is ‘\normalfont\large\bfseries’. - * For 'subsubsection': LEVEL is 3, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is - '-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex', AFTERSKIP is '1.5ex plus 0.2ex', - and STYLE is '\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries'. + • For ‘subsubsection’: LEVEL is 3, INDENT is 0pt, BEFORESKIP is + ‘-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex’, AFTERSKIP is ‘1.5ex plus 0.2ex’, + and STYLE is ‘\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries’. Some examples follow. These go either in a package or class file or in the preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble -they must go between a '\makeatletter' command and a '\makeatother'. -(Probably the error message 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical -mode.' means that you forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter & +they must go between a ‘\makeatletter’ command and a ‘\makeatother’. +(Probably the error message ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical +mode.’ means that you forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter & \makeatother::. This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It -says '\renewcommand' because LaTeX's standard classes have already -defined a '\section'. For the same reason it does not define a -'section' counter, or the commands '\thesection' and '\l@section'. +says ‘\renewcommand’ because LaTeX’s standard classes have already +defined a ‘\section’. For the same reason it does not define a +‘section’ counter, or the commands ‘\thesection’ and ‘\l@section’. \renewcommand\section{% \@startsection{section}% *note NAME: \@startsection/name. @@ -3309,7 +3315,7 @@ defined a '\section'. For the same reason it does not define a {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% *note STYLE: \@startsection/style. } - This will put 'subsection' titles in small caps type, inline with the + This will put ‘subsection’ titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph. \renewcommand\subsection{% @@ -3342,10 +3348,10 @@ display that counter. 7 Cross references ****************** -We often want something like 'See Theorem~31'. But by-hand typing the -31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a "label" such as -'\label{eq:GreensThm}' and then "reference" it, as with 'See -equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}'. LaTeX will automatically work out the +We often want something like ‘See Theorem~31’. But by-hand typing the +31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a “label” such as +‘\label{eq:GreensThm}’ and then “reference” it, as with ‘See +equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}’. LaTeX will automatically work out the number, put it into the output, and will change that number later if needed. @@ -3358,73 +3364,73 @@ needed. See Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm} on page~\pageref{th:GreensThm}. LaTeX tracks cross reference information in a file having the -extension '.aux' and with the same base name as the file containing the -'\label'. So if '\label' is in 'calculus.tex' then the information is -in 'calculus.aux'. LaTeX puts the information in that file every time -it runs across a '\label'. +extension ‘.aux’ and with the same base name as the file containing the +‘\label’. So if ‘\label’ is in ‘calculus.tex’ then the information is +in ‘calculus.aux’. LaTeX puts the information in that file every time +it runs across a ‘\label’. The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that -happens when your document has a "forward reference", a '\ref' that -appears before the associated '\label'. If this is the first time that -you are compiling the document then you will get 'LaTeX Warning: -Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross references right' and in -the output the forward reference will appear as two question marks '??', +happens when your document has a “forward reference”, a ‘\ref’ that +appears before the associated ‘\label’. If this is the first time that +you are compiling the document then you will get ‘LaTeX Warning: +Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross references right’ and in +the output the forward reference will appear as two question marks ‘??’, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases, resolve this by compiling the document a second time. - The 'cleveref' package enhances LaTeX's cross referencing features. + The ‘cleveref’ package enhances LaTeX’s cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter -'\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}' then '\cref{th:Nerode}' will -output 'Theorem 3.21', without you having to enter the "Theorem." +‘\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}’ then ‘\cref{th:Nerode}’ will +output ‘Theorem 3.21’, without you having to enter the “Theorem.” -7.1 '\label' +7.1 ‘\label’ ============ Synopsis: \label{KEY} - Assign a reference number to KEY. In ordinary text '\label{KEY}' + Assign a reference number to KEY. In ordinary text ‘\label{KEY}’ assigns to KEY the number of the current sectional unit. Inside an -environment with numbering, such as a 'table' or 'theorem' environment, -'\label{KEY}' assigns to KEY the number of that environment. Retrieve -the assigned number with the '\ref{KEY}' command (*note \ref::). +environment with numbering, such as a ‘table’ or ‘theorem’ environment, +‘\label{KEY}’ assigns to KEY the number of that environment. Retrieve +the assigned number with the ‘\ref{KEY}’ command (*note \ref::). A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished, as usual. A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a -suffix separated by a colon or period. Thus, '\label{fig:Post}' is a +suffix separated by a colon or period. Thus, ‘\label{fig:Post}’ is a label for a figure with a portrait of Emil Post. This helps to avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, and makes your source more readable. Some commonly-used prefixes: -'ch' +‘ch’ for chapters -'sec' -'subsec' +‘sec’ +‘subsec’ for lower-level sectioning commands -'fig' +‘fig’ for figures -'tab' +‘tab’ for tables -'eq' +‘eq’ for equations In the auxiliary file the reference information is kept as the text -of a command of the form '\newlabel{LABEL}{{CURRENTLABEL}{PAGENUMBER}}'. -Here CURRENTLABEL is the current value of the macro '\@currentlabel' -that is usually updated whenever you call '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'. +of a command of the form ‘\newlabel{LABEL}{{CURRENTLABEL}{PAGENUMBER}}’. +Here CURRENTLABEL is the current value of the macro ‘\@currentlabel’ +that is usually updated whenever you call ‘\refstepcounter{COUNTER}’. - Below, the key 'sec:test' will get the number of the current section -and the key 'fig:test' will get the number of the figure. + Below, the key ‘sec:test’ will get the number of the current section +and the key ‘fig:test’ will get the number of the figure. (Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and tables.) \section{section name} @@ -3437,7 +3443,7 @@ and the key 'fig:test' will get the number of the figure. \end{figure} See Figure~\ref{fig:test}. -7.2 '\pageref' +7.2 ‘\pageref’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -3445,12 +3451,12 @@ Synopsis: \pageref{KEY} Produce the page number of the place in the text where the -corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears. +corresponding ‘\label’{KEY} command appears. - If there is no '\label{KEY}' then you get something like 'LaTeX -Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.' + If there is no ‘\label{KEY}’ then you get something like ‘LaTeX +Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.’ - Below, the '\label{eq:main}' is used both for the formula number and + Below, the ‘\label{eq:main}’ is used both for the formula number and for the page number. (Note that the two references are forward references so this document would need to be compiled twice to resolve those.) @@ -3461,7 +3467,7 @@ those.) \mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP} \end{equation} -7.3 '\ref' +7.3 ‘\ref’ ========== Synopsis: @@ -3469,15 +3475,15 @@ Synopsis: \ref{KEY} Produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote, -figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command (*note \label::). It -does not produce any text, such as the word 'Section' or 'Figure', just +figure, ..., of the corresponding ‘\label’ command (*note \label::). It +does not produce any text, such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare number itself. - If there is no '\label{KEY}' then you get something like 'LaTeX -Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.' + If there is no ‘\label{KEY}’ then you get something like ‘LaTeX +Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on input line 11.’ - In this example the '\ref{popular}' produces '2'. Note that it is a -forward reference since it comes before '\label{popular}' so this + In this example the ‘\ref{popular}’ produces ‘2’. Note that it is a +forward reference since it comes before ‘\label{popular}’ so this document would have to be compiled twice. The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}. @@ -3487,10 +3493,10 @@ document would have to be compiled twice. \item Con\TeX t \end{enumerate} - The 'cleveref' package includes text such as 'Theorem' in the + The ‘cleveref’ package includes text such as ‘Theorem’ in the reference. See the documentation on CTAN. -7.4 'xr' package +7.4 ‘xr’ package ================ Synopsis: @@ -3504,9 +3510,9 @@ or \externaldocument[REFERENCE-PREFIX]{DOCUMENT-BASENAME} Make cross references to the external document -'DOCUMENT-BASENAME.tex'. +‘DOCUMENT-BASENAME.tex’. - Here is an example. If 'lectures.tex' has this in the preamble + Here is an example. If ‘lectures.tex’ has this in the preamble \usepackage{xr} \externaldocument{exercises} @@ -3514,54 +3520,54 @@ or \externaldocument{answers} then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents. -Suppose that 'exercises.tex' has an enumerated list containing this, +Suppose that ‘exercises.tex’ has an enumerated list containing this, \item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree? -and 'hints.tex' has an enumerated list with this, +and ‘hints.tex’ has an enumerated list with this, \item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices. -and 'answers.tex' has an enumerated list with this, +and ‘answers.tex’ has an enumerated list with this, \item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there are exactly two vertices. After compiling the exercises, hints, and answers documents, entering -this in the body of 'lectures.tex' will result in the lectures getting +this in the body of ‘lectures.tex’ will result in the lectures getting the reference numbers used in the other documents. See Exercise~\ref{exer:EulersThm}, with Hint~\ref{H-exer:EulersThm}. The solution is Answer~\ref{ans:EulersThm}. - The prefix 'H-' for the reference from the hints file is needed + The prefix ‘H-’ for the reference from the hints file is needed because the label in the hints file is the same as the label in the exercises file. Without that prefix, both references would get the number from the later file. - Note: if the document uses the 'hyperref' package then in place of -'xr', put '\usepackage{xr-hyper}' before the '\usepackage{hyperref}'. -Also, if any of the multiple documents uses 'hyperref' then they all + Note: if the document uses the ‘hyperref’ package then in place of +‘xr’, put ‘\usepackage{xr-hyper}’ before the ‘\usepackage{hyperref}’. +Also, if any of the multiple documents uses ‘hyperref’ then they all must use it. 8 Environments ************** LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior. An -environment begins with '\begin' and ends with '\end', like this: +environment begins with ‘\begin’ and ends with ‘\end’, like this: \begin{ENVIRONMENT-NAME} ... \end{ENVIRONMENT-NAME} The ENVIRONMENT-NAME at the beginning must exactly match that at the -end. For instance, the input '\begin{table*}...\end{table}' will cause -an error like: '! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by -\end{table}.' +end. For instance, the input ‘\begin{table*}...\end{table}’ will cause +an error like: ‘! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by +\end{table}.’ Environments are executed within a group. -8.1 'abstract' +8.1 ‘abstract’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -3571,13 +3577,13 @@ Synopsis: \end{abstract} Produce an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. This -environment is only defined in the 'article' and 'report' document +environment is only defined in the ‘article’ and ‘report’ document classes (*note Document classes::). - Using the example below in the 'article' class produces a displayed -paragraph. Document class option 'titlepage' causes the abstract to be + Using the example below in the ‘article’ class produces a displayed +paragraph. Document class option ‘titlepage’ causes the abstract to be on a separate page (*note Document class options::); this is the default -only in the 'report' class. +only in the ‘report’ class. \begin{abstract} We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander @@ -3586,7 +3592,7 @@ only in the 'report' class. \end{abstract} The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column -document (for a more flexible solution, use the package 'abstract'). +document (for a more flexible solution, use the package ‘abstract’). \documentclass[twocolumn]{article} ... @@ -3607,7 +3613,7 @@ document (for a more flexible solution, use the package 'abstract'). \footnotetext[1]{Thanks for all the fish.} } -8.2 'array' +8.2 ‘array’ =========== Synopsis: @@ -3626,8 +3632,8 @@ or: Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in math mode (*note Modes::), and normally appears within a displayed -mathematics environment such as 'equation' (*note equation::). Inside -of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand, ('&'). +mathematics environment such as ‘equation’ (*note equation::). Inside +of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand, (‘&’). Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (*note \\::). This example shows a three by three array. @@ -3645,29 +3651,29 @@ Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (*note \\::). The required argument COLS describes the number of columns, their alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance, -'\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}' gives three columns: the first flush +‘\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}’ gives three columns: the first flush right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See *note tabular:: for the complete description of COLS and of the other common features of the two environments, including the optional POS argument. - There are two ways that 'array' diverges from 'tabular'. The first -is that 'array' entries are typeset in math mode, in textstyle (*note + There are two ways that ‘array’ diverges from ‘tabular’. The first +is that ‘array’ entries are typeset in math mode, in textstyle (*note Math styles::) except if the COLS definition specifies the column with -'p{...}', which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode. The second -is that, instead of 'tabular''s parameter '\tabcolsep', LaTeX's -intercolumn space in an 'array' is governed by '\arraycolsep', which -gives half the width between columns. The default for this is '5pt' so +‘p{...}’, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode. The second +is that, instead of ‘tabular’’s parameter ‘\tabcolsep’, LaTeX’s +intercolumn space in an ‘array’ is governed by ‘\arraycolsep’, which +gives half the width between columns. The default for this is ‘5pt’ so that between two columns comes 10pt of space. - To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the 'amsmath' -package. It comes with environments 'pmatrix' for an array surrounded -by parentheses '(...)', 'bmatrix' for an array surrounded by square -brackets '[...]', 'Bmatrix' for an array surrounded by curly -braces '{...}', 'vmatrix' for an array surrounded by vertical -bars '|...|', and 'Vmatrix' for an array surrounded by double vertical -bars '||...||', along with a number of other array constructs. + To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the ‘amsmath’ +package. It comes with environments ‘pmatrix’ for an array surrounded +by parentheses ‘(...)’, ‘bmatrix’ for an array surrounded by square +brackets ‘[...]’, ‘Bmatrix’ for an array surrounded by curly +braces ‘{...}’, ‘vmatrix’ for an array surrounded by vertical +bars ‘|...|’, and ‘Vmatrix’ for an array surrounded by double vertical +bars ‘||...||’, along with a number of other array constructs. - The next example uses the 'amsmath' package. + The next example uses the ‘amsmath’ package. \usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble @@ -3678,12 +3684,12 @@ bars '||...||', along with a number of other array constructs. \end{vmatrix}=ad-bc \end{equation} - There are many packages concerning arrays. The 'array' package has -many useful extensions, including more column types. The 'dcolumn' + There are many packages concerning arrays. The ‘array’ package has +many useful extensions, including more column types. The ‘dcolumn’ package adds a column type to center on a decimal point. For both see the documentation on CTAN. -8.3 'center' +8.3 ‘center’ ============ Synopsis: @@ -3695,13 +3701,13 @@ Synopsis: \end{center} Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are -centered within the left and right margins. Use double-backslash, '\\', +centered within the left and right margins. Use double-backslash, ‘\\’, to get a line break (*note \\::). If some text is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any interword space. This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See -*note \centering:: to avoid such space, for example inside a 'figure' +*note \centering:: to avoid such space, for example inside a ‘figure’ environment. This example produces three centered lines. There is extra vertical @@ -3713,7 +3719,7 @@ space between the last two lines. the School of Environmental Engineering \end{center} - In this example, depending on the page's line width, LaTeX may choose + In this example, depending on the page’s line width, LaTeX may choose a line break for the part before the double backslash. If so, it will center each of the two lines and if not it will center the single line. Then LaTeX will break at the double backslash, and will center the @@ -3726,12 +3732,12 @@ ending. \end{center} A double backslash after the final line is optional. If present it -doesn't add any vertical space. +doesn’t add any vertical space. In a two-column document the text is centered in a column, not in the entire page. -8.3.1 '\centering' +8.3.1 ‘\centering’ ------------------ Synopsis: @@ -3745,9 +3751,9 @@ or \end{group} Center the material in its scope. It is most often used inside an -environment such as 'figure', or in a 'parbox'. +environment such as ‘figure’, or in a ‘parbox’. - This example's '\centering' declaration causes the graphic to be + This example’s ‘\centering’ declaration causes the graphic to be horizontally centered. \begin{figure} @@ -3756,24 +3762,24 @@ horizontally centered. \caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion} \end{figure} -The scope of this '\centering' ends with the '\end{figure}'. +The scope of this ‘\centering’ ends with the ‘\end{figure}’. - Unlike the 'center' environment, the '\centering' command does not -add vertical space above and below the text. That's its advantage in + Unlike the ‘center’ environment, the ‘\centering’ command does not +add vertical space above and below the text. That’s its advantage in the above example; there is not an excess of space. It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX -formats paragraph units. If 'ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz' is surrounded -by blank lines then LaTeX will create a paragraph whose first line 'ww -xx' is centered and whose second line, not centered, contains 'yy zz'. +formats paragraph units. If ‘ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz’ is surrounded +by blank lines then LaTeX will create a paragraph whose first line ‘ww +xx’ is centered and whose second line, not centered, contains ‘yy zz’. Usually what is desired is for the scope of the declaration to contain a -blank line or the '\end' command of an environment such as 'figure' or -'table' that ends the paragraph unit. Thus, if '{\centering xx \\ -yy\par} zz' is surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph -with two centered lines 'xx' and 'yy', followed by a new paragraph with -'zz' that is formatted as usual. +blank line or the ‘\end’ command of an environment such as ‘figure’ or +‘table’ that ends the paragraph unit. Thus, if ‘{\centering xx \\ +yy\par} zz’ is surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph +with two centered lines ‘xx’ and ‘yy’, followed by a new paragraph with +‘zz’ that is formatted as usual. -8.4 'description' +8.4 ‘description’ ================= Synopsis: @@ -3784,11 +3790,11 @@ Synopsis: ... \end{description} - Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item's LABEL is + Environment to make a list of labeled items. Each item’s LABEL is typeset in bold and is flush left, so that long labels continue into the first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having -none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing -\item'. +none causes the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing +\item’. This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions. @@ -3798,38 +3804,38 @@ definitions. \item[llama] A beast. \end{description} -The labels 'lama' and 'llama' are output in boldface, with the left edge +The labels ‘lama’ and ‘llama’ are output in boldface, with the left edge on the left margin. - Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). Use the -optional labels, as in '\item[Main point]', because there is no sensible -default. Following the '\item' is optional text, which may contain + Start list items with the ‘\item’ command (*note \item::). Use the +optional labels, as in ‘\item[Main point]’, because there is no sensible +default. Following the ‘\item’ is optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font change given in argument style (see *note Font styles::) then it will come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for -typewriter with '\item[\texttt{label text}]' then it will appear in bold +typewriter with ‘\item[\texttt{label text}]’ then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way around this, in this example to get non-bold typewriter, is to use declarative style: -'\item[{\tt label text}]'. Similarly, get the standard roman font with -'\item[{\rm label text}]'. +‘\item[{\tt label text}]’. Similarly, get the standard roman font with +‘\item[{\rm label text}]’. For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see *note itemize:: -and *note enumerate::. Unlike those environments, nesting 'description' +and *note enumerate::. Unlike those environments, nesting ‘description’ environments does not change the default label; it is boldface and flush left at all levels. For information about list layout parameters, including the default values, and for information about customizing list layout, see *note -list::. The package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists. +list::. The package ‘enumitem’ is useful for customizing lists. This example changes the description labels to small caps. \renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}} -8.5 'displaymath' +8.5 ‘displaymath’ ================= Synopsis: @@ -3840,29 +3846,29 @@ Synopsis: Environment to typeset the MATHEMATICAL TEXT on its own line, in display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the -global option 'fleqn'; see *note Document class options::. +global option ‘fleqn’; see *note Document class options::. - In the 'displaymath' environment no equation number is added to the -math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the 'equation' + In the ‘displaymath’ environment no equation number is added to the +math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the ‘equation’ environment (*note equation::). LaTeX will not break the MATH TEXT across lines. - Note that the 'amsmath' package has significantly more extensive + Note that the ‘amsmath’ package has significantly more extensive displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways in that package for having math text broken across lines. - The construct '\[MATH\]' is a synonym for the environment -'\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}' but the latter is easier to + The construct ‘\[MATH\]’ is a synonym for the environment +‘\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}’ but the latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance, searching for a square bracket -may get false positives but the word 'displaymath' will likely be +may get false positives but the word ‘displaymath’ will likely be unique. - (Aside: The construct '$$MATH$$' from Plain TeX is sometimes -mistakenly used as a synonym for 'displaymath'. It is not a synonym, -and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all; '$$' doesn't support -the 'fleqn' option (*note Document class options::), has different -vertical spacing, and doesn't perform consistency checks.) + (Aside: The construct ‘$$MATH$$’ from Plain TeX is sometimes +mistakenly used as a synonym for ‘displaymath’. It is not a synonym, +and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all; ‘$$’ doesn’t support +the ‘fleqn’ option (*note Document class options::), has different +vertical spacing, and doesn’t perform consistency checks.) The output from this example is centered and alone on its line. @@ -3870,23 +3876,23 @@ vertical spacing, and doesn't perform consistency checks.) \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \end{displaymath} -Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version '\( \int_1^2 -x^2\,dx=7/3 \)' produces. +Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version ‘\( \int_1^2 +x^2\,dx=7/3 \)’ produces. -8.6 'document' +8.6 ‘document’ ============== -The 'document' environment encloses the entire body of a document. It +The ‘document’ environment encloses the entire body of a document. It is required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting and ending::. -8.6.1 '\AtBeginDocument' +8.6.1 ‘\AtBeginDocument’ ------------------------ Synopsis: \AtBeginDocument{CODE} - Save CODE and execute it when '\begin{document}' is executed, at the + Save CODE and execute it when ‘\begin{document}’ is executed, at the very end of the preamble. The code is executed after the font selection tables have been set up, so the normal font for the document is the current font. However, the code is executed as part of the preamble so @@ -3895,7 +3901,7 @@ you cannot do any typesetting with it. You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines will be executed in the order that you gave them. -8.6.2 '\AtEndDocument' +8.6.2 ‘\AtEndDocument’ ---------------------- Synopsis: @@ -3903,15 +3909,15 @@ Synopsis: \AtEndDocument{CODE} Save CODE and execute it near the end of the document. Specifically, -it is executed when '\end{document}' is executed, before the final page +it is executed when ‘\end{document}’ is executed, before the final page is finished and before any leftover floating environments are processed. If you want some of the code to be executed after these two processes -then include a '\clearpage' at the appropriate point in CODE. +then include a ‘\clearpage’ at the appropriate point in CODE. You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines will be executed in the order that you gave them. -8.7 'enumerate' +8.7 ‘enumerate’ =============== Synopsis: @@ -3924,49 +3930,49 @@ Synopsis: Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see -below. The default top-level numbering is '1.', '2.', etc. Each -'enumerate' list environment must have at least one item; having none -causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. +below. The default top-level numbering is ‘1.’, ‘2.’, etc. Each +‘enumerate’ list environment must have at least one item; having none +causes the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’. This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic -marathon. As a top-level list the labels would come out as '1.' and -'2.'. +marathon. As a top-level list the labels would come out as ‘1.’ and +‘2.’. \begin{enumerate} \item Johnny Hayes (USA) \item Charles Hefferon (RSA) \end{enumerate} - Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you -give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets, -as in '\item[Interstitial label]', then the next item will continue the + Start list items with the ‘\item’ command (*note \item::). If you +give ‘\item’ an optional argument by following it with square brackets, +as in ‘\item[Interstitial label]’, then the next item will continue the interrupted sequence (*note \item::). That is, you will get labels like -'1.', then 'Interstitial label', then '2.'. Following the '\item' is +‘1.’, then ‘Interstitial label’, then ‘2.’. Following the ‘\item’ is optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. - Enumerations may be nested within other 'enumerate' environments, or -within any paragraph-making environment such as 'itemize' (*note -itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX's default for the + Enumerations may be nested within other ‘enumerate’ environments, or +within any paragraph-making environment such as ‘itemize’ (*note +itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX’s default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost level. - 1. arabic number followed by a period: '1.', '2.', ... - 2. lowercase letter inside parentheses: '(a)', '(b)' ... - 3. lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: 'i.', 'ii.', ... - 4. uppercase letter followed by a period: 'A.', 'B.', ... + 1. arabic number followed by a period: ‘1.’, ‘2.’, ... + 2. lowercase letter inside parentheses: ‘(a)’, ‘(b)’ ... + 3. lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: ‘i.’, ‘ii.’, ... + 4. uppercase letter followed by a period: ‘A.’, ‘B.’, ... - The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through -'\enumiv' (*note Counters::). + The ‘enumerate’ environment uses the counters ‘\enumi’ through +‘\enumiv’ (*note Counters::). For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note description:: and *note itemize::. For information about list layout parameters, including the default values, and for information about -customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is +customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package ‘enumitem’ is useful for customizing lists. - To change the format of the label use '\renewcommand' (*note -\newcommand & \renewcommand::) on the commands '\labelenumi' through -'\labelenumiv'. For instance, this first level list will be labelled + To change the format of the label use ‘\renewcommand’ (*note +\newcommand & \renewcommand::) on the commands ‘\labelenumi’ through +‘\labelenumiv’. For instance, this first level list will be labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period. \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} @@ -3978,15 +3984,15 @@ with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period. For a list of counter-labeling commands see *note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::. -8.8 'eqnarray' +8.8 ‘eqnarray’ ============== -The 'eqnarray' environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, including +The ‘eqnarray’ environment is obsolete. It has infelicities, including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements. (See -"Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen +“Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen <https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf>). New documents should -include the 'amsmath' package and use the displayed mathematics -environments provided there, such as the 'align' environment. We +include the ‘amsmath’ package and use the displayed mathematics +environments provided there, such as the ‘align’ environment. We include a description only for completeness and for working with old documents. @@ -4008,18 +4014,18 @@ or sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text mode. - It is similar to a three-column 'array' environment, with items -within a row separated by an ampersand ('&'), and with rows separated by -double backslash '\\'). The starred form of line break ('\\*') can + It is similar to a three-column ‘array’ environment, with items +within a row separated by an ampersand (‘&’), and with rows separated by +double backslash ‘\\’). The starred form of line break (‘\\*’) can also be used to separate equations, and will disallow a page break there (*note \\::). - The unstarred form 'eqnarray' places an equation number on every line -(using the 'equation' counter), unless that line contains a '\nonumber' -command. The starred form 'eqnarray*' omits equation numbering, while + The unstarred form ‘eqnarray’ places an equation number on every line +(using the ‘equation’ counter), unless that line contains a ‘\nonumber’ +command. The starred form ‘eqnarray*’ omits equation numbering, while otherwise being the same. - The command '\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across + The command ‘\lefteqn’ is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. @@ -4032,7 +4038,7 @@ inequality, while the third line has not entry on the left side. &= &z+y_3+\cdots+y_n \end{eqnarray*} -8.9 'equation' +8.9 ‘equation’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -4041,18 +4047,18 @@ Synopsis: MATHEMATICAL TEXT \end{equation} - The same as a 'displaymath' environment (*note displaymath::) except + The same as a ‘displaymath’ environment (*note displaymath::) except that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin. The -equation number is generated using the 'equation' counter. +equation number is generated using the ‘equation’ counter. - You should have no blank lines between '\begin{equation}' and -'\begin{equation}', or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing + You should have no blank lines between ‘\begin{equation}’ and +‘\begin{equation}’, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing dollar sign. - The package 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation + The package ‘amsmath’ package has extensive displayed equation facilities. New documents should include this package. -8.10 'figure' +8.10 ‘figure’ ============= Synopsis: @@ -4074,26 +4080,26 @@ or: Figures are for material that is not part of the normal text. An example is material that you cannot have split between two pages, such as a graphic. Because of this, LaTeX does not typeset figures in -sequence with normal text but instead "floats" them to a convenient +sequence with normal text but instead “floats” them to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page (*note Floats::). The FIGURE BODY can consist of imported graphics (*note Graphics::), -or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a 'parbox' of width -'\textwidth'. +or text, LaTeX commands, etc. It is typeset in a ‘parbox’ of width +‘\textwidth’. - The possible values of PLACEMENT are 'h' for 'here', 't' for 'top', -'b' for 'bottom', and 'p' for 'on a separate page of floats'. For the + The possible values of PLACEMENT are ‘h’ for ‘here’, ‘t’ for ‘top’, +‘b’ for ‘bottom’, and ‘p’ for ‘on a separate page of floats’. For the effect of these options on the float placement algorithm, see *note Floats::. - The starred form 'figure*' is used when a document is in + The starred form ‘figure*’ is used when a document is in double-column mode (*note \twocolumn::). It produces a figure that spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of -placing at a page bottom see the discussion of PLACEMENT 'b' in *note +placing at a page bottom see the discussion of PLACEMENT ‘b’ in *note Floats::. The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross -references::). The optional '\caption' command specifies caption text +references::). The optional ‘\caption’ command specifies caption text for the figure (*note \caption::). By default it is numbered. If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of TITLE (*note Table of contents etc.::). @@ -4110,7 +4116,7 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats. \caption{The CTAN lion, by Duane Bibby} \end{figure} -8.11 'filecontents' +8.11 ‘filecontents’ =================== Synopsis: @@ -4129,29 +4135,29 @@ or directory, if specified; *note output directory::) and write TEXT to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten. - The unstarred version of the environment 'filecontents' prefixes the + The unstarred version of the environment ‘filecontents’ prefixes the content of the created file with a header of TeX comments; see the -example below. The starred version 'filecontents*' does not include the +example below. The starred version ‘filecontents*’ does not include the header. The possible options are: -'force' -'overwrite' +‘force’ +‘overwrite’ Overwrite an existing file. -'noheader' - Omit the header. Equivalent to using 'filecontents*'. +‘noheader’ + Omit the header. Equivalent to using ‘filecontents*’. -'nosearch' +‘nosearch’ Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path. These options were added in a 2019 release of LaTeX. This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it -often appears before the '\documentclass' command. It is commonly used -to create a '.bib' or other such data file from the main document +often appears before the ‘\documentclass’ command. It is commonly used +to create a ‘.bib’ or other such data file from the main document source, to make the source file self-contained. Similarly, it can be used to create a custom style or class file, again making the source self-contained. @@ -4167,7 +4173,7 @@ self-contained. Article by \myname. \end{document} -produces this file 'JH.sty': +produces this file ‘JH.sty’: %% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty' %% generated by the `filecontents' environment @@ -4175,7 +4181,7 @@ produces this file 'JH.sty': %% \newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron} -8.12 'flushleft' +8.12 ‘flushleft’ ================ Synopsis: @@ -4190,7 +4196,7 @@ Synopsis: left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking interword spaces. To force a new line use a -double backslash, '\\'. For the declaration form see *note +double backslash, ‘\\’. For the declaration form see *note \raggedright::. This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the @@ -4204,7 +4210,7 @@ text flush left and ragged right. \end{flushleft} \end{minipage} -8.12.1 '\raggedright' +8.12.1 ‘\raggedright’ --------------------- Synopses: @@ -4218,18 +4224,18 @@ or \end{ENVIRONMENT} A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and -ragged right. It can be used inside an ENVIRONMENT such as 'quote' or -in a 'parbox'. For the environment form see *note flushleft::. +ragged right. It can be used inside an ENVIRONMENT such as ‘quote’ or +in a ‘parbox’. For the environment form see *note flushleft::. - Unlike the 'flushleft' environment, the '\raggedright' command does + Unlike the ‘flushleft’ environment, the ‘\raggedright’ command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph -units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the -declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the +units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the +declaration must contain the blank line or ‘\end’ command that ends the paragraph unit. - Here '\raggedright' in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing very + Here ‘\raggedright’ in each second column keeps LaTeX from doing awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note that -'\raggedright' is inside the curly braces '{...}' to delimit its effect. +‘\raggedright’ is inside the curly braces ‘{...}’ to delimit its effect. \begin{tabular}{rp{2in}} Team alpha &{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\ @@ -4237,7 +4243,7 @@ awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note that cooler is never empty.} \\ \end{tabular} -8.13 'flushright' +8.13 ‘flushright’ ================= \begin{flushright} @@ -4250,14 +4256,14 @@ awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note that right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long to fit the margins then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking inter-word spaces. To force a -new line use a double backslash, '\\'. For the declaration form +new line use a double backslash, ‘\\’. For the declaration form see *note \raggedleft::. For an example related to this environment, see *note flushleft::, -where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace 'flushleft' by -'flushright'. +where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace ‘flushleft’ by +‘flushright’. -8.13.1 '\raggedleft' +8.13.1 ‘\raggedleft’ -------------------- Synopses: @@ -4271,20 +4277,20 @@ or \end{ENVIRONMENT} A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and -ragged left. It can be used inside an ENVIRONMENT such as 'quote' or in -a 'parbox'. For the environment form see *note flushright::. +ragged left. It can be used inside an ENVIRONMENT such as ‘quote’ or in +a ‘parbox’. For the environment form see *note flushright::. - Unlike the 'flushright' environment, the '\raggedleft' command does + Unlike the ‘flushright’ environment, the ‘\raggedleft’ command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph -units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the -declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the +units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the +declaration must contain the blank line or ‘\end’ command that ends the paragraph unit. For an example related to this environment, see *note \raggedright::, -where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace '\raggedright' by -'\raggedleft'. +where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace ‘\raggedright’ by +‘\raggedleft’. -8.14 'itemize' +8.14 ‘itemize’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -4295,9 +4301,9 @@ Synopsis: ... \end{itemize} - Produce an "unordered list", sometimes called a bullet list. There -must be at least one '\item' within the environment; having none causes -the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. + Produce an “unordered list”, sometimes called a bullet list. There +must be at least one ‘\item’ within the environment; having none causes +the LaTeX error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’. This gives a two-item list. @@ -4306,52 +4312,52 @@ the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. \item Rice portrait \end{itemize} -With the default locale--without loading e.g. 'babel' package with -another language than USenglish--as a top-level list each label would -come out as a bullet, *. The format of the labeling depends on the +With the default locale—without loading e.g. ‘babel’ package with +another language than USenglish—as a top-level list each label would +come out as a bullet, •. The format of the labeling depends on the nesting level; see below. - Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you -give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets, -as in '\item[OPTIONAL LABEL]', then by default OPTIONAL LABEL will + Start list items with the ‘\item’ command (*note \item::). If you +give ‘\item’ an optional argument by following it with square brackets, +as in ‘\item[OPTIONAL LABEL]’, then by default OPTIONAL LABEL will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left margin. For labels that are flush left see the *note description:: -environment. Following the '\item' is the text of the item, which may +environment. Following the ‘\item’ is the text of the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs. Unordered lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making -environments, such as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). +environments, such as ‘enumerate’ (*note enumerate::). - The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through -'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label (note the convention of + The ‘itemize’ environment uses the commands ‘\labelitemi’ through +‘\labelitemiv’ to produce the default label (note the convention of lowercase roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting level). These are the default marks at each level. - 1. * (bullet, from '\textbullet') - 2. -- (bold en-dash, from '\normalfont\bfseries\textendash') - 3. * (asterisk, from '\textasteriskcentered') + 1. • (bullet, from ‘\textbullet’) + 2. -- (bold en-dash, from ‘\normalfont\bfseries\textendash’) + 3. * (asterisk, from ‘\textasteriskcentered’) 4. . (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from - '\textperiodcentered') + ‘\textperiodcentered’) - Change the labels with '\renewcommand'. For instance, this makes the + Change the labels with ‘\renewcommand’. For instance, this makes the first level use diamonds. \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and -the left margin of the 'itemize' list is determined by the parameters -'\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi'. (This also uses the convention +the left margin of the ‘itemize’ list is determined by the parameters +‘\leftmargini’ through ‘\leftmarginvi’. (This also uses the convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command name to -denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: '2.5em' in level 1 ('2em' -in two-column mode), '2.2em' in level 2, '1.87em' in level 3, and -'1.7em' in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels. +denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: ‘2.5em’ in level 1 (‘2em’ +in two-column mode), ‘2.2em’ in level 2, ‘1.87em’ in level 3, and +‘1.7em’ in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels. For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note -description:: and *note enumerate::. The 'itemize', 'enumerate' and -'description' environment use the same list layout parameters. For a +description:: and *note enumerate::. The ‘itemize’, ‘enumerate’ and +‘description’ environment use the same list layout parameters. For a description, including the default values, and for information about -customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is +customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package ‘enumitem’ is useful for customizing lists. This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized @@ -4360,9 +4366,9 @@ lists. \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide -space between items. Here is an example defining an 'itemize*' +space between items. Here is an example defining an ‘itemize*’ environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs -within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note \parindent +within a single item (‘\parskip’ is not list-specific, *note \parindent & \parskip::): \newenvironment{itemize*}% @@ -4372,12 +4378,12 @@ within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note \parindent \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% {\end{itemize}} -8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters +8.15 ‘letter’ environment: writing letters ========================================== This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. -8.16 'list' +8.16 ‘list’ =========== Synopsis: @@ -4392,15 +4398,15 @@ Synopsis: Note that this environment does not typically appear in the document body. Most lists created by LaTeX authors are the ones that come -standard: the 'description', 'enumerate', and 'itemize' environments +standard: the ‘description’, ‘enumerate’, and ‘itemize’ environments (*note description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize::). - Instead, the 'list' environment is most often used in macros. For + Instead, the ‘list’ environment is most often used in macros. For example, many standard LaTeX environments that do not immediately appear -to be lists are in fact constructed using 'list', including 'quotation', -'quote', and 'center' (*note quotation & quote::, *note center::). +to be lists are in fact constructed using ‘list’, including ‘quotation’, +‘quote’, and ‘center’ (*note quotation & quote::, *note center::). - This uses the 'list' environment to define a new custom environment. + This uses the ‘list’ environment to define a new custom environment. \newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items \newenvironment{named} @@ -4419,148 +4425,148 @@ to be lists are in fact constructed using 'list', including 'quotation', The mandatory first argument LABELING specifies the default labeling of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as above where -it contains both 'Item' and '\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by -putting the LABELING argument in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the +it contains both ‘Item’ and ‘\Roman{...}’. LaTeX forms the label by +putting the LABELING argument in a box of width ‘\labelwidth’. If the label is wider than that, the additional material extends to the right. -When making an instance of a 'list' you can override the default -labeling by giving '\item' an optional argument by including square -braces and the text, as in the above '\item[Special label.]'; *note +When making an instance of a ‘list’ you can override the default +labeling by giving ‘\item’ an optional argument by including square +braces and the text, as in the above ‘\item[Special label.]’; *note \item::. The mandatory second argument SPACING has a list of commands. This list can be empty. A command that can go in here is -'\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' (*note \usecounter::). Use this to tell +‘\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}’ (*note \usecounter::). Use this to tell LaTeX to number the items using the given counter. The counter will be reset to zero each time LaTeX enters the environment, and the counter is -incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an '\item' that does not +incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an ‘\item’ that does not have an optional argument. - Another command that can go in SPACING is '\makelabel', which + Another command that can go in SPACING is ‘\makelabel’, which constructs the label box. By default it puts the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it typesets in LR mode (*note Modes::). One example of changing its definition is that to the above -'named' example, before the definition of the environment add -'\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}', and between the -'\setlength' command and the parenthesis that closes the SPACING -argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'. Then the labels will +‘named’ example, before the definition of the environment add +‘\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}’, and between the +‘\setlength’ command and the parenthesis that closes the SPACING +argument also add ‘\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel’. Then the labels will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second code line to -'\let\makelabel\fbox' puts the labels inside a framed box. Another -example of the '\makelabel' command is below, in the definition of the -'redlabel' environment. +‘\let\makelabel\fbox’ puts the labels inside a framed box. Another +example of the ‘\makelabel’ command is below, in the definition of the +‘redlabel’ environment. Also often in SPACING are commands to redefine the spacing for the list. Below are the spacing parameters with their default values. -(Default values for derived environments such as 'itemize' can be +(Default values for derived environments such as ‘itemize’ can be different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows the list. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces are -normally rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give TeX +normally rubber lengths, with ‘plus’ and ‘minus’ components, to give TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as -'\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}'. For some effects these +‘\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}’. For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative. -'\itemindent' - Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond 'leftmargin', of the - first line each item. Its default value is '0pt'. - -'\itemsep' - Vertical space between items, beyond the '\parsep'. The defaults - for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and - 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', - '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that - is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 11 point are: '4.5pt - plus2pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and - '\topsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 - point are: '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2.5pt - plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that is, '2.5pt plus1pt - minus1pt'). - -'\labelsep' +‘\itemindent’ + Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond ‘leftmargin’, of the + first line each item. Its default value is ‘0pt’. + +‘\itemsep’ + Vertical space between items, beyond the ‘\parsep’. The defaults + for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and + ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, + ‘\parsep’ (that is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’), and ‘\topsep’ (that + is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’). The defaults at 11 point are: ‘4.5pt + plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘\parsep’ (that is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’), and + ‘\topsep’ (that is, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’). The defaults at 12 + point are: ‘5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt’, ‘\parsep’ (that is, ‘2.5pt + plus1pt minus1pt’), and ‘\topsep’ (that is, ‘2.5pt plus1pt + minus1pt’). + +‘\labelsep’ Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. The - default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes is - '0.5em'. + default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes is + ‘0.5em’. -'\labelwidth' +‘\labelwidth’ Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this - wide. If '\makelabel' returns text that is wider than this then + wide. If ‘\makelabel’ returns text that is wider than this then the first line of the item will be indented to make room for this - extra material. If '\makelabel' returns text of width less than or - equal to '\labelwidth' then LaTeX's default is that the label is + extra material. If ‘\makelabel’ returns text of width less than or + equal to ‘\labelwidth’ then LaTeX’s default is that the label is typeset flush right in a box of this width. The left edge of the label box is - '\leftmargin'+'\itemindent'-'\labelsep'-'\labelwidth' from the left + ‘\leftmargin’+‘\itemindent’-‘\labelsep’-‘\labelwidth’ from the left margin of the enclosing environment. - The default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at - the top level is '\leftmargini'-'\labelsep', (which is '2em' in one - column mode and '1.5em' in two column mode). At the second level - it is '\leftmarginii'-'\labelsep', and at the third level it is - '\leftmarginiii'-'\labelsep'. These definitions make the label's + The default for LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at + the top level is ‘\leftmargini’-‘\labelsep’, (which is ‘2em’ in one + column mode and ‘1.5em’ in two column mode). At the second level + it is ‘\leftmarginii’-‘\labelsep’, and at the third level it is + ‘\leftmarginiii’-‘\labelsep’. These definitions make the label’s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing environment. -'\leftmargin' +‘\leftmargin’ Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this - set to the value of '\leftmargini', while a list that is nested - inside a top-level list has this margin set to '\leftmarginii'. - More deeply nested lists get the values of '\leftmarginiii' through - '\leftmarginvi'. (Nesting greater than level five generates the - error message 'Too deeply nested'.) - - The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', - 'book', and 'report' classes are: '\leftmargini' is '2.5em' (in two - column mode, '2em'), '\leftmarginii' is '2.2em', and - '\leftmarginiii' is '1.87em'. - -'\listparindent' + set to the value of ‘\leftmargini’, while a list that is nested + inside a top-level list has this margin set to ‘\leftmarginii’. + More deeply nested lists get the values of ‘\leftmarginiii’ through + ‘\leftmarginvi’. (Nesting greater than level five generates the + error message ‘Too deeply nested’.) + + The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, + ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes are: ‘\leftmargini’ is ‘2.5em’ (in two + column mode, ‘2em’), ‘\leftmarginii’ is ‘2.2em’, and + ‘\leftmarginiii’ is ‘1.87em’. + +‘\listparindent’ Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond - '\leftmargin', for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list - item. A negative value makes this an "outdent". Its default value - is '0pt'. + ‘\leftmargin’, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list + item. A negative value makes this an “outdent”. Its default value + is ‘0pt’. -'\parsep' +‘\parsep’ Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. The defaults for - the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' - classes at 10 point size are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt - minus1pt', and '0pt'. The defaults at 11 point size are: '4.5pt - plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. The defaults - at 12 point size are: '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '2.5pt plus1pt - minus1pt', and '0pt'. - -'\partopsep' - Vertical space added, beyond '\topsep'+'\parskip', to the top and + the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, and ‘report’ + classes at 10 point size are: ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt + minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. The defaults at 11 point size are: ‘4.5pt + plus2pt minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. The defaults + at 12 point size are: ‘5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt’, ‘2.5pt plus1pt + minus1pt’, and ‘0pt’. + +‘\partopsep’ + Vertical space added, beyond ‘\topsep’+‘\parskip’, to the top and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line following the list is blank does not matter.) - The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', - 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '2pt plus1 - minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'. The - defaults at 11 point are: '3pt plus1pt minus1pt', '3pt plus1pt - minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 point - are: '3pt plus2pt minus3pt', '3pt plus2pt minus2pt', and '1pt - plus0pt minus1pt'. + The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, + ‘book’, and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘2pt plus1 + minus1pt’, ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’, and ‘1pt plus0pt minus1pt’. The + defaults at 11 point are: ‘3pt plus1pt minus1pt’, ‘3pt plus1pt + minus1pt’, and ‘1pt plus0pt minus1pt’). The defaults at 12 point + are: ‘3pt plus2pt minus3pt’, ‘3pt plus2pt minus2pt’, and ‘1pt + plus0pt minus1pt’. -'\rightmargin' +‘\rightmargin’ Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right - margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is '0pt'. + margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is ‘0pt’. It must be non-negative. -'\topsep' +‘\topsep’ Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in - addition to '\parskip' (*note \parindent & \parskip::). The - defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', - and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '8pt plus2pt minus4pt', - '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults - at 11 point are: '9pt plus3pt minus5pt', '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt', - and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 12 point are: '10pt - plus4pt minus6pt', '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', and '2.5pt plus1pt - minus1pt'. + addition to ‘\parskip’ (*note \parindent & \parskip::). The + defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX’s ‘article’, ‘book’, + and ‘report’ classes at 10 point size are: ‘8pt plus2pt minus4pt’, + ‘4pt plus2pt minus1pt’, and ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’. The defaults + at 11 point are: ‘9pt plus3pt minus5pt’, ‘4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt’, + and ‘2pt plus1pt minus1pt’. The defaults at 12 point are: ‘10pt + plus4pt minus6pt’, ‘5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt’, and ‘2.5pt plus1pt + minus1pt’. This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. @@ -4588,14 +4594,14 @@ right edge of the bracket for H1 equals the right edge of the bracket for H4, so that the left edge of the label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1). V0 - '\topsep' + '\parskip' if the list environment does not start a new - paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it does + ‘\topsep’ + ‘\parskip’ if the list environment does not start a new + paragraph, and ‘\topsep’+‘\parskip’+‘\partopsep’ if it does V1 - '\parsep' + ‘\parsep’ V2 - '\itemsep'+'\parsep' + ‘\itemsep’+‘\parsep’ V3 Same as V0. (This space is affected by whether a blank line @@ -4603,50 +4609,50 @@ V3 appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) H0 - '\labelwidth' + ‘\labelwidth’ H1 - '\labelsep' + ‘\labelsep’ H2 - '\listparindent' + ‘\listparindent’ H3 - '\leftmargin' + ‘\leftmargin’ H4 - '\itemindent' + ‘\itemindent’ H5 - '\rightmargin' + ‘\rightmargin’ - The list's left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with + The list’s left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width used -for typesetting the list items is '\linewidth' (*note Page layout -parameters::). For instance, set the list's left margin to be one +for typesetting the list items is ‘\linewidth’ (*note Page layout +parameters::). For instance, set the list’s left margin to be one quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the -enclosing environment with '\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}'. +enclosing environment with ‘\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}’. Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three -parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is '-\@lowpenalty', that -is, '-51'. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break -at each spot. Change it with, e.g., '\@beginparpenalty=9999'; a value +parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is ‘-\@lowpenalty’, that +is, ‘-51’. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break +at each spot. Change it with, e.g., ‘\@beginparpenalty=9999’; a value of 10000 prohibits a page break. -'\@beginparpenalty' +‘\@beginparpenalty’ The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default - '-51'). + ‘-51’). -'\@itempenalty' +‘\@itempenalty’ The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default - '-51'). + ‘-51’). -'\@endparpenalty' +‘\@endparpenalty’ The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default - '-51'). + ‘-51’). - The package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists. + The package ‘enumitem’ is useful for customizing lists. This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. *Note @@ -4668,7 +4674,7 @@ edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. *Note } {\end{list}} -8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list +8.16.1 ‘\item’: An entry in a list ---------------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -4682,15 +4688,15 @@ or An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default depends on the list type. - Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets '[...]', + Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets ‘[...]’, if you have an item whose text starts with [, you have to hide the -bracket inside curly braces, as in: '\item {[} is an open square -bracket'; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional +bracket inside curly braces, as in: ‘\item {[} is an open square +bracket’; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional label. Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same -way: '\item[Close square bracket, {]}]'. *Note LaTeX command syntax::. +way: ‘\item[Close square bracket, {]}]’. *Note LaTeX command syntax::. In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default label and one that uses the optional label. @@ -4701,11 +4707,11 @@ label and one that uses the optional label. \item Larry \end{enumerate} - The first item is labelled '1.', the second item is labelled -'sometimes', and the third item is labelled '2.'. Because of the -optional label in the second item, the third item is not labelled '3.'. + The first item is labelled ‘1.’, the second item is labelled +‘sometimes’, and the third item is labelled ‘2.’. Because of the +optional label in the second item, the third item is not labelled ‘3.’. -8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list' +8.16.2 ‘trivlist’: A restricted form of ‘list’ ---------------------------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -4715,24 +4721,24 @@ Synopsis: \end{trivlist} A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are -not indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no +not indented and an ‘\item’ without an optional argument produces no text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where -the '\item' command is part of the environment's definition. For -instance, the 'center' environment is defined essentially like this: +the ‘\item’ command is part of the environment’s definition. For +instance, the ‘center’ environment is defined essentially like this: \newenvironment{center} {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} {\end{trivlist}} - Using 'trivlist' in this way allows the macro to inherit some common + Using ‘trivlist’ in this way allows the macro to inherit some common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; detecting whether the text following the environment should be considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list environments. - Specifically, 'trivlist' uses the current values of the list -parameters (*note list::), except that '\parsep' is set to the value of -'\parskip', and '\leftmargin', '\labelwidth', and '\itemindent' are set + Specifically, ‘trivlist’ uses the current values of the list +parameters (*note list::), except that ‘\parsep’ is set to the value of +‘\parskip’, and ‘\leftmargin’, ‘\labelwidth’, and ‘\itemindent’ are set to zero. This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by @@ -4743,7 +4749,7 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. \item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines. \end{trivlist} -8.17 'math' +8.17 ‘math’ =========== Synopsis: @@ -4752,10 +4758,10 @@ Synopsis: MATH \end{math} - The 'math' environment inserts given MATH material within the running -text. '\(...\)' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. + The ‘math’ environment inserts given MATH material within the running +text. ‘\(...\)’ and ‘$...$’ are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. -8.18 'minipage' +8.18 ‘minipage’ =============== Synopses: @@ -4773,8 +4779,8 @@ or Put CONTENTS into a box that is WIDTH wide. This is like a small version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized lists, etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have -floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So 'minipage' is -similar to '\parbox' (*note \parbox::) but here you can have paragraphs. +floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So ‘minipage’ is +similar to ‘\parbox’ (*note \parbox::) but here you can have paragraphs. This example will be 3 inches wide, and has two paragraphs. @@ -4786,31 +4792,31 @@ similar to '\parbox' (*note \parbox::) but here you can have paragraphs. and won the National Medal of Science. \end{minipage} -See below for a discussion of the paragraph indent inside a 'minipage'. +See below for a discussion of the paragraph indent inside a ‘minipage’. The required argument WIDTH is a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It gives the width of the box into which CONTENTS are typeset. There are three optional arguments, POSITION, HEIGHT, and INNER-POS. You need not include all three. For example, get the default POSITION -and set the HEIGHT with '\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth} -CONTENTS \end{minipage}'. (Get the natural height with an empty -argument, '[]'.) +and set the HEIGHT with ‘\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth} +CONTENTS \end{minipage}’. (Get the natural height with an empty +argument, ‘[]’.) - The optional argument POSITION governs how the 'minipage' vertically + The optional argument POSITION governs how the ‘minipage’ vertically aligns with the surrounding material. -'c' - (synonym 'm') Default. Positions the 'minipage' so its vertical +‘c’ + (synonym ‘m’) Default. Positions the ‘minipage’ so its vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line. -'t' - Align the baseline of the top line in the 'minipage' with the - baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vtop'). +‘t’ + Align the baseline of the top line in the ‘minipage’ with the + baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s ‘\vtop’). -'b' - Align the baseline of the bottom line in the 'minipage' with the - baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vbox'). +‘b’ + Align the baseline of the bottom line in the ‘minipage’ with the + baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX’s ‘\vbox’). To see the effects of these, contrast running this @@ -4818,11 +4824,11 @@ aligns with the surrounding material. first\\ second\\ third \end{minipage} -with the results of changing 'c' to 'b' or 't'. +with the results of changing ‘c’ to ‘b’ or ‘t’. The optional argument HEIGHT is a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It -sets the height of the 'minipage'. You can enter any value larger than, -or equal to, or smaller than the 'minipage''s natural height and LaTeX +sets the height of the ‘minipage’. You can enter any value larger than, +or equal to, or smaller than the ‘minipage’’s natural height and LaTeX will not give an error or warning. You can also set it to a height of zero or a negative value. @@ -4830,22 +4836,22 @@ zero or a negative value. CONTENTS inside the box. These are the possible values are (the default is the value of POSITION). -'t' +‘t’ Place CONTENTS at the top of the box. -'c' +‘c’ Place it in the vertical center. -'b' +‘b’ Place it at the box bottom. -'s' +‘s’ Stretch CONTENTS out vertically; it must contain vertically stretchable space. The INNER-POS argument makes sense when the HEIGHT option is set to a -value larger than the 'minipage''s natural height. To see the effect of -the options, run this example with the various choices in place of 'b'. +value larger than the ‘minipage’’s natural height. To see the effect of +the options, run this example with the various choices in place of ‘b’. Text before \begin{center} @@ -4855,15 +4861,15 @@ the options, run this example with the various choices in place of 'b'. \end{center} Text after - By default paragraphs are not indented in a 'minipage'. Change that -with a command such as '\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' at the start of + By default paragraphs are not indented in a ‘minipage’. Change that +with a command such as ‘\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}’ at the start of CONTENTS. - Footnotes in a 'minipage' environment are handled in a way that is + Footnotes in a ‘minipage’ environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A -'\footnote' or '\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom +‘\footnote’ or ‘\footnotetext’ command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the -'\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary 'footnote' counter (*note +‘\mpfootnote’ counter instead of the ordinary ‘footnote’ counter (*note Counters::). This puts the footnote at the bottom of the table, not the bottom of @@ -4884,7 +4890,7 @@ the page. If you nest minipages then there is an oddness when using footnotes. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next -'\end{minipage}' which may not be their logical place. +‘\end{minipage}’ which may not be their logical place. This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They are vertically centered. @@ -4913,7 +4919,7 @@ They are vertically centered. \end{minipage} \end{center} -8.19 'picture' +8.19 ‘picture’ ============== Synopses: @@ -4927,7 +4933,7 @@ or PICTURE COMMAND \end{picture} -Where there may be any number of PICTURE COMMAND's. +Where there may be any number of PICTURE COMMAND’s. An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows, boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new @@ -4935,7 +4941,7 @@ documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems, such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. None of these are covered in this document; see CTAN. - To start, here's an example showing the parallelogram law for adding + To start, here’s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding vectors. \setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} @@ -4948,26 +4954,26 @@ vectors. \put(3,3){\makebox(0,0)[r]{sum\ }} \end{picture} - The 'picture' environment has one required argument, a pair of + The ‘picture’ environment has one required argument, a pair of positive real numbers (WIDTH,HEIGHT). Multiply these by the value -'\unitlength' to get the nominal size of the output, i.e. the space that +‘\unitlength’ to get the nominal size of the output, i.e. the space that LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture -outside the picture's box. +outside the picture’s box. This environment also has an optional argument (XOFFSET,YOFFSET). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets. As with the required argument, it consists of a pair of two real numbers, but these may also be negative -or null. Multiply these by '\unitlength' to get the coordinates of the +or null. Multiply these by ‘\unitlength’ to get the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture. - For example, if '\unitlength' has been set to '1mm', the command + For example, if ‘\unitlength’ has been set to ‘1mm’, the command \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) produces a box of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters. The -picture's origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner +picture’s origin is the point (10mm,20mm) and so the lower-left corner is there, and the upper-right corner is at (110mm,220mm). When you first draw a picture you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your @@ -4975,38 +4981,38 @@ picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument. Each PICTURE COMMAND tells LaTeX where to put something by providing -its position. A "position" is a pair such as '(2.4,-5)' giving the x- -and y-coordinates. A "coordinate" is a not a length, it is a real +its position. A “position” is a pair such as ‘(2.4,-5)’ giving the x- +and y-coordinates. A “coordinate” is a not a length, it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It specifies a -length in multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if -'\unitlength' has been set to '1cm', then the coordinate '2.54' +length in multiples of the unit length ‘\unitlength’, so if +‘\unitlength’ has been set to ‘1cm’, then the coordinate ‘2.54’ specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. - LaTeX's default for '\unitlength' is '1pt'. It is a rigid length -(*note Lengths::). Change it with the '\setlength' command (*note -\setlength::). Make this change only outside of a 'picture' + LaTeX’s default for ‘\unitlength’ is ‘1pt’. It is a rigid length +(*note Lengths::). Change it with the ‘\setlength’ command (*note +\setlength::). Make this change only outside of a ‘picture’ environment. - The 'picture' environment supports using standard arithmetic + The ‘picture’ environment supports using standard arithmetic expressions as well as numbers. Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is by default at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position -appears as an argument, as with '\put(1,2){...}', it is not enclosed in +appears as an argument, as with ‘\put(1,2){...}’, it is not enclosed in braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also, unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are further up the page, for example, y = 1 is _above_ y = 0. - There are four ways to put things in a picture: '\put', '\multiput', -'\qbezier', and '\graphpaper'. The most often used is '\put'. This + There are four ways to put things in a picture: ‘\put’, ‘\multiput’, +‘\qbezier’, and ‘\graphpaper’. The most often used is ‘\put’. This \put(11.3,-0.3){...} places the object with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-0.3). The reference points for various objects will be described below. The -'\put' command creates an "LR box" (*note Modes::). Anything that can -go in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) can go in the text argument -of the '\put' command. The reference point will be the lower left +‘\put’ command creates an “LR box” (*note Modes::). Anything that can +go in an ‘\mbox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::) can go in the text argument +of the ‘\put’ command. The reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture \setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} @@ -5016,10 +5022,10 @@ corner of the box. In this picture \end{picture} the three dots are just slightly left of the point of the angle formed -by the two lines. (Also, '\line(1,1){1}' does not call for a line of +by the two lines. (Also, ‘\line(1,1){1}’ does not call for a line of length one; rather the line has a change in the x coordinate of 1.) - The '\multiput', 'qbezier', and 'graphpaper' commands are described + The ‘\multiput’, ‘qbezier’, and ‘graphpaper’ commands are described below. You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an @@ -5035,12 +5041,12 @@ exact location. For example: \end{picture} \end{center} -The red X will be precisely a quarter of the '\textwidth' from the left -margin, and '0.35\textwidth' up from the bottom of the picture. Another +The red X will be precisely a quarter of the ‘\textwidth’ from the left +margin, and ‘0.35\textwidth’ up from the bottom of the picture. Another example of this usage is to put similar code in the page header to get -repeat material on each of a document's pages. +repeat material on each of a document’s pages. -8.19.1 '\put' +8.19.1 ‘\put’ ------------- Synopsis: @@ -5048,17 +5054,17 @@ Synopsis: \put(XCOORD,YCOORD){CONTENT} Place CONTENT at the coordinate (XCOORD,YCOORD). See the discussion -of coordinates and '\unitlength' in *note picture::. The CONTENT is +of coordinates and ‘\unitlength’ in *note picture::. The CONTENT is processed in LR mode (*note Modes::) so it cannot contain line breaks. - This includes the text into the 'picture'. + This includes the text into the ‘picture’. \put(4.5,2.5){Apply the \textit{unpoke} move} The reference point, the location (4.5,2.5), is the lower left of the -text, at the bottom left of the 'A'. +text, at the bottom left of the ‘A’. -8.19.2 '\multiput' +8.19.2 ‘\multiput’ ------------------ Synopsis: @@ -5081,7 +5087,7 @@ DELTA_X,DELTA_Y. The OBJ first appears at position (x,y), then at \multiput(0,0)(0,5){3}{\line(1,0){10}} \end{picture} -8.19.3 '\qbezier' +8.19.3 ‘\qbezier’ ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -5090,7 +5096,7 @@ Synopsis: \qbezier[NUM](X1,Y1)(X2,Y2)(X3,Y3) Draw a quadratic Bezier curve whose control points are given by the -three required arguments '(X1,Y1)', '(X2,Y2)', and '(X3,Y3)'. That is, +three required arguments ‘(X1,Y1)’, ‘(X2,Y2)’, and ‘(X3,Y3)’. That is, the curve runs from (X1,Y1) to (X3,Y3), is quadratic, and is such that the tangent line at (X1,Y1) passes through (X2,Y2), as does the tangent line at (X3,Y3). @@ -5099,14 +5105,14 @@ line at (X3,Y3). \qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0) -The curve's tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the -curve's tangent line at (1,0). +The curve’s tangent line at (1,1) contains (1.25,0.75), as does the +curve’s tangent line at (1,0). The optional argument NUM gives the number of calculated intermediate points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose maximum number of -points is '\qbeziermax' (change this value with '\renewcommand'). +points is ‘\qbeziermax’ (change this value with ‘\renewcommand’). - This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using '\qbezier' for that + This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using ‘\qbezier’ for that curve. \begin{picture}(8,4) @@ -5121,7 +5127,7 @@ curve. \put(4.5,2.5){\framebox{Trapezoidal Rule}} \end{picture} -8.19.4 '\graphpaper' +8.19.4 ‘\graphpaper’ -------------------- Synopsis: @@ -5129,8 +5135,8 @@ Synopsis: \graphpaper(X_INIT,Y_INIT)(X_DIMEN,Y_DIMEN) \graphpaper[SPACING](X_INIT,Y_INIT)(X_DIMEN,Y_DIMEN) - Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the 'graphpap' package. The grid's -origin is '(X_INIT,Y_INIT)'. Grid lines come every SPACING units (the + Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the ‘graphpap’ package. The grid’s +origin is ‘(X_INIT,Y_INIT)’. Grid lines come every SPACING units (the default is 10). The grid extends X_DIMEN units to the right and Y_DIMEN units up. All arguments must be positive integers. @@ -5145,7 +5151,7 @@ lines. The lines are numbered every ten units. -8.19.5 '\line' +8.19.5 ‘\line’ -------------- Synopsis: @@ -5153,8 +5159,8 @@ Synopsis: \line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL} Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises Y_RISE for -every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the total horizontal change--it -is not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special +every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the total horizontal change—it is +not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special case of vertical lines, where (X_RUN,Y_RISE)=(0,1), the TRAVEL gives the change in y. @@ -5169,27 +5175,27 @@ length of the line, it is the change in x. The arguments X_RUN and Y_RISE are integers that can be positive, negative, or zero. (If both are 0 then LaTeX treats the second as 1.) -With '\put(X_INIT,Y_INIT){\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}}', if X_RUN is -negative then the line's ending point has a first coordinate that is -less than X_INIT. If Y_RISE is negative then the line's ending point +With ‘\put(X_INIT,Y_INIT){\line(X_RUN,Y_RISE){TRAVEL}}’, if X_RUN is +negative then the line’s ending point has a first coordinate that is +less than X_INIT. If Y_RISE is negative then the line’s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than Y_INIT. - If TRAVEL is negative then you get 'LaTeX Error: Bad \line or \vector -argument.' + If TRAVEL is negative then you get ‘LaTeX Error: Bad \line or \vector +argument.’ Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes because these lines are made by putting together line segments from pre-made fonts. The two numbers X_RUN and Y_RISE must have integer -values from -6 through 6. Also, they must be relatively prime, so that +values from −6 through 6. Also, they must be relatively prime, so that (X_RUN,Y_RISE) can be (2,1) but not (4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines of arbitrary slope and plenty of -other shapes in a system like 'picture', see the package 'pict2e' +other shapes in a system like ‘picture’, see the package ‘pict2e’ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e>). Another solution is to use a full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. -8.19.6 '\linethickness' +8.19.6 ‘\linethickness’ ----------------------- Synopsis: @@ -5198,11 +5204,11 @@ Synopsis: Declares the thickness of subsequent horizontal and vertical lines in a picture to be DIM, which must be a positive length (*note Lengths::). -It differs from '\thinlines' and '\thicklines' in that it does not +It differs from ‘\thinlines’ and ‘\thicklines’ in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or ovals (*note \oval::). -8.19.7 '\thinlines' +8.19.7 ‘\thinlines’ ------------------- Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals @@ -5210,7 +5216,7 @@ in a picture environment to be 0.4pt. This is the default thickness, so this command is unnecessary unless the thickness has been changed with either *note \linethickness:: or *note \thicklines::. -8.19.8 '\thicklines' +8.19.8 ‘\thicklines’ -------------------- Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals @@ -5218,7 +5224,7 @@ in a picture environment to be 0.8pt. See also *note \linethickness:: and *note \thinlines::. This command is illustrated in the Trapezoidal Rule example of *note \qbezier::. -8.19.9 '\circle' +8.19.9 ‘\circle’ ---------------- Synopsis: @@ -5227,17 +5233,17 @@ Synopsis: \circle*{DIAMETER} Produces a circle with a diameter as close as possible to the -specified one. The '*' form produces a filled-in circle. +specified one. The ‘*’ form produces a filled-in circle. - This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at '(5,7)'. + This draws a circle of radius 6, centered at ‘(5,7)’. \put(5,7){\circle{6}} - The available radii for '\circle' are, in points, the even numbers -from 2 to 20, inclusive. For '\circle*' they are all the integers from + The available radii for ‘\circle’ are, in points, the even numbers +from 2 to 20, inclusive. For ‘\circle*’ they are all the integers from 1 to 15. -8.19.10 '\oval' +8.19.10 ‘\oval’ --------------- Synopsis: @@ -5246,21 +5252,21 @@ Synopsis: \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION] Produce a rectangle with rounded corners, hereinafter referred to as -an "oval". The optional argument PORTION allows you to produce only +an “oval”. The optional argument PORTION allows you to produce only half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take PORTION to be one of these. -'t' +‘t’ top half -'b' +‘b’ bottom half -'r' +‘r’ right half -'l' +‘l’ left half - Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting PORTION to 'tr', -'br', 'bl', or 'tl'. + Produce only one quarter of the oval by setting PORTION to ‘tr’, +‘br’, ‘bl’, or ‘tl’. This draws the top half of an oval that is 3 wide and 7 tall. @@ -5274,7 +5280,7 @@ made with quarter circles. These circles have a maximum radius of 20pt (*note \circle:: for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just frames with a small amount of corner rounding. -8.19.11 '\shortstack' +8.19.11 ‘\shortstack’ --------------------- Synopsis: @@ -5283,7 +5289,7 @@ Synopsis: Produce a vertical stack of objects. - This labels the y axis by writing the word 'y' above the word 'axis'. + This labels the y axis by writing the word ‘y’ above the word ‘axis’. \setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} \begin{picture}(5,2.5)(-0.75,0) @@ -5293,34 +5299,34 @@ Synopsis: \end{picture} For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack. -In the above example the '\makebox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) puts the +In the above example the ‘\makebox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::) puts the stack flush right in a zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to the left of the y axis. The valid positions are: -'r' +‘r’ Make objects flush right -'l' +‘l’ Make objects flush left -'c' +‘c’ Center objects (default) - Separate objects into lines with '\\'. These stacks are short in -that, unlike in a 'tabular' or 'array' environment, here the rows are + Separate objects into lines with ‘\\’. These stacks are short in +that, unlike in a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment, here the rows are not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in -'\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}' the first and last rows are taller than the +‘\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}’ the first and last rows are taller than the middle two, and therefore the baseline skip between the two middle rows is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can adjust row heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline spacing with -'\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}' (*note \strut::), or explicitly, via -an zero-width box '\shortstack{X \\ \rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}' or by -using '\\''s optional argument '\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}'. +‘\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}’ (*note \strut::), or explicitly, via +an zero-width box ‘\shortstack{X \\ \rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}’ or by +using ‘\\’’s optional argument ‘\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}’. - The '\shortstack' command is also available outside the 'picture' + The ‘\shortstack’ command is also available outside the ‘picture’ environment. -8.19.12 '\vector' +8.19.12 ‘\vector’ ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -5329,20 +5335,20 @@ Synopsis: Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it vertically rises Y_RISE for every horizontal X_RUN. The TRAVEL is the -total horizontal change--it is not the length of the vector, it is the +total horizontal change—it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in x. In the special case of vertical vectors, if (X_RUN,Y_RISE)=(0,1), then TRAVEL gives the change in y. For an example see *note picture::. For elaboration on X_RUN and Y_RISE see *note \line::. As there, the -values of X_RUN and Y_RISE are limited. For '\vector' you must chooses -integers between -4 and 4, inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be -relatively prime. Thus, '\vector(2,1){4}' is acceptable but -'\vector(4,2){4}' is not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence +values of X_RUN and Y_RISE are limited. For ‘\vector’ you must chooses +integers between −4 and 4, inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be +relatively prime. Thus, ‘\vector(2,1){4}’ is acceptable but +‘\vector(4,2){4}’ is not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads). -8.19.13 '\makebox' (picture) +8.19.13 ‘\makebox’ (picture) ---------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -5350,37 +5356,37 @@ Synopsis: \makebox(REC-WIDTH,REC-HEIGHT){TEXT} \makebox(REC-WIDTH,REC-HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT} - Make a box to hold TEXT. This command fits with the 'picture' + Make a box to hold TEXT. This command fits with the ‘picture’ environment, although you can use it outside of there, because REC-WIDTH and REC-HEIGHT are numbers specifying distances in terms of the -'\unitlength' (*note picture::). This command is similar to the normal -'\makebox' command (*note \mbox & \makebox::) except here that you must +‘\unitlength’ (*note picture::). This command is similar to the normal +‘\makebox’ command (*note \mbox & \makebox::) except here that you must specify the width and height. This command is fragile (*note \protect::). - This makes a box of length 3.5 times '\unitlength' and height 4 times -'\unitlength'. + This makes a box of length 3.5 times ‘\unitlength’ and height 4 times +‘\unitlength’. \put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}} - The optional argument 'POSITION' specifies where in the box the TEXT + The optional argument ‘POSITION’ specifies where in the box the TEXT appears. The default is to center it, both horizontally and vertically. To place it somewhere else, use a string with one or two of these letters. -'t' +‘t’ Puts TEXT the top of the box. -'b' +‘b’ Put TEXT at the bottom. -'l' +‘l’ Put TEXT on the left. -'r' +‘r’ Put TEXT on the right. -8.19.14 '\framebox' (picture) +8.19.14 ‘\framebox’ (picture) ----------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -5391,9 +5397,9 @@ Synopsis: This is the same as *note \makebox (picture):: except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. This command fits with -the 'picture' environment, although you can use it outside of there, +the ‘picture’ environment, although you can use it outside of there, because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the -'\unitlength' (*note picture::). This command is fragile (*note +‘\unitlength’ (*note picture::). This command is fragile (*note \protect::). This example creates a frame 2.5 inches by 3 inches and puts the text @@ -5408,15 +5414,15 @@ RECT-WIDTH units and height RECT-HEIGHT units. The optional argument POSITION specifies the position of TEXT; see *note \makebox (picture):: for the values that it can take. - The rule has thickness '\fboxrule' and there is a blank space -'\fboxsep' between the frame and the contents of the box. + The rule has thickness ‘\fboxrule’ and there is a blank space +‘\fboxsep’ between the frame and the contents of the box. For this command, you must specify the WIDTH and HEIGHT. If you want to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is determined -in some other way then either use '\fbox' (*note \fbox & \framebox::) or -'\frame' (*note \frame::). +in some other way then either use ‘\fbox’ (*note \fbox & \framebox::) or +‘\frame’ (*note \frame::). -8.19.15 '\frame' +8.19.15 ‘\frame’ ---------------- Synopsis: @@ -5424,11 +5430,11 @@ Synopsis: \frame{CONTENTS} Puts a rectangular frame around CONTENTS. The reference point is the -bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to '\framebox' (*note -\framebox (picture)::), this command puts no extra space is put between -the frame and the object. It is fragile (*note \protect::). +bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to ‘\framebox’ (*note +\framebox (picture)::), this command puts no extra space between the +frame and the object. It is fragile (*note \protect::). -8.19.16 '\dashbox' +8.19.16 ‘\dashbox’ ------------------ Synopsis: @@ -5437,9 +5443,9 @@ Synopsis: \dashbox{DASH-LEN}(RECT-WIDTH,RECT-HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT} Create a dashed rectangle around TEXT. This command fits with the -'picture' environment, although you can use it outside of there, because +‘picture’ environment, although you can use it outside of there, because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the -'\unitlength' (*note picture::). +‘\unitlength’ (*note picture::). The required arguments are: dashes are DASH-LEN units long, with the same length gap, and the rectangle has overall width RECT-WIDTH units @@ -5452,13 +5458,13 @@ and height RECT-HEIGHT units. \put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}} -Each dash will be '0.1\unitlength' long, the box's width is -'5\unitlength' and its height is '0.5\unitlength'. +Each dash will be ‘0.1\unitlength’ long, the box’s width is +‘5\unitlength’ and its height is ‘0.5\unitlength’. As in that example, a dashed box looks best when RECT-WIDTH and RECT-HEIGHT are multiples of the DASH-LEN. -8.20 'quotation' & 'quote' +8.20 ‘quotation’ & ‘quote’ ========================== Synopsis: @@ -5474,13 +5480,13 @@ or \end{quote} Include a quotation. Both environments indent margins on both sides -by '\leftmargin' and the text is right-justified. +by ‘\leftmargin’ and the text is right-justified. - They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the 'quotation' + They differ in how they treat paragraphs. In the ‘quotation’ environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.5em and the space between -paragraphs is small, '0pt plus 1pt'. In the 'quote' environment, +paragraphs is small, ‘0pt plus 1pt’. In the ‘quote’ environment, paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space between -paragraphs (it is the rubber length '\parsep'). +paragraphs (it is the rubber length ‘\parsep’). \begin{quotation} \small\it Four score and seven years ago @@ -5488,7 +5494,7 @@ paragraphs (it is the rubber length '\parsep'). \hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln \end{quotation} -8.21 'tabbing' +8.21 ‘tabbing’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -5501,12 +5507,12 @@ Synopsis: Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the -environments 'tabular' (*note tabular::) or 'array' (*note array::) +environments ‘tabular’ (*note tabular::) or ‘array’ (*note array::) because in those the width of each column need not be constant and need not be known in advance. This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit -widths, ended by a '\kill' command (which is described below): +widths, ended by a ‘\kill’ command (which is described below): \begin{tabbing} \hspace{1.2in}\=\hspace{1in}\=\kill @@ -5517,97 +5523,97 @@ widths, ended by a '\kill' command (which is described below): \textit{Surprise} \>28 \>1805 \\ \end{tabbing} - Both the 'tabbing' environment and the more widely-used 'tabular' + Both the ‘tabbing’ environment and the more widely-used ‘tabular’ environment put text in columns. The most important distinction is that -in 'tabular' the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX, -while in 'tabbing' the user sets the tab stops. Another distinction is -that 'tabular' generates a box, but 'tabbing' can be broken across -pages. Finally, while 'tabular' can be used in any mode, 'tabbing' can +in ‘tabular’ the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX, +while in ‘tabbing’ the user sets the tab stops. Another distinction is +that ‘tabular’ generates a box, but ‘tabbing’ can be broken across +pages. Finally, while ‘tabular’ can be used in any mode, ‘tabbing’ can be used only in paragraph mode and it always starts a new paragraph, without indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need to use the -starred form of the '\hspace' command at the beginning of a tabbed row. -The right margin of the 'tabbing' environment is the end of line, so -that the width of the environment is '\linewidth'. +starred form of the ‘\hspace’ command at the beginning of a tabbed row. +The right margin of the ‘tabbing’ environment is the end of line, so +that the width of the environment is ‘\linewidth’. - The 'tabbing' environment contains a sequence of "tabbed rows". The -first tabbed row begins immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' and each row -ends with '\\' or '\kill'. The last row may omit the '\\' and end with -just '\end{tabbing}'. + The ‘tabbing’ environment contains a sequence of “tabbed rows”. The +first tabbed row begins immediately after ‘\begin{tabbing}’ and each row +ends with ‘\\’ or ‘\kill’. The last row may omit the ‘\\’ and end with +just ‘\end{tabbing}’. - At any point the 'tabbing' environment has a "current tab stop -pattern", a sequence of N > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. These + At any point the ‘tabbing’ environment has a “current tab stop +pattern”, a sequence of N > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. These create N corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop number I is set if it is assigned a horizontal position on the page. Tab stop number I can only be set if all the stops 0, ..., i-1 have already been set; normally later stops are to the right of earlier ones. - By default any text typeset in a 'tabbing' environment is typeset + By default any text typeset in a ‘tabbing’ environment is typeset ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is done in LR mode (*note Modes::). - The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment. + The following commands can be used inside a ‘tabbing’ environment. They are all fragile (*note \protect::). -'\\ (tabbing)' +‘\\ (tabbing)’ End a tabbed line and typeset it. -'\= (tabbing)' +‘\= (tabbing)’ Sets a tab stop at the current position. -'\> (tabbing)' +‘\> (tabbing)’ Advances to the next tab stop. -'\<' +‘\<’ Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. -'\+' +‘\+’ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -'\-' +‘\-’ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -'\' (tabbing)' +‘\' (tabbing)’ Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, - i.e., everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or - '\kill' command, to the previous column and aligned to the right, - flush against the current column's tab stop. + i.e., everything from the most recent ‘\>’, ‘\<’, ‘\'’, ‘\\’, or + ‘\kill’ command, to the previous column and aligned to the right, + flush against the current column’s tab stop. -'\` (tabbing)' +‘\` (tabbing)’ Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including - tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last - column because there's no tab stop there. The '\`' command moves - all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' - command that ends the line, to the right margin of the 'tabbing' - environment. There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the - '\`' and the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' command that ends the line. - -'\a (tabbing)' - In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not + tab stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last + column because there’s no tab stop there. The ‘\`’ command moves + all the text that follows it, up to the ‘\\’ or ‘\end{tabbing}’ + command that ends the line, to the right margin of the ‘tabbing’ + environment. There must be no ‘\>’ or ‘\'’ command between the + ‘\`’ and the ‘\\’ or ‘\end{tabbing}’ command that ends the line. + +‘\a (tabbing)’ + In a ‘tabbing’ environment, the commands ‘\=’, ‘\'’ and ‘\`’ do not produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, use the - commands '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`'. + commands ‘\a=’, ‘\a'’ and ‘\a`’. -'\kill' - Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like '\\' except +‘\kill’ + Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like ‘\\’ except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output - for it. Any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line remain in + for it. Any ‘\=’, ‘\+’ or ‘\-’ commands in that line remain in effect. -'\poptabs' - Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'. +‘\poptabs’ + Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last ‘\pushtabs’. -'\pushtabs' +‘\pushtabs’ Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily - changing tab stop positions in the middle of a 'tabbing' + changing tab stop positions in the middle of a ‘tabbing’ environment. -'\tabbingsep' - Distance of the text moved by '\'' to left of current tab stop. +‘\tabbingsep’ + Distance of the text moved by ‘\'’ to left of current tab stop. This example typesets a Pascal function: @@ -5634,10 +5640,10 @@ The output looks like this. This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment (*note verbatim::) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code, -there are quite a few packages, including 'algorithm2e', 'fancyvrb', -'listings', and 'minted'. +there are quite a few packages, including ‘algorithm2e’, ‘fancyvrb’, +‘listings’, and ‘minted’. -8.22 'table' +8.22 ‘table’ ============ Synopsis: @@ -5653,7 +5659,7 @@ pages and so they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page. - This example 'table' environment contains a 'tabular' + This example ‘table’ environment contains a ‘tabular’ \begin{table} \centering\small @@ -5668,15 +5674,15 @@ following page. \label{tab:cello} \end{table} -but you can put many different kinds of content in a 'table': the TABLE +but you can put many different kinds of content in a ‘table’: the TABLE BODY may contain text, LaTeX commands, graphics, etc. It is typeset in -a 'parbox' of width '\textwidth'. +a ‘parbox’ of width ‘\textwidth’. For the possible values of PLACEMENT and their effect on the float placement algorithm, see *note Floats::. The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross -references::). The '\caption' command is also optional. It specifies +references::). The ‘\caption’ command is also optional. It specifies caption text TITLE for the table (*note \caption::). By default it is numbered. If its optional LOTTITLE is present then that text is used in the list of tables instead of TITLE (*note Table of contents etc.::). @@ -5695,7 +5701,7 @@ page, unless it is pushed to a float page at the end. \label{tab:CardinalVirtues} \end{table} -8.23 'tabular' +8.23 ‘tabular’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -5724,24 +5730,24 @@ illustrates many of the features. \end{tabular} The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar -between them. This is specified in 'tabular''s argument '{l|l}'. Put +between them. This is specified in ‘tabular’’s argument ‘{l|l}’. Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand, -'&'. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, '\\'. Put -a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with '\hline'. -After the last row the '\\' is optional, unless an '\hline' command +‘&’. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, ‘\\’. Put +a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with ‘\hline’. +After the last row the ‘\\’ is optional, unless an ‘\hline’ command follows to put a rule below the table. - The required and optional arguments to 'tabular' consist of: + The required and optional arguments to ‘tabular’ consist of: POS - Optional. Specifies the table's vertical position. The default is + Optional. Specifies the table’s vertical position. The default is to align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of - the surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: 't' + the surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: ‘t’ aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the - surrounding text, and 'b' aligns on the bottom row. + surrounding text, and ‘b’ aligns on the bottom row. This only has an effect if there is other text. In the common case - of a 'tabular' alone in a 'center' environment this option makes no + of a ‘tabular’ alone in a ‘center’ environment this option makes no difference. COLS @@ -5749,38 +5755,38 @@ COLS sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the types of column and intercolumn material. - 'l' + ‘l’ A column of left-aligned items. - 'r' + ‘r’ A column of right-aligned items. - 'c' + ‘c’ A column of centered items. - '|' + ‘|’ A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. - '@{TEXT OR SPACE}' + ‘@{TEXT OR SPACE}’ Insert TEXT OR SPACE at this location in every row. The TEXT OR SPACE material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile (*note \protect::). - If between two columns there is no @-expression then LaTeX's - 'book', 'article', and 'report' classes will put on either - side of each column a space of length '\tabcolsep', which by - default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are - separated by 12pt (so '\tabcolsep' is misleadingly named since - it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). - In addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column - and after the final column, unless you put a '@{...}' or '|' - there. + If between two column specifiers there is no @-expression then + LaTeX’s ‘book’, ‘article’, and ‘report’ classes will put on + either side of each column a space of width ‘\tabcolsep’, + which by default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns + are separated by 12pt (so ‘\tabcolsep’ is misleadingly named + since it is only half of the separation between tabular + columns). In addition, a space of ‘\tabcolsep’ also comes + before the first column and after the final column, unless you + put a ‘@{...}’ there. If you override the default and use an @-expression then LaTeX - does not insert '\tabcolsep' so you must insert any desired - space yourself, as in '@{\hspace{1em}}'. + does not insert ‘\tabcolsep’ so you must insert any desired + space yourself, as in ‘@{\hspace{1em}}’. - An empty expression '@{}' will eliminate the space. In + An empty expression ‘@{}’ will eliminate the space. In particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the space before the first column or after the last one, as in the example below where the tabular lines need to lie on the left margin. @@ -5800,12 +5806,12 @@ COLS $9$ &$80665$ \end{tabular} - An '\extracolsep{WD}' command in an @-expression causes an + An ‘\extracolsep{WD}’ command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width WD to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another - '\extracolsep'. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra - space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An '\extracolsep' - command can be used only in an @-expression in the 'cols' + ‘\extracolsep’. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra + space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An ‘\extracolsep’ + command can be used only in an @-expression in the ‘cols’ argument. Below, LaTeX inserts the right amount of intercolumn space to make the entire table 4 inches wide. @@ -5815,78 +5821,78 @@ COLS \end{tabular*} To insert commands that are automatically executed before a - given column, load the 'array' package and use the '>{...}' + given column, load the ‘array’ package and use the ‘>{...}’ specifier. - 'p{WD}' + ‘p{WD}’ Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width WD, as - if it were the argument of a '\parbox[t]{wd}{...}' command. - - A line break double backslash '\\' may not appear in the item, - except inside an environment like 'minipage', 'array', or - 'tabular', or inside an explicit '\parbox', or in the scope of - a '\centering', '\raggedright', or '\raggedleft' declaration - (when used in a 'p'-column element these declarations must - appear inside braces, as with '{\centering .. \\ ..}'). + if it were the argument of a ‘\parbox[t]{wd}{...}’ command. + + A line break double backslash ‘\\’ may not appear in the item, + except inside an environment like ‘minipage’, ‘array’, or + ‘tabular’, or inside an explicit ‘\parbox’, or in the scope of + a ‘\centering’, ‘\raggedright’, or ‘\raggedleft’ declaration + (when used in a ‘p’-column element these declarations must + appear inside braces, as with ‘{\centering .. \\ ..}’). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as ending the tabular row. Instead, to get a line break in there - use '\newline' (*note \newline::). + use ‘\newline’ (*note \newline::). - '*{NUM}{COLS}' + ‘*{NUM}{COLS}’ Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive integer and COLS is a list of specifiers. Thus the specifier - '\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}' is equivalent to the specifier - '\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}'. Note that COLS may contain - another '*'-expression. + ‘\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}’ is equivalent to the specifier + ‘\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}’. Note that COLS may contain + another ‘*’-expression. WIDTH - Required for 'tabular*', not allowed for 'tabular'. Specifies the - width of the 'tabular*' environment. The space between columns - should be rubber, as with '@{\extracolsep{\fill}}', to allow the + Required for ‘tabular*’, not allowed for ‘tabular’. Specifies the + width of the ‘tabular*’ environment. The space between columns + should be rubber, as with ‘@{\extracolsep{\fill}}’, to allow the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you - are likely to get the 'Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment - ...' warning. + are likely to get the ‘Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment + ...’ warning. Parameters that control formatting: -'\arrayrulewidth' - A length that is the thickness of the rule created by '|', - '\hline', and '\vline' in the 'tabular' and 'array' environments. - The default is '.4pt'. Change it as in - '\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}'. +‘\arrayrulewidth’ + A length that is the thickness of the rule created by ‘|’, + ‘\hline’, and ‘\vline’ in the ‘tabular’ and ‘array’ environments. + The default is ‘.4pt’. Change it as in + ‘\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}’. -'\arraystretch' - A factor by which the spacing between rows in the 'tabular' and - 'array' environments is multiplied. The default is '1', for no - scaling. Change it as '\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}'. +‘\arraystretch’ + A factor by which the spacing between rows in the ‘tabular’ and + ‘array’ environments is multiplied. The default is ‘1’, for no + scaling. Change it as ‘\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}’. -'\doublerulesep' +‘\doublerulesep’ A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced - by the '||' specifier. The default is '2pt'. + by the ‘||’ specifier. The default is ‘2pt’. -'\tabcolsep' +‘\tabcolsep’ A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is - '6pt'. Change it with '\setlength'. + ‘6pt’. Change it with ‘\setlength’. - The following commands can be used inside the body of a 'tabular' + The following commands can be used inside the body of a ‘tabular’ environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between lines: -8.23.1 '\multicolumn' +8.23.1 ‘\multicolumn’ --------------------- Synopsis: \multicolumn{NUMCOLS}{COLS}{TEXT} - Make an 'array' or 'tabular' entry that spans several columns. The + Make an ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ entry that spans several columns. The first argument NUMCOLS gives the number of columns to span. The second -argument COLS specifies the formatting of the entry, with 'c' for -centered, 'l' for flush left, or 'r' for flush right. The third +argument COLS specifies the formatting of the entry, with ‘c’ for +centered, ‘l’ for flush left, or ‘r’ for flush right. The third argument TEXT gives the contents of that entry. In this example, in the first row, the second and third columns are -spanned by the single heading 'Name'. +spanned by the single heading ‘Name’. \begin{tabular}{lccl} \textit{ID} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &\textit{Age} \\ @@ -5896,16 +5902,16 @@ spanned by the single heading 'Name'. \end{tabular} What counts as a column is: the column format specifier for the -'array' or 'tabular' environment is broken into parts, where each part -(except the first) begins with 'l', 'c', 'r', or 'p'. So from -'\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}' the parts are '|r|', 'c', 'c', -and 'p{1.5in}|'. +‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment is broken into parts, where each part +(except the first) begins with ‘l’, ‘c’, ‘r’, or ‘p’. So from +‘\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}’ the parts are ‘|r|’, ‘c’, ‘c’, +and ‘p{1.5in}|’. - The COLS argument overrides the 'array' or 'tabular' environment's + The COLS argument overrides the ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment’s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn entry. To affect -that area, this argument can contain vertical bars '|' indicating the -placement of vertical rules, and '@{...}' expressions. Thus if COLS is -'|c|' then this multicolumn entry will be centered and a vertical rule +that area, this argument can contain vertical bars ‘|’ indicating the +placement of vertical rules, and ‘@{...}’ expressions. Thus if COLS is +‘|c|’ then this multicolumn entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior. @@ -5917,27 +5923,27 @@ details the exact behavior. \end{tabular} Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because -the '\multicolumn' has the COLS specifier 'r' with no initial vertical +the ‘\multicolumn’ has the COLS specifier ‘r’ with no initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a vertical rule; although the first COLS does not have an ending vertical bar, the second COLS does have a starting one. Between entry two and entry three there is a single vertical rule; despite that the COLS in both of the -surrounding 'multicolumn''s call for a vertical rule, you only get one +surrounding ‘multicolumn’’s call for a vertical rule, you only get one rule. Between entry three and entry four there is no vertical rule; the -default calls for one but the COLS in the entry three '\multicolumn' +default calls for one but the COLS in the entry three ‘\multicolumn’ leaves it out, and that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four there is a vertical rule because of the default. The number of spanned columns NUMCOLS can be 1. Besides giving the ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to -override for one row the 'tabular' definition's default intercolumn area +override for one row the ‘tabular’ definition’s default intercolumn area specification, including the placement of vertical rules. - In the example below, in the 'tabular' definition the first column is + In the example below, in the ‘tabular’ definition the first column is specified to default to left justified but in the first row the entry is -centered with '\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}'. Also in the first +centered with ‘\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}’. Also in the first row, the second and third columns are spanned by a single entry with -'\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}', overriding the specification to +‘\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}’, overriding the specification to center those two columns on the page range en-dash. \begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l} @@ -5949,48 +5955,48 @@ center those two columns on the page range en-dash. Impressionistic &1875 &1925 \end{tabular} -Although the 'tabular' specification by default puts a vertical rule +Although the ‘tabular’ specification by default puts a vertical rule between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears in -the first row here. That's because there is no vertical bar in the COLS -part of the first row's first '\multicolumn' command. +the first row here. That’s because there is no vertical bar in the COLS +part of the first row’s first ‘\multicolumn’ command. -8.23.2 '\vline' +8.23.2 ‘\vline’ --------------- -Draw a vertical line in a 'tabular' or 'array' environment extending the -full height and depth of an entry's row. Can also be used in an -@-expression, although its synonym vertical bar '|' is more common. -This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table's -vertical lines are specified in 'tabular''s COLS argument and overridden -as needed with '\multicolumn' (*note tabular::). +Draw a vertical line in a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment extending the +full height and depth of an entry’s row. Can also be used in an +@-expression, although its synonym vertical bar ‘|’ is more common. +This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table’s +vertical lines are specified in ‘tabular’’s COLS argument and overridden +as needed with ‘\multicolumn’ (*note tabular::). - The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row's -second entry the '\hfill' moves the '\vline' to the left edge of the + The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row’s +second entry the ‘\hfill’ moves the ‘\vline’ to the left edge of the cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two columns, so between the first and second columns there are two vertical -rules, with the one from the '{c|cc}' specifier coming before the one -produced by the '\vline\hfill'. In contrast, the first row's third +rules, with the one from the ‘{c|cc}’ specifier coming before the one +produced by the ‘\vline\hfill’. In contrast, the first row’s third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar between two columns. In -the second row, the 'ghi' is the widest entry in its column so in the -'\vline\hfill' the '\hfill' has no effect and the vertical line in that -entry appears immediately next to the 'g', with no whitespace. +the second row, the ‘ghi’ is the widest entry in its column so in the +‘\vline\hfill’ the ‘\hfill’ has no effect and the vertical line in that +entry appears immediately next to the ‘g’, with no whitespace. \begin{tabular}{c|cc} x &\vline\hfill y &\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\ % row 1 abc &def &\vline\hfill ghi % row 2 \end{tabular} -8.23.3 '\cline' +8.23.3 ‘\cline’ --------------- Synopsis: \cline{I-J} - In an 'array' or 'tabular' environment, draw a horizontal rule -beginning in column I and ending in column J. The dash, '-', must + In an ‘array’ or ‘tabular’ environment, draw a horizontal rule +beginning in column I and ending in column J. The dash, ‘-’, must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a single column use the -number twice, as with '\cline{2-2}'. +number twice, as with ‘\cline{2-2}’. This example puts two horizontal lines between the first and second rows, one line in the first column only, and the other spanning the @@ -6002,24 +6008,24 @@ height. e &f &g &h \end{tabular} -8.23.4 '\hline' +8.23.4 ‘\hline’ --------------- -Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing 'tabular' or 'array' -environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, +Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ +environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one above the other, that span both columns. The bottom of the table has a -single rule spanning both columns. Because of the '\hline', the -'tabular' second row's line ending double backslash '\\' is required. +single rule spanning both columns. Because of the ‘\hline’, the +‘tabular’ second row’s line ending double backslash ‘\\’ is required. \begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline Baseball &Red Sox \\ Basketball &Celtics \\ \hline \end{tabular} -8.24 'thebibliography' +8.24 ‘thebibliography’ ====================== Synopsis: @@ -6050,31 +6056,31 @@ BibTeX::, for a more sophisticated approach. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983. \end{thebibliography} -This styles the first reference as '[1] Leslie ...', and so that '... -based on \cite{latexdps}' produces the matching '... based on [1]'. The -second '\cite' produces '[1, 2]'. You must compile the document twice +This styles the first reference as ‘[1] Leslie ...’, and so that ‘... +based on \cite{latexdps}’ produces the matching ‘... based on [1]’. The +second ‘\cite’ produces ‘[1, 2]’. You must compile the document twice to resolve these references. The mandatory argument WIDEST-LABEL is text that, when typeset, is as -wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. The -tradition is to use '9' for bibliographies with less than 10 references, -'99' for ones with less than 100, etc. - - The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as 'Bibliography'. -To change it there are two cases. In the 'book' and 'report' classes, -where the top level sectioning is '\chapter' and the default title is -'Bibliography', that title is in the macro '\bibname'. For 'article', -where the class's top level sectioning is '\section' and the default is -'References', the title is in macro '\refname'. Change it by redefining -the command, as with '\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}', after -'\begin{document}'. - - Language support packages such as 'babel' will automatically redefine -'\refname' or '\bibname' to fit the selected language. +wide as the widest item label produced by the ‘\bibitem’ commands. The +tradition is to use ‘9’ for bibliographies with less than 10 references, +‘99’ for ones with less than 100, etc. + + The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as ‘Bibliography’. +To change it there are two cases. In the ‘book’ and ‘report’ classes, +where the top level sectioning is ‘\chapter’ and the default title is +‘Bibliography’, that title is in the macro ‘\bibname’. For ‘article’, +where the class’s top level sectioning is ‘\section’ and the default is +‘References’, the title is in macro ‘\refname’. Change it by redefining +the command, as with ‘\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}’, after +‘\begin{document}’. + + Language support packages such as ‘babel’ will automatically redefine +‘\refname’ or ‘\bibname’ to fit the selected language. *Note list::, for the list layout control parameters. -8.24.1 '\bibitem' +8.24.1 ‘\bibitem’ ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -6086,13 +6092,13 @@ or \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} Generate an entry labeled by default by a number generated using the -'enumi' counter. The "citation key" CITE_KEY can be any string of +‘enumi’ counter. The “citation key” CITE_KEY can be any string of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma). *Note thebibliography::, for an example. When provided, the optional LABEL becomes the entry label and the -'enumi' counter is not incremented. With this +‘enumi’ counter is not incremented. With this \begin{thebibliography} \bibitem[Lamport 1993]{latexdps} @@ -6105,34 +6111,34 @@ letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma). Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983. \end{thebibliography} -the first entry will be styled as '[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...' (The +the first entry will be styled as ‘[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...’ (The amount of horizontal space that LaTeX leaves for the label depends on -the WIDEST-LABEL argument of the 'thebibliography' environment; see -*note thebibliography::.) Similarly, '... based on \cite{latexdps}' -will produce '... based on [Lamport 1994]'. +the WIDEST-LABEL argument of the ‘thebibliography’ environment; see +*note thebibliography::.) Similarly, ‘... based on \cite{latexdps}’ +will produce ‘... based on [Lamport 1994]’. - If you mix '\bibitem' entries having a LABEL with those that do not + If you mix ‘\bibitem’ entries having a LABEL with those that do not then LaTeX will number the unlabelled ones sequentially. In the example -above the 'texbook' entry will appear as '[1] Donald ...', despite that +above the ‘texbook’ entry will appear as ‘[1] Donald ...’, despite that it is the second entry. - If you use the same CITE_KEY twice then you get 'LaTeX Warning: There -were multiply-defined labels'. + If you use the same CITE_KEY twice then you get ‘LaTeX Warning: There +were multiply-defined labels’. Under the hood, LaTeX remembers the CITE_KEY and LABEL information -because '\bibitem' writes it to the auxiliary file 'JOBNAME.aux' (*note +because ‘\bibitem’ writes it to the auxiliary file ‘JOBNAME.aux’ (*note Jobname::). For instance, the above example causes the two -'\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}' and '\bibcite{texbook}{1}' to appear -in that file. The '.aux' file is read by the '\begin{document}' command -and then the information is available for '\cite' commands. This +‘\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}’ and ‘\bibcite{texbook}{1}’ to appear +in that file. The ‘.aux’ file is read by the ‘\begin{document}’ command +and then the information is available for ‘\cite’ commands. This explains why you need to run LaTeX twice to resolve references: once to write it out and once to read it in. - Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a '\bibitem' or -change its CITE_KEY you may get 'LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have -changed. Rerun to get cross-references right'. Fix it by recompiling. + Because of this two-pass algorithm, when you add a ‘\bibitem’ or +change its CITE_KEY you may get ‘LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have +changed. Rerun to get cross-references right’. Fix it by recompiling. -8.24.2 '\cite' +8.24.2 ‘\cite’ -------------- Synopsis: @@ -6158,31 +6164,31 @@ citation keys (*note \bibitem::). Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983. \end{thebibliography} -produces output like '... source is [1]'. You can change the appearance +produces output like ‘... source is [1]’. You can change the appearance of the citation and of the reference by using bibliography styles if you -generate automatically the 'thebibliography' environment. More +generate automatically the ‘thebibliography’ environment. More information in *note Using BibTeX::. The optional argument SUBCITE is appended to the citation. For -example, 'See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}' might produce 'See 14.3 in -[1, p. 314]'. +example, ‘See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}’ might produce ‘See 14.3 in +[1, p. 314]’. - In addition to what appears in the output, '\cite' writes information -to the auxiliary file 'JOBNAME.aux' (*note Jobname::). For instance, -'\cite{latexdps}' writes '\citation{latexdps}' to that file. This + In addition to what appears in the output, ‘\cite’ writes information +to the auxiliary file ‘JOBNAME.aux’ (*note Jobname::). For instance, +‘\cite{latexdps}’ writes ‘\citation{latexdps}’ to that file. This information is used by BibTeX to include in your reference list only those works that you have actually cited; see *note \nocite:: also. - If KEYS is not in your bibliography information then you get 'LaTeX -Warning: There were undefined references', and in the output the + If KEYS is not in your bibliography information then you get ‘LaTeX +Warning: There were undefined references’, and in the output the citation shows as a boldface question mark between square brackets. There are two possible causes. If you have mistyped something, as in -'\cite{texbok}' then you need to correct the spelling. On the other +‘\cite{texbok}’ then you need to correct the spelling. On the other hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic information -and so changed the '.aux' file (*note \bibitem::) then the fix may be to +and so changed the ‘.aux’ file (*note \bibitem::) then the fix may be to run LaTeX again. -8.24.3 '\nocite' +8.24.3 ‘\nocite’ ---------------- Synopsis: @@ -6190,7 +6196,7 @@ Synopsis: \nocite{KEYS} Produces no output but writes KEYS to the auxiliary file -'JOBNAME.aux' (*note Jobname::). +‘JOBNAME.aux’ (*note Jobname::). The mandatory argument KEYS is a comma-separated list of one or more citation keys (*note \bibitem::). This information is used by BibTeX to @@ -6200,38 +6206,38 @@ explicitly cited them (*note \cite::). 8.24.4 Using BibTeX ------------------- -As described in 'thebibliography' (*note thebibliography::), a +As described in ‘thebibliography’ (*note thebibliography::), a sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full documentation on CTAN (*note CTAN::). - With BibTeX, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment directly + With BibTeX, you don’t use the ‘thebibliography’ environment directly (*note thebibliography::). Instead, include these lines: \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE} \bibliography{BIBFILE1, BIBFILE2, ...} -The BIBSTYLE refers to a file 'BIBSTYLE.bst', which defines how your -citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE's distributed with BibTeX +The BIBSTYLE refers to a file ‘BIBSTYLE.bst’, which defines how your +citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE’s distributed with BibTeX are: -'alpha' +‘alpha’ Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication. The bibliographic items are sorted alphabetically. -'plain' +‘plain’ Labels are integers. Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically. -'unsrt' - Like 'plain', but entries are in order of citation. -'abbrv' - Like 'plain', but more compact labels. +‘unsrt’ + Like ‘plain’, but entries are in order of citation. +‘abbrv’ + Like ‘plain’, but more compact labels. Many, many other BibTeX style files exist, tailored to the demands of various publications. See the CTAN topic <https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty>. - The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the + The ‘\bibliography’ command is what actually produces the bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to -files named 'BIBFILE1.bib', 'BIBFILE2.bib', ... These contain your +files named ‘BIBFILE1.bib’, ‘BIBFILE2.bib’, ... These contain your database in BibTeX format. This shows a typical couple of entries in that format. @@ -6250,43 +6256,43 @@ that format. publisher = {Bantam Books} } - Only the bibliographic entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite' -will be listed in the document's bibliography. Thus you can keep all + Only the bibliographic entries referred to via ‘\cite’ and ‘\nocite’ +will be listed in the document’s bibliography. Thus you can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of files, and rely on BibTeX to include in this document only those that you used. - With BibTeX, the KEYS argument to '\nocite' can also be the single -character '*'. This means to implicitly cite all entries from all given + With BibTeX, the KEYS argument to ‘\nocite’ can also be the single +character ‘*’. This means to implicitly cite all entries from all given bibliographies. 8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages .............................. -If you forget to use '\bibliography' or '\bibliographystyle' in your -document (or, less likely, any '\cite' or '\nocite' command), BibTeX +If you forget to use ‘\bibliography’ or ‘\bibliographystyle’ in your +document (or, less likely, any ‘\cite’ or ‘\nocite’ command), BibTeX will issue an error message. Because BibTeX can be used with any program, not just LaTeX, the error messages refer to the internal -commands read by BibTeX (from the '.aux' file), rather than the +commands read by BibTeX (from the ‘.aux’ file), rather than the user-level commands described above. Here is a table showing internal commands mentioned in the BibTeX errors, and the corresponding user-level commands. -'\bibdata' - '\bibliography' +‘\bibdata’ + ‘\bibliography’ -'\bibstyle' - '\bibliographystyle' +‘\bibstyle’ + ‘\bibliographystyle’ -'\citation' - '\cite', '\nocite' +‘\citation’ + ‘\cite’, ‘\nocite’ - For example, if your document has no '\bibliographystyle' command, + For example, if your document has no ‘\bibliographystyle’ command, BibTeX complains as follows: I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file DOCUMENT.aux -8.25 'theorem' +8.25 ‘theorem’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -6295,8 +6301,8 @@ Synopsis: THEOREM BODY \end{theorem} - Produces 'Theorem N' in boldface followed by THEOREM BODY in italics. -The numbering possibilities for N are described under '\newtheorem' + Produces ‘Theorem N’ in boldface followed by THEOREM BODY in italics. +The numbering possibilities for N are described under ‘\newtheorem’ (*note \newtheorem::). \newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble @@ -6311,12 +6317,12 @@ The numbering possibilities for N are described under '\newtheorem' text of theorem \end{thm} - Most new documents use the packages 'amsthm' and 'amsmath' from the + Most new documents use the packages ‘amsthm’ and ‘amsmath’ from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these packages include a large number of options for theorem environments, such as styling options. -8.26 'titlepage' +8.26 ‘titlepage’ ================ Synopsis: @@ -6352,10 +6358,10 @@ to the author. \vspace{\stretch{2}} \end{titlepage} - To instead produce a standard title page without a 'titlepage' -environment, use '\maketitle' (*note \maketitle::). + To instead produce a standard title page without a ‘titlepage’ +environment, use ‘\maketitle’ (*note \maketitle::). -8.27 'verbatim' +8.27 ‘verbatim’ =============== Synopsis: @@ -6366,39 +6372,39 @@ Synopsis: A paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces as output exactly what you type as input. For instance inside LITERAL-TEXT the -backslash '\' character does not start commands, it produces a printed -'\', and carriage returns and blanks are taken literally. The output -appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt'). +backslash ‘\’ character does not start commands, it produces a printed +‘\’, and carriage returns and blanks are taken literally. The output +appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font (‘\tt’). \begin{verbatim} Symbol swearing: %&$#?!. \end{verbatim} - The only restriction on 'literal-text' is that it cannot include the -string '\end{verbatim}'. + The only restriction on ‘literal-text’ is that it cannot include the +string ‘\end{verbatim}’. You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, -for instance in the argument to a '\section'. This is not the same as +for instance in the argument to a ‘\section’. This is not the same as commands being fragile (*note \protect::), instead it just cannot work, -as the 'verbatim' environment changes the catcode regime before +as the ‘verbatim’ environment changes the catcode regime before processing its contents, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect -when the macro was called. However, the 'cprotect' package can help +when the macro was called. However, the ‘cprotect’ package can help with this. One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There -are packages that are an improvement the 'verbatim' environment. For +are packages that are an improvement the ‘verbatim’ environment. For instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external -files, or parts of those files. Such packages include 'listings', and -'minted'. +files, or parts of those files. Such packages include ‘listings’, and +‘minted’. A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments -is 'fancyvrb'. Another is 'verbatimbox'. +is ‘fancyvrb’. Another is ‘verbatimbox’. For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (*note CTAN::). -8.27.1 '\verb' +8.27.1 ‘\verb’ -------------- Synopsis: @@ -6407,49 +6413,49 @@ Synopsis: \verb* CHAR LITERAL-TEXT CHAR Typeset LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including special characters and -spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font. +spaces, using the typewriter (‘\tt’) font. - This example shows two different invocations of '\verb'. + This example shows two different invocations of ‘\verb’. This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever. And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+ -The first '\verb' has its LITERAL-TEXT surrounded with exclamation -point, '!'. The second instead uses plus, '+', because the exclamation -point is part of 'literal-text'. +The first ‘\verb’ has its LITERAL-TEXT surrounded with exclamation +point, ‘!’. The second instead uses plus, ‘+’, because the exclamation +point is part of ‘literal-text’. - The single-character delimiter CHAR surrounds LITERAL-TEXT--it must -be the same character before and after. No spaces come between '\verb' -or '\verb*' and CHAR, or between CHAR and LITERAL-TEXT, or between + The single-character delimiter CHAR surrounds LITERAL-TEXT—it must be +the same character before and after. No spaces come between ‘\verb’ or +‘\verb*’ and CHAR, or between CHAR and LITERAL-TEXT, or between LITERAL-TEXT and the second occurrence of CHAR (the synopsis shows a space only to distinguish one component from the other). The delimiter must not appear in LITERAL-TEXT. The LITERAL-TEXT cannot include a line break. - The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible + The ‘*’-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible space character. The output from this will include a visible space on both side of -word 'with': +word ‘with’: The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ... - For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package 'url' is a -better option than the '\verb' command, since it allows line breaks. + For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package ‘url’ is a +better option than the ‘\verb’ command, since it allows line breaks. For computer code there are many packages with advantages over -'\verb'. One is 'listings', another is 'minted'. +‘\verb’. One is ‘listings’, another is ‘minted’. - You cannot use '\verb' in the argument to a macro, for instance in -the argument to a '\section'. It is not a question of '\verb' being -fragile (*note \protect::), instead it just cannot work, as the '\verb' + You cannot use ‘\verb’ in the argument to a macro, for instance in +the argument to a ‘\section’. It is not a question of ‘\verb’ being +fragile (*note \protect::), instead it just cannot work, as the ‘\verb’ command changes the catcode regime before reading its argument, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect when the macro was called. However, the -'cprotect' package can help with this. +‘cprotect’ package can help with this. -8.28 'verse' +8.28 ‘verse’ ============ Synopsis: @@ -6462,12 +6468,12 @@ Synopsis: An environment for poetry. - Here are two lines from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. + Here are two lines from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\ On the fair daughter of rich Capulet. - Separate the lines of each stanza with '\\', and use one or more + Separate the lines of each stanza with ‘\\’, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. \begin{verse} @@ -6502,7 +6508,7 @@ breaks). This differs from word processing, where you are formatting text as you input it. Putting these off until the end prevents a lot of fiddling with breaks that will change anyway. -9.1 '\\' +9.1 ‘\\’ ======== Synopsis, one of: @@ -6524,35 +6530,35 @@ to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (*note \protect::). \title{My story: \\[0.25in] a tale of woe} -The starred form, '\\*', tells LaTeX not to start a new page between the -two lines, by issuing a '\nobreak'. +The starred form, ‘\\*’, tells LaTeX not to start a new page between the +two lines, by issuing a ‘\nobreak’. Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In -particular, don't start new paragraphs with '\\'. Instead leave a blank -line between the two paragraphs. And don't put in a sequence of '\\''s -to make vertical space. Instead use '\vspace{LENGTH}', or -'\leavevmode\vspace{LENGTH}', or '\vspace*{LENGTH}' if you want the +particular, don’t start new paragraphs with ‘\\’. Instead leave a blank +line between the two paragraphs. And don’t put in a sequence of ‘\\’’s +to make vertical space. Instead use ‘\vspace{LENGTH}’, or +‘\leavevmode\vspace{LENGTH}’, or ‘\vspace*{LENGTH}’ if you want the space to not be thrown out at the top of a new page (*note \vspace::). - The '\\' command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such -as in a 'tabular' or 'array' environment or in an equation environment. + The ‘\\’ command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such +as in a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment or in an equation environment. - The '\\' command is a synonym for '\newline' (*note \newline::) under -ordinary circumstances (an example of an exception is the 'p{...}' -column in a 'tabular' environment; *note tabular::). + The ‘\\’ command is a synonym for ‘\newline’ (*note \newline::) under +ordinary circumstances (an example of an exception is the ‘p{...}’ +column in a ‘tabular’ environment; *note tabular::). - The '\\' command is a macro, and its definition changes by context so -that its definition in normal text, a 'center' environment, a -'flushleft' environment, and a 'tabular' are all different. In normal + The ‘\\’ command is a macro, and its definition changes by context so +that its definition in normal text, a ‘center’ environment, a +‘flushleft’ environment, and a ‘tabular’ are all different. In normal text when it forces a linebreak it is essentially a shorthand for -'\newline'. It does not end horizontal mode or end the paragraph, it +‘\newline’. It does not end horizontal mode or end the paragraph, it just inserts some glue and penalties so that when the paragraph does end a linebreak will occur at that point, with the short line padded with white space. - You get 'LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end' if you use '\\' to + You get ‘LaTeX Error: There's no line here to end’ if you use ‘\\’ to ask for a new line, rather than to end the current line. An example is -if you have '\begin{document}\\' or, more likely, something like this. +if you have ‘\begin{document}\\’ or, more likely, something like this. \begin{center} \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth} @@ -6562,20 +6568,20 @@ if you have '\begin{document}\\' or, more likely, something like this. \end{center} Fix it by replacing the double backslash with something like -'\vspace{\baselineskip}'. +‘\vspace{\baselineskip}’. -9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' +9.2 ‘\obeycr’ & ‘\restorecr’ ============================ -The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M', -internally) the same as '\\', followed by '\relax'. So each new line in -the input will also be a new line in the output. The '\restorecr' +The ‘\obeycr’ command makes a return in the input file (‘^^M’, +internally) the same as ‘\\’, followed by ‘\relax’. So each new line in +the input will also be a new line in the output. The ‘\restorecr’ command restores normal line-breaking behavior. This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use -'verbatim' (*note verbatim::) instead. +‘verbatim’ (*note verbatim::) instead. - With LaTeX's usual defaults, this + With LaTeX’s usual defaults, this aaa bbb @@ -6604,40 +6610,40 @@ produces output like this. The indents are paragraph indents. -9.3 '\newline' +9.3 ‘\newline’ ============== In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify it, so the text before the end of line is not stretched. That is, in -paragraph mode (*note Modes::), the '\newline' command is equivalent to +paragraph mode (*note Modes::), the ‘\newline’ command is equivalent to double-backslash (*note \\::). This command is fragile (*note \protect::). - However, the two commands are different inside a 'tabular' or 'array' + However, the two commands are different inside a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment. In a column with a specifier producing a paragraph box -such as typically 'p{...}', '\newline' will insert a line end inside of +such as typically ‘p{...}’, ‘\newline’ will insert a line end inside of the column; that is, it does not break the entire tabular row. To break -the entire row use '\\' or its equivalent '\tabularnewline'. +the entire row use ‘\\’ or its equivalent ‘\tabularnewline’. - This will print 'Name:' and 'Address:' as two lines in a single cell + This will print ‘Name:’ and ‘Address:’ as two lines in a single cell of the table. \begin{tabular}{p{1in}@{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}} Name: \newline Address: &Date: \\ \hline \end{tabular} -The 'Date:' will be baseline-aligned with 'Name:'. +The ‘Date:’ will be baseline-aligned with ‘Name:’. -9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) +9.4 ‘\-’ (discretionary hyphen) =============================== Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you -insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at +insert ‘\-’ commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the other hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust (*note \protect::). LaTeX is good at hyphenating and usually finds most of the correct -hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The '\-' +hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The ‘\-’ command is for exceptional cases. For example, LaTeX does not ordinarily hyphenate words containing a @@ -6657,12 +6663,12 @@ unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column. Commenting out the third line and uncommenting the fourth makes a much better fit. - The '\-' command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not + The ‘\-’ command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not require that it break there. You can force a split with something like -'Hef-\linebreak feron'. Of course, if you later change the text then -this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires care. +‘Hef-\linebreak feron’. Of course, if you later change the text then +this forced break may look out of place, so this approach requires care. -9.5 '\discretionary' (generalized hyphenation point) +9.5 ‘\discretionary’ (generalized hyphenation point) ==================================================== Synopsis: @@ -6672,34 +6678,34 @@ Synopsis: Handle word changes around hyphens. This command is not often used in LaTeX documents. - If a line break occurs at the point where '\discretionary' appears + If a line break occurs at the point where ‘\discretionary’ appears then TeX puts PRE-BREAK at the end of the current line and puts POST-BREAK at the start of the next line. If there is no line break here then TeX puts NO-BREAK. - In 'difficult' the three letters 'ffi' form a ligature. But TeX can -nonetheless break between the two 'f''s with this. + In ‘difficult’ the three letters ‘ffi’ form a ligature. But TeX can +nonetheless break between the two ‘f’’s with this. di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult Note that users do not have to do this. It is typically handled -automatically by TeX's hyphenation algorithm. +automatically by TeX’s hyphenation algorithm. -9.6 '\fussy' & '\sloppy' +9.6 ‘\fussy’ & ‘\sloppy’ ======================== Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line breaking. -Declaring '\fussy' usually avoids too much space between words, at the -cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely, '\sloppy' avoids +Declaring ‘\fussy’ usually avoids too much space between words, at the +cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely, ‘\sloppy’ avoids overfull boxes while suffering loose interword spacing. - The default is '\fussy'. Line breaking in a paragraph is controlled + The default is ‘\fussy’. Line breaking in a paragraph is controlled by whichever declaration is current at the end of the paragraph, i.e., -at the blank line or '\par' or displayed equation ending that paragraph. +at the blank line or ‘\par’ or displayed equation ending that paragraph. So to affect the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command. -9.6.1 'sloppypar' +9.6.1 ‘sloppypar’ ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -6708,9 +6714,9 @@ Synopsis: ... paragraphs ... \end{sloppypar} - Typeset the paragraphs with '\sloppy' in effect (*note \fussy & + Typeset the paragraphs with ‘\sloppy’ in effect (*note \fussy & \sloppy::). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid -'Overfull box' or 'Underfull box' errors. +‘Overfull box’ or ‘Underfull box’ errors. The example is simple. @@ -6727,7 +6733,7 @@ Synopsis: there were anyone at leisure to answer her or not. \end{sloppypar} -9.7 '\hyphenation' +9.7 ‘\hyphenation’ ================== Synopsis: @@ -6736,17 +6742,17 @@ Synopsis: Declares allowed hyphenation points within the words in the list. The words in that list are separated by spaces. Show permitted points -for hyphenation with a dash character, '-'. +for hyphenation with a dash character, ‘-’. Here is an example: \hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness} Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches -exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple '\hyphenation' commands +exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple ‘\hyphenation’ commands accumulate. -9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' +9.8 ‘\linebreak’ & ‘\nolinebreak’ ================================= Synopses, one of: @@ -6763,7 +6769,7 @@ or one of these. an integer lying between 0 and 4 that allows you to soften the instruction. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or prevent the break. But for instance, -'\nolinebreak[1]' is a suggestion that another place may be better. The +‘\nolinebreak[1]’ is a suggestion that another place may be better. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::). @@ -6774,7 +6780,7 @@ standard legal text. We especially encourage applications from members of traditionally underrepresented groups. - When you issue '\linebreak', the spaces in the line are stretched out + When you issue ‘\linebreak’, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that the break point reaches the right margin. *Note \\:: and *note \newline::, to have the spaces not stretched out. @@ -6786,30 +6792,30 @@ with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to understand how to influence its actions. - LaTeX's algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex + LaTeX’s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and outputting the result. Instead, LaTeX typesets more material than would fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some way (it -has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this approach -is that if the page has some vertical space that can be stretched or -shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs, then LaTeX can -use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts with the last -line of a paragraph; LaTeX can squeeze the extra line onto the first -page) and orphans (where the first line of paragraph is at the end of a -page; LaTeX can stretch the material of the first page so the extra line -falls on the second page). Another example is where LaTeX uses -available vertical shrinkage to fit on a page not just the header for a -new section but also the first two lines of that section. - - But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document's set of page +has the smallest “badness”). An example of the advantage of this +approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be +stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs, +then LaTeX can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts +with the last line of a paragraph; LaTeX can squeeze the extra line onto +the first page) and orphans (where the first line of paragraph is at the +end of a page; LaTeX can stretch the material of the first page so the +extra line falls on the second page). Another example is where LaTeX +uses available vertical shrinkage to fit on a page not just the header +for a new section but also the first two lines of that section. + + But LaTeX does not optimize over the entire document’s set of page breaks. So it can happen that the first page break is great but the -second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn't look as far +second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn’t look as far ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document. *Note Layout::, for more material that is relevant to page breaking. -10.1 '\clearpage' & '\cleardoublepage' +10.1 ‘\clearpage’ & ‘\cleardoublepage’ ====================================== Synopsis: @@ -6823,16 +6829,16 @@ or End the current page and output all of the pending floating figures and tables (*note Floats::). If there are too many floats to fit on the page then LaTeX will put in extra pages containing only floats. In -two-sided printing, '\cleardoublepage' also makes the next page of +two-sided printing, ‘\cleardoublepage’ also makes the next page of content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting -a blank page. The '\clearpage' command is robust while -'\cleardoublepage' is fragile (*note \protect::). +a blank page. The ‘\clearpage’ command is robust while +‘\cleardoublepage’ is fragile (*note \protect::). - LaTeX's page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this + LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. - The '\cleardoublepage' command will put in a blank page, but it will + The ‘\cleardoublepage’ command will put in a blank page, but it will have the running headers and footers. To get a really blank page, use this command. @@ -6842,15 +6848,16 @@ this command. {\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}% } -If you want LaTeX's standard '\chapter' command to do this then add the -line '\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage'. +If you want LaTeX’s standard ‘\chapter’ command to do this then add the +line ‘\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage’. (Of course this +affects all uses of ‘\cleardoublepage’, not just the one in ‘\chapter’.) - The command '\newpage' (*note \newpage::) also ends the current page, + The command ‘\newpage’ (*note \newpage::) also ends the current page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if LaTeX is in two-column -mode then '\newpage' ends the current column while '\clearpage' and -'\cleardoublepage' end the current page. +mode then ‘\newpage’ ends the current column while ‘\clearpage’ and +‘\cleardoublepage’ end the current page. -10.2 '\newpage' +10.2 ‘\newpage’ =============== Synopsis: @@ -6859,18 +6866,18 @@ Synopsis: End the current page. This command is robust (*note \protect::). - LaTeX's page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this + LaTeX’s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. - While the commands '\clearpage' and '\cleardoublepage' also end the + While the commands ‘\clearpage’ and ‘\cleardoublepage’ also end the current page, in addition they clear pending floats (*note \clearpage & \cleardoublepage::). And, if LaTeX is in two-column mode then -'\clearpage' and '\cleardoublepage' end the current page, possibly -leaving an empty column, while '\newpage' only ends the current column. +‘\clearpage’ and ‘\cleardoublepage’ end the current page, possibly +leaving an empty column, while ‘\newpage’ only ends the current column. - In contrast with '\pagebreak' (*note \pagebreak & \nopagebreak::), -the '\newpage' command will cause the new page to start right where + In contrast with ‘\pagebreak’ (*note \pagebreak & \nopagebreak::), +the ‘\newpage’ command will cause the new page to start right where requested. This Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this @@ -6879,19 +6886,19 @@ requested. This \noindent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. -makes a new page start after 'continent', and the cut-off line is not -right justified. In addition, '\newpage' does not vertically stretch -out the page, as '\pagebreak' does. +makes a new page start after ‘continent’, and the cut-off line is not +right justified. In addition, ‘\newpage’ does not vertically stretch +out the page, as ‘\pagebreak’ does. -10.3 '\enlargethispage' +10.3 ‘\enlargethispage’ ======================= Synopsis, one of: - \enlargethispage{size} - \enlargethispage*{size} + \enlargethispage{SIZE} + \enlargethispage*{SIZE} - Enlarge the '\textheight' for the current page. The required + Enlarge the ‘\textheight’ for the current page. The required argument SIZE must be a rigid length (*note Lengths::). It may be positive or negative. This command is fragile (*note \protect::). @@ -6903,12 +6910,12 @@ command allows you some page size leeway. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} - The starred form '\enlargesthispage*' tries to squeeze the material + The starred form ‘\enlargesthispage*’ tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible, for the common use case of getting one more line on the page. This is often used together with an -explicit '\pagebreak'. +explicit ‘\pagebreak’. -10.4 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' +10.4 ‘\pagebreak’ & ‘\nopagebreak’ ================================== Synopses: @@ -6924,12 +6931,12 @@ or Encourage or discourage a page break. The optional ZERO-TO-FOUR is an integer that allows you to soften the request. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or -prevent the break. But for instance '\nopagebreak[1]' suggests to LaTeX +prevent the break. But for instance ‘\nopagebreak[1]’ suggests to LaTeX that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::). - LaTeX's page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this -command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside + LaTeX’s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these +commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point @@ -6941,17 +6948,17 @@ following the line in which they appear. So this a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. -does not give a page break at 'continent', but instead at 'nation', +does not give a page break at ‘continent’, but instead at ‘nation’, since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In addition, with -'\pagebreak' the vertical space on the page is stretched out where +‘\pagebreak’ the vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. This can look -strange, and if '\flushbottom' is in effect this can cause you to get -'Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active'. +strange, and if ‘\flushbottom’ is in effect this can cause you to get +‘Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active’. *Note \newpage::, for a command that does not have these effects. - (There is an obsolete declaration '\samepage', which tries to only + (There is an obsolete declaration ‘\samepage’, which tries to only allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment -'samepage', also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For more on +‘samepage’, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry <https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk>.) @@ -6968,13 +6975,13 @@ Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here. You can put multiple footnotes on a page. If the footnote text becomes too long then it will flow to the next page. - You can also produce footnotes by combining the '\footnotemark' and -the '\footnotetext' commands, which is useful in special circumstances. + You can also produce footnotes by combining the ‘\footnotemark’ and +the ‘\footnotetext’ commands, which is useful in special circumstances. To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to include a bibliographic style with that behavior (*note Using BibTeX::). -11.1 '\footnote' +11.1 ‘\footnote’ ================ Synopsis, one of: @@ -6992,24 +6999,24 @@ Synopsis, one of: at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''} The optional argument NUMBER allows you to specify the number of the -footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the 'footnote' +footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the ‘footnote’ counter. By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change this with something like -'\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}', which uses a +‘\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}’, which uses a sequence of symbols (*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with -'\setcounter{footnote}{0}'. +‘\setcounter{footnote}{0}’. LaTeX determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters. -'\footnoterule' +‘\footnoterule’ Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the - page's footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document - classes (except 'slides', where it does not appear) is: vertical - thickness of '0.4pt', and horizontal size of '0.4\columnwidth' + page’s footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document + classes (except ‘slides’, where it does not appear) is: vertical + thickness of ‘0.4pt’, and horizontal size of ‘0.4\columnwidth’ long. Change the rule with something like this. \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space @@ -7017,30 +7024,30 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with \hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1 \kern 2pt} % and this 2 -'\footnotesep' +‘\footnotesep’ The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote (*note \strut::). By default, this is set to the normal strut for - '\footnotesize' fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no - extra space between footnotes. This is '6.65pt' for '10pt', - '7.7pt' for '11pt', and '8.4pt' for '12pt'. Change it as with - '\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}'. + ‘\footnotesize’ fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no + extra space between footnotes. This is ‘6.65pt’ for ‘10pt’, + ‘7.7pt’ for ‘11pt’, and ‘8.4pt’ for ‘12pt’. Change it as with + ‘\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}’. - The '\footnote' command is fragile (*note \protect::). + The ‘\footnote’ command is fragile (*note \protect::). - LaTeX's default puts many restrictions on where you can use a -'\footnote'; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a -sectioning command such as '\chapter' (it can only be used in outer + LaTeX’s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a +‘\footnote’; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a +sectioning command such as ‘\chapter’ (it can only be used in outer paragraph mode; *note Modes::). There are some workarounds; see following sections. - In a 'minipage' environment the '\footnote' command uses the -'mpfootnote' counter instead of the 'footnote' counter, so they are + In a ‘minipage’ environment the ‘\footnote’ command uses the +‘mpfootnote’ counter instead of the ‘footnote’ counter, so they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the environment, not at the bottom of the page. And by default they are shown alphabetically. *Note minipage:: and *note Footnotes in a table::. -11.2 '\footnotemark' +11.2 ‘\footnotemark’ ==================== Synopsis, one of: @@ -7053,8 +7060,8 @@ text for the footnote see *note \footnotetext::. The optional argument NUMBER causes the command to use that number to determine the footnote mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode (*note Modes::). - If you use '\footnotemark' without the optional argument then it -increments the 'footnote' counter, but if you use the optional NUMBER + If you use ‘\footnotemark’ without the optional argument then it +increments the ‘footnote’ counter, but if you use the optional NUMBER then it does not. The next example produces several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote. @@ -7064,8 +7071,8 @@ footnote markers referring to the same footnote. If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of the number of the common mark. This example gives the same -institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors ('\thanks' -is a version of '\footnote'), by-hand giving the number of the footnote. +institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors (‘\thanks’ +is a version of ‘\footnote’), by-hand giving the number of the footnote. \title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem} \author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds} @@ -7085,7 +7092,7 @@ sentence is followed by the same footnote marker as the first. Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}] Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby. - This example accomplishes the same by using the package 'cleveref'. + This example accomplishes the same by using the package ‘cleveref’. \usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble \crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3} @@ -7094,9 +7101,9 @@ sentence is followed by the same footnote marker as the first. The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers, Chance, 1990.} But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE} - It will work with the package 'hyperref'. + It will work with the package ‘hyperref’. -11.3 '\footnotetext' +11.3 ‘\footnotetext’ ==================== Synopsis, one of: @@ -7105,7 +7112,7 @@ Synopsis, one of: \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT} Place TEXT at the bottom of the page as a footnote. It pairs with -'\footnotemark' (*note \footnotemark::) and can come anywhere after that +‘\footnotemark’ (*note \footnotemark::) and can come anywhere after that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (*note Modes::). The optional argument NUMBER changes the number of the footnote mark. @@ -7123,20 +7130,20 @@ causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of contents, where it is not likely to be desired. The simplest way to have it not appear on the table of contents is to use the optional -argument to '\section' +argument to ‘\section’ \section[Please]{Please\footnote{% Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}} -No '\protect' is needed in front of '\footnote' here because what gets +No ‘\protect’ is needed in front of ‘\footnote’ here because what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument. 11.5 Footnotes in a table ========================= -Inside a 'tabular' or 'array' environment the '\footnote' command does +Inside a ‘tabular’ or ‘array’ environment the ‘\footnote’ command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but the footnote -text does not appear. The solution is to use a 'minipage' environment +text does not appear. The solution is to use a ‘minipage’ environment as here (*note minipage::). \begin{center} @@ -7152,15 +7159,15 @@ as here (*note minipage::). \end{minipage} \end{center} - Inside a 'minipage', footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change + Inside a ‘minipage’, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change that with something like -'\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}' (*note \alph \Alph +‘\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}’ (*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::). The footnotes in the prior example appear at the bottom of the -'minipage'. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as part -of the regular footnote sequence, use the '\footnotemark' and -'\footnotetext' pair and make a new counter. +‘minipage’. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as part +of the regular footnote sequence, use the ‘\footnotemark’ and +‘\footnotetext’ pair and make a new counter. \newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver} \begin{center} @@ -7181,8 +7188,8 @@ of the regular footnote sequence, use the '\footnotemark' and Relationship is unresolved in XXI.} \end{center} - For a floating 'table' environment (*note table::), use the -'tablefootnote' package. + For a floating ‘table’ environment (*note table::), use the +‘tablefootnote’ package. \usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble ... @@ -7206,7 +7213,7 @@ other footnotes. Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package -'bigfoot' extends LaTeX's default footnote mechanism in many ways, +‘bigfoot’ extends LaTeX’s default footnote mechanism in many ways, including allow these two, as in this example. \usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble @@ -7222,10 +7229,10 @@ including allow these two, as in this example. LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. -12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' +12.1 ‘\newcommand’ & ‘\renewcommand’ ==================================== -Synopses, one of: +Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms): \newcommand{\CMD}{DEFN} \newcommand{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} @@ -7234,30 +7241,30 @@ Synopses, one of: \newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} \newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} -or one of these. +or all the same possibilities with ‘\renewcommand’ instead of +‘\newcommand’: - \renewcommand{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \renewcommand{\CMD}{DEFN} \renewcommand{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} \renewcommand{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} \renewcommand*{\CMD}{DEFN} \renewcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} \renewcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} - Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of -'\DeclareRobustCommand' in *note Class and package commands::). + Define or redefine a command (see also ‘\DeclareRobustCommand’ in +*note Class and package commands::). The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing -multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms, the commands are not -'\long'). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs. +multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms: the commands are not +‘\long’). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs. - These are the parameters: + These are the parameters (examples follow): CMD - - Required; '\CMD' is the command name. It must begin with a - backslash, '\', and must not begin with the four character string - '\end'. For '\newcommand', it must not be already defined. For - '\renewcommand', this name must already be defined. + Required; ‘\CMD’ is the command name. It must begin with a + backslash, ‘\’, and must not begin with the four character string + ‘\end’. For ‘\newcommand’, it must not be already defined. For + ‘\renewcommand’, this name must already be defined. NARGS Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of @@ -7269,119 +7276,137 @@ NARGS OPTARGDEFAULT Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of - '\CMD' is optional, with default value OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be - the empty string). If OPTARGSDEFAULT is not present then '\CMD' + ‘\CMD’ is optional, with default value OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be + the empty string). If OPTARGDEFAULT is not present then ‘\CMD’ does not take an optional argument. - That is, if '\CMD' is used with square brackets, as in - '\CMD[OPTVAL]{...}...', then within DEFN the parameter '#1' is set - to the value of OPTVAL. On the other hand, if '\CMD' is called - without the square brackets then within DEFN the parameter '#1' is - set to the value of OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, the required - arguments start with '#2'. - - Omitting '[OPTARGDEFAULT]' is different from having the square - brackets with no contents, as in '[]'. The former sets '#1' to the - value of OPTARGDEFAULT; the latter sets '#1' to the empty string. + That is, if ‘\CMD’ is called with a following argument in square + brackets, as in ‘\CMD[OPTVAL]{...}...’, then within DEFN the + parameter ‘#1’ is set to OPTVAL. On the other hand, if ‘\CMD’ is + called without following square brackets then within DEFN the + parameter ‘#1’ is set to OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, the + required arguments start with ‘#2’. + + Omitting ‘[OPTARGDEFAULT]’ from the definition is entirely + different from giving the square brackets with empty contents, as + in ‘[]’. The former says the command being defined takes no + optional argument, so ‘#1’ is the first required argument (if NARGS + ≥ 1); the latter sets the optional argument ‘#1’ to the empty + string as the default, if no optional argument was given in the + call. + + Similarly, omitting ‘[OPTVAL]’ from a call is also entirely + different from giving the square brackets with empty contents. The + former sets ‘#1’ to the value of OPTVAL (assuming the command was + defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets ‘#1’ to the + empty string, just as with any other value. + + If a command is not defined to take an optional argument, but is + called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: + there may be a LaTeX error, there may be incorrect typeset output, + or both. DEFN Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of - '\CMD'. The parameters '#1', '#2', ... '#NARGS' are replaced by - the values that you supply when you call the command (or by the - default value if there is an optional argument and you don't - exercise the option). + ‘\CMD’. The parameters ‘#1’, ‘#2’, ..., ‘#NARGS’ are replaced by + the values supplied when the command is called (or by OPTARGDEFAULT + in the case of an optional argument not specified in the call, as + just explained). TeX ignores blanks in the source following a control word (*note -Control sequences::), as in '\cmd '. If you actually want a space -there, one solution is to type '{}' after the command ('\cmd{} ', and -another solution is to use an explicit control space ('\cmd\ '). +Control sequences::), as in ‘\cmd ’. If you want a space there, one +solution is to type ‘{}’ after the command (‘\cmd{} ’), and another +solution is to use an explicit control space (‘\cmd\ ’). - A simple example of defining a new command: '\newcommand{\RS}{Robin -Smith}' results in '\RS' being replaced by the longer text. Redefining -an existing command is similar: '\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small -QED}}'. + A simple example of defining a new command: ‘\newcommand{\RS}{Robin +Smith}’ results in ‘\RS’ being replaced by the longer text. Redefining +an existing command is similar: ‘\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small +QED}}’. - If you try to define a command and the name has already been used -then you get something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \fred already defined. -Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'. If you try to -redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get -something like 'LaTeX Error: \hank undefined'. + If you use ‘\newcommand’ and the command name has already been used +then you get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \fred already defined. +Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual’. Similarly, If you +use ‘\renewcommand’ and the command name has not been defined then you +get something like ‘LaTeX Error: \hank undefined’. Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and -the second, one with one required argument. +the second, a command with one required argument: \newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary} \newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}} -Use the first as in 'I highly recommend \student{} to you'. The second -has a variable argument, so that '\defref{def:basis}' expands to -'Definition~\ref{def:basis}', which ultimately expands to something like -'Definition~3.14'. +Use the first as in ‘I highly recommend \student{} to you’. The second +has a variable argument, so that ‘\defref{def:basis}’ expands to +‘Definition~\ref{def:basis}’, which ultimately expands to something like +‘Definition~3.14’. Similarly, but with two required arguments: -'\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}' is invoked as '\nbym{2}{k}'. +‘\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}’ is invoked as ‘\nbym{2}{k}’. This example has an optional argument. \newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:} -Then '\salutation' gives 'Dear Sir or Madam:' while '\salutation[John]' -gives 'Dear John:'. And '\salutation[]' gives 'Dear :'. +Then ‘\salutation’ gives ‘Dear Sir or Madam:’ while ‘\salutation[John]’ +gives ‘Dear John:’. And ‘\salutation[]’ gives ‘Dear :’. This example has an optional argument and two required arguments. \newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1} I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}. -The output is 'I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe'. The optional -argument, the 'Howe', is associated with '#1', while 'Dewey' and -'Cheatem' are associated with '#2' and '#3'. Because of the optional -argument, '\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}' will give the output 'I employ -Dewey, Cheatem, and company'. +The output is ‘I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.’. The optional +argument, ‘Howe’, is associated with ‘#1’, while ‘Dewey’ and ‘Cheatem’ +are associated with ‘#2’ and ‘#3’. Because of the optional argument, +‘\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}’ will give the output ‘I employ Dewey, +Cheatem, and company.’. The braces around DEFN do not define a group, that is, they do not delimit the scope of the result of expanding DEFN. For example, with -'\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}', in this sentence, +‘\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}’, in this sentence, The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}. -the words 'met the' would incorrectly be in italics. The solution is to -put another pair of braces inside the definition: -'\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}'. +the words ‘met the’, and the period, would incorrectly be in italics. +The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the definition: +‘\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}’. 12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol -------------------------------------------------------- -When reading input TeX converts the sequences of read characters into a -sequence of "tokens". When TeX sees a backslash '\', it will handle the -following characters in a special way in order to make a "control -sequence" token. +When reading input TeX converts the stream of read characters into a +sequence of “tokens”. When TeX sees a backslash ‘\’, it will handle the +following characters in a special way in order to make a “control +sequence” token. The control sequences fall into two categories: - * "control word", when the control sequence is gathered from a '\' - followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one - blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the - "control sequence name". - * "control symbol", when the control sequence is gathered from a '\' + • “control word”, when the control sequence is gathered from a ‘\’ + followed by at least one ASCII letter (‘A-Z’ and ‘a-z’), followed + by at least one non-letter. + + • “control symbol”, when the control sequence is gathered from a ‘\’ followed by one non-letter character. + The sequence of characters so found after the ‘\’ is also called the +“control sequence name”. + Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any whitespace in the output (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand:: and *note \(SPACE)::). - Just as the '\relax' command does nothing, the following will print -'Hello!'--if you use the Emacs info viewer, turn on the whitespace-mode -minor mode to see the trailing spaces: + Just as the ‘\relax’ command does nothing, the following input will +simply print ‘Hello!’ (if you use the Emacs info viewer, turn on the +‘whitespace-mode’ minor mode to see the trailing spaces): Hel\relax lo! -This is because blanks after '\relax', including the newline are +This is because blanks after ‘\relax’, including the newline, are ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored (*note Leading blanks::). -12.2 '\providecommand' +12.2 ‘\providecommand’ ====================== Synopses, one of: @@ -7395,7 +7420,7 @@ Synopses, one of: Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists. If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect -as '\newcommand'. If a command of this name already exists then this +as ‘\newcommand’. If a command of this name already exists then this definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file. *Note \newcommand & \renewcommand::, for the description of the arguments. @@ -7406,10 +7431,11 @@ be loaded more than once, such as a style file. *Note \newcommand & \providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV} From \myaffiliation. -outputs 'From Saint Michael's College'. Unlike '\newcommand', the -repeated use of '\providecommand' does not give an error. +outputs ‘From Saint Michael's College.’. Unlike ‘\newcommand’, the +repeated use of ‘\providecommand’ to (try to) define ‘\myaffiliation’ +does not give an error. -12.3 '\makeatletter' & '\makeatother' +12.3 ‘\makeatletter’ & ‘\makeatother’ ===================================== Synopsis: @@ -7419,43 +7445,43 @@ Synopsis: \makeatother Use this pair when you redefine LaTeX commands that are named with an -at-sign character ''@''. The '\makeatletter' declaration makes the +at-sign character ‘‘@’’. The ‘\makeatletter’ declaration makes the at-sign character have the category code of a letter, code 11. The -'\makeatother' declaration sets the category code of the at-sign to +‘\makeatother’ declaration sets the category code of the at-sign to code 12, its default value. As TeX reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or -"catcode". For instance, it assigns the backslash character ''\'' the +“catcode”. For instance, it assigns the backslash character ‘‘\’’ the catcode 0. Command names consist of a category 0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters, category 11 characters (except that a command name can also consist of a category 0 character followed by a single non-letter symbol). - LaTeX's source code has the convention that some commands use '@' in + LaTeX’s source code has the convention that some commands use ‘@’ in their name. These commands are mainly intended for package or class writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a package or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of their own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12. - Use the pair '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' inside a '.tex' file, + Use the pair ‘\makeatletter’ and ‘\makeatother’ inside a ‘.tex’ file, typically in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands -named with '@', by having them surround your definition. Don't use -these inside '.sty' or '.cls' files since the '\usepackage' and -'\documentclass' commands already arrange that the at-sign has the +named with ‘@’, by having them surround your definition. Don’t use +these inside ‘.sty’ or ‘.cls’ files since the ‘\usepackage’ and +‘\documentclass’ commands already arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter, catcode 11. For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see <https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e>. - In this example the class file has a command '\thesis@universityname' + In this example the class file has a command ‘\thesis@universityname’ that the user wants to change. These three lines should go in the -preamble, before the '\begin{document}'. +preamble, before the ‘\begin{document}’. \makeatletter \renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College} \makeatother -12.4 '\@ifstar' +12.4 ‘\@ifstar’ =============== Synopsis: @@ -7465,30 +7491,30 @@ Synopsis: \newcommand{\mycmd@star}[STAR-NUM-ARGS]{STAR-BODY} Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the -same name but ending with a star character '*', an asterisk. Examples -are the 'table' and 'table*' environments and the '\section' and -'\section*' commands. +same name but ending with a star character ‘*’, an asterisk. Examples +are the ‘table’ and ‘table*’ environments and the ‘\section’ and +‘\section*’ commands. When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward -because '\newenvironment' and '\renewenvironment' allow the environment +because ‘\newenvironment’ and ‘\renewenvironment’ allow the environment name to contain a star. So you just have to write -'\newenvironment{MYENV}' or '\newenvironment{MYENV*}' and continue the +‘\newenvironment{MYENV}’ or ‘\newenvironment{MYENV*}’ and continue the definition as usual. For commands the situation is more complex as the star not being a letter cannot be part of the command name. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command, given above as -'\mycmd', which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For -instance, LaTeX does not really have a '\section*' command; instead, the -'\section' command peeks ahead. This command does not accept arguments +‘\mycmd’, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For +instance, LaTeX does not really have a ‘\section*’ command; instead, the +‘\section’ command peeks ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept arguments. In -the synopsis these two are '\mycmd@nostar' and '\mycmd@star'. They +the synopsis these two are ‘\mycmd@nostar’ and ‘\mycmd@star’. They could take the same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all. As always, in a LaTeX document a command using an -at-sign '@' in its name must be enclosed inside a '\makeatletter ... -\makeatother' block (*note \makeatletter & \makeatother::). +at-sign ‘@’ in its name must be enclosed inside a ‘\makeatletter ... +\makeatother’ block (*note \makeatletter & \makeatother::). - This example of '\@ifstar' defines the command '\ciel' and a variant -'\ciel*'. Both have one required argument. A call to '\ciel{blue}' -will return "not starry blue sky" while '\ciel*{night}' will return + This example of ‘\@ifstar’ defines the command ‘\ciel’ and a variant +‘\ciel*’. Both have one required argument. A call to ‘\ciel{blue}’ +will return "not starry blue sky" while ‘\ciel*{night}’ will return "starry night sky". \makeatletter @@ -7498,10 +7524,10 @@ will return "not starry blue sky" while '\ciel*{night}' will return \makeatother In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of -arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007's -'``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''' is -equivalent to entering the commands '``My name is \textsc{Bond}, -\textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''' +arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007’s +‘``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''’ is +equivalent to entering the commands ‘``My name is \textsc{Bond}, +\textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''’ \newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}} \newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}} @@ -7512,22 +7538,22 @@ equivalent to entering the commands '``My name is \textsc{Bond}, argument. (This differs from environment names in which the star is part of the name itself and as such could be in any position.) Thus, it is technically possible to put any number of spaces between the command -and the star. Thus '\agentsecret*{Bond}' and '\agentsecret *{Bond}' are +and the star. Thus ‘\agentsecret*{Bond}’ and ‘\agentsecret *{Bond}’ are equivalent. However, the standard practice is not to insert any such spaces. - There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of '\@ifstar'. -(1) The 'suffix' package allows the construct -'\newcommand\mycommand{UNSTARRED-VARIANT}' followed by -'\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{STARRED-VARIANT}'. (2) LaTeX -provides the 'xparse' package, which allows this code: + There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of ‘\@ifstar’. +(1) The ‘suffix’ package allows the construct +‘\newcommand\mycommand{UNSTARRED-VARIANT}’ followed by +‘\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{STARRED-VARIANT}’. (2) LaTeX +provides the ‘xparse’ package, which allows this code: \NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1 {STARRED-VARIANT}% {UNSTARRED-VARIANT}% } -12.5 '\newcounter': Allocating a counter +12.5 ‘\newcounter’: Allocating a counter ======================================== Synopsis, one of: @@ -7542,11 +7568,11 @@ zero (*note Counters::). with a backslash. This name must not already be in use by another counter. - When you use the optional argument '[SUPERCOUNTER]' then the counter + When you use the optional argument ‘[SUPERCOUNTER]’ then the counter COUNTERNAME will be reset to zero whenever SUPERCOUNTER is incremented. -For example, ordinarily 'subsection' is numbered within 'section' so -that any time you increment SECTION, either with '\stepcounter' (*note -\stepcounter::) or '\refstepcounter' (*note \refstepcounter::), then +For example, ordinarily ‘subsection’ is numbered within ‘section’ so +that any time you increment SECTION, either with ‘\stepcounter’ (*note +\stepcounter::) or ‘\refstepcounter’ (*note \refstepcounter::), then LaTeX will reset SUBSECTION to zero. This example @@ -7557,18 +7583,18 @@ LaTeX will reset SUBSECTION to zero. \stepcounter{asuper} Now asuper is \arabic{asuper} while asub is \arabic{asub}. - produces 'The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3' and 'Now -asuper is 2 while asub is 0'. + produces ‘The value of asuper is 1 and that of asub is 3’ and ‘Now +asuper is 2 while asub is 0’. - If the counter already exists, for instance by entering 'asuper' -twice, then you get something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \c@asuper -already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.'. + If the counter already exists, for instance by entering ‘asuper’ +twice, then you get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \c@asuper +already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.’. If you use the optional argument then the super counter must already -exist. Entering '\newcounter{jh}[lh]' when 'lh' is not a defined -counter will get you 'LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh' defined.' +exist. Entering ‘\newcounter{jh}[lh]’ when ‘lh’ is not a defined +counter will get you ‘LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh' defined.’ -12.6 '\newlength' +12.6 ‘\newlength’ ================= Synopsis: @@ -7576,23 +7602,23 @@ Synopsis: \newlength{\LEN} Allocate a new length register (*note Lengths::). The required -argument '\LEN' has to be a control sequence (*note Control -sequences::), and as such must begin with a backslash, '\' under normal -circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as '72.27pt' -or '1in plus.2in minus.1in' (a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX -calls a 'skip' register). The initial value is zero. The control -sequence '\LEN' must not be already defined. +argument ‘\LEN’ has to be a control sequence (*note Control +sequences::), and as such must begin with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal +circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as ‘72.27pt’ +or ‘1in plus.2in minus.1in’ (a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX +calls a ‘skip’ register). The initial value is zero. The control +sequence ‘\LEN’ must not be already defined. An example: \newlength{\graphichgt} - If you forget the backslash then you get 'Missing control sequence -inserted'. If the control sequence already exists then you get -something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined. Or -name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'. + If you forget the backslash then you get ‘Missing control sequence +inserted’. If the control sequence already exists then you get +something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined. Or +name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual’. -12.7 '\newsavebox' +12.7 ‘\newsavebox’ ================== Synopsis: @@ -7612,15 +7638,15 @@ is fragile (*note \protect::). \savebox{\logobox}{LoGo} Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}. -The output is 'Our logo is LoGo'. +The output is ‘Our logo is LoGo’. - If there is an already defined bin then you get something like 'LaTeX + If there is an already defined bin then you get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \logobox already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see -p.192 of the manual'. +p.192 of the manual’. The allocation of a box is global. -12.8 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' +12.8 ‘\newenvironment’ & ‘\renewenvironment’ ============================================ Synopses, one of: @@ -7642,7 +7668,7 @@ or one of these. \renewenvironment*{ENV}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} Define or redefine the environment ENV, that is, create the construct -'\begin{ENV} ... BODY ... \end{ENV}'. +‘\begin{ENV} ... BODY ... \end{ENV}’. The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these @@ -7650,18 +7676,18 @@ environments can contain multiple paragraphs. ENV Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the - '*' character, and thus does not begin with backslash, '\'. It - must not begin with the string 'end'. For '\newenvironment', the + ‘*’ character, and thus does not begin with backslash, ‘\’. It + must not begin with the string ‘end’. For ‘\newenvironment’, the name ENV must not be the name of an already existing environment, - and also the command '\ENV' must be undefined. For - '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an existing + and also the command ‘\ENV’ must be undefined. For + ‘\renewenvironment’, ENV must be the name of an existing environment. NARGS Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of that the environment takes. When you use the environment these - arguments appear after the '\begin', as in '\begin{ENV}{ARG1} ... - {ARGN}'. Omitting this is equivalent to setting it to 0; the + arguments appear after the ‘\begin’, as in ‘\begin{ENV}{ARG1} ... + {ARGN}’. Omitting this is equivalent to setting it to 0; the environment will have no arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have a different number of arguments than the old version. @@ -7674,41 +7700,41 @@ OPTARGDEFAULT That is, when OPTARGDEFAULT is present in the definition of the environment then you can start the environment with square - brackets, as in '\begin{ENV}[OPTVAL]{...} ... \end{ENV}'. In this - case, within BEGDEFN the parameter '#1' is set to the value of - OPTVAL. If you call '\begin{ENV}' without square brackets, then - within BEGDEFN the parameter '#1' is set to the value of the + brackets, as in ‘\begin{ENV}[OPTVAL]{...} ... \end{ENV}’. In this + case, within BEGDEFN the parameter ‘#1’ is set to the value of + OPTVAL. If you call ‘\begin{ENV}’ without square brackets, then + within BEGDEFN the parameter ‘#1’ is set to the value of the default OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, any required arguments - start with '#2'. + start with ‘#2’. - Omitting '[MYVAL]' in the call is different than having the square - brackets with no contents, as in '[]'. The former results in '#1' - expanding to OPTARGDEFAULT; the latter results in '#1' expanding to + Omitting ‘[MYVAL]’ in the call is different than having the square + brackets with no contents, as in ‘[]’. The former results in ‘#1’ + expanding to OPTARGDEFAULT; the latter results in ‘#1’ expanding to the empty string. BEGDEF - Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'. - Within BEGDEF, the parameters '#1', '#2', ... '#NARGS', are + Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of ‘\begin{ENV}’. + Within BEGDEF, the parameters ‘#1’, ‘#2’, ... ‘#NARGS’, are replaced by the values that you supply when you call the environment; see the examples below. ENDDEF - Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'. - This may not contain any parameters, that is, you cannot use '#1', - '#2', etc., here (but see the final example below). + Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of ‘\end{ENV}’. + This may not contain any parameters, that is, you cannot use ‘#1’, + ‘#2’, etc., here (but see the final example below). All environments, that is to say the BEGDEF code, the environment body, and the ENDDEF code, are processed within a group. Thus, in the -first example below, the effect of the '\small' is limited to the quote +first example below, the effect of the ‘\small’ is limited to the quote and does not extend to material following the environment. If you try to define an environment and the name has already been -used then you get something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \fred already -defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'. If you try +used then you get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Command \fred already +defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual’. If you try to redefine an environment and the name has not yet been used then you -get something like 'LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.'. +get something like ‘LaTeX Error: Environment hank undefined.’. - This example gives an environment like LaTeX's 'quotation' except + This example gives an environment like LaTeX’s ‘quotation’ except that it will be set in smaller type. \newenvironment{smallquote}{% @@ -7735,7 +7761,7 @@ environment that cites the author. \end{quotation} } -The author's name is optional, and defaults to 'Shakespeare'. In the +The author’s name is optional, and defaults to ‘Shakespeare’. In the document, use the environment like this. \begin{citequote}[Lincoln] @@ -7754,7 +7780,7 @@ in ENDDEF, in this case in a box (*note \sbox & \savebox::). \end{quotation} } -12.9 '\newtheorem' +12.9 ‘\newtheorem’ ================== Synopses: @@ -7766,23 +7792,23 @@ Synopses: Define a new theorem-like environment. You can specify one of NUMBERED_WITHIN and NUMBERED_LIKE, or neither, but not both. - The first form, '\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}', creates an environment + The first form, ‘\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}’, creates an environment that will be labelled with TITLE; see the first example below. - The second form, '\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}[NUMBERED_WITHIN]', creates + The second form, ‘\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}[NUMBERED_WITHIN]’, creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing counter NUMBERED_WITHIN, so this counter will be reset when NUMBERED_WITHIN is reset. See the second example below. - The third form '\newtheorem{NAME}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{TITLE}', with + The third form ‘\newtheorem{NAME}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{TITLE}’, with optional argument between the two required arguments, creates an environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter NUMBERED_LIKE. See the third example. This command creates a counter named NAME. In addition, unless the optional argument NUMBERED_LIKE is used, inside of the theorem-like -environment the current '\ref' value will be that of -'\theNUMBERED_WITHIN' (*note \ref::). +environment the current ‘\ref’ value will be that of +‘\theNUMBERED_WITHIN’ (*note \ref::). This declaration is global. It is fragile (*note \protect::). @@ -7790,22 +7816,22 @@ environment the current '\ref' value will be that of NAME The name of the environment. It is a string of letters. It must - not begin with a backslash, '\'. It must not be the name of an - existing environment, and the command name '\NAME' must not already + not begin with a backslash, ‘\’. It must not be the name of an + existing environment, and the command name ‘\NAME’ must not already be defined. TITLE The text to be printed at the beginning of the environment, before - the number. For example, 'Theorem'. + the number. For example, ‘Theorem’. NUMBERED_WITHIN Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a - sectional unit such as 'chapter' or 'section'. When the - NUMBERED_WITHIN counter is reset then the NAME environment's + sectional unit such as ‘chapter’ or ‘section’. When the + NUMBERED_WITHIN counter is reset then the NAME environment’s counter will also be reset. - If this optional argument is not used then the command '\theNAME' - is set to '\arabic{NAME}'. + If this optional argument is not used then the command ‘\theNAME’ + is set to ‘\arabic{NAME}’. NUMBERED_LIKE Optional; the name of an already defined theorem-like environment. @@ -7814,7 +7840,7 @@ NUMBERED_LIKE Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered sequentially. The example below has a declaration in the preamble that -results in 'Definition 1' and 'Definition 2' in the output. +results in ‘Definition 1’ and ‘Definition 2’ in the output. \newtheorem{defn}{Definition} \begin{document} @@ -7829,8 +7855,8 @@ results in 'Definition 1' and 'Definition 2' in the output. \end{defn} This example has the same document body as the prior one. But here -'\newtheorem''s optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN is given as 'section', -so the output is like 'Definition 1.1' and 'Definition 2.1'. +‘\newtheorem’’s optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN is given as ‘section’, +so the output is like ‘Definition 1.1’ and ‘Definition 2.1’. \newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] \begin{document} @@ -7845,9 +7871,9 @@ so the output is like 'Definition 1.1' and 'Definition 2.1'. \end{defn} In the next example there are two declarations in the preamble, the -second of which calls for the new 'thm' environment to use the same -counter as 'defn'. It gives 'Definition 1.1', followed by 'Theorem 2.1' -and 'Definition 2.2'. +second of which calls for the new ‘thm’ environment to use the same +counter as ‘defn’. It gives ‘Definition 1.1’, followed by ‘Theorem 2.1’ +and ‘Definition 2.2’. \newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] \newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem} @@ -7866,7 +7892,7 @@ and 'Definition 2.2'. Second def \end{defn} -12.10 '\newfont' +12.10 ‘\newfont’ ================ This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with @@ -7878,17 +7904,17 @@ associate a boldface with a roman (*note Fonts::). \newfont{\CMD}{FONT DESCRIPTION} - Define a command '\CMD' that will change the current font. The + Define a command ‘\CMD’ that will change the current font. The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a -backslash, '\'. +backslash, ‘\’. - The FONT DESCRIPTION consists of a FONTNAME and an optional "at -clause". LaTeX will look on your system for a file named -'FONTNAME.tfm'. The at clause can have the form either 'at DIMEN' or -'scaled FACTOR', where a FACTOR of '1000' means no scaling. For LaTeX's + The FONT DESCRIPTION consists of a FONTNAME and an optional “at +clause”. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named +‘FONTNAME.tfm’. The at clause can have the form either ‘at DIMEN’ or +‘scaled FACTOR’, where a FACTOR of ‘1000’ means no scaling. For LaTeX’s purposes, all this does is scale all the character and other font -dimensions relative to the font's design size, which is a value defined -in the '.tfm' file. +dimensions relative to the font’s design size, which is a value defined +in the ‘.tfm’ file. This defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few characters in each. @@ -7898,51 +7924,51 @@ each. \testfontat abc \testfontscaled abc -12.11 '\protect' +12.11 ‘\protect’ ================ -All LaTeX commands are either "fragile" or "robust". A fragile command +All LaTeX commands are either “fragile” or “robust”. A fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands. Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an auxiliary file and re-reads later are fragile. This includes material that goes into a table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, etc. Fragile commands also include line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from breaking, one -solution is to preceded them with the command '\protect'. +solution is to preceded them with the command ‘\protect’. - For example, when LaTeX runs the '\section{SECTION NAME}' command it -writes the SECTION NAME text to the '.aux' auxiliary file, moving it + For example, when LaTeX runs the ‘\section{SECTION NAME}’ command it +writes the SECTION NAME text to the ‘.aux’ auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is internally expanded by LaTeX without -typesetting it directly is referred to as a "moving argument". A +typesetting it directly is referred to as a “moving argument”. A command is fragile if it can expand during this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of moving arguments are those that appear in the -'\caption{...}' command (*note figure::), in the '\thanks{...}' command -(*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions in the 'tabular' and 'array' +‘\caption{...}’ command (*note figure::), in the ‘\thanks{...}’ command +(*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions in the ‘tabular’ and ‘array’ environments (*note tabular::). If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try -preceding it with '\protect'. Every fragile commands must be protected -with their own '\protect'. +preceding it with ‘\protect’. Every fragile commands must be protected +with their own ‘\protect’. - Although usually a '\protect' command doesn't hurt, length commands -are robust and should not be preceded by a '\protect' command. Nor can -a '\protect' command be used in the argument to '\addtocounter' or -'\setcounter' command. + Although usually a ‘\protect’ command doesn’t hurt, length commands +are robust and should not be preceded by a ‘\protect’ command. Nor can +a ‘\protect’ command be used in the argument to ‘\addtocounter’ or +‘\setcounter’ command. - In this example the '\caption' command gives a mysterious error about -an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each '\raisebox' -command with '\protect'. + In this example the ‘\caption’ command gives a mysterious error about +an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each ‘\raisebox’ +command with ‘\protect’. \begin{figure} ... \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}} \end{figure} - In the next example the '\tableofcontents' command gives an error -because the '\(..\)' in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the -'.toc' file. You can solve this by changing '\(..\)' to -'\protect\(..\protect\)'. + In the next example the ‘\tableofcontents’ command gives an error +because the ‘\(..\)’ in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the +‘.toc’ file. You can solve this by changing ‘\(..\)’ to +‘\protect\(..\protect\)’. \begin{document} \tableofcontents @@ -7950,7 +7976,7 @@ because the '\(..\)' in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the \section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)} ... -12.12 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend' +12.12 ‘\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend’ ============================================= Synopsis: @@ -7963,14 +7989,14 @@ or Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore blanks (that is, characters of catcode 10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the command up -to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a command from -plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. +to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a primitive +command of TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. - The '\ignorespaces' is often used when defining commands via -'\newcommand', or '\newenvironment', or '\def'. The example below + The ‘\ignorespaces’ is often used when defining commands via +‘\newcommand’, or ‘\newenvironment’, or ‘\def’. The example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as shown in the -'enumerate' list, users must not put any space between the command and +‘enumerate’ list, users must not put any space between the command and the question text. \newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} @@ -7987,7 +8013,7 @@ The solution is to change to this. A second example shows blanks being removed from the front of text. The commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then -'\fullname' will reproduce that. +‘\fullname’ will reproduce that. \newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}} % remember title \newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\honorific~#1} % put title before name @@ -7998,14 +8024,14 @@ But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then \end{tabular} To fix this, change to -'\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}'. +‘\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}’. - The '\ignorespaces' is also often used in a '\newenvironment' at the -end of the BEGIN clause, as in '\begin{newenvironment}{ENV NAME}{... -\ignorespaces}{...}'. + The ‘\ignorespaces’ is also often used in a ‘\newenvironment’ at the +end of the BEGIN clause, as in ‘\begin{newenvironment}{ENV NAME}{... +\ignorespaces}{...}’. To strip blanks off the end of an environment use -'\ignorespacesafterend'. An example is that this will show a much +‘\ignorespacesafterend’. An example is that this will show a much larger vertical space between the first and second environments than between the second and third. @@ -8020,10 +8046,10 @@ between the second and third. E=IR \end{equation} - Putting a comment character '%' immediately after the '\end{eq}' will + Putting a comment character ‘%’ immediately after the ‘\end{eq}’ will make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The solution is to change to -'\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}'. +‘\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}’. 12.13 xspace package ==================== @@ -8034,14 +8060,14 @@ Synopsis: ... \newcommand{...}{...\xspace} - The '\xspace' macro, when used at the end of a command definition, + The ‘\xspace’ macro, when used at the end of a command definition, adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation characters. After a command control sequence that is a control word (*note -Control sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as '\$'), TeX +Control sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as ‘\$’), TeX gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output -has 'Vermont' placed snugly against the period, without any intervening +has ‘Vermont’ placed snugly against the period, without any intervening space. \newcommand{\VT}{Vermont} @@ -8049,12 +8075,12 @@ space. The \VT{} summers are nice. But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty -curly braces or else there would be no space separating 'Vermont' from -'summers'. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space '\ ' for this. +curly braces or else there would be no space separating ‘Vermont’ from +‘summers’. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space ‘\ ’ for this. *Note \(SPACE)::.) - The 'xspace' package provides '\xspace'. It is for writing commands -which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place at the + The ‘xspace’ package provides ‘\xspace’. It is for writing commands +which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be placed at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed. @@ -8063,18 +8089,18 @@ In this example, the empty braces are not needed. Our college is in \VT . \VT summers are nice. - The default exception list contains the characters ',.'/?;:!~-)', the + The default exception list contains the characters ‘,.'/?;:!~-)’, the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above, and -the commands '\footnote' or '\footnotemark'. Add to that list as with -'\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}' which adds '\myfni' and '\myfnii' +the commands ‘\footnote’ or ‘\footnotemark’. Add to that list as with +‘\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}’ which adds ‘\myfni’ and ‘\myfnii’ to the list, and remove from that list as with -'\xspaceremoveexception{!}'. +‘\xspaceremoveexception{!}’. - A comment: many experts prefer not to use '\xspace'. Putting it in a + A comment: many experts prefer not to use ‘\xspace’. Putting it in a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right. -But it isn't easy to predict when to enter empty braces because -'\xspace' will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another -command, and so '\xspace' can make editing material harder and more +But it isn’t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because +‘\xspace’ will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another +command, and so ‘\xspace’ can make editing material harder and more error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces. 13 Counters @@ -8082,11 +8108,11 @@ error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces. Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the environment or -command associated with the number, except that the counter's name has -no backslash '\'. Thus, associated with the '\chapter' command is the -'chapter' counter that keeps track of the chapter number. +command associated with the number, except that the counter’s name has +no backslash ‘\’. Thus, associated with the ‘\chapter’ command is the +‘chapter’ counter that keeps track of the chapter number. - Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document + Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document classes to control numbering. part paragraph figure enumi @@ -8095,83 +8121,83 @@ classes to control numbering. subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection - The 'mpfootnote' counter is used by the '\footnote' command inside of -a minipage (*note minipage::). The counters 'enumi' through 'enumiv' -are used in the 'enumerate' environment, for up to four levels of + The ‘mpfootnote’ counter is used by the ‘\footnote’ command inside of +a minipage (*note minipage::). The counters ‘enumi’ through ‘enumiv’ +are used in the ‘enumerate’ environment, for up to four levels of nesting (*note enumerate::). Counters can have any integer value but they are typically positive. - New counters are created with '\newcounter'. *Note \newcounter::. + New counters are created with ‘\newcounter’. *Note \newcounter::. -13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters +13.1 ‘\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol’: Printing counters ===================================================================== Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if -the counter COUNTER has the value 1 then a '\alph{COUNTER}' in your +the counter COUNTER has the value 1 then a ‘\alph{COUNTER}’ in your source will result in a lowercase letter a appearing in the output. All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for -instance, '\alph{enumi}'. Note that the counter name does not start +instance, ‘\alph{enumi}’. Note that the counter name does not start with a backslash. -'\alph{COUNTER}' - Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ... If - the counter's value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get - 'LaTeX Error: Counter too large.' +‘\alph{COUNTER}’ + Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, ... If + the counter’s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get + ‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large.’ -'\Alph{COUNTER}' - Print in uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ... If the counter's value - is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get 'LaTeX Error: Counter - too large.' +‘\Alph{COUNTER}’ + Print in uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, ... If the counter’s value + is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter + too large.’ -'\arabic{COUNTER}' - Print in Arabic numbers such as '5' or '-2'. +‘\arabic{COUNTER}’ + Print in Arabic numbers such as ‘5’ or ‘-2’. -'\roman{COUNTER}' - Print in lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ... If the counter's +‘\roman{COUNTER}’ + Print in lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, ... If the counter’s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX does not print anything in the output. -'\Roman{COUNTER}' - Print in uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ... If the counter's +‘\Roman{COUNTER}’ + Print in uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, ... If the counter’s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but LaTeX does not print anything in the output. -'\fnsymbol{COUNTER}' +‘\fnsymbol{COUNTER}’ Prints the value of COUNTER using a sequence of nine symbols that are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of - COUNTER should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the counter's - value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get 'LaTeX Error: - Counter too large', while if it is 0 then you get no error or + COUNTER should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the counter’s + value is less than 0 or more than 9 then you get ‘LaTeX Error: + Counter too large’, while if it is 0 then you get no error or warning but LaTeX does not output anything. Here are the symbols: Number Name Command Symbol ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 1 asterisk '\ast' * - 2 dagger '\dagger' † - 3 ddagger '\ddagger' ‡ - 4 section-sign '\S' § - 5 paragraph-sign '\P' ¶ - 6 double-vert '\parallel' ‖ - 7 double-asterisk '\ast\ast' ** - 8 double-dagger '\dagger\dagger' †† - 9 double-ddagger '\ddagger\ddagger' ‡‡ - -13.2 '\usecounter' + 1 asterisk ‘\ast’ * + 2 dagger ‘\dagger’ † + 3 ddagger ‘\ddagger’ ‡ + 4 section-sign ‘\S’ § + 5 paragraph-sign ‘\P’ ¶ + 6 double-vert ‘\parallel’ ‖ + 7 double-asterisk ‘\ast\ast’ ** + 8 double-dagger ‘\dagger\dagger’ †† + 9 double-ddagger ‘\ddagger\ddagger’ ‡‡ + +13.2 ‘\usecounter’ ================== Synopsis: \usecounter{COUNTER} - Used in the second argument of the 'list' environment (*note list::), + Used in the second argument of the ‘list’ environment (*note list::), this declares that list items will be numbered by COUNTER. It -initializes COUNTER to zero, and arranges that when '\item' is called +initializes COUNTER to zero, and arranges that when ‘\item’ is called without its optional argument then COUNTER is incremented by -'\refstepcounter', making its value be the current 'ref' value (*note +‘\refstepcounter’, making its value be the current ‘ref’ value (*note \ref::). This command is fragile (*note \protect::). Put in the document preamble, this example makes a new list @@ -8186,7 +8212,7 @@ environment enumerated with TESTCOUNTER: \end{list} } -13.3 '\value' +13.3 ‘\value’ ============= Synopsis: @@ -8196,7 +8222,7 @@ Synopsis: Expands to the value of the counter COUNTER. (Note that the name of a counter does not begin with a backslash.) - This example outputs 'Test counter is 6. Other counter is 5.'. + This example outputs ‘Test counter is 6. Other counter is 5.’. \newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5} \newcounter{other} \setcounter{other}{\value{test}} @@ -8205,21 +8231,21 @@ a counter does not begin with a backslash.) Test counter is \arabic{test}. Other counter is \arabic{other}. - The '\value' command is not used for typesetting the value of the + The ‘\value’ command is not used for typesetting the value of the counter. For that, see *note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::. - It is often used in '\setcounter' or '\addtocounter' but '\value' can + It is often used in ‘\setcounter’ or ‘\addtocounter’ but ‘\value’ can be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number, such as in -'\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}'. It must not be preceded by '\protect' +‘\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}’. It must not be preceded by ‘\protect’ (*note \protect::). - This example inserts '\hspace{4\parindent}'. + This example inserts ‘\hspace{4\parindent}’. \setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1} \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} -13.4 '\setcounter' +13.4 ‘\setcounter’ ================== Synopsis: @@ -8227,17 +8253,17 @@ Synopsis: \setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE} Globally set the counter COUNTER to have the value of the VALUE -argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a counter's value -as '\setcounter{section}{5}'. Note that the counter name does not start +argument, which must be an integer. Thus, you can set a counter’s value +as ‘\setcounter{section}{5}’. Note that the counter name does not start with a backslash. - In this example if the counter 'theorem' has value 12 then the second -line will print 'XII'. + In this example if the counter ‘theorem’ has value 12 then the second +line will print ‘XII’. \setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}} Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}. -13.5 '\addtocounter' +13.5 ‘\addtocounter’ ==================== Synopsis: @@ -8247,13 +8273,13 @@ Synopsis: Globally increment COUNTER by the amount specified by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. - In this example the section value appears as 'VII'. + In this example the section value appears as ‘VII’. \setcounter{section}{5} \addtocounter{section}{2} Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}. -13.6 '\refstepcounter' +13.6 ‘\refstepcounter’ ====================== Synopsis: @@ -8261,17 +8287,17 @@ Synopsis: \refstepcounter{COUNTER} Globally increments the value of COUNTER by one, as does -'\stepcounter' (*note \stepcounter::). The difference is that this +‘\stepcounter’ (*note \stepcounter::). The difference is that this command resets the value of any counter numbered within it. (For the -definition of "counters numbered within", *note \newcounter::.) +definition of “counters numbered within”, *note \newcounter::.) - In addition, this command also defines the current '\ref' value to be -the result of '\thecounter'. + In addition, this command also defines the current ‘\ref’ value to be +the result of ‘\thecounter’. - While the counter value is set globally, the '\ref' value is set + While the counter value is set globally, the ‘\ref’ value is set locally, i.e., inside the current group. -13.7 '\stepcounter' +13.7 ‘\stepcounter’ =================== Synopsis: @@ -8279,21 +8305,21 @@ Synopsis: \stepcounter{COUNTER} Globally adds one to COUNTER and resets all counters numbered within -it. (For the definition of "counters numbered within", *note +it. (For the definition of “counters numbered within”, *note \newcounter::.) - This command differs from '\refstepcounter' in that this one does not -influence references; that is, it does not define the current '\ref' -value to be the result of '\thecounter' (*note \refstepcounter::). + This command differs from ‘\refstepcounter’ in that this one does not +influence references; that is, it does not define the current ‘\ref’ +value to be the result of ‘\thecounter’ (*note \refstepcounter::). -13.8 '\day' & '\month' & '\year' +13.8 ‘\day’ & ‘\month’ & ‘\year’ ================================ -LaTeX defines the counter '\day' for the day of the month (nominally -with value between 1 and 31), '\month' for the month of the year -(nominally with value between 1 and 12), and '\year' for the year. When +LaTeX defines the counter ‘\day’ for the day of the month (nominally +with value between 1 and 31), ‘\month’ for the month of the year +(nominally with value between 1 and 12), and ‘\year’ for the year. When TeX starts up, they are set from the current values on the system. The -related command '\today' produces a string representing the current day +related command ‘\today’ produces a string representing the current day (*note \today::). They counters are not updated as the job progresses so in principle @@ -8302,7 +8328,7 @@ check: \day=-2 \month=13 \year=-4 \today -gives no error or warning and results in the output '-2, -4' (the bogus +gives no error or warning and results in the output ‘-2, -4’ (the bogus month value produces no output). *Note Command line input::, to force the date to a given value from @@ -8311,15 +8337,15 @@ the command line. 14 Lengths ********** -A "length" is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length +A “length” is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. - Lengths come in two types. A "rigid length" such as '10pt' does not -contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component. (Plain TeX calls this a -"dimen".) A "rubber length" (what plain TeX calls a "skip" or "glue") -such as with '1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm' can contain either or both of -those components. In that rubber length, the '1cm' is the "natural -length" while the other two, the 'plus' and 'minus' components, allow + Lengths come in two types. A “rigid length” such as ‘10pt’ does not +contain a ‘plus’ or ‘minus’ component. (Plain TeX calls this a +“dimen”.) A “rubber length” (what plain TeX calls a “skip” or “glue”) +such as with ‘1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm’ can contain either or both of +those components. In that rubber length, the ‘1cm’ is the “natural +length” while the other two, the ‘plus’ and ‘minus’ components, allow TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement. The illustrations below use these two commands. @@ -8332,12 +8358,12 @@ TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement. \fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}} This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points long -between 'XXX' and 'YYY'. This length is rigid. +between ‘XXX’ and ‘YYY’. This length is rigid. XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY - As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with '1cm minus -0.05cm', the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down as far as + As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with ‘1cm minus +0.05cm’, the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down as far as 0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more. Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of 98 points between the two bars. @@ -8348,9 +8374,9 @@ bars. XXX\showhbox{300pt}{% \blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY -But the second one gets a warning like 'Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too wide) -detected at line 17'. In the output the first 'Y' is overwritten by the -end of the black bar, because the box's material is wider than the 300pt +But the second one gets a warning like ‘Overfull \hbox (1.0pt too wide) +detected at line 17’. In the output the first ‘Y’ is overwritten by the +end of the black bar, because the box’s material is wider than the 300pt allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than 309 points. @@ -8366,11 +8392,11 @@ producing a space of 110 points between the bars. In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only 1 point was specified. TeX stretches the space to the required length but it gives -you a warning like 'Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line -22'. (We won't discuss badness.) +you a warning like ‘Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line +22’. (We won’t discuss badness.) - You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in '1ex -plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex'. + You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in ‘1ex +plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex’. If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the stretch or shrink in proportion. @@ -8381,12 +8407,12 @@ stretch or shrink in proportion. \blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right The left and right bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another -100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two '\hspace''s must stretch -20 points. Because the two are 'plus 50pt' and 'plus 10pt', TeX gets +100. The middle bar is 80 points so the two ‘\hspace’’s must stretch +20 points. Because the two are ‘plus 50pt’ and ‘plus 10pt’, TeX gets 5/6 of the stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second. - The 'plus' or 'minus' component of a rubber length can contain a -"fill" component, as in '1in plus2fill'. This gives the length infinite + The ‘plus’ or ‘minus’ component of a rubber length can contain a +“fill” component, as in ‘1in plus2fill’. This gives the length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that TeX could set it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page. @@ -8396,14 +8422,14 @@ distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page. \hspace{0pt plus 1fill} \end{minipage} - TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: 'fil', 'fill', -and 'filll'. The later ones are more infinite than the earlier ones. + TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: ‘fil’, ‘fill’, +and ‘filll’. The later ones are more infinite than the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one (*note \hfill:: and *note \vfill::). Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, -so that after '\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}' and -'\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}' then the value of '\zlength' is '3in'. +so that after ‘\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}’ and +‘\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}’ then the value of ‘\zlength’ is ‘3in’. 14.1 Units of length ==================== @@ -8411,76 +8437,76 @@ so that after '\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}' and TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of math mode. -'pt' +‘pt’ Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units is 1point = .35146mm = .035146cm. -'pc' +‘pc’ Pica, 12 pt -'in' +‘in’ Inch, 72.27 pt -'bp' +‘bp’ Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. -'mm' - Millimeter, 2.845 pt +‘mm’ + Millimeter, 2.845pt -'cm' - Centimeter, 10 mm +‘cm’ + Centimeter, 10mm -'dd' +‘dd’ Didot point, 1.07 pt -'cc' +‘cc’ Cicero, 12 dd -'sp' +‘sp’ Scaled point, 1/65536 pt Three other units are defined according to the current font, rather than being an absolute dimension. -'ex' - The x-height of the current font "ex", traditionally the height of +‘ex’ + The x-height of the current font “ex”, traditionally the height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical lengths. -'em' - Similarly "em", traditionally the width of the capital letter M, is +‘em’ + Similarly “em”, traditionally the width of the capital letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths. This is also often the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10pt font will have 1em = 10pt. LaTeX has several commands to produce horizontal spaces based on the em (*note \enspace & \quad & \qquad::). -'mu' +‘mu’ Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of - the math unit "mu", defined by 1em = 18mu, where the em is taken + the math unit “mu”, defined by 1em = 18mu, where the em is taken from the current math symbols family. *Note Spacing in math mode::. Using these units can help make a definition work better across font changes. For example, a definition of the vertical space between list -items given as '\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}' is +items given as ‘\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}’ is more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition given in points. -14.2 '\setlength' +14.2 ‘\setlength’ ================= Synopsis: \setlength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} - Set the length \LEN to AMOUNT. The length name '\LEN' has to be a + Set the length \LEN to AMOUNT. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin -with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT can be a +with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT can be a rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of length::). - Below, with LaTeX's defaults the first paragraph will be indented + Below, with LaTeX’s defaults the first paragraph will be indented while the second will not. I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places. @@ -8488,49 +8514,49 @@ while the second will not. \setlength{\parindent}{0em} He said stop going to those places. - If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', for example if you + If you did not declare \LEN with ‘\newlength’, for example if you mistype it as in -'\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you -get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'. +‘\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}’, then you +get an error like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent’. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name then you get -an error like 'Missing number, treated as zero.'. +an error like ‘Missing number, treated as zero.’. -14.3 '\addtolength' +14.3 ‘\addtolength’ =================== Synopsis: \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} - Increment the length \LEN by AMOUNT. The length name '\LEN' has to + Increment the length \LEN by AMOUNT. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must -begin with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT is a +begin with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of length::). - Below, if '\parskip' starts with the value '0pt plus 1pt' + Below, if ‘\parskip’ starts with the value ‘0pt plus 1pt’ Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar? \addtolength{\parskip}{1pt} Nurse: no change. -then it has the value '1pt plus 1pt' for the second paragraph. +then it has the value ‘1pt plus 1pt’ for the second paragraph. - If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', for example if you + If you did not declare \LEN with ‘\newlength’, for example if you mistype it as in -'\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you -get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'. +‘\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}’, then you +get an error like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent’. If the AMOUNT uses some length that has not been declared, for instance if for example you mistype the above as -'\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}', then you get something -like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent'. If you leave +‘\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}’, then you get something +like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent’. If you leave off the backslash at the start of \LEN, as in -'\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}', then you get something like 'You can't -use `the letter p' after \advance'. +‘\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}’, then you get something like ‘You can't +use `the letter p' after \advance’. -14.4 '\settodepth' +14.4 ‘\settodepth’ ================== Synopsis: @@ -8538,9 +8564,9 @@ Synopsis: \settodepth{\LEN}{TEXT} Set the length \LEN to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on -typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a +typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin -with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. +with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances. This will print how low the character descenders go. @@ -8548,14 +8574,14 @@ with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. \settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetdepth - If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', if for example you -mistype the above as '\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}', then you get -something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetdepth'. + If you did not declare \LEN with ‘\newlength’, if for example you +mistype the above as ‘\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}’, then you get +something like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetdepth’. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in -'\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing -number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'. +‘\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}’ then you get something like ‘Missing +number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox’. -14.5 '\settoheight' +14.5 ‘\settoheight’ =================== Synopsis: @@ -8563,9 +8589,9 @@ Synopsis: \settoheight{\LEN}{text} Sets the length \LEN to the height of box that LaTeX gets on -typesetting the 'text' argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a +typesetting the ‘text’ argument. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin -with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. +with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances. This will print how high the characters go. @@ -8573,14 +8599,14 @@ with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. \settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetheight - If no such length \LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for -example you mistype as '\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}', then you -get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> -\alphabetheight'. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in -'\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing -number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'. + If no such length \LEN has been declared with ‘\newlength’, if for +example you mistype as ‘\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}’, then you +get something like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> +\alphabetheight’. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in +‘\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}’ then you get something like ‘Missing +number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox’. -14.6 '\settowidth' +14.6 ‘\settowidth’ ================== Synopsis: @@ -8588,9 +8614,9 @@ Synopsis: \settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT} Set the length \LEN to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on -typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a +typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name ‘\LEN’ has to be a control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin -with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. +with a backslash, ‘\’ under normal circumstances. This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet. @@ -8598,14 +8624,14 @@ with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. \settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetwidth - If no such length \LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for -example you mistype the above as '\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}', -then you get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> -\aplhabetwidth'. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in -'\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing -number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'. + If no such length \LEN has been declared with ‘\newlength’, if for +example you mistype the above as ‘\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}’, +then you get something like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> +\aplhabetwidth’. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in +‘\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}’ then you get something like ‘Missing +number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox’. -14.7 '\stretch' +14.7 ‘\stretch’ =============== Synopsis: @@ -8613,7 +8639,7 @@ Synopsis: \stretch{NUMBER} Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and NUMBER times -'\fill' units of stretchability (*note Lengths::). The NUMBER can be +‘\fill’ units of stretchability (*note Lengths::). The NUMBER can be positive or negative. This command is robust (*note \protect::). It works for both vertical and horizontal spacing. In this @@ -8625,7 +8651,7 @@ between the second and third. \rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1}}% \rule{0.4pt}{1ex} - In this vertical example, the 'We dedicate ...' will have three times + In this vertical example, the ‘We dedicate ...’ will have three times as much space under it as above it. \newenvironment{dedication}{% in document preamble @@ -8655,18 +8681,18 @@ Synopsis, one of: glue, or muglue, you can instead write an expression to compute that type of quantity. - An example is that '\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax' will produce as + An example is that ‘\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax’ will produce as output the length that is four points less than width of a line (the -only purpose of '\the' is to show the result in the document). -Analogously, '\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax' will produce 'ix', and -'\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax' will produce '10.0pt plus -2.0pt'. +only purpose of ‘\the’ is to show the result in the document). +Analogously, ‘\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax’ will produce ‘ix’, and +‘\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax’ will produce ‘10.0pt plus +2.0pt’. A convenience here over doing calculations by allocating registers -and then using '\advance', etc., is that the evaluation of expressions +and then using ‘\advance’, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in places where assignments are not allowed. The next example computes the width -of the '\parbox'. +of the ‘\parbox’. \newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em} \begin{center} @@ -8685,56 +8711,56 @@ of the '\parbox'. is a type of number, dimension, etc., consists of a factor of that type, optionally multiplied or divided by factors. A factor of a type is either a quantity of that type or a parenthesized subexpression. The -expression produces a result of the given type, so that '\numexpr' -produces an integer, '\dimexpr' produces a dimension, etc. +expression produces a result of the given type, so that ‘\numexpr’ +produces an integer, ‘\dimexpr’ produces a dimension, etc. In the quotation example above, changing to -'\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset' gives the error 'Illegal unit of measure -(pt inserted)'. This is because for '\dimexpr' and '\glueexpr', the +‘\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset’ gives the error ‘Illegal unit of measure +(pt inserted)’. This is because for ‘\dimexpr’ and ‘\glueexpr’, the input consists of a dimension or glue value followed by an optional -multiplication factor, and not the other way around. Thus '\the\dimexpr -1pt*10\relax' is valid and produces '10.0pt', but '\the\dimexpr -10*1pt\relax' gives the 'Illegal unit' error. +multiplication factor, and not the other way around. Thus ‘\the\dimexpr +1pt*10\relax’ is valid and produces ‘10.0pt’, but ‘\the\dimexpr +10*1pt\relax’ gives the ‘Illegal unit’ error. The expressions absorb tokens and carry out appropriate mathematics -up to a '\relax' (which will be absorbed), or up to the first non-valid -token. Thus, '\the\numexpr2+3px' will print '5px', because LaTeX reads -the '\numexpr2+3', which is made up of numbers, and then finds the -letter 'p', which cannot be part of a number. It therefore terminates -the expression and produces the '5', followed by the regular text 'px'. +up to a ‘\relax’ (which will be absorbed), or up to the first non-valid +token. Thus, ‘\the\numexpr2+3px’ will print ‘5px’, because LaTeX reads +the ‘\numexpr2+3’, which is made up of numbers, and then finds the +letter ‘p’, which cannot be part of a number. It therefore terminates +the expression and produces the ‘5’, followed by the regular text ‘px’. This termination behavior is useful in comparisons. In -'\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi', the less than sign -terminates the expression and the result is 'No' (in a standard LaTeX +‘\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi’, the less than sign +terminates the expression and the result is ‘No’ (in a standard LaTeX article). - Expressions may use the operators '+', '-', '*' and '/' along with -parentheses for subexpressions, '(...)'. In glue expressions the 'plus' -and 'minus' parts do not need parentheses to be affected by a factor. -So '\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax' results in '10pt plus 2pt'. + Expressions may use the operators ‘+’, ‘-’, ‘*’ and ‘/’ along with +parentheses for subexpressions, ‘(...)’. In glue expressions the ‘plus’ +and ‘minus’ parts do not need parentheses to be affected by a factor. +So ‘\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax’ results in ‘10pt plus 2pt’. TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when -doing register assignment. Thus '\the\numexpr\dimexpr 1pt\relax\relax' -will result in '65536', which is '1pt' converted to scaled points (*note -'sp': units of length sp, TeX's internal unit) and then coerced into an -integer. With a '\glueexpr' here, the stretch and shrink would be -dropped. Going the other way, a '\numexpr' inside a '\dimexpr' or -'\glueexpr' will need appropriate units, as in '\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + -2\relax pt\relax', which produces '3.0pt'. +doing register assignment. Thus ‘\the\numexpr\dimexpr 1pt\relax\relax’ +will result in ‘65536’, which is ‘1pt’ converted to scaled points (*note +‘sp’: units of length sp, TeX’s internal unit) and then coerced into an +integer. With a ‘\glueexpr’ here, the stretch and shrink would be +dropped. Going the other way, a ‘\numexpr’ inside a ‘\dimexpr’ or +‘\glueexpr’ will need appropriate units, as in ‘\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + +2\relax pt\relax’, which produces ‘3.0pt’. The details of the arithmetic: each factor is checked to be in the allowed range, numbers must be less than 2^{31} in absolute value, and -dimensions or glue components must be less than 2^{14} points, or 'mu', -or 'fil', etc. The arithmetic operations are performed individually, +dimensions or glue components must be less than 2^{14} points, or ‘mu’, +or ‘fil’, etc. The arithmetic operations are performed individually, except for a scaling operation (a multiplication immediately followed by a division) which is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit product as intermediate value. The result of each operation is again checked to be in the allowed range. - Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX's -'\divide', which truncates). Thus '\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax' puts -'10.0pt' in the document, because it rounds '3/2' to '2', while -'\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax' produces '5.0pt'. + Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX’s +‘\divide’, which truncates). Thus ‘\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax’ puts +‘10.0pt’ in the document, because it rounds ‘3/2’ to ‘2’, while +‘\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax’ produces ‘5.0pt’. 15 Making paragraphs ******************** @@ -8754,10 +8780,10 @@ of which is made by two empty lines. ``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day, ``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?'' - A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank + A paragraph separator can be made of a sequence of at least one blank line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as -space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a '%' and span +space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a ‘%’ and span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are identical: @@ -8774,65 +8800,65 @@ identical: Second paragraph. \end{document} - Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph's contents it divides that + Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph’s contents it divides that content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph (*note Line breaking::). - There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don't put a + There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don’t put a blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the blank line before the -'\end{equation}' +‘\end{equation}’ \begin{equation} 2^{|S|} > |S| \end{equation} -will get you the error 'Missing $ inserted'. Similarly, the blank line -in this '\section' argument +will get you the error ‘Missing $ inserted’. Similarly, the blank line +in this ‘\section’ argument \section{aaa bbb} -gets 'Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was -complete'. +gets ‘Runaway argument? {aaa ! Paragraph ended before \@sect was +complete’. -15.1 '\par' +15.1 ‘\par’ =========== Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts any sequence of -one or more blank lines to a '\par', *note Making paragraphs::): +one or more blank lines to a ‘\par’, *note Making paragraphs::): \par End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is -with a blank line but the '\par' command is entirely equivalent. This +with a blank line but the ‘\par’ command is entirely equivalent. This command is robust (*note \protect::). - This example uses '\par' rather than a blank line simply for + This example uses ‘\par’ rather than a blank line simply for readability. \newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{% \whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou} - In LR mode the '\par' command does nothing and is ignored. In -paragraph mode, the '\par' command terminates paragraph mode, switching + In LR mode the ‘\par’ command does nothing and is ignored. In +paragraph mode, the ‘\par’ command terminates paragraph mode, switching LaTeX to vertical mode (*note Modes::). - You cannot use the '\par' command in a math mode. You also cannot + You cannot use the ‘\par’ command in a math mode. You also cannot use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectioning -commands, e.g. '\section' (*note Making paragraphs:: and *note +commands, e.g. ‘\section’ (*note Making paragraphs:: and *note \newcommand & \renewcommand::). - The '\par' command is not the same as the '\paragraph' command. The -latter is, like '\section' or '\subsection', a sectioning command used + The ‘\par’ command is not the same as the ‘\paragraph’ command. The +latter is, like ‘\section’ or ‘\subsection’, a sectioning command used by the LaTeX document standard classes (*note \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph::). - The '\par' command is not the same as '\newline' or the line break -double backslash, '\\'. The difference is that '\par' ends the + The ‘\par’ command is not the same as ‘\newline’ or the line break +double backslash, ‘\\’. The difference is that ‘\par’ ends the paragraph, not just the line, and also triggers the addition of the -between-paragraph vertical space '\parskip' (*note \parindent & +between-paragraph vertical space ‘\parskip’ (*note \parindent & \parskip::). The output from this example @@ -8843,14 +8869,14 @@ between-paragraph vertical space '\parskip' (*note \parindent & \setlength{\parskip}{5in} \noindent test\indent test1\par test2 -is: after 'xyz' there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then 'test' +is: after ‘xyz’ there is a vertical skip of 5 inches and then ‘test’ appears, aligned with the left margin. On the same line, there is an -empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then 'test1' appears. Finally. +empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then ‘test1’ appears. Finally. there is a vertical space of 5 inches, followed by a fresh paragraph with a paragraph indent of 3 inches, and then LaTeX puts the text -'test2'. +‘test2’. -15.2 '\indent' & '\noindent' +15.2 ‘\indent’ & ‘\noindent’ ============================ Synopsis: @@ -8861,18 +8887,18 @@ or \noindent - Go into horizontal mode (*note Modes::). The '\indent' command first -outputs an empty box whose width is '\parindent'. These commands are + Go into horizontal mode (*note Modes::). The ‘\indent’ command first +outputs an empty box whose width is ‘\parindent’. These commands are robust (*note \protect::). Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line. -*Note \par::, for the difference between this command and '\par'. To +*Note \par::, for the difference between this command and ‘\par’. To start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted -paragraph, use '\noindent'. +paragraph, use ‘\noindent’. - In the middle of a paragraph the '\noindent' command has no effect, -because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The '\indent' -command's only effect is to output a space. + In the middle of a paragraph the ‘\noindent’ command has no effect, +because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The ‘\indent’ +command’s only effect is to output a space. This example starts a fresh paragraph. @@ -8891,15 +8917,15 @@ and this continues an interrupted paragraph. \noindent shows this clearly. To omit indentation in the entire document put -'\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}' in the preamble. If you do that, you may -want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, '\parskip' +‘\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}’ in the preamble. If you do that, you may +want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, ‘\parskip’ (*note \parindent & \parskip::). Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that, -look on CTAN for the package 'indentfirst'. +look on CTAN for the package ‘indentfirst’. -15.3 '\parindent' & '\parskip' +15.3 ‘\parindent’ & ‘\parskip’ ============================== Synopsis: @@ -8918,18 +8944,18 @@ respectively. \setlength{\parskip}{1ex} The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead are -vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase 'x'. +vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase ‘x’. - In LaTeX standard class documents, the default value for '\parindent' -in one-column documents is '15pt' when the default text size is '10pt', -'17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em' for '12pt'. In two-column documents it -is '1em'. (These values are set before LaTeX calls '\normalfont' so -'em' is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a -different font then to set '\parindent' to 1em matching that font, put -'\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}' in the preamble.) + In LaTeX standard class documents, the default value for ‘\parindent’ +in one-column documents is ‘15pt’ when the default text size is ‘10pt’, +‘17pt’ for ‘11pt’, and ‘1.5em’ for ‘12pt’. In two-column documents it +is ‘1em’. (These values are set before LaTeX calls ‘\normalfont’ so +‘em’ is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a +different font then to set ‘\parindent’ to 1em matching that font, put +‘\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}’ in the preamble.) - The default value for '\parskip' in LaTeX's standard document classes -is '0pt plus1pt'. + The default value for ‘\parskip’ in LaTeX’s standard document classes +is ‘0pt plus1pt’. 15.4 Marginal notes =================== @@ -8940,43 +8966,43 @@ Synopsis, one of: \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT} Create a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have -the same baseline as the line in the text where the '\marginpar' occurs. +the same baseline as the line in the text where the ‘\marginpar’ occurs. The margin that LaTeX uses for the note depends on the current layout -(*note Document class options::) and also on '\reversemarginpar' (see -below). If you are using one-sided layout (document option 'oneside') +(*note Document class options::) and also on ‘\reversemarginpar’ (see +below). If you are using one-sided layout (document option ‘oneside’) then it goes in the right margin. If you are using two-sided layout -(document option 'twoside') then it goes in the outside margin. If you -are in two-column layout (document option 'twocolumn') then it goes in +(document option ‘twoside’) then it goes in the outside margin. If you +are in two-column layout (document option ‘twocolumn’) then it goes in the nearest margin. - If you declare '\reversemarginpar' then LaTeX will place subsequent + If you declare ‘\reversemarginpar’ then LaTeX will place subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the prior -paragraph. Revert that to the default position with '\normalmarginpar'. +paragraph. Revert that to the default position with ‘\normalmarginpar’. When you specify the optional argument LEFT then it is used for a note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument RIGHT is used for a note in the right margin. - Normally, a note's first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable -hyphenation there by beginning LEFT or RIGHT with '\hspace{0pt}'. + Normally, a note’s first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable +hyphenation there by beginning LEFT or RIGHT with ‘\hspace{0pt}’. These parameters affect the formatting of the note: -'\marginparpush' - Minimum vertical space between notes; default '7pt' for '12pt' - documents, '5pt' else. See also *note page layout parameters +‘\marginparpush’ + Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘7pt’ for ‘12pt’ + documents, ‘5pt’ else. See also *note page layout parameters marginparpush::. -'\marginparsep' - Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default '11pt' - for '10pt' documents, '10pt' else. +‘\marginparsep’ + Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default ‘11pt’ + for ‘10pt’ documents, ‘10pt’ else. -'\marginparwidth' - Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided '10pt' document - is '90pt', '83pt' for '11pt', and '68pt' for '12pt'; '17pt' more in +‘\marginparwidth’ + Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘10pt’ document + is ‘90pt’, ‘83pt’ for ‘11pt’, and ‘68pt’ for ‘12pt’; ‘17pt’ more in each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the - default is '48pt'. + default is ‘48pt’. The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes from falling off the bottom of the page. @@ -8994,9 +9020,9 @@ math mode (*note Modes::). This example shows both. where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant. Math mode is for inline mathematics. In the above example it is invoked -by the starting '\(' and finished by the matching ending '\)'. Display +by the starting ‘\(’ and finished by the matching ending ‘\)’. Display math mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the -'displaymath' environment. Note that any mathematical text whatever, +‘displaymath’ environment. Note that any mathematical text whatever, including mathematical text consisting of just one character, is handled in math mode. @@ -9017,7 +9043,7 @@ mode. The first form is preferred and the second is quite common, but the third form is rarely used. You can sometimes use one and sometimes -another, as in '\(x\) and $y$'. You can use these in paragraph mode or +another, as in ‘\(x\) and $y$’. You can use these in paragraph mode or in LR mode (*note Modes::). To make displayed formulas, put LaTeX into display math mode with @@ -9034,15 +9060,15 @@ or \end{equation} (*note displaymath::, *note equation::). The only difference is that -with the 'equation' environment, LaTeX puts a formula number alongside -the formula. The construct '\[ MATH \]' is equivalent to -'\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}'. These environments can +with the ‘equation’ environment, LaTeX puts a formula number alongside +the formula. The construct ‘\[ MATH \]’ is equivalent to +‘\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}’. These environments can only be used in paragraph mode (*note Modes::). The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics, -'amsmath' and 'amssymb' (also be aware of the 'mathtools' package that -is an extension to, and loads, 'amsmath'). New documents that will have +‘amsmath’ and ‘amssymb’ (also be aware of the ‘mathtools’ package that +is an extension to, and loads, ‘amsmath’). New documents that will have mathematical text should use these packages. Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document; see their documentation on CTAN. @@ -9061,16 +9087,16 @@ or, one of: BASE_{EXP} Make EXP appear as a superscript of BASE (with the caret -character, '^') or a subscript (with underscore, '_'). +character, ‘^’) or a subscript (with underscore, ‘_’). - In this example the '0''s and '1''s are subscripts while the '2''s + In this example the ‘0’’s and ‘1’’s are subscripts while the ‘2’’s are superscripts. \( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \) To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character, -surround the expression with curly braces, as in 'e^{-2x}'. This -example's fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for +surround the expression with curly braces, as in ‘e^{-2x}’. This +example’s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression for the exponent. \begin{displaymath} @@ -9081,10 +9107,10 @@ the exponent. LaTeX knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So, -expressions such as 'e^{x^2}' and 'x_{i_0}' give correct output. Note +expressions such as ‘e^{x^2}’ and ‘x_{i_0}’ give correct output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the BASE a -determined EXP. If you enter '\(3^3^3\)' then you get 'Double -superscript'. +determined EXP. If you enter ‘\(3^3^3\)’, this interpreted as +‘\(3^{3}^{3}\)’ and then you get TeX error ‘Double superscript’. LaTeX does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in @@ -9094,28 +9120,28 @@ the correct place without any author intervention. \int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a) \end{displaymath} -Note the parentheses around 'x=a' to make the entire expression a +Note the curly braces around ‘x=a’ to make the entire expression a subscript. To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct -like '{}_t K^2'. The empty curly braces '{}' give the subscript +like ‘{}_t K^2’. The empty curly braces ‘{}’ give the subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally attaching to a prior symbols. Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or -display math mode, as in 'the expression x^2', will get you the error -'Missing $ inserted'. +display math mode, as in ‘the expression x^2’, will get you the TeX +error ‘Missing $ inserted’. A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as -'mhchem'; see CTAN. +‘mhchem’; see CTAN. 16.2 Math symbols ================= LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that anyone -uses. For example, if you include '$\pi$' in your source, you will get -the pi symbol π. See the "Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" package at +uses. For example, if you include ‘$\pi$’ in your source, you will get +the pi symbol π. See the “Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List” package at <https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive>. Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means @@ -9125,877 +9151,879 @@ parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can be used only in math mode. To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode, see *note \ensuremath::. -'\|' - ∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: '\parallel'. +‘\|’ + ∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: ‘\parallel’. -'\aleph' +‘\aleph’ ℵ Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary). -'\alpha' +‘\alpha’ α Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary). -'\amalg' +‘\amalg’ ⨿ Disjoint union (binary) -'\angle' - ∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than sign '<' and - angle bracket '\langle'. +‘\angle’ + ∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than sign ‘<’ and + angle bracket ‘\langle’. -'\approx' +‘\approx’ ≈ Almost equal to (relation). -'\ast' +‘\ast’ ∗ Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed (binary). - Synonym: '*', which is often a superscript or subscript, as in the - Kleene star. Similar: '\star', which is five-pointed, and is + Synonym: ‘*’, which is often a superscript or subscript, as in the + Kleene star. Similar: ‘\star’, which is five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and sometimes reserved for cross-correlation. -'\asymp' +‘\asymp’ ≍ Asymptotically equivalent (relation). -'\backslash' - \ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus '\setminus', and - '\textbackslash' for backslash outside of math mode. +‘\backslash’ + \ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus ‘\setminus’, and + ‘\textbackslash’ for backslash outside of math mode. -'\beta' +‘\beta’ β Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary). -'\bigcap' +‘\bigcap’ ⋂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar: - binary intersection '\cap'. + binary intersection ‘\cap’. -'\bigcirc' - ⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function composition '\circ'. +‘\bigcirc’ + ⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function composition ‘\circ’. -'\bigcup' +‘\bigcup’ ⋃ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary - union '\cup'. + union ‘\cup’. -'\bigodot' +‘\bigodot’ ⨀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator). -'\bigoplus' +‘\bigoplus’ ⨁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator). -'\bigotimes' +‘\bigotimes’ ⨂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator). -'\bigtriangledown' - ▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down (operator). +‘\bigtriangledown’ + ▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down (binary). + Synonym: \VARBIGTRIANGLEDOWN. -'\bigtriangleup' - △ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator). +‘\bigtriangleup’ + △ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (binary). + Synonym: \VARBIGTRIANGLEUP. -'\bigsqcup' +‘\bigsqcup’ ⨆ Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator). -'\biguplus' +‘\biguplus’ ⨄ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus (operator). (Note that the name has only one p.) -'\bigvee' +‘\bigvee’ ⋁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator). -'\bigwedge' +‘\bigwedge’ ⋀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator). -'\bot' +‘\bot’ ⊥, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set, or a - contradiction (ordinary). See also '\top'. + contradiction (ordinary). See also ‘\top’. -'\bowtie' +‘\bowtie’ ⋈ Natural join of two relations (relation). -'\Box' +‘\Box’ □ Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). Not - available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' + available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the ‘amssymb’ package. -'\bullet' - • Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication dot '\cdot'. +‘\bullet’ + • Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication dot ‘\cdot’. -'\cap' +‘\cap’ ∩ Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized - operator '\bigcap'. + operator ‘\bigcap’. -'\cdot' - ⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot '\bullet'. +‘\cdot’ + ⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot ‘\bullet’. -'\chi' +‘\chi’ χ Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary). -'\circ' +‘\circ’ ∘ Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar: - variable-sized operator '\bigcirc'. + variable-sized operator ‘\bigcirc’. -'\clubsuit' +‘\clubsuit’ ♣ Club card suit (ordinary). -'\complement' - ∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in '$S^\complement$' +‘\complement’ + ∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in ‘$S^\complement$’ (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load - the 'amssymb' package. Also used: '$S^{\mathsf{c}}$' - or '$\bar{S}$'. + the ‘amssymb’ package. Also used: ‘$S^{\mathsf{c}}$’ + or ‘$\bar{S}$’. -'\cong' +‘\cong’ ≅ Congruent (relation). -'\coprod' +‘\coprod’ ∐ Coproduct (operator). -'\cup' +‘\cup’ ∪ Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized - operator '\bigcup'. + operator ‘\bigcup’. -'\dagger' +‘\dagger’ † Dagger relation (binary). -'\dashv' +‘\dashv’ ⊣ Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar: - turnstile '\vdash'. + turnstile ‘\vdash’. -'\ddagger' +‘\ddagger’ ‡ Double dagger relation (binary). -'\Delta' +‘\Delta’ Δ Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary). -'\delta' +‘\delta’ δ Greek lowercase delta (ordinary). -'\Diamond' +‘\Diamond’ ◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. - In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' package. + In LaTeX you need to load the ‘amssymb’ package. -'\diamond' - ⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large diamond '\Diamond', - circle bullet '\bullet'. +‘\diamond’ + ⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large diamond ‘\Diamond’, + circle bullet ‘\bullet’. -'\diamondsuit' +‘\diamondsuit’ ♢ Diamond card suit (ordinary). -'\div' +‘\div’ ÷ Division sign (binary). -'\doteq' +‘\doteq’ ≐ Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal - to '\Doteq'. + to ‘\Doteq’. -'\downarrow' - ↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: '\Downarrow' double +‘\downarrow’ + ↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: ‘\Downarrow’ double line down arrow. -'\Downarrow' - ⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: '\downarrow' single +‘\Downarrow’ + ⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: ‘\downarrow’ single line down arrow. -'\ell' +‘\ell’ ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). -'\emptyset' - ∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is '\varnothing'. +‘\emptyset’ + ∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is ‘\varnothing’. -'\epsilon' +‘\epsilon’ ϵ Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small letter - epsilon '\varepsilon' ε. Related: the set membership relation - '\in' ∈. + epsilon ‘\varepsilon’ ε. Related: the set membership relation + ‘\in’ ∈. -'\equiv' +‘\equiv’ ≡ Equivalence (relation). -'\eta' +‘\eta’ η Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\exists' +‘\exists’ ∃ Existential quantifier (ordinary). -'\flat' +‘\flat’ ♭ Musical flat (ordinary). -'\forall' +‘\forall’ ∀ Universal quantifier (ordinary). -'\frown' +‘\frown’ ⌢ Downward curving arc (ordinary). -'\Gamma' +‘\Gamma’ Γ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\gamma' +‘\gamma’ γ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\ge' +‘\ge’ ≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym - for '\geq'. + for ‘\geq’. -'\geq' +‘\geq’ ≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym - for '\ge'. + for ‘\ge’. -'\gets' - ← Is assigned the value (relation). Synonym: '\leftarrow'. +‘\gets’ + ← Is assigned the value (relation). Synonym: ‘\leftarrow’. -'\gg' - ≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less than '\ll'. +‘\gg’ + ≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less than ‘\ll’. -'\hbar' +‘\hbar’ ℏ Planck constant over two pi (ordinary). -'\heartsuit' +‘\heartsuit’ ♡ Heart card suit (ordinary). -'\hookleftarrow' +‘\hookleftarrow’ ↩ Hooked left arrow (relation). -'\hookrightarrow' +‘\hookrightarrow’ ↪ Hooked right arrow (relation). -'\iff' - ⟷ If and only if (relation). It is '\Longleftrightarrow' with a - '\thickmuskip' on either side. +‘\iff’ + ⟷ If and only if (relation). It is ‘\Longleftrightarrow’ with a + ‘\thickmuskip’ on either side. -'\Im' - ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part '\Re'. +‘\Im’ + ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part ‘\Re’. -'\imath' +‘\imath’ Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (*note Math accents::). -'\in' +‘\in’ ∈ Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate - epsilon '\epsilon'ϵ and small letter script epsilon '\varepsilon'. + epsilon ‘\epsilon’ϵ and small letter script epsilon ‘\varepsilon’. -'\infty' +‘\infty’ ∞ Infinity (ordinary). -'\int' +‘\int’ ∫ Integral (operator). -'\iota' +‘\iota’ ι Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\Join' +‘\Join’ ⨝ Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain TeX. -'\jmath' +‘\jmath’ Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (*note Math accents::). -'\kappa' +‘\kappa’ κ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\Lambda' +‘\Lambda’ Λ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\lambda' +‘\lambda’ λ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\land' - ∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: '\wedge'. See also - logical or '\lor'. +‘\land’ + ∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: ‘\wedge’. See also + logical or ‘\lor’. -'\langle' +‘\langle’ ⟨ Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar: - less-than '<'. Matches '\rangle'. + less-than ‘<’. Matches ‘\rangle’. -'\lbrace' - { Left curly brace (opening). Synonym: '\{'. Matches '\rbrace'. +‘\lbrace’ + { Left curly brace (opening). Synonym: ‘\{’. Matches ‘\rbrace’. -'\lbrack' - [ Left square bracket (opening). Synonym: '['. Matches '\rbrack'. +‘\lbrack’ + [ Left square bracket (opening). Synonym: ‘[’. Matches ‘\rbrack’. -'\lceil' +‘\lceil’ ⌈ Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom - shaved off (opening). Matches '\rceil'. + shaved off (opening). Matches ‘\rceil’. -'\le' - ≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for '\leq'. +‘\le’ + ≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for ‘\leq’. -'\leadsto' +‘\leadsto’ ⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation). To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put - '\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}' in the preamble and - then use '\Leadsto' instead. + ‘\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}’ in the preamble and + then use ‘\Leadsto’ instead. -'\Leftarrow' +‘\Leftarrow’ ⇐ Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar: - single-line left arrow '\leftarrow'. + single-line left arrow ‘\leftarrow’. -'\leftarrow' - ← Single-line left arrow (relation). Synonym: '\gets'. Similar: - double-line left arrow '\Leftarrow'. +‘\leftarrow’ + ← Single-line left arrow (relation). Synonym: ‘\gets’. Similar: + double-line left arrow ‘\Leftarrow’. -'\leftharpoondown' +‘\leftharpoondown’ ↽ Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation). -'\leftharpoonup' +‘\leftharpoonup’ ↼ Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation). -'\Leftrightarrow' +‘\Leftrightarrow’ ⇔ Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation). - Similar: single-line double headed arrow '\leftrightarrow'. + Similar: single-line double headed arrow ‘\leftrightarrow’. -'\leftrightarrow' +‘\leftrightarrow’ ↔ Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: double-line - double headed arrow '\Leftrightarrow'. + double headed arrow ‘\Leftrightarrow’. -'\leq' - ≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for '\le'. +‘\leq’ + ≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for ‘\le’. -'\lfloor' - ⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: '\floor'. +‘\lfloor’ + ⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: ‘\floor’. -'\lhd' +‘\lhd’ ◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). For the - normal subgroup symbol you should load 'amssymb' and - use '\vartriangleleft' (which is a relation and so gives better + normal subgroup symbol you should load ‘amssymb’ and + use ‘\vartriangleleft’ (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -'\ll' - ≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater than '\gg'. +‘\ll’ + ≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater than ‘\gg’. -'\lnot' - ¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: '\neg'. +‘\lnot’ + ¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: ‘\neg’. -'\longleftarrow' +‘\longleftarrow’ ⟵ Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long - double-line left arrow '\Longleftarrow'. + double-line left arrow ‘\Longleftarrow’. -'\longleftrightarrow' +‘\longleftrightarrow’ ⟷ Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long - double-line double-headed arrow '\Longleftrightarrow'. + double-line double-headed arrow ‘\Longleftrightarrow’. -'\longmapsto' +‘\longmapsto’ ⟼ Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar - (relation). Similar: shorter version '\mapsto'. + (relation). Similar: shorter version ‘\mapsto’. -'\longrightarrow' +‘\longrightarrow’ ⟶ Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long - double-line right arrow '\Longrightarrow'. + double-line right arrow ‘\Longrightarrow’. -'\lor' - ∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: '\vee'. See also - logical and '\land'. +‘\lor’ + ∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: ‘\vee’. See also + logical and ‘\land’. -'\mapsto' +‘\mapsto’ ↦ Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). - Similar: longer version '\longmapsto'. + Similar: longer version ‘\longmapsto’. -'\mho' +‘\mho’ ℧ Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary). -'\mid' - ∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of '\mid' is - for a set '\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}'. +‘\mid’ + ∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of ‘\mid’ is + for a set ‘\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}’. - Similar: '\vert' and '|' produce the same single-line vertical bar + Similar: ‘\vert’ and ‘|’ produce the same single-line vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry - for '\vert' and for norm see the entry for '\Vert'. + for ‘\vert’ and for norm see the entry for ‘\Vert’. -'\models' +‘\models’ ⊨ Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash - (relation). Similar: long double dash '\vDash'. + (relation). Similar: long double dash ‘\vDash’. -'\mp' +‘\mp’ ∓ Minus or plus (relation). -'\mu' +‘\mu’ μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\nabla' - ∇ Hamilton's del, or differential, operator (ordinary). +‘\nabla’ + ∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary). -'\natural' +‘\natural’ ♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary). -'\ne' - ≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: '\neq'. +‘\ne’ + ≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: ‘\neq’. -'\nearrow' +‘\nearrow’ ↗ North-east arrow (relation). -'\neg' - ¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: '\lnot'. Sometimes - instead used for negation: '\sim'. +‘\neg’ + ¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: ‘\lnot’. Sometimes + instead used for negation: ‘\sim’. -'\neq' - ≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: '\ne'. +‘\neq’ + ≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: ‘\ne’. -'\ni' +‘\ni’ ∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). - Synonym: '\owns'. Similar: is a member of '\in'. + Synonym: ‘\owns’. Similar: is a member of ‘\in’. -'\not' +‘\not’ Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator (relation). - Many negated operators are available that don't require '\not', - particularly with the 'amssymb' package. For example, '\notin' is - typographically preferable to '\not\in'. + Many negated operators are available that don’t require ‘\not’, + particularly with the ‘amssymb’ package. For example, ‘\notin’ is + typographically preferable to ‘\not\in’. -'\notin' +‘\notin’ ∉ Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset - of '\nsubseteq'. + of ‘\nsubseteq’. -'\nu' +‘\nu’ ν Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\nwarrow' +‘\nwarrow’ ↖ North-west arrow (relation). -'\odot' +‘\odot’ ⊙ Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized - operator '\bigodot'. + operator ‘\bigodot’. -'\oint' +‘\oint’ ∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator). -'\Omega' +‘\Omega’ Ω uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\omega' +‘\omega’ ω Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\ominus' +‘\ominus’ ⊖ Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary). -'\oplus' +‘\oplus’ ⊕ Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized - operator '\bigoplus'. + operator ‘\bigoplus’. -'\oslash' +‘\oslash’ ⊘ Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary). -'\otimes' +‘\otimes’ ⊗ Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar: - variable-sized operator '\bigotimes'. + variable-sized operator ‘\bigotimes’. -'\owns' +‘\owns’ ∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). - Synonym: '\ni'. Similar: is a member of '\in'. + Synonym: ‘\ni’. Similar: is a member of ‘\in’. -'\parallel' - ∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: '\|'. +‘\parallel’ + ∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: ‘\|’. -'\partial' +‘\partial’ ∂ Partial differential (ordinary). -'\perp' - ⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: '\bot' uses the same glyph +‘\perp’ + ⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: ‘\bot’ uses the same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class ordinary. -'\Phi' +‘\Phi’ Φ Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\phi' +‘\phi’ ϕ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is - '\varphi' φ. + ‘\varphi’ φ. -'\Pi' +‘\Pi’ Π uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\pi' +‘\pi’ π Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is - '\varpi' ϖ. + ‘\varpi’ ϖ. -'\pm' +‘\pm’ ± Plus or minus (binary). -'\prec' - ≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than '<'. +‘\prec’ + ≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than ‘<’. -'\preceq' +‘\preceq’ ⪯ Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or - equals '\leq'. + equals ‘\leq’. -'\prime' +‘\prime’ ′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically used - as a superscript: '$f^\prime$'; '$f^\prime$' and '$f'$' produce the - same result. An advantage of the second is that '$f'''$' produces + as a superscript: ‘$f^\prime$’; ‘$f^\prime$’ and ‘$f'$’ produce the + same result. An advantage of the second is that ‘$f'''$’ produces the desired symbol, that is, the same result as - '$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$', but uses rather less typing. You can - only use '\prime' in math mode. Using the right single quote ''' + ‘$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$’, but uses rather less typing. You can + only use ‘\prime’ in math mode. Using the right single quote ‘'’ in text mode produces a different character (apostrophe). -'\prod' +‘\prod’ ∏ Product (operator). -'\propto' +‘\propto’ ∝ Is proportional to (relation) -'\Psi' +‘\Psi’ Ψ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\psi' +‘\psi’ ψ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\rangle' +‘\rangle’ ⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater - than '>'. Matches:'\langle'. + than ‘>’. Matches:‘\langle’. -'\rbrace' - } Right curly brace (closing). Synonym: '\}'. Matches '\lbrace'. +‘\rbrace’ + } Right curly brace (closing). Synonym: ‘\}’. Matches ‘\lbrace’. -'\rbrack' - ] Right square bracket (closing). Synonym: ']'. - Matches '\lbrack'. +‘\rbrack’ + ] Right square bracket (closing). Synonym: ‘]’. + Matches ‘\lbrack’. -'\rceil' - ⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches '\lceil'. +‘\rceil’ + ⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches ‘\lceil’. -'\Re' +‘\Re’ ℜ Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related: - double-line, or blackboard bold, R '\mathbb{R}'; to access this, - load the 'amsfonts' package. + double-line, or blackboard bold, R ‘\mathbb{R}’; to access this, + load the ‘amsfonts’ package. -'\restriction' +‘\restriction’ ↾, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym: - '\upharpoonright'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need - to load the 'amssymb' package. + ‘\upharpoonright’. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need + to load the ‘amssymb’ package. -'\revemptyset' - ⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: '\varnothing'. - Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the 'stix' +‘\revemptyset’ + ⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: ‘\varnothing’. + Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the ‘stix’ package. -'\rfloor' +‘\rfloor’ ⌋ Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut off - (closing). Matches '\lfloor'. + (closing). Matches ‘\lfloor’. -'\rhd' +‘\rhd’ ◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). For the - normal subgroup symbol you should instead load 'amssymb' and - use '\vartriangleright' (which is a relation and so gives better + normal subgroup symbol you should instead load ‘amssymb’ and + use ‘\vartriangleright’ (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -'\rho' +‘\rho’ ρ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is - '\varrho' ϱ. + ‘\varrho’ ϱ. -'\Rightarrow' +‘\Rightarrow’ ⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar: - right single-line arrow '\rightarrow'. + right single-line arrow ‘\rightarrow’. -'\rightarrow' - → Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: '\to'. - Similar: right double line arrow '\Rightarrow'. +‘\rightarrow’ + → Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: ‘\to’. + Similar: right double line arrow ‘\Rightarrow’. -'\rightharpoondown' +‘\rightharpoondown’ ⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation). -'\rightharpoonup' +‘\rightharpoonup’ ⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation). -'\rightleftharpoons' +‘\rightleftharpoons’ ⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation). -'\searrow' +‘\searrow’ ↘ Arrow pointing southeast (relation). -'\setminus' +‘\setminus’ ⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash, like \ - (binary). Similar: backslash '\backslash' and also - '\textbackslash' outside of math mode. + (binary). Similar: backslash ‘\backslash’ and also + ‘\textbackslash’ outside of math mode. -'\sharp' +‘\sharp’ ♯ Musical sharp (ordinary). -'\Sigma' +‘\Sigma’ Σ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\sigma' +‘\sigma’ σ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is - '\varsigma' ς. + ‘\varsigma’ ς. -'\sim' +‘\sim’ ∼ Similar, in a relation (relation). -'\simeq' +‘\simeq’ ≃ Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation). -'\smallint' +‘\smallint’ ∫ Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a display (operator). -'\smile' +‘\smile’ ⌣ Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary). -'\spadesuit' +‘\spadesuit’ ♠ Spade card suit (ordinary). -'\sqcap' +‘\sqcap’ ⊓ Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar: - intersection 'cap'. + intersection ‘cap’. -'\sqcup' - ⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar: union 'cup'. Related: - variable-sized operator '\bigsqcup'. +‘\sqcup’ + ⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar: union ‘cup’. Related: + variable-sized operator ‘\bigsqcup’. -'\sqsubset' - ⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset '\subset'. +‘\sqsubset’ + ⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset ‘\subset’. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the - 'amssymb' package. + ‘amssymb’ package. -'\sqsubseteq' +‘\sqsubseteq’ ⊑ Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or equal - to '\subseteq'. + to ‘\subseteq’. -'\sqsupset' - ⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: superset '\supset'. +‘\sqsupset’ + ⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: superset ‘\supset’. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the - 'amssymb' package. + ‘amssymb’ package. -'\sqsupseteq' +‘\sqsupseteq’ ⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or - equal '\supseteq'. + equal ‘\supseteq’. -'\star' +‘\star’ ⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: - the synonyms asterisk '*' and '\ast', which are six-pointed, and + the synonyms asterisk ‘*’ and ‘\ast’, which are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene star. -'\subset' +‘\subset’ ⊂ Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation). -'\subseteq' +‘\subseteq’ ⊆ Subset or equal to (relation). -'\succ' - ≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less than '>'. +‘\succ’ + ≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less than ‘>’. -'\succeq' +‘\succeq’ ⪰ Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less than or equal - to '\leq'. + to ‘\leq’. -'\sum' - ∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital sigma '\Sigma'. +‘\sum’ + ∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital sigma ‘\Sigma’. -'\supset' +‘\supset’ ⊃ Superset (relation). -'\supseteq' +‘\supseteq’ ⊇ Superset or equal to (relation). -'\surd' - √ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command '\sqrt{...}' +‘\surd’ + √ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command ‘\sqrt{...}’ typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar that extends to cover the argument. -'\swarrow' +‘\swarrow’ ↙ Southwest-pointing arrow (relation). -'\tau' +‘\tau’ τ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\theta' +‘\theta’ θ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is - '\vartheta' ϑ. + ‘\vartheta’ ϑ. -'\times' - × Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See also '\cdot'. +‘\times’ + × Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See also ‘\cdot’. -'\to' +‘\to’ → Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). - Synonym: '\rightarrow'. + Synonym: ‘\rightarrow’. -'\top' +‘\top’ ⊤ Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set (ordinary). See - also '\bot'. + also ‘\bot’. -'\triangle' +‘\triangle’ △ Triangle (ordinary). -'\triangleleft' - ◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left (binary). Similar: '\lhd'. - For the normal subgroup symbol you should load 'amssymb' and - use '\vartriangleleft' (which is a relation and so gives better +‘\triangleleft’ + ◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left (binary). Similar: ‘\lhd’. + For the normal subgroup symbol you should load ‘amssymb’ and + use ‘\vartriangleleft’ (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -'\triangleright' +‘\triangleright’ ▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal - subgroup symbol you should instead load 'amssymb' and - use '\vartriangleright' (which is a relation and so gives better + subgroup symbol you should instead load ‘amssymb’ and + use ‘\vartriangleright’ (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -'\unlhd' +‘\unlhd’ ⊴ Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol load - 'amssymb' and use '\vartrianglelefteq' (which is a relation and so + ‘amssymb’ and use ‘\vartrianglelefteq’ (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -'\unrhd' +‘\unrhd’ ⊵ Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup - symbol load 'amssymb' and use '\vartrianglerighteq' (which is a + symbol load ‘amssymb’ and use ‘\vartrianglerighteq’ (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). -'\Uparrow' +‘\Uparrow’ ⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: - single-line up-pointing arrow '\uparrow'. + single-line up-pointing arrow ‘\uparrow’. -'\uparrow' +‘\uparrow’ ↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar: - double-line up-pointing arrow '\Uparrow'. + double-line up-pointing arrow ‘\Uparrow’. -'\Updownarrow' +‘\Updownarrow’ ⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing - arrow '\updownarrow'. + arrow ‘\updownarrow’. -'\updownarrow' +‘\updownarrow’ ↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing - arrow '\Updownarrow'. + arrow ‘\Updownarrow’. -'\upharpoonright' +‘\upharpoonright’ ↾, Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation). - Synonym: '\restriction'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you - need to load the 'amssymb' package. + Synonym: ‘\restriction’. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you + need to load the ‘amssymb’ package. -'\uplus' +‘\uplus’ ⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle - (binary). Similar: union '\cup'. Related: variable-sized - operator '\biguplus'. + (binary). Similar: union ‘\cup’. Related: variable-sized + operator ‘\biguplus’. -'\Upsilon' +‘\Upsilon’ Υ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\upsilon' +‘\upsilon’ υ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\varepsilon' +‘\varepsilon’ ε Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form - '\epsilon' ϵ. Related: set membership '\in'. + ‘\epsilon’ ϵ. Related: set membership ‘\in’. -'\vanothing' - ∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: '\emptyset'. Related: - '\revemptyset'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to - load the 'amssymb' package. +‘\vanothing’ + ∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: ‘\emptyset’. Related: + ‘\revemptyset’. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to + load the ‘amssymb’ package. -'\varphi' +‘\varphi’ φ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The - non-variant form is '\phi' ϕ. + non-variant form is ‘\phi’ ϕ. -'\varpi' +‘\varpi’ ϖ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The - non-variant form is '\pi' π. + non-variant form is ‘\pi’ π. -'\varrho' +‘\varrho’ ϱ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The - non-variant form is '\rho' ρ. + non-variant form is ‘\rho’ ρ. -'\varsigma' +‘\varsigma’ ς Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The - non-variant form is '\sigma' σ. + non-variant form is ‘\sigma’ σ. -'\vartheta' +‘\vartheta’ ϑ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The - non-variant form is '\theta' θ. + non-variant form is ‘\theta’ θ. -'\vdash' +‘\vdash’ ⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar: - turnstile rotated a half-circle '\dashv'. + turnstile rotated a half-circle ‘\dashv’. -'\vee' +‘\vee’ ∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical - and '\wedge'. Similar: variable-sized operator '\bigvee'. + and ‘\wedge’. Similar: variable-sized operator ‘\bigvee’. -'\Vert' +‘\Vert’ ‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). *Note Delimiters::, for how to - use the 'mathtools' package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols. + use the ‘mathtools’ package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols. -'\vert' - | Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For "such that", as in the - definition of a set, use '\mid' because it is a relation. *Note - Delimiters::, for how to use the 'mathtools' package to create +‘\vert’ + | Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such that”, as in the + definition of a set, use ‘\mid’ because it is a relation. *Note + Delimiters::, for how to use the ‘mathtools’ package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols. -'\wedge' - ∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: '\land'. See also logical or - '\vee'. Similar: variable-sized operator '\bigwedge'. +‘\wedge’ + ∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: ‘\land’. See also logical or + ‘\vee’. Similar: variable-sized operator ‘\bigwedge’. -'\wp' +‘\wp’ ℘ Weierstrass p (ordinary). -'\wr' +‘\wr’ ≀ Wreath product (binary). -'\Xi' +‘\Xi’ Ξ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\xi' +‘\xi’ ξ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). -'\zeta' +‘\zeta’ ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX provides versions to use in mathematical text. -'\mathdollar' +‘\mathdollar’ Dollar sign in math mode: $. -'\mathparagraph' +‘\mathparagraph’ Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶. -'\mathsection' - Section sign in math mode §. +‘\mathsection’ + Section sign in math mode: §. -'\mathsterling' +‘\mathsterling’ Sterling sign in math mode: £. -'\mathunderscore' +‘\mathunderscore’ Underscore in math mode: _. 16.2.1 Arrows ------------- -These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The 'latexsym' and -'amsfonts' packages contain many more. +These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The ‘latexsym’ and +‘amsfonts’ packages contain many more. Symbol Command --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -⇓ '\Downarrow' -↓ '\downarrow' -↩ '\hookleftarrow' -↪ '\hookrightarrow' -← '\leftarrow' -⇐ '\Leftarrow' -⇔ '\Leftrightarrow' -↔ '\leftrightarrow' -⟵ '\longleftarrow' -⟸ '\Longleftarrow' -⟷ '\longleftrightarrow' -⟺ '\Longleftrightarrow' -⟼ '\longmapsto' -⟹ '\Longrightarrow' -⟶ '\longrightarrow' -↦ '\mapsto' -↗ '\nearrow' -↖ '\nwarrow' -⇒ '\Rightarrow' -→ '\rightarrow', or '\to' -↘ '\searrow' -↙ '\swarrow' -↑ '\uparrow' -⇑ '\Uparrow' -↕ '\updownarrow' -⇕ '\Updownarrow' - - An example of the difference between '\to' and '\mapsto' is: '\( -f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)'. +⇓ ‘\Downarrow’ +↓ ‘\downarrow’ +↩ ‘\hookleftarrow’ +↪ ‘\hookrightarrow’ +← ‘\leftarrow’ +⇐ ‘\Leftarrow’ +⇔ ‘\Leftrightarrow’ +↔ ‘\leftrightarrow’ +⟵ ‘\longleftarrow’ +⟸ ‘\Longleftarrow’ +⟷ ‘\longleftrightarrow’ +⟺ ‘\Longleftrightarrow’ +⟼ ‘\longmapsto’ +⟹ ‘\Longrightarrow’ +⟶ ‘\longrightarrow’ +↦ ‘\mapsto’ +↗ ‘\nearrow’ +↖ ‘\nwarrow’ +⇒ ‘\Rightarrow’ +→ ‘\rightarrow’, or ‘\to’ +↘ ‘\searrow’ +↙ ‘\swarrow’ +↑ ‘\uparrow’ +⇑ ‘\Uparrow’ +↕ ‘\updownarrow’ +⇕ ‘\Updownarrow’ + + An example of the difference between ‘\to’ and ‘\mapsto’ is: ‘\( +f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)’. For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including -'tikz-cd' and 'amscd'. +‘tikz-cd’ and ‘amscd’. -16.2.2 '\boldmath' & '\unboldmath' +16.2.2 ‘\boldmath’ & ‘\unboldmath’ ---------------------------------- Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode): @@ -10008,32 +10036,63 @@ or Declarations to change the letters and symbols in MATH to be in a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular (non-bold) -default. They must be used when not in math mode or display math mode -(*note Modes::). Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::). +default, respectively. They must be used when _not_ in math mode or +display math mode (*note Modes::). Both commands are fragile (*note +\protect::). - In this example each '\boldmath' command takes place inside an -'\mbox', + In this example each ‘\boldmath’ command takes place inside an +‘\mbox’, we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$ -which means '\boldmath' is only called in a text mode, here LR mode, and -explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set 'v' and 'u'. +which means ‘\boldmath’ is only called in a text mode, here LR mode, and +explains why we must switch LaTeX into math mode to set ‘v’ and ‘u’. + + If you use either command inside math mode, as with ‘Trouble: \( +\boldmath x \)’, then you get something like ‘LaTeX Font Warning: +Command \boldmath invalid in math mode’ and ‘LaTeX Font Warning: Command +\mathversion invalid in math mode’. - If you use either command inside math mode, as with 'Trouble: \( -\boldmath x \)', then you get something like 'LaTeX Font Warning: -Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11' and 'LaTeX Font -Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line 11'. +16.2.2.1 ‘bm’: Individual bold math symbols +........................................... - There are many issues with '\boldmath'. New documents should use the -'bm' package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete description -is outside the scope of this document (see the full documentation on -CTAN) but even this small example +Specifying ‘\boldmath’ is the best method for typesetting a whole math +expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an +expression in bold, the ‘bm’ package provided by the LaTeX Project team +is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this document (see its +documentation at <https://ctan.org/pkg/bm> or in your installation) but +the spacing in the output of this small example will show that it is an +improvement over ‘\boldmath’ within an expression: \usepackage{bm} % in preamble ... we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$ -shows that it is an improvement over '\boldmath'. +16.2.2.2 OpenType bold math +........................... + +Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (XeLaTeX, LuaLaTeX), +neither ‘\boldmath’ nor ‘bm’ usually work well, because the OpenType +math fonts normally used with those engines rarely come with a bold +companion, and both ‘\boldmath’ and ‘bm’ require this. (The +implementation of ‘bm’ relies on ‘\boldmath’, so the requirements are +the same.) If you do have a bold math font, though, then ‘\boldmath’ +and ‘bm’ work fine. + + If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake +bold fonts with the ‘fontspec’ package’s ‘FakeBold=1’ parameter (see its +documentation, <https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec>). This may be acceptable +for drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a +true bold font. + + Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to +use the ‘\symbf’ (bold), ‘\symbfit’ (bold italic), and related commands +from the ‘unicode-math’ package. These do not change the current font, +but rather change the (Unicode) “alphabet” used, which in practice is +more widely supported than a separate bold font. Many variations are +possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the desired output. As +usual, see the package documentation +(<https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math>). 16.2.3 Blackboard bold ---------------------- @@ -10052,11 +10111,12 @@ integers, etc. \( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \) -the '\mathbb{N}' gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ, representing the +the ‘\mathbb{N}’ gives blackboard bold symbol ℕ, representing the natural numbers. - If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an -error but you get strange results, including unexpected characters. + If the argument contains something other than an uppercase letter, +you do not get an error but you do get strange results, including +unexpected characters. There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the capital letters; look on CTAN. @@ -10076,7 +10136,7 @@ Synopsis: If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For -instance, '\mathcal{g}' outputs a close curly brace symbol. +instance, ‘\mathcal{g}’ outputs a close curly brace symbol. 16.2.5 Delimiters ----------------- @@ -10087,48 +10147,48 @@ parentheses delimiting the three subformulas. (z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2 -The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter '\( [0,1) \)'. +The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter ‘\( [0,1) \)’. Here are the common delimiters: DelimiterCommand Name ------------------------------------------------------ -( '(' Left parenthesis -) ')' Right parenthesis -\} '{' or Left brace - '\lbrace' -\{ '}' or Right brace - '\rbrace' -[ '[' or Left bracket - '\lbrack' -] ']' or Right bracket - '\rbrack' -⌊ '\lfloor' Left floor bracket -⌋ '\rfloor' Right floor bracket -⌈ '\lceil' Left ceiling bracket -⌉ '\rceil' Right ceiling bracket -⟨ '\langle' Left angle bracket -⟩ '\rangle' Right angle bracket -/ '/' Slash, or forward slash -\ '\backslash' Reverse slash, or backslash -| '|' or Vertical bar - '\vert' -‖ '\|' or Double vertical bar - '\Vert' - - The 'mathtools' package allows you to create commands for paired +( ‘(’ Left parenthesis +) ‘)’ Right parenthesis +\} ‘{’ or Left brace + ‘\lbrace’ +\{ ‘}’ or Right brace + ‘\rbrace’ +[ ‘[’ or Left bracket + ‘\lbrack’ +] ‘]’ or Right bracket + ‘\rbrack’ +⌊ ‘\lfloor’ Left floor bracket +⌋ ‘\rfloor’ Right floor bracket +⌈ ‘\lceil’ Left ceiling bracket +⌉ ‘\rceil’ Right ceiling bracket +⟨ ‘\langle’ Left angle bracket +⟩ ‘\rangle’ Right angle bracket +/ ‘/’ Slash, or forward slash +\ ‘\backslash’ Reverse slash, or backslash +| ‘|’ or Vertical bar + ‘\vert’ +‖ ‘\|’ or Double vertical bar + ‘\Vert’ + + The ‘mathtools’ package allows you to create commands for paired delimiters. For instance, if you put -'\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}' in your preamble then you +‘\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}’ in your preamble then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work in math -mode). The starred form, such as '\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}', has the height +mode). The starred form, such as ‘\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}’, has the height of the vertical bars match the height of the argument. The unstarred -form, such as '\abs{\frac{22}{7}}', has the bars fixed at a default -height. This form accepts an optional argument, as in '\abs[SIZE -COMMAND]{\frac{22}{7}}', where the height of the bars is given in SIZE -COMMAND, such as '\Bigg'. Using instead '\lVert' and '\rVert' as the +form, such as ‘\abs{\frac{22}{7}}’, has the bars fixed at a default +height. This form accepts an optional argument, as in ‘\abs[SIZE +COMMAND]{\frac{22}{7}}’, where the height of the bars is given in SIZE +COMMAND, such as ‘\Bigg’. Using instead ‘\lVert’ and ‘\rVert’ as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same behavior. -16.2.5.1 '\left' & '\right' +16.2.5.1 ‘\left’ & ‘\right’ ........................... Synopsis: @@ -10151,13 +10211,13 @@ cover the entries. *Note Delimiters::, for a list of the common delimiters. - Every '\left' must have a matching '\right'. In the above example, -leaving out the '\left(' gets the error message 'Extra \right'. Leaving -out the '\right)' gets 'You can't use `\eqno' in math mode'. + Every ‘\left’ must have a matching ‘\right’. In the above example, +leaving out the ‘\left(’ gets the error message ‘Extra \right’. Leaving +out the ‘\right)’ gets ‘You can't use `\eqno' in math mode’. However, DELIMITER1 and DELIMITER2 need not match. A common case is -that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, '.', as a -null delimiter. +that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, ‘.’, as a +“null delimiter”. \begin{equation} f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} @@ -10167,12 +10227,12 @@ null delimiter. \end{equation} Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a -backslash, '\{' (*note Reserved characters::). (The packages 'amsmath' -and 'mathtools' allow you to get the above construct through in a -'cases' environment.) +backslash, ‘\{’ (*note Reserved characters::). (The packages ‘amsmath’ +and ‘mathtools’ allow you to get the above construct through in a +‘cases’ environment.) - The '\left ... \right' pair make a group. One consequence is that -the formula enclosed in the '\left ... \right' pair cannot have line + The ‘\left ... \right’ pair make a group. One consequence is that +the formula enclosed in the ‘\left ... \right’ pair cannot have line breaks in the output. This includes both manual line breaks and LaTeX-generated automatic ones. In this example, LaTeX breaks the equation to make the formula fit the margins. @@ -10180,17 +10240,17 @@ equation to make the formula fit the margins. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet \( (a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z) \) -But with '\left' and '\right' +But with ‘\left’ and ‘\right’ Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet \( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \) -LaTeX won't break the line, causing the formula to extend into the +LaTeX won’t break the line, causing the formula to extend into the margin. - Because '\left ... \right' make a group, all the usual grouping rules -hold. Here, the value of '\testlength' set inside the equation will be -forgotten, and the output is '1.2pt'. + Because ‘\left ... \right’ make a group, all the usual grouping rules +hold. Here, the value of ‘\testlength’ set inside the equation will be +forgotten, and the output is ‘1.2pt’. \newlength{\testlength} \setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt} \begin{equation} @@ -10198,11 +10258,11 @@ forgotten, and the output is '1.2pt'. \the\testlength \end{equation} - The '\left ... \right' pair affect the horizontal spacing of the -enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in '\( \sin(x) = -\sin\left(x\right) \)' the one after the equals sign has more space -around the 'x'. That's because '\left( ... \right)' inserts an inner -node while '( ... )' inserts an opening node. The second way that the + The ‘\left ... \right’ pair affect the horizontal spacing of the +enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in ‘\( \sin(x) = +\sin\left(x\right) \)’ the one after the equals sign has more space +around the ‘x’. That’s because ‘\left( ... \right)’ inserts an inner +node while ‘( ... )’ inserts an opening node. The second way that the pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they form a group, the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better. @@ -10222,8 +10282,8 @@ has no depth, TeX will create delimiters that extend far below the rule. \left( \rule{1pt}{1cm} \right) \end{equation} -TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in '\( \left| |x|+|y| -\right| \)'. It can also choose delimiters that are too large, as here. +TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in ‘\( \left| |x|+|y| +\right| \)’. It can also choose delimiters that are too large, as here. \begin{equation} \left( \sum_{0\leq i<n} i^k \right) @@ -10231,12 +10291,12 @@ TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in '\( \left| |x|+|y| A third awkward case is when a long displayed formula is on more than one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing -delimiter; you can't use '\left' on the first line and '\right' on the +delimiter; you can’t use ‘\left’ on the first line and ‘\right’ on the last because they must be paired. To size the delimiters manually, see *note \bigl & \bigr etc.::. -16.2.5.2 '\bigl', '\bigr', etc. +16.2.5.2 ‘\bigl’, ‘\bigr’, etc. ............................... Synopsis, one of: @@ -10246,7 +10306,7 @@ Synopsis, one of: \biggl DELIMITER1 ... \biggr DELIMITER2 \Biggl DELIMITER1 ... \Biggr DELIMITER2 -(as with '\bigl[...\bigr]'; strictly speaking they need not be paired, +(as with ‘\bigl[...\bigr]’; strictly speaking they need not be paired, see below), or one of: \bigm DELIMITER @@ -10254,14 +10314,14 @@ see below), or one of: \biggm DELIMITER \Biggm DELIMITER -(as with '\bigm|'), or one of: +(as with ‘\bigm|’), or one of: \big DELIMITER \Big DELIMITER \bigg DELIMITER \Bigg DELIMITER -(as with '\big['). +(as with ‘\big[’). Produce manually-sized delimiters. For delimiters that are automatically sized see *note \left & \right::). @@ -10271,17 +10331,17 @@ automatically sized see *note \left & \right::). \bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr| The commands above are listed in order of increasing size. You can -use the smallest size such as '\bigl...\bigr' in a paragraph without +use the smallest size such as ‘\bigl...\bigr’ in a paragraph without causing LaTeX to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant for displayed equations. *Note Delimiters::, for a list of the common delimiters. In the -family of commands with 'l' or 'r', DELIMITER1 and DELIMITER2 need not +family of commands with ‘l’ or ‘r’, DELIMITER1 and DELIMITER2 need not match together. - The 'l' and 'r' commands produce open and close delimiters that + The ‘l’ and ‘r’ commands produce open and close delimiters that insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the delimiter, -while the commands without 'l' and 'r' insert some space (because each +while the commands without ‘l’ and ‘r’ insert some space (because each delimiter is set as an ordinary variable). Compare these two. \begin{tabular}{l} @@ -10290,32 +10350,32 @@ delimiter is set as an ordinary variable). Compare these two. \end{tabular} The traditional typographic treatment is on the first line. On the -second line the output will have some extra space between the '\sin' and +second line the output will have some extra space between the ‘\sin’ and the open parenthesis. - Commands without 'l' or 'r' do give correct spacing in some + Commands without ‘l’ or ‘r’ do give correct spacing in some circumstances, as with this large vertical line \begin{equation} \int_{x=a}^b x^2\,dx = \frac{1}{3} x^3 \Big|_{x=a}^b \end{equation} -(many authors would replace '\frac' with the '\tfrac' command from the -'amsmath' package), and as with this larger slash. +(many authors would replace ‘\frac’ with the ‘\tfrac’ command from the +‘amsmath’ package), and as with this larger slash. \begin{equation} \lim_{n\to\infty}\pi(n) \big/ (n/\log n) = 1 \end{equation} - Unlike the '\left...\right' pair (*note \left & \right::), the -commands here with 'l' or 'r' do not make a group. Strictly speaking + Unlike the ‘\left...\right’ pair (*note \left & \right::), the +commands here with ‘l’ or ‘r’ do not make a group. Strictly speaking they need not be matched so you can write something like this. \begin{equation} \Biggl[ \pi/6 ] \end{equation} - The commands with 'm' are for relations, which are in the middle of + The commands with ‘m’ are for relations, which are in the middle of formulas, as here. \begin{equation} @@ -10336,28 +10396,30 @@ continues. LaTeX provides these. -'\cdots' +‘\cdots’ Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, - as in ⋯. Used as: '\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1} \)'. + as in ⋯. Used as: ‘\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1} \)’. -'\ddots' +‘\ddots’ Diagonal ellipsis, ⋱. See the above array example for a usage. -'\ldots' - Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: '\( x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)'. - Another example is the above array example. A synonym is - '\mathellipsis'. A synonym from the 'amsmath' package is '\hdots'. +‘\ldots’ +‘\mathellipsis’ +‘\dots’ + Ellipsis on the baseline, …. Used as: ‘\( x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)’. + Another example is the above array example. Synonyms are + ‘\mathellipsis’ and ‘\dots’. A synonym from the ‘amsmath’ package + is ‘\hdots’. You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in - 'The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken'. (In a paragraph mode - or LR mode a synonym for '\ldots' is '\dots'.) + ‘The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken’. -'\vdots' +‘\vdots’ Vertical ellipsis, ⋮. See the above array example for a usage. - The 'amsmath' package has the command '\dots' to semantically mark up + The ‘amsmath’ package has the command ‘\dots’ to semantically mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs for the -first two uses of the '\dots' command. +first two uses of the ‘\dots’ command. \usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble ... @@ -10366,15 +10428,30 @@ first two uses of the '\dots' command. multiple of any \( p_i \). Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \). -In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following '\dots' to +In the first line LaTeX looks to the comma following ‘\dots’ to determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second -line has a '\cdot' following '\dots' so LaTeX outputs an ellipsis that +line has a ‘\cdot’ following ‘\dots’ so LaTeX outputs an ellipsis that is on the math axis, vertically centered. However, the third usage has no follow-on character so you have to tell LaTeX what to do. You can -use one of the commands: '\dotsc' if you need the ellipsis appropriate -for a comma following, '\dotsb' if you need the ellipses that fits when -the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, '\dotsi' -for dots with integrals, or '\dotso' for others. +use one of the commands: ‘\dotsc’ if you need the ellipsis appropriate +for a comma following, ‘\dotsb’ if you need the ellipses that fits when +the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, ‘\dotsi’ +for dots with integrals, or ‘\dotso’ for others. + + The ‘\dots’ command from ‘amsmath’ differs from the LaTeX kernel’s +‘\dots’ command in another way: it outputs a thin space after the +ellipsis. Furthermore, the ‘unicode-math’ package automatically loads +‘amsmath’, so ‘amsmath’’s ‘\dots’ may be active even when you did not +explicitly load it, thus changing the output from ‘\dots’ in both text +and math mode. + + Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode +engines (‘lualatex’, ‘xelatex’), LaTeX will use the Unicode ellipsis +character (U+2026) in the font if it’s available; under traditional TeX +engines (‘pdflatex’, ‘latex’), it will typeset three spaced periods. +Generally, the Unicode single-character ellipsis has almost no space +between the three periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis +is looser, more in accordance with traditional typography. 16.2.7 Greek letters -------------------- @@ -10384,39 +10461,39 @@ differ from Roman upper case letters. Symbol Command Name ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -α '\alpha' Alpha -β '\beta' Beta -γ, Γ '\gamma', '\Gamma' Gamma -δ, Δ '\delta', '\Delta' Delta -ε, ϵ '\varepsilon', Epsilon - '\epsilon' -ζ '\zeta' Zeta -η '\eta' Eta -θ, ϑ '\theta', Theta - '\vartheta' -ι '\iota' Iota -κ '\kappa' Kappa -λ, Λ '\lambda', '\Lambda' Lambda -μ '\mu' Mu -ν '\nu' Nu -ξ, Ξ '\xi', '\Xi' Xi -π, Π '\pi', '\Pi' Pi -ρ, ϱ '\rho', '\varrho' Rho -σ, Σ '\sigma', '\Sigma' Sigma -τ '\tau' Tau -ϕ, φ, '\phi', '\varphi', Phi -Φ '\Phi' -χ '\chi' chi -ψ, Ψ '\psi', '\Psi' Psi -ω, Ω '\omega', '\Omega' Omega - - For omicron, if you are using LaTeX's default Computer Modern font -then enter omicron just as 'o' or 'O'. If you like having the name or +α ‘\alpha’ Alpha +β ‘\beta’ Beta +γ, Γ ‘\gamma’, ‘\Gamma’ Gamma +δ, Δ ‘\delta’, ‘\Delta’ Delta +ε, ϵ ‘\varepsilon’, Epsilon + ‘\epsilon’ +ζ ‘\zeta’ Zeta +η ‘\eta’ Eta +θ, ϑ ‘\theta’, Theta + ‘\vartheta’ +ι ‘\iota’ Iota +κ ‘\kappa’ Kappa +λ, Λ ‘\lambda’, ‘\Lambda’ Lambda +μ ‘\mu’ Mu +ν ‘\nu’ Nu +ξ, Ξ ‘\xi’, ‘\Xi’ Xi +π, Π ‘\pi’, ‘\Pi’ Pi +ρ, ϱ ‘\rho’, ‘\varrho’ Rho +σ, Σ ‘\sigma’, ‘\Sigma’ Sigma +τ ‘\tau’ Tau +ϕ, φ, ‘\phi’, ‘\varphi’, Phi +Φ ‘\Phi’ +χ ‘\chi’ chi +ψ, Ψ ‘\psi’, ‘\Psi’ Psi +ω, Ω ‘\omega’, ‘\Omega’ Omega + + For omicron, if you are using LaTeX’s default Computer Modern font +then enter omicron just as ‘o’ or ‘O’. If you like having the name or if your font shows a difference then you can use something like -'\newcommand\omicron{o}'. The package 'unicode-math' has '\upomicron' -for upright omicron and '\mitomicron' for math italic. +‘\newcommand\omicron{o}’. The package ‘unicode-math’ has ‘\upomicron’ +for upright omicron and ‘\mitomicron’ for math italic. - While the set membership relation symbol ∈ generated by '\in' is + While the set membership relation symbol ∈ generated by ‘\in’ is related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable. 16.3 Math functions @@ -10425,115 +10502,115 @@ related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable. These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. -'\arccos' +‘\arccos’ Inverse cosine -'\arcsin' +‘\arcsin’ Inverse sine -'\arctan' +‘\arctan’ Inverse tangent -'\arg' +‘\arg’ Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane -'\bmod' - Binary modulo operator, used as in '\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)' +‘\bmod’ + Binary modulo operator, used as in ‘\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)’ -'\cos' +‘\cos’ Cosine -'\cosh' +‘\cosh’ Hyperbolic cosine -'\cot' +‘\cot’ Cotangent -'\coth' +‘\coth’ Hyperbolic cotangent -'\csc' +‘\csc’ Cosecant -'\deg' +‘\deg’ Degrees -'\det' +‘\det’ Determinant -'\dim' +‘\dim’ Dimension -'\exp' +‘\exp’ Exponential -'\gcd' +‘\gcd’ Greatest common divisor -'\hom' +‘\hom’ Homomorphism -'\inf' - Infinum +‘\inf’ + Infimum -'\ker' +‘\ker’ Kernel -'\lg' +‘\lg’ Base 2 logarithm -'\lim' +‘\lim’ Limit -'\liminf' +‘\liminf’ Limit inferior -'\limsup' +‘\limsup’ Limit superior -'\ln' +‘\ln’ Natural logarithm -'\log' +‘\log’ Logarithm -'\max' +‘\max’ Maximum -'\min' +‘\min’ Minimum -'\pmod' - Parenthesized modulus, as used in '\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)' +‘\pmod’ + Parenthesized modulus, as used in ‘\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)’ -'\Pr' +‘\Pr’ Probability -'\sec' +‘\sec’ Secant -'\sin' +‘\sin’ Sine -'\sinh' +‘\sinh’ Hyperbolic sine -'\sup' - sup +‘\sup’ + Supremum sup -'\tan' +‘\tan’ Tangent -'\tanh' +‘\tanh’ Hyperbolic tangent - The 'amsmath' package adds improvements on some of these, and also + The ‘amsmath’ package adds improvements on some of these, and also allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but briefly, you can define an identity operator with -'\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}' that is like the ones above but -prints as 'id'. The starred form '\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}' sets -any limits above and below, as is traditional with '\lim', '\sup', or -'\max'. +‘\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}’ that is like the ones above but +prints as ‘id’. The starred form ‘\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}’ sets +any superscript or subscript to be above and below, as is traditional +with ‘\lim’, ‘\sup’, or ‘\max’. 16.4 Math accents ================= @@ -10542,47 +10619,47 @@ LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note Accents::). -'\acute' +‘\acute’ Math acute accent -'\bar' +‘\bar’ Math bar-over accent -'\breve' +‘\breve’ Math breve accent -'\check' +‘\check’ Math háček (check) accent -'\ddot' +‘\ddot’ Math dieresis accent -'\dot' +‘\dot’ Math dot accent -'\grave' +‘\grave’ Math grave accent -'\hat' +‘\hat’ Math hat (circumflex) accent -'\mathring' +‘\mathring’ Math ring accent -'\tilde' +‘\tilde’ Math tilde accent -'\vec' +‘\vec’ Math vector symbol -'\widehat' +‘\widehat’ Math wide hat accent -'\widetilde' +‘\widetilde’ Math wide tilde accent When you are putting an accent on an i or a j, the tradition is to -use one without a dot, '\imath' or 'jmath' (*note Math symbols::). +use one without a dot, ‘\imath’ or ‘jmath’ (*note Math symbols::). 16.5 Over- and Underlining ========================== @@ -10590,27 +10667,27 @@ use one without a dot, '\imath' or 'jmath' (*note Math symbols::). LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or putting braces over or under some material. -'\underline{TEXT}' +‘\underline{TEXT}’ Underline TEXT. Works inside math mode, and outside. The line is always completely below the text, taking account of descenders, so - in '\(\underline{y}\)' the line is lower than in - '\(\underline{x}\)'. This command is fragile (*note \protect::). + in ‘\(\underline{y}\)’ the line is lower than in + ‘\(\underline{x}\)’. This command is fragile (*note \protect::). - Note that the package 'ulem' does text mode underlining and allows + Note that the package ‘ulem’ does text mode underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN. See also *note \hrulefill & \dotfill:: for producing a line, for such things as a signature. -'\overline{TEXT}' +‘\overline{TEXT}’ Put a horizontal line over TEXT. Works inside math mode, and - outside. For example, '\overline{x+y}'. Note that this differs - from the command '\bar' (*note Math accents::). + outside. For example, ‘\overline{x+y}’. Note that this differs + from the command ‘\bar’ (*note Math accents::). -'\underbrace{MATH}' +‘\underbrace{MATH}’ Put a brace under MATH. For example, this - '(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)' emphasizes the telescoping part. - Attach text to the brace by using subscript, '_', or superscript, - '^', as here. + ‘(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)’ emphasizes the telescoping part. + Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, ‘_’, or + superscript, ‘^’, as here. \begin{displaymath} 1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+ @@ -10620,64 +10697,64 @@ braces over or under some material. The superscript appears on top of the expression, and so can look unconnected to the underbrace. -'\overbrace{MATH}' +‘\overbrace{MATH}’ Put a brace over MATH, as with - '\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}'. See also - '\underbrace'. + ‘\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}’. See also + ‘\underbrace’. - The package 'mathtools' adds an over- and underbrace, as well as some + The package ‘mathtools’ adds an over- and underbrace, as well as some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN. 16.6 Spacing in math mode ========================= When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the -normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter 'y=m x' then LaTeX +normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter ‘y=m x’ then LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x, as y=mx. - But LaTeX's rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an -integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the 'f(x)' -and the 'dx', here done with the '\,' command: + But LaTeX’s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an +integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the ‘f(x)’ +and the ‘dx’, here done with the ‘\,’ command: \int_0^1 f(x)\,dx LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit -"mu". It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the current -math symbols family (*note Units of length::). Thus, a '\thickspace' is -something like 5/18 times the width of a 'M'. +“mu”. It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the current +math symbols family (*note Units of length::). Thus, a ‘\thickspace’ is +something like 5/18 times the width of a ‘M’. -'\;' +‘\;’ - Synonym: '\thickspace'. Normally '5.0mu plus 5.0mu'. With the - 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be + Synonym: ‘\thickspace’. Normally ‘5.0mu plus 5.0mu’. With the + ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only. -'\negthickspace' - Normally '-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. With the 'amsmath' +‘\negthickspace’ + Normally ‘-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu’. With the ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only. -'\:' -'\>' - Synonym: '\medspace'. Normally '4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. - With the 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, +‘\:’ +‘\>’ + Synonym: ‘\medspace’. Normally ‘4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu’. + With the ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only. -'\negmedspace' - Normally '-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. With the 'amsmath' +‘\negmedspace’ + Normally ‘-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu’. With the ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only. -'\,' - Synonym: '\thinspace'. Normally '3mu', which is 1/6em. Can be +‘\,’ + Synonym: ‘\thinspace’. Normally ‘3mu’, which is 1/6em. Can be used in both math mode and text mode (*note \thinspace & \negthinspace::). This space is widely used, for instance between the function and - the infinitesimal in an integral '\int f(x)\,dx' and, if an author + the infinitesimal in an integral ‘\int f(x)\,dx’ and, if an author does this, before punctuation in a displayed equation. The antiderivative is @@ -10685,25 +10762,25 @@ something like 5/18 times the width of a 'M'. 3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,. \end{equation} -'\!' - Synonym: '\negthinspace'. A negative thin space. Normally '-3mu'. - With the 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, - can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, the '\!' - command is math mode only but the '\negthinspace' command has +‘\!’ + Synonym: ‘\negthinspace’. A negative thin space. Normally ‘-3mu’. + With the ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, + can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, the ‘\!’ + command is math mode only but the ‘\negthinspace’ command has always also worked in text mode (*note \thinspace & \negthinspace::). -'\quad' +‘\quad’ This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space - between two equations inside a 'displaymath' environment. It is + between two equations inside a ‘displaymath’ environment. It is available in both text and math mode. -'\qquad' +‘\qquad’ A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in both text and math mode. -16.6.1 '\smash' +16.6.1 ‘\smash’ --------------- Synopsis: @@ -10712,19 +10789,19 @@ Synopsis: Typeset SUBFORMULA as if its height and depth were zero. - In this example the exponential is so tall that without the '\smash' + In this example the exponential is so tall that without the ‘\smash’ command LaTeX would separate its line from the line above it, and the uneven line spacing might be unsightly. To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$, evaluate from the top down, as $2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$. - (Because of the '\smash' the printed expression could run into the + (Because of the ‘\smash’ the printed expression could run into the line above so you may want to wait until the final version of the document to make such adjustments.) - This pictures the effect of '\smash' by using '\fbox' to surround the -box that LaTeX will put on the line. The '\blackbar' command makes a + This pictures the effect of ‘\smash’ by using ‘\fbox’ to surround the +box that LaTeX will put on the line. The ‘\blackbar’ command makes a bar extending from 10 points below the baseline to 20 points above. \newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}} @@ -10736,7 +10813,7 @@ But the second box is treated by LaTeX as having zero height and zero depth, despite that the ink printed on the page still extends well above and below the line. - The '\smash' command appears often in mathematics to adjust the size + The ‘\smash’ command appears often in mathematics to adjust the size of an element that surrounds a subformula. Here the first radical extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline. @@ -10745,13 +10822,13 @@ extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline. \sqrt{\vphantom{\sum}\smash{\sum_{0\leq k< n}} f(k)} \end{equation} - Note the use of '\vphantom' to give the '\sqrt' command an argument -with the height of the '\sum' (*note \phantom & \vphantom & + Note the use of ‘\vphantom’ to give the ‘\sqrt’ command an argument +with the height of the ‘\sum’ (*note \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom::). - While most often used in mathematics, the '\smash' command can appear -in other contexts. However, it doesn't change into horizontal mode. So -if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a '\leavevmode', as + While most often used in mathematics, the ‘\smash’ command can appear +in other contexts. However, it doesn’t change into horizontal mode. So +if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a ‘\leavevmode’, as in the bottom line below. xxx xxx xxx @@ -10760,10 +10837,10 @@ in the bottom line below. \leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent - The package 'mathtools' has operators that provide even finer control + The package ‘mathtools’ has operators that provide even finer control over smashing a subformula box. -16.6.2 '\phantom' & '\vphantom' & '\hphantom' +16.6.2 ‘\phantom’ & ‘\vphantom’ & ‘\hphantom’ --------------------------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -10778,7 +10855,7 @@ Synopsis: \hphantom{SUBFORMULA} - The '\phantom' command creates a box with the same height, depth, and + The ‘\phantom’ command creates a box with the same height, depth, and width as SUBFORMULA, but empty. That is, this command causes LaTeX to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here LaTeX will put a blank line that is the correct width for the answer, but will not @@ -10788,15 +10865,15 @@ show that answer. \int x^2\,dx=\mbox{\underline{$\phantom{(1/3)x^3+C}$}} \end{displaymath} - The '\vphantom' variant produces an invisible box with the same + The ‘\vphantom’ variant produces an invisible box with the same vertical size as SUBFORMULA, the same height and depth, but having zero -width. And '\hphantom' makes a box with the same width as SUBFORMULA +width. And ‘\hphantom’ makes a box with the same width as SUBFORMULA but with zero height and depth. In this example, the tower of exponents in the second summand expression is so tall that TeX places this expression further down than its default. Without adjustment, the two summand expressions would be -at different levels. The '\vphantom' in the first expression tells TeX +at different levels. The ‘\vphantom’ in the first expression tells TeX to leave as much vertical room as it does for the tower, so the two expressions come out at the same level. @@ -10805,80 +10882,80 @@ expressions come out at the same level. \sum_{i\in\{0,\ldots\, 3^{3^{3^j}}\}} i\cdot j \end{displaymath} - These commands are often used in conjunction with '\smash'. *Note -\smash::, which includes another example of '\vphantom'. + These commands are often used in conjunction with ‘\smash’. *Note +\smash::, which includes another example of ‘\vphantom’. The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more -convenient, including '\makebox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) as well as -'\settodepth' (*note \settodepth::), '\settoheight' (*note -\settoheight::), and '\settowidth' (*note \settowidth::). In addition, -the 'mathtools' package has many commands that offer fine-grained +convenient, including ‘\makebox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::) as well as +‘\settodepth’ (*note \settodepth::), ‘\settoheight’ (*note +\settoheight::), and ‘\settowidth’ (*note \settowidth::). In addition, +the ‘mathtools’ package has many commands that offer fine-grained control over spacing. All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you -should give it such a status, for example with the '\operatorname' -command from the package 'amsmath'. +should give it such a status, for example with the ‘\operatorname’ +command from the package ‘amsmath’. While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other -contexts. However, they don't cause LaTeX to change into horizontal +contexts. However, they don’t cause LaTeX to change into horizontal mode. So if one of these starts a paragraph then you should prefix it -with '\leavevmode'. +with ‘\leavevmode’. -16.6.3 '\mathstrut' +16.6.3 ‘\mathstrut’ ------------------- Synopsis: \mathstrut - The analogue of '\strut' for mathematics. *Note \strut::. + The analogue of ‘\strut’ for mathematics. *Note \strut::. - The input '$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$' gives output where the second + The input ‘$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$’ gives output where the second radical is taller than the first. To add extra vertical space without any horizontal space, so that the two have the same height, use -'$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$'. +‘$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$’. - The '\mathstrut' command adds the vertical height of an open -parenthesis, '(', but no horizontal space. It is defined as -'\vphantom{(}', so see *note \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom:: for -more. An advantage over '\strut' is that '\mathstrut' adds no depth, + The ‘\mathstrut’ command adds the vertical height of an open +parenthesis, ‘(’, but no horizontal space. It is defined as +‘\vphantom{(}’, so see *note \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom:: for +more. An advantage over ‘\strut’ is that ‘\mathstrut’ adds no depth, which is often the right thing for formulas. Using the height of an open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the -amount of space, use '\rule' with a width of zero. *Note \rule::. +amount of space, use ‘\rule’ with a width of zero. *Note \rule::. 16.7 Math styles ================ -TeX's rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For -example, inside a displayed equation, the input '\sum_{0\leq -i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}' will give output +TeX’s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For +example, inside a displayed equation, the input ‘\sum_{0\leq +i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}’ will give output with the summation index centered below the summation symbol. But if that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right rather -than below, so it won't push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed +than below, so it won’t push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed context, the symbols in the numerator and denominator will be larger than for an inline context, and in display math subscripts and superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math. TeX uses four math styles. - * Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such - as with '\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}'. + • Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such + as with ‘\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}’. - * Text style is for an inline formula, as with 'so we have $ ... $'. + • Text style is for an inline formula, as with ‘so we have $ ... $’. - * Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or + • Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or superscript. - * Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or + • Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or more) of subscript or superscript. TeX determines a default math style but you can override it with a -declaration of '\displaystyle', or '\textstyle', or '\scriptstyle', or -'\scriptscriptstyle'. +declaration of ‘\displaystyle’, or ‘\textstyle’, or ‘\scriptstyle’, or +‘\scriptscriptstyle’. - In this example, the 'Arithmetic' line's fraction will look + In this example, the ‘Arithmetic’ line’s fraction will look scrunched. \begin{tabular}{r|cc} @@ -10889,7 +10966,7 @@ scrunched. &$\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}$ \\ \end{tabular} -But because of the '\displaystyle' declaration, the 'Geometric' line's +But because of the ‘\displaystyle’ declaration, the ‘Geometric’ line’s fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same size as in the rest of the line. @@ -10900,8 +10977,8 @@ declaration, the result of $\pi=2\cdot{\displaystyle\int_{x=0}^1 \sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx}$ will have an integral sign that is much taller. Note that here the -'\displaystyle' applies to only part of the formula, and it is delimited -by being inside curly braces, as '{\displaystyle ...}'. +‘\displaystyle’ applies to only part of the formula, and it is delimited +by being inside curly braces, as ‘{\displaystyle ...}’. The last example is a continued fraction. @@ -10912,17 +10989,17 @@ by being inside curly braces, as '{\displaystyle ...}'. \displaystyle a_3}}} \end{equation} -Without the '\displaystyle' declarations, the denominators would be set -in script style and scriptscript style. (The '\mathstrut' improves the +Without the ‘\displaystyle’ declarations, the denominators would be set +in script style and scriptscript style. (The ‘\mathstrut’ improves the height of the denominators; *note \mathstrut::.) 16.8 Math miscellany ==================== LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are some -that don't fit into other categories. +that don’t fit into other categories. -16.8.1 Colon character ':' & '\colon' +16.8.1 Colon character ‘:’ & ‘\colon’ ------------------------------------- Synopsis, one of: @@ -10930,19 +11007,19 @@ Synopsis, one of: : \colon - In mathematics, the colon character, ':', is a relation. + In mathematics, the colon character, ‘:’, is a relation. With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right. -Ordinary LaTeX defines '\colon' to produce the colon character with the +Ordinary LaTeX defines ‘\colon’ to produce the colon character with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation -'\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}'. +‘\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}’. - But the widely-used 'amsmath' package defines '\colon' for use in the -definition of functions 'f\colon D\to C'. So if you want the colon -character as a punctuation then use '\mathpunct{:}'. + But the widely-used ‘amsmath’ package defines ‘\colon’ for use in the +definition of functions ‘f\colon D\to C’. So if you want the colon +character as a punctuation then use ‘\mathpunct{:}’. -16.8.2 '\*' +16.8.2 ‘\*’ ----------- Synopsis: @@ -10950,27 +11027,27 @@ Synopsis: \* A multiplication symbol that allows a line break. If there is a -break then LaTeX puts a '\times' symbol, ×, before that break. +break then LaTeX puts a ‘\times’ symbol, ×, before that break. - In '\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)', if there is no line break then -LaTeX outputs it as though it were '\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)'. If a line + In ‘\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \)’, if there is no line break then +LaTeX outputs it as though it were ‘\( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \)’. If a line break does happen, for example between the two middle ones, then LaTeX -sets it like '\( A_1 A_2 \times \)', followed by the break, followed by -'\( A_3 A_4 \)'. +sets it like ‘\( A_1 A_2 \times \)’, followed by the break, followed by +‘\( A_3 A_4 \)’. -16.8.3 '\frac' +16.8.3 ‘\frac’ -------------- Synopsis: \frac{NUMERATOR}{DENOMINATOR} - Produces the fraction. Used as: '\begin{displaymath} -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} \end{displaymath}'. In inline math mode it -comes out small; see the discussion of '\displaystyle' (*note Math + Produces the fraction. Used as: ‘\begin{displaymath} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} \end{displaymath}’. In inline math mode it +comes out small; see the discussion of ‘\displaystyle’ (*note Math formulas::). -16.8.4 '\sqrt' +16.8.4 ‘\sqrt’ -------------- Synopsis, one of: @@ -10979,22 +11056,23 @@ Synopsis, one of: \sqrt[ROOT-NUMBER]{ARG} The square root, or optionally other roots, of ARG. The optional -argument ROOT-NUMBER gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of 'x+y' -as '\sqrt[3]{x+y}'. The radical grows with the size of ARG (as the -height of the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets -steeper, until for a large enough 'arg', it is vertical). +argument ROOT-NUMBER gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of ‘x+y’ +as ‘\sqrt[3]{x+y}’. The size of the radical grows with that of ARG (as +the height of the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets +steeper, until for a tall enough ‘arg’, it is vertical). - LaTeX has a separate '\surd' character (*note Math symbols::). + LaTeX has a separate ‘\surd’ symbol for making a square root without +ARG (*note Math symbols::). -16.8.5 '\stackrel' +16.8.5 ‘\stackrel’ ------------------ -Synopsis, one of: +Synopsis: \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION} Put TEXT above RELATION. To put a function name above an arrow enter -'\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'. +‘\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}’. 17 Modes ******** @@ -11005,52 +11083,52 @@ modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of the math modes), and error messages will refer to these. - * "Paragraph mode" (in plain TeX this is called "horizontal mode") is + • “Paragraph mode” (in plain TeX this is called “horizontal mode”) is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks the input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so that in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time. - "LR mode" (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called - "restricted horizontal mode") is in effect when LaTeX starts making - a box with an '\mbox' command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX's + “LR mode” (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called + “restricted horizontal mode”) is in effect when LaTeX starts making + a box with an ‘\mbox’ command. As in paragraph mode, LaTeX’s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike in paragraph mode, in LR mode LaTeX never starts a new line, it just keeps going from left to right. (Although LaTeX will not complain that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to - put that box into a line, it could very well complain that the - finished LR box won't fit there.) + put that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished + LR box won’t fit there.) - * "Math mode" is when LaTeX is generating an inline mathematical + • “Math mode” is when LaTeX is generating an inline mathematical formula. - "Display math mode" is when LaTeX is generating a displayed + “Display math mode” is when LaTeX is generating a displayed mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on - '\int' differs in the two situations.) + ‘\int’ differs in the two situations.) - * "Vertical mode" is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and + • “Vertical mode” is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and other material making the output page, which comprises insertion of page breaks. This is the mode LaTeX is in when it starts a document. - "Internal vertical mode" is in effect when LaTeX starts making a - '\vbox'. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the + “Internal vertical mode” is in effect when LaTeX starts making a + ‘\vbox’. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the vertical analogue of LR mode. -For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with 'Let \( x \) be ...' +For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with ‘Let \( x \) be ...’ then these are the modes: first LaTeX starts every document in vertical -mode, then it reads the 'L' and switches to paragraph mode, then the -next switch happens at the '\(' where LaTeX changes to math mode, and +mode, then it reads the ‘L’ and switches to paragraph mode, then the +next switch happens at the ‘\(’ where LaTeX changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops back to paragraph mode. - Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a '\parbox' command or a -'minipage' then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it will not put a -page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a "parbox", LaTeX is -in "inner paragraph mode". Its more usual situation, where it can put -page breaks, is "outer paragraph mode" (*note Page breaking::). + Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a ‘\parbox’ command or a +‘minipage’ then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it will not put a +page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a “parbox”, LaTeX is +in “inner paragraph mode”. Its more usual situation, where it can put +page breaks, is “outer paragraph mode” (*note Page breaking::). -17.1 '\ensuremath' +17.1 ‘\ensuremath’ ================== Synopsis: @@ -11066,7 +11144,7 @@ text. \newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}} In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx{} is an infinitesimal. - Caution: the '\ensuremath' command is useful but not a panacea. + Caution: the ‘\ensuremath’ command is useful but not a panacea. \newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}} You get an alpha in text mode: \alf. @@ -11083,10 +11161,10 @@ pages in the main part of the document but also includes special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or the first page of an article. - The package 'fancyhdr' is very helpful for constructing page styles. -See its documentation on CTAN. + The package ‘fancyhdr’ is commonly used for constructing page styles. +See its documentation. -18.1 '\maketitle' +18.1 ‘\maketitle’ ================= Synopsis: @@ -11094,12 +11172,12 @@ Synopsis: \maketitle Generate a title. In the standard classes the title appears on a -separate page, except in the 'article' class where it is at the top of +separate page, except in the ‘article’ class where it is at the top of the first page. (*Note Document class options::, for information about -the 'titlepage' document class option.) +the ‘titlepage’ document class option.) - This example shows '\maketitle' appearing in its usual place, -immediately after '\begin{document}'. + This example shows ‘\maketitle’ appearing in its usual place, +immediately after ‘\begin{document}’. \documentclass{article} \title{Constructing a Nuclear Reactor Using Only Coconuts} @@ -11122,42 +11200,43 @@ immediately after '\begin{document}'. ... You tell LaTeX the information used to produce the title by making -the following declarations. These must come before the '\maketitle', +the following declarations. These must come before the ‘\maketitle’, either in the preamble or in the document body. -'\author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}' +‘\author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}’ Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is - a list of authors separated by '\and' commands. To separate lines - within a single author's entry, for instance to give the author's - institution or address, use a double backslash, '\\'. If you omit - the '\author' declaration then you get 'LaTeX Warning: No \author - given'. - -'\date{TEXT}' - Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document's date. The TEXT - doesn't need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If - you omit '\date' then LaTeX uses the current date (*note \today::). - To have no date, instead use '\date{}'. - -'\thanks{TEXT}' + a list of authors separated by ‘\and’ commands. To separate lines + within a single author’s entry, for instance to give the author’s + institution or address, use a double backslash, ‘\\’. If you omit + the ‘\author’ declaration then you get ‘LaTeX Warning: No \author + given’. + +‘\date{TEXT}’ + Optional. Declare TEXT to be the document’s date. The TEXT + doesn’t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If + you omit ‘\date’ then LaTeX uses the current date (*note \today::). + To have no date, instead use ‘\date{}’. + +‘\thanks{TEXT}’ Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can - also use it in the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It - can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as - to print an email address. + also use it in the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. + It can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose, such + as to print an email address. -'\title{TEXT}' +‘\title{TEXT}’ Required. Declare TEXT to be the title of the document. Get line - breaks inside TEXT with a double backslash, '\\'. If you omit the - '\title' declaration then you get 'LaTeX Error: No \title given'. + breaks inside TEXT with a double backslash, ‘\\’. If you omit the + ‘\title’ declaration then the ‘\maketitle’ command yields error + ‘LaTeX Error: No \title given’. To make your own title page, see *note titlepage::. You can either create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed -'\maketitle' command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use in -place of 'article' that formats the title according to their house +‘\maketitle’ command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use in +place of ‘article’ that formats the title according to their house requirements.) -18.2 '\pagenumbering' +18.2 ‘\pagenumbering’ ===================== Synopsis: @@ -11167,11 +11246,12 @@ Synopsis: Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope -so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments. +so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace +or an end of environment. - In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered 'a', -etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages are -numbered '1', etc. + In this example, before the ‘Main’ section the pages are numbered +‘a’, etc. Starting on the page containing the ‘\pagenumbering’ call in +that section, the pages are numbered ‘1’, etc. \begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph} ... @@ -11181,40 +11261,40 @@ numbered '1', etc. The argument NUMBER-STYLE is one of the following (see also *note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::). -'arabic' +‘arabic’ Arabic numerals: 1, 2, ... -'roman' +‘roman’ lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii, ... -'Roman' +‘Roman’ uppercase Roman numerals: I, II, ... -'alph' +‘alph’ lowercase letters: a, b, ... If you have more than 26 pages then - you get 'LaTeX Error: Counter too large'. + you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large’. -'Alph' +‘Alph’ uppercase letters: A, B, ... If you have more than 26 pages then - you get 'LaTeX Error: Counter too large'. + you get ‘LaTeX Error: Counter too large’. -'gobble' +‘gobble’ LaTeX does not output a page number, although it does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not work with - the popular package 'hyperref' so to have the page number not - appear you may want to instead use '\pagestyle{empty}' or - '\thispagestyle{empty}'.) + the popular package ‘hyperref’ so to have the page number not + appear you may want to instead use ‘\pagestyle{empty}’ or + ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’.) - Traditionally, if a document has front matter--preface, table of -contents, etc.--then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The + Traditionally, if a document has front matter—preface, table of +contents, etc.—then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The main matter of a document uses arabic. *Note \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter::. If you want to change where the page number appears on the page, see *note \pagestyle::. If you want to change the value of the page -number, then you manipulate the 'page' counter (*note Counters::). +number, then you manipulate the ‘page’ counter (*note Counters::). -18.3 '\pagestyle' +18.3 ‘\pagestyle’ ================= Synopsis: @@ -11225,35 +11305,35 @@ Synopsis: typeset, from the current page onwards. A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package -'fancyhdr' is now the standard way to manipulate headers and footers. +‘fancyhdr’ is now the standard way to manipulate headers and footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the standard options below should use this package. See its documentation on CTAN. Values for STYLE: -'plain' +‘plain’ The header is empty. The footer contains only a page number, centered. -'empty' +‘empty’ The header and footer are both empty. -'headings' +‘headings’ Put running headers and footers on each page. The document style specifies what goes in there; see the discussion below. -'myheadings' - Custom headers, specified via the '\markboth' or the '\markright' +‘myheadings’ + Custom headers, specified via the ‘\markboth’ or the ‘\markright’ commands. - Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX's mechanism will help you -work with the options 'headings' or 'myheadings'. The document source -below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle 'headings'. On -this document's left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page + Some discussion of the motivation for LaTeX’s mechanism will help you +work with the options ‘headings’ or ‘myheadings’. The document source +below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle ‘headings’. On +this document’s left hand pages, LaTeX wants (in addition to the page number) the title of the current section. On its right hand pages LaTeX wants the title of the current subsection. When it makes up a page, -LaTeX gets this information from the commands '\leftmark' and -'\rightmark'. So it is up to '\section' and '\subsection' to store that +LaTeX gets this information from the commands ‘\leftmark’ and +‘\rightmark’. So it is up to ‘\section’ and ‘\subsection’ to store that information there. \documentclass[twoside]{article} @@ -11268,7 +11348,7 @@ information there. ... Suppose that the second section falls on a left page. Although when the -page starts it is in the first section, LaTeX will put 'Section 2' in +page starts it is in the first section, LaTeX will put ‘Section 2’ in the left page header. As to the right header, if no subsection starts before the end of the right page then LaTeX blanks the right hand header. If a subsection does appear before the right page finishes then @@ -11279,40 +11359,41 @@ subsection starting on that right page. If at least one of 2.1, 2.2, puts in the right hand header the title of the last subsection to start, that is, the one in effect during the right hand page. - To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has '\section' -issue a command '\markboth', setting '\leftmark' to 'Section 2' and -setting '\rightmark' to blank. And, LaTeX has '\subsection' issue a -command '\markright', setting '\rightmark' to 'Subsection 2.1', etc. + To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, LaTeX has ‘\section’ +issue a command ‘\markboth’, setting ‘\leftmark’ to ‘Section 2’ and +setting ‘\rightmark’ to an empty content. And, LaTeX has ‘\subsection’ +issue a command ‘\markright’, setting ‘\rightmark’ to ‘Subsection 2.1’, +etc. - Here are the descriptions of '\markboth' and '\markright': + Here are the descriptions of ‘\markboth’ and ‘\markright’: -'\markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}' +‘\markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}’ Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for - either a page style of 'headings' or 'myheadings'. A left hand - page heading LEFT-HEAD is generated by the last '\markboth' command + either a page style of ‘headings’ or ‘myheadings’. A left hand + page heading LEFT-HEAD is generated by the last ‘\markboth’ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading RIGHT-HEAD - is generated by the first '\markboth' or '\markright' that comes on + is generated by the first ‘\markboth’ or ‘\markright’ that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one that came before that page. -'\markright{RIGHT}' +‘\markright{RIGHT-HEAD}’ Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged. -18.4 '\thispagestyle' +18.4 ‘\thispagestyle’ ===================== Synopsis: \thispagestyle{STYLE} - Works in the same way as the '\pagestyle' (*note \pagestyle::), + Works in the same way as the ‘\pagestyle’ (*note \pagestyle::), except that it changes to STYLE for the current page only. This declaration has global scope, so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments. Often the first page of a chapter or section has a different style. For example, this LaTeX book document has the first page of the first -chapter in 'plain' style, as is the default (*note Page styles::). +chapter in ‘plain’ style, as is the default (*note Page styles::). \documentclass{book} \pagestyle{headings} @@ -11322,9 +11403,9 @@ chapter in 'plain' style, as is the default (*note Page styles::). \chapter{Second chapter}\thispagestyle{empty} ... -The 'plain' style has a page number on it, centered in the footer. To -make the page entirely empty, the command '\thispagestyle{empty}' -immediately follows the second '\chapter'. +The ‘plain’ style has a page number on it, centered in the footer. To +make the page entirely empty, the command ‘\thispagestyle{empty}’ +immediately follows the second ‘\chapter’. 19 Spaces ********* @@ -11333,7 +11414,7 @@ LaTeX has many ways to produce white space, or filled space. Some of these are best suited to mathematical text; for these see *note Spacing in math mode::. -19.1 '\enspace' & '\quad' & '\qquad' +19.1 ‘\enspace’ & ‘\quad’ & ‘\qquad’ ==================================== Synopsis, one of: @@ -11355,12 +11436,12 @@ points (*note Lengths/em::). \qquad\includegraphics{mensmile.png} \end{center} -*Note Spacing in math mode::, for '\quad' and '\qquad'. These are +*Note Spacing in math mode::, for ‘\quad’ and ‘\qquad’. These are lengths from centuries of typesetting and so may be a better choice in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with -'\hspace'. +‘\hspace’. -19.2 '\hspace' +19.2 ‘\hspace’ ============== Synopsis, one of: @@ -11370,17 +11451,17 @@ Synopsis, one of: Insert the amount LENGTH of horizontal space. The LENGTH can be positive, negative, or zero; adding a negative amount of space is like -backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a 'plus' or -'minus' component, or both (*note Lengths::). Because the space is -stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called "glue". +backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a ‘plus’ or +‘minus’ component, or both (*note Lengths::). Because the space is +stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called “glue”. - This makes a line with 'Name:' an inch from the right margin. + This makes a line with ‘Name:’ an inch from the right margin. \noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}} - The '*'-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More -precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space--glues -and kerns--that come at a line break are discarded. The '*'-form avoids + The ‘*’-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More +precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space—glues +and kerns—that come at a line break are discarded. The ‘*’-form avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable invisible item in front of the space). @@ -11392,10 +11473,10 @@ the space). conceived in \hspace*{1in}, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created \hspace*{1in}.} -the 1 inch blank following 'conceived in' falls at the start of a line. -If you erase the '*' then LaTeX discards the blank. +the 1 inch blank following ‘conceived in’ falls at the start of a line. +If you erase the ‘*’ then LaTeX discards the blank. - Here, the '\hspace' separates the three graphics. + Here, the ‘\hspace’ separates the three graphics. \begin{center} \includegraphics{lion.png}% comment keeps out extra space @@ -11403,11 +11484,11 @@ If you erase the '*' then LaTeX discards the blank. \hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png} \end{center} -Because the argument to each '\hspace' has 'minus 0.25cm', each can -shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won't +Because the argument to each ‘\hspace’ has ‘minus 0.25cm’, each can +shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each space won’t shrink more than 0.25cm (*note Lengths::). -19.3 '\hfill' +19.3 ‘\hfill’ ============= Synopsis: @@ -11417,14 +11498,14 @@ Synopsis: Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but that can stretch horizontally as far as needed (*note Lengths::). - This creates a one-line paragraph with 'Name:' on the left side of -the page and 'Quiz One' on the right. + This creates a one-line paragraph with ‘Name:’ on the left side of +the page and ‘Quiz One’ on the right. \noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One - The '\hfill' command is equivalent to '\hspace{\fill}' and so the + The ‘\hfill’ command is equivalent to ‘\hspace{\fill}’ and so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use -'\hspace*{\fill}' (*note \hspace::). +‘\hspace*{\fill}’ (*note \hspace::). Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure. @@ -11438,9 +11519,9 @@ space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use \caption{Comparison of two graphs} \label{fig:twographs} \end{figure} -Note the '\hspace*''s where the space could otherwise be dropped. +Note the ‘\hspace*’’s where the space could otherwise be dropped. -19.4 '\hss' +19.4 ‘\hss’ =========== Synopsis: @@ -11449,37 +11530,37 @@ Synopsis: Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as infinitely stretchable (this command is a TeX primitive). LaTeX authors -should reach first for the '\makebox' command to get the effects of -'\hss' (*note \mbox & \makebox::). +should reach first for the ‘\makebox’ command to get the effects of +‘\hss’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::). - Here, the first line's '\hss' makes the Z stick out to the right, + Here, the first line’s ‘\hss’ makes the Z stick out to the right, overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left, overwriting the X. X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y -Without the '\hss' you get something like 'Overfull \hbox (6.11111pt too -wide) detected at line 20'. +Without the ‘\hss’ you get something like ‘Overfull \hbox (6.11111pt too +wide) detected at line 20’. -19.5 '\spacefactor' +19.5 ‘\spacefactor’ =================== Synopsis: \spacefactor=INTEGER - Influence LaTeX's glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level + Influence LaTeX’s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level documents do not use this command. While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the -"interword glue"; *note \hspace::). The '\spacefactor' command (from +“interword glue”; *note \hspace::). The ‘\spacefactor’ command (from Plain TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter. After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a -parameter called the "space factor". If the next thing in the input is +parameter called the “space factor”. If the next thing in the input is a space then this parameter affects how much stretching or shrinking can happen. A space factor that is larger than the normal value means that the glue can stretch more and shrink less. Normally, the space factor @@ -11490,19 +11571,19 @@ a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. - If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's + If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font’s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is 3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000 -then TeX adds the font's extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 -point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font's normal stretch value +then TeX adds the font’s extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 +point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font’s normal stretch value is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by 1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111 points). - For example, consider the period ending 'A man's best friend is his -dog.' After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the + For example, consider the period ending ‘A man's best friend is his +dog.’ After it, TeX puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue -after 'friend', which does not end in a period. +after ‘friend’, which does not end in a period. The rules for space factors are even more complex because they play additional roles. In practice, there are two consequences. First, if a @@ -11514,17 +11595,17 @@ after a capital letter then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations that do not end in a capital letter (*note \@::). - You can only use '\spacefactor' in paragraph mode or LR mode (*note -Modes::). You can see the current value with '\the\spacefactor' or -'\showthe\spacefactor'. + You can only use ‘\spacefactor’ in paragraph mode or LR mode (*note +Modes::). You can see the current value with ‘\the\spacefactor’ or +‘\showthe\spacefactor’. - (Comment, not really related to '\spacefactor': if you get errors -like 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode', or 'You can't use -`\spacefactor' in math mode.', or 'Improper \spacefactor' then you have + (Comment, not really related to ‘\spacefactor’: if you get errors +like ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’, or ‘You can't use +`\spacefactor' in math mode.’, or ‘Improper \spacefactor’ then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command. *Note \makeatletter & \makeatother::.) -19.5.1 '\@' +19.5.1 ‘\@’ ----------- Synopsis: @@ -11544,12 +11625,12 @@ between words (*note \spacefactor::). The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\@. The second period ends the sentence, despite that it is preceded by a -capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting '\@' before -it. The first period ends the abbreviation 'etc.' but not the sentence. -The backslash-space, '\ ', produces a mid-sentence space. +capital. We tell LaTeX that it ends the sentence by putting ‘\@’ before +it. The first period ends the abbreviation ‘etc.’ but not the sentence. +The backslash-space, ‘\ ’, produces a mid-sentence space. So: if you have a capital letter followed by a period that ends the -sentence, then put '\@' before the period. This holds even if there is +sentence, then put ‘\@’ before the period. This holds even if there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or double quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through those characters. For example, this @@ -11559,18 +11640,18 @@ characters. For example, this will have correct inter-sentence spacing after the period. - The '\@' command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of a -text mode then you get 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode' + The ‘\@’ command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of a +text mode then you get ‘You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode’ (*note Modes::). Comment: the converse case is a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence. For that case follow the period with a -backslash-space, ('\ '), or a tie, ('~'), or '\@'. Examples are 'Nat.\ -Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', and '(manure, etc.\@) for sale' (note -in the last one that the '\@' comes before the closing parenthesis). +backslash-space, (‘\ ’), or a tie, (‘~’), or ‘\@’. Examples are ‘Nat.\ +Acad.\ Science’, and ‘Mr.~Bean’, and ‘(manure, etc.\@) for sale’ (note +in the last one that the ‘\@’ comes before the closing parenthesis). -19.5.2 '\frenchspacing' & '\nonfrenchspacing' +19.5.2 ‘\frenchspacing’ & ‘\nonfrenchspacing’ --------------------------------------------- Synopsis, one of: @@ -11587,11 +11668,11 @@ spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more (*note Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words -that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring '\frenchspacing' (the +that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring ‘\frenchspacing’ (the command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all spaces are treated equally. -19.5.3 '\normalsfcodes' +19.5.3 ‘\normalsfcodes’ ----------------------- Synopsis: @@ -11601,7 +11682,7 @@ Synopsis: Reset the LaTeX space factors to the default values (*note \spacefactor::). -19.6 Backslash-space, '\ ' +19.6 Backslash-space, ‘\ ’ ========================== This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a @@ -11630,46 +11711,46 @@ of the three blanks were replaced by a tab, or by a newline. However, the bottom line asks for three spaces so the white area is wider. That is, the backslash-space command creates a fixed amount of horizontal space. (Note that you can define a horizontal space of any width at all -with '\hspace'; see *note \hspace::.) +with ‘\hspace’; see *note \hspace::.) The backslash-space command has two main uses. It is often used after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the blank that -follows, as after '\TeX' in '\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)'. (But using curly +follows, as after ‘\TeX’ in ‘\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)’. (But using curly braces has the advantage of still working whether the next character is -a blank or any other non-letter, as in '\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})' in which -'{}' can be added after '\LaTeX' as well as after '\TeX'.) The other +a blank or any other non-letter, as in ‘\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})’ in which +‘{}’ can be added after ‘\LaTeX’ as well as after ‘\TeX’.) The other common use is that it marks a period as ending an abbreviation instead -of ending a sentence, as in 'Prof.\ Smith' or 'Jones et al.\ (1993)' +of ending a sentence, as in ‘Prof.\ Smith’ or ‘Jones et al.\ (1993)’ (*note \@::). - Under normal circumstances, '\'<TAB> and '\'<NEWLINE> are equivalent -to backslash-space, '\ '. + Under normal circumstances, ‘\’<TAB> and ‘\’<NEWLINE> are equivalent +to backslash-space, ‘\ ’. Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So -the following prints 'one word': +the following prints ‘one word’: one word -where the white space between 'one' and 'word' is produced by the -newline after 'one', not by the space before 'word'. +where the white space between ‘one’ and ‘word’ is produced by the +newline after ‘one’, not by the space before ‘word’. -19.7 '~' +19.7 ‘~’ ======== Synopsis: BEFORE~AFTER - The "tie" character, '~', produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER + The “tie” character, ‘~’, produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER at which the line will not be broken. By default the white space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt (*note Lengths::). - Note that the word 'tie' has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo -community; this differs from the typographic term "tie", which is a -diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a "tie-after" accent in 'The -TeXbook'. + Note that the word ‘tie’ has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo +community; this differs from the typographic term “tie”, which is a +diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a “tie-after” accent in ‘The +TeXbook’. Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words: @@ -11681,46 +11762,46 @@ spacing (*note \@::). Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive -words in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::). +words in an ‘\mbox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::). They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them -from 'The TeXbook'. - - * Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references: - 'Chapter~12', or 'Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}', or - 'Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}'. - - * When cases are enumerated inline: '(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is - (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded'. - - * Between a number and its unit: '$745.7.8$~watts' (the 'siunitx' - package has a special facility for this) or '144~eggs'. This - includes between a month and day number in a date: 'October~12' or - '12~Oct'. In general, in any expressions where numbers and - abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space: 'AD~565', or - '2:50~pm', or 'Boeing~747', or '268~Plains Road', or - '\$$1.4$~billion'. Other common choices here are a thin space +from ‘The TeXbook’. + + • Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references: + ‘Chapter~12’, or ‘Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}’, or + ‘Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}’. + + • When cases are enumerated inline: ‘(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is + (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded’. + + • Between a number and its unit: ‘$745.7.8$~watts’ (the ‘siunitx’ + package has a special facility for this) or ‘144~eggs’. This + includes between a month and day number in a date: ‘October~12’ or + ‘12~Oct’. In general, in any expressions where numbers and + abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space: ‘AD~565’, or + ‘2:50~pm’, or ‘Boeing~747’, or ‘268~Plains Road’, or + ‘\$$1.4$~billion’. Other common choices here are a thin space (*note \thinspace & \negthinspace::) and no space at all. - * When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: 'equals~$n$', or - 'less than~$\epsilon$', or 'given~$X$', or 'modulo~$p^e$ for all - large~$n$' (but compare 'is~$15$' with 'is $15$~times the height'). + • When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: ‘equals~$n$’, or + ‘less than~$\epsilon$’, or ‘given~$X$’, or ‘modulo~$p^e$ for all + large~$n$’ (but compare ‘is~$15$’ with ‘is $15$~times the height’). Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns: - 'dimension~$d$' or 'function~$f(x)$' (but compare 'with length - $l$~or more'). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a - preposition: 'of~$x$', or 'from $0$ to~$1$', or 'in common - with~$m$'. + ‘dimension~$d$’ or ‘function~$f(x)$’ (but compare ‘with length + $l$~or more’). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a + preposition: ‘of~$x$’, or ‘from $0$ to~$1$’, or ‘in common + with~$m$’. - * Between symbols in series: '$1$,~$2$, or~$3$' or '$1$,~$2$, - \ldots,~$n$'. + • Between symbols in series: ‘$1$,~$2$, or~$3$’ or ‘$1$,~$2$, + \ldots,~$n$’. - * Between a person's given names and between multiple surnames: - 'Donald~E. Knuth', or 'Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo', or 'Charles~XII'--but - you must give TeX places to break the line so you might do 'Charles - Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin'. + • Between a person’s given names and between multiple surnames: + ‘Donald~E. Knuth’, or ‘Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo’, or ‘Charles~XII’—but + you must give TeX places to break the line so you might do ‘Charles + Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin’. -19.8 '\thinspace' & '\negthinspace' +19.8 ‘\thinspace’ & ‘\negthinspace’ =================================== Synopsis, one of: @@ -11729,72 +11810,72 @@ Synopsis, one of: \negthinspace These produce unbreakable and unstretchable spaces of 1/6em and --1/6em, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of '\,' and -'\!' (*note Spacing in math mode/\thinspace::). +-1/6em, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of ‘\,’ and +‘\!’ (*note Spacing in math mode/\thinspace::). - You can use '\,' as a synonym for '\thinspace' in text mode. + You can use ‘\,’ as a synonym for ‘\thinspace’ in text mode. - One common use of '\thinspace' is as the space between nested quotes: + One common use of ‘\thinspace’ is as the space between nested quotes: Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace'' -Another use is that some style guides call for a '\thinspace' between an +Another use is that some style guides call for a ‘\thinspace’ between an ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides, think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another style-specific use is -between initials, as in 'D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth'. +between initials, as in ‘D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth’. LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode -(*note Spacing in math mode::). With the 'amsmath' package, or as of +(*note Spacing in math mode::). With the ‘amsmath’ package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, they can be used in text mode as well as -math mode, including '\!' for '\negthinspace'; but otherwise, they are +math mode, including ‘\!’ for ‘\negthinspace’; but otherwise, they are available only in math mode. -19.9 '\/' +19.9 ‘\/’ ========= Synopsis: BEFORE-CHARACTER\/AFTER-CHARACTER - Insert an "italic correction", a small space defined by the font + Insert an “italic correction”, a small space defined by the font designer for each character (possibly zero), to avoid the character -colliding with whatever follows. When you use '\/', LaTeX takes the +colliding with whatever follows. When you use ‘\/’, LaTeX takes the correction from the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has been applied to the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space. - Here, were it not for the '\/', the BEFORE-CHARACTER italic f would + Here, were it not for the ‘\/’, the BEFORE-CHARACTER italic f would hit the AFTER-CHARACTER roman H \newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H} because the italic letter f leans far to the right. - If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don't insert an italic + If AFTER-CHARACTER is a period or comma then don’t insert an italic correction since those punctuation symbols are so low to the baseline already. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as with normal letters, the italic correction can help. It is typically used between a switch from italic or slanted fonts to an upright font. - When you use commands such as '\emph' and '\textit' and '\textsl' to + When you use commands such as ‘\emph’ and ‘\textit’ and ‘\textsl’ to change fonts, LaTeX automatically inserts the italic correction when -needed (*note Font styles::). However, declarations such as '\em' and -'\itshape' and '\slshape' do not automatically insert italic +needed (*note Font styles::). However, declarations such as ‘\em’ and +‘\itshape’ and ‘\slshape’ do not automatically insert italic corrections. Upright characters can also have an italic correction. An example -where this is needed is the name 'pdf\/\TeX'. However, most upright +where this is needed is the name ‘pdf\/\TeX’. However, most upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts. Technically, LaTeX uses another font-specific value, the so-called -"slant parameter" (namely '\fontdimen1'), to determine whether to +“slant parameter” (namely ‘\fontdimen1’), to determine whether to possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to particular font commands. There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; math spacing is done in a different way. -19.10 '\hrulefill' & '\dotfill' +19.10 ‘\hrulefill’ & ‘\dotfill’ =============================== Synopsis, one of: @@ -11816,10 +11897,10 @@ spaced dots. \noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge - To make the rule or dots go to the line's end use '\null' at the + To make the rule or dots go to the line’s end use ‘\null’ at the start or end. - To change the rule's thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as + To change the rule’s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as here \renewcommand{\hrulefill}{% @@ -11843,7 +11924,7 @@ which changes the default length of 0.33em to 1.00em. The line is 4cm long. -19.11 '\bigskip' & '\medskip' & '\smallskip' +19.11 ‘\bigskip’ & ‘\medskip’ & ‘\smallskip’ ============================================ Synopsis, one of: @@ -11856,7 +11937,7 @@ Synopsis, one of: These commands are fragile (*note \protect::). Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from The Golden Ocean by -O'Brian). +O’Brian). Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he was at home again, and it was delightful. @@ -11868,31 +11949,31 @@ O'Brian). Each command is associated with a length defined in the document class file. -'\bigskip' - The same as '\vspace{\bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line - space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the 'book' and - 'article' classes is '12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt'. +‘\bigskip’ + The same as ‘\vspace{\bigskipamount}’, ordinarily about one line + space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the ‘book’ and + ‘article’ classes is ‘12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt’. -'\medskip' - The same as '\vspace{\medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a - line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the 'book' - and 'article' classes is '6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt'. +‘\medskip’ + The same as ‘\vspace{\medskipamount}’, ordinarily about half of a + line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the ‘book’ + and ‘article’ classes is ‘6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt’. -'\smallskip' - The same as '\vspace{\smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter +‘\smallskip’ + The same as ‘\vspace{\smallskipamount}’, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the - 'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt'. + ‘book’ and ‘article’ classes is ‘3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt’. - Because each command is a '\vspace', if you use it in mid-paragraph + Because each command is a ‘\vspace’, if you use it in mid-paragraph then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So these are best between paragraphs. - The commands '\bigbreak', '\medbreak', and '\smallbreak' are similar + The commands ‘\bigbreak’, ‘\medbreak’, and ‘\smallbreak’ are similar but also suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to put a page break (*note \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak::. -19.12 '\bigbreak' & '\medbreak' & '\smallbreak' +19.12 ‘\bigbreak’ & ‘\medbreak’ & ‘\smallbreak’ =============================================== Synopsis, one of: @@ -11903,43 +11984,43 @@ Synopsis, one of: Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to break the page. (The -associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.) +associated penalties are respectively −200, −100, and −50.) *Note \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip::, for more. These commands produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a preceding vertical space if it is less than what they would insert (as -with '\addvspace'). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where they +with ‘\addvspace’). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where they are used: this example abc\bigbreak def ghi jkl mno pqr -will output three paragraphs, the first ending in 'abc' and the second +will output three paragraphs, the first ending in ‘abc’ and the second starting, after an extra vertical space and a paragraph indent, with -'def'. +‘def’. -19.13 '\strut' +19.13 ‘\strut’ ============== Synopsis: \strut - Ensure that the current line has height at least '0.7\baselineskip' -and depth at least '0.3\baselineskip'. Essentially, LaTeX inserts into + Ensure that the current line has height at least ‘0.7\baselineskip’ +and depth at least ‘0.3\baselineskip’. Essentially, LaTeX inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width, -'\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}' (*note \rule::). The -'\baselineskip' changes with the current font or fontsize. +‘\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}’ (*note \rule::). The +‘\baselineskip’ changes with the current font or fontsize. - In this example the '\strut' keeps the box inside the frame from + In this example the ‘\strut’ keeps the box inside the frame from having zero height. \setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut} This example has four lists. In the first there is a much bigger gap between items 2 and 3 than there is between items 1 and 2. The second -list fixes that with a '\strut' at the end of its first item's second +list fixes that with a ‘\strut’ at the end of its first item’s second line. \setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} @@ -11972,23 +12053,23 @@ line. \end{enumerate} \end{minipage}% -The final two lists use '\fbox' to show what's happening. The first -item '\parbox' of the third list goes only to the bottom of its second -'test', which happens not have any characters that descend below the +The final two lists use ‘\fbox’ to show what’s happening. The first +item ‘\parbox’ of the third list goes only to the bottom of its second +‘test’, which happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra below-baseline space. - The '\strut' command is often useful in graphics, such as in 'TikZ' -or 'Asymptote'. For instance, you may have a command such as -'\graphnode{NODE-NAME}' that fits a circle around NODE-NAME. However, -unless you are careful the NODE-NAME's 'x' and 'y' will produce + The ‘\strut’ command is often useful in graphics, such as in ‘TikZ’ +or ‘Asymptote’. For instance, you may have a command such as +‘\graphnode{NODE-NAME}’ that fits a circle around NODE-NAME. However, +unless you are careful the NODE-NAME’s ‘x’ and ‘y’ will produce different-diameter circles because the characters are different sizes. -A careful '\graphnode' might insert a '\strut', then NODE-NAME, and then +A careful ‘\graphnode’ might insert a ‘\strut’, then NODE-NAME, and then draw the circle. - The general approach of using a zero width '\rule' is useful in many + The general approach of using a zero width ‘\rule’ is useful in many circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of the -first integral from hitting the '\hline'. Similarly, the second rule +first integral from hitting the ‘\hline’. Similarly, the second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first. \begin{tabular}{rl} @@ -11999,12 +12080,12 @@ keeps the second integral from hitting the first. \end{tabular} (Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available -optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won't +optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won’t solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like -'\\[2.5ex]' will put more room between the header line and the '\hline' +‘\\[2.5ex]’ will put more room between the header line and the ‘\hline’ rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.) -19.14 '\vspace' +19.14 ‘\vspace’ =============== Synopsis, one of: @@ -12013,7 +12094,7 @@ Synopsis, one of: \vspace*{LENGTH} Add the vertical space LENGTH. The LENGTH can be positive, negative, -or zero. It is a rubber length--it may contain a 'plus' or 'minus' +or zero. It is a rubber length—it may contain a ‘plus’ or ‘minus’ component (*note Lengths::). This puts space between the two paragraphs. @@ -12026,9 +12107,9 @@ component (*note Lengths::). (*Note \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip::, for common inter-paragraph spaces.) - The '*'-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More + The ‘*’-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break and the -'*'-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space between +‘*’-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space between the two questions. Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \). @@ -12039,10 +12120,10 @@ the two questions. That space will be present even if the page break happens to fall between the questions. - If you use '\vspace' in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in + If you use ‘\vspace’ in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in horizontal mode) then the space is inserted after the line containing -the '\vspace' command; it does not start a new paragraph at the -'\vspace' command. +the ‘\vspace’ command; it does not start a new paragraph at the +‘\vspace’ command. In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on the page, with at least one inch of space below each. @@ -12055,7 +12136,7 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each. \vspace{1in plus 1fill} \end{document} -19.15 '\vfill' +19.15 ‘\vfill’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -12066,14 +12147,14 @@ Synopsis: infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far as needed (*note Lengths::). - It is often used in the same way as '\vspace{\fill}', except that -'\vfill' ends the current paragraph whereas '\vspace{\fill}' adds the + It is often used in the same way as ‘\vspace{\fill}’, except that +‘\vfill’ ends the current paragraph whereas ‘\vspace{\fill}’ adds the infinite vertical space below its line, irrespective of the paragraph structure. In both cases that space will disappear at a page boundary; to circumvent this see the starred option in *note \vspace::. In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines -contain the text 'Lost Dog!' and the second 'Lost Dog!' is exactly +contain the text ‘Lost Dog!’ and the second ‘Lost Dog!’ is exactly halfway between them. \begin{document} @@ -12084,7 +12165,7 @@ halfway between them. Lost Dog! \end{document} -19.16 '\addvspace' +19.16 ‘\addvspace’ ================== Synopsis: @@ -12092,16 +12173,16 @@ Synopsis: \addvspace{VERT-LENGTH} Add a vertical space of VERT-LENGTH. However, if there are two or -more '\addvspace''s in a sequence then together they only add the space +more ‘\addvspace’’s in a sequence then together they only add the space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the -VERT-LENGTH's in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note +VERT-LENGTH’s in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note \protect::). The VERT-LENGTH is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). - This example illustrates. The 'picture' draws a scale over which to + This example illustrates. The ‘picture’ draws a scale over which to rules are placed. In a standard LaTeX article the length -'\baselineskip' is 12pt. As shown by the scale, the two rules are 22pt -apart: the sum of the '\baselineskip' and the 10pt from the first -'\addvspace'. +‘\baselineskip’ is 12pt. As shown by the scale, the two rules are 22pt +apart: the sum of the ‘\baselineskip’ and the 10pt from the first +‘\addvspace’. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{color} @@ -12116,21 +12197,21 @@ apart: the sum of the '\baselineskip' and the 10pt from the first \par\noindent\rule{0.25\linewidth}{0.1pt}% \end{document} -Now uncomment the second '\addvspace'. It does not make the gap 20pt -longer; instead the gap is the sum of '\baselineskip' and 20pt. So -'\addvspace' in a sense does the opposite of its name--it makes sure -that multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only -the largest one is used. +Now uncomment the second ‘\addvspace’. It does not make the gap 20pt +longer; instead the gap is the sum of ‘\baselineskip’ and 20pt. So +‘\addvspace’ in a sense does the opposite of its name—it makes sure that +multiple vertical spaces do not accumulate, but instead that only the +largest one is used. LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below -an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a 'theorem' -environment begins and ends with '\addvspace' so that two consecutive -'theorem''s are separated by one vertical space, not two. +an environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a ‘theorem’ +environment begins and ends with ‘\addvspace’ so that two consecutive +‘theorem’’s are separated by one vertical space, not two. - A error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item' pointing to an -'\addvspace' means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit this -command. One way to change that is to precede '\addvspace' with a -'\par' command (*note \par::), as in the above example. + A error ‘Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item’ pointing to an +‘\addvspace’ means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit this +command. One way to change that is to precede ‘\addvspace’ with a +‘\par’ command (*note \par::), as in the above example. 20 Boxes ******** @@ -12139,9 +12220,9 @@ At its core, LaTeX puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a page. So these commands are central. There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating -boxes. One useful adjunct to the commands here is 'adjustbox'. +boxes. One useful adjunct to the commands here is ‘adjustbox’. -20.1 '\mbox' & '\makebox' +20.1 ‘\mbox’ & ‘\makebox’ ========================= Synopsis, one of: @@ -12152,18 +12233,18 @@ Synopsis, one of: \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} Create a box, a container for material. The TEXT is typeset in LR -mode (*note Modes::) so it is not broken into lines. The '\mbox' -command is robust, while '\makebox' is fragile (*note \protect::). +mode (*note Modes::) so it is not broken into lines. The ‘\mbox’ +command is robust, while ‘\makebox’ is fragile (*note \protect::). - Because 'text' is not broken into lines, you can use '\mbox' to + Because ‘text’ is not broken into lines, you can use ‘\mbox’ to prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate the tank -name, 'T-34'. +name, ‘T-34’. The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism. - The first two command synopsis versions, '\mbox' and '\makebox', are -roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the -TEXT. (They are like plain TeX's '\hbox'.) + The first two command invocations shown, ‘\mbox’ and ‘\makebox’, are +roughly the same. They create a box just wide enough to contain the +TEXT. (They are like plain TeX’s ‘\hbox’.) In the third version the optional argument WIDTH specifies the width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not equal the @@ -12172,12 +12253,12 @@ full-line box \makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam} -with 'Chapter Exam' centered. But TEXT can also be too wide for WIDTH. +with ‘Chapter Exam’ centered. But TEXT can also be too wide for WIDTH. See the example below of zero-width boxes. In the WIDTH argument you can use the following lengths that refer to -the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting TEXT: '\depth', -'\height', '\width', '\totalheight' (this is the box's height plus its +the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting TEXT: ‘\depth’, +‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this is the box’s height plus its depth). For example, to make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size you can say this. @@ -12187,23 +12268,23 @@ the natural size you can say this. POSITION gives position of the text within the box. It may take the following values: -'c' +‘c’ The TEXT is centered (default). -'l' +‘l’ The TEXT is flush left. -'r' +‘r’ Flush right. -'s' +‘s’ Stretch the interword space in TEXT across the entire WIDTH. The TEXT must contain stretchable space for this to work. For instance, this could head a press release: - '\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil - RELEASE\hfil}' + ‘\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil + RELEASE\hfil}’ - A common use of '\makebox' is to make zero-width text boxes. This + A common use of ‘\makebox’ is to make zero-width text boxes. This puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions. \newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}} @@ -12211,27 +12292,26 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions. \pts{90}An African or European swallow? - - The right edge of the output '10 points ' (note the ending space -after 'points') will be just before the 'What'. You can use '\makebox' -similarly when making graphics, such as in 'TikZ' or 'Asymptote', where + The right edge of the output ‘10 points ’ (note the ending space +after ‘points’) will be just before the ‘What’. You can use ‘\makebox’ +similarly when making graphics, such as in ‘TikZ’ or ‘Asymptote’, where you put the edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the length of that text. For boxes with frames see *note \fbox & \framebox::. For colors see *note Colored boxes::. - There is a related version of '\makebox' that is used within the -'picture' environment, where the length is given in terms of -'\unitlength' (*note \makebox (picture)::). + There is a related version of ‘\makebox’ that is used within the +‘picture’ environment, where the length is given in terms of +‘\unitlength’ (*note \makebox (picture)::). - As TEXT is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash '\\' nor -'\par' will give you a new line; for instance '\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}' -outputs 'abc defghi' while '\makebox{abc def \par ghi}' outputs 'abc def -ghi', both on a single line. To get multiple lines see *note \parbox:: + As TEXT is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash ‘\\’ nor +‘\par’ will give you a new line; for instance ‘\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}’ +outputs ‘abc defghi’ while ‘\makebox{abc def \par ghi}’ outputs ‘abc def +ghi’, both on a single line. To get multiple lines see *note \parbox:: and *note minipage::. -20.2 '\fbox' & '\framebox' +20.2 ‘\fbox’ & ‘\framebox’ ========================== Synopses, one of: @@ -12242,9 +12322,9 @@ Synopses, one of: \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the -TEXT. These commands are the same as '\mbox' and '\makebox' except for -the frame (*note \mbox & \makebox::). The '\fbox' command is robust, -the '\framebox' command is fragile (*note \protect::). +TEXT. These commands are the same as ‘\mbox’ and ‘\makebox’ except for +the frame (*note \mbox & \makebox::). The ‘\fbox’ command is robust, +the ‘\framebox’ command is fragile (*note \protect::). \fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.} @@ -12252,7 +12332,7 @@ LaTeX puts the text into a box, the text cannot be hyphenated. Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four rules making a frame. - The first two command invocations, '\fbox{...}' and '\framebox{...}', + The first two command invocations, ‘\fbox{...}’ and ‘\framebox{...}’, are roughly the same. As to the third and fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as WIDTH and the position of the text inside that box as POSITION. *Note \mbox & @@ -12261,18 +12341,18 @@ empty box that is 1/4in wide. \setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}} -The '\strut' ensures a total height of '\baselineskip' (*note \strut::). +The ‘\strut’ ensures a total height of ‘\baselineskip’ (*note \strut::). These parameters determine the frame layout. -'\fboxrule' +‘\fboxrule’ The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is 0.2pt. Change it with a command such as - '\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}' (*note \setlength::). + ‘\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}’ (*note \setlength::). -'\fboxsep' +‘\fboxsep’ The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is - 3pt. Change it with a command such as '\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}' + 3pt. Change it with a command such as ‘\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}’ (*note \setlength::). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes: this will put a frame around the picture with no white border. @@ -12280,9 +12360,9 @@ The '\strut' ensures a total height of '\baselineskip' (*note \strut::). \framebox{% \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}} - The extra curly braces keep the effect of the '\setlength' local. + The extra curly braces keep the effect of the ‘\setlength’ local. - As with '\mbox' and '\makebox', LaTeX will not break lines in TEXT. + As with ‘\mbox’ and ‘\makebox’, LaTeX will not break lines in TEXT. But this example has LaTeX break lines to make a paragraph, and then frame the result. @@ -12294,11 +12374,11 @@ frame the result. *Note Colored boxes::, for colors other than black and white. - The 'picture' environment has a version of the '\framebox' command -where the units depend on 'picture''s '\unitlength' (*note \framebox + The ‘picture’ environment has a version of the ‘\framebox’ command +where the units depend on ‘picture’’s ‘\unitlength’ (*note \framebox (picture)::). -20.3 '\parbox' +20.3 ‘\parbox’ ============== Synopses, one of: @@ -12320,11 +12400,11 @@ fragile (*note \protect::). \end{picture} The CONTENTS are processed in a text mode (*note Modes::) so LaTeX -will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won't make multiple -paragraphs; for that, use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::). +will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won’t make multiple +paragraphs; for that, use a ‘minipage’ environment (*note minipage::). - The options for '\parbox' (except for CONTENTS) are the same as those -for 'minipage'. For convenience a summary of the options is here but + The options for ‘\parbox’ (except for CONTENTS) are the same as those +for ‘minipage’. For convenience a summary of the options is here but see *note minipage:: for a complete description. There are two required arguments. The WIDTH is a rigid length (*note @@ -12333,23 +12413,23 @@ CONTENTS. The CONTENTS is the text that is placed in that box. It should not have any paragraph-making components. There are three optional arguments, POSITION, HEIGHT, and INNER-POS. -The POSITION gives the vertical alignment of the "parbox" with respect -to the surrounding material. The supported values are 'c' or 'm' to +The POSITION gives the vertical alignment of the “parbox” with respect +to the surrounding material. The supported values are ‘c’ or ‘m’ to make the vertical center of the parbox lines up with the center of the -adjacent text line (this is the default), or 't' to match the top line -of the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding material, or 'b' to +adjacent text line (this is the default), or ‘t’ to match the top line +of the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding material, or ‘b’ to match the bottom line. The optional argument HEIGHT overrides the natural height of the box. The optional argument INNER-POS controls the placement of CONTENT -inside the 'parbox'. Its default is the value of POSITION. Its -possible values are: 't' to put the CONTENT at the top of the box, 'c' -to put it in the vertical center, 'b' to put it at the bottom of the -box, and 's' to stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must +inside the ‘parbox’. Its default is the value of POSITION. Its +possible values are: ‘t’ to put the CONTENT at the top of the box, ‘c’ +to put it in the vertical center, ‘b’ to put it at the bottom of the +box, and ‘s’ to stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must contain vertically stretchable space). -20.4 '\raisebox' +20.4 ‘\raisebox’ ================ Synopsis, one of: @@ -12377,8 +12457,8 @@ gets by typesetting TEXT. In the arguments DISTANCE, HEIGHT, and DEPTH you can use the following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets -on typesetting TEXT: '\depth', '\height', '\width', '\totalheight' (this -is the box's height plus its depth). +on typesetting TEXT: ‘\depth’, ‘\height’, ‘\width’, ‘\totalheight’ (this +is the box’s height plus its depth). This will align two graphics on their top (*note Graphics::). @@ -12392,10 +12472,10 @@ is the box's height plus its depth). \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{meta.png}} \end{center} -The first '\height' is the height of 'lion.png' while the second is the -height of 'meta.png'. +The first ‘\height’ is the height of ‘lion.png’ while the second is the +height of ‘meta.png’. -20.5 '\sbox' & '\savebox' +20.5 ‘\sbox’ & ‘\savebox’ ========================= Synopsis, one of: @@ -12405,12 +12485,12 @@ Synopsis, one of: \savebox{BOX-CMD}[WIDTH]{TEXT} \savebox{BOX-CMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT} - Typeset TEXT just as with '\makebox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) + Typeset TEXT just as with ‘\makebox’ (*note \mbox & \makebox::) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it in a box register referred to by a variable named BOX-CMD. The variable name -BOX-CMD begins with a backslash, '\'. You must have previously -allocated the box register BOX-CMD with '\newsavebox' (*note -\newsavebox::). The '\sbox' command is robust while '\savebox' is +BOX-CMD begins with a backslash, ‘\’. You must have previously +allocated the box register BOX-CMD with ‘\newsavebox’ (*note +\newsavebox::). The ‘\sbox’ command is robust while ‘\savebox’ is fragile (*note \protect::). This creates and uses a box register. @@ -12422,23 +12502,23 @@ fragile (*note \protect::). Whenever we go out, the people always shout! There goes \usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da. -One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a '\newcommand' +One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a ‘\newcommand’ macro variable is efficiency, that LaTeX need not repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below. - The first two command invocations, '\sbox{BOX-CMD}{TEXT}' and -'\savebox{BOX-CMD}{TEXT}', are roughly equivalent. As to the third and -fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as + The first two command invocations shown above, ‘\sbox{BOX-CMD}{TEXT}’ +and ‘\savebox{BOX-CMD}{TEXT}’, are roughly the same. As to the third +and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box width as WIDTH, and the position of the text inside that box as POSITION. *Note \mbox & \makebox::, for the full description. - In the '\sbox' and '\savebox' commands the TEXT is typeset in LR mode + In the ‘\sbox’ and ‘\savebox’ commands the TEXT is typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (*note Modes::). If you use these then -LaTeX doesn't give you an error but it ignores what you want: if you -enter '\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}' and '\usebox{\newreg}' then you get -'testtest', while if you enter '\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}' and -'\usebox{\newreg}' then you get 'test test', but no error or warning. -To fix this use a '\parbox' or 'minipage' as here. +LaTeX doesn’t give you an error but it ignores what you want: if you +enter ‘\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}’ and ‘\usebox{\newreg}’ then you get +‘testtest’, while if you enter ‘\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}’ and +‘\usebox{\newreg}’ then you get ‘test test’, but no error or warning. +To fix this use a ‘\parbox’ or ‘minipage’ as here. \newsavebox{\areg} \savebox{\areg}{% @@ -12451,7 +12531,7 @@ To fix this use a '\parbox' or 'minipage' as here. ... \usebox{\areg} - As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register's contents, + As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register’s contents, this puts the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in the header. LaTeX only typesets it once. @@ -12470,12 +12550,12 @@ the header. LaTeX only typesets it once. \markright{\usebox{\sealreg}} \pagestyle{headings} -The 'picture' environment is good for fine-tuning the placement. +The ‘picture’ environment is good for fine-tuning the placement. - If the register '\noreg' has not already been defined then you get -something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg'. + If the register ‘\noreg’ has not already been defined then you get +something like ‘Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg’. -20.6 'lrbox' +20.6 ‘lrbox’ ============ Synopsis: @@ -12484,15 +12564,15 @@ Synopsis: TEXT \end{lrbox} - This is the environment form of the '\sbox' and '\savebox' commands, + This is the environment form of the ‘\sbox’ and ‘\savebox’ commands, and is equivalent to them. *Note \sbox & \savebox::, for the full description. The TEXT inside the environment is saved in the box register referred -to by variable 'BOX-CMD'. The variable name BOX-CMD must begin with a -backslash, '\'. You must allocate this box register in advance with -'\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). In this example the environment is -convenient for entering the 'tabular'. +to by variable ‘BOX-CMD’. The variable name BOX-CMD must begin with a +backslash, ‘\’. You must allocate this box register in advance with +‘\newsavebox’ (*note \newsavebox::). In this example the environment is +convenient for entering the ‘tabular’. \newsavebox{\jhreg} \begin{lrbox}{\jhreg} @@ -12504,7 +12584,7 @@ convenient for entering the 'tabular'. ... \usebox{\jhreg} -20.7 '\usebox' +20.7 ‘\usebox’ ============== Synopsis: @@ -12512,9 +12592,9 @@ Synopsis: \usebox{BOX-CMD} Produce the box most recently saved in the box register BOX-CMD by -the commands '\sbox' or '\savebox', or the 'lrbox' environment. For +the commands ‘\sbox’ or ‘\savebox’, or the ‘lrbox’ environment. For more information and examples, *note \sbox & \savebox::. (Note that the -variable name BOX-CMD starts with a backslash, '\'.) This command is +variable name BOX-CMD starts with a backslash, ‘\’.) This command is robust (*note \protect::). 21 Color @@ -12524,58 +12604,58 @@ You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box or on an entire page and write text on top of it. Color support comes as an additional package. So put -'\usepackage{color}' in your document preamble to use the commands +‘\usepackage{color}’ in your document preamble to use the commands described here. - Many other packages also supplement LaTeX's color abilities. -Particularly worth mentioning is 'xcolor', which is widely used and + Many other packages also supplement LaTeX’s color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is ‘xcolor’, which is widely used and significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding -'HTML' and 'Hsb' color models. +‘HTML’ and ‘Hsb’ color models. -21.1 'color' package options +21.1 ‘color’ package options ============================ Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color} - When you load the 'color' package there are two kinds of available + When you load the ‘color’ package there are two kinds of available options. - The first specifies the "printer driver". LaTeX doesn't contain + The first specifies the “printer driver”. LaTeX doesn’t contain information about different output systems but instead depends on information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the -driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The -currently relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', -'pdftex', 'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases -for 'dvips' (and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used -for new systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex', -'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex' -(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). +currently relevant ones are: ‘dvipdfmx’, ‘dvips’, ‘dvisvgm’, ‘luatex’, +‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’. The two ‘xdvi’ and ‘oztex’ are essentially aliases +for ‘dvips’ (and ‘xdvi’ is monochrome). Ones that should not be used +for new systems are: ‘dvipdf’, ‘dvipdfm’, ‘dviwin’, ‘dvipsone’, ‘emtex’, +‘pctexps’, ‘pctexwin’, ‘pctexhp’, ‘pctex32’, ‘truetex’, ‘tcidvi’, ‘vtex’ +(and ‘dviwindo’ is an alias for ‘dvipsone’). The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. -'monochrome' +‘monochrome’ Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do not generate color either. -'dvipsnames' +‘dvipsnames’ Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, particularly in legacy documents. These color names were - originally provided by the 'dvips' driver, giving the option name. + originally provided by the ‘dvips’ driver, giving the option name. -'nodvipsnames' +‘nodvipsnames’ Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of memory space. 21.2 Color models ================= -A "color model" is a way of representing colors. LaTeX's capabilities -depend on the printer driver. However, the 'pdftex', 'xetex', and -'luatex' printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The +A “color model” is a way of representing colors. LaTeX’s capabilities +depend on the printer driver. However, the ‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, and +‘luatex’ printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today. @@ -12585,42 +12665,42 @@ of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, and yellow makes black. -'cmyk' +‘cmyk’ A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. -'gray' +‘gray’ A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. -'rgb' +‘rgb’ A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity. This is an additive model. -'RGB' - ('pdftex', 'xetex', 'luatex' drivers) A comma-separated list with +‘RGB’ + (‘pdftex’, ‘xetex’, ‘luatex’ drivers) A comma-separated list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a - convenience for using 'rgb' since outside of LaTeX colors are often + convenience for using ‘rgb’ since outside of LaTeX colors are often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. - The values entered here are converted to the 'rgb' model by + The values entered here are converted to the ‘rgb’ model by dividing by 255. -'named' - Colors are accessed by name, such as 'PrussianBlue'. The list of - names depends on the driver, but all support the names 'black', - 'blue', 'cyan', 'green', 'magenta', 'red', 'white', and 'yellow' - (See the 'dvipsnames' option in *note Color package options::). +‘named’ + Colors are accessed by name, such as ‘PrussianBlue’. The list of + names depends on the driver, but all support the names ‘black’, + ‘blue’, ‘cyan’, ‘green’, ‘magenta’, ‘red’, ‘white’, and ‘yellow’ + (See the ‘dvipsnames’ option in *note Color package options::). 21.3 Commands for color ======================= -These are the commands available with the 'color' package. +These are the commands available with the ‘color’ package. 21.3.1 Define colors -------------------- @@ -12633,7 +12713,7 @@ Synopsis: \definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74} -you can use that color name with 'Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!'. +you can use that color name with ‘Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!’. This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change and not be misleading. @@ -12641,7 +12721,7 @@ and not be misleading. \definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} - Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the + Often a document’s colors are defined in the preamble, or in the class or style, rather than in the document body. 21.3.2 Colored text @@ -12655,27 +12735,27 @@ Synopses: or \color{NAME} - \color[COLOR MODEL]{SPECIFICATION} + \color[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION} The affected text gets the color. This line - \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} + \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You -can use a color declared with '\definecolor' in exactly the same way -that we just used the builtin color 'magenta'. +can use a color declared with ‘\definecolor’ in exactly the same way +that we just used the builtin color ‘magenta’. \definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. - The two '\textcolor' and '\color' differ in that the first is a + The two ‘\textcolor’ and ‘\color’ differ in that the first is a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second -form is a declaration, as in 'The moon is made of {\color{green} green} -cheese', so it is in effect until the end of the current group or +form is a declaration, as in ‘The moon is made of {\color{green} green} +cheese’, so it is in effect until the end of the current group or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below -where it colors everything inside the 'center' environment, including +where it colors everything inside the ‘center’ environment, including the vertical and horizontal lines. \begin{center} \color{blue} @@ -12704,7 +12784,7 @@ the synopses. {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team. The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note -Color models::). For instance, while 'rgb' takes three numbers, 'gray' +Color models::). For instance, while ‘rgb’ takes three numbers, ‘gray’ takes only one. The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. @@ -12728,22 +12808,22 @@ or \fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...} \fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...} - Make a box with the stated background color. The '\fcolorbox' + Make a box with the stated background color. The ‘\fcolorbox’ command puts a frame around the box. For instance this Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its -depth and height from the '\strut' (so the depth is '-.3\baselineskip' -and the height is '\baselineskip'). This puts white text on a blue +depth and height from the ‘\strut’ (so the depth is ‘-.3\baselineskip’ +and the height is ‘\baselineskip’). This puts white text on a blue background. \colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} - The '\fcolorbox' commands use the same parameters as '\fbox' (*note -\fbox & \framebox::), '\fboxrule' and '\fboxsep', to set the thickness + The ‘\fcolorbox’ commands use the same parameters as ‘\fbox’ (*note +\fbox & \framebox::), ‘\fboxrule’ and ‘\fboxsep’, to set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the -surrounding rule. LaTeX's defaults are '0.4pt' and '3pt', respectively. +surrounding rule. LaTeX’s defaults are ‘0.4pt’ and ‘3pt’, respectively. This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end @@ -12765,7 +12845,7 @@ Synopses: pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported -use '\pagecolor{white}', although that will make a white background +use ‘\pagecolor{white}’, although that will make a white background rather than the default transparent background.) ... @@ -12785,14 +12865,14 @@ example is the short how-to. \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} To use the commands described here your document preamble must -contain either '\usepackage{graphicx}' or '\usepackage{graphics}'. Most -of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice. +contain either ‘\usepackage{graphicx}’ or ‘\usepackage{graphics}’. Most +of the time, ‘graphicx’ is the better choice. Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of -instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that center'. +instructions such as ‘draw a circle with this radius and that center’. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful because you can rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, and because @@ -12800,7 +12880,7 @@ they often have a smaller size. There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts as -in your document. LaTeX comes with a 'picture' environment (*note +in your document. LaTeX comes with a ‘picture’ environment (*note picture::) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems @@ -12810,7 +12890,7 @@ Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; see their documentation on CTAN. -22.1 'graphics' package options +22.1 ‘graphics’ package options =============================== Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): @@ -12821,60 +12901,60 @@ or \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphicx} - The 'graphicx' package has a format for optional arguments to the -'\includegraphics' command that is convenient (it is the key-value + The ‘graphicx’ package has a format for optional arguments to the +‘\includegraphics’ command that is convenient (it is the key-value format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load -the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package with '\usepackage' there are two +the ‘graphics’ or ‘graphicx’ package with ‘\usepackage’ there are two kinds of available options. The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different -output systems but instead depends on information stored in a "printer -driver" file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the -document, and instead rely on your system's default. One advantage of +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a “printer +driver” file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the +document, and instead rely on your system’s default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable across systems. For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently -relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', 'pdftex', -'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases for 'dvips' -(and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new -systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex', -'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex' -(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). These are stored in files -with a '.def' extension, such as 'pdftex.def'. +relevant ones are: ‘dvipdfmx’, ‘dvips’, ‘dvisvgm’, ‘luatex’, ‘pdftex’, +‘xetex’. The two ‘xdvi’ and ‘oztex’ are essentially aliases for ‘dvips’ +(and ‘xdvi’ is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: ‘dvipdf’, ‘dvipdfm’, ‘dviwin’, ‘dvipsone’, ‘emtex’, +‘pctexps’, ‘pctexwin’, ‘pctexhp’, ‘pctex32’, ‘truetex’, ‘tcidvi’, ‘vtex’ +(and ‘dviwindo’ is an alias for ‘dvipsone’). These are stored in files +with a ‘.def’ extension, such as ‘pdftex.def’. The second kind of options are below. -'demo' +‘demo’ Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt rectangle (unless another size is specified in the - '\includegraphics' command). + ‘\includegraphics’ command). -'draft' +‘draft’ For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size, the file must be present. -'final' - (Default) Override any previous 'draft' option, so that the +‘final’ + (Default) Override any previous ‘draft’ option, so that the document shows the contents of the graphic files. -'hiderotate' +‘hiderotate’ Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) -'hidescale' +‘hidescale’ Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a previewer does not have the capability to scale.) -'hiresbb' +‘hiresbb’ In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. - The '%%BoundingBox' lines describe the graphic size using integer + The ‘%%BoundingBox’ lines describe the graphic size using integer multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal - multiples, such as 1.23, in '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines. This + multiples, such as 1.23, in ‘%%HiResBoundingBox’ lines. This option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter. -22.2 'graphics' package configuration +22.2 ‘graphics’ package configuration ===================================== These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the @@ -12883,10 +12963,10 @@ graphic. The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform dependent. In this document we cover GNU/Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult -the documentation in 'grfguide.pdf', or the LaTeX source, or your TeX -distribution's documentation. +the documentation in ‘grfguide.pdf’, or the LaTeX source, or your TeX +distribution’s documentation. -22.2.1 '\graphicspath' +22.2.1 ‘\graphicspath’ ---------------------- Synopsis: @@ -12894,31 +12974,31 @@ Synopsis: \graphicspath{LIST OF DIRECTORIES INSIDE CURLY BRACES} Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This -allows you to later say something like '\includegraphics{lion.png}' +allows you to later say something like ‘\includegraphics{lion.png}’ instead of having to give its path. LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory (and the output directory, if specified; *note output directory::). The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory -'pix', and then '../pix'. +‘pix’, and then ‘../pix’. \usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble ... \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } - The '\graphicspath' declaration is optional. If you don't include it -then LaTeX's default is to search all of the places that it usually -looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's '\input@path'). In particular, in + The ‘\graphicspath’ declaration is optional. If you don’t include it +then LaTeX’s default is to search all of the places that it usually +looks for a file (it uses LaTeX’s ‘\input@path’). In particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current directory. Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it -says ''{pix}''. Do this even if there is only one directory. Each -directory name must end in a forward slash, '/'. This is true even on +says ‘‘{pix}’’. Do this even if there is only one directory. Each +directory name must end in a forward slash, ‘/’. This is true even on Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all the directory separators since it makes the document portable to other platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double -quotes, as with '{"my docs/"}'. Getting one of these rules wrong will -cause LaTeX to report 'Error: File `FILENAME' not found'. +quotes, as with ‘{"my docs/"}’. Getting one of these rules wrong will +cause LaTeX to report ‘Error: File `FILENAME' not found’. Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in the current directory, @@ -12928,28 +13008,28 @@ the current directory, \usepackage{lion.png} for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the -filename and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and -then '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the '\graphicspath' +filename and searches for the result, checking for ‘pix/lion.png’ and +then ‘../pix/lion.png’. This algorithm means that the ‘\graphicspath’ command does not recursively search subdirectories: if you issue -'\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png' then LaTeX +‘\graphicspath{{a/}}’ and the graphic is in ‘a/b/lion.png’ then LaTeX will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute paths such as -'\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}' or -'\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}'. However, using these +‘\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}’ or +‘\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}’. However, using these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file -parameter 'TEXINPUTS'; see the documentation of your system.) +parameter ‘TEXINPUTS’; see the documentation of your system.) - You can use '\graphicspath' anywhere in the document. You can use it + You can use ‘\graphicspath’ anywhere in the document. You can use it more than once. Show its value with -'\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother'. +‘\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother’. The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, -suppose that you are working on a document based on 'book/book.tex' and -it contains '\include{chapters/chap1}'. If in 'chap1.tex' you put -'\graphicspath{{plots/}}' then LaTeX will not search for graphics in -'book/chapters/plots', but instead in 'book/plots'. +suppose that you are working on a document based on ‘book/book.tex’ and +it contains ‘\include{chapters/chap1}’. If in ‘chap1.tex’ you put +‘\graphicspath{{plots/}}’ then LaTeX will not search for graphics in +‘book/chapters/plots’, but instead in ‘book/plots’. -22.2.2 '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' +22.2.2 ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’ ----------------------------------- Synopses: @@ -12959,7 +13039,7 @@ Synopses: Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify the order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic files by giving the filename without the extension, as in -'\includegraphics{functionplot}'. +‘\includegraphics{functionplot}’. In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF files. @@ -12968,30 +13048,30 @@ files. ... \includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf -Because the filename 'lion' does not have a period, LaTeX uses the +Because the filename ‘lion’ does not have a period, LaTeX uses the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path (*note \graphicspath::), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories and -extensions then it reports '! LaTeX Error: File `'lion'' not found'. +extensions then it reports ‘! LaTeX Error: File `‘lion’' not found’. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. Because GNU/Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows platform is not case sensitive. - You are not required to include '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' in your + You are not required to include ‘\DeclareGraphicsExtensions’ in your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, the -most recent 'pdftex.def' has this extension list. +most recent ‘pdftex.def’ has this extension list. .pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2 - To change the order, use the 'grfext' package. + To change the order, use the ‘grfext’ package. You can use this command anywhere in the document. You can use it more than once. Show its value with -'\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother'. +‘\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother’. -22.2.3 '\DeclareGraphicsRule' +22.2.3 ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule’ ----------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -13001,7 +13081,7 @@ Synopsis: Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in EXTENSION. This example declares that all files with names of the form -'filename-without-dot.mps' will be treated as output from MetaPost, +‘filename-without-dot.mps’ will be treated as output from MetaPost, meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to input the file. @@ -13012,24 +13092,24 @@ input the file. \DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an -extension not covered by another rule, so it covers 'filename.1', -'filename.2', etc. +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers ‘filename.1’, +‘filename.2’, etc. This describes the four arguments. EXTENSION The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use - the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behavior for all + the Kleene star, ‘*’, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions. TYPE The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions - '.ps', '.eps', or '.ps.gz' may all be classed as type 'eps'. All + ‘.ps’, ‘.eps’, or ‘.ps.gz’ may all be classed as type ‘eps’. All files of the same type will be input with the same internal command - by the printer driver. For example, the file types that 'pdftex' - recognizes are: 'jpg', 'jbig2', 'mps', 'pdf', 'png', 'tif'. + by the printer driver. For example, the file types that ‘pdftex’ + recognizes are: ‘jpg’, ‘jbig2’, ‘mps’, ‘pdf’, ‘png’, ‘tif’. SIZE-FILE EXTENSION The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the @@ -13037,26 +13117,26 @@ SIZE-FILE EXTENSION but it may be different. As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, - it might be compressed into a '.ps.gz' file. Compressed files are + it might be compressed into a ‘.ps.gz’ file. Compressed files are not easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box information in a separate file. If SIZE-FILE EXTENSION is empty then you must specify size information in the arguments of - '\includegraphics'. + ‘\includegraphics’. If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for - 'type' then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure - for reading '.eps' files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap - files in a file with a PostScript style '%%BoundingBox' line if no + ‘type’ then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure + for reading ‘.eps’ files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap + files in a file with a PostScript style ‘%%BoundingBox’ line if no other format is available.) COMMAND - A command that will be applied to the file. This is very often - left empty. This command must start with a single backward quote. - Thus, '\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}' - specifies that any file with the extension '.eps.gz' should be - treated as an 'eps' file, with the BoundingBox information stored - in the file with extension '.eps.bb', and that the command 'gunzip - -c' will run on your platform to decompresses the file. + A command that will be applied to the file. This is often left + empty. This command must start with a single backward quote. + Thus, ‘\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}’ + specifies that any file with the extension ‘.eps.gz’ should be + treated as an ‘eps’ file, with the BoundingBox information stored + in the file with extension ‘.eps.bb’, and that the command ‘gunzip + -c’ will run on your platform to decompresses the file. Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX system must allow you to run external commands; as a security @@ -13067,13 +13147,13 @@ COMMAND 22.3 Commands for graphics ========================== -These are the commands available with the 'graphics' and 'graphicx' +These are the commands available with the ‘graphics’ and ‘graphicx’ packages. -22.3.1 '\includegraphics' +22.3.1 ‘\includegraphics’ ------------------------- -Synopses for 'graphics' package: +Synopses for ‘graphics’ package: \includegraphics{FILENAME} \includegraphics[URX,URY]{FILENAME} @@ -13082,14 +13162,14 @@ Synopses for 'graphics' package: \includegraphics*[URX,URY]{FILENAME} \includegraphics*[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME} - Synopses for 'graphicx' package: + Synopses for ‘graphicx’ package: \includegraphics{FILENAME} \includegraphics[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME} \includegraphics*{FILENAME} \includegraphics*[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME} - Include a graphics file. The starred form '\includegraphics*' will + Include a graphics file. The starred form ‘\includegraphics*’ will clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will over-print the surrounding area. @@ -13102,28 +13182,28 @@ over-print the surrounding area. \includegraphics{plot.pdf} \end{center} -will incorporate into the document the graphic in 'plot.pdf', centered +will incorporate into the document the graphic in ‘plot.pdf’, centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, as with -'\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}'. To specify a list of locations +‘\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}’. To specify a list of locations to search for the file, *note \graphicspath::. If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes. An -example is '\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}'. +example is ‘\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}’. - The '\includegraphics{FILENAME}' command decides on the type of + The ‘\includegraphics{FILENAME}’ command decides on the type of graphic by splitting FILENAME on the first dot. You can instead use -FILENAME with no dot, as in '\includegraphics{turing}', and then LaTeX -tries a sequence of extensions such as '.png' and '.pdf' until it finds +FILENAME with no dot, as in ‘\includegraphics{turing}’, and then LaTeX +tries a sequence of extensions such as ‘.png’ and ‘.pdf’ until it finds a file with that extension (*note \DeclareGraphicsExtensions::). If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide them with curly braces, as in -'\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}'. Or, if you use the -'graphicx' package then you can use the options 'type' and 'ext'; see +‘\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}’. Or, if you use the +‘graphicx’ package then you can use the options ‘type’ and ‘ext’; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled with the package -'grffile'. +‘grffile’. - This example puts a graphic in a 'figure' environment so LaTeX can + This example puts a graphic in a ‘figure’ environment so LaTeX can move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward (*note figure::). @@ -13160,19 +13240,19 @@ text, with the two vertically centered. \end{minipage}} \end{center} - If you use the 'graphics' package then the only options involve the + If you use the ‘graphics’ package then the only options involve the size of the graphic (but see *note \rotatebox:: and *note \scalebox::). -When one optional argument is present then it is '[URX,URY]' and it +When one optional argument is present then it is ‘[URX,URY]’ and it gives the coordinates of the top right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::). If the units are omitted they -default to 'bp'. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is +default to ‘bp’. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the -leading one is '[LLX,LLY]', specifying the coordinates of the image's -lower left. Thus, '\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}' calls for the +leading one is ‘[LLX,LLY]’, specifying the coordinates of the image’s +lower left. Thus, ‘\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}’ calls for the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so its origin is at (0,0). - The 'graphicx' package gives you many more options. Specify them in + The ‘graphicx’ package gives you many more options. Specify them in a key-value form, as here. \begin{center} @@ -13189,133 +13269,133 @@ two will end with different widths and heights. There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is -traditionally referred to as its "bounding box" (distinct from the -PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may +traditionally referred to as its “bounding box” (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic’s printed area may go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the graphic. -'width' +‘width’ The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An - example is '\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}'. You can use the + example is ‘\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}’. You can use the standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::) and also - convenient is '\linewidth', or in a two-column document, - '\columnwidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is - that by using the 'calc' package you can make the graphic be 1 cm + convenient is ‘\linewidth’, or in a two-column document, + ‘\columnwidth’ (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is + that by using the ‘calc’ package you can make the graphic be 1 cm narrower than the width of the text with - '\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}'. + ‘\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}’. -'height' +‘height’ The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can use the standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::), and - also convenient are '\pageheight' and '\textheight' (*note Page + also convenient are ‘\pageheight’ and ‘\textheight’ (*note Page layout parameters::). For instance, the command - '\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}' will make the + ‘\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}’ will make the graphic a quarter of the height of the text area. -'totalheight' +‘totalheight’ The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height but a large depth. -'keepaspectratio' - If set to 'true', or just specified as here +‘keepaspectratio’ + If set to ‘true’, or just specified as here \includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...} - and you give as options both 'width' and 'height' (or - 'totalheight'), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as + and you give as options both ‘width’ and ‘height’ (or + ‘totalheight’), then LaTeX will make the graphic is as large as possible without distortion. That is, LaTeX will ensure that - neither is the graphic wider than 'width' nor taller than 'height' - (or 'totalheight'). + neither is the graphic wider than ‘width’ nor taller than ‘height’ + (or ‘totalheight’). -'scale' +‘scale’ Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its - nominal size, enter '\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}'. This + nominal size, enter ‘\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}’. This number may be any value; a number between 0 and 1 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect it. -'angle' +‘angle’ Rotate the graphic. The angle is taken in degrees and - counterclockwise. The graphic is rotated about its 'origin'; see + counterclockwise. The graphic is rotated about its ‘origin’; see that option. For a complete description of how rotated material is typeset, *note \rotatebox::. -'origin' +‘origin’ The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. - Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for - left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top, - and 'B' for baseline. Thus, entering the command - '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture - upside down about that picture's center, while the command - '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its - picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c' - gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc', but gives the vertical - center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'. + Possible values are any string containing one or two of: ‘l’ for + left, ‘r’ for right, ‘b’ for bottom, ‘c’ for center, ‘t’ for top, + and ‘B’ for baseline. Thus, entering the command + ‘\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}’ will turn the picture + upside down about that picture’s center, while the command + ‘\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}’ will turn its + picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character ‘c’ + gives the horizontal center in ‘bc’ or ‘tc’, but gives the vertical + center in ‘lc’ or ‘rc’.) The default is ‘lB’. To rotate about an arbitrary point, *note \rotatebox::. These are lesser-used options. -'viewport' +‘viewport’ Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with - '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. When - the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big points, 'bp'. + ‘\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}’. When + the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big points, ‘bp’. They are taken relative to the origin specified by the bounding - box. See also the 'trim' option. + box. See also the ‘trim’ option. -'trim' +‘trim’ Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with - '\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}'. + ‘\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}’. These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on the bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the top. See - also the 'viewport' option. + also the ‘viewport’ option. -'clip' - If set to 'true', or just specified as here +‘clip’ + If set to ‘true’, or just specified as here \includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...} then the graphic is cropped to the bounding box. This is the same as using the starred form of the command, - '\includegraphics*[...]{...}'. + ‘\includegraphics*[...]{...}’. -'page' +‘page’ Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is - 'page=1'. + ‘page=1’. -'pagebox' +‘pagebox’ Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among - 'mediabox', 'cropbox', 'bleedbox', 'trimbox', or 'artbox'. PDF + ‘mediabox’, ‘cropbox’, ‘bleedbox’, ‘trimbox’, or ‘artbox’. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript files have, but may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The MediaBox gives the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the region to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when displayed. The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page should be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions - of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's + of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page’s meaningful content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present. -'interpolate' +‘interpolate’ Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. - Can be set with 'interpolate=true' or just specified as here. + Can be set with ‘interpolate=true’ or just specified as here. \includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...} -'quiet' +‘quiet’ Do not write information to the log. You can set it with - 'quiet=true' or just specified it with - '\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}', + ‘quiet=true’ or just specified it with + ‘\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}’, -'draft' - If you set it with 'draft=true' or just specify it with +‘draft’ + If you set it with ‘draft=true’ or just specify it with \includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...} @@ -13324,75 +13404,75 @@ graphic. correct size with the filename printed in it. These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript -graphic files, which have a size specified with a line '%%BoundingBox' +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line ‘%%BoundingBox’ that appears in the file. It has four values, giving the lower x coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper x coordinate, and upper y -coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX's big -points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an '.eps' file has the line -'%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80' then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by +coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX’s big +points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an ‘.eps’ file has the line +‘%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80’ then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by 60/72 inch tall. -'bb' +‘bb’ Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is - four dimensions separated by spaces, as with '\includegraphics[.., - bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. Usually '\includegraphics' reads + four dimensions separated by spaces, as with ‘\includegraphics[.., + bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}’. Usually ‘\includegraphics’ reads the BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want to change it. -'bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury' +‘bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury’ Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for compatibility with old packages. -'natwidth, natheight' - An alternative for 'bb'. Setting +‘natwidth, natheight’ + An alternative for ‘bb’. Setting \includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...} - is the same as setting 'bb=0 0 1in 0.618in'. + is the same as setting ‘bb=0 0 1in 0.618in’. -'hiresbb' - If set to 'true', or just specified as with +‘hiresbb’ + If set to ‘true’, or just specified as with \includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...} - then LaTeX will look for '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines instead of - '%%BoundingBox' lines. (The 'BoundingBox' lines use only natural - numbers while the 'HiResBoundingBox' lines use decimals; both use - units equivalent to TeX's big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a - prior setting of 'true', you can set it to 'false'. + then LaTeX will look for ‘%%HiResBoundingBox’ lines instead of + ‘%%BoundingBox’ lines. (The ‘BoundingBox’ lines use only natural + numbers while the ‘HiResBoundingBox’ lines use decimals; both use + units equivalent to TeX’s big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a + prior setting of ‘true’, you can set it to ‘false’. - These following options allow a user to override LaTeX's method of + These following options allow a user to override LaTeX’s method of choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example -is that '\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}' will read -the file 'lion.xxx' as though it were 'lion.png'. For more on these, +is that ‘\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}’ will read +the file ‘lion.xxx’ as though it were ‘lion.png’. For more on these, *note \DeclareGraphicsRule::. -'type' +‘type’ Specify the graphics type. -'ext' +‘ext’ Specify the graphics extension. Only use this in conjunction with - the option 'type'. + the option ‘type’. -'read' +‘read’ Specify the file extension of the read file. Only use this in - conjunction with the option 'type'. + conjunction with the option ‘type’. -'command' +‘command’ Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in - conjunction with the option 'type'. *Note Command line options::, - for a discussion of enabling the '\write18' functionality to run + conjunction with the option ‘type’. *Note Command line options::, + for a discussion of enabling the ‘\write18’ functionality to run external commands. -22.3.2 '\rotatebox' +22.3.2 ‘\rotatebox’ ------------------- -Synopsis if you use the 'graphics' package: +Synopsis if you use the ‘graphics’ package: \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} - Synopses if you use the 'graphicx' package: + Synopses if you use the ‘graphicx’ package: \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} \rotatebox[KEY-VALUE LIST]{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} @@ -13421,39 +13501,39 @@ step (they need not coincide vertically). This new bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this material. - If you use the 'graphics' package then the rotation is about the -reference point of the box. If you use the 'graphicx' package then + If you use the ‘graphics’ package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the ‘graphicx’ package then these are the options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST, but note that you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the -'x' and 'y' options (*note \includegraphics::). +‘x’ and ‘y’ options (*note \includegraphics::). -'origin' - The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens. - Possible value is any string containing one or two of: 'l' for - left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top, - and 'B' for baseline. Thus, the first line here +‘origin’ + The point of the MATERIAL’s box about which the rotation happens. + Possible value is any string containing one or two of: ‘l’ for + left, ‘r’ for right, ‘b’ for bottom, ‘c’ for center, ‘t’ for top, + and ‘B’ for baseline. Thus, the first line here \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon} \rotatebox[origin=lB]{180}{LeBateau} will turn the picture upside down from the center while the second will turn its picture upside down about its left baseline. (The - character 'c' gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc' but gives - the vertical center in 'lc' or 'rc', and gives both in 'c'.) The - default is 'lB'. + character ‘c’ gives the horizontal center in ‘bc’ or ‘tc’ but gives + the vertical center in ‘lc’ or ‘rc’, and gives both in ‘c’.) The + default is ‘lB’. -'x, y' - Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with '\rotatebox[x=TeX - DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}' (*note Units of length::). These - give the offset from the box's reference point. +‘x, y’ + Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with ‘\rotatebox[x=TeX + DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}’ (*note Units of length::). These + give the offset from the box’s reference point. -'units' +‘units’ This key allows you to change the default of degrees - counterclockwise. Setting 'units=-360' changes the direction to - degrees clockwise and setting 'units=6.283185' changes to radians + counterclockwise. Setting ‘units=-360’ changes the direction to + degrees clockwise and setting ‘units=6.283185’ changes to radians counterclockwise. -22.3.3 '\scalebox' +22.3.3 ‘\scalebox’ ------------------ Synopses: @@ -13476,16 +13556,16 @@ to the same value as the HORIZONTAL FACTOR. \scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}} -If you use the 'graphicx' package then you can accomplish the same thing -with optional arguments to '\includegraphics' (*note +If you use the ‘graphicx’ package then you can accomplish the same thing +with optional arguments to ‘\includegraphics’ (*note \includegraphics::). - The '\reflectbox' command abbreviates '\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}'. -Thus, 'Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}' will show the phrase 'Able was -I' immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical + The ‘\reflectbox’ command abbreviates ‘\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}’. +Thus, ‘Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}’ will show the phrase ‘Able was +I’ immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis. -22.3.4 '\resizebox' +22.3.4 ‘\resizebox’ ------------------- Synopses: @@ -13493,9 +13573,9 @@ Synopses: \resizebox{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL} \resizebox*{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL} - Given a size, such as '3cm', transform MATERIAL to make it that size. + Given a size, such as ‘3cm’, transform MATERIAL to make it that size. If either HORIZONTAL LENGTH or VERTICAL LENGTH is an exclamation -point '!' then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor +point ‘!’ then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor for both directions. This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it @@ -13503,16 +13583,16 @@ vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. \resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} - The unstarred form '\resizebox' takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's -height while the starred form '\resizebox*' takes it to be height+depth. + The unstarred form ‘\resizebox’ takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box’s +height while the starred form ‘\resizebox*’ takes it to be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter-inch with -'\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This box has both height and -depth.}}'. +‘\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This box has both height and +depth.}}’. - You can use '\depth', '\height', '\totalheight', and '\width' to + You can use ‘\depth’, ‘\height’, ‘\totalheight’, and ‘\width’ to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the text two inches -wide but keep the original height with '\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two -inches}'. +wide but keep the original height with ‘\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two +inches}’. 23 Special insertions ********************* @@ -13524,26 +13604,26 @@ meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. ======================== LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For -example, the percent sign '%' is for comments. They are called -"reserved characters" or "special characters". They are all discussed +example, the percent sign ‘%’ is for comments. They are called +“reserved characters” or “special characters”. They are all discussed elsewhere in this manual. # $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \ If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply -put a backslash '\' in front of the character. Thus, typing '\$1.23' -will produce '$1.23' in your output. +put a backslash ‘\’ in front of the character. Thus, typing ‘\$1.23’ +will produce ‘$1.23’ in your output. As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font -use '\~{}' (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character +use ‘\~{}’ (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body font -circumflex use '\^{}'. To get a backslash in the font of the text body, -enter '\textbackslash{}'. +circumflex use ‘\^{}’. To get a backslash in the font of the text body, +enter ‘\textbackslash{}’. - To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use '\verb!!' -as below (the double backslash '\\' is only there to split the lines in -the output). + To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use ‘\verb!!’ +as below (the double backslash ‘\\’ in the example is only there to +split the lines in the output). \begin{center} \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\ @@ -13561,20 +13641,20 @@ Synopsis: \MakeLowercase{TEXT} Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands -'\uppercase' and '\lowercase' are set up by default to work only with -the 26 letters a-z and A-Z. The LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and -'\MakeLowercase' commands also change characters accessed by commands -such as '\ae' or '\aa'. The commands '\MakeUppercase' and -'\MakeLowercase' are robust but they have moving arguments (*note +‘\uppercase’ and ‘\lowercase’ are set up by default to work only with +the 26 letters a–z and A–Z. The LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and +‘\MakeLowercase’ commands also change characters accessed by commands +such as ‘\ae’ or ‘\aa’. The commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and +‘\MakeLowercase’ are robust but they have moving arguments (*note \protect::). These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other Latin -letter inside the argument TEXT. Thus, '\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$'} -produces 'LET Y=F(X)'. Another example is that the name of an -environment will be changed, so that '\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... -\end{tabular}}' will produce an error because the first half is changed -to '\begin{TABULAR}'. +letter inside the argument TEXT. Thus, ‘\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$’} +produces ‘LET Y=F(X)’. Another example is that the name of an +environment will be changed, so that ‘\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... +\end{tabular}}’ will produce an error because the first half is changed +to ‘\begin{TABULAR}’. LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this @@ -13582,24 +13662,24 @@ works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but will cause problems when using other alphabets. To change the case of text that results from a macro inside TEXT you -need to do expansion. Here the '\Schoolname' produces 'COLLEGE OF -MATHEMATICS'. +need to do expansion. Here the ‘\Schoolname’ produces ‘COLLEGE OF +MATHEMATICS’. \newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} \newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase \expandafter{\schoolname}} - The 'textcase' package brings some of the missing feature of the -standard LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowerCase'. + The ‘textcase’ package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard LaTeX commands ‘\MakeUppercase’ and ‘\MakeLowerCase’. To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package -'mfirstuc'. +‘mfirstuc’. Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in the -original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the 'expl3' package -as of 2020. The article "Case changing: From TeX primitives to the -Unicode algorithm", (Joseph Wright, 'TUGboat' 41:1, +original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the ‘expl3’ package +as of 2020. The article “Case changing: From TeX primitives to the +Unicode algorithm”, (Joseph Wright, ‘TUGboat’ 41:1, <https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf>), gives a good overview of the topic, past and present. @@ -13607,13 +13687,13 @@ overview of the topic, past and present. ============================= You can access any character of the current font using its number with -the '\symbol' command. For example, the visible space character used in -the '\verb*' command has the code decimal 32 in the standard Computer -Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'. +the ‘\symbol’ command. For example, the visible space character used in +the ‘\verb*’ command has the code decimal 32 in the standard Computer +Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as ‘\symbol{32}’. - You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a ''' prefix, -or hexadecimal (base 16) with a '"' prefix, so the visible space at 32 -decimal could also be written as '\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'. + You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a ‘'’ prefix, +or hexadecimal (base 16) with a ‘"’ prefix, so the visible space at 32 +decimal could also be written as ‘\symbol{'40}’ or ‘\symbol{"20}’. 23.4 Text symbols ================= @@ -13622,304 +13702,312 @@ LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1. As of the LaTeX February 2020 release, all symbols are available by default; before that, it was necessary to use the -'textcomp' package for some (technically, those in the 'TS1' font +‘textcomp’ package for some (technically, those in the ‘TS1’ font encoding). -'\copyright' -'\textcopyright' - (C) The copyright symbol. +‘\copyright’ +‘\textcopyright’ + © The copyright symbol. -'\dag' +‘\dag’ † The dagger symbol (in text). -'\ddag' +‘\ddag’ ‡ The double dagger symbol (in text). -'\LaTeX' +‘\LaTeX’ The LaTeX logo. -'\LaTeXe' +‘\LaTeXe’ The LaTeX2e logo. -'\guillemotleft («)' -'\guillemotright (»)' -'\guilsinglleft (‹)' -'\guilsinglright (›)' +‘\guillemotleft («)’ +‘\guillemotright (»)’ +‘\guilsinglleft (‹)’ +‘\guilsinglright (›)’ «, », ‹, › Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French. -'\ldots' -'\dots' -'\textellipsis' - ... An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): '\ldots' and '\dots' - also work in math mode. +‘\ldots’ +‘\textellipsis’ +‘\dots’ + ... An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): ‘\ldots’ and ‘\dots’ + also work in math mode (*note Dots::). See that math mode ellipsis + description for additional general information. -'\lq' - ' Left (opening) quote. +‘\lq’ + ‘ Left (opening) quote. -'\P' -'\textparagraph' +‘\P’ +‘\textparagraph’ ¶ Paragraph sign (pilcrow). -'\pounds' -'\textsterling' +‘\pounds’ +‘\textsterling’ £ English pounds sterling. -'\quotedblbase („)' -'\quotesinglbase (‚)' +‘\quotedblbase („)’ +‘\quotesinglbase (‚)’ „ and ‚ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline. -'\rq' - ' Right (closing) quote. +‘\rq’ + ’ Right (closing) quote. -'\S' -'\textsection' +‘\S’ +‘\textsection’ § Section sign. -'\TeX' +‘\TeX’ The TeX logo. -'\textasciicircum' +‘\textasciicircum’ ^ ASCII circumflex. -'\textasciitilde' +‘\textasciitilde’ ~ ASCII tilde. -'\textasteriskcentered' +‘\textasteriskcentered’ * Centered asterisk. -'\textbackslash' - \ Backslash. +‘\textbackslash’ + \ Backslash. However, ‘\texttt{\textbackslash}’ produces a roman + (not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, + it is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding, + as in: + + \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -'\textbar' +‘\textbar’ | Vertical bar. -'\textbardbl' +‘\textbardbl’ ⏸ Double vertical bar. -'\textbigcircle' +‘\textbigcircle’ ◯, Big circle symbol. -'\textbraceleft' - { Left brace. +‘\textbraceleft’ + { Left brace. See remarks at ‘\textbackslash’ above about making + ‘\texttt{\textbraceleft}’ produce a typewriter brace. -'\textbraceright' - } Right brace. +‘\textbraceright’ + } Right brace. See remarks at ‘\textbackslash’ above about making + ‘\texttt{\textbraceright}’ produce a typewriter brace. -'\textbullet' - * Bullet. +‘\textbullet’ + • Bullet. -'\textcircled{LETTER}' +‘\textcircled{LETTER}’ Ⓐ, Circle around LETTER. -'\textcompwordmark' -'\textcapitalcompwordmark' -'\textascendercompwordmark' +‘\textcompwordmark’ +‘\textcapitalcompwordmark’ +‘\textascendercompwordmark’ Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For - example, 'f\textcompwordmark i' produces 'fi' without a ligature. + example, ‘f\textcompwordmark i’ produces ‘fi’ without a ligature. This is most useful in non-English languages. The - '\textcapitalcompwordmark' form has the cap height of the font - while the '\textascendercompwordmark' form has the ascender height. + ‘\textcapitalcompwordmark’ form has the cap height of the font + while the ‘\textascendercompwordmark’ form has the ascender height. -'\textdagger' +‘\textdagger’ † Dagger. -'\textdaggerdbl' +‘\textdaggerdbl’ ‡ Double dagger. -'\textdollar (or '\$')' +‘\textdollar (or ‘\$’)’ $ Dollar sign. -'\textemdash (or '---')' - -- Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or - parentheses, as in ''The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make - the playoffs---are more like a sprint.'' Conventions for spacing +‘\textemdash (or ‘---’)’ + — Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or + parentheses, as in ‘‘The playoffs---if you're lucky enough to make + the playoffs---are more like a sprint.’’ Conventions for spacing around em-dashes vary widely. -'\textendash (or '--')' - - En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ''see pages 12--14''. +‘\textendash (or ‘--’)’ + – En-dash. Used for ranges, as in ‘‘see pages 12--14’’. -'\texteuro' +‘\texteuro’ The Euro currency symbol: €. - For an alternative glyph design, try the 'eurosym' package; also, + For an alternative glyph design, try the ‘eurosym’ package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC). -'\textexclamdown (or '!`')' +‘\textexclamdown (or ‘!`’)’ ¡ Upside down exclamation point. -'\textfiguredash' +‘\textfiguredash’ Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021 release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if - available in the current font, or writes the usual "Missing - character" warning to the log file. + available in the current font, or writes the usual “Missing + character” warning to the log file. -'\textgreater' +‘\textgreater’ > Greater than symbol. -'\texthorizontalbar' +‘\texthorizontalbar’ Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021 - release of LaTeX. Behavior as with '\textfiguredash' above; the + release of LaTeX. Behavior as with ‘\textfiguredash’ above; the pdfTeX approximation is an em-dash. -'\textless' +‘\textless’ < Less than symbol. -'\textleftarrow' +‘\textleftarrow’ ←, Left arrow. -'\textnonbreakinghyphen' +‘\textnonbreakinghyphen’ Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June - 2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with '\textfiguredash' above; + 2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with ‘\textfiguredash’ above; the pdfTeX approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with breaks disallowed after). -'\textordfeminine' -'\textordmasculine' +‘\textordfeminine’ +‘\textordmasculine’ ª, º Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols. -'\textperiodcentered' +‘\textperiodcentered’ · Centered period. -'\textquestiondown (or '?`')' +‘\textquestiondown (or ‘?`’)’ ¿ Upside down question mark. -'\textquotedblleft (or '``')' - " Double left quote. +‘\textquotedblleft (or ‘``’)’ + “ Double left quote. -'\textquotedblright (or '''')' - " Double right quote. +‘\textquotedblright (or ‘''’)’ + ” Double right quote. -'\textquoteleft (or '`')' - ' Single left quote. +‘\textquoteleft (or ‘`’)’ + ‘ Single left quote. -'\textquoteright (or ''')' - ' Single right quote. +‘\textquoteright (or ‘'’)’ + ’ Single right quote. -'\textquotesingle' +‘\textquotesingle’ ', Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.) -'\textquotestraightbase' -'\textquotestraightdblbase' +‘\textquotestraightbase’ +‘\textquotestraightdblbase’ Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. -'\textregistered' - (R) Registered symbol. +‘\textregistered’ + ® Registered symbol. -'\textrightarrow' +‘\textrightarrow’ →, Right arrow. -'\textthreequartersemdash' - ﹘, "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. +‘\textthreequartersemdash’ + ﹘, “Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -'\texttrademark' +‘\texttrademark’ ™ Trademark symbol. -'\texttwelveudash' - ﹘, "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. +‘\texttwelveudash’ + ﹘, “Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -'\textunderscore' +‘\textunderscore’ _ Underscore. -'\textvisiblespace' +‘\textvisiblespace’ ␣, Visible space symbol. 23.5 Accents ============ -LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, -provided through the core 'babel' package, which supports pdfLaTeX, -XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The 'polyglossia' package provides similar +LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, +provided through the core ‘babel’ package, which supports pdfLaTeX, +XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The ‘polyglossia’ package provides similar support with the latter two engines. This section does not cover that support. It only lists the core -LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The '\capital...' +LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The ‘\capital...’ commands shown here produce alternative forms for use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1. Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated -with lowercase 'o'. +with lowercase ‘o’. - Note that '\i' produces a dotless i, and '\j' produces a dotless j. + Note that ‘\i’ produces a dotless i, and ‘\j’ produces a dotless j. These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are accented. -'\"' -'\capitaldieresis' +‘\"’ +‘\capitaldieresis’ ö Umlaut (dieresis). -'\'' -'\capitalacute' +‘\'’ +‘\capitalacute’ ó Acute accent. -'\.' +‘\.’ ȯ Dot accent. -'\=' -'\capitalmacron' +‘\=’ +‘\capitalmacron’ ō Macron (overbar) accent. -'\^' -'\capitalcircumflex' +‘\^’ +‘\capitalcircumflex’ ô Circumflex (hat) accent. -'\`' -'\capitalgrave' +‘\`’ +‘\capitalgrave’ ò Grave accent. -'\~' -'\capitaltilde' +‘\~’ +‘\capitaltilde’ ñ Tilde accent. -'\b' +‘\b’ o̲ Bar accent underneath. - Related to this, '\underbar{TEXT}' produces a bar under TEXT. The + Related to this, ‘\underbar{TEXT}’ produces a bar under TEXT. The argument is always processed in LR mode (*note Modes::). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing - through descenders. See also '\underline' in *note Math - miscellany::. + through descenders. See also ‘\underline’ in *note Over- and + Underlining::. -'\c' -'\capitalcedilla' +‘\c’ +‘\capitalcedilla’ ç Cedilla accent underneath. -'\d' -'\capitaldotaccent' +‘\d’ +‘\capitaldotaccent’ ọ Dot accent underneath. -'\H' -'\capitalhungarumlaut' +‘\H’ +‘\capitalhungarumlaut’ ő Long Hungarian umlaut accent. -'\k' -'\capitalogonek' +‘\k’ +‘\capitalogonek’ ǫ Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding. -'\r' -'\capitalring' +‘\r’ +‘\capitalring’ o̊ Ring accent. -'\t' -'\capitaltie' -'\newtie' -'\capitalnewtie' +‘\t’ +‘\capitaltie’ +‘\newtie’ +‘\capitalnewtie’ Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two - characters. The '\newtie' form is centered in its box. + characters. The ‘\newtie’ form is centered in its box. -'\u' -'\capitalbreve' +‘\u’ +‘\capitalbreve’ ŏ Breve accent. -'\v' -'\capitalcaron' +‘\v’ +‘\capitalcaron’ ǒ Háček (check, caron) accent. -23.5.1 '\accent' +23.5.1 ‘\accent’ ---------------- Synopsis: @@ -13931,7 +14019,7 @@ accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by NUMBER, a numeric argument, followed by a space and then a CHARACTER argument to construct the accented character in the current font. - These are accented 'e' characters. + These are accented ‘e’ characters. \accent18 e \accent20 e @@ -13943,102 +14031,102 @@ The first is a grave, the second a caron, the third a breve, the fourth a macron, and the fifth a ring above. The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so -the outcome of '\accent' use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is +the outcome of ‘\accent’ use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is desirable to have glyphs for accented characters rather than building -them using '\accent'. Using glyphs that already contain the accented +them using ‘\accent’. Using glyphs that already contain the accented characters (as in T1 encoding) allows correct hyphenation whereas -'\accent' disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font encoding +‘\accent’ disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font encoding where accented glyphs are absent). There can be an optional font change between NUMBER and CHARACTER. -Note also that this command sets the '\spacefactor' to 1000 (*note +Note also that this command sets the ‘\spacefactor’ to 1000 (*note \spacefactor::). An unavoidable characteristic of some Cyrillic letters and the majority of accented Cyrillic letters is that they must be assembled -from multiple elements (accents, modifiers, etc.) while '\accent' +from multiple elements (accents, modifiers, etc.) while ‘\accent’ provides for a single accent mark and a single letter combination. There are also cases where accents must appear between letters that \accent does not support. Still other cases exist where the letters I and J have dots above their lowercase counterparts that conflict with -dotted accent marks. The use of '\accent' in these cases will not work +dotted accent marks. The use of ‘\accent’ in these cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case. 23.6 Additional Latin letters ============================= -Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A-Z that +Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond A–Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other than English. -'\aa' -'\AA' +‘\aa’ +‘\AA’ å and Å. -'\ae' -'\AE' +‘\ae’ +‘\AE’ æ and Æ. -'\dh' -'\DH' +‘\dh’ +‘\DH’ Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with OT1 encoding, you - need the 'fontenc' package to select an alternate font encoding, + need the ‘fontenc’ package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. -'\dj' -'\DJ' +‘\dj’ +‘\DJ’ Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. - Not available with OT1 encoding, you need the 'fontenc' package to + Not available with OT1 encoding, you need the ‘fontenc’ package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. -'\ij' -'\IJ' +‘\ij’ +‘\IJ’ ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). -'\l' -'\L' +‘\l’ +‘\L’ ł and Ł. -'\ng' -'\NG' +‘\ng’ +‘\NG’ Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics. -'\o' -'\O' +‘\o’ +‘\O’ ø and Ø. -'\oe' -'\OE' +‘\oe’ +‘\OE’ œ and Œ. -'\ss' -'\SS' +‘\ss’ +‘\SS’ ß and SS. -'\th' -'\TH' +‘\th’ +‘\TH’ Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with OT1 encoding, - you need the 'fontenc' package to select an alternate font + you need the ‘fontenc’ package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. -23.7 'inputenc' package +23.7 ‘inputenc’ package ======================= Synopsis: \usepackage[ENCODING-NAME]{inputenc} - Declare the input file's text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. The + Declare the input file’s text encoding to be ENCODING-NAME. The default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it. In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme -called the "encoding". There are many different encodings. The +called the “encoding”. There are many different encodings. The simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough -for most of the world's languages. For instance, to typeset the -a-umlaut character 'ä' in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the -sequence '\"a' is used. This would make source files for anything but +for most of the world’s languages. For instance, to typeset the +a-umlaut character ‘ä’ in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the +sequence ‘\"a’ is used. This would make source files for anything but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive encoding is more convenient. @@ -14046,35 +14134,35 @@ is more convenient. UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for LaTeX since 2018. - The 'inputenc' package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is used. For + The ‘inputenc’ package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash). \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} - Caution: use 'inputenc' only with the pdfTeX engine (*note TeX + Caution: use ‘inputenc’ only with the pdfTeX engine (*note TeX engines::). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume that the input file is -UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with either the 'xelatex' command -or the 'lualatex' command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with -'inputenc', such as 'latin1', then you will get the error 'inputenc is -not designed for xetex or luatex'. +UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with either the ‘xelatex’ command +or the ‘lualatex’ command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with +‘inputenc’, such as ‘latin1’, then you will get the error ‘inputenc is +not designed for xetex or luatex’. - An 'inputenc' package error such as 'Invalid UTF-8 byte "96' means + An ‘inputenc’ package error such as ‘Invalid UTF-8 byte "96’ means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one is a left -single quote from a web page using 'latin1' inside a LaTeX input file +single quote from a web page using ‘latin1’ inside a LaTeX input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a LaTeX equivalent command or character. In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be -necessary. Use the command '\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}'. The most -common values for ENCODING-NAME are: 'ascii', 'latin1', 'latin2', -'latin3', 'latin4', 'latin5', 'latin9', 'latin10', and 'utf8'. +necessary. Use the command ‘\inputencoding{ENCODING-NAME}’. The most +common values for ENCODING-NAME are: ‘ascii’, ‘latin1’, ‘latin2’, +‘latin3’, ‘latin4’, ‘latin5’, ‘latin9’, ‘latin10’, and ‘utf8’. -23.8 '\rule' +23.8 ‘\rule’ ============ Synopsis, one of: @@ -14082,14 +14170,14 @@ Synopsis, one of: \rule{WIDTH}{THICKNESS} \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS} - Produce a "rule", a filled-in rectangle. + Produce a “rule”, a filled-in rectangle. This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos -symbol, or just "qed", often used to mark the end of a proof: +symbol, or just “qed”, often used to mark the end of a proof: \newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}} -The 'amsthm' package includes this command, with a somewhat +The ‘amsthm’ package includes this command, with a somewhat different-looking symbol. The mandatory arguments give the horizontal WIDTH and vertical @@ -14109,19 +14197,19 @@ thickness is common in LaTeX. the output, but can cause LaTeX to change the output around it. *Note \strut::, for examples. -23.9 '\today' +23.9 ‘\today’ ============= Synopsis: \today - Produce today's date in the format 'MONTH DD, YYYY'. An example of a -date in that format is 'July 4, 1976'. + Produce today’s date in the format ‘MONTH DD, YYYY’. An example of a +date in that format is ‘July 4, 1976’. - Multilingual packages such as 'babel' or 'polyglossia', or classes -such as 'lettre', will localize '\today'. For example, the following -will output '4 juillet 1976': + Multilingual packages such as ‘babel’ or ‘polyglossia’, or classes +such as ‘lettre’, will localize ‘\today’. For example, the following +will output ‘4 juillet 1976’: \year=1976 \month=7 \day=4 \documentclass{minimal} @@ -14130,10 +14218,10 @@ will output '4 juillet 1976': \today \end{document} -'\today' uses the counters '\day', '\month', and '\year' (*note \day & +‘\today’ uses the counters ‘\day’, ‘\month’, and ‘\year’ (*note \day & \month & \year::). - A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is 'datetime' + A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is ‘datetime’ package which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards. @@ -14148,7 +14236,7 @@ can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the document. It can also speed processing. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one -"root file", on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such a file +“root file”, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such a file with five included files. \documentclass{book} @@ -14171,31 +14259,31 @@ with five included files. \include{bib} \end{document} -This will bring in material from 'pref.tex', 'chap1.tex', 'chap2.tex', -'append.tex', and 'bib.tex'. If you compile this file, and then comment -out all of the lines inside '\includeonly{...}' except for 'chap1', and +This will bring in material from ‘pref.tex’, ‘chap1.tex’, ‘chap2.tex’, +‘append.tex’, and ‘bib.tex’. If you compile this file, and then comment +out all of the lines inside ‘\includeonly{...}’ except for ‘chap1’, and compile again, then LaTeX will only process the material in the first chapter. Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to -print. However, the advantage of the '\includeonly' command is that +print. However, the advantage of the ‘\includeonly’ command is that LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in your output correctly. - *Note Larger book template::, for another example of '\includeonly'. + *Note Larger book template::, for another example of ‘\includeonly’. -24.1 '\endinput' +24.1 ‘\endinput’ ================ Synopsis: \endinput - When you '\include{filename}', inside 'filename.tex' the material -after '\endinput' will not be included. This command is optional; if -'filename.tex' has no '\endinput' then LaTeX will read all of the file. + When you ‘\include{filename}’, inside ‘filename.tex’ the material +after ‘\endinput’ will not be included. This command is optional; if +‘filename.tex’ has no ‘\endinput’ then LaTeX will read all of the file. - For example, suppose that a document's root file has '\input{chap1}' -and this is 'chap1.tex'. + For example, suppose that a document’s root file has ‘\input{chap1}’ +and this is ‘chap1.tex’. \chapter{One} This material will appear in the document. @@ -14205,17 +14293,17 @@ and this is 'chap1.tex'. This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end of a file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added if the file is transmitted in the body of an email. It is also useful for -debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to put '\endinput' halfway +debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to put ‘\endinput’ halfway through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing -which half contains the error, moving '\endinput' to halfway through +which half contains the error, moving ‘\endinput’ to halfway through that area further narrows down the location. This process rapidly finds the offending line. - After reading '\endinput', LaTeX continues to read to the end of the + After reading ‘\endinput’, LaTeX continues to read to the end of the line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless. -This allows you, for instance, to close an '\if...' with a '\fi'. +This allows you, for instance, to close an ‘\if...’ with a ‘\fi’. -24.2 '\include' & '\includeonly' +24.2 ‘\include’ & ‘\includeonly’ ================================ Synopsis: @@ -14228,21 +14316,21 @@ Synopsis: ... \include{FILENAME} % in document body - Bring material from the external file 'FILENAME.tex' into a LaTeX + Bring material from the external file ‘FILENAME.tex’ into a LaTeX document. - The '\include' command does three things: it executes '\clearpage' + The ‘\include’ command does three things: it executes ‘\clearpage’ (*note \clearpage & \cleardoublepage::), then it inputs the material -from 'FILENAME.tex' into the document, and then it does another -'\clearpage'. This command can only appear in the document body. +from ‘FILENAME.tex’ into the document, and then it does another +‘\clearpage’. This command can only appear in the document body. - The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by LaTeX -under subsequent '\include' commands. Its list of filenames is + The ‘\includeonly’ command controls which files will be read by LaTeX +under subsequent ‘\include’ commands. Its list of filenames is comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even earlier, e.g., -the command line; it can't appear in the document body. +the command line; it can’t appear in the document body. - This example root document, 'constitution.tex', brings in three -files, 'preamble.tex', 'articles.tex', and 'amendments.tex'. + This example root document, ‘constitution.tex’, brings in three +files, ‘preamble.tex’, ‘articles.tex’, and ‘amendments.tex’. \documentclass{book} \includeonly{ @@ -14256,33 +14344,33 @@ files, 'preamble.tex', 'articles.tex', and 'amendments.tex'. \include{amendments} \end{document} -The file 'preamble.tex' contains no special code; you have just -excerpted the chapter from 'consitution.tex' and put it in a separate +The file ‘preamble.tex’ contains no special code; you have just +excerpted the chapter from ‘consitution.tex’ and put it in a separate file just for editing convenience. \chapter{Preamble} We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, ... -Running LaTeX on 'constitution.tex' makes the material from the three +Running LaTeX on ‘constitution.tex’ makes the material from the three files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary files -'preamble.aux', 'articles.aux', and 'amendments.aux'. These contain +‘preamble.aux’, ‘articles.aux’, and ‘amendments.aux’. These contain information such as page numbers and cross-references (*note Cross -references::). If you now comment out '\includeonly''s lines with -'preamble' and 'amendments' and run LaTeX again then the resulting -document shows only the material from 'articles.tex', not the material -from 'preamble.tex' or 'amendments.tex'. Nonetheless, all of the +references::). If you now comment out ‘\includeonly’’s lines with +‘preamble’ and ‘amendments’ and run LaTeX again then the resulting +document shows only the material from ‘articles.tex’, not the material +from ‘preamble.tex’ or ‘amendments.tex’. Nonetheless, all of the auxiliary information from the omitted files is still there, including the starting page number of the chapter. - If the document preamble does not have '\includeonly' then LaTeX will -include all the files you call for with '\include' commands. + If the document preamble does not have ‘\includeonly’ then LaTeX will +include all the files you call for with ‘\include’ commands. - The '\include' command makes a new page. To avoid that, see *note + The ‘\include’ command makes a new page. To avoid that, see *note \input:: (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary information). - *Note Larger book template::, for another example using '\include' -and '\includeonly'. That example also uses '\input' for some material + *Note Larger book template::, for another example using ‘\include’ +and ‘\includeonly’. That example also uses ‘\input’ for some material that will not necessarily start on a new page. File names can involve paths. @@ -14297,7 +14385,7 @@ that will not necessarily start on a new page. To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use -dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name 'amo amas amat', this +dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘amo amas amat’, this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux: \documentclass{book} @@ -14318,23 +14406,23 @@ works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux: \include{{"amo amas amat"}} \end{document} - You cannot use '\include' inside a file that is being included or you -get 'LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.' The '\include' command -cannot appear in the document preamble; you will get 'LaTeX Error: -Missing \begin{document}'. + You cannot use ‘\include’ inside a file that is being included or you +get ‘LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.’ The ‘\include’ command +cannot appear in the document preamble; you will get ‘LaTeX Error: +Missing \begin{document}’. - If a file that you '\include' does not exist, for instance if you -'\include{athiesm}' but you meant '\include{atheism}', then LaTeX does -not give you an error but will warn you 'No file athiesm.tex.' (It will -also create 'athiesm.aux'.) + If a file that you ‘\include’ does not exist, for instance if you +‘\include{athiesm}’ but you meant ‘\include{atheism}’, then LaTeX does +not give you an error but will warn you ‘No file athiesm.tex.’ (It will +also create ‘athiesm.aux’.) - If you '\include' the root file in itself then you first get 'LaTeX -Error: Can be used only in preamble.' Later runs get 'TeX capacity -exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]'. To fix this, you must remove -the inclusion '\include{ROOT}' but also delete the file 'ROOT.aux' and + If you ‘\include’ the root file in itself then you first get ‘LaTeX +Error: Can be used only in preamble.’ Later runs get ‘TeX capacity +exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]’. To fix this, you must remove +the inclusion ‘\include{ROOT}’ but also delete the file ‘ROOT.aux’ and rerun LaTeX. -24.3 '\input' +24.3 ‘\input’ ============= Synopsis: @@ -14345,22 +14433,22 @@ Synopsis: current file. For a more sophisticated inclusion mechanism see *note \include & \includeonly::. - If FILENAME does not end in '.tex' then LaTeX first tries the + If FILENAME does not end in ‘.tex’ then LaTeX first tries the filename with that extension; this is the usual case. If FILENAME ends -with '.tex' then LaTeX looks for the filename as it is. +with ‘.tex’ then LaTeX looks for the filename as it is. For example, this \input{macros} -will cause LaTeX to first look for 'macros.tex'. If it finds that file +will cause LaTeX to first look for ‘macros.tex’. If it finds that file then it processes its contents as thought they had been copy-pasted in. -If there is no file of the name 'macros.tex' then LaTeX tries the name -'macros', without an extension. (This may vary by distribution.) +If there is no file of the name ‘macros.tex’ then LaTeX tries the name +‘macros’, without an extension. (This may vary by distribution.) To make your document portable across distributions and platforms you should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use -dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name 'amo amas amat', this +dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name ‘amo amas amat’, this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux: \input{"amo\space amas\space amat"} @@ -14385,10 +14473,10 @@ Synopsis, one of: Put the command in the input file where you want the table or list to go. You do not type the entries; for example, typically the table of contents entries are automatically generated from the sectioning -commands '\chapter', etc. +commands ‘\chapter’, etc. - This example illustrates the first command, '\tableofcontents'. -LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book's first page. + This example illustrates the first command, ‘\tableofcontents’. +LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book’s first page. \documentclass{book} % \setcounter{tocdepth}{1} @@ -14404,20 +14492,20 @@ LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book's first page. \end{document} Uncommenting the second line would cause that table to contain chapter -and section listings but not subsection listings, because the '\section' +and section listings but not subsection listings, because the ‘\section’ command has level 1. *Note Sectioning::, for level numbers of the -sectioning units. For more on the 'tocdepth' *note +sectioning units. For more on the ‘tocdepth’ *note Sectioning/tocdepth::. - Another example of the use of '\tableofcontents' is in *note Larger + Another example of the use of ‘\tableofcontents’ is in *note Larger book template::. If you want a page break after the table of contents, write a -'\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents' command, as above. +‘\newpage’ command after the ‘\tableofcontents’ command, as above. To make the table of contents, LaTeX stores the information in an -auxiliary file named 'ROOT-FILE.toc' (*note Splitting the input::). For -example, this LaTeX file 'test.tex' +auxiliary file named ‘ROOT-FILE.toc’ (*note Splitting the input::). For +example, this LaTeX file ‘test.tex’ \documentclass{article} \begin{document} @@ -14426,77 +14514,76 @@ example, this LaTeX file 'test.tex' \subsection{First subsection} ... -writes these lines to 'test.toc'. +writes these lines to ‘test.toc’. \contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2} \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}First subsection}{2} -Each line contains a single command, '\contentsline' (*note -\contentsline::). The first argument, the 'section' or 'subsection', is +Each line contains a single command, ‘\contentsline’ (*note +\contentsline::). The first argument, the ‘section’ or ‘subsection’, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two components. The hook -'\numberline' determines how the sectioning number, '1' or '1.1', +‘\numberline’ determines how the sectioning number, ‘1’ or ‘1.1’, appears in the table of contents (*note \numberline::). The remainder -of the second argument of '\contentsline', 'First section' or 'First -subsection', is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, -'2', is the page number on which this sectioning unit starts. +of the second argument of ‘\contentsline’, ‘First section’ or ‘First +subsection’, is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, +‘2’, is the page number on which this sectioning unit starts. - To typeset these lines, the document class provides '\l@SECTION-UNIT' -commands such as '\l@section{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}' and -'\l@subsection{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}'. These commands often use the -'\@dottedtocline' command (*note \@dottedtocline::). + To typeset these lines, the document class provides ‘\l@SECTION-UNIT’ +commands such as ‘\l@section{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}’ and +‘\l@subsection{TEXT}{PAGENUMBER}’. These commands often use the +‘\@dottedtocline’ command (*note \@dottedtocline::). - A consequence of LaTeX's strategy of using auxiliary files is that to + A consequence of LaTeX’s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to get the correct information in the document you must run LaTeX twice, once to store the information and the second time to retrieve it. In the ordinary course of writing a document authors run LaTeX a number of times, but you may notice that the first time that you compile a new document, the table of contents page will be empty except for its -'Contents' header. Just run LaTeX again. +‘Contents’ header. Just run LaTeX again. - The commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a list of + The commands ‘\listoffigures’ and ‘\listoftables’ produce a list of figures and a list of tables. Their information is stored in files with -extension '.lof' and '.lot'. They work the same way as -'\tableofcontents' but the latter is more common, so we use it for most +extension ‘.lof’ and ‘.lot’. They work the same way as +‘\tableofcontents’ but the latter is more common, so we use it for most examples. You can manually add material to the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of tables. For instance, add a line about a section to the table of contents with -'\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{TEXT}'. (*note \addcontentsline::). +‘\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{TEXT}’. (*note \addcontentsline::). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line material, with -'\addtocontents', as with the command -'\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}', which adds vertical space +‘\addtocontents’, as with the command +‘\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}’, which adds vertical space to the list of figures (*note \addtocontents::). Lines in the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of tables, have four parts. First is an indent. Next is a box into which sectioning numbers are placed, and then the third box holds the title -text, such as 'First section'. Finally there is a box up against the +text, such as ‘First section’. Finally there is a box up against the right margin, inside of which LaTeX puts the page number box. For the indent and the width of the number box, *note \@dottedtocline::. The -right margin box has width '\@tocrmarg' and the page number is flush -right in that space, inside a box of width '\@pnumwidth'. By default -'\@tocrmarg' is '2.55em' and '\@pnumwidth' is '1.55em'. Change these as -with '\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}'. +right margin box has width ‘\@tocrmarg’ and the page number is flush +right in that space, inside a box of width ‘\@pnumwidth’. By default +‘\@tocrmarg’ is ‘2.55em’ and ‘\@pnumwidth’ is ‘1.55em’. Change these as +with ‘\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}’. CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures -and tables (*note CTAN::). The package 'tocloft' is convenient for +and tables (*note CTAN::). The package ‘tocloft’ is convenient for adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And, -'tocbibbind' will automatically add the bibliography, index, etc. to +‘tocbibbind’ will automatically add the bibliography, index, etc. to the table of contents. To change the header for the table of contents page, do something -like these commands before you call '\tableofcontents', etc. +like these commands before you call ‘\tableofcontents’, etc. \renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents} \renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots} \renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications} - - Internationalization packages such as 'babel' or 'polyglossia' will + Internationalization packages such as ‘babel’ or ‘polyglossia’ will change these headers depending on the chosen base language. -25.1.1 '\@dottedtocline' +25.1.1 ‘\@dottedtocline’ ------------------------ Synopsis: @@ -14505,33 +14592,33 @@ Synopsis: Used internally by LaTeX to format an entry line in the table of contents, list of figures, or list of tables. Authors do not directly -enter '\@dottedtocline' commands. +enter ‘\@dottedtocline’ commands. - This command is typically used by '\l@section', '\l@subsection', -etc., to format the content lines. For example, the 'article.cls' file + This command is typically used by ‘\l@section’, ‘\l@subsection’, +etc., to format the content lines. For example, the ‘article.cls’ file contains these definitions: \newcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}} \newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}} \newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}} -In this example, '\@dottedcline' appears to have been given only three +In this example, ‘\@dottedcline’ appears to have been given only three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up the final TEXT and PAGENUMBER arguments in the synopsis from a call to -'\contentsline' (*note \contentsline::). +‘\contentsline’ (*note \contentsline::). Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin -box, these '\@dottedtocline' commands insert "leaders", that is, +box, these ‘\@dottedtocline’ commands insert “leaders”, that is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command -'\@dotsep'. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka. 'mu', which -are '1/18' em. Change it using '\renewcommand', as in -'\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}'. +‘\@dotsep’. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka. ‘mu’, which +are ‘1/18’ em. Change it using ‘\renewcommand’, as in +‘\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}’. - In the standard 'book' class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for -the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard 'article' class + In the standard ‘book’ class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for +the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard ‘article’ class it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries. -25.1.2 '\addcontentsline' +25.1.2 ‘\addcontentsline’ ------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -14540,7 +14627,7 @@ Synopsis: Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension EXT. - The following will result in an 'Appendices' line in the table of + The following will result in an ‘Appendices’ line in the table of contents. \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}} @@ -14549,68 +14636,68 @@ It will appear at the same indentation level as the sections, will be in boldface, and will be assigned the page number associated with the point where the command appears in the input file. - The '\addcontentsline' command writes information to the file -'ROOT-NAME.EXT', where ROOT-NAME is the file name of the root file + The ‘\addcontentsline’ command writes information to the file +‘ROOT-NAME.EXT’, where ROOT-NAME is the file name of the root file (*note Splitting the input::). It writes that information as the text -of the command '\contentsline{UNIT}{TEXT}{NUM}', where 'NUM' is the -current value of counter 'UNIT' (*note \contentsline::). The most +of the command ‘\contentsline{UNIT}{TEXT}{NUM}’, where ‘NUM’ is the +current value of counter ‘UNIT’ (*note \contentsline::). The most common case is the table of contents and there NUM is the page number of the first page of UNIT. - This command is invoked by the sectioning commands '\chapter', etc. -(*note Sectioning::), and also by '\caption' inside a float environment + This command is invoked by the sectioning commands ‘\chapter’, etc. +(*note Sectioning::), and also by ‘\caption’ inside a float environment (*note Floats::). But it is also directly used by authors. For example, an author writing a book whose style is to have an unnumbered -preface may use the starred '\chapter*'. But that command leaves out +preface may use the starred ‘\chapter*’. But that command leaves out table of contents information, which can be entered manually, as here. \chapter*{Preface} \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface} -In the 'ROOT-NAME.toc' file LaTeX will put the line '\contentsline -{chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}'; note that the page number '3' is +In the ‘ROOT-NAME.toc’ file LaTeX will put the line ‘\contentsline +{chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}’; note that the page number ‘3’ is automatically generated by the system, not entered manually. - All of the arguments for '\addcontentsline' are required. + All of the arguments for ‘\addcontentsline’ are required. EXT - Typically one of the strings 'toc' for the table of contents, 'lof' - for the list of figures, or 'lot' for the list of tables. The + Typically one of the strings ‘toc’ for the table of contents, ‘lof’ + for the list of figures, or ‘lot’ for the list of tables. The filename extension of the information file. UNIT A string that depends on the value of the EXT argument, typically one of: - 'toc' + ‘toc’ For the table of contents, this is the name of a sectional - unit: 'part', 'chapter', 'section', 'subsection', etc. + unit: ‘part’, ‘chapter’, ‘section’, ‘subsection’, etc. - 'lof' - For the list of figures: 'figure'. + ‘lof’ + For the list of figures: ‘figure’. - 'lot' - For the list of tables: 'table'. + ‘lot’ + For the list of tables: ‘table’. TEXT - The text of the entry. You must '\protect' any fragile commands + The text of the entry. You must ‘\protect’ any fragile commands (*note \protect::) used in it. - The '\addcontentsline' command has an interaction with '\include' + The ‘\addcontentsline’ command has an interaction with ‘\include’ (*note \include & \includeonly::). If you use them at the same level, -as with '\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}' then lines in the +as with ‘\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}’ then lines in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to -move '\addcontentsline' into the file being included. +move ‘\addcontentsline’ into the file being included. If you use a UNIT that LaTeX does not recognize, as with the typo here \addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}} -then you don't get an error but the formatting in the table of contents +then you don’t get an error but the formatting in the table of contents will not make sense. -25.1.3 '\addtocontents' +25.1.3 ‘\addtocontents’ ----------------------- Synopsis: @@ -14623,12 +14710,12 @@ table of contents so that is the discussion here, but it also applies to the list of figures and list of tables. This will put some vertical space in the table of contents after the -'Contents' header. +‘Contents’ header. \tableofcontents\newpage \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace*{3ex}} -This puts the word 'Page', in boldface, above the column of page numbers +This puts the word ‘Page’, in boldface, above the column of page numbers and after the header. \tableofcontents @@ -14641,34 +14728,34 @@ This adds a line announcing work by a new author. \protect\vspace{2ex} \textbf{Chapters by N. Other Author}\par} - The difference between '\addtocontents' and '\addcontentsline' is + The difference between ‘\addtocontents’ and ‘\addcontentsline’ is that the latter is strictly for lines, such as with a line giving the page number for the start of a new subset of the chapters. As the above -examples show, '\addtocontents' is for material such as spacing. +examples show, ‘\addtocontents’ is for material such as spacing. - The '\addtocontents' command has two arguments. Both are required. + The ‘\addtocontents’ command has two arguments. Both are required. EXT - Typically one of: 'toc' for the table of contents, 'lof' for the - list of figures, or 'lot' for the list of tables. The extension of + Typically one of: ‘toc’ for the table of contents, ‘lof’ for the + list of figures, or ‘lot’ for the list of tables. The extension of the file holding the information. TEXT The text, and possibly commands, to be written. - The sectioning commands such as '\chapter' use the '\addcontentsline' -command to store information. This command creates lines in the '.toc' -auxiliary file containing the '\contentsline' command (*note -\addcontentsline::). In contrast, the command '\addtocontents' puts + The sectioning commands such as ‘\chapter’ use the ‘\addcontentsline’ +command to store information. This command creates lines in the ‘.toc’ +auxiliary file containing the ‘\contentsline’ command (*note +\addcontentsline::). In contrast, the command ‘\addtocontents’ puts material directly in that file. - The '\addtocontents' command has an interaction with '\include' + The ‘\addtocontents’ command has an interaction with ‘\include’ (*note \include & \includeonly::). If you use them at the same level, -as with '\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}' then lines in the table +as with ‘\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}’ then lines in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to move -'\addtocontents' into the file being included. +‘\addtocontents’ into the file being included. -25.1.4 '\contentsline' +25.1.4 ‘\contentsline’ ---------------------- Synopsis: @@ -14677,39 +14764,39 @@ Synopsis: Used internally by LaTeX to typeset an entry of the table of contents, list of figures, or list of tables (*note Table of contents -etc.::). Authors do not directly enter '\contentsline' commands. +etc.::). Authors do not directly enter ‘\contentsline’ commands. Usually adding material to these lists is done automatically by the -commands '\chapter', '\section', etc. for the table of contents, or by -the '\caption' command inside of a '\figure' or '\table' environment +commands ‘\chapter’, ‘\section’, etc. for the table of contents, or by +the ‘\caption’ command inside of a ‘\figure’ or ‘\table’ environment (*note figure:: and *note table::). Thus, where the root file is -'thesis.tex', and contains the declaration '\tableofcontents', the -command '\chapter{Chapter One}' produces something like this in the file -'thesis.toc'. +‘thesis.tex’, and contains the declaration ‘\tableofcontents’, the +command ‘\chapter{Chapter One}’ produces something like this in the file +‘thesis.toc’. \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Chapter One}{3} - If the file contains the declaration '\listoffigures' then a figure -environment involving '\caption{Test}' will produce something like this -in 'thesis.lof'. + If the file contains the declaration ‘\listoffigures’ then a figure +environment involving ‘\caption{Test}’ will produce something like this +in ‘thesis.lof’. \contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Test}}{6} To manually add material, use -'\addcontentsline{FILETYPE}{UNIT}{TEXT}', where FILETYPE is 'toc', -'lof', or 'lot' (*note \addcontentsline::). +‘\addcontentsline{FILETYPE}{UNIT}{TEXT}’, where FILETYPE is ‘toc’, +‘lof’, or ‘lot’ (*note \addcontentsline::). - For manipulating how the '\contentline' material is typeset, see the -'tocloft' package. + For manipulating how the ‘\contentline’ material is typeset, see the +‘tocloft’ package. - Note that the 'hyperref' package changes the definition of -'\contentsline' (and '\addcontentsline') to add more arguments, to make -hyperlinks. This is the source of the error 'Argument of \contentsline -has an extra }' when one adds/remove the use of package 'hyperref' and a -compilation was already run. Fix this error by deleting the '.toc' or -'.lof' or '.lot' file, and running LaTeX again. + Note that the ‘hyperref’ package changes the definition of +‘\contentsline’ (and ‘\addcontentsline’) to add more arguments, to make +hyperlinks. This is the source of the error ‘Argument of \contentsline +has an extra }’ when one adds/remove the use of package ‘hyperref’ and a +compilation was already run. Fix this error by deleting the ‘.toc’ or +‘.lof’ or ‘.lot’ file, and running LaTeX again. -25.1.5 '\nofiles' +25.1.5 ‘\nofiles’ ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -14717,11 +14804,11 @@ Synopsis: \nofiles Prevent LaTeX from writing any auxiliary files. The only output will -be the '.log' and '.pdf' (or '.dvi') files. This command must go in the +be the ‘.log’ and ‘.pdf’ (or ‘.dvi’) files. This command must go in the preamble. - Because of the '\nofiles' command this example will not produce a -'.toc' file. + Because of the ‘\nofiles’ command this example will not produce a +‘.toc’ file. \documentclass{book} \nofiles @@ -14731,10 +14818,10 @@ preamble. ... LaTeX will not erase any existing auxiliary files, so if you insert the -'\nofiles' command after you have run the file and gotten a '.toc' then +‘\nofiles’ command after you have run the file and gotten a ‘.toc’ then the table of contents page will continue to show the old information. -25.1.6 '\numberline' +25.1.6 ‘\numberline’ -------------------- Synopsis: @@ -14742,28 +14829,28 @@ Synopsis: \numberline{NUMBER} Typeset its argument flush left in a box. This is used in a -'\contentsline' command to typeset the section number (*note +‘\contentsline’ command to typeset the section number (*note \contentsline::). - For example, this line in a '.toc' file causes the '1.1' to be + For example, this line in a ‘.toc’ file causes the ‘1.1’ to be typeset flush left. \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2} By default, LaTeX typesets the section numbers in a box of length -'\@tempdima'. That length is set by the commands '\l@section', -'\l@subsection', etc. Put section numbers inside a natural-width box -with '\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}' before '\tableofcontents'. +‘\@tempdima’. That length is set by the commands ‘\l@section’, +‘\l@subsection’, etc. Put section numbers inside a natural-width box +with ‘\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}’ before ‘\tableofcontents’. - This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with '\protect' -(*note \protect::). An example is the use of '\protect' in this + This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with ‘\protect’ +(*note \protect::). An example is the use of ‘\protect’ in this command, \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary} -to get the '\numberline' into the '\contentsline' command in the '.toc' -file: '\contentsline {section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}' (the page -number '6' is automatically added by LaTeX; *note \addcontentsline::). +to get the ‘\numberline’ into the ‘\contentsline’ command in the ‘.toc’ +file: ‘\contentsline {section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}’ (the page +number ‘6’ is automatically added by LaTeX; *note \addcontentsline::). 25.2 Indexes ============ @@ -14787,36 +14874,36 @@ maintained. This illustrates the basics. \printindex \end{document} -As that shows, declare index entries with the '\index' command (*note -\index::). When you run LaTeX, the '\index' writes its information, -such as 'Wilson's Theorem' and the page number, to an auxiliary file -whose name ends in '.idx'. Next, to alphabetize and do other -manipulations, run an external command, typically 'makeindex' (*note -makeindex::), which writes a file whose name ends in '.ind'. Finally, -'\printindex' brings this manipulated information into the output (*note +As that shows, declare index entries with the ‘\index’ command (*note +\index::). When you run LaTeX, the ‘\index’ writes its information, +such as ‘Wilson's Theorem’ and the page number, to an auxiliary file +whose name ends in ‘.idx’. Next, to alphabetize and do other +manipulations, run an external command, typically ‘makeindex’ (*note +makeindex::), which writes a file whose name ends in ‘.ind’. Finally, +‘\printindex’ brings this manipulated information into the output (*note \printindex::). - Thus, if the above example is in the file 'numth.tex' then running -'pdflatex numth' will save index entry and page number information to -'numth.idx'. Then running 'makeindex numth' will alphabetize and save -the results to 'numth.ind'. Finally, again running 'pdflatex numth' -will show the desired index, at the place where the '\printindex' + Thus, if the above example is in the file ‘numth.tex’ then running +‘pdflatex numth’ will save index entry and page number information to +‘numth.idx’. Then running ‘makeindex numth’ will alphabetize and save +the results to ‘numth.ind’. Finally, again running ‘pdflatex numth’ +will show the desired index, at the place where the ‘\printindex’ command is in the source file. There are many options for the output. An example is that the -exclamation point in '\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}' produces -a main entry of 'congruence' with a subentry of 'and Wilson's Theorem'. +exclamation point in ‘\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}’ produces +a main entry of ‘congruence’ with a subentry of ‘and Wilson's Theorem’. For more, *note makeindex::. - The '\makeindex' and '\printindex' commands are independent. Leaving -out the '\makeindex' will stop LaTeX from saving the index entries to -the auxiliary file. Leaving out the '\printindex' will cause LaTeX to + The ‘\makeindex’ and ‘\printindex’ commands are independent. Leaving +out the ‘\makeindex’ will stop LaTeX from saving the index entries to +the auxiliary file. Leaving out the ‘\printindex’ will cause LaTeX to not show the index in the document output. - There are many packages in the area of indexing. The 'showidx' + There are many packages in the area of indexing. The ‘showidx’ package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page -where the '\index' appears. This can help in preparing the index. The -'multind' package, among others, supports multiple indexes. See also +where the ‘\index’ appears. This can help in preparing the index. The +‘multind’ package, among others, supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic, <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind>, and the CTAN topic, <https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi>. @@ -14824,7 +14911,7 @@ and the CTAN topic, <https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi>. --------------------------------- Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index. -This will make a separate page labeled 'Index', in twocolumn format. +This will make a separate page labeled ‘Index’, in twocolumn format. \begin{theindex} \item acorn squash, 1 @@ -14836,18 +14923,18 @@ This will make a separate page labeled 'Index', in twocolumn format. Note that the author must enter the page numbers, which is tedious and which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is -why in most cases automated methods such as 'makeindex' are best. *Note +why in most cases automated methods such as ‘makeindex’ are best. *Note Indexes::. However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels -of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses '\item', subentries -use '\subitem', and the lowest level uses '\subsubitem'. Blank lines +of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses ‘\item’, subentries +use ‘\subitem’, and the lowest level uses ‘\subsubitem’. Blank lines between entries have no effect. The example above includes -'\indexspace' to produce vertical space in the output that some index +‘\indexspace’ to produce vertical space in the output that some index styles use before the first entry starting with a new letter. -25.2.2 '\index' +25.2.2 ‘\index’ --------------- Synopsis: @@ -14858,9 +14945,9 @@ Synopsis: \protect::). For example, as described in *note Indexes::, one way to get an index -from what's below is to compile the document with 'pdflatex test', then -process the index entries with 'makeindex test', and then compile again -with 'pdflatex test'. +from what’s below is to compile the document with ‘pdflatex test’, then +process the index entries with ‘makeindex test’, and then compile again +with ‘pdflatex test’. % file test.tex ... @@ -14870,23 +14957,23 @@ with 'pdflatex test'. ... rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate} -All three index entries will get a page number, such as 'Ackermann, 22'. +All three index entries will get a page number, such as ‘Ackermann, 22’. LaTeX will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the line below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second. Three levels deep is as far as you can nest subentries. (If you add -'\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}' then 'makeindex' -says 'Scanning input file test.idx....done (4 entries accepted, 1 -rejected)' and the fourth level is silently missing from the index.) +‘\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}’ then ‘makeindex’ +says ‘Scanning input file test.idx....done (4 entries accepted, 1 +rejected)’ and the fourth level is silently missing from the index.) - If you enter a second '\index' with the same INDEX-ENTRY-STRING then + If you enter a second ‘\index’ with the same INDEX-ENTRY-STRING then you will get a single index entry with two page numbers (unless they -happen to fall on the same page). Thus, adding 'as for -Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}' later in the same document as above will -give an index entry like 'Ackermann, 22, 151'. Also, you can enter the -index entries in any order, so for instance '\index{Ackermann!function}' -could come before '\index{Ackermann}'. +happen to fall on the same page). Thus, adding ‘as for +Ackermann.\index{Ackermann}’ later in the same document as above will +give an index entry like ‘Ackermann, 22, 151’. Also, you can enter the +index entries in any order, so for instance ‘\index{Ackermann!function}’ +could come before ‘\index{Ackermann}’. - Get a page range in the output, like 'Hilbert, 23--27', as here. + Get a page range in the output, like ‘Hilbert, 23--27’, as here. W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann} ... @@ -14898,25 +14985,25 @@ If the beginning and ending of the page range are equal then the system just gives a single page number, not a range. If you index subentries but not a main entry, as with -'\index{Jones!program}' and '\index{Jones!results}', then the output is -the item 'Jones' with no comma or page number, followed by two subitems, -like 'program, 50' and 'results, 51'. - - Generate a index entry that says 'see' by using a vertical bar -character: '\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's function}}'. You -can instead get 'see also' with 'seealso'. (The text 'see' is defined -by '\seename', and 'see also' by '\alsoname'. You can redefine these -either by using an internationalization package such as 'babel' or -'polyglossia', or directly as with '\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also -see}'.) - - The 'see' feature is part of a more general functionality. After the +‘\index{Jones!program}’ and ‘\index{Jones!results}’, then the output is +the item ‘Jones’ with no comma or page number, followed by two subitems, +like ‘program, 50’ and ‘results, 51’. + + Generate a index entry that says ‘see’ by using a vertical bar +character: ‘\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's function}}’. You +can instead get ‘see also’ with ‘seealso’. (The text ‘see’ is defined +by ‘\seename’, and ‘see also’ by ‘\alsoname’. You can redefine these +either by using an internationalization package such as ‘babel’ or +‘polyglossia’, or directly as with ‘\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also +see}’.) + + The ‘see’ feature is part of a more general functionality. After the vertical bar you can put the name of a one-input command, as in -'\index{group|textit}' (note the missing backslash on the '\textit' +‘\index{group|textit}’ (note the missing backslash on the ‘\textit’ command) and the system will apply that command to the page number, here -giving something like '\textit{7}'. You can define your own one-input -commands, such as '\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}' and -then '\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}' will give a blue page +giving something like ‘\textit{7}’. You can define your own one-input +commands, such as ‘\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}’ and +then ‘\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}’ will give a blue page number (*note Color::). Another, less practical, example is this, \newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1, \thepage} @@ -14930,41 +15017,41 @@ which creates an entry citing the page number of its own index listing. ... \index{Ackermann!function|)} -which outputs an index entry like 'function, 23--27' where the page +which outputs an index entry like ‘function, 23--27’ where the page number range is in blue. - Consider an index entry such as 'α-ring'. Entering it as -'$\alpha$-ring' will cause it to be alphabetized according to the dollar + Consider an index entry such as ‘α-ring’. Entering it as +‘$\alpha$-ring’ will cause it to be alphabetized according to the dollar sign. You can instead enter it using an at-sign, as -'\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}'. If you specify an entry with an -at-sign separating two strings, 'POS@TEXT', then POS gives the +‘\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}’. If you specify an entry with an +at-sign separating two strings, ‘POS@TEXT’, then POS gives the alphabetical position of the entry while TEXT produces the text of the -entry. Another example is that '\index{Saint Michael's College@SMC}' -produces an index entry 'SMC' alphabetized into a different location +entry. Another example is that ‘\index{Saint Michael's College@SMC}’ +produces an index entry ‘SMC’ alphabetized into a different location than its spelling would naturally give it. - To put a '!', or '@', or '|', or '"' character in an index entry, -escape it by preceding it with a double quote, '"'. (The double quote + To put a ‘!’, or ‘@’, or ‘|’, or ‘"’ character in an index entry, +escape it by preceding it with a double quote, ‘"’. (The double quote gets deleted before alphabetization.) A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond -that provided by 'makeidx'. One is 'index', which allows for multiple -indices and contains a command '\index*{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}' that prints +that provided by ‘makeidx’. One is ‘index’, which allows for multiple +indices and contains a command ‘\index*{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}’ that prints the INDEX-ENTRY-STRING as well as indexing it. - The '\index' command writes the indexing information to the file -'ROOT-NAME.idx' file. Specifically, it writes text of the command -'\indexentry{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}{PAGE-NUM}', where PAGE-NUM is the value -of the '\thepage' counter. On occasion, when the '\printindex' command + The ‘\index’ command writes the indexing information to the file +‘ROOT-NAME.idx’ file. Specifically, it writes text of the command +‘\indexentry{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}{PAGE-NUM}’, where PAGE-NUM is the value +of the ‘\thepage’ counter. On occasion, when the ‘\printindex’ command is confused, you have to delete this file to start with a fresh slate. - If you omit the closing brace of an '\index' command then you get a + If you omit the closing brace of an ‘\index’ command then you get a message like this. Runaway argument? {Ackermann!function ! Paragraph ended before \@wrindex was complete. -25.2.3 'makeindex' +25.2.3 ‘makeindex’ ------------------ Synopsis, one of: @@ -14975,16 +15062,16 @@ Synopsis, one of: Sort, and otherwise process, the index information in the auxiliary file FILENAME. This is a command line program. It takes one or more -raw index files, 'FILENAME.idx' files, and produces the actual index -file, the 'FILENAME.ind' file that is input by '\printindex' (*note +raw index files, ‘FILENAME.idx’ files, and produces the actual index +file, the ‘FILENAME.ind’ file that is input by ‘\printindex’ (*note \printindex::). The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second -allows you to format the index by using an "index style file", a '.isty' +allows you to format the index by using an “index style file”, a ‘.isty’ file. The third form is the most general; see the full documentation on CTAN. - This is a simple '.isty' file. + This is a simple ‘.isty’ file. % book.isty % $ makeindex -s book.isty -p odd book.idx @@ -15006,124 +15093,124 @@ CTAN. A style file consists of a list of pairs: SPECIFIER and ATTRIBUTE. These can appear in the file in any order. All of the ATTRIBUTEs are strings, except where noted. Strings are surrounded with double quotes, -'"', and the maximum length of a string is 144 characters. The '\n' is -for a newline and '\t' is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with -another backslash, '\\'. If a line begins with a percent sign, '%', +‘"’, and the maximum length of a string is 144 characters. The ‘\n’ is +for a newline and ‘\t’ is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with +another backslash, ‘\\’. If a line begins with a percent sign, ‘%’, then it is a comment. -'preamble' +‘preamble’ Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which - the index is formatted. Default: '"\\begin{theindex}\n"'. + the index is formatted. Default: ‘"\\begin{theindex}\n"’. -'postamble' +‘postamble’ Postamble of the output index file. Default: - '"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"'. + ‘"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"’. -'group_skip' +‘group_skip’ Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group - for entries starting with letter 'a', etc. This specifier gives - what is inserted when a new group begins. Default: '"\n\n - \\indexspace\n"' ('\indexspace' is a command inserting a rubber - length, by default '10pt plus5pt minus3pt'). + for entries starting with letter ‘a’, etc. This specifier gives + what is inserted when a new group begins. Default: ‘"\n\n + \\indexspace\n"’ (‘\indexspace’ is a command inserting a rubber + length, by default ‘10pt plus5pt minus3pt’). -'lethead_flag' +‘lethead_flag’ An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. - If it is 0 (which is the default) then other than 'group_skip' + If it is 0 (which is the default) then other than ‘group_skip’ nothing will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then - at a new letter the 'lethead_prefix' and 'lethead_suffix' will be + at a new letter the ‘lethead_prefix’ and ‘lethead_suffix’ will be inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them. If it is negative then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default is 0. -'lethead_prefix' +‘lethead_prefix’ If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the - prefix inserted before the new letter header. Default: '""' + prefix inserted before the new letter header. Default: ‘""’ -'lethead_suffix' +‘lethead_suffix’ If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix - inserted after the new letter header. Default: '""'. + inserted after the new letter header. Default: ‘""’. -'item_0' - What is put between two level 0 items. Default: '"\n \\item "'. +‘item_0’ + What is put between two level 0 items. Default: ‘"\n \\item "’. -'item_1' - Put between two level 1 items. Default: '"\n \\subitem "'. +‘item_1’ + Put between two level 1 items. Default: ‘"\n \\subitem "’. -'item_2' - put between two level 2 items. Default: '"\n \\subsubitem "'. +‘item_2’ + put between two level 2 items. Default: ‘"\n \\subsubitem "’. -'item_01' +‘item_01’ What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item. Default: - '"\n \\subitem "'. + ‘"\n \\subitem "’. -'item_x1' +‘item_x1’ What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item in the case - that the level 0 item doesn't have any page numbers (as in - '\index{aaa|see{bbb}}'). Default: '"\n \\subitem "'. + that the level 0 item doesn’t have any page numbers (as in + ‘\index{aaa|see{bbb}}’). Default: ‘"\n \\subitem "’. -'item_12' +‘item_12’ What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item. Default: - '"\n \\subsubitem "'. + ‘"\n \\subsubitem "’. -'item_x2' +‘item_x2’ What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, if the - level 1 item doesn't have page numbers. Default: '"\n \\subsubitem - "'. + level 1 item doesn’t have page numbers. Default: ‘"\n \\subsubitem + "’. -'delim_0' +‘delim_0’ Delimiter put between a level 0 key and its first page number. - Default: a comma followed by a blank, '", "'. + Default: a comma followed by a blank, ‘", "’. -'delim_1' +‘delim_1’ Delimiter put between a level 1 key and its first page number. - Default: a comma followed by a blank, '", "'. + Default: a comma followed by a blank, ‘", "’. -'delim_2' +‘delim_2’ Delimiter between a level 2 key and its first page number. - Default: a comma followed by a blank, '", "'. + Default: a comma followed by a blank, ‘", "’. -'delim_n' +‘delim_n’ Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any level). - Default: a comma followed by a blank, '", "'. + Default: a comma followed by a blank, ‘", "’. -'delim_r' +‘delim_r’ What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a - range. Default: '"--"'. + range. Default: ‘"--"’. -'line_max' - An integer. Maximum length of an index entry's line in the output, - beyond which the line wraps. Default: '72'. +‘line_max’ + An integer. Maximum length of an index entry’s line in the output, + beyond which the line wraps. Default: ‘72’. -'indent_space' +‘indent_space’ What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default: - '"\t\t"'. + ‘"\t\t"’. -'indent_length' +‘indent_length’ A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default - 'indent_space' is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the - default here is '16'. + ‘indent_space’ is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the + default here is ‘16’. -'page_precedence' +‘page_precedence’ A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the - order in which they will appear in the index. The 'makeindex' + order in which they will appear in the index. The ‘makeindex’ command supports five different types of numerals: lowercase roman - 'r', and numeric or arabic 'n', and lowercase alphabetic 'a', and - uppercase roman 'R', and uppercase alphabetic 'A'. Default: - '"rnaRA"'. + ‘r’, and numeric or arabic ‘n’, and lowercase alphabetic ‘a’, and + uppercase roman ‘R’, and uppercase alphabetic ‘A’. Default: + ‘"rnaRA"’. - There are a number of other programs that do the job 'makeindex' -does. One is 'xindy' (<https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy>), which does + There are a number of other programs that do the job ‘makeindex’ +does. One is ‘xindy’ (<https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy>), which does internationalization and can process indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as described in its documentation. - A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is 'xindex', + A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is ‘xindex’, written in Lua (<https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex>). -25.2.4 '\printindex' +25.2.4 ‘\printindex’ -------------------- Synopsis: @@ -15133,10 +15220,10 @@ Synopsis: Place the index into the output. To get an index you must first include -'\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex' in the document preamble and compile -the document, then run the system command 'makeindex', and then compile +‘\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex’ in the document preamble and compile +the document, then run the system command ‘makeindex’, and then compile the document again. *Note Indexes::, for further discussion and an -example of the use of '\printindex'. +example of the use of ‘\printindex’. 25.3 Glossaries =============== @@ -15151,12 +15238,12 @@ Synopsis: ... \printglossaries - The 'glossaries' package allows you to make glossaries, including + The ‘glossaries’ package allows you to make glossaries, including multiple glossaries, as well as lists of acronyms. To get the output from this example, compile the document (for -instance with 'pdflatex filename'), then run the command line command -'makeglossaries filename', and then compile the document again. +instance with ‘pdflatex filename’), then run the command line command +‘makeglossaries filename’, and then compile the document again. \documentclass{...} \usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries @@ -15172,21 +15259,21 @@ instance with 'pdflatex filename'), then run the command line command \printglossaries \end{document} -That gives two things. In the main text it outputs '... definition of a -Turing machine'. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed -'Glossary' there appears a description list. In boldface it says -'Turing machine' and the rest of the item says in normal type 'A model -of a machine ... Computer Science'. +That gives two things. In the main text it outputs ‘... definition of a +Turing machine’. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed +‘Glossary’ there appears a description list. In boldface it says +‘Turing machine’ and the rest of the item says in normal type ‘A model +of a machine ... Computer Science’. - The command '\makeglossary' opens the file that will contain the -entry information, 'ROOT-FILE.glo'. Put the '\printglossaries' command + The command ‘\makeglossary’ opens the file that will contain the +entry information, ‘ROOT-FILE.glo’. Put the ‘\printglossaries’ command where you want the glossaries to appear in your document. - The 'glossaries' package is very powerful. For instance, besides the -commands '\newglossaryentry' and '\gls', there are similar commands for + The ‘glossaries’ package is very powerful. For instance, besides the +commands ‘\newglossaryentry’ and ‘\gls’, there are similar commands for a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on CTAN. -25.3.1 '\newglossaryentry' +25.3.1 ‘\newglossaryentry’ -------------------------- Synopsis, one of: @@ -15209,7 +15296,7 @@ Synopsis, one of: Declare a new entry for a glossary. The LABEL must be unique for the document. The settings associated with the label are pairs: -'KEY=VALUE'. +‘KEY=VALUE’. This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers ℝ, in the glossary. @@ -15226,26 +15313,26 @@ paragraph. For a full list of KEYs see the package documentation on CTAN but here are a few. -'name' +‘name’ (Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining. -'description' +‘description’ (Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary. If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command form given in the synopsis. -'plural' - The plural form of NAME. Refer to the plural form using '\glspl' - or '\Glspl' (*note \gls::). +‘plural’ + The plural form of NAME. Refer to the plural form using ‘\glspl’ + or ‘\Glspl’ (*note \gls::). -'sort' +‘sort’ How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds. -'symbol' +‘symbol’ A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name. -25.3.2 '\gls' +25.3.2 ‘\gls’ ------------- Synopsis, one of: @@ -15256,7 +15343,7 @@ Synopsis, one of: \Glspl{LABEL} Refer to a glossary entry. The entries are declared with -'\newglossaryentry' (*note \newglossaryentry::). +‘\newglossaryentry’ (*note \newglossaryentry::). This @@ -15268,10 +15355,10 @@ Synopsis, one of: ... Consider \gls{N}. -gives the output 'Consider the natural numbers'. +gives the output ‘Consider the natural numbers’. - The second command form '\glspl{LABEL}' produces the plural of NAME -(by default it tries adding an 's'). The third form capitalizes the + The second command form ‘\glspl{LABEL}’ produces the plural of NAME +(by default it tries adding an ‘s’). The third form capitalizes the first letter of NAME, as does the fourth form, which also takes the plural. @@ -15294,47 +15381,47 @@ Synopsis: Produce one or more letters. - Each letter is in a separate 'letter' environment, whose argument + Each letter is in a separate ‘letter’ environment, whose argument RECIPIENT ADDRESS often contains multiple lines separated with a double -backslash, ('\\'). For example, you might have: +backslash, (‘\\’). For example, you might have: \begin{letter}{Ninon de l'Enclos \\ l'h\^otel Sagonne} ... \end{letter} - The start of the 'letter' environment resets the page number to 1, + The start of the ‘letter’ environment resets the page number to 1, and the footnote number to 1 also. The SENDER ADDRESS and SENDER NAME are common to all of the letters, whether there is one or more, so these are best put in the preamble. As with the recipient address, often SENDER ADDRESS contains multiple lines -separated by a double backslash ('\\'). LaTeX will put the SENDER NAME +separated by a double backslash (‘\\’). LaTeX will put the SENDER NAME under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional hand-written signature. - Each 'letter' environment body begins with a required '\opening' -command such as '\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}'. The LETTER BODY text is + Each ‘letter’ environment body begins with a required ‘\opening’ +command such as ‘\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}’. The LETTER BODY text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from enumerated lists to -displayed math, except that commands such as '\chapter' that make no -sense in a letter are turned off. Each 'letter' environment body -typically ends with a '\closing' command such as '\closing{Yours,}'. - - Additional material may come after the '\closing'. You can say who -is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like '\cc{the Boss \\ -the Boss's Boss}'. There's a similar '\encl' command for a list of -enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with '\ps'. - - LaTeX's default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it -by a length of '\longindentation'. By default this is '0.5\textwidth'. -To make them flush left, put '\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}' in your +displayed math, except that commands such as ‘\chapter’ that make no +sense in a letter are turned off. Each ‘letter’ environment body +typically ends with a ‘\closing’ command such as ‘\closing{Yours,}’. + + Additional material may come after the ‘\closing’. You can say who +is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like ‘\cc{the Boss \\ +the Boss's Boss}’. There’s a similar ‘\encl’ command for a list of +enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with ‘\ps’. + + LaTeX’s default is to indent the sender name and the closing above it +by a length of ‘\longindentation’. By default this is ‘0.5\textwidth’. +To make them flush left, put ‘\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}’ in your preamble. To set a fixed date use something like -'\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}'. If put in your preamble then it +‘\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}’. If put in your preamble then it will apply to all the letters. - This example shows only one 'letter' environment. The three lines + This example shows only one ‘letter’ environment. The three lines marked as optional are typically omitted. \documentclass{letter} @@ -15351,9 +15438,9 @@ marked as optional are typically omitted. \end{letter} \end{document} - These commands are used with the 'letter' class. + These commands are used with the ‘letter’ class. -26.1 '\address' +26.1 ‘\address’ =============== Synopsis: @@ -15362,15 +15449,15 @@ Synopsis: Specify the return address, as it appears on the letter and on the envelope. Separate multiple lines in SENDERS ADDRESS with a double -backslash, '\\'. +backslash, ‘\\’. Because it can apply to multiple letters this declaration is often put in the preamble. However, it can go anywhere, including inside an -individual 'letter' environment. +individual ‘letter’ environment. This command is optional: if you do not use it then the letter is formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto pre-printed -letterhead paper. If you do use the '\address' declaration then it is +letterhead paper. If you do use the ‘\address’ declaration then it is formatted as a personal letter. Here is an example. @@ -15378,7 +15465,7 @@ formatted as a personal letter. \address{Stephen Maturin \\ The Grapes of the Savoy} -26.2 '\cc' +26.2 ‘\cc’ ========== Synopsis: @@ -15388,26 +15475,26 @@ Synopsis: Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after -'\closing'. Put the names on different lines by separating them with a -double backslash, '\\', as in: +‘\closing’. Put the names on different lines by separating them with a +double backslash, ‘\\’, as in: \cc{President \\ Vice President} -26.3 '\closing' +26.3 ‘\closing’ =============== Synopsis: \closing{TEXT} - Produce the letter's closing. This is optional, but usual. It + Produce the letter’s closing. This is optional, but usual. It appears at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example: \closing{Regards,} -26.4 '\encl' +26.4 ‘\encl’ ============ Synopsis: @@ -15416,13 +15503,13 @@ Synopsis: ... } Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is -optional; when it is used, it typically is put after '\closing'. -Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, '\\'. +optional; when it is used, it typically is put after ‘\closing’. +Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, ‘\\’. \encl{License \\ Passport} -26.5 '\location' +26.5 ‘\location’ ================ Synopsis: @@ -15430,31 +15517,31 @@ Synopsis: \location{TEXT} The TEXT appears centered at the bottom of the page. It only appears -if the page style is 'firstpage'. +if the page style is ‘firstpage’. -26.6 '\makelabels' +26.6 ‘\makelabels’ ================== Synopsis: \makelabels % in preamble - Optional, for a document that contains 'letter' environments. If you -just put '\makelabels' in the preamble then at the end of the document + Optional, for a document that contains ‘letter’ environments. If you +just put ‘\makelabels’ in the preamble then at the end of the document you will get a sheet with labels for all the recipients, one for each letter environment, that you can copy to a sheet of peel-off address labels. - Customize the labels by redefining the commands '\startlabels', -'\mlabel', and '\returnaddress' (and perhaps '\name') in the preamble. -The command '\startlabels' sets the width, height, number of columns, + Customize the labels by redefining the commands ‘\startlabels’, +‘\mlabel’, and ‘\returnaddress’ (and perhaps ‘\name’) in the preamble. +The command ‘\startlabels’ sets the width, height, number of columns, etc., of the page onto which the labels are printed. The command -'\mlabel{RETURN ADDRESS}{RECIPIENT ADDRESS}' produces the two labels (or +‘\mlabel{RETURN ADDRESS}{RECIPIENT ADDRESS}’ produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the RETURN ADDRESS) for each letter environment. The first argument, RETURN ADDRESS, is the value returned -by the macro '\returnaddress'. The second argument, RECIPIENT ADDRESS, -is the value passed in the argument to the 'letter' environment. By -default '\mlabel' ignores the first argument, the RETURN ADDRESS, +by the macro ‘\returnaddress’. The second argument, RECIPIENT ADDRESS, +is the value passed in the argument to the ‘letter’ environment. By +default ‘\mlabel’ ignores the first argument, the RETURN ADDRESS, causing the default behavior described in the prior paragraph. This illustrates customization. Its output includes a page with two @@ -15484,34 +15571,34 @@ columns having two labels each. The first column contains the return address twice. The second column contains the address for each recipient. - The package 'envlab' makes formatting the labels easier, with + The package ‘envlab’ makes formatting the labels easier, with standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines -'\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}' and '\makelabels' are all that +‘\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}’ and ‘\makelabels’ are all that you need to print envelopes. -26.7 '\name' +26.7 ‘\name’ ============ Synopsis: \name{NAME} - Optional. Sender's name, used for printing on the envelope together + Optional. Sender’s name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address. -26.8 '\opening' +26.8 ‘\opening’ =============== Synopsis: \opening{SALUTATION} - Required. Follows the '\begin{letter}{...}'. The argument + Required. Follows the ‘\begin{letter}{...}’. The argument SALUTATION is mandatory. For instance: \opening{Dear John:} -26.9 '\ps' +26.9 ‘\ps’ ========== Synopsis: @@ -15519,11 +15606,11 @@ Synopsis: \ps{TEXT} Add a postscript. This command is optional and usually is used after -'\closing'. +‘\closing’. \ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.} -26.10 '\signature' +26.10 ‘\signature’ ================== Synopsis: @@ -15531,42 +15618,42 @@ Synopsis: \signature{FIRST LINE \\ ... } - The sender's name. This command is optional, although its inclusion + The sender’s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is usual. The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the closing. LaTeX leaves some vertical space for a handwritten signature. -Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, '\\'. For example: +Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, ‘\\’. For example: \signature{J Fred Muggs \\ White House} - LaTeX's default for the vertical space from the '\closing' text down -to the '\signature' text is '6\medskipamount', which is six times -'\medskipamount' (where '\medskipamount' is equal to a '\parskip', which + LaTeX’s default for the vertical space from the ‘\closing’ text down +to the ‘\signature’ text is ‘6\medskipamount’, which is six times +‘\medskipamount’ (where ‘\medskipamount’ is equal to a ‘\parskip’, which in turn is defined by default here to 0.7em). This command is usually in the preamble, to apply to all the letters in the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a -'letter' environment and before the '\closing'. +‘letter’ environment and before the ‘\closing’. You can include a graphic in the signature as here. \signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\ My name} -For this you must put '\usepackage{graphicx}' in the preamble (*note +For this you must put ‘\usepackage{graphicx}’ in the preamble (*note Graphics::). -26.11 '\telephone' +26.11 ‘\telephone’ ================== Synopsis: \telephone{NUMBER} - The sender's telephone number. This is typically in the preamble, -where it applies to all letters. This only appears if the 'firstpage' + The sender’s telephone number. This is typically in the preamble, +where it applies to all letters. This only appears if the ‘firstpage’ pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the page. @@ -15579,7 +15666,7 @@ also read a file that other programs written, or write a file for others to read. You can communicate with users through the terminal. And, you can issue instructions for the operating system. -27.1 '\openin' & '\openout' +27.1 ‘\openin’ & ‘\openout’ =========================== Synopsis: @@ -15591,10 +15678,10 @@ Synopsis: \openout NUMBER=FILENAME Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. In most -engines, the NUMBER must be between 0 and 15, as in '\openin3'; in +engines, the NUMBER must be between 0 and 15, as in ‘\openin3’; in LuaLaTeX, NUMBER can be between 0 and 127. - Here TeX opens the file 'presidents.tex' for reading. + Here TeX opens the file ‘presidents.tex’ for reading. \newread\presidentsfile \openin\presidentsfile=presidents @@ -15602,23 +15689,23 @@ LuaLaTeX, NUMBER can be between 0 and 127. \read\presidentsfile to\presidentline \typeout{\presidentline} -The '\newread' command allocates input stream numbers from 0 to 15 -(there is also a '\newwrite'). The '\presidentsfile' is more memorable -but under the hood it is still a number; the first '\typeout' gives -something like 'presidentsfile is 1'. In addition, '\newread' keeps +The ‘\newread’ command allocates input stream numbers from 0 to 15 +(there is also a ‘\newwrite’). The ‘\presidentsfile’ is more memorable +but under the hood it is still a number; the first ‘\typeout’ gives +something like ‘presidentsfile is 1’. In addition, ‘\newread’ keeps track of the allocation so that if you use too many then you get an -error like '! No room for a new \read'. The second '\typeout' gives the -first line of the file, something like '1 Washington, George'. +error like ‘! No room for a new \read’. The second ‘\typeout’ gives the +first line of the file, something like ‘1 Washington, George’. Ordinarily TeX will not try to open the file until the next page -shipout. To change this, use '\immediate\openin NUMBER=FILENAME' or -'\immediate\openout NUMBER=FILENAME'. +shipout. To change this, use ‘\immediate\openin NUMBER=FILENAME’ or +‘\immediate\openout NUMBER=FILENAME’. - Close files with '\closein NUMBER' and '\closeout NUMBER'. + Close files with ‘\closein NUMBER’ and ‘\closeout NUMBER’. How LaTeX handles filenames varies among distributions, and even can vary among versions of a distribution. If the file does not have an -extension then TeX will add a '.tex'. This creates 'presidents.tex', +extension then TeX will add a ‘.tex’. This creates ‘presidents.tex’, writes one line to it, and closes it. \newwrite\presidentsfile @@ -15627,23 +15714,23 @@ writes one line to it, and closes it. \closeout\presidentsfile But filenames with a period can cause trouble: if TeX finds a FILENAME -of 'presidents.dat' it could look first for 'presidents.dat.tex' and -later for 'presidents.dat', or it could do the opposite. Your -distribution's documentation should say more, and if you find something +of ‘presidents.dat’ it could look first for ‘presidents.dat.tex’ and +later for ‘presidents.dat’, or it could do the opposite. Your +distribution’s documentation should say more, and if you find something that works for you then you are good, but to ensure complete portability the best thing is to use file names containing only the twenty six ASCII letters (not case-sensitive) and the ten digits, along with underscore and dash, and in particular with no dot or space. - For '\openin', if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give an + For ‘\openin’, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give an error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this -with '\ifeof'; one recourse is the command '\InputIfFileExists', *note +with ‘\ifeof’; one recourse is the command ‘\InputIfFileExists’, *note Class and package commands::). If you try to use the same number twice, -LaTeX won't give you an error. If you try to use a bad number then you -get an error message like '! Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30 -\openin16=test.jh'. +LaTeX won’t give you an error. If you try to use a bad number then you +get an error message like ‘! Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30 +\openin16=test.jh’. -27.2 '\read' +27.2 ‘\read’ ============ Synopsis: @@ -15651,10 +15738,10 @@ Synopsis: \read NUMBER toMACRO Make the command MACRO contain the next line of input from text -stream NUMBER, as in '\read5 to\data'. +stream NUMBER, as in ‘\read5 to\data’. - This opens the file 'email.tex' for reading, puts the contents of the -first line into the command '\email', and then closes the file. + This opens the file ‘email.tex’ for reading, puts the contents of the +first line into the command ‘\email’, and then closes the file. \newread\recipientfile \openin\recipientfile=email @@ -15663,18 +15750,18 @@ first line into the command '\email', and then closes the file. \closein\recipientfile If NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if no file of that -number is open, or if the file has ended, then '\read' will take input +number is open, or if the file has ended, then ‘\read’ will take input from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not allowed, e.g., -'\nonstopmode'; *note interaction modes::). (However, the natural way -in LaTeX to take input from the terminal is '\typein' (*note \typein::.) +‘\nonstopmode’; *note interaction modes::). (However, the natural way +in LaTeX to take input from the terminal is ‘\typein’ (*note \typein::.) - To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use '\input' -(*note \input::) or '\include' (*note \include & \includeonly::). + To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use ‘\input’ +(*note \input::) or ‘\include’ (*note \include & \includeonly::). A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail -merges. CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is 'datatool'. +merges. CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is ‘datatool’. -27.3 '\typein' +27.3 ‘\typein’ ============== Synopsis, one of: @@ -15696,13 +15783,13 @@ coupled with this command line interaction \@typein=Aphra Behn -gives the output '... never forget Aphra Behn'. +gives the output ‘... never forget Aphra Behn’. - The first command version, '\typein{PROMPT-MSG}', causes the input + The first command version, ‘\typein{PROMPT-MSG}’, causes the input you typed to be processed as if it had been included in the input file -in place of the '\typein' command. +in place of the ‘\typein’ command. - In the second command version the optional argument 'CMD' argument + In the second command version the optional argument ‘CMD’ argument must be a command name, that is, it must begin with a backslash, \. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the input that you typed. For example, this @@ -15717,32 +15804,32 @@ gives this output on the command line, \student=John Dee Recommendation for John Dee. -where the user has entered 'John Dee.' +where the user has entered ‘John Dee.’ -27.4 '\typeout' +27.4 ‘\typeout’ =============== Synopsis: \typeout{MSG} - Print 'msg' on the terminal and in the 'log' file. + Print ‘msg’ on the terminal and in the ‘log’ file. This \newcommand{\student}{John Dee} \typeout{Recommendation for \student .} -outputs 'Recommendation for John Dee'. Like what happens here with -'\student', commands that are defined with '\newcommand' or -'\renewcommand' (among others) are replaced by their definitions before +outputs ‘Recommendation for John Dee’. Like what happens here with +‘\student’, commands that are defined with ‘\newcommand’ or +‘\renewcommand’ (among others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed. - LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space -and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'. Use the -command '\space' to get a single space, independent of surrounding -spaces. Use '^^J' to get a newline. Get a percent character with -'\csname @percentchar\endcsname'. + LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space +and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to ‘msg’. Use the +command ‘\space’ to get a single space, independent of surrounding +spaces. Use ‘^^J’ to get a newline. Get a percent character with +‘\csname @percentchar\endcsname’. This command can be useful for simple debugging, as here: @@ -15750,9 +15837,9 @@ spaces. Use '^^J' to get a newline. Get a percent character with \setlength{\jhlength}{5pt} \typeout{The length is \the\jhlength.} -produces on the command line 'The length is 5.0pt'. +produces on the command line ‘The length is 5.0pt’. -27.5 '\write' +27.5 ‘\write’ ============= Synopsis: @@ -15760,10 +15847,10 @@ Synopsis: \write NUMBER{STRING} Write STRING to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file opened by -'\openout'. For instance, '\write6' writes to text stream number 6. +‘\openout’. For instance, ‘\write6’ writes to text stream number 6. - If the following appears in 'BASEFILE.tex' then it opens -'BASEFILE.jh', writes 'Hello World!' and a newline to it, and closes + If the following appears in ‘BASEFILE.tex’ then it opens +‘BASEFILE.jh’, writes ‘Hello World!’ and a newline to it, and closes that file. \newwrite\myfile @@ -15773,10 +15860,10 @@ that file. ... \immediate\closeout\myfile -The '\newwrite' allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic name to -make life easier, so that 'stream \newwrite\myfile\the\myfile' produces -something like 'stream 3'. Then '\openout' associates the stream number -with the given file name. TeX ultimately executed '\write3' which puts +The ‘\newwrite’ allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic name to +make life easier, so that ‘stream \newwrite\myfile\the\myfile’ produces +something like ‘stream 3’. Then ‘\openout’ associates the stream number +with the given file name. TeX ultimately executed ‘\write3’ which puts the string in the file. Typically NUMBER is between 0 and 15, because typically LaTeX authors @@ -15785,75 +15872,75 @@ NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15 or if it is not associated with an open file then LaTeX writes STRING to the log file. If NUMBER is positive then in addition LaTeX writes STRING to the terminal. - Thus, 'test \write-1{Hello World!}' puts 'Hello World!' followed by a -newline in the log file. (This is what the '\wlog' command does; *note -\wlog::). And '\write100{Hello World!}' puts the same in the log file -but also puts 'Hello World!' followed by a newline in the terminal + Thus, ‘test \write-1{Hello World!}’ puts ‘Hello World!’ followed by a +newline in the log file. (This is what the ‘\wlog’ command does; *note +\wlog::). And ‘\write100{Hello World!}’ puts the same in the log file +but also puts ‘Hello World!’ followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are special as NUMBER; see below.) In LuaTeX, instead of 16 output streams there are 256 (*note TeX engines::). - Use '\write\@auxout{STRING}' to write to the current '.aux' file, + Use ‘\write\@auxout{STRING}’ to write to the current ‘.aux’ file, which is associated with either the root file or with the current -include file; and use '\write\@mainaux{STRING}' to write to the main -'.aux'. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX. +include file; and use ‘\write\@mainaux{STRING}’ to write to the main +‘.aux’. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX. By default LaTeX does not write STRING to the file right away. This -is because, for example, you may need '\write' to save the current page -number, but when TeX comes across a '\write' it typically does not know +is because, for example, you may need ‘\write’ to save the current page +number, but when TeX comes across a ‘\write’ it typically does not know what the page number is, since it has not yet done the page breaking. -So, you use '\write' in one of three contexts: +So, you use ‘\write’ in one of three contexts: \immediate\write\@auxout{STRING} %1 \write\@auxout{STRING} %2 \protected@write\@auxout{}{STRING} %3 1. With the first, LaTeX writes STRING to the file immediately. Any - macros in STRING are fully expanded (just as in '\edef') so to - prevent expansion you must use '\noexpand', 'toks', etc., except - that you should use '#' instead of '##'). + macros in STRING are fully expanded (just as in ‘\edef’) so to + prevent expansion you must use ‘\noexpand’, ‘toks’, etc., except + that you should use ‘#’ instead of ‘##’). 2. With the second, STRING is stored on the current list of things (as - a TeX "whatsit" item) and kept until the page is shipped out and - likewise the macros are unexpanded until '\shipout'. At - '\shipout', STRING is fully expanded. + a TeX “whatsit” item) and kept until the page is shipped out and + likewise the macros are unexpanded until ‘\shipout’. At + ‘\shipout’, STRING is fully expanded. - 3. The third, '\protected@write', is like the second except that you - can use '\protect' to avoid expansion. The extra first argument + 3. The third, ‘\protected@write’, is like the second except that you + can use ‘\protect’ to avoid expansion. The extra first argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more macros protected or to have some other special definition for the write. - As a simple example of expansion with '\write', STRING here contains -a control sequence '\triplex' which we've defined to be the text 'XYZ': + As a simple example of expansion with ‘\write’, STRING here contains +a control sequence ‘\triplex’ which we’ve defined to be the text ‘XYZ’: \newwrite\jhfile \openout\jhfile=test.jh \newcommand{\triplex}{XYZ} \write\jhfile{test \triplex test} -This results in the file 'test.jh' containing the text 'test XYZtest' +This results in the file ‘test.jh’ containing the text ‘test XYZtest’ followed by a newline. The cases where NUMBER is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of -'\write''s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15 -described above, in Plain TeX '\write16' and '\write17' were sometimes +‘\write’’s behavior when NUMBER is outside the range from 0 to 15 +described above, in Plain TeX ‘\write16’ and ‘\write17’ were sometimes used to write to the log file and the terminal; however, in LaTeX, the -natural way to do that is with '\typeout' (*note \typeout::). The -'\write18' command is even more special; modern TeX systems use it for +natural way to do that is with ‘\typeout’ (*note \typeout::). The +‘\write18’ command is even more special; modern TeX systems use it for giving commands to the operating system (*note \write18::). - Ordinarily '\write' outputs a single line. You can include a newline -with '^^J'. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file: + Ordinarily ‘\write’ outputs a single line. You can include a newline +with ‘^^J’. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file: \wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.} A common case where authors need to write their own file is for answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of packages -for this; one is 'answers'. +for this; one is ‘answers’. -27.5.1 '\write' and security +27.5.1 ‘\write’ and security ---------------------------- The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a @@ -15873,11 +15960,11 @@ gives an error like: ! I can't write on file `../test.jh' You can get just such an error when using commands such as -'\include{../filename}' because LaTeX will try to open -'../filename.aux'. The simplest solution is to put the included files +‘\include{../filename}’ because LaTeX will try to open +‘../filename.aux’. The simplest solution is to put the included files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories. -27.5.2 '\message' +27.5.2 ‘\message’ ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -15886,10 +15973,10 @@ Synopsis: Write STRING to the log file and the terminal. - Typically, LaTeX authors use '\typeout' (*note \typeout::). It -allows you to use '\protect' on any fragile commands in STRING (*note -\protect::). But '\typeout' always inserts a newline at the end of -STRING while '\message' does not, so the latter can be useful. + Typically, LaTeX authors use ‘\typeout’ (*note \typeout::). It +allows you to use ‘\protect’ on any fragile commands in STRING (*note +\protect::). But ‘\typeout’ always inserts a newline at the end of +STRING while ‘\message’ does not, so the latter can be useful. With this example document body. @@ -15902,28 +15989,28 @@ the terminal and the log file. One Two Three Four I declare a thumb war. -The '^^J' produces a newline. Also, in the output document, between -'before' and 'After' will be a single space (from the end of line -following 'I}'). +The ‘^^J’ produces a newline. Also, in the output document, between +‘before’ and ‘After’ will be a single space (from the end of line +following ‘I}’). - While '\message' allows you more control over formatting, a gotcha is + While ‘\message’ allows you more control over formatting, a gotcha is that LaTeX may mess up that formatting because it inserts line breaks depending on what it has already written. Contrast this document body, -where the 'Two' has moved, to the one given above. +where the ‘Two’ has moved, to the one given above. before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI} \message{declare a thumb war.}After This can happen: when LaTeX is outputting the messages to the -terminal, now the message with 'One' is shorter and it fits at the end +terminal, now the message with ‘One’ is shorter and it fits at the end of the output terminal line, and so LaTeX breaks the line between it and -the 'Two Three'. That line break appears also in the log file. This +the ‘Two Three’. That line break appears also in the log file. This line break insertion can depend on, for instance, the length of the full path names of included files. So producing finely-formatted lines in a way that is portable is hard, likely requiring starting your message at the beginning of a line. -27.5.3 '\wlog' +27.5.3 ‘\wlog’ -------------- Synopsis: @@ -15935,13 +16022,13 @@ Synopsis: \wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?} \wlog{He'll stop at nothing to avoid them.} - Ordinarily STRING appears in a single separate line. Use '^^J' to + Ordinarily STRING appears in a single separate line. Use ‘^^J’ to insert a newline. \wlog{Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.} \wlog{The barman says,^^JWe don't serve your type.} -27.5.4 '\write18' +27.5.4 ‘\write18’ ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -15949,7 +16036,7 @@ Synopsis: \write18{SHELL_COMMAND} Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system -runs the command and LaTeX's execution is blocked until that finishes. +runs the command and LaTeX’s execution is blocked until that finishes. This sequence (on Unix) @@ -15957,64 +16044,64 @@ runs the command and LaTeX's execution is blocked until that finishes. ... \newcommand{\fignum}{1} \immediate\write18{cd pix && asy figure\fignum} - \includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf} + \includegraphics{pix/figure\fignum.pdf} -will run Asymptote (the 'asy' program) on 'pix/figure1.asy', so that the +will run Asymptote (the ‘asy’ program) on ‘pix/figure1.asy’, so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic (*note -\includegraphics::). Like any '\write', here LaTeX expands macros in -SHELL_COMMAND so that '\fignum' is replaced by '1'. +\includegraphics::). Like any ‘\write’, here LaTeX expands macros in +SHELL_COMMAND so that ‘\fignum’ is replaced by ‘1’. Another example is that you can automatically run BibTeX at the start of each LaTeX run (*note Using BibTeX::) by including -'\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}' as the first line of the file. -Note that '\jobname' expands to the basename of the root file unless the -'--jobname' option is passed on the command line, in which case this is +‘\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}’ as the first line of the file. +Note that ‘\jobname’ expands to the basename of the root file unless the +‘--jobname’ option is passed on the command line, in which case this is the option argument. You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files -in the current directory (but see 'texosquery' below): +in the current directory (but see ‘texosquery’ below): \immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat} \input{tmp.dat} - The standard behavior of any '\write' is to wait until a page is + The standard behavior of any ‘\write’ is to wait until a page is being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream (*note \write::). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use -'\immediate\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}'. +‘\immediate\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}’. There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands inside a LaTeX file. If you download a file off the net and it contains commands to delete all your files then you would be unhappy. The standard settings in modern distributions turn off full shell access. You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are safe, by -compiling with 'latex --enable-write18 FILENAME' (*note Command line -options::). (The '--shell-escape' option is a synonym, in TeX Live.) +compiling with ‘latex --enable-write18 FILENAME’ (*note Command line +options::). (The ‘--shell-escape’ option is a synonym, in TeX Live.) In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not -use the 'enable-write18' option. By default this list of allowed +use the ‘enable-write18’ option. By default this list of allowed commands is short and features only commands that are under the control of the distribution maintainers (*note Command line options::). - The SHELL_COMMAND text is always passed to '/bin/sh' on Unix-like -operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter 'cmd.exe' on Windows. -Any different shell set by the user, and the 'SHELL' environment + The SHELL_COMMAND text is always passed to ‘/bin/sh’ on Unix-like +operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter ‘cmd.exe’ on Windows. +Any different shell set by the user, and the ‘SHELL’ environment variable, is ignored. If what you need is system information, such as the operating system name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the -'texosquery' package, which provides a convenient and secure interface -for this, unlike the above examples using the raw '\write18': +‘texosquery’ package, which provides a convenient and secure interface +for this, unlike the above examples using the raw ‘\write18’: <https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery>. - LaTeX provides a package 'shellesc' on top of the primitive -'\write18' command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command -'\ShellEscape' which works identically on all TeX engines; LuaTeX -intentionally did not retain '\write18' as a way to invoke a shell -command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The 'shellesc' package -also provides a command '\DelayedShellEscape', executed at '\output' + LaTeX provides a package ‘shellesc’ on top of the primitive +‘\write18’ command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command +‘\ShellEscape’ which works identically on all TeX engines; LuaTeX +intentionally did not retain ‘\write18’ as a way to invoke a shell +command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The ‘shellesc’ package +also provides a command ‘\DelayedShellEscape’, executed at ‘\output’ time, for the same reason. 28 Command line interface @@ -16024,16 +16111,16 @@ Synopsis (from a terminal command line): pdflatex OPTIONS ARGUMENT - Run LaTeX on ARGUMENT. In place of 'pdflatex' you can also use (for -PDF output) 'xelatex' or 'lualatex', or (for DVI output) 'latex' or -'dvilualatex', among others (*note TeX engines::). + Run LaTeX on ARGUMENT. In place of ‘pdflatex’ you can also use (for +PDF output) ‘xelatex’ or ‘lualatex’, or (for DVI output) ‘latex’ or +‘dvilualatex’, among others (*note TeX engines::). - For example, this will run LaTeX on the file 'thesis.tex', creating -the output 'thesis.pdf'. + For example, this will run LaTeX on the file ‘thesis.tex’, creating +the output ‘thesis.pdf’. pdflatex thesis -Note that '.tex' is the default file name extension. +Note that ‘.tex’ is the default file name extension. pdfTeX is an extension of the original TeX program, as are XeTeX and LuaTeX (*note TeX engines::). The first two are completely backward @@ -16042,10 +16129,10 @@ feature for all three is that the original TeX output its own DVI format, while the newer ones can output directly to PDF. This allows them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and ubiquitous -viewing programs. In short, if you run 'pdflatex' or 'xelatex' or -'lualatex' then you will by default get PDF and have access to all its -modern features. If you run 'latex', or 'dvilualatex', then you will -get DVI. The description here assumes pdfLaTeX. +viewing programs. In short, if you run ‘pdflatex’ or ‘xelatex’ or +‘lualatex’ then you will by default get PDF and have access to all its +modern features. If you run ‘latex’, or ‘dvilualatex’, then you will +get DVI. The description here assumes ‘pdflatex’. *Note Command line options::, for a selection of the most useful command line options. As to ARGUMENT, the usual case is that it does @@ -16054,8 +16141,8 @@ file and it compiles that file. If ARGUMENT begins with a backslash then the system will interpret it as a line of LaTeX input, which can be used for special effects (*note Command line input::). - If you gave no arguments or options then 'pdflatex' prompts for input -from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering 'CTRL-D'. + If you gave no arguments or options then ‘pdflatex’ prompts for input +from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering ‘CTRL-D’. If LaTeX finds an error in your document then by default it stops and asks you about it. *Note Recovering from errors::, for an outline of @@ -16065,34 +16152,34 @@ what to do. ========================= These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document -authoring. For a full list, try running 'latex --help' from the command +authoring. For a full list, try running ‘latex --help’ from the command line. With many implementations you can specify command line options by -prefixing them with '-' or '--'. This is the case for both TeX Live +prefixing them with ‘-’ or ‘--’. This is the case for both TeX Live (including MacTeX) and MiKTeX. We will use both conventions interchangeably. If an option takes a value, it can be specified either -as a separate argument ('--foo val'), or as one argument with an '=' -sign ('--foo=val'), but there can be no spaces around the '='. We will -generally use the '=' syntax. +as a separate argument (‘--foo val’), or as one argument with an ‘=’ +sign (‘--foo=val’), but there can be no spaces around the ‘=’. We will +generally use the ‘=’ syntax. -'-version' - Show the current version, like 'pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX - Live 2015/Debian)' along with a small amount of additional +‘-version’ + Show the current version, like ‘pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX + Live 2015/Debian)’ along with a small amount of additional information, and exit. -'-help' +‘-help’ Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit. -'-interaction=MODE' +‘-interaction=MODE’ TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes: - 'batchmode', 'nonstopmode', 'scrollmode', 'errorstopmode'. In - "errorstopmode" (the default), TeX stops at each error and asks for - user intervention. In "batchmode" it prints nothing on the - terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user hit 'RETURN' at every - error, and missing files cause the job to abort. In "nonstopmode", + ‘batchmode’, ‘nonstopmode’, ‘scrollmode’, ‘errorstopmode’. In + “errorstopmode” (the default), TeX stops at each error and asks for + user intervention. In “batchmode” it prints nothing on the + terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user hit ‘RETURN’ at every + error, and missing files cause the job to abort. In “nonstopmode”, diagnostic message appear on the terminal but as in batch mode - there is no user interaction. In "scrollmode", TeX stops for + there is no user interaction. In “scrollmode”, TeX stops for missing files or keyboard input, but nothing else. For instance, starting LaTeX with this command line @@ -16101,16 +16188,16 @@ generally use the '=' syntax. eliminates most terminal output. -'-jobname=STRING' - Set the value of TeX's "jobname" to the string. The log file and - output file will then be named 'STRING.log' and 'STRING.pdf'. +‘-jobname=STRING’ + Set the value of TeX’s “jobname” to the string. The log file and + output file will then be named ‘STRING.log’ and ‘STRING.pdf’. *note Jobname::. -'-output-directory=DIRECTORY' +‘-output-directory=DIRECTORY’ Write files in the directory DIRECTORY. It must already exist. This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such as - the '.log' file for the run, the '.aux', '.toc', etc., files - created by LaTeX, as well as the main '.pdf' or '.dvi' output file + the ‘.log’ file for the run, the ‘.aux’, ‘.toc’, etc., files + created by LaTeX, as well as the main ‘.pdf’ or ‘.dvi’ output file itself. When specified, the output directory DIRECTORY is also @@ -16119,30 +16206,30 @@ generally use the '=' syntax. current directory (in which LaTeX was run) remains unchanged, and is also checked for input files. -'--enable-write18' -'--disable-write18' -'--shell-escape' -'--no-shell-escape' - Enable or disable '\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}' (*note \write18::). +‘--enable-write18’ +‘--disable-write18’ +‘--shell-escape’ +‘--no-shell-escape’ + Enable or disable ‘\write18{SHELL_COMMAND}’ (*note \write18::). The first two options are supported by both TeX Live and MiKTeX, while the second two are synonyms supported by TeX Live. Enabling this functionality has major security implications, since it allows a LaTeX file to run any command whatsoever. Thus, by - default, unrestricted '\write18' is not allowed. (The default for + default, unrestricted ‘\write18’ is not allowed. (The default for TeX Live, MacTeX, and MiKTeX is to allow the execution of a limited number of TeX-related programs, which they distribute.) - For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option 'no-shell-escape', - and in your document you call '\write18{ls -l}', then you do not - get an error but the log file says 'runsystem(ls -l)...disabled'. + For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option ‘no-shell-escape’, + and in your document you call ‘\write18{ls -l}’, then you do not + get an error but the log file says ‘runsystem(ls -l)...disabled’. -'-halt-on-error' +‘-halt-on-error’ Stop processing at the first error. -'-file-line-error' -'-no-file-line-error' - Enable or disable 'FILENAME:LINENO:ERROR'-style error messages. +‘-file-line-error’ +‘-no-file-line-error’ + Enable or disable ‘FILENAME:LINENO:ERROR’-style error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX. 28.2 Command line input @@ -16156,7 +16243,7 @@ you can specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting ARGUMENT with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This allows you to do some special effects. - For example, this file (which uses the 'hyperref' package for + For example, this file (which uses the ‘hyperref’ package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online. @@ -16170,8 +16257,8 @@ paper and one to be read online. \href{https://www.ctan.org}{CTAN} % in body ... -Compiling this document 'book.tex' with the command line 'pdflatex book' -will give the 'CTAN' link in blue. But compiling it with +Compiling this document ‘book.tex’ with the command line ‘pdflatex book’ +will give the ‘CTAN’ link in blue. But compiling it with pdflatex "\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex" @@ -16180,18 +16267,18 @@ of the symbols by the command line shell. (This usually works on both Unix and Windows systems, but there are many peculiarities to shell quoting, so read your system documentation if need be.) - In a similar way, from the single file 'main.tex' you can compile two + In a similar way, from the single file ‘main.tex’ you can compile two different versions. pdflatex -jobname=students "\def\student{}\input{main}" pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers{}\input{main}" -The 'jobname' option is there because otherwise both files would be -called 'main.pdf' and the second would overwrite the first. (*note +The ‘jobname’ option is there because otherwise both files would be +called ‘main.pdf’ and the second would overwrite the first. (*note Jobname::.) In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a -document to include. For a book named 'mybook.tex' and structured like +document to include. For a book named ‘mybook.tex’ and structured like this. \documentclass{book} @@ -16214,34 +16301,34 @@ Splitting the input::. Running LaTeX creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the -so-called "jobname". The most common case is also the simplest, where -for instance the command 'pdflatex thesis' creates 'thesis.pdf' and also -'thesis.log' and 'thesis.aux'. Here the job name is 'thesis'. +so-called “jobname”. The most common case is also the simplest, where +for instance the command ‘pdflatex thesis’ creates ‘thesis.pdf’ and also +‘thesis.log’ and ‘thesis.aux’. Here the job name is ‘thesis’. - In general, LaTeX is invoked as 'LATEX-ENGINE OPTIONS ARGUMENT', -where LATEX-ENGINE is 'pdflatex', 'lualatex', etc. (*note TeX + In general, LaTeX is invoked as ‘LATEX-ENGINE OPTIONS ARGUMENT’, +where LATEX-ENGINE is ‘pdflatex’, ‘lualatex’, etc. (*note TeX engines::). If ARGUMENT does not start with a backslash, as is the case -above with 'thesis', then TeX considers it to be the name of the file to -input as the main document. This file is referred to as the "root file" +above with ‘thesis’, then TeX considers it to be the name of the file to +input as the main document. This file is referred to as the “root file” (*note Splitting the input::, and *note \input::). The name of that -root file, without the '.tex' extension if any, is the jobname. If +root file, without the ‘.tex’ extension if any, is the jobname. If ARGUMENT does start with a backslash, or if TeX is in interactive mode, -then it waits for the first '\input' command, and the jobname is the -argument to '\input'. +then it waits for the first ‘\input’ command, and the jobname is the +argument to ‘\input’. There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly -specified with the '-jobname' option, as in 'pdflatex -jobname=myname' +specified with the ‘-jobname’ option, as in ‘pdflatex -jobname=myname’ (*note Command line input:: for a real example). - The final possibility is 'texput', which is the final fallback -default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no '-jobname' + The final possibility is ‘texput’, which is the final fallback +default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no ‘-jobname’ option was specified, and the compilation stops before any input file is -met, then the log file will be named 'texput.log'. +met, then the log file will be named ‘texput.log’. A special case of this is that in LaTeX versions of (approximately) -2020 or later, the jobname is also 'texput' if the first '\input' occurs -as a result of being called by either '\documentclass' or -'\RequirePackage'. So this will produce a file named 'texput.pdf': +2020 or later, the jobname is also ‘texput’ if the first ‘\input’ occurs +as a result of being called by either ‘\documentclass’ or +‘\RequirePackage’. So this will produce a file named ‘texput.pdf’: pdflatex "\documentclass{minimal}\begin{document}Hello!\end{document}" @@ -16250,35 +16337,35 @@ with pdflatex "\documentclass{article}\usepackage{lipsum}\input{thesis}" -the output file is 'lipsum.pdf', as '\usepackage' calls '\input'. +the output file is ‘lipsum.pdf’, as ‘\usepackage’ calls ‘\input’. - Within the document, the macro '\jobname' expands to the jobname. + Within the document, the macro ‘\jobname’ expands to the jobname. (When you run LaTeX on a file whose name contains spaces, the string -returned by '\jobname' contains matching start and end quotes.) In the +returned by ‘\jobname’ contains matching start and end quotes.) In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of catcode 12 (other) except that spaces are category 10, including letters that are normally catcode 11. Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional -can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro '\IfBeginWith' -from the 'xstring' package in its star variant, which is insensitive to -catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote "Including -Respublica Bananensis Francorum." is only present if the task name -starts with 'my-doc'. +can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro ‘\IfBeginWith’ +from the ‘xstring’ package in its star variant, which is insensitive to +catcode. For example, in the following text the footnote “Including +Respublica Bananensis Francorum.” is only present if the task name +starts with ‘my-doc’. If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then all banana republics \IfBeginWith*{\jobname}{my-doc}% {\footnote{Including Respublica Bananensis Francorum.}}{} are democracies. - Manipulating the value of '\jobname' inside of a document does not + Manipulating the value of ‘\jobname’ inside of a document does not change the name of the output file or the log file. 28.4 Recovering from errors =========================== If LaTeX finds an error in your document then it gives you an error -message and prompts you with a question mark, '?'. For instance, +message and prompts you with a question mark, ‘?’. For instance, running LaTeX on this file \newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}} @@ -16291,17 +16378,17 @@ causes it show this, and wait for input. {} problem is a million dollar one. ? -The simplest thing is to enter 'x' and 'RETURN' and fix the typo. You -could instead enter '?' and 'RETURN' to see other options. +The simplest thing is to enter ‘x’ and ‘RETURN’ and fix the typo. You +could instead enter ‘?’ and ‘RETURN’ to see other options. There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to -include the '\end{document}' or misspelled it. In this case LaTeX gives -you a '*' prompt. You can get back to the command line by typing -'\stop' and 'RETURN'; this command does its best to exit LaTeX +include the ‘\end{document}’ or misspelled it. In this case LaTeX gives +you a ‘*’ prompt. You can get back to the command line by typing +‘\stop’ and ‘RETURN’; this command does its best to exit LaTeX immediately, whatever state it may be in. The last scenario is that you mistyped the filename. For instance, -instead of 'pdflatex test' you might type 'pdflatex tste'. +instead of ‘pdflatex test’ you might type ‘pdflatex tste’. ! I can't find file `tste'. <*> tste @@ -16309,7 +16396,7 @@ instead of 'pdflatex test' you might type 'pdflatex tste'. (Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit) Please type another input file name: -The simplest thing is to enter 'CTRL d' (holding the Control and d keys +The simplest thing is to enter ‘CTRL d’ (holding the Control and d keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line. Appendix A Document templates @@ -16319,10 +16406,10 @@ Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates>. -A.1 'beamer' template +A.1 ‘beamer’ template ===================== -The 'beamer' class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of +The ‘beamer’ class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of features, but here is a basic template: \documentclass{beamer} @@ -16349,7 +16436,7 @@ features, but here is a basic template: The Beamer package on CTAN: <https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer>. -A.2 'article' template +A.2 ‘article’ template ====================== A simple template for an article. @@ -16372,7 +16459,7 @@ Some more text. \end{document} -A.3 'book' template +A.3 ‘book’ template =================== This is a straightforward template for a book. *Note Larger book @@ -16396,24 +16483,24 @@ The end. \end{document} -A.4 Larger 'book' template +A.4 Larger ‘book’ template ========================== This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. *Note book template::, for a simpler one. - This template uses '\frontmatter', '\mainmatter', and '\backmatter' + This template uses ‘\frontmatter’, ‘\mainmatter’, and ‘\backmatter’ to control the typography of the three main areas of a book (*note \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter::). The book has a bibliography and an index. - Also notable is that it uses '\include' and '\includeonly' (*note + Also notable is that it uses ‘\include’ and ‘\includeonly’ (*note Splitting the input::). While you are working on a chapter you can comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to -'\includeonly'. That will speed up compilation without losing any +‘\includeonly’. That will speed up compilation without losing any information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to -come on a new page is brought in with '\input' instead of '\include'. -You don't get the cross-reference benefit with '\input'.) +come on a new page is brought in with ‘\input’ instead of ‘\include’. +You don’t get the cross-reference benefit with ‘\input’.) \documentclass[titlepage]{book} \usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex @@ -16458,3044 +16545,3102 @@ Index * Menu: -* $ inline math: math. (line 4754) -* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 3860) -* & for table cells: tabular. (line 5726) +* $ inline math: math. (line 4760) +* $$...$$ plain TeX display math: displaymath. (line 3866) +* & (for table cells): tabular. (line 5732) * * prompt: Recovering from errors. - (line 16296) -* *, to \nocite all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 6257) + (line 16383) +* *, to \nocite all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 6263) * *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 7646) -* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 2657) + (line 7672) +* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 2661) * *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 7248) + (line 7256) * --disable-write18 command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16121) + (line 16208) * --enable-write18 command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16121) + (line 16208) * --file-line-error command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16142) + (line 16229) * --halt-on-error command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16139) + (line 16226) * --help command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16083) + (line 16170) * --interaction command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16086) + (line 16173) * --jobname command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16103) + (line 16190) * --no-file-line-error command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16142) + (line 16229) * --no-shell-escape command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16121) + (line 16208) * --output-directory command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16108) + (line 16195) * --shell-escape command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16121) + (line 16208) * --version command-line option: Command line options. - (line 16078) -* -1, write stream number: \write. (line 15781) -* .aux file: Output files. (line 490) + (line 16165) +* -1, write stream number: \write. (line 15868) +* .aux file: Output files. (line 492) * .aux file and BibTeX commands: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6264) -* .dvi file: Output files. (line 467) -* .fmt file: TeX engines. (line 509) -* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 15180) -* .idx file: Indexes. (line 14770) -* .idx file <1>: makeindex. (line 14969) -* .ind file: makeindex. (line 14969) -* .isty file: makeindex. (line 14981) -* .lof file: Output files. (line 500) + (line 6270) +* .dvi file: Output files. (line 469) +* .fmt file: TeX engines. (line 511) +* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 15267) +* .idx file: Indexes. (line 14857) +* .idx file <1>: makeindex. (line 15056) +* .ind file: makeindex. (line 15056) +* .isty file: makeindex. (line 15068) +* .lof file: Output files. (line 502) * .lof file <1>: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14377) -* .lof file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* .log file: Output files. (line 485) -* .lot file: Output files. (line 500) + (line 14465) +* .lof file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* .log file: Output files. (line 487) +* .lot file: Output files. (line 502) * .lot file <1>: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14377) -* .lot file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* .pdf file: Output files. (line 477) + (line 14465) +* .lot file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* .pdf file: Output files. (line 479) * .tex, default extension: Command line interface. - (line 16035) -* .toc file: Output files. (line 500) + (line 16122) +* .toc file: Output files. (line 502) * .toc file <1>: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14377) -* .toc file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 545) -* /bin/sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16000) + (line 14465) +* .toc file <2>: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* .xdv file: TeX engines. (line 547) +* /bin/sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16087) * 10pt option: Document class options. - (line 739) + (line 741) * 11pt option: Document class options. - (line 739) + (line 741) * 12pt option: Document class options. - (line 739) -* : for math: Colon character & \colon. - (line 10927) -* [...] for optional arguments: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 595) -* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 11606) + (line 741) +* : (for math): Colon character & \colon. + (line 11004) +* [...] (for optional arguments): LaTeX command syntax. + (line 597) +* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 11687) * \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 595) + (line 597) * \!: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10688) -* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 13851) + (line 10765) +* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 13939) * \#: Reserved characters. - (line 13532) + (line 13612) * \$: Reserved characters. - (line 13532) + (line 13612) * \%: Reserved characters. - (line 13532) + (line 13612) * \&: Reserved characters. - (line 13532) -* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 13855) -* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5574) -* \(...\) inline math: math. (line 4754) -* \*: \*. (line 10947) -* \+: tabbing. (line 5566) + (line 13612) +* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 13943) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5580) +* \(...\) inline math: math. (line 4760) +* \*: \*. (line 11024) +* \+: tabbing. (line 5572) * \,: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10674) -* \-: tabbing. (line 5570) -* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6633) -* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 13858) -* \/: \/. (line 11754) + (line 10751) +* \-: tabbing. (line 5576) +* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6639) +* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 13946) +* \/: \/. (line 11835) * \:: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10663) + (line 10740) * \;: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10650) -* \<: tabbing. (line 5562) -* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 13862) -* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5556) -* \>: tabbing. (line 5560) + (line 10727) +* \<: tabbing. (line 5568) +* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 13950) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5562) +* \>: tabbing. (line 5566) * \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10663) -* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5559) -* \@: \@. (line 11529) -* \@auxout: \write. (line 15796) -* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 4636) -* \@dottedtocline: \@dottedtocline. (line 14501) -* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 4644) -* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 6997) -* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 7460) -* \@itempenalty: list. (line 4640) -* \@mainaux: \write. (line 15796) -* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 3141) -* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5589) -* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5590) -* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5590) + (line 10740) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5565) +* \@: \@. (line 11610) +* \@auxout: \write. (line 15883) +* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 4642) +* \@dottedtocline: \@dottedtocline. (line 14588) +* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 4650) +* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 7004) +* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 7486) +* \@itempenalty: list. (line 4646) +* \@mainaux: \write. (line 15883) +* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 3147) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5595) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5596) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5596) * \aa (å): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13975) + (line 14063) * \AA (Å): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13975) -* \accent: \accent. (line 13924) -* \acute: Math accents. (line 10544) -* \addcontentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 14536) -* \address: \address. (line 15358) -* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 14615) -* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 8242) -* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 8500) -* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 12089) + (line 14063) +* \accent: \accent. (line 14012) +* \acute: Math accents. (line 10621) +* \addcontentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 14623) +* \address: \address. (line 15445) +* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 14702) +* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 8268) +* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 8526) +* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 12170) * \ae (æ): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13979) + (line 14067) * \AE (Æ): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13979) -* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 9130) -* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 3971) -* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 9133) + (line 14067) +* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 9156) +* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 3977) +* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 9159) * \alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 8117) + (line 8143) * \Alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 8122) -* \alsoname: \index. (line 14904) -* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 9136) -* \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 11128) -* \angle: Math symbols. (line 9139) -* \appendix: \appendix. (line 3072) -* \approx: Math symbols. (line 9143) + (line 8148) +* \alsoname: \index. (line 14991) +* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 9162) +* \and (for \author): \maketitle. (line 11206) +* \angle: Math symbols. (line 9165) +* \appendix: \appendix. (line 3077) +* \approx: Math symbols. (line 9169) * \arabic{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 8127) -* \arccos: Math functions. (line 10427) -* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 10430) -* \arctan: Math functions. (line 10433) -* \arg: Math functions. (line 10436) -* \arraycolsep: array. (line 3657) -* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 5851) -* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 5857) -* \ast: Math symbols. (line 9146) -* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 9153) -* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3884) + (line 8153) +* \arccos: Math functions. (line 10504) +* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 10507) +* \arctan: Math functions. (line 10510) +* \arg: Math functions. (line 10513) +* \arraycolsep: array. (line 3663) +* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 5857) +* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 5863) +* \ast: Math symbols. (line 9172) +* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 9179) +* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3890) * \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands. - (line 919) -* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 3900) + (line 921) +* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 3906) * \AtEndOfClass: Class and package commands. - (line 924) + (line 926) * \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands. - (line 924) -* \author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}: \maketitle. (line 11127) -* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5590) -* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 13877) + (line 926) +* \author{NAME1 \and NAME2 \and ...}: \maketitle. (line 11205) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 5596) +* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 13965) * \backmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) -* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 9156) -* \bar: Math accents. (line 10547) + (line 3111) +* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 9182) +* \bar: Math accents. (line 10624) * \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. - (line 1992) + (line 1994) * \baselineskip <1>: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2315) + (line 2318) * \baselinestretch: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2315) -* \begin: Environments. (line 3549) -* \beta: Math symbols. (line 9160) -* \bf: Font styles. (line 1770) -* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 1735) + (line 2318) +* \begin: Environments. (line 3555) +* \beta: Math symbols. (line 9186) +* \bf: Font styles. (line 1772) +* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 1737) * \bibdata: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6274) -* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6079) -* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6202) + (line 6280) +* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6085) +* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6208) * \bibliography and internal \bibdata: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6275) -* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6202) + (line 6281) +* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6208) * \bibliographystyle and internal \bibstyle: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6278) -* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 6062) + (line 6284) +* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 6068) * \bibstyle: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6277) -* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 9163) -* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 9167) -* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 9170) -* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 9174) -* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 9177) -* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 9180) + (line 6283) +* \bigbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak. + (line 11978) +* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 9189) +* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 9193) +* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 9196) +* \bigl: \bigl & \bigr etc.. + (line 10301) +* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 9200) +* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 9203) +* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 9206) +* \bigr: \bigl & \bigr etc.. + (line 10301) * \bigskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. - (line 11870) + (line 11929) +* \bigskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. + (line 11951) * \bigskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. - (line 11871) -* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 9189) -* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 9183) -* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 9186) -* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 9192) -* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 9196) -* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 9199) -* \bmod: Math functions. (line 10439) + (line 11952) +* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 9217) +* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 9209) +* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 9213) +* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 9220) +* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 9224) +* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 9227) +* \bmod: Math functions. (line 10516) * \boldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath. - (line 10000) + (line 10028) * \boldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath. - (line 10008) -* \bot: Math symbols. (line 9202) -* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 2496) -* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2497) -* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 9206) -* \Box: Math symbols. (line 9209) -* \breve: Math accents. (line 10550) -* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 9214) -* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 13887) -* \cal: Font styles. (line 1773) -* \cap: Math symbols. (line 9217) -* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 13855) -* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 13915) -* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 13919) -* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 13887) -* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 13866) -* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 13851) -* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 13891) -* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 13870) -* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 13895) -* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 13862) -* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 13909) -* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 13899) -* \capitalring: Accents. (line 13903) -* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 13909) -* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 13874) -* \caption: \caption. (line 2558) -* \caption <1>: figure. (line 4094) -* \caption <2>: table. (line 5678) -* \cc: \cc. (line 15383) -* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 9221) -* \cdots: Dots. (line 10338) -* \centering: \centering. (line 3736) -* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 2632) -* \chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 2772) -* \check: Math accents. (line 10553) + (line 10036) +* \bot: Math symbols. (line 9230) +* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 2500) +* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2501) +* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 9234) +* \Box: Math symbols. (line 9237) +* \breve: Math accents. (line 10627) +* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 9242) +* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 13975) +* \cal: Font styles. (line 1775) +* \cap: Math symbols. (line 9245) +* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 13943) +* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 14003) +* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 14007) +* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 13975) +* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 13954) +* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 13939) +* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 13979) +* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 13958) +* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 13983) +* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 13950) +* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 13997) +* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 13987) +* \capitalring: Accents. (line 13991) +* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 13997) +* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 13962) +* \caption: \caption. (line 2562) +* \caption <1>: figure. (line 4100) +* \caption <2>: table. (line 5684) +* \cc: \cc. (line 15470) +* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 9249) +* \cdots: Dots. (line 10398) +* \centering: \centering. (line 3742) +* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 2636) +* \chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 2777) +* \check: Math accents. (line 10630) * \CheckCommand: Class and package commands. - (line 931) + (line 933) * \CheckCommand*: Class and package commands. - (line 931) -* \chi: Math symbols. (line 9224) -* \circ: Math symbols. (line 9227) -* \circle: \circle. (line 5223) + (line 933) +* \chi: Math symbols. (line 9252) +* \circ: Math symbols. (line 9255) +* \circle: \circle. (line 5229) * \citation: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6280) -* \cite: \cite. (line 6137) + (line 6286) +* \cite: \cite. (line 6143) * \cite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6281) + (line 6287) * \ClassError: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \ClassInfo: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \ClassInfoNoLine: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \ClassWarning: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \ClassWarningNoLine: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \cleardoublepage: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage. - (line 6814) + (line 6820) * \clearpage: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage. - (line 6814) -* \cline: \cline. (line 5985) + (line 6820) +* \cline: \cline. (line 5991) * \closein: \openin & \openout. - (line 15584) + (line 15671) * \closeout: \openin & \openout. - (line 15584) -* \closing: \closing. (line 15399) -* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 9231) + (line 15671) +* \closing: \closing. (line 15486) +* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 9259) * \colon: Colon character & \colon. - (line 10927) -* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 2057) + (line 11004) +* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 2059) * \columnsep <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2182) -* \columnsep <2>: Page layout parameters. (line 2185) -* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 2063) +* \columnsep <2>: Page layout parameters. + (line 2188) +* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 2065) * \columnseprule <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2183) + (line 2186) * \columnseprule <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2185) -* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 2070) + (line 2188) +* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 2072) * \columnwidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2184) + (line 2187) * \columnwidth <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2185) -* \complement: Math symbols. (line 9234) -* \cong: Math symbols. (line 9240) + (line 2188) +* \complement: Math symbols. (line 9262) +* \cong: Math symbols. (line 9268) * \contentsline: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14433) -* \contentsline <1>: \addcontentsline. (line 14540) -* \contentsline <2>: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 9243) -* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 13627) -* \cos: Math functions. (line 10442) -* \cosh: Math functions. (line 10445) -* \cot: Math functions. (line 10448) -* \coth: Math functions. (line 10451) -* \csc: Math functions. (line 10454) -* \cup: Math symbols. (line 9246) + (line 14521) +* \contentsline <1>: \addcontentsline. (line 14627) +* \contentsline <2>: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 9271) +* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 13707) +* \cos: Math functions. (line 10519) +* \cosh: Math functions. (line 10522) +* \cot: Math functions. (line 10525) +* \coth: Math functions. (line 10528) +* \csc: Math functions. (line 10531) +* \cup: Math symbols. (line 9274) * \CurrentOption: Class and package commands. - (line 970) -* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 13891) -* \dag: Text symbols. (line 13631) -* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 9250) -* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 5433) -* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 9253) -* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11135) + (line 972) +* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 13979) +* \dag: Text symbols. (line 13711) +* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 9278) +* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 5439) +* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 9281) +* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11213) * \day: \day & \month & \year. - (line 8291) -* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 2103) -* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 2109) -* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 2116) -* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 2082) -* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 2121) -* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 13634) -* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 9257) -* \ddot: Math accents. (line 10556) -* \ddots: Dots. (line 10342) + (line 8317) +* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 2105) +* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 2111) +* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 2118) +* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 2084) +* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 2123) +* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 13714) +* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 9285) +* \ddot: Math accents. (line 10633) +* \ddots: Dots. (line 10402) * \DeclareFontEncoding: \DeclareFontEncoding. - (line 1384) + (line 1386) * \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions. - (line 12954) + (line 13034) * \DeclareGraphicsRule: \DeclareGraphicsRule. - (line 12996) + (line 13076) * \DeclareOption: Class and package commands. - (line 976) + (line 978) * \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands. - (line 976) + (line 978) * \DeclareRobustCommand: Class and package commands. - (line 1006) + (line 1008) * \DeclareRobustCommand*: Class and package commands. - (line 1006) + (line 1008) * \DeclareTextAccent: \DeclareTextAccent. - (line 1418) + (line 1420) * \DeclareTextAccent <1>: \DeclareTextAccentDefault. - (line 1442) + (line 1444) * \DeclareTextAccentDefault: \DeclareTextAccentDefault. - (line 1442) + (line 1444) * \DeclareTextCommand: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand. - (line 1470) -* \DeclareTextCommand <1>: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault. - (line 1519) + (line 1472) * \DeclareTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault. - (line 1519) + (line 1521) * \DeclareTextComposite: \DeclareTextComposite. - (line 1551) + (line 1553) * \DeclareTextCompositeCommand: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand. - (line 1575) + (line 1577) * \DeclareTextSymbol: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand. - (line 1501) + (line 1503) * \DeclareTextSymbol <1>: \DeclareTextSymbol. - (line 1593) + (line 1595) * \DeclareTextSymbol <2>: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault. - (line 1620) + (line 1622) * \DeclareTextSymbolDefault: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault. - (line 1620) -* \deg: Math functions. (line 10457) -* \DelayedShellEscape: \write18. (line 16011) -* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 9260) -* \delta: Math symbols. (line 9263) -* \det: Math functions. (line 10460) + (line 1622) +* \deg: Math functions. (line 10534) +* \DelayedShellEscape: \write18. (line 16098) +* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 9288) +* \delta: Math symbols. (line 9291) +* \det: Math functions. (line 10537) * \dh (ð): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13983) + (line 14071) * \DH (Ð): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13983) -* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 9266) -* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 9270) -* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 9274) -* \dim: Math functions. (line 10463) -* \displaystyle: Math styles. (line 10876) -* \div: Math symbols. (line 9277) + (line 14071) +* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 9294) +* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 9298) +* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 9302) +* \dim: Math functions. (line 10540) +* \displaystyle: Math styles. (line 10953) +* \div: Math symbols. (line 9305) * \dj: Additional Latin letters. - (line 13989) + (line 14077) * \DJ: Additional Latin letters. - (line 13989) -* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 696) -* \documentclass, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 16240) -* \dot: Math accents. (line 10559) -* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 9280) + (line 14077) +* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 698) +* \documentclass, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 16327) +* \dot: Math accents. (line 10636) +* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 9308) * \dotfill: \hrulefill & \dotfill. - (line 11799) -* \dots: Text symbols. (line 13651) -* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 5862) -* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 9284) -* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 9288) -* \ell: Math symbols. (line 9292) -* \emph: Font styles. (line 1755) -* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 9295) -* \encl: \encl. (line 15412) -* \end: Environments. (line 3549) -* \endinput: \endinput. (line 14188) -* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6888) + (line 11880) +* \dots: Dots. (line 10407) +* \dots <1>: Dots. (line 10430) +* \dots <2>: Text symbols. (line 13732) +* \dotsb: Dots. (line 10430) +* \dotsc: Dots. (line 10430) +* \dotsi: Dots. (line 10430) +* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 5868) +* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 9312) +* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 9316) +* \ell: Math symbols. (line 9320) +* \emph: Font styles. (line 1757) +* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 9323) +* \encl: \encl. (line 15499) +* \end: Environments. (line 3555) +* \endinput: \endinput. (line 14276) +* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6895) * \enspace: \enspace & \quad & \qquad. - (line 11338) -* \enumi: enumerate. (line 3957) -* \enumii: enumerate. (line 3957) -* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 3957) -* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 3957) -* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 9298) -* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 9304) -* \eta: Math symbols. (line 9307) + (line 11419) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 3963) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 3963) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 3963) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 3963) +* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 9326) +* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 9332) +* \eta: Math symbols. (line 9335) * \evensidemargin: Document class options. - (line 809) + (line 811) * \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2243) + (line 2246) * \evensidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2244) + (line 2247) * \ExecuteOptions: Class and package commands. - (line 1082) -* \exists: Math symbols. (line 9310) -* \exp: Math functions. (line 10466) -* \externaldocument: xr package. (line 3495) -* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 5802) -* \fbox: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12236) + (line 1084) +* \exists: Math symbols. (line 9338) +* \exp: Math functions. (line 10543) +* \externaldocument: xr package. (line 3501) +* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 5808) +* \fbox: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12316) * \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). - (line 5410) -* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12268) -* \fboxrule <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12267) + (line 5416) +* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12348) +* \fboxrule <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12347) * \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). - (line 5410) -* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12273) -* \fboxsep <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12272) -* \fill: \hfill. (line 11424) -* \flat: Math symbols. (line 9313) -* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 2500) -* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 2501) -* \floatsep: Floats. (line 2516) -* \floatsep <1>: Floats. (line 2517) -* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 2150) -* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 6997) + (line 5416) +* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12353) +* \fboxsep <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12352) +* \fill: \hfill. (line 11505) +* \flat: Math symbols. (line 9341) +* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 2504) +* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 2505) +* \floatsep: Floats. (line 2520) +* \floatsep <1>: Floats. (line 2521) +* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 2152) +* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 7004) * \fnsymbol{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 8140) -* \fontdimen1: \/. (line 11788) + (line 8166) +* \fontdimen1: \/. (line 11869) * \fontencoding: Low-level font commands. - (line 1902) + (line 1904) * \fontfamily: Low-level font commands. - (line 1912) + (line 1914) * \fontseries: Low-level font commands. - (line 1939) + (line 1941) * \fontshape: Low-level font commands. - (line 1979) + (line 1981) * \fontsize: Low-level font commands. - (line 1992) -* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6979) -* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 7045) -* \footnoterule: \footnote. (line 7007) -* \footnotesep: \footnote. (line 7019) -* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 7101) + (line 1994) +* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6986) +* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 7052) +* \footnoterule: \footnote. (line 7014) +* \footnotesep: \footnote. (line 7026) +* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 7108) * \footskip: Page layout parameters. - (line 2202) + (line 2205) * \footskip <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2203) -* \forall: Math symbols. (line 9316) -* \frac: \frac. (line 10963) -* \frame: \frame. (line 5421) + (line 2206) +* \forall: Math symbols. (line 9344) +* \frac: \frac. (line 11040) +* \frame: \frame. (line 5427) * \framebox: \framebox (picture). - (line 5385) -* \framebox <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12236) + (line 5391) +* \framebox <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12316) * \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing. - (line 11575) + (line 11656) * \frontmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) -* \frown: Math symbols. (line 9319) -* \fussy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6690) -* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 9322) -* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 9325) -* \gcd: Math functions. (line 10469) -* \ge: Math symbols. (line 9328) -* \geq: Math symbols. (line 9332) -* \gets: Math symbols. (line 9336) -* \gg: Math symbols. (line 9339) -* \gls: \gls. (line 15250) -* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 12891) -* \graphpaper: \graphpaper. (line 5126) -* \grave: Math accents. (line 10562) -* \guillemotleft («): Text symbols. (line 13643) -* \guillemotright (»): Text symbols. (line 13644) -* \guilsinglleft (‹): Text symbols. (line 13645) -* \guilsinglright (›): Text symbols. (line 13646) -* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 13895) -* \hat: Math accents. (line 10565) -* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 9342) + (line 3111) +* \frown: Math symbols. (line 9347) +* \fussy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6696) +* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 9350) +* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 9353) +* \gcd: Math functions. (line 10546) +* \ge: Math symbols. (line 9356) +* \geq: Math symbols. (line 9360) +* \gets: Math symbols. (line 9364) +* \gg: Math symbols. (line 9367) +* \gls: \gls. (line 15337) +* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 12971) +* \graphpaper: \graphpaper. (line 5132) +* \grave: Math accents. (line 10639) +* \guillemotleft («): Text symbols. (line 13723) +* \guillemotright (»): Text symbols. (line 13724) +* \guilsinglleft (‹): Text symbols. (line 13725) +* \guilsinglright (›): Text symbols. (line 13726) +* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 13983) +* \hat: Math accents. (line 10642) +* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 9370) * \headheight: Page layout parameters. - (line 2190) + (line 2193) * \headheight <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2191) + (line 2194) * \headsep: Page layout parameters. - (line 2195) + (line 2198) * \headsep <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2196) -* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 9345) -* \hfill: \hfill. (line 11412) -* \hline: \hline. (line 6007) -* \hom: Math functions. (line 10472) -* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9348) -* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9351) + (line 2199) +* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 9373) +* \hfill: \hfill. (line 11493) +* \hline: \hline. (line 6013) +* \hom: Math functions. (line 10549) +* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9376) +* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9379) +* \hphantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. + (line 10845) * \hrulefill: \hrulefill & \dotfill. - (line 11799) + (line 11880) * \hsize: Page layout parameters. - (line 2295) + (line 2298) * \hsize <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2296) -* \hspace: \hspace. (line 11365) -* \hss: \hss. (line 11445) -* \huge: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6732) -* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 13845) -* \IfBeginWith* macro from xstring: Jobname. (line 16261) -* \iff: Math symbols. (line 9354) + (line 2299) +* \hspace: \hspace. (line 11446) +* \hss: \hss. (line 11526) +* \huge: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6738) +* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 13933) +* \IfBeginWith* macro from xstring: Jobname. (line 16348) +* \iff: Math symbols. (line 9382) * \IfFileExists: Class and package commands. - (line 1038) + (line 1040) * \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. - (line 7955) + (line 7981) * \ignorespacesafterend: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. - (line 7955) + (line 7981) * \ij (ij): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13995) + (line 14083) * \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13995) -* \Im: Math symbols. (line 9358) -* \imath: Math symbols. (line 9361) -* \immediate\write: \write. (line 15811) -* \in: Math symbols. (line 9365) + (line 14083) +* \Im: Math symbols. (line 9386) +* \imath: Math symbols. (line 9389) +* \immediate\write: \write. (line 15898) +* \in: Math symbols. (line 9393) * \include: \include & \includeonly. - (line 14220) -* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 13075) + (line 14308) +* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 13155) * \includeonly: \include & \includeonly. - (line 14220) + (line 14308) * \indent: \indent & \noindent. - (line 8855) -* \index: Indexes. (line 14770) -* \index <1>: \index. (line 14852) -* \indexentry: \index. (line 14954) + (line 8881) +* \index: Indexes. (line 14857) +* \index <1>: \index. (line 14939) +* \indexentry: \index. (line 15041) * \indexspace: Produce the index manually. - (line 14841) -* \indexspace <1>: makeindex. (line 15022) -* \inf: Math functions. (line 10475) -* \infty: Math symbols. (line 9369) -* \input: \input. (line 14339) -* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 14070) + (line 14928) +* \indexspace <1>: makeindex. (line 15109) +* \inf: Math functions. (line 10552) +* \infty: Math symbols. (line 9397) +* \input: \input. (line 14427) +* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 14158) * \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands. - (line 1038) -* \int: Math symbols. (line 9372) -* \intextsep: Floats. (line 2520) -* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 2521) -* \iota: Math symbols. (line 9375) -* \it: Font styles. (line 1776) -* \item: description. (line 3803) -* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 3939) -* \item <2>: itemize. (line 4289) -* \item <3>: itemize. (line 4313) + (line 1040) +* \int: Math symbols. (line 9400) +* \intextsep: Floats. (line 2524) +* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 2525) +* \iota: Math symbols. (line 9403) +* \it: Font styles. (line 1778) +* \item: description. (line 3809) +* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 3945) +* \item <2>: itemize. (line 4295) +* \item <3>: itemize. (line 4319) * \item <4>: Produce the index manually. - (line 14841) -* \itemindent: list. (line 4460) -* \itemsep: list. (line 4464) -* \itshape: Font styles. (line 1729) -* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 13845) -* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 9381) -* \jobname: Jobname. (line 16214) -* \jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 16254) -* \Join: Math symbols. (line 9378) -* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 13899) -* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 9385) -* \ker: Math functions. (line 10478) -* \kill: tabbing. (line 5594) + (line 14928) +* \itemindent: list. (line 4466) +* \itemsep: list. (line 4470) +* \itshape: Font styles. (line 1731) +* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 13933) +* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 9409) +* \jobname: Jobname. (line 16301) +* \jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 16341) +* \Join: Math symbols. (line 9406) +* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 13987) +* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 9413) +* \ker: Math functions. (line 10555) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 5600) * \l (ł): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13999) + (line 14087) * \L (Ł): Additional Latin letters. - (line 13999) -* \l@chapter: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* \l@section: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* \l@subsection: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* \label: \label. (line 3384) -* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 3966) -* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 3966) -* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 3966) -* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 3966) -* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 4325) -* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 4325) -* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 4325) -* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 4325) -* \labelsep: list. (line 4476) -* \labelwidth: list. (line 4481) -* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 9388) -* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 9391) -* \land: Math symbols. (line 9394) -* \langle: Math symbols. (line 9398) -* \large: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \Large: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 1845) + (line 14087) +* \l@chapter: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* \l@section: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* \l@subsection: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* \label: \label. (line 3390) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 3972) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 3972) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 3972) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 3972) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 4331) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 4331) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 4331) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 4331) +* \labelsep: list. (line 4482) +* \labelwidth: list. (line 4487) +* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 9416) +* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 9419) +* \land: Math symbols. (line 9422) +* \langle: Math symbols. (line 9426) +* \large: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \Large: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 1847) * \LastDeclaredEncoding: \LastDeclaredEncoding. - (line 1646) -* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 13637) -* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 13640) -* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 9402) -* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 9405) -* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 9408) -* \ldots: Dots. (line 10345) -* \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 13650) -* \le: Math symbols. (line 9412) -* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 9415) -* \left: \left & \right. (line 10133) -* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9421) -* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9425) -* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 4021) -* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 9429) -* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 9432) -* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 4341) -* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 4501) -* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 4341) -* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 4341) -* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 4341) -* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 4341) -* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 4341) -* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 4341) -* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9435) -* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9439) -* \leq: Math symbols. (line 9443) -* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 9446) -* \lg: Math functions. (line 10481) -* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 9449) -* \lim: Math functions. (line 10484) -* \liminf: Math functions. (line 10487) -* \limsup: Math functions. (line 10490) -* \line: \line. (line 5150) + (line 1648) +* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 13717) +* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 13720) +* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 9430) +* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 9433) +* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 9436) +* \ldots: Dots. (line 10405) +* \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 13730) +* \le: Math symbols. (line 9440) +* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 9443) +* \left: \left & \right. (line 10193) +* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9449) +* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9453) +* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 4027) +* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 9457) +* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 9460) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 4347) +* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 4507) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 4347) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 4347) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 4347) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 4347) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 4347) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 4347) +* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9463) +* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9467) +* \leq: Math symbols. (line 9471) +* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 9474) +* \lg: Math functions. (line 10558) +* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 9477) +* \lim: Math functions. (line 10561) +* \liminf: Math functions. (line 10564) +* \limsup: Math functions. (line 10567) +* \line: \line. (line 5156) * \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 6751) + (line 6757) * \lineskip: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2354) + (line 2357) * \lineskiplimit: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2354) + (line 2357) * \linespread: Low-level font commands. - (line 2003) + (line 2005) * \linespread <1>: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2315) -* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 5194) + (line 2318) +* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 5200) * \linewidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 2209) + (line 2212) * \linewidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2210) + (line 2213) * \listoffigures: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14377) -* \listoffigures <1>: \contentsline. (line 14673) + (line 14465) +* \listoffigures <1>: \contentsline. (line 14760) * \listoftables: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14377) -* \listoftables <1>: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* \listparindent: list. (line 4518) -* \ll: Math symbols. (line 9455) -* \ln: Math functions. (line 10493) -* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 9458) + (line 14465) +* \listoftables <1>: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* \listparindent: list. (line 4524) +* \ll: Math symbols. (line 9483) +* \ln: Math functions. (line 10570) +* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 9486) * \LoadClass: Class and package commands. - (line 1058) + (line 1060) * \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands. - (line 1058) -* \location: \location. (line 15427) -* \log: Math functions. (line 10496) + (line 1060) +* \location: \location. (line 15514) +* \log: Math functions. (line 10573) * \long: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 7248) -* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9461) -* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9465) -* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 9469) -* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9473) -* \lor: Math symbols. (line 9477) -* \lq: Text symbols. (line 13656) + (line 7256) +* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 9489) +* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9493) +* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 9497) +* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9501) +* \lor: Math symbols. (line 9505) +* \lq: Text symbols. (line 13737) * \mainmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) -* \makebox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12146) + (line 3111) +* \makeatother: \makeatletter & \makeatother. + (line 7440) +* \makeatother <1>: \makeatletter & \makeatother. + (line 7440) +* \makebox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12227) * \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). - (line 5347) -* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 15143) -* \makeglossary <1>: Glossaries. (line 15180) -* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 14770) -* \makelabel: list. (line 4437) -* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 15437) -* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 11091) -* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 9481) -* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8936) + (line 5353) +* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 15230) +* \makeglossary <1>: Glossaries. (line 15267) +* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 14857) +* \makelabel: list. (line 4443) +* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 15524) +* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 11169) +* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 9509) +* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8962) * \marginparpush: Page layout parameters. - (line 2216) -* \marginparpush <1>: Page layout parameters. (line 2219) -* \marginparpush <2>: Marginal notes. (line 8965) -* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 8970) +* \marginparpush <1>: Page layout parameters. + (line 2222) +* \marginparpush <2>: Marginal notes. (line 8991) +* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 8996) * \marginparwidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 2218) + (line 2221) * \marginparwidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2219) -* \marginparwidth <2>: Marginal notes. (line 8974) + (line 2222) +* \marginparwidth <2>: Marginal notes. (line 9000) * \marginsep: Page layout parameters. - (line 2217) + (line 2220) * \marginsep <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2219) -* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 11288) -* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 11297) -* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 1806) -* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 1822) -* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 9941) -* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 1819) -* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 9944) -* \mathring: Math accents. (line 10568) -* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 1803) -* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 9947) -* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 1809) -* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 9950) -* \mathstrut: \mathstrut. (line 10831) -* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 1812) -* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 9953) -* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 1824) -* \max: Math functions. (line 10499) -* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12146) -* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 1732) + (line 2222) +* \markboth{LEFT-HEAD}{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 11369) +* \markright{RIGHT-HEAD}: \pagestyle. (line 11378) +* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 1808) +* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 1824) +* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 9969) +* \mathellipsis: Dots. (line 10406) +* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 1821) +* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 9972) +* \mathring: Math accents. (line 10645) +* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 1805) +* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 9975) +* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 1811) +* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 9978) +* \mathstrut: \mathstrut. (line 10908) +* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 1814) +* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 9981) +* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 1826) +* \max: Math functions. (line 10576) +* \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12227) +* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 1734) +* \medbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak. + (line 11978) * \medskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. - (line 11875) + (line 11929) +* \medskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. + (line 11956) * \medskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. - (line 11876) + (line 11957) * \medspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10663) -* \message: \message. (line 15882) -* \mho: Math symbols. (line 9485) -* \mid: Math symbols. (line 9488) -* \min: Math functions. (line 10502) -* \models: Math symbols. (line 9498) + (line 10740) +* \message: \message. (line 15969) +* \mho: Math symbols. (line 9513) +* \mid: Math symbols. (line 9516) +* \min: Math functions. (line 10579) +* \models: Math symbols. (line 9526) * \month: \day & \month & \year. - (line 8291) -* \mp: Math symbols. (line 9502) -* \mu: Math symbols. (line 9505) -* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 5877) -* \multiput: \multiput. (line 5063) -* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 9508) -* \name: \name. (line 15494) -* \natural: Math symbols. (line 9511) -* \ne: Math symbols. (line 9514) -* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 9517) + (line 8317) +* \mp: Math symbols. (line 9530) +* \mu: Math symbols. (line 9533) +* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 5883) +* \multiput: \multiput. (line 5069) +* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 9536) +* \name: \name. (line 15581) +* \natural: Math symbols. (line 9539) +* \ne: Math symbols. (line 9542) +* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 9545) * \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands. - (line 1092) -* \neg: Math symbols. (line 9520) + (line 1094) +* \neg: Math symbols. (line 9548) * \negmedspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10669) + (line 10746) * \negthickspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10657) + (line 10734) * \negthinspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10688) + (line 10765) * \negthinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. - (line 11725) -* \neq: Math symbols. (line 9524) + (line 11806) +* \neq: Math symbols. (line 9552) * \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 7227) -* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 7532) + (line 7234) +* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 7558) * \newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 7625) -* \newfont: \newfont. (line 7871) -* \newglossaryentry: \newglossaryentry. (line 15191) -* \newlength: \newlength. (line 7573) -* \newline: \newline. (line 6609) -* \<NEWLINE>: \(SPACE). (line 11606) -* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6855) -* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 7597) -* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 7759) -* \newtie: Accents. (line 13909) -* \newwrite: \write. (line 15775) + (line 7651) +* \newfont: \newfont. (line 7897) +* \newglossaryentry: \newglossaryentry. (line 15278) +* \newlength: \newlength. (line 7599) +* \newline: \newline. (line 6615) +* \<NEWLINE>: \(SPACE). (line 11687) +* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6862) +* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 7623) +* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 7785) +* \newtie: Accents. (line 13997) +* \newwrite: \write. (line 15862) * \ng: Additional Latin letters. - (line 14003) + (line 14091) * \NG: Additional Latin letters. - (line 14003) -* \ni: Math symbols. (line 9527) -* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6187) + (line 14091) +* \ni: Math symbols. (line 9555) +* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6193) * \nocite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6281) -* \nocite {*}, for all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 6257) -* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 1717) -* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 1717) -* \nofiles: \nofiles. (line 14714) + (line 6287) +* \nocite {*}, for all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 6263) +* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 1719) +* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 1719) +* \nofiles: \nofiles. (line 14801) * \noindent: \indent & \noindent. - (line 8855) + (line 8881) * \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 6751) + (line 6757) * \nonfrenchspacing: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing. - (line 11575) -* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 4016) + (line 11656) +* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 4022) * \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 6913) -* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 1753) -* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8952) -* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 11596) -* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \not: Math symbols. (line 9531) -* \notin: Math symbols. (line 9539) -* \nu: Math symbols. (line 9543) -* \numberline: \numberline. (line 14739) -* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 9546) + (line 6920) +* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 1755) +* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8978) +* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 11677) +* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \not: Math symbols. (line 9559) +* \notin: Math symbols. (line 9567) +* \nu: Math symbols. (line 9571) +* \numberline: \numberline. (line 14826) +* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 9574) * \o (ø): Additional Latin letters. - (line 14007) + (line 14095) * \O (Ø): Additional Latin letters. - (line 14007) + (line 14095) * \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. - (line 6569) + (line 6575) * \oddsidemargin: Document class options. - (line 809) + (line 811) * \oddsidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2242) + (line 2245) * \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2244) -* \odot: Math symbols. (line 9549) + (line 2247) +* \odot: Math symbols. (line 9577) * \oe (œ): Additional Latin letters. - (line 14011) + (line 14099) * \OE (Œ): Additional Latin letters. - (line 14011) -* \oint: Math symbols. (line 9553) -* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 1828) -* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 9556) -* \omega: Math symbols. (line 9559) -* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 9562) -* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 2031) + (line 14099) +* \oint: Math symbols. (line 9581) +* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 1830) +* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 9584) +* \omega: Math symbols. (line 9587) +* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 9590) +* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 2033) * \openin: \openin & \openout. - (line 15584) -* \opening: \opening. (line 15504) + (line 15671) +* \opening: \opening. (line 15591) * \openout: \openin & \openout. - (line 15584) -* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 9565) + (line 15671) +* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 9593) * \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands. - (line 1110) -* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 9569) -* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 9572) -* \oval: \oval. (line 5242) + (line 1112) +* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 9597) +* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 9600) +* \oval: \oval. (line 5248) * \overbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining. - (line 10622) + (line 10699) * \overline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining. - (line 10603) -* \owns: Math symbols. (line 9576) -* \P: Text symbols. (line 13659) + (line 10680) +* \owns: Math symbols. (line 9604) +* \P: Text symbols. (line 13740) * \PackageError: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \PackageInfo: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \PackageInfoNoLine: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \PackageWarning: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \PackageWarningNoLine: Class and package commands. - (line 951) + (line 953) * \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 6913) -* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 11162) -* \pageref: \pageref. (line 3442) -* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 11219) + (line 6920) +* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 11241) +* \pageref: \pageref. (line 3448) +* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 11299) * \paperheight: Page layout parameters. - (line 2255) + (line 2258) * \paperheight <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2256) + (line 2259) * \paperwidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 2261) + (line 2264) * \paperwidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2262) -* \par: \par. (line 8802) -* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 2632) + (line 2265) +* \par: \par. (line 8828) +* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 2636) * \paragraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 3007) -* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 9580) -* \parbox: \parbox. (line 12303) -* \parindent: minipage. (line 4857) + (line 3012) +* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 9608) +* \parbox: \parbox. (line 12383) +* \parindent: minipage. (line 4863) * \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent. - (line 8855) + (line 8918) * \parindent <2>: \parindent & \parskip. - (line 8904) -* \parsep: list. (line 4524) + (line 8930) +* \parsep: list. (line 4530) * \parskip: \parindent & \parskip. - (line 8904) -* \parskip example: itemize. (line 4361) -* \part: Sectioning. (line 2632) -* \part <1>: \part. (line 2718) -* \partial: Math symbols. (line 9583) -* \partopsep: list. (line 4533) + (line 8930) +* \parskip example: itemize. (line 4367) +* \part: Sectioning. (line 2636) +* \part <1>: \part. (line 2723) +* \partial: Math symbols. (line 9611) +* \partopsep: list. (line 4539) * \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands. - (line 1116) + (line 1118) * \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands. - (line 1116) + (line 1118) * \pdfpageheight: Document class options. - (line 765) + (line 767) * \pdfpagewidth: Document class options. - (line 765) -* \perp: Math symbols. (line 9586) -* \Phi: Math symbols. (line 9590) -* \phi: Math symbols. (line 9593) -* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 9597) -* \pi: Math symbols. (line 9600) -* \pm: Math symbols. (line 9604) -* \pmod: Math functions. (line 10505) -* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 5600) -* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 5601) -* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 13663) -* \Pr: Math functions. (line 10508) -* \prec: Math symbols. (line 9607) -* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 9610) + (line 767) +* \perp: Math symbols. (line 9614) +* \phantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. + (line 10845) +* \Phi: Math symbols. (line 9618) +* \phi: Math symbols. (line 9621) +* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 9625) +* \pi: Math symbols. (line 9628) +* \pm: Math symbols. (line 9632) +* \pmod: Math functions. (line 10582) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 5606) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 5607) +* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 13744) +* \Pr: Math functions. (line 10585) +* \prec: Math symbols. (line 9635) +* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 9638) * \prevdepth: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2354) -* \prime: Math symbols. (line 9614) -* \printglossaries: Glossaries. (line 15143) -* \printglossaries <1>: Glossaries. (line 15180) -* \printindex: \printindex. (line 15128) + (line 2357) +* \prime: Math symbols. (line 9642) +* \printglossaries: Glossaries. (line 15230) +* \printglossaries <1>: Glossaries. (line 15267) +* \printindex: \printindex. (line 15215) * \ProcessOptions: Class and package commands. - (line 1153) + (line 1155) * \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands. - (line 1153) -* \prod: Math symbols. (line 9623) -* \propto: Math symbols. (line 9626) -* \protect: \protect. (line 7903) -* \protected@write: \write. (line 15821) -* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 7386) + (line 1155) +* \prod: Math symbols. (line 9651) +* \propto: Math symbols. (line 9654) +* \protect: \protect. (line 7929) +* \protected@write: \write. (line 15908) +* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 7411) * \ProvidesClass: Class and package commands. - (line 1191) + (line 1193) * \ProvidesFile: Class and package commands. - (line 1224) + (line 1226) * \ProvidesPackage: Class and package commands. - (line 1191) + (line 1193) * \ProvideTextCommand: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand. - (line 1470) -* \ProvideTextCommand <1>: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault. - (line 1519) + (line 1472) * \ProvideTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault. - (line 1519) -* \ps: \ps. (line 15516) -* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 9629) -* \psi: Math symbols. (line 9632) -* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 5603) -* \put: \put. (line 5045) -* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 5086) + (line 1521) +* \ps: \ps. (line 15603) +* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 9657) +* \psi: Math symbols. (line 9660) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 5609) +* \put: \put. (line 5051) +* \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 5092) * \qquad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10702) + (line 10779) * \qquad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad. - (line 11338) + (line 11419) * \quad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10696) + (line 10773) * \quad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad. - (line 11338) -* \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 13667) -* \quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols. (line 13668) -* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 13903) -* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 2171) -* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 4262) -* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 4209) -* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 12354) -* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 9635) -* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 9639) -* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 9642) -* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 9646) -* \Re: Math symbols. (line 9649) -* \read: \read. (line 15648) -* \ref: \ref. (line 3466) -* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 13458) -* \refname: thebibliography. (line 6062) -* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 8258) + (line 11419) +* \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 13748) +* \quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols. (line 13749) +* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 13991) +* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 2174) +* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 4268) +* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 4215) +* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 12434) +* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 9663) +* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 9667) +* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 9670) +* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 9674) +* \Re: Math symbols. (line 9677) +* \read: \read. (line 15735) +* \ref: \ref. (line 3472) +* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 13538) +* \refname: thebibliography. (line 6068) +* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 8284) +* \renewcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 7234) * \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 7625) + (line 7651) * \RequirePackage: Class and package commands. - (line 1233) -* \RequirePackage, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 16240) + (line 1235) +* \RequirePackage, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 16327) * \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands. - (line 1233) -* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 13490) + (line 1235) +* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 13570) * \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. - (line 6569) -* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 9654) -* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 9659) -* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8952) -* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 9664) -* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 9668) -* \rho: Math symbols. (line 9674) -* \right: \left & \right. (line 10133) -* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9678) -* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9682) -* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 9686) -* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 9689) -* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 9692) -* \rightmargin: list. (line 4548) -* \rm: Font styles. (line 1779) -* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 1726) + (line 6575) +* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 9682) +* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 9687) +* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 8978) +* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 9692) +* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 9696) +* \rho: Math symbols. (line 9702) +* \right: \left & \right. (line 10193) +* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9706) +* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 9710) +* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 9714) +* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 9717) +* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 9720) +* \rightmargin: list. (line 4554) +* \rm: Font styles. (line 1781) +* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 1728) * \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 8130) + (line 8156) * \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 8135) -* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 13390) -* \rq: Text symbols. (line 13671) -* \rule: \rule. (line 14079) -* \S: Text symbols. (line 13674) + (line 8161) +* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 13470) +* \rq: Text symbols. (line 13752) +* \rule: \rule. (line 14167) +* \S: Text symbols. (line 13755) * \samepage: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 6951) -* \savebox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12400) -* \sbox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12400) -* \sc: Font styles. (line 1782) -* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 13458) -* \scriptscriptstyle: Math styles. (line 10876) -* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \scriptstyle: Math styles. (line 10876) -* \scshape: Font styles. (line 1747) -* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 9695) -* \sec: Math functions. (line 10511) -* \section: Sectioning. (line 2632) -* \section <1>: \section. (line 2865) -* \seename: \index. (line 14904) + (line 6958) +* \savebox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12480) +* \sbox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12480) +* \sc: Font styles. (line 1784) +* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 13538) +* \scriptscriptstyle: Math styles. (line 10953) +* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \scriptstyle: Math styles. (line 10953) +* \scshape: Font styles. (line 1749) +* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 9723) +* \sec: Math functions. (line 10588) +* \section: Sectioning. (line 2636) +* \section <1>: \section. (line 2870) +* \seename: \index. (line 14991) * \selectfont: Low-level font commands. - (line 2009) -* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 8224) -* \setlength: \setlength. (line 8471) -* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 9698) -* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 8535) -* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 8560) -* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 8585) -* \sf: Font styles. (line 1785) -* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 1744) -* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 9703) -* \ShellEscape: \write18. (line 16011) -* \shipout and expansion: \write. (line 15816) -* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 5279) -* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 9706) -* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 9709) -* \signature: \signature. (line 15533) -* \sim: Math symbols. (line 9713) -* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 9716) -* \sin: Math functions. (line 10514) -* \sinh: Math functions. (line 10517) -* \sl: Font styles. (line 1788) -* \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6690) -* \slshape: Font styles. (line 1741) -* \small: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 9719) + (line 2011) +* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 8250) +* \setlength: \setlength. (line 8497) +* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 9726) +* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 8561) +* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 8586) +* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 8611) +* \sf: Font styles. (line 1787) +* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 1746) +* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 9731) +* \ShellEscape: \write18. (line 16098) +* \shipout and expansion: \write. (line 15903) +* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 5285) +* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 9734) +* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 9737) +* \signature: \signature. (line 15620) +* \sim: Math symbols. (line 9741) +* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 9744) +* \sin: Math functions. (line 10591) +* \sinh: Math functions. (line 10594) +* \sl: Font styles. (line 1790) +* \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6696) +* \slshape: Font styles. (line 1743) +* \small: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \smallbreak: \bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak. + (line 11978) +* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 9747) * \smallskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. - (line 11880) + (line 11929) +* \smallskip <1>: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. + (line 11961) * \smallskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. - (line 11881) -* \smile: Math symbols. (line 9723) -* \<SPACE>: \(SPACE). (line 11606) -* \<SPACE> <1>: \(SPACE). (line 11606) + (line 11962) +* \smile: Math symbols. (line 9751) +* \<SPACE>: \(SPACE). (line 11687) +* \<SPACE> <1>: \(SPACE). (line 11687) * \space: \include & \includeonly. - (line 14302) -* \space <1>: \input. (line 14365) -* \space <2>: \typeout. (line 15740) -* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 11471) -* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 9726) -* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 9729) -* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 9733) -* \sqrt: \sqrt. (line 10975) -* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 9737) -* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 9742) -* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 9746) -* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 9751) + (line 14390) +* \space <1>: \input. (line 14453) +* \space <2>: \typeout. (line 15827) +* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 11552) +* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 9754) +* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 9757) +* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 9761) +* \sqrt: \sqrt. (line 11052) +* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 9765) +* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 9770) +* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 9774) +* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 9779) * \ss (ß): Additional Latin letters. - (line 14015) + (line 14103) * \SS (SS): Additional Latin letters. - (line 14015) -* \stackrel: \stackrel. (line 10991) -* \star: Math symbols. (line 9755) -* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 8276) + (line 14103) +* \stackrel: \stackrel. (line 11069) +* \star: Math symbols. (line 9783) +* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 8302) * \stop: Recovering from errors. - (line 16296) -* \stretch: \stretch. (line 8610) -* \strut: \strut. (line 11924) + (line 16383) +* \stretch: \stretch. (line 8636) +* \strut: \strut. (line 12005) * \subitem: Produce the index manually. - (line 14841) -* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 2632) + (line 14928) +* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 2636) * \subparagraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 3007) -* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 2632) -* \subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 2943) -* \subset: Math symbols. (line 9762) -* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 9765) + (line 3012) +* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 2636) +* \subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 2948) +* \subset: Math symbols. (line 9790) +* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 9793) * \subsubitem: Produce the index manually. - (line 14841) -* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 2632) + (line 14928) +* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 2636) * \subsubsection <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 3007) -* \succ: Math symbols. (line 9768) -* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 9771) -* \sum: Math symbols. (line 9775) -* \sup: Math functions. (line 10520) -* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 2489) -* \supset: Math symbols. (line 9778) -* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 9781) -* \surd: Math symbols. (line 9784) -* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 9789) + (line 3012) +* \succ: Math symbols. (line 9796) +* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 9799) +* \sum: Math symbols. (line 9803) +* \sup: Math functions. (line 10597) +* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 2493) +* \supset: Math symbols. (line 9806) +* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 9809) +* \surd: Math symbols. (line 9812) +* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 9817) +* \symbf: OpenType bold math. + (line 10087) +* \symbfit: OpenType bold math. + (line 10087) * \symbol: Symbols by font position. - (line 13608) -* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 13909) -* \<TAB>: \(SPACE). (line 11606) -* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 5608) -* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 5866) + (line 13688) +* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 13997) +* \<TAB>: \(SPACE). (line 11687) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 5614) +* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 5872) * \tableofcontents: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14377) -* \tableofcontents <1>: \contentsline. (line 14673) -* \tan: Math functions. (line 10523) -* \tanh: Math functions. (line 10526) -* \tau: Math symbols. (line 9792) -* \telephone: \telephone. (line 15563) -* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 13678) -* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13716) -* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 13681) -* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 13684) -* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 13687) + (line 14465) +* \tableofcontents <1>: \contentsline. (line 14760) +* \tan: Math functions. (line 10600) +* \tanh: Math functions. (line 10603) +* \tau: Math symbols. (line 9820) +* \telephone: \telephone. (line 15650) +* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 13759) +* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13804) +* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 13762) +* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 13765) +* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 13768) * \textbackslash: Reserved characters. - (line 13537) -* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 13690) -* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 13693) -* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 13696) -* \textbf: Font styles. (line 1735) -* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 13699) -* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 13702) -* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 13705) -* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 13708) -* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13715) -* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 13711) -* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13714) -* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 13628) -* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 13723) -* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 13726) -* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 13729) -* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 13652) -* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 13732) -* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 13738) -* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 13741) -* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 13749) -* \textfiguredash: Text symbols. (line 13752) -* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 2525) -* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 2526) -* \textfraction: Floats. (line 2504) -* \textfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2505) -* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 13759) + (line 13617) +* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 13771) +* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 13779) +* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 13782) +* \textbf: Font styles. (line 1737) +* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 13785) +* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 13788) +* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 13792) +* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 13796) +* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13803) +* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 13799) +* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 13802) +* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 13708) +* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 13811) +* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 13814) +* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 13817) +* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 13731) +* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 13820) +* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 13826) +* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 13829) +* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 13837) +* \textfiguredash: Text symbols. (line 13840) +* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 2529) +* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 2530) +* \textfraction: Floats. (line 2508) +* \textfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2509) +* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 13847) * \textheight: Page layout parameters. - (line 2267) + (line 2270) * \textheight <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2268) -* \texthorizontalbar: Text symbols. (line 13762) -* \textit: Font styles. (line 1729) -* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 13770) -* \textless: Text symbols. (line 13767) -* \textmd: Font styles. (line 1732) -* \textnonbreakinghyphen: Text symbols. (line 13773) -* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 1753) -* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 13779) -* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 13780) -* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 13660) -* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 13783) -* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 13786) -* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 13789) -* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 13792) -* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 13795) -* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 13798) -* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 13801) -* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 13804) -* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 13805) -* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 13808) -* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 13811) -* \textrm: Font styles. (line 1726) -* \textsc: Font styles. (line 1747) -* \textsection: Text symbols. (line 13675) -* \textsf: Font styles. (line 1744) -* \textsl: Font styles. (line 1741) -* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 13664) -* \textstyle: Math styles. (line 10876) -* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 13814) -* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 13817) -* \texttt: Font styles. (line 1750) -* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 13820) -* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 13823) -* \textup: Font styles. (line 1738) -* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 13826) + (line 2271) +* \texthorizontalbar: Text symbols. (line 13850) +* \textit: Font styles. (line 1731) +* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 13858) +* \textless: Text symbols. (line 13855) +* \textmd: Font styles. (line 1734) +* \textnonbreakinghyphen: Text symbols. (line 13861) +* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 1755) +* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 13867) +* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 13868) +* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 13741) +* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 13871) +* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 13874) +* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 13877) +* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 13880) +* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 13883) +* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 13886) +* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 13889) +* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 13892) +* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 13893) +* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 13896) +* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 13899) +* \textrm: Font styles. (line 1728) +* \textsc: Font styles. (line 1749) +* \textsection: Text symbols. (line 13756) +* \textsf: Font styles. (line 1746) +* \textsl: Font styles. (line 1743) +* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 13745) +* \textstyle: Math styles. (line 10953) +* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 13902) +* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 13905) +* \texttt: Font styles. (line 1752) +* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 13908) +* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 13911) +* \textup: Font styles. (line 1740) +* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 13914) * \textwidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 2275) + (line 2278) * \textwidth <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2276) + (line 2279) * \th (þ): Additional Latin letters. - (line 14019) + (line 14107) * \TH (Þ): Additional Latin letters. - (line 14019) -* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11141) -* \theta: Math symbols. (line 9795) -* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 5215) + (line 14107) +* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11219) +* \theta: Math symbols. (line 9823) +* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 5221) * \thickspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10650) -* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 5207) + (line 10727) +* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 5213) * \thinspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10674) + (line 10751) * \thinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. - (line 11725) -* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 11303) -* \tilde: Math accents. (line 10571) -* \times: Math symbols. (line 9799) -* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 1845) -* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11148) -* \to: Math symbols. (line 9802) -* \today: \today. (line 14114) -* \top: Math symbols. (line 9806) -* \topfraction: Floats. (line 2509) -* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2510) + (line 11806) +* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 11384) +* \tilde: Math accents. (line 10648) +* \times: Math symbols. (line 9827) +* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 1847) +* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 11226) +* \to: Math symbols. (line 9830) +* \today: \today. (line 14202) +* \top: Math symbols. (line 9834) +* \topfraction: Floats. (line 2513) +* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 2514) * \topmargin: Page layout parameters. - (line 2300) -* \topsep: list. (line 4553) + (line 2303) +* \topsep: list. (line 4559) * \topskip: Page layout parameters. - (line 2307) + (line 2310) * \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters. - (line 2308) -* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 9810) -* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 9813) -* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 9819) -* \tt: Font styles. (line 1791) -* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 1750) -* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 2043) -* \typein: \typein. (line 15679) -* \typeout: \typeout. (line 15724) -* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 13915) + (line 2311) +* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 9838) +* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 9841) +* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 9847) +* \tt: Font styles. (line 1793) +* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 1752) +* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 2045) +* \typein: \typein. (line 15766) +* \typeout: \typeout. (line 15811) +* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 14003) * \unboldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath. - (line 10000) + (line 10028) * \unboldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath. - (line 10008) -* \underbar: Accents. (line 13879) + (line 10036) +* \underbar: Accents. (line 13967) * \underbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining. - (line 10608) + (line 10685) * \underline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining. - (line 10592) -* \unitlength: picture. (line 4940) -* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 9825) -* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 9831) -* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 9837) -* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 9841) -* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 9845) -* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 9850) -* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 9855) -* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 9860) -* \upshape: Font styles. (line 1738) -* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 9865) -* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 9868) -* \usebox: \usebox. (line 12509) -* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 8165) + (line 10669) +* \unitlength: picture. (line 4946) +* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 9853) +* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 9859) +* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 9865) +* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 9869) +* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 9873) +* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 9878) +* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 9883) +* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 9888) +* \upshape: Font styles. (line 1740) +* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 9893) +* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 9896) +* \usebox: \usebox. (line 12589) +* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 8191) * \usefont: Low-level font commands. - (line 2017) + (line 2019) * \usepackage: Additional packages. - (line 830) + (line 832) * \UseTextAccent: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent. - (line 1663) + (line 1665) * \UseTextSymbol: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent. - (line 1663) -* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 13919) -* \value: \value. (line 8191) -* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 9876) -* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 9871) -* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 9881) -* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 9885) -* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 9889) -* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 9893) -* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 9897) -* \vbox (plain TeX): minipage. (line 4811) -* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 9901) -* \vdots: Dots. (line 10354) -* \vec: Math accents. (line 10574) -* \vector: \vector. (line 5325) -* \vee: Math symbols. (line 9905) -* \verb: \verb. (line 6403) -* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 9909) -* \vert: Math symbols. (line 9913) -* \vfill: \vfill. (line 12060) -* \vline: \vline. (line 5959) -* \vspace: \vspace. (line 12009) -* \vtop plain TeX: minipage. (line 4807) -* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 9919) -* \widehat: Math accents. (line 10577) -* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 10580) -* \wlog: \wlog. (line 15928) -* \wp: Math symbols. (line 9923) -* \wr: Math symbols. (line 9926) -* \write: \write. (line 15757) + (line 1665) +* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 14007) +* \value: \value. (line 8217) +* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 9904) +* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 9899) +* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 9909) +* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 9913) +* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 9917) +* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 9921) +* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 9925) +* \vbox (plain TeX): minipage. (line 4817) +* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 9929) +* \vdots: Dots. (line 10416) +* \vec: Math accents. (line 10651) +* \vector: \vector. (line 5331) +* \vee: Math symbols. (line 9933) +* \verb: \verb. (line 6409) +* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 9937) +* \vert: Math symbols. (line 9941) +* \vfill: \vfill. (line 12141) +* \vline: \vline. (line 5965) +* \vphantom: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. + (line 10845) +* \vspace: \vspace. (line 12090) +* \vtop plain TeX: minipage. (line 4813) +* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 9947) +* \widehat: Math accents. (line 10654) +* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 10657) +* \wlog: \wlog. (line 16015) +* \wp: Math symbols. (line 9951) +* \wr: Math symbols. (line 9954) +* \write: \write. (line 15844) * \write and security: \write and security. - (line 15858) -* \write streams 16, 17, 18: \write. (line 15837) -* \write18: \write18. (line 15946) + (line 15945) +* \write streams 16, 17, 18: \write. (line 15924) +* \write18: \write18. (line 16033) * \write18, enabling: Command line options. - (line 16121) -* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 9929) -* \xi: Math symbols. (line 9932) -* \xspace: xspace package. (line 8030) + (line 16208) +* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 9957) +* \xi: Math symbols. (line 9960) +* \xspace: xspace package. (line 8056) * \year: \day & \month & \year. - (line 8291) -* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 9935) -* \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 3854) -* \\ (for center): center. (line 3698) -* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 4006) -* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 4248) -* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 5308) -* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5553) -* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 4188) -* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 15322) -* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 5730) -* \\ for verse: verse. (line 6469) -* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 11128) -* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 11149) -* \\ force line break: \\. (line 6507) -* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 4012) + (line 8317) +* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 9963) +* \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 3860) +* \\ (for center): center. (line 3704) +* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 4012) +* \\ (for flushleft): flushleft. (line 4194) +* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 4254) +* \\ (for letters): Letters. (line 15409) +* \\ (for tabular): tabular. (line 5736) +* \\ (for verse): verse. (line 6475) +* \\ (for \author): \maketitle. (line 11206) +* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 5314) +* \\ (for \title): \maketitle. (line 11227) +* \\ (force line break): \\. (line 6513) +* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5559) +* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 4018) * \^: Reserved characters. - (line 13537) -* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 13866) + (line 13617) +* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 13954) * \_: Reserved characters. - (line 13532) -* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 13870) -* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5580) + (line 13612) +* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 13958) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 5586) * \{: Reserved characters. - (line 13532) -* \|: Math symbols. (line 9127) + (line 13612) +* \|: Math symbols. (line 9153) * \}: Reserved characters. - (line 13532) + (line 13612) * \~: Reserved characters. - (line 13537) -* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 13874) + (line 13617) +* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 13962) * ^ superscript: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 9052) -* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 15845) + (line 9078) +* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 15932) * _ subscript: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 9052) -* {...} for required arguments: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 595) -* ~: ~. (line 11660) + (line 9078) +* {...} (for required arguments): LaTeX command syntax. + (line 597) +* ~: ~. (line 11741) * a4paper option: Document class options. - (line 744) + (line 746) * a5paper option: Document class options. - (line 744) -* abstract environment: abstract. (line 3566) -* abstract package: abstract. (line 3587) -* abstracts: abstract. (line 3566) -* accents: Accents. (line 13832) + (line 746) +* abstract environment: abstract. (line 3572) +* abstract package: abstract. (line 3593) +* abstracts: abstract. (line 3572) +* accents: Accents. (line 13920) * accents, defining: \DeclareFontEncoding. - (line 1384) + (line 1386) * accents, defining <1>: \DeclareTextAccent. - (line 1418) + (line 1420) * accents, defining <2>: \DeclareTextAccentDefault. - (line 1442) + (line 1444) * accents, defining <3>: \DeclareTextComposite. - (line 1551) + (line 1553) * accents, defining <4>: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand. - (line 1575) + (line 1577) * accents, defining <5>: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault. - (line 1620) -* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 10540) + (line 1622) +* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 10617) * accessing any character of a font: Symbols by font position. - (line 13608) -* acronyms, list of: Glossaries. (line 15143) -* acute accent: Accents. (line 13855) -* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 10545) + (line 13688) +* acronyms, list of: Glossaries. (line 15230) +* acute accent: Accents. (line 13943) +* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 10622) * additional packages, loading: Additional packages. - (line 830) -* adjustbox package: Boxes. (line 12140) + (line 832) +* adjustbox package: Boxes. (line 12221) * ae ligature: Additional Latin letters. - (line 13979) -* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 5633) -* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 3983) -* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 3983) -* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 5493) -* amscd package: Arrows. (line 9994) -* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 9041) -* amsfonts package <1>: Arrows. (line 9959) -* amsmath package: array. (line 3661) -* amsmath package <1>: array. (line 3669) -* amsmath package <2>: displaymath. (line 3850) -* amsmath package <3>: equation. (line 4051) -* amsmath package <4>: theorem. (line 6313) -* amsmath package <5>: Math formulas. (line 9041) -* amsmath package <6>: \left & \right. (line 10157) + (line 14067) +* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 5639) +* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 3989) +* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 3989) +* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 5499) +* amscd package: Arrows. (line 10022) +* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 9067) +* amsfonts package <1>: Arrows. (line 9987) +* amsmath package: array. (line 3667) +* amsmath package <1>: array. (line 3675) +* amsmath package <2>: displaymath. (line 3856) +* amsmath package <3>: equation. (line 4057) +* amsmath package <4>: theorem. (line 6319) +* amsmath package <5>: Math formulas. (line 9067) +* amsmath package <6>: \left & \right. (line 10217) * amsmath package <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. - (line 10302) -* amsmath package <8>: Dots. (line 10357) -* amsmath package <9>: Math functions. (line 10529) + (line 10362) +* amsmath package <8>: Dots. (line 10419) +* amsmath package <9>: Math functions. (line 10606) * amsmath package <10>: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10650) + (line 10727) * amsmath package <11>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 10818) + (line 10895) * amsmath package <12>: Colon character & \colon. - (line 10936) + (line 11013) * amsmath package <13>: Colon character & \colon. - (line 10940) + (line 11017) * amsmath package <14>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. - (line 11745) -* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 3983) -* amsthm package: theorem. (line 6313) -* amsthm package <1>: \rule. (line 14091) -* answers package: \write. (line 15850) -* appendices: \appendix. (line 3072) -* appendix: \appendix. (line 3072) -* appendix package: \appendix. (line 3095) + (line 11826) +* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 3989) +* amsthm package: theorem. (line 6319) +* amsthm package <1>: \rule. (line 14179) +* answers package: \write. (line 15937) +* appendices: \appendix. (line 3077) +* appendix: \appendix. (line 3077) +* appendix package: \appendix. (line 3101) +* arguments, optional, defining and using: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 7277) * aring: Additional Latin letters. - (line 13975) -* array environment: array. (line 3612) -* array package: array. (line 3680) -* arrays, math: array. (line 3612) -* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 13771) -* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 13812) -* arrows: Arrows. (line 9959) -* article class: Document classes. (line 701) -* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 13717) -* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 13682) -* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 13685) -* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 13688) -* Asymptote package: \line. (line 5179) -* Asymptote package <1>: \strut. (line 11980) -* Asymptote package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12214) -* Asymptote package <3>: \write18. (line 15953) -* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 7884) -* at-sign: \@. (line 11529) -* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11128) -* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 490) + (line 14063) +* array environment: array. (line 3618) +* array package: array. (line 3686) +* arrays, math: array. (line 3618) +* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 13859) +* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 13900) +* arrows: Arrows. (line 9987) +* article class: Document classes. (line 703) +* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 13805) +* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 13763) +* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 13766) +* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 13769) +* Asymptote package: \line. (line 5185) +* Asymptote package <1>: \strut. (line 12061) +* Asymptote package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12294) +* Asymptote package <3>: \write18. (line 16040) +* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 7910) +* at-sign: \@. (line 11610) +* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11206) +* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 492) * b5paper option: Document class options. - (line 744) -* babel package: \chapter. (line 2837) -* babel package <1>: thebibliography. (line 6071) -* babel package <2>: Accents. (line 13832) -* babel package <3>: \today. (line 14121) + (line 746) +* babel package: \chapter. (line 2842) +* babel package <1>: thebibliography. (line 6077) +* babel package <2>: Accents. (line 13920) +* babel package <3>: \today. (line 14209) * babel package <4>: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14494) -* babel package <5>: \index. (line 14904) + (line 14582) +* babel package <5>: \index. (line 14991) * back matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) -* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 12757) -* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 13691) -* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 13697) -* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 13694) -* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 13862) -* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 10548) -* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 13877) -* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 402) + (line 3111) +* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 12837) +* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 13772) +* badness: Page breaking. (line 6794) +* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 13783) +* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 13780) +* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 13950) +* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 10625) +* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 13965) +* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 404) * batchmode: Command line options. - (line 16087) -* beamer package: beamer template. (line 16324) -* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 16324) -* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3884) + (line 16174) +* beamer package: beamer template. (line 16411) +* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 16411) +* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3890) * bibliography format, open: Document class options. - (line 792) -* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6202) -* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6024) + (line 794) +* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6208) +* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6030) * BibTeX error messages: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6264) -* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6202) -* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 13700) -* big point: Units of length. (line 8424) + (line 6270) +* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6208) +* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 13786) +* big point: Units of length. (line 8450) * bigfoot package: Footnotes of footnotes. - (line 7206) + (line 7213) * black boxes, omitting: Document class options. - (line 778) -* blackboard bold: Blackboard bold. (line 10040) -* bm package: \boldmath & \unboldmath. - (line 10026) -* bold font: Font styles. (line 1771) -* bold math: Font styles. (line 1824) -* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 3808) + (line 780) +* blackboard bold: Blackboard bold. (line 10099) +* blanks, after control sequences: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 7315) +* bm package: bm. (line 10058) +* bold font: Font styles. (line 1773) +* bold math: Font styles. (line 1826) +* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 3814) * boldface mathematics: \boldmath & \unboldmath. - (line 10000) -* book class: Document classes. (line 701) + (line 10028) +* book class: Document classes. (line 703) * book, back matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) + (line 3111) * book, end matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) + (line 3111) * book, front matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) + (line 3111) * book, main matter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) -* bottomnumber: Floats. (line 2532) -* bottomnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2533) -* bounding box: \includegraphics. (line 13190) -* box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12146) -* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 7597) -* box, bounding: \includegraphics. (line 13190) -* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 12720) -* box, save: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12400) -* box, use saved box: \usebox. (line 12509) -* boxes: Boxes. (line 12137) -* bp: Units of length. (line 8423) -* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 13703) -* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 13706) -* braces: Delimiters. (line 10083) -* brackets: Delimiters. (line 10083) -* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6490) -* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6783) -* breaks, multiplication discretionary: \*. (line 10947) -* breve accent: Accents. (line 13915) -* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 10551) + (line 3111) +* bottomnumber: Floats. (line 2536) +* bottomnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2537) +* bounding box: \includegraphics. (line 13270) +* box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12227) +* box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 7623) +* box, bounding: \includegraphics. (line 13270) +* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 12800) +* box, save: \sbox & \savebox. (line 12480) +* box, use saved box: \usebox. (line 12589) +* boxes: Boxes. (line 12218) +* bp: Units of length. (line 8449) +* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 13789) +* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 13793) +* braces: Delimiters. (line 10143) +* brackets: Delimiters. (line 10143) +* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6496) +* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6789) +* breaks, multiplication discretionary: \*. (line 11024) +* breve accent: Accents. (line 14003) +* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 10628) * bug reporting: About this document. - (line 378) -* bullet lists: itemize. (line 4289) -* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 9215) -* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 13709) -* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 4289) -* calligraphic fonts: Calligraphic. (line 10066) -* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 1774) -* cap height: Text symbols. (line 13717) -* caption package: \caption. (line 2624) -* captions: \caption. (line 2558) -* caron accent: Accents. (line 13919) + (line 380) +* bullet lists: itemize. (line 4295) +* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 9243) +* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 13797) +* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 4295) +* calligraphic fonts: Calligraphic. (line 10126) +* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 1776) +* cap height: Text symbols. (line 13805) +* caption package: \caption. (line 2628) +* captions: \caption. (line 2562) +* caron accent: Accents. (line 14007) * catcode: \makeatletter & \makeatother. - (line 7426) + (line 7452) * category code, character: \makeatletter & \makeatother. - (line 7426) -* cc: Units of length. (line 8436) -* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 15383) -* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 13887) -* center environment: center. (line 3688) -* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 13688) + (line 7452) +* cc: Units of length. (line 8462) +* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 15470) +* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 13975) +* center environment: center. (line 3694) +* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 13769) * centered equations: Document class options. - (line 782) -* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 13784) -* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 3736) -* centering text, environment for: center. (line 3688) -* centimeter: Units of length. (line 8431) + (line 784) +* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 13872) +* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 3742) +* centering text, environment for: center. (line 3694) +* centimeter: Units of length. (line 8457) * changing case of characters: Upper and lower case. - (line 13555) -* chapter: Sectioning. (line 2632) -* chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 2772) -* chapter counter: Counters. (line 8091) + (line 13635) +* chapter: Sectioning. (line 2636) +* chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 2777) +* chapter counter: Counters. (line 8117) * character category code: \makeatletter & \makeatother. - (line 7426) -* character encoding: inputenc package. (line 14035) + (line 7452) +* character encoding: inputenc package. (line 14123) * character, invisible: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 10768) -* character, invisible <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10831) -* characters, accented: Accents. (line 13832) + (line 10845) +* character, invisible <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10908) +* characters, accented: Accents. (line 13920) * characters, case of: Upper and lower case. - (line 13555) + (line 13635) * characters, non-English: Additional Latin letters. - (line 13969) + (line 14057) * characters, reserved: Reserved characters. - (line 13525) + (line 13605) * characters, special: Reserved characters. - (line 13525) -* check accent: Accents. (line 13919) -* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 10554) -* cicero: Units of length. (line 8437) -* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 13700) -* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 13712) -* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 13866) -* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 10566) -* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 13682) -* citation key: \bibitem. (line 6088) + (line 13605) +* check accent: Accents. (line 14007) +* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 10631) +* cicero: Units of length. (line 8463) +* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 13786) +* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 13800) +* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 13954) +* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 10643) +* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 13763) +* citation key: \bibitem. (line 6094) * class and package commands: Class and package commands. - (line 916) + (line 918) * class and package difference: Class and package construction. - (line 855) + (line 857) * class and package structure: Class and package structure. - (line 869) + (line 871) * class file example: Class and package structure. - (line 902) + (line 904) * class file layout: Class and package structure. - (line 869) + (line 871) * class options: Document class options. - (line 731) + (line 733) * class options <1>: Class and package structure. - (line 869) + (line 871) * class options <2>: Class and package commands. - (line 976) -* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 696) -* cleveref package: Cross references. (line 3376) -* cleveref package <1>: \ref. (line 3489) -* cleveref package <2>: \footnotemark. (line 7087) + (line 978) +* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 698) +* cleveref package: Cross references. (line 3382) +* cleveref package <1>: \ref. (line 3495) +* cleveref package <2>: \footnotemark. (line 7094) * CLI: Command line interface. - (line 16022) + (line 16109) * clock option to slides class: Document class options. - (line 824) -* closing letters: \closing. (line 15399) -* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 13672) -* cm: Units of length. (line 8430) -* cm-super package: fontenc package. (line 1328) -* cmd.exe, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16000) -* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6360) + (line 826) +* closing letters: \closing. (line 15486) +* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 13753) +* cm: Units of length. (line 8456) +* cm-super package: fontenc package. (line 1330) +* cmd.exe, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16087) +* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6366) * colon character: Colon character & \colon. - (line 10927) -* color: Color. (line 12522) -* color <1>: Define colors. (line 12627) -* color <2>: Colored text. (line 12649) -* color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 12720) -* color <4>: Colored pages. (line 12757) -* color models: Color models. (line 12575) + (line 11004) +* color: Color. (line 12602) +* color <1>: Define colors. (line 12707) +* color <2>: Colored text. (line 12729) +* color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 12800) +* color <4>: Colored pages. (line 12837) +* color models: Color models. (line 12655) * color package commands: Commands for color. - (line 12622) + (line 12702) * color package options: Color package options. - (line 12537) -* color, define: Define colors. (line 12627) -* colored boxes: Colored boxes. (line 12720) -* colored page: Colored pages. (line 12757) -* colored text: Colored text. (line 12649) + (line 12617) +* color, define: Define colors. (line 12707) +* colored boxes: Colored boxes. (line 12800) +* colored page: Colored pages. (line 12837) +* colored text: Colored text. (line 12729) * command line interface: Command line interface. - (line 16022) + (line 16109) * command syntax: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 595) + (line 597) * commands, class and package: Class and package commands. - (line 916) + (line 918) * commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 7227) -* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 7386) + (line 7234) +* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 7411) * commands, document class: Class and package construction. - (line 846) + (line 848) * commands, graphics package: Commands for graphics. - (line 13069) + (line 13149) * commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. - (line 7955) -* commands, ignore spaces <1>: xspace package. (line 8030) + (line 7981) +* commands, ignore spaces <1>: xspace package. (line 8056) * commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 7227) -* commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 15946) -* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 7460) -* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 13717) -* comprehensive package: Math symbols. (line 9115) -* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6360) + (line 7234) +* commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 16033) +* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 7486) +* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 13805) +* comprehensive package: Math symbols. (line 9141) +* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6366) * configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration. - (line 12879) -* contents file: Output files. (line 500) -* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 13629) -* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 8082) -* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 7532) -* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 8191) + (line 12959) +* contents file: Output files. (line 502) +* control sequences: Control sequences. (line 7376) +* control symbol, defined: Control sequences. (line 7387) +* control word, defined: Control sequences. (line 7383) +* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 13709) +* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 8108) +* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 7558) +* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 8217) * counters, printing: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 8109) -* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 8224) -* cprotect package: verbatim. (line 6379) -* cprotect package <1>: \verb. (line 6442) -* creating pictures: picture. (line 4918) -* creating tables: table. (line 5642) -* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 11142) -* cross references: Cross references. (line 3344) -* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 490) -* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 3442) -* cross referencing, across documents: xr package. (line 3495) -* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 3466) -* CTAN: CTAN. (line 668) -* curly braces: Delimiters. (line 10083) -* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 13730) -* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 13742) -* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 13727) -* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 13632) -* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 13724) -* DANTE e.V.: CTAN. (line 682) -* datatool package: \read. (line 15673) -* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11136) -* date, today's: \today. (line 14114) -* datetime package: \today. (line 14135) -* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 2536) -* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2537) -* dcolumn package: array. (line 3680) -* dd: Units of length. (line 8433) -* declaration form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 1858) -* declaration form of font style commands: Font styles. (line 1703) -* define color: Define colors. (line 12627) + (line 8135) +* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 8250) +* cprotect package: verbatim. (line 6385) +* cprotect package <1>: \verb. (line 6448) +* creating pictures: picture. (line 4924) +* creating tables: table. (line 5648) +* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 11220) +* cross references: Cross references. (line 3350) +* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 492) +* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 3448) +* cross referencing, across documents: xr package. (line 3501) +* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 3472) +* CTAN: CTAN. (line 670) +* curly braces: Delimiters. (line 10143) +* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 13818) +* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 13830) +* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 13815) +* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 13712) +* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 13812) +* DANTE e.V.: CTAN. (line 684) +* datatool package: \read. (line 15760) +* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11214) +* date, today’s: \today. (line 14202) +* datetime package: \today. (line 14223) +* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 2540) +* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2541) +* dcolumn package: array. (line 3686) +* dd: Units of length. (line 8459) +* declaration form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 1860) +* declaration form of font style commands: Font styles. (line 1705) +* define color: Define colors. (line 12707) * defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 7227) -* defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 7386) + (line 7234) +* defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 7411) * defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 7625) -* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 7871) -* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 7759) -* definitions: Definitions. (line 7222) -* delayed \write: \write. (line 15816) -* delimiters: Delimiters. (line 10083) -* delimiters, paired: \left & \right. (line 10133) -* delim_0: makeindex. (line 15072) -* delim_1: makeindex. (line 15076) -* delim_2: makeindex. (line 15080) -* delim_n: makeindex. (line 15084) -* delim_r: makeindex. (line 15088) -* description: \newglossaryentry. (line 15231) -* description environment: description. (line 3778) -* description lists, creating: description. (line 3778) -* design size, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 7884) -* didot point: Units of length. (line 8434) -* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 13851) + (line 7651) +* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 7897) +* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 7785) +* definitions: Definitions. (line 7229) +* delayed \write: \write. (line 15903) +* delimiters: Delimiters. (line 10143) +* delimiters, paired: \left & \right. (line 10193) +* delim_0: makeindex. (line 15159) +* delim_1: makeindex. (line 15163) +* delim_2: makeindex. (line 15167) +* delim_n: makeindex. (line 15171) +* delim_r: makeindex. (line 15175) +* description: \newglossaryentry. (line 15318) +* description environment: description. (line 3784) +* description lists, creating: description. (line 3784) +* design size, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 7910) +* didot point: Units of length. (line 8460) +* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 13939) * difference between class and package: Class and package construction. - (line 855) -* dimen plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8316) -* directory listings, from system: \write18. (line 16005) -* discretionary breaks, multiplication: \*. (line 10947) -* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6667) -* display math mode: Modes. (line 11026) -* display style: Math styles. (line 10865) + (line 857) +* dimen plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8342) +* directory listings, from system: \write18. (line 16092) +* discretionary breaks, multiplication: \*. (line 11024) +* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6673) +* display math mode: Modes. (line 11104) +* display style: Math styles. (line 10942) * displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation & quote. - (line 5463) + (line 5469) * displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation & quote. - (line 5463) -* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 3834) -* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 8986) + (line 5469) +* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 3840) +* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012) * document class commands: Class and package construction. - (line 846) + (line 848) * document class options: Document class options. - (line 731) + (line 733) * document class, defined: Starting and ending. - (line 442) -* document classes: Document classes. (line 696) -* document environment: document. (line 3878) -* document root name: Jobname. (line 16214) + (line 444) +* document classes: Document classes. (line 698) +* document environment: document. (line 3884) +* document root name: Jobname. (line 16301) * document templates: Document templates. - (line 16317) -* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 13730) -* dot accent: Accents. (line 13858) -* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 10560) -* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 13858) -* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 13891) -* dotless i: Accents. (line 13845) -* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 9362) -* dotless j: Accents. (line 13845) -* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 9382) -* dots: Dots. (line 10327) -* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13647) -* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 13635) -* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 13727) -* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 10557) -* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 13647) -* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 13790) -* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 13669) -* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 13806) -* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 13793) + (line 16404) +* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 13818) +* dot accent: Accents. (line 13946) +* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 10637) +* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 13946) +* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 13979) +* dotless i: Accents. (line 13933) +* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 9390) +* dotless j: Accents. (line 13933) +* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 9410) +* dots: Dots. (line 10387) +* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727) +* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 13715) +* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 13815) +* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 10634) +* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 13727) +* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 13878) +* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 13750) +* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 13894) +* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 13881) * double spacing: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2315) -* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 13697) -* doublestruck: Blackboard bold. (line 10040) + (line 2318) +* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 13783) +* doublestruck: Blackboard bold. (line 10099) * draft option: Document class options. - (line 774) -* dvilualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 566) -* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 467) -* dvips command: Output files. (line 467) -* dvitype command: Output files. (line 467) -* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 13739) -* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 519) -* ellipses: Dots. (line 10327) -* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 13653) -* em: Units of length. (line 8450) -* em <1>: Units of length. (line 8449) -* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13733) -* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 13815) -* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 13821) -* emphasis: Font styles. (line 1755) -* enclosure list: \encl. (line 15412) + (line 776) +* dvilualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 568) +* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 469) +* dvips command: Output files. (line 469) +* dvitype command: Output files. (line 469) +* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 13827) +* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 521) +* ellipses: Dots. (line 10387) +* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 13733) +* ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026): Dots. (line 10447) +* ellipsis, traditional (three periods): Dots. (line 10447) +* em: Units of length. (line 8476) +* em <1>: Units of length. (line 8475) +* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13821) +* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 13903) +* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 13909) +* emphasis: Font styles. (line 1757) +* enclosure list: \encl. (line 15499) * encoding, font: \DeclareFontEncoding. - (line 1384) -* encoding, of input files: inputenc package. (line 14035) + (line 1386) +* encoding, of input files: inputenc package. (line 14123) * end matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) -* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 3900) + (line 3111) +* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 3906) * ending and starting: Starting and ending. - (line 431) -* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 509) -* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6888) -* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 3916) -* enumi counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* enumii counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* enumiii counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* enumitem package: itemize. (line 4349) -* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 4648) -* enumiv counter: Counters. (line 8091) + (line 433) +* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 511) +* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6895) +* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 3922) +* enumi counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* enumii counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* enumiii counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* enumitem package: itemize. (line 4355) +* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 4654) +* enumiv counter: Counters. (line 8117) * environment: Starting and ending. - (line 450) -* environment form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 1881) -* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 3566) -* environment, array: array. (line 3612) -* environment, center: center. (line 3688) -* environment, description: description. (line 3778) -* environment, displaymath: displaymath. (line 3834) -* environment, displaymath <1>: Math formulas. (line 8986) -* environment, document: document. (line 3878) -* environment, enumerate: enumerate. (line 3916) -* environment, eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 3983) -* environment, equation: equation. (line 4037) -* environment, equation <1>: Math formulas. (line 8986) -* environment, figure: figure. (line 4057) -* environment, filecontents: filecontents. (line 4115) -* environment, filecontents*: filecontents. (line 4115) -* environment, flushleft: flushleft. (line 4180) -* environment, flushright: flushright. (line 4242) -* environment, itemize: itemize. (line 4289) -* environment, letter: letter. (line 4377) -* environment, list: list. (line 4382) -* environment, math: math. (line 4748) -* environment, math <1>: Math formulas. (line 8986) -* environment, minipage: minipage. (line 4760) -* environment, picture: picture. (line 4918) -* environment, quotation: quotation & quote. (line 5463) -* environment, quote: quotation & quote. (line 5463) -* environment, sloppypar: sloppypar. (line 6704) -* environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5493) -* environment, table: table. (line 5642) -* environment, tabular: tabular. (line 5700) -* environment, thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6024) + (line 452) +* environment form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 1883) +* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 3572) +* environment, array: array. (line 3618) +* environment, center: center. (line 3694) +* environment, description: description. (line 3784) +* environment, displaymath: displaymath. (line 3840) +* environment, displaymath <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012) +* environment, document: document. (line 3884) +* environment, enumerate: enumerate. (line 3922) +* environment, eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 3989) +* environment, equation: equation. (line 4043) +* environment, equation <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012) +* environment, figure: figure. (line 4063) +* environment, filecontents: filecontents. (line 4121) +* environment, filecontents*: filecontents. (line 4121) +* environment, flushleft: flushleft. (line 4186) +* environment, flushright: flushright. (line 4248) +* environment, itemize: itemize. (line 4295) +* environment, letter: letter. (line 4383) +* environment, list: list. (line 4388) +* environment, math: math. (line 4754) +* environment, math <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012) +* environment, minipage: minipage. (line 4766) +* environment, picture: picture. (line 4924) +* environment, quotation: quotation & quote. (line 5469) +* environment, quote: quotation & quote. (line 5469) +* environment, sloppypar: sloppypar. (line 6710) +* environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5499) +* environment, table: table. (line 5648) +* environment, tabular: tabular. (line 5706) +* environment, thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6030) * environment, theindex: Produce the index manually. - (line 14828) -* environment, theorem: theorem. (line 6291) -* environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 7759) -* environment, titlepage: titlepage. (line 6321) -* environment, verbatim: verbatim. (line 6360) -* environment, verse: verse. (line 6454) -* environments: Environments. (line 3549) + (line 14915) +* environment, theorem: theorem. (line 6297) +* environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 7785) +* environment, titlepage: titlepage. (line 6327) +* environment, verbatim: verbatim. (line 6366) +* environment, verse: verse. (line 6460) +* environments: Environments. (line 3555) * environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 7625) -* envlab package: \makelabels. (line 15486) -* EPS files: \includegraphics. (line 13075) -* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 3983) -* equation counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* equation environment: equation. (line 4037) -* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 8986) -* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3466) + (line 7651) +* envlab package: \makelabels. (line 15573) +* EPS files: \includegraphics. (line 13155) +* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 3989) +* equation counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* equation environment: equation. (line 4043) +* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 9012) +* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3472) * equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options. - (line 788) -* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 4016) -* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 3983) -* equations, environment for: equation. (line 4037) + (line 790) +* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 4022) +* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 3989) +* equations, environment for: equation. (line 4043) * equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options. - (line 782) + (line 784) * error messages, from BibTeX: BibTeX error messages. - (line 6264) + (line 6270) * errorstopmode: Command line options. - (line 16087) + (line 16174) * es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters. - (line 14015) -* etex command: TeX engines. (line 519) + (line 14103) +* etex command: TeX engines. (line 521) * eth, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters. - (line 13983) + (line 14071) * etoolbox package: Class and package commands. - (line 1020) -* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 13742) -* eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 13742) -* eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 13743) -* ex: Units of length. (line 8446) -* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 8445) -* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 13750) + (line 1022) +* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 13830) +* eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 13830) +* eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 13831) +* ex: Units of length. (line 8472) +* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 8471) +* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 13838) * executivepaper option: Document class options. - (line 744) + (line 746) * expl3 package: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 624) + (line 626) * expl3 package <1>: Upper and lower case. - (line 13597) + (line 13677) * exponent: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 9052) -* expressions: Expressions. (line 8646) + (line 9078) +* expressions: Expressions. (line 8672) * extended Latin: Additional Latin letters. - (line 13969) -* external commands: \write18. (line 15946) -* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 4115) -* fallback jobname: Jobname. (line 16235) + (line 14057) +* external commands: \write18. (line 16033) +* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 4121) +* fallback jobname: Jobname. (line 16322) * families, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1912) -* fancyhdr package: Page styles. (line 11085) -* fancyhdr package <1>: \pagestyle. (line 11226) -* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 5633) -* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 6395) -* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 13781) -* figure counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 13753) -* figure environment: figure. (line 4057) -* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3466) -* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 4861) -* figures, inserting: figure. (line 4057) + (line 1914) +* fancyhdr package: Page styles. (line 11163) +* fancyhdr package <1>: \pagestyle. (line 11306) +* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 5639) +* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 6401) +* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 13869) +* figure counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 13841) +* figure environment: figure. (line 4063) +* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3472) +* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 4867) +* figures, inserting: figure. (line 4063) * file, closing: \openin & \openout. - (line 15584) + (line 15671) * file, opening: \openin & \openout. - (line 15584) -* file, reading: \read. (line 15648) + (line 15671) +* file, reading: \read. (line 15735) * file, root: Splitting the input. - (line 14149) -* file, root <1>: Jobname. (line 16214) -* filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 4115) -* filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 4115) + (line 14237) +* file, root <1>: Jobname. (line 16301) +* filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 4121) +* filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 4121) * filename for current job: Command line options. - (line 16103) + (line 16190) * final option: Document class options. - (line 774) + (line 776) * first-latex-doc document: About this document. - (line 390) -* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 1792) -* flafter package: Floats. (line 2484) + (line 392) +* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 1794) +* flafter package: Floats. (line 2488) * fleqn option: Document class options. - (line 774) -* float package: Floats. (line 2454) -* float page: Floats. (line 2460) + (line 776) +* float package: Floats. (line 2458) +* float page: Floats. (line 2464) * flush left equations: Document class options. - (line 782) + (line 784) * flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage. - (line 6814) -* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 4180) -* flushright environment: flushright. (line 4242) + (line 6820) +* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 4186) +* flushright environment: flushright. (line 4248) * font catalogue: Low-level font commands. - (line 1912) + (line 1914) * font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. - (line 1897) -* font dimension, slant: \/. (line 11788) -* font encoding: fontenc package. (line 1298) + (line 1899) +* font dimension, slant: \/. (line 11869) +* font encoding: fontenc package. (line 1300) * font encoding <1>: \DeclareTextAccent. - (line 1418) + (line 1420) * font encoding, declaring: \DeclareFontEncoding. - (line 1384) + (line 1386) * font size: Low-level font commands. - (line 1992) -* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 1840) -* font styles: Font styles. (line 1701) + (line 1994) +* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 1842) +* font styles: Font styles. (line 1703) * font symbols, by number: Symbols by font position. - (line 13608) -* fontenc: fontenc package. (line 1298) -* fonts: Fonts. (line 1261) -* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 7871) -* fonts, script: Calligraphic. (line 10066) -* fontspec package: fontenc package. (line 1309) -* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 11219) + (line 13688) +* fontenc: fontenc package. (line 1300) +* fonts: Fonts. (line 1263) +* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 7897) +* fonts, script: Calligraphic. (line 10126) +* fontspec package: fontenc package. (line 1311) +* fontspec package <1>: OpenType bold math. + (line 10073) +* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 11299) * footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters. - (line 2182) -* footnote counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3466) -* footnote parameters: \footnote. (line 7007) + (line 2185) +* footnote counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3472) +* footnote parameters: \footnote. (line 7014) * footnote, in a table: Footnotes in a table. - (line 7136) + (line 7143) * footnote, in section headings: Footnotes in section headings. - (line 7117) + (line 7124) * footnote, of a footnote: Footnotes of footnotes. - (line 7206) -* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 4861) -* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6960) -* footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 7035) -* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 6997) -* force option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4140) -* format files, TeX: TeX engines. (line 509) -* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 4037) -* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 8986) -* forward reference: Cross references. (line 3365) -* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 490) -* fraction: \frac. (line 10963) -* fragile commands: \protect. (line 7903) -* frame rule width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12268) -* frame, line width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12268) -* frame, separation from contents: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12273) -* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13647) + (line 7213) +* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 4867) +* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6967) +* footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 7042) +* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 7004) +* force option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 4146) +* format files, TeX: TeX engines. (line 511) +* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 4043) +* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 9012) +* forward reference: Cross references. (line 3371) +* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 492) +* fraction: \frac. (line 11040) +* fragile commands: \protect. (line 7929) +* frame rule width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12348) +* frame, line width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12348) +* frame, separation from contents: \fbox & \framebox. (line 12353) +* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727) * front matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. - (line 3105) -* functions, math: Math functions. (line 10424) + (line 3111) +* functions, math: Math functions. (line 10501) * geometry package: Document class options. - (line 765) + (line 767) * geometry package <1>: Document class options. - (line 769) + (line 771) * global options: Document class options. - (line 731) + (line 733) * global options <1>: Additional packages. - (line 839) -* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 15143) -* glossary: Glossaries. (line 15143) -* glossary, entries: \newglossaryentry. (line 15191) -* glossary, entry reference: \gls. (line 15250) -* glue plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8316) -* glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 7573) -* graphics: Graphics. (line 12778) + (line 841) +* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 15230) +* glossary: Glossaries. (line 15230) +* glossary, entries: \newglossaryentry. (line 15278) +* glossary, entry reference: \gls. (line 15337) +* glue plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8342) +* glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 7599) +* graphics: Graphics. (line 12858) * graphics <1>: Graphics package configuration. - (line 12879) -* graphics <2>: \includegraphics. (line 13075) -* graphics package: Graphics. (line 12778) + (line 12959) +* graphics <2>: \includegraphics. (line 13155) +* graphics package: Graphics. (line 12858) * graphics package <1>: Graphics package configuration. - (line 12879) -* graphics package <2>: \includegraphics. (line 13075) + (line 12959) +* graphics package <2>: \includegraphics. (line 13155) * graphics package commands: Commands for graphics. - (line 13069) + (line 13149) * graphics package options: Graphics package options. - (line 12815) -* graphics packages: \line. (line 5179) -* graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 13458) -* graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13490) -* graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 13458) -* graphics, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13490) -* graphpap package: \graphpaper. (line 5131) -* grave accent: Accents. (line 13870) -* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 10563) -* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 13760) -* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 9115) -* Greek letters: Greek letters. (line 10381) + (line 12895) +* graphics packages: \line. (line 5185) +* graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 13538) +* graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570) +* graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 13538) +* graphics, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570) +* graphpap package: \graphpaper. (line 5137) +* grave accent: Accents. (line 13958) +* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 10640) +* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 13848) +* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 9141) +* Greek letters: Greek letters. (line 10458) * grfext package: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions. - (line 12987) -* group, and environments: Environments. (line 3561) -* group_skip: makeindex. (line 15021) -* hacek accent: Accents. (line 13919) -* Halmos symbol: \rule. (line 14086) -* hard space: ~. (line 11660) -* hat accent: Accents. (line 13866) -* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 10566) -* header style: \pagestyle. (line 11219) + (line 13067) +* group, and environments: Environments. (line 3567) +* group_skip: makeindex. (line 15108) +* hacek accent: Accents. (line 14007) +* Halmos symbol: \rule. (line 14174) +* hard space: ~. (line 11741) +* hat accent: Accents. (line 13954) +* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 10643) +* header style: \pagestyle. (line 11299) * header, parameters for: Page layout parameters. - (line 2182) + (line 2185) * hello, world: Starting and ending. - (line 431) -* here, putting floats: Floats. (line 2454) + (line 433) +* here, putting floats: Floats. (line 2458) * home page for manual: About this document. - (line 360) -* horizontal bar character: Text symbols. (line 13763) + (line 362) +* horizontal bar character: Text symbols. (line 13851) * horizontal paragraph indentation: \parindent & \parskip. - (line 8904) -* horizontal space: \hss. (line 11445) -* horizontal space, stretchable: \hss. (line 11445) + (line 8930) +* horizontal space: \hss. (line 11526) +* horizontal space, stretchable: \hss. (line 11526) * horizontal spacing: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 10768) -* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 13895) -* hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 7087) -* hyperref package <1>: \footnotemark. (line 7096) -* hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 11201) -* hyperref package <3>: \contentsline. (line 14704) + (line 10845) +* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 13983) +* hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 7094) +* hyperref package <1>: \footnotemark. (line 7103) +* hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 11281) +* hyperref package <3>: \contentsline. (line 14791) * hyperref package <4>: Command line input. - (line 16158) -* hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 13774) -* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6732) -* hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. (line 6667) -* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6633) -* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12146) -* háček accent, math: Math accents. (line 10554) + (line 16245) +* hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 13862) +* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6738) +* hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. 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(line 573) + (line 449) +* prerelease testing: TeX engines. (line 575) * prompt, *: Recovering from errors. - (line 16296) -* pronunciation: Overview. (line 423) -* PSTricks package: \line. (line 5179) -* pt: Units of length. (line 8413) + (line 16383) +* pronunciation: Overview. (line 425) +* PSTricks package: \line. (line 5185) +* pt: Units of length. (line 8439) * quad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10696) -* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 13787) -* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 5463) -* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 13647) -* quote environment: quotation & quote. (line 5463) -* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 13802) -* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 13806) + (line 10773) +* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 13875) +* quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 5469) +* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 13727) +* quote environment: quotation & quote. (line 5469) +* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 13890) +* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 13894) * quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote. - (line 5463) + (line 5469) * quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation & quote. - (line 5463) -* radical: \sqrt. (line 10975) -* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 4262) -* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 4242) -* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 4209) -* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 4180) -* read a file: \read. (line 15648) + (line 5469) +* radical: \sqrt. (line 11052) +* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 4268) +* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 4248) +* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 4215) +* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 4186) +* read a file: \read. (line 15735) +* redefining a command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 7234) * redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 7625) -* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 3365) -* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 490) -* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 13809) -* relation, text above: \stackrel. (line 10991) -* release candidates: TeX engines. (line 573) -* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 8936) -* report class: Document classes. (line 701) + (line 7651) +* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 3371) +* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 492) +* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 13897) +* relation, text above: \stackrel. (line 11069) +* release candidates: TeX engines. (line 575) +* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 8962) +* report class: Document classes. (line 703) * reporting bugs: About this document. - (line 378) + (line 380) * reserved characters: Reserved characters. - (line 13525) -* resizing: \scalebox. (line 13458) -* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13490) -* restricted shell access: \write18. (line 15993) -* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13647) -* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 13812) -* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 13706) -* right quote: Text symbols. (line 13672) -* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 13793) -* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 13799) + (line 13605) +* resizing: \scalebox. (line 13538) +* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570) +* restricted shell access: \write18. (line 16080) +* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727) +* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 13900) +* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 13793) +* right quote: Text symbols. (line 13753) +* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 13881) +* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 13887) * right-hand equation numbers: Document class options. - (line 788) -* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 4262) -* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 4242) -* rigid lengths: Lengths. (line 8316) -* ring accent: Accents. (line 13903) -* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 10569) -* robust commands: \protect. (line 7903) -* roman font: Font styles. (line 1780) + (line 790) +* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 4268) +* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 4248) +* rigid lengths: Lengths. (line 8342) +* ring accent: Accents. (line 13991) +* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 10646) +* robust commands: \protect. (line 7929) +* roman font: Font styles. (line 1782) * root file: Splitting the input. - (line 14149) -* root file <1>: Jobname. (line 16214) -* roots: \sqrt. (line 10975) -* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 13390) -* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 13390) -* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 13390) -* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5533) -* rubber lengths: Lengths. (line 8316) -* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 7573) + (line 14237) +* root file <1>: Jobname. (line 16301) +* roots: \sqrt. (line 11052) +* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 13470) +* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 13470) +* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 13470) +* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 5539) +* rubber lengths: Lengths. (line 8342) +* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 7599) * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. - (line 2182) -* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 11219) + (line 2185) +* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 11299) * samepage environment: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 6951) -* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 1786) -* scaled point: Units of length. (line 8440) -* scaling: \scalebox. (line 13458) -* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13490) -* script fonts: Calligraphic. (line 10066) -* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 1774) -* script style: Math styles. (line 10870) -* scriptscript style: Math styles. (line 10873) + (line 6958) +* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 1788) +* scaled point: Units of length. (line 8466) +* scaling: \scalebox. (line 13538) +* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570) +* script fonts: Calligraphic. (line 10126) +* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 1776) +* script style: Math styles. (line 10947) +* scriptscript style: Math styles. (line 10950) * scrollmode: Command line options. - (line 16087) -* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 2695) -* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2696) -* section: Sectioning. (line 2632) -* section <1>: \section. (line 2865) -* section counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3466) -* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 2696) -* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 13676) -* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 3141) -* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 2632) -* sectioning, part: \part. (line 2718) + (line 16174) +* secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 2700) +* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2701) +* section: Sectioning. (line 2636) +* section <1>: \section. (line 2870) +* section counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 3472) +* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 2701) +* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 13757) +* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 3147) +* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 2636) +* sectioning, part: \part. (line 2723) * security and \write: \write and security. - (line 15858) -* see and see also index entries: \index. (line 14904) -* self-contained sources: filecontents. (line 4151) + (line 15945) +* see and see also index entries: \index. (line 14991) +* self-contained sources: filecontents. (line 4157) * series, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1939) + (line 1941) * setspace package: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2388) -* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 8224) -* sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16000) + (line 2392) +* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 8250) +* sh, used by \write18: \write18. (line 16087) * shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1979) + (line 1981) * sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters. - (line 14015) -* shell access: \write18. (line 15946) + (line 14103) +* shell access: \write18. (line 16033) * shell escape: Command line options. - (line 16121) -* SHELL, environment variables: \write18. (line 16000) -* shellesc package: \write18. (line 16011) -* showidx package: Indexes. (line 14815) -* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6360) -* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13647) -* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 13647) -* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 13796) -* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 13669) -* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 13802) -* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 13799) -* siunitx package: minipage. (line 4891) -* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 11696) -* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 1840) -* skip plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8316) -* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 7573) -* slanted font: Font styles. (line 1789) -* slides class: Document classes. (line 701) -* sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6704) -* sloppypar environment <1>: sloppypar. (line 6704) + (line 16208) +* SHELL, environment variables: \write18. (line 16087) +* shellesc package: \write18. (line 16098) +* showidx package: Indexes. (line 14902) +* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6366) +* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 13727) +* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 13727) +* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 13884) +* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 13750) +* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 13890) +* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 13887) +* siunitx package: minipage. (line 4897) +* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 11777) +* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 1842) +* skip plain TeX: Lengths. (line 8342) +* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 7599) +* slanted font: Font styles. (line 1791) +* slides class: Document classes. (line 703) +* sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6710) +* sloppypar environment <1>: sloppypar. (line 6710) * slot, font: \DeclareTextAccent. - (line 1425) -* small caps font: Font styles. (line 1783) -* sort: \newglossaryentry. (line 15240) -* source files, making self-contained: filecontents. (line 4151) -* sp: Units of length. (line 8439) + (line 1427) +* small caps font: Font styles. (line 1785) +* sort: \newglossaryentry. (line 15327) +* source files, making self-contained: filecontents. (line 4157) +* sp: Units of length. (line 8465) * space between lines: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. - (line 2315) -* space, inserting horizontal: \hss. (line 11445) -* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 12089) + (line 2318) +* space, inserting horizontal: \hss. (line 11526) +* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 12170) * space, negative thin: \thinspace & \negthinspace. - (line 11725) + (line 11806) * space, thin: \thinspace & \negthinspace. - (line 11725) -* space, unbreakable: ~. (line 11660) -* space, vertical: \vspace. (line 12009) -* spaces: Spaces. (line 11331) + (line 11806) +* space, unbreakable: ~. (line 11741) +* space, vertical: \vspace. (line 12090) +* spaces: Spaces. (line 11412) * spaces, ignore around commands: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. - (line 7955) -* spaces, ignore around commands <1>: xspace package. (line 8030) + (line 7981) +* spaces, ignore around commands <1>: xspace package. (line 8056) * spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10633) + (line 10710) * spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing. - (line 11575) -* spacing, inter-sentence <1>: \normalsfcodes. (line 11596) + (line 11656) +* spacing, inter-sentence <1>: \normalsfcodes. (line 11677) * spacing, math mode: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 10768) -* spacing, math mode <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10831) -* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 13781) + (line 10845) +* spacing, math mode <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10908) +* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 13869) * special characters: Reserved characters. - (line 13525) + (line 13605) * special characters <1>: Additional Latin letters. - (line 13969) + (line 14057) * special insertions: Special insertions. - (line 13519) -* specifier, float placement: Floats. (line 2433) + (line 13599) +* specifier, float placement: Floats. (line 2437) * splitting the input file: Splitting the input. - (line 14145) -* square root: \sqrt. (line 10975) -* stack math: \stackrel. (line 10991) -* star-variants, commands: \@ifstar. (line 7460) + (line 14233) +* square root: \sqrt. (line 11052) +* stack math: \stackrel. (line 11069) +* star-variants, commands: \@ifstar. (line 7486) * starred form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 7248) -* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6855) + (line 7256) +* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6862) * starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage. - (line 6814) + (line 6820) * starting and ending: Starting and ending. - (line 431) + (line 433) * starting on a right-hand page: \clearpage & \cleardoublepage. - (line 6814) -* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 13665) -* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 13806) -* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 13806) -* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 13802) -* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 11412) -* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 12060) -* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 2171) -* strut: \footnote. (line 7020) -* strut <1>: \strut. (line 11924) -* strut, math: \mathstrut. (line 10831) -* styles of text: Font styles. (line 1701) -* styles, page: Page styles. (line 11079) -* subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 2632) + (line 6820) +* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 13746) +* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 13894) +* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 13894) +* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 13890) +* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 11493) +* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 12141) +* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 2174) +* strut: \footnote. (line 7027) +* strut <1>: \strut. (line 12005) +* strut, math: \mathstrut. (line 10908) +* styles of text: Font styles. (line 1703) +* styles, page: Page styles. (line 11157) +* subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 2636) * subparagraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 3007) -* subparagraph counter: Counters. (line 8091) + (line 3012) +* subparagraph counter: Counters. (line 8117) * subscript: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 9052) -* subsection: Sectioning. (line 2632) -* subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 2943) -* subsection counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 2632) + (line 9078) +* subsection: Sectioning. (line 2636) +* subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 2948) +* subsection counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 2636) * subsubsection <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 3007) -* subsubsection counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* suffix package: \@ifstar. (line 7518) + (line 3012) +* subsubsection counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* suffix package: \@ifstar. (line 7544) * superscript: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 9052) -* symbol: \newglossaryentry. (line 15244) + (line 9078) +* symbol: \newglossaryentry. (line 15331) * symbol, defining: \DeclareTextSymbol. - (line 1593) -* symbols, arrows: Arrows. (line 9959) -* symbols, boldface: \boldmath & \unboldmath. - (line 10000) -* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 9115) -* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 13620) -* system commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 15946) -* system information: \write18. (line 16005) -* T1: fontenc package. (line 1298) -* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 5493) -* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 5493) -* table counter: Counters. (line 8091) -* table environment: table. (line 5642) -* table of contents: \contentsline. (line 14673) + (line 1595) +* symbols, arrows: Arrows. (line 9987) +* symbols, boldface: bm. (line 10058) +* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 9141) +* symbols, text: Text symbols. (line 13700) +* system commands, run from LaTeX: \write18. (line 16033) +* system information: \write18. (line 16092) +* T1: fontenc package. (line 1300) +* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 5499) +* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 5499) +* table counter: Counters. (line 8117) +* table environment: table. (line 5648) +* table of contents: \contentsline. (line 14760) * table of contents entry, create dotted line: \@dottedtocline. - (line 14501) + (line 14588) * table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline. - (line 14536) -* table of contents file: Output files. (line 500) + (line 14623) +* table of contents file: Output files. (line 502) * table of contents, avoiding footnotes: Footnotes in section headings. - (line 7117) + (line 7124) * table of contents, creating: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14377) + (line 14465) * table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning. - (line 2707) + (line 2712) * tablefootnote package: Footnotes in a table. - (line 7183) -* tables, creating: table. (line 5642) -* tabular environment: tabular. (line 5700) -* template (simple), article: article template. (line 16354) -* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 16324) -* template, book: book template. (line 16377) + (line 7190) +* tables, creating: table. (line 5648) +* tabular environment: tabular. (line 5706) +* template (simple), article: article template. (line 16441) +* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 16411) +* template, book: book template. (line 16464) * template, book <1>: Larger book template. - (line 16401) + (line 16488) * templates, document: Document templates. - (line 16317) -* terminal input/output: Input/output. (line 15575) -* terminal, writing to: \write. (line 15781) -* TeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 509) -* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 13679) -* texosquery package: \write18. (line 16005) -* texput, jobname default: Jobname. (line 16235) -* text style: Math styles. (line 10868) -* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 13620) -* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 13458) -* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13490) -* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 13458) -* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13490) + (line 16404) +* terminal input/output: Input/output. (line 15662) +* terminal, writing to: \write. (line 15868) +* TeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 511) +* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 13760) +* texosquery package: \write18. (line 16092) +* texput, jobname default: Jobname. (line 16322) +* text style: Math styles. (line 10945) +* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 13700) +* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 13538) +* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570) +* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 13538) +* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 13570) * textcase package: Upper and lower case. - (line 13591) -* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 13620) -* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11142) -* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 6024) + (line 13671) +* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 13700) +* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11220) +* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 6030) * theindex: Produce the index manually. - (line 14825) + (line 14912) * theindex environment: Produce the index manually. - (line 14828) -* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6291) -* theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 7759) -* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 7759) -* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6291) + (line 14915) +* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6297) +* theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 7785) +* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 7785) +* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6297) * thin space: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10674) + (line 10751) * thin space <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. - (line 11725) + (line 11806) * thin space, negative: Spacing in math mode. - (line 10688) + (line 10765) * thin space, negative <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. - (line 11725) + (line 11806) * thorn, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters. - (line 14019) -* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13815) -* tie: ~. (line 11660) -* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 13909) -* TikZ package: \line. (line 5179) -* TikZ package <1>: \strut. (line 11980) -* TikZ package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12213) -* tikz-cd package: Arrows. (line 9994) -* tilde accent: Accents. (line 13874) -* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 10572) -* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 13685) + (line 14107) +* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13903) +* tie: ~. (line 11741) +* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 13997) +* TikZ package: \line. (line 5185) +* TikZ package <1>: \strut. (line 12061) +* TikZ package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 12294) +* tikz-cd package: Arrows. (line 10022) +* tilde accent: Accents. (line 13962) +* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 10649) +* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 13766) * title page, separate or run-in: Document class options. - (line 796) -* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6321) -* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11149) -* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6321) + (line 798) +* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6327) +* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 11227) +* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6327) * titlepage option: Document class options. - (line 774) -* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 11091) -* titlesec package: Sectioning. (line 2686) -* titlesec package <1>: \part. (line 2766) -* titlesec package <2>: \chapter. (line 2845) -* titlesec package <3>: \section. (line 2923) -* titlesec package <4>: \subsection. (line 2989) + (line 776) +* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 11169) +* titlesec package: Sectioning. (line 2690) +* titlesec package <1>: \part. (line 2771) +* titlesec package <2>: \chapter. (line 2850) +* titlesec package <3>: \section. (line 2928) +* titlesec package <4>: \subsection. (line 2994) * titlesec package <5>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 3064) + (line 3069) * tocbibbind package: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14481) -* tocdepth: Sectioning. (line 2706) -* tocdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2707) + (line 14569) +* tocdepth: Sectioning. (line 2711) +* tocdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 2712) * tocloft package: Table of contents etc.. - (line 14481) -* tocloft package <1>: \contentsline. (line 14701) -* today's date: \today. (line 14114) -* tombstone: \rule. (line 14086) + (line 14569) +* tocloft package <1>: \contentsline. (line 14788) +* today’s date: \today. (line 14202) +* tombstone: \rule. (line 14174) * topmargin: Page layout parameters. - (line 2301) -* topnumber: Floats. (line 2540) -* topnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2541) -* totalnumber: Floats. (line 2544) -* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2545) -* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 13818) -* transcript file: Output files. (line 485) -* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 509) -* TS1 encoding: Text symbols. (line 13620) -* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 2043) -* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13821) + (line 2304) +* topnumber: Floats. (line 2544) +* topnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2545) +* totalnumber: Floats. (line 2548) +* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 2549) +* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 13906) +* transcript file: Output files. (line 487) +* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 511) +* TS1 encoding: Text symbols. (line 13700) +* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 2045) +* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 13909) * twocolumn option: Document class options. - (line 803) + (line 805) * twoside option: Document class options. - (line 803) -* type styles: Font styles. (line 1701) -* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6360) -* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 1840) -* typefaces: Fonts. (line 1261) -* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 1792) -* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 3808) + (line 805) +* type styles: Font styles. (line 1703) +* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6366) +* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 1842) +* typefaces: Fonts. (line 1263) +* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 1794) +* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 3814) * ulem package: Over- and Underlining. - (line 10598) -* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 13851) -* unbreakable space: ~. (line 11660) -* underbar: Accents. (line 13879) + (line 10675) +* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 13939) +* unbreakable space: ~. (line 11741) +* underbar: Accents. (line 13967) * underlining: Over- and Underlining. - (line 10589) -* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 13824) -* Unicode: inputenc package. (line 14035) -* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 509) -* unicode-math package: Greek letters. (line 10412) -* units, of length: Units of length. (line 8410) + (line 10666) +* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 13912) +* Unicode: inputenc package. (line 14123) +* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 511) +* unicode-math package: OpenType bold math. + (line 10087) +* unicode-math package <1>: Dots. (line 10440) +* unicode-math package <2>: Greek letters. (line 10489) +* units, of length: Units of length. (line 8436) * unofficial nature of this manual: About this document. - (line 374) -* unordered lists: itemize. (line 4289) -* uplatex: TeX engines. (line 558) -* uplatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 571) + (line 376) +* unordered lists: itemize. (line 4295) +* uplatex: TeX engines. (line 560) +* uplatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 573) * uppercase: Upper and lower case. - (line 13555) -* url package: \verb. (line 6436) -* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6202) -* UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding: Overview. (line 408) -* UTF-8, engine support for: TeX engines. (line 509) -* UTF-8, font support for: fontenc package. (line 1298) -* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 8082) -* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 10575) -* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6360) -* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6360) -* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6403) -* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 6395) -* verse environment: verse. (line 6454) -* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 13697) -* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 13694) -* vertical mode: Modes. (line 11031) -* vertical space: \vspace. (line 12009) -* vertical space <1>: \addvspace. (line 12089) + (line 13635) +* url package: \verb. (line 6442) +* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6208) +* UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding: Overview. (line 410) +* UTF-8, engine support for: TeX engines. (line 511) +* UTF-8, font support for: fontenc package. (line 1300) +* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 8108) +* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 10652) +* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6366) +* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6366) +* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6409) +* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 6401) +* verse environment: verse. (line 6460) +* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 13783) +* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 13780) +* vertical mode: Modes. (line 11109) +* vertical space: \vspace. (line 12090) +* vertical space <1>: \addvspace. (line 12170) * vertical space before paragraphs: \parindent & \parskip. - (line 8904) + (line 8930) * vertical spacing: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 10768) -* vertical spacing <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10831) -* vertical spacing, math mode: \smash. (line 10708) -* visible space: \verb. (line 6428) -* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 13827) + (line 10845) +* vertical spacing <1>: \mathstrut. (line 10908) +* vertical spacing, math mode: \smash. (line 10785) +* visible space: \verb. (line 6434) +* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 13915) * weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1949) -* whatsit item: \write. (line 15816) -* white space: Spaces. (line 11331) -* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 10578) -* wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 10581) + (line 1951) +* whatsit item: \write. (line 15903) +* white space: Spaces. (line 11412) +* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 10655) +* wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 10658) * widths, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 1961) + (line 1963) * Wright, Joseph: Upper and lower case. - (line 13597) -* writing external files: filecontents. (line 4115) -* writing letters: Letters. (line 15280) -* x-height: Units of length. (line 8446) -* xdvi command: Output files. (line 467) -* xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 545) -* xelatex: TeX engines. (line 544) -* xelatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 572) -* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 545) -* xindex program: makeindex. (line 15122) -* xindy program: makeindex. (line 15115) + (line 13677) +* writing external files: filecontents. (line 4121) +* writing letters: Letters. (line 15367) +* x-height: Units of length. (line 8472) +* xdvi command: Output files. (line 469) +* xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 547) +* xelatex: TeX engines. (line 546) +* xelatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 574) +* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 547) +* xindex program: makeindex. (line 15209) +* xindy program: makeindex. (line 15202) * xparse package: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 624) -* xparse package <1>: \@ifstar. (line 7518) -* xr package: xr package. (line 3495) -* xr-hyper package: xr package. (line 3495) -* xspace package: xspace package. (line 8030) -* xstring package: Jobname. (line 16261) + (line 626) +* xparse package <1>: \@ifstar. (line 7544) +* xr package: xr package. (line 3501) +* xr-hyper package: xr package. (line 3501) +* xspace package: xspace package. (line 8056) +* xstring package: Jobname. (line 16348) diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml index 5081bda02d0..47453529895 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml @@ -1,25 +1,28 @@ <?xml version="1.0"?> -<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V6.8//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/6.8/texinfo.dtd"> -<texinfo xml:lang="en"> +<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V7.0//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/7.0/texinfo.dtd"> +<texinfo> <filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename> -<preamble>\input texinfo -</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 1079 2022-01-26 18:15:20Z karl $ --> +<preamblebeforebeginning>\input texinfo +</preamblebeforebeginning><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 1141 2023-01-10 23:19:31Z karl $ --> <!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename> -<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED January 2022">January 2022</set> -<!-- c $Id: common.texi 1031 2021-09-01 17:02:05Z vincentb1 $ --> +<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED January 2023">January 2023</set> +<!-- c $Id: common.texi 1089 2022-08-12 20:30:20Z vincentb1 $ --> <!-- c Public domain. --> <set name="LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE" line=" LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</set> <set name="LTXREFMAN_BUGS" line=" LTXREFMAN_BUGS latexrefman@@tug.org">latexrefman@@tug.org</set> <clear name="HAS-MATH" line=" HAS-MATH "></clear> -<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}"><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>\else\@c +<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>\else\@c </macro> -<macro name="package" line=" package {packagename}"><formalarg>packagename</formalarg>@code{\packagename\} +<macro name="package" line=" package {packagename}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>packagename</formalarg>@code{\packagename\} +</macro> +<!-- c used to remove something form the spell checker --> +<macro name="identity" line=" identity {x}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>x</formalarg>\x\ </macro> <tex endspaces=" "> </tex> -<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)</settitle> +<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</settitle> <!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> @@ -32,9 +35,11 @@ <!-- c xx merge permuted-index --> <!-- c xx merge latex-manual from savannah --> <!-- c xx merge display style math --> +<!-- c xx systematically check stated math atom type vs. fontdef.dtx etc. --> <!-- c xx check recent ltnews for (lots of) changes --> <!-- c xx \write of non-ASCII chars (vincent mail of 14 Mar 2020 21:39:41) --> <!-- c xx \nonstopmode etc., if they are officially supported by LaTeX? --> +<!-- c xx LaTeX defines \do at \begin{document} even though it is not documented --> <!-- c xx JH explain nfss somewhere --> <!-- c xx JH expand BiBTeX --> <!-- c xx JH expand theorem, AMS math --> @@ -52,7 +57,7 @@ <copying endspaces=" "> <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of January 2022. +document preparation system, version of January 2023. </para> <para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -78,7 +83,7 @@ Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. </para> -<ignore> +<ignore endspaces=" "> Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph @@ -96,7 +101,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. </para></copying> <!-- c Merge into one index (arbitrarily chosen to be the concept index). --> -<syncodeindex from="fn" to="cp" line="fn cp"></syncodeindex> +<syncodeindex spaces=" " from="fn" to="cp" line="fn cp"></syncodeindex> <dircategory spaces=" ">TeX</dircategory> <direntry endspaces=" "> @@ -106,12 +111,14 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <tex endspaces=" "> </tex> +<microtype spaces=" " value="on" line="on"></microtype> + <html endspaces=" "> </html> <titlepage endspaces=" "> <title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title> -<subtitle spaces=" ">January 2022</subtitle> +<subtitle spaces=" ">January 2023</subtitle> <author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>https://latexref.xyz</urefurl></url></author> <page></page> <vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip> @@ -122,17 +129,17 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <contents></contents> <!-- c Best Effort Symbol --> -<macro name="visiblespace" line=" visiblespace">@w{ } +<macro name="visiblespace" line=" visiblespace" endspaces=" ">@w{ } </macro> -<macro name="BES" line=" BES {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\} +<macro name="BES" line=" BES {utf8,math}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\} </macro> -<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\} +<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\} </macro> -<macro name="EnvIndex" line=" EnvIndex {env}"><formalarg>env</formalarg>@findex @r{environment}, @code{\env\} +<macro name="EnvIndex" line=" EnvIndex {env}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>env</formalarg>@findex @r{environment}, @code{\env\} @findex @code{\env\} @r{environment} </macro> -<macro name="PkgIndex" line=" PkgIndex {pkg}"><formalarg>pkg</formalarg>@cindex @r{package}, @code{\pkg\} +<macro name="PkgIndex" line=" PkgIndex {pkg}" endspaces=" "><formalarg>pkg</formalarg>@cindex @r{package}, @code{\pkg\} @cindex @code{\pkg\} @r{package} </macro> @@ -145,7 +152,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle> <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of -January 2022) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. +January 2023) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc. @@ -538,8 +545,8 @@ before being released. <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">command syntax</indexterm></cindex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35" mergedindex="cp">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36" mergedindex="cp">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37" mergedindex="cp">{...} <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36" mergedindex="cp">[...] <r>(for optional arguments)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37" mergedindex="cp">{...} <r>(for required arguments)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a backslash character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. @@ -955,8 +962,8 @@ others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package structure</sectiontitle> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">class and package structure</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">class file layout</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">package file layout</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">class file layout</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">package file layout</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">options, document class</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">options, package</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">class options</indexterm></cindex> @@ -1033,7 +1040,7 @@ of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfClass</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfPackage</indexterm></findex> <para>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when &latex; finishes @@ -1042,10 +1049,10 @@ multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you called it. See also <ref label="_005cAtBeginDocument"><xrefnodename>\AtBeginDocument</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand*</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">new command, check</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">new command, checking</indexterm></cindex> <para>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) but does not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of <var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not @@ -1058,15 +1065,15 @@ redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already redefined this command. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassError{<var>class name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageError{<var>package name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarning{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarning{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarningNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarningNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfo{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarning{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassWarningNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfo{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageError{<var>package name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarning{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageWarningNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78" mergedindex="cp">\ClassError</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79" mergedindex="cp">\PackageError</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarning</indexterm></findex> @@ -1103,7 +1110,7 @@ be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption*</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">class options</indexterm></cindex> @@ -1143,7 +1150,7 @@ passes the option to the <code>article</code> class. </pre></example> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>} </itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item><itemformat command="code">* \DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand*</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">new command, definition</indexterm></cindex> @@ -1183,9 +1190,8 @@ commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine <code>\renew&dots;</code> or <code>\provide&dots;</code> or you get an error. </para></listitem></enumerate> - </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\InputIfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\InputIfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93" mergedindex="cp">\IfFileExists</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94" mergedindex="cp">\InputIfFileExists</indexterm></findex> <para>Execute <var>true code</var> if &latex; finds the file <file><var>file @@ -1210,7 +1216,7 @@ appending the <code>.tex</code>; for more on how &latex; handles file extensions see <ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClass</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClassWithOptions</indexterm></findex> <para>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options @@ -1285,7 +1291,7 @@ within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or <!-- c reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. --> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToClass</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToPackage</indexterm></findex> <para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the @@ -1327,7 +1333,7 @@ option. The user could start their &latex; file with <code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions*<var>\&arobase;options</var></itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions*<var>\&arobase;options</var></itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions*</indexterm></findex> <para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it @@ -1370,9 +1376,9 @@ the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means that the global options are processed first. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesClass</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesPackage</indexterm></findex> <para>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and @@ -1416,7 +1422,7 @@ file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config <samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackageWithOptions</indexterm></findex> <para>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (<pxref label="Additional-packages"><xrefnodename>Additional @@ -1755,9 +1761,10 @@ definition for that accent then &latex; will use the definition from <node name="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></sectiontitle> +<anchor name="_005cDeclareTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cProvideTextCommand">\ProvideTextCommand</anchor> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommand</indexterm></findex> <findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommand</indexterm></findex> - <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -1822,10 +1829,10 @@ take an optional argument. <node name="_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextComposite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> & <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommand</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommand</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1869,7 +1876,7 @@ that other packages can improve upon. <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></sectiontitle> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextComposite</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextComposite</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1903,7 +1910,7 @@ the <code>\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2&rbrace <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></sectiontitle> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1931,7 +1938,7 @@ or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></sectiontitle> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">symbol, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1970,8 +1977,8 @@ redefinition in the transcript file. <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></sectiontitle> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="124" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="125" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2007,7 +2014,7 @@ default for any zero-argument <file>fontenc</file> command. <node name="_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" spaces=" "><nodename>\LastDeclaredEncoding</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="126" mergedindex="cp">\LastDeclaredEncoding</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="124" mergedindex="cp">\LastDeclaredEncoding</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2032,8 +2039,10 @@ name of the encoding explicitly. <node name="_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\LastDeclaredEncoding</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> & <code>\UseTextAccent</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="127" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextSymbol</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextAccent</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cUseTextSymbol">\UseTextSymbol</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextAccent</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="125" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextSymbol</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="126" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextAccent</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2111,8 +2120,10 @@ describe further at the end of the section. you can get bold sans serif by saying either of <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129" mergedindex="cp">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="130" mergedindex="cp">\nocorr</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cnocorrlist">\nocorrlist</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cnocorr">\nocorr</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="127" mergedindex="cp">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128" mergedindex="cp">\nocorr</indexterm></findex> <para>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic corrections if needed (<pxref label="_005c_002f"><xrefnodename>\/</xrefnodename></pxref>). Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following character is in the list @@ -2123,61 +2134,61 @@ To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131" mergedindex="cp">\textrm</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132" mergedindex="cp">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129" mergedindex="cp">\textrm</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="130" mergedindex="cp">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Roman. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textit (\itshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133" mergedindex="cp">\textit</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134" mergedindex="cp">\itshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131" mergedindex="cp">\textit</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132" mergedindex="cp">\itshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Italics. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135" mergedindex="cp">\textmd</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136" mergedindex="cp">\mdseries</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133" mergedindex="cp">\textmd</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134" mergedindex="cp">\mdseries</indexterm></findex> <para>Medium weight (default). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137" mergedindex="cp">\textbf</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138" mergedindex="cp">\bfseries</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135" mergedindex="cp">\textbf</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136" mergedindex="cp">\bfseries</indexterm></findex> <para>Boldface. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textup (\upshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139" mergedindex="cp">\textup</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140" mergedindex="cp">\upshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137" mergedindex="cp">\textup</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138" mergedindex="cp">\upshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Upright (default). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsl (\slshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141" mergedindex="cp">\textsl</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142" mergedindex="cp">\slshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139" mergedindex="cp">\textsl</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140" mergedindex="cp">\slshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Slanted. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143" mergedindex="cp">\textsf</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144" mergedindex="cp">\sffamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141" mergedindex="cp">\textsf</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142" mergedindex="cp">\sffamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Sans serif. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsc (\scshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145" mergedindex="cp">\textsc</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146" mergedindex="cp">\scshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143" mergedindex="cp">\textsc</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144" mergedindex="cp">\scshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Small caps. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147" mergedindex="cp">\texttt</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148" mergedindex="cp">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145" mergedindex="cp">\texttt</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146" mergedindex="cp">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Typewriter. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149" mergedindex="cp">\textnormal</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150" mergedindex="cp">\normalfont</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147" mergedindex="cp">\textnormal</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148" mergedindex="cp">\normalfont</indexterm></findex> <para>Main document font. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">emphasis</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151" mergedindex="cp">\emph</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149" mergedindex="cp">\emph</indexterm></findex> <para>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph{<var>text</var>}</code> command -is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a +is semantic, for <var>text</var> to be emphasized, and should not be used as a substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph{<var>start text</var> \emph{<var>middle text</var>} <var>end text</var>}</code> will result in the <var>start text</var> and <var>end text</var> in italics, but <var>middle text</var> @@ -2194,37 +2205,37 @@ circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is needed.) </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="152" mergedindex="cp">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="150" mergedindex="cp">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">bold font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Switch to bold face. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="153" mergedindex="cp">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="151" mergedindex="cp">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="154" mergedindex="cp">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="152" mergedindex="cp">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">italic font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Italics. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="155" mergedindex="cp">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="153" mergedindex="cp">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">roman font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Roman. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="156" mergedindex="cp">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="154" mergedindex="cp">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">small caps font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Small caps. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="157" mergedindex="cp">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="155" mergedindex="cp">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Sans serif. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="158" mergedindex="cp">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="156" mergedindex="cp">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">slanted font</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">oblique font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Slanted (oblique). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="159" mergedindex="cp">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="157" mergedindex="cp">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">monospace font</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex> @@ -2242,19 +2253,19 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160" mergedindex="cp">\mathrm</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158" mergedindex="cp">\mathrm</indexterm></findex> <para>Roman, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathbf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161" mergedindex="cp">\mathbf</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159" mergedindex="cp">\mathbf</indexterm></findex> <para>Boldface, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathsf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162" mergedindex="cp">\mathsf</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160" mergedindex="cp">\mathsf</indexterm></findex> <para>Sans serif, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathtt</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163" mergedindex="cp">\mathtt</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161" mergedindex="cp">\mathtt</indexterm></findex> <para>Typewriter, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathit</itemformat></item> @@ -2262,23 +2273,25 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment. </tableterm><tableitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathnormal</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164" mergedindex="cp">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162" mergedindex="cp">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex> <para>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathcal</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165" mergedindex="cp">\mathcal</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163" mergedindex="cp">\mathcal</indexterm></findex> <para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166" mergedindex="cp">\mathversion</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cmathversion">\mathversion</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164" mergedindex="cp">\mathversion</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">math, bold</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">bold math</indexterm></cindex> <para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167" mergedindex="cp">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005coldstylenums">\oldstylenums</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165" mergedindex="cp">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex> @@ -2307,39 +2320,39 @@ size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168" mergedindex="cp">\tiny</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169" mergedindex="cp">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171" mergedindex="cp">\small</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172" mergedindex="cp">\normalsize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173" mergedindex="cp">\large</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174" mergedindex="cp">\Large</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175" mergedindex="cp">\LARGE</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176" mergedindex="cp">\huge</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177" mergedindex="cp">\Huge</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166" mergedindex="cp">\tiny</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167" mergedindex="cp">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169" mergedindex="cp">\small</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170" mergedindex="cp">\normalsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171" mergedindex="cp">\large</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172" mergedindex="cp">\Large</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173" mergedindex="cp">\LARGE</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174" mergedindex="cp">\huge</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175" mergedindex="cp">\Huge</indexterm></findex> <multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype></columnprototypes> -<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>12pt</code> -</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\tiny</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>5 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>6 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>6 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\scriptsize</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>7 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>8 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>8 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\footnotesize</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>8 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>9 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>10 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\small</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>9 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>10 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>10.95 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\normalsize</code> (default) -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>10 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>10.95 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>12 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\large</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>12 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>12 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>14.4 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\Large</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>14.4 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>14.4 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>17.28 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\LARGE</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>17.28 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>17.28 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>20.74 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\huge</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>20.74 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>20.74 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>\Huge</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88 +<thead><row><entry command="headitem"> <para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>12pt</code> +</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\tiny</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>5 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>6 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>6 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\scriptsize</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>7 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>8 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>8 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\footnotesize</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>8 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>9 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>10 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\small</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>9 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>10 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>10.95 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\normalsize</code> (default) +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>10 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>10.95 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>12 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\large</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>12 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>12 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>14.4 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\Large</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>14.4 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>14.4 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>17.28 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\LARGE</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>17.28 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>17.28 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>20.74 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\huge</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>20.74 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>20.74 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>24.88 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>\Huge</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>24.88 </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">declaration form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex> @@ -2401,7 +2414,7 @@ ones. <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem><anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding">low level font commands fontencoding</anchor> </beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178" mergedindex="cp">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176" mergedindex="cp">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex> <para>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>, Knuth&textrsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and @@ -2413,7 +2426,7 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see </para> <anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily">low level font commands fontfamily</anchor> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179" mergedindex="cp">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177" mergedindex="cp">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex> <para>Select the font family. The web page @@ -2422,92 +2435,92 @@ through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are examples of some common families. </para> <multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">font</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Computer Modern Typewriter more space</columnprototype></columnprototypes> -<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pag</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Avant Garde -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>fvs</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bitstream Vera Sans -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pbk</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bookman -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>bch</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Charter -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ccr</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Computer Concrete -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>cmr</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Computer Modern -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>cmss</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Computer Modern Sans Serif -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>cmtt</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Computer Modern Typewriter -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pcr</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Courier -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>phv</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Helvetica -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>fi4</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Inconsolata -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>lmr</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Latin Modern -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>lmss</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Latin Modern Sans -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>lmtt</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Latin Modern Typewriter -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pnc</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>New Century Schoolbook -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ppl</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Palatino -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ptm</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Times -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>uncl</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Uncial -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>put</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Utopia -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>pzc</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Zapf Chancery +<tbody><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>pag</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Avant Garde +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>fvs</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Bitstream Vera Sans +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>pbk</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Bookman +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>bch</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Charter +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ccr</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Computer Concrete +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>cmr</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Computer Modern +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>cmss</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Computer Modern Sans Serif +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>cmtt</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Computer Modern Typewriter +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>pcr</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Courier +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>phv</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Helvetica +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>fi4</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Inconsolata +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>lmr</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Latin Modern +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>lmss</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Latin Modern Sans +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>lmtt</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Latin Modern Typewriter +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>pnc</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>New Century Schoolbook +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ppl</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Palatino +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ptm</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Times +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>uncl</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Uncial +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>put</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Utopia +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>pzc</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Zapf Chancery </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> <anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontseries">low level font commands fontseries</anchor> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180" mergedindex="cp">\fontseries</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178" mergedindex="cp">\fontseries</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> <para>Select the font series. A <dfn>series</dfn> combines a <dfn>weight</dfn> and a <dfn>width</dfn>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: </para> <multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Medium (normal)xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes> -<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>m</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Medium (normal) -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>b</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>c</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Condensed -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>bc</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold condensed -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>bx</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold extended +<tbody><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>m</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Medium (normal) +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>b</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Bold +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>c</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Condensed +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>bc</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Bold condensed +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>bx</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Bold extended </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> <para>The possible values for weight, individually, are: </para> <multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Medium (normal) xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes> -<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ul</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra light -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>el</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Extra light -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>l</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Light -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sl</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Semi light -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>m</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Medium (normal) -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sb</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Semi bold -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>b</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>eb</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Extra bold -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ub</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra bold +<tbody><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ul</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Ultra light +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>el</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Extra light +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>l</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Light +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>sl</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Semi light +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>m</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Medium (normal) +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>sb</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Semi bold +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>b</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Bold +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>eb</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Extra bold +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ub</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Ultra bold </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> @@ -2515,24 +2528,24 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include: relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): </para> <multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Ultra condensed</columnprototype></columnprototypes> -<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>uc</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra condensed -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ec</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Extra condensed -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>c</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Condensed -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sc</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Semi condensed -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>m</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Medium -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sx</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Semi expanded -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>x</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Expanded -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ex</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Extra expanded -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ux</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra expanded +<tbody><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>uc</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Ultra condensed +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ec</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Extra condensed +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>c</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Condensed +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>sc</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Semi condensed +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>m</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Medium +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>sx</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Semi expanded +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>x</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Expanded +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ex</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Extra expanded +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ux</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Ultra expanded </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> <para>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the @@ -2542,23 +2555,23 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one </para> <anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontshape">low level font commands fontshape</anchor> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181" mergedindex="cp">\fontshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179" mergedindex="cp">\fontshape</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex> <para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: </para> <multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Slanted (oblique)xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes> -<tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>n</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Upright (normal) -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>it</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Italic -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sl</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Slanted (oblique) -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>sc</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Small caps -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ui</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Upright italics -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para><code>ol</code> -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Outline +<tbody><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>n</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Upright (normal) +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>it</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Italic +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>sl</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Slanted (oblique) +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>sc</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Small caps +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ui</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Upright italics +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><code>ol</code> +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Outline </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> <para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and @@ -2566,9 +2579,9 @@ small caps are often missing as well. </para> <anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</anchor> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182" mergedindex="cp">\fontsize</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180" mergedindex="cp">\fontsize</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">font size</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex> <para>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the @@ -2580,7 +2593,7 @@ reset every time a size change happens; instead use </para> <anchor name="low-level-font-commands-linespread">low level font commands linespread</anchor> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex> <para>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble. <xref label="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><xrefnodename>\baselineskip & @@ -2588,7 +2601,7 @@ effect. Best specified in the preamble. <xref label="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_00 </para> <anchor name="low-level-font-commands-selectfont">low level font commands selectfont</anchor> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\selectfont</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="185" mergedindex="cp">\selectfont</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183" mergedindex="cp">\selectfont</indexterm></findex> <para>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until <code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in <code>\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful @@ -2598,7 +2611,7 @@ to put this in a macro:&linebreak; </para> <anchor name="low-level-font-commands-usefont">low level font commands usefont</anchor> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186" mergedindex="cp">\usefont</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184" mergedindex="cp">\usefont</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, <code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example: @@ -2633,7 +2646,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example: <node name="_005conecolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\onecolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="187" mergedindex="cp">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="185" mergedindex="cp">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">one-column output</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2652,7 +2665,7 @@ behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class opt <node name="_005ctwocolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\twocolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\onecolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188" mergedindex="cp">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186" mergedindex="cp">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">two-column output</indexterm></cindex> @@ -2675,14 +2688,14 @@ typesetting starts. <para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnsep">twocolumn columnsep</anchor> <para>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code>. You must change it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good place. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="188" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnseprule">twocolumn columnseprule</anchor> <para>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two @@ -2690,7 +2703,7 @@ columns. Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column mode starts. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnwidth">twocolumn columnwidth</anchor> <para>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the @@ -2707,7 +2720,7 @@ The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltopfraction">twocolumn dbltopfraction</anchor> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not @@ -2732,13 +2745,13 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon. <para>You can redefine it, as with <code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction">twocolumn dblfloatpagefraction</anchor> <para>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space. &latex;&textrsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dblfloatsep">twocolumn dblfloatsep</anchor> <para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is @@ -2746,13 +2759,13 @@ between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is <code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at <code>12pt</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="195" mergedindex="cp">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193" mergedindex="cp">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep">twocolumn dbltextfloatsep</anchor> <para>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="196" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltopnumber">twocolumn dbltopnumber</anchor> <para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The &latex; @@ -2789,9 +2802,9 @@ Two column text here. <node name="_005cflushbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\flushbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\flushbottom</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197" mergedindex="cp">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="195" mergedindex="cp">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex> -<para>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same +<para>Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the differences in facing pages can be glaring. @@ -2807,22 +2820,23 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages (<pxref label="_005cenlargethispage"><xrefnodename>\enlargethispage</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> <para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the -<code>twoside</code> document class option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<code>twocolumn</code> document class option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>), +and for indexes made using <code>makeidx</code>. </para> </section> <node name="_005craggedbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198" mergedindex="cp">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="196" mergedindex="cp">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex> <para>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go -at any point in the document body. See <ref label="_005cflushbottom"><xrefnodename>\flushbottom</xrefnodename></ref>. +at any point in the document body. <xref label="_005cflushbottom"><xrefnodename>\flushbottom</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> -<para>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class +<para>This is the default unless you select the <code>twocolumn</code> document class option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> @@ -2838,12 +2852,12 @@ option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class optio <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="200" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="201" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="197" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="198" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="200" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="201" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnsep">page layout parameters columnsep</anchor> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule">page layout parameters columnseprule</anchor> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth">page layout parameters columnwidth</anchor> @@ -2852,15 +2866,15 @@ columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option <code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). <xref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="203" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-headheight">page layout parameters headheight</anchor> <para>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the <code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is <samp>12pt</samp>, at all type sizes. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-headsep">page layout parameters headsep</anchor> <para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> @@ -2868,8 +2882,8 @@ classes is <samp>25pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if document is set at 10pt then it is <samp>0.25in</samp>, and at 11pt or 12pt it is <samp>0.275in</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="209" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-footskip">page layout parameters footskip</anchor> <para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code> @@ -2877,8 +2891,8 @@ classes is <samp>30pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: wh the type size is 10pt the default is <samp>0.35in</samp>, while at 11pt it is <samp>0.38in</samp>, and at 12pt it is <samp>30pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="211" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="209" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-linewidth">page layout parameters linewidth</anchor> <para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code> (<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to @@ -2889,12 +2903,12 @@ is decreased by the sum of that list&textrsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and <!-- c etc. For an @code{article} document set in 10pt, the default is --> <!-- c @samp{345pt}, while in two-column mode that becomes @samp{229.5pt}. --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="213" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="214" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="215" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="211" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="212" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="213" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</anchor> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginsep">page layout parameters marginsep</anchor> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth">page layout parameters marginparwidth</anchor> @@ -2922,10 +2936,10 @@ classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth − \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that distance. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="219" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="220" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="217" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="218" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="220" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin">page layout parameters oddsidemargin</anchor> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin">page layout parameters evensidemargin</anchor> <!-- c xx TODO re-align on French version that is more complete/accurate. --> @@ -2940,24 +2954,24 @@ even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and <code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="221" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-paperheight">page layout parameters paperheight</anchor> <para>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area. Normally set with a document class option, as in <code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="225" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth">page layout parameters paperwidth</anchor> <para>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area. Normally set with a document class option, as in <code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="227" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="225" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-textheight">page layout parameters textheight</anchor> <para>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> @@ -2966,8 +2980,8 @@ the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is <samp>38\baselineskip</samp> for all document classes. At 12pt it is <samp>36\baselineskip</samp> for all classes. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="229" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="227" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-textwidth">page layout parameters textwidth</anchor> <para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is <samp>345pt</samp> @@ -2988,15 +3002,15 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists. specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the <code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="231" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm>\hsize</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="229" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm>\hsize</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-hsize">page layout parameters hsize</anchor> <para>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex; primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal &latex; documents. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="233" mergedindex="cp">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234" mergedindex="cp">topmargin</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="231" mergedindex="cp">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232" mergedindex="cp">topmargin</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-topmargin">page layout parameters topmargin</anchor> <!-- c xxx TODO re-align on French version that is more accurate. --> <para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the @@ -3005,8 +3019,8 @@ based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight − 2in − \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, and then divided by two. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="235" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="233" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="page-layout-parameters-topskip">page layout parameters topskip</anchor> <para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the @@ -3019,9 +3033,11 @@ same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at a type size of 10pt. <node name="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" spaces=" "><nodename>\baselineskip & \baselinestretch</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Floats</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\baselineskip</code> & <code>\baselinestretch</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238" mergedindex="cp">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cbaselineskip">\baselineskip</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cbaselinestretch">\baselinestretch</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236" mergedindex="cp">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">space between lines</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">interline space</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">leading</indexterm></cindex> @@ -3070,9 +3086,9 @@ baseline spacing matching that size. {\footnotesize $$a+b = c$$} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240" mergedindex="cp">\lineskip</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241" mergedindex="cp">\lineskiplimit</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242" mergedindex="cp">\prevdepth</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238" mergedindex="cp">\lineskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239" mergedindex="cp">\lineskiplimit</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240" mergedindex="cp">\prevdepth</indexterm></findex> <para>The process for making paragraphs is that when a new line is added, if the depth of the previous line plus the height of the new line is less than <code>\baselineskip</code> then &tex; inserts vertical glue to make up @@ -3091,24 +3107,25 @@ paragraph start. between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than zero) then the lines jump to 1<dmn>pt</dmn> apart. </para> -<para>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double -space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline -distance is via <code>\baselinestretch</code>. It scales -<code>\baselineskip</code>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command, -not a length, so change the scale factor as in +<para>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in +double space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the +interline distance is via <code>\baselinestretch</code>. It scales +<code>\baselineskip</code>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a +command, not a length, and does not take effect until a font change +happens, so set the scale factor like this: <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont</code>. </para> <para>The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire document is to put <code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code> in the preamble. For double spacing, take <var>factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half -spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the +spacing use 1.3. These numbers are rough: for instance, since the <code>\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The <code>\linespread</code> command is defined as -<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code> so it won&textrsquo;t -take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at -the start of a document, so there you don&textrsquo;t need to follow it with -<code>\selectfont</code>.) +<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code> so it also +won&textrsquo;t take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes +place at the start of a document, so there you don&textrsquo;t need to follow it +with <code>\selectfont</code>.) </para> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> @@ -3234,7 +3251,7 @@ the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using the <code>flafter</code> package or using the command -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243" mergedindex="cp">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241" mergedindex="cp">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex> <code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on this page to moved to the next page. </para> @@ -3243,27 +3260,27 @@ non-float text (change them with <code>\renewcommand{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>): </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="244" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="242" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-bottomfraction">floats bottomfraction</anchor> <para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="246" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="244" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-floatpagefraction">floats floatpagefraction</anchor> <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; default <samp>.5</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="248" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="246" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-textfraction">floats textfraction</anchor> <para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="250" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="248" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-topfraction">floats topfraction</anchor> <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default <samp>.7</samp>. @@ -3274,21 +3291,21 @@ command of the form <code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{ expression</var>}</code>): </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="252" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="250" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-floatsep">floats floatsep</anchor> <para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="254" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="252" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-intextsep">floats intextsep</anchor> <para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for 10 point and 11 point documents, and <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for 12 point documents. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="256" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="254" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-textfloatsep">floats textfloatsep</anchor> <para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. @@ -3299,26 +3316,26 @@ command of the form <code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{< number</var>}</code>): </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="258" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="256" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-bottomnumber">floats bottomnumber</anchor> <para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="260" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="258" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-dbltopnumber">floats dbltopnumber</anchor> <para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a two-column page; default 2. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="260" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-topnumber">floats topnumber</anchor> <para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="264" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="floats-totalnumber">floats totalnumber</anchor> <para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. </para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -3340,7 +3357,7 @@ influence the position of float environments like figure and table in <node name="_005ccaption" spaces=" "><nodename>\caption</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Floats</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\caption</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">captions</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -3446,13 +3463,13 @@ always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short. <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">paragraph</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex> <para>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All sectioning commands have the same form, one of: @@ -3472,22 +3489,22 @@ available in all of &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document classes <code>book</co <code>report</code>, and <code>article</code>, except that <code>\chapter</code> is not available in <code>article</code>. </para> -<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".25 .25 .40 "><columnfraction value=".25"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".25"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction></columnfractions> -<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Sectioning unit </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Level -</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para>Part -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\part</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>-1 (<code>book</code>, <code>report</code>), 0 (<code>article</code>) -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para>Chapter -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\chapter</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>0 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para>Section -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\section</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>1 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para>Subsection -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\subsection</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>2 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para>Subsubsection -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\subsubsection</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>3 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para>Paragraph -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\paragraph</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>4 -</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para>Subparagraph -</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\subparagraph</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>5 +<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions spaces=" " line=".25 .25 .40 "><columnfraction value=".25"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".25"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction></columnfractions> +<thead><row><entry command="headitem"> <para>Sectioning unit </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Level +</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item"> <para>Part +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\part</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>-1 (<code>book</code>, <code>report</code>), 0 (<code>article</code>) +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para>Chapter +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\chapter</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>0 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para>Section +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\section</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>1 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para>Subsection +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\subsection</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>2 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para>Subsubsection +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\subsubsection</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>3 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para>Paragraph +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\paragraph</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>4 +</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para>Subparagraph +</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\subparagraph</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>5 </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex> @@ -3524,17 +3541,18 @@ something like a subsection numbered <samp>3.0.1</samp>. <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a -simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case -letters with <code>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> in the -preamble (<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>). CTAN +simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase +letters with this (in the preamble):&linebreak; +<code>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> . +(<xref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></xref>.) CTAN has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably <code>titlesec</code>. </para> <para>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="274" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth</indexterm>secnumdepth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="272" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth</indexterm>secnumdepth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="sectioning-secnumdepth">sectioning secnumdepth</anchor> <anchor name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</anchor> @@ -3549,8 +3567,8 @@ produce output like <samp>Discussion</samp>, without the number. &latex;&textrsq default <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <file>article</file> class and 2 in the <file>book</file> and <file>report</file> classes. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="276" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth</indexterm>tocdepth</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="274" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth</indexterm>tocdepth</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="sectioning-tocdepth">sectioning tocdepth</anchor> <anchor name="Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</anchor> @@ -3580,7 +3598,7 @@ list sections but not subsections. &latex;&textrsquo;s default <node name="_005cpart" spaces=" "><nodename>\part</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\chapter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\part</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">part</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">sectioning, part</indexterm></cindex> @@ -3652,7 +3670,7 @@ See its documentation on CTAN. <node name="_005cchapter" spaces=" "><nodename>\chapter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\section</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\part</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\chapter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">chapter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: @@ -3741,7 +3759,7 @@ something like <samp>Lecture 1</samp>, put in the preamble either <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<noindent></noindent><para>To make this change because of the primary language for +<noindent></noindent> <para>To make this change because of the primary language for the document, see the package <code>babel</code>. </para> <para>In a two-sided document &latex; puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if @@ -3777,7 +3795,7 @@ running headers. <node name="_005csection" spaces=" "><nodename>\section</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\subsection</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\chapter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\section</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">section</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: @@ -3882,7 +3900,7 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do. <node name="_005csubsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\subsection</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\section</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\subsection</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">subsection</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: @@ -3968,14 +3986,18 @@ text. </section> <node name="_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" spaces=" "><nodename>\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\appendix</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\subsection</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node> - <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005csubsubsection">\subsubsection</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex> +<!-- c --> +<anchor name="_005cparagraph">\paragraph</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">paragraph</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex> +<!-- c --> +<anchor name="_005csubparagraph">\subparagraph</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: @@ -4063,7 +4085,7 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\appendix</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285" mergedindex="cp">\appendix</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283" mergedindex="cp">\appendix</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">appendix</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">appendices</indexterm></cindex> @@ -4073,12 +4095,12 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including <pre xml:space="preserve">\appendix </pre></example> -<para>This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it -declares that subsequent <code>\chapter</code> commands start an appendix. In -an article it does the same, for <code>\section</code> commands. It also -resets the <code>chapter</code> and <code>section</code> counters to 0 in a -book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and -<code>subsection</code> counters. +<para>This does not directly produce any output. But in a <code>book</code> or +<code>report</code> document it declares that subsequent <code>\chapter</code> +commands start an appendix. In an article it does the same, for +<code>\section</code> commands. It also resets the <code>chapter</code> and +<code>section</code> counters to 0 in a book or report, and in an article +resets the <code>section</code> and <code>subsection</code> counters. </para> <para>In this book </para> @@ -4113,13 +4135,18 @@ number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN. <node name="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" spaces=" "><nodename>\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\&arobase;startsection</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\appendix</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286" mergedindex="cp">\frontmatter</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cfrontmatter">\frontmatter</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284" mergedindex="cp">\frontmatter</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">book, front matter</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">front matter of a book</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287" mergedindex="cp">\mainmatter</indexterm></findex> +<!-- c --> +<anchor name="_005cmainmatter">\mainmatter</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285" mergedindex="cp">\mainmatter</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">book, main matter</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">main matter of a book</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288" mergedindex="cp">\backmatter</indexterm></findex> +<!-- c --> +<anchor name="_005cbackmatter">\backmatter</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286" mergedindex="cp">\backmatter</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">book, back matter</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">book, end matter</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">back matter of a book</indexterm></cindex> @@ -4164,7 +4191,7 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered. <node name="_005c_0040startsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;startsection</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">section, redefining</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4329,7 +4356,7 @@ produce titles that are bold and uppercase. are defined with <code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, for the <file>article</file>, <file>book</file>, and <file>report</file> classes. </para> -<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend>•</itemprepend> +<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend> <listitem><prepend>•</prepend> <para>For <code>section</code>: <var>level</var> is 1, <var>indent</var> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn>, <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, @@ -4473,7 +4500,7 @@ having to enter the &textldquo;Theorem.&textrdquo; <node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290" mergedindex="cp">\label</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288" mergedindex="cp">\label</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -4545,7 +4572,7 @@ See Figure~\ref{fig:test}. <node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291" mergedindex="cp">\pageref</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289" mergedindex="cp">\pageref</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> @@ -4580,7 +4607,7 @@ those.) <node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">xr package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292" mergedindex="cp">\ref</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290" mergedindex="cp">\ref</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> @@ -4632,7 +4659,7 @@ reference. See the documentation on CTAN. <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266"><r>package</r>, <code>xr-hyper</code></indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267"><code>xr-hyper</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293" mergedindex="cp">\externaldocument</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291" mergedindex="cp">\externaldocument</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">cross referencing, across documents</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4712,8 +4739,8 @@ uses <code>hyperref</code> then they all must use it. <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">environments</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294" mergedindex="cp">\begin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295" mergedindex="cp">\end</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292" mergedindex="cp">\begin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293" mergedindex="cp">\end</indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior. An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>, @@ -4769,8 +4796,8 @@ the end. For instance, the input <node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297" mergedindex="cp"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295" mergedindex="cp"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">abstracts</indexterm></cindex> @@ -4803,7 +4830,7 @@ default only in the <code>report</code> class. <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273"><code>abstract</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for -a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>). +a more flexible solution, use the package <code>abstract</code>). </para> <!-- c Adopted from http://www.tex.ac.uk/FAQ-onecolabs.html --> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -4832,8 +4859,8 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>). <node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299" mergedindex="cp"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297" mergedindex="cp"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex> @@ -4892,7 +4919,7 @@ the column with <code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s parameter <code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is governed by -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300" mergedindex="cp">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298" mergedindex="cp">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex> <code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The default for this is <samp>5pt</samp> so that between two columns comes 10<dmn>pt</dmn> of space. @@ -4941,8 +4968,8 @@ the documentation on CTAN. <node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302" mergedindex="cp"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300" mergedindex="cp"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> @@ -4959,7 +4986,7 @@ the documentation on CTAN. <para>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are centered within the left and right margins. Use double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>). -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> If some text is too long to fit on a line then &latex; will insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any interword space. @@ -5007,7 +5034,7 @@ entire page. <node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304" mergedindex="cp">\centering</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302" mergedindex="cp">\centering</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5064,8 +5091,8 @@ centered lines <samp>xx</samp> and <samp>yy</samp>, followed by a new paragraph <node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306" mergedindex="cp"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304" mergedindex="cp"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5099,7 +5126,7 @@ missing \item</samp>. <para>The labels <samp>lama</samp> and <samp>llama</samp> are output in boldface, with the left edge on the left margin. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> <para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). Use the optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which @@ -5139,8 +5166,8 @@ lists. <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle> <!-- c http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/40492/what-are-the-differences-between-align-equation-and-displaymath --> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5168,14 +5195,14 @@ math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways in that package for having math text broken across lines. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310" mergedindex="cp">\[...\] <r>display math</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308" mergedindex="cp">\[...\] <r>display math</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The construct <code>\[<var>math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment <code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> \end{displaymath}</code> but the latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance, searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word <code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311" mergedindex="cp">$$...$$ <r>plain &tex; display math</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309" mergedindex="cp">$$...$$ <r>plain &tex; display math</r></indexterm></findex> <para>(Aside: The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain &tex; is sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a synonym, and is not officially supported in &latex; at all; @@ -5200,8 +5227,8 @@ consistency checks.) <node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313" mergedindex="cp"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311" mergedindex="cp"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document. @@ -5216,7 +5243,7 @@ It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xr <node name="_005cAtBeginDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDocument</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndDocument</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5239,7 +5266,7 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. <node name="_005cAtEndDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndDocument</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDocument</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtEndDocument</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5264,8 +5291,8 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. <node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317" mergedindex="cp"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315" mergedindex="cp"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5297,7 +5324,7 @@ As a top-level list the labels would come out as <samp>1.</samp> and \end{enumerate} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> <para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item @@ -5313,16 +5340,16 @@ default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost level. </para> <enumerate first="1" endspaces=" "> -<listitem spaces=" "><para>arabic number followed by a period: <samp>1.</samp>, <samp>2.</samp>, &dots; -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>lowercase letter inside parentheses: <samp>(a)</samp>, <samp>(b)</samp> &dots; -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: <samp>i.</samp>, <samp>ii.</samp>, &dots; -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>uppercase letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>, &dots; +<listitem> <para>arabic number followed by a period: <samp>1.</samp>, <samp>2.</samp>, &dots; +</para></listitem><listitem> <para>lowercase letter inside parentheses: <samp>(a)</samp>, <samp>(b)</samp> &dots; +</para></listitem><listitem> <para>lowercase roman numeral followed by a period: <samp>i.</samp>, <samp>ii.</samp>, &dots; +</para></listitem><listitem> <para>uppercase letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>, &dots; </para></listitem></enumerate> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319" mergedindex="cp">\enumi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320" mergedindex="cp">\enumii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321" mergedindex="cp">\enumiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322" mergedindex="cp">\enumiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317" mergedindex="cp">\enumi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318" mergedindex="cp">\enumii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319" mergedindex="cp">\enumiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320" mergedindex="cp">\enumiv</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="enumerate-enumi">enumerate enumi</anchor> <anchor name="enumerate-enumii">enumerate enumii</anchor> <anchor name="enumerate-enumiii">enumerate enumiii</anchor> @@ -5336,10 +5363,10 @@ parameters, including the default values, and for information about customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="enumerate-labelenumi">enumerate labelenumi</anchor> <anchor name="enumerate-labelenumii">enumerate labelenumii</anchor> <anchor name="enumerate-labelenumiii">enumerate labelenumiii</anchor> @@ -5350,7 +5377,7 @@ through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327" mergedindex="cp">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325" mergedindex="cp">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} \begin{enumerate} @@ -5367,8 +5394,8 @@ period. <node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329" mergedindex="cp"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327" mergedindex="cp"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5404,7 +5431,7 @@ working with old documents. \end{eqnarray*} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text mode. @@ -5412,18 +5439,18 @@ mode. <para>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items within a row separated by an ampersand (<code>&</code>), and with rows separated by double backslash <code>\\</code>). -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331" mergedindex="cp">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329" mergedindex="cp">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate equations, and will disallow a page break there (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332" mergedindex="cp">\nonumber</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330" mergedindex="cp">\nonumber</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex> <para>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a <code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits equation numbering, while otherwise being the same. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333" mergedindex="cp">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331" mergedindex="cp">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. @@ -5444,8 +5471,8 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side. <node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5477,8 +5504,8 @@ facilities. New documents should include this package. <node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337" mergedindex="cp"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335" mergedindex="cp"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5525,7 +5552,7 @@ spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code> in <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex> <para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross references</xrefnodename></pxref>). The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the figure (<pxref label="_005ccaption"><xrefnodename>\caption</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default it is numbered. @@ -5551,11 +5578,11 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats. <node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">writing external files</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5646,8 +5673,8 @@ Article by \myname. <node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5662,7 +5689,7 @@ Article by \myname. \end{flushleft} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>flushleft</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and @@ -5692,7 +5719,7 @@ flush left and ragged right. <node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346" mergedindex="cp">\raggedright</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344" mergedindex="cp">\raggedright</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5723,10 +5750,10 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command that ends the paragraph unit. </para> -<para>Here <code>\raggedright</code> in each second column keeps &latex; from doing -very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note -that <code>\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces <code>{...}</code> to -delimit its effect. +<para>Here <code>\raggedright</code> in each second column keeps &latex; from +doing awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. +Note that <code>\raggedright</code> is inside the curly braces +<code>{...}</code> to delimit its effect. </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}} @@ -5742,8 +5769,8 @@ delimit its effect. <node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5756,7 +5783,7 @@ delimit its effect. \end{flushright} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>flushright</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>flushright</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long to fit the margins then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that @@ -5776,7 +5803,7 @@ where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>flushleft</code> by <node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350" mergedindex="cp">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348" mergedindex="cp">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5817,10 +5844,10 @@ where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by <node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352" mergedindex="cp"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350" mergedindex="cp"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">lists of items</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex> @@ -5855,7 +5882,7 @@ with another language than USenglish&textmdash;as a top-level list each label would come out as a bullet, •. The format of the labeling depends on the nesting level; see below. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> <para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square brackets, as in <code>\item[<var>Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default @@ -5868,10 +5895,10 @@ the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="itemize-labelitemi">itemize labelitemi</anchor> <anchor name="itemize-labelitemii">itemize labelitemii</anchor> <anchor name="itemize-labelitemiii">itemize labelitemiii</anchor> @@ -5883,10 +5910,10 @@ that signify the nesting level). These are the default marks at each level. </para> <enumerate first="1" endspaces=" "> -<listitem spaces=" "><para>• (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>) -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para><b>-<w>-</w></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>) -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>* (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>) -</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>) +<listitem> <para>• (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>) +</para></listitem><listitem> <para><b>-<w>-</w></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>) +</para></listitem><listitem> <para>* (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>) +</para></listitem><listitem> <para>. (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>) </para></listitem></enumerate> <para>Change the labels with <code>\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes @@ -5896,13 +5923,13 @@ the first level use diamonds. <pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="itemize-leftmargin">itemize leftmargin</anchor> <anchor name="itemize-leftmargini">itemize leftmargini</anchor> <anchor name="itemize-leftmarginii">itemize leftmarginii</anchor> @@ -5936,7 +5963,7 @@ lists. <pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366" mergedindex="cp">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364" mergedindex="cp">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs @@ -5957,8 +5984,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, <node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368" mergedindex="cp"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366" mergedindex="cp"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>. @@ -5968,8 +5995,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, <node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370" mergedindex="cp"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368" mergedindex="cp"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex> @@ -6034,7 +6061,7 @@ counter will be reset to zero each time &latex; enters the environment, and the counter is incremented by one each time &latex; encounters an <code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371" mergedindex="cp">\makelabel</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369" mergedindex="cp">\makelabel</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="list-makelabel">list makelabel</anchor> <para>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is <code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it @@ -6060,12 +6087,12 @@ command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="372" mergedindex="cp">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="370" mergedindex="cp">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itemindent">list itemindent</anchor> <para>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="373" mergedindex="cp">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="371" mergedindex="cp">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itemsep">list itemsep</anchor> <para>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>, @@ -6078,13 +6105,13 @@ plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374" mergedindex="cp">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="372" mergedindex="cp">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-labelsep">list labelsep</anchor> <para>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. The default for &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes is <code>0.5em</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375" mergedindex="cp">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="373" mergedindex="cp">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-labelwidth">list labelwidth</anchor> <para>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide. If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first @@ -6106,7 +6133,7 @@ mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is label&textrsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing environment. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-leftmargin">list leftmargin</anchor> <para>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the @@ -6124,14 +6151,14 @@ error message <samp>Too deeply nested</samp>.) <code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is <code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377" mergedindex="cp">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375" mergedindex="cp">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-listparindent">list listparindent</anchor> <para>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond <code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item. A negative value makes this an &textldquo;outdent&textrdquo;. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378" mergedindex="cp">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376" mergedindex="cp">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-parsep">list parsep</anchor> <para>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt @@ -6141,7 +6168,7 @@ defaults at 11 point size are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379" mergedindex="cp">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377" mergedindex="cp">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-partopsep">list partopsep</anchor> <para>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by @@ -6157,13 +6184,13 @@ minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380" mergedindex="cp">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378" mergedindex="cp">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-rightmargin">list rightmargin</anchor> <para>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>. It must be non-negative. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381" mergedindex="cp">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379" mergedindex="cp">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-topsep">list topsep</anchor> <para>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition to <code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parindent & \parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>). The defaults for @@ -6242,15 +6269,15 @@ e.g., <code>\&arobase;beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a page break. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-beginparpenalty">list beginparpenalty</anchor> <para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itempenalty">list itempenalty</anchor> <para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-endparpenalty">list endparpenalty</anchor> <para>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>). </para> @@ -6389,8 +6416,8 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. <node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="383" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">inline formulas</indexterm></cindex> @@ -6402,8 +6429,8 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. \end{math} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387" mergedindex="cp">$ <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388" mergedindex="cp">\(...\) <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385" mergedindex="cp">$ <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386" mergedindex="cp">\(...\) <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. <xref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>. @@ -6413,8 +6440,8 @@ the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. <node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390" mergedindex="cp"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388" mergedindex="cp"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex> @@ -6479,12 +6506,12 @@ vertically aligns with the surrounding material. vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391" mergedindex="cp">\vtop <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389" mergedindex="cp">\vtop <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392" mergedindex="cp">\vbox <r>(plain &tex;)</r></indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390" mergedindex="cp">\vbox <r>(plain &tex;)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>). </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -6545,7 +6572,7 @@ Text after <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex> <para>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change that with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at the start of <var>contents</var>. @@ -6618,8 +6645,8 @@ are vertically centered. <node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation & quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395" mergedindex="cp"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393" mergedindex="cp"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex> @@ -6651,7 +6678,7 @@ covered in this document; see CTAN. </para> <para>To start, here&textrsquo;s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding vectors. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396" mergedindex="cp">\unitlength</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394" mergedindex="cp">\unitlength</indexterm></findex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} \begin{picture}(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall @@ -6731,7 +6758,7 @@ often used is <code>\put</code>. This <para>places the object with its reference point at coordinates <math>(11.3,-0.3)</math>. The reference points for various objects will be described below. -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397" mergedindex="cp">LR box</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395" mergedindex="cp">LR box</indexterm></findex> The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn> (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox & \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>) can go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point @@ -6798,7 +6825,7 @@ page header to get repeat material on each of a document&textrsquo;s pages. <node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398" mergedindex="cp">\put</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396" mergedindex="cp">\put</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6825,7 +6852,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the <samp>A</samp>. <node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\qbezier</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399" mergedindex="cp">\multiput</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397" mergedindex="cp">\multiput</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6856,7 +6883,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the <samp>A</samp>. <node name="_005cqbezier" spaces=" "><nodename>\qbezier</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\graphpaper</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\qbezier</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400" mergedindex="cp">\qbezier</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398" mergedindex="cp">\qbezier</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6908,7 +6935,7 @@ that curve. <node name="_005cgraphpaper" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphpaper</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\qbezier</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphpaper</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401" mergedindex="cp">\graphpaper</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399" mergedindex="cp">\graphpaper</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -6943,7 +6970,7 @@ All arguments must be positive integers. <node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphpaper</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402" mergedindex="cp">\line</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400" mergedindex="cp">\line</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7017,7 +7044,7 @@ MetaPost, or Asymptote. <node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403" mergedindex="cp">\linethickness</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401" mergedindex="cp">\linethickness</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7036,7 +7063,7 @@ lines, circles, or ovals (<pxref label="_005coval"><xrefnodename>\oval</xrefnode <node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404" mergedindex="cp">\thinlines</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402" mergedindex="cp">\thinlines</indexterm></findex> <para>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals in a picture environment to be 0.4<dmn>pt</dmn>. This is the default @@ -7048,7 +7075,7 @@ changed with either <ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness <node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\circle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405" mergedindex="cp">\thicklines</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403" mergedindex="cp">\thicklines</indexterm></findex> <para>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals in a picture environment to be 0.8<dmn>pt</dmn>. See also @@ -7060,7 +7087,7 @@ in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <ref label="_005cqbezier"><xrefnodename>\qbez <node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406" mergedindex="cp">\circle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404" mergedindex="cp">\circle</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7087,7 +7114,7 @@ integers from 1 to 15. <node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407" mergedindex="cp">\oval</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405" mergedindex="cp">\oval</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7135,7 +7162,7 @@ frames with a small amount of corner rounding. <node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408" mergedindex="cp">\shortstack</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406" mergedindex="cp">\shortstack</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7174,7 +7201,7 @@ sits slightly to the left of the <math>y</math> axis. </tableterm><tableitem><para>Center objects (default) </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the rows are not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in @@ -7195,7 +7222,7 @@ argument <code>\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>. <node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410" mergedindex="cp">\vector</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408" mergedindex="cp">\vector</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7224,7 +7251,7 @@ not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads). <node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vector</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411" mergedindex="cp">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409" mergedindex="cp">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7273,7 +7300,7 @@ two of these letters. <node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7305,8 +7332,8 @@ the text in the center. <var>text</var>; see <ref label="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></ref> for the values that it can take. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> <para>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box. </para> @@ -7320,7 +7347,7 @@ determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (<pxref label="_ <node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415" mergedindex="cp">\frame</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413" mergedindex="cp">\frame</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7328,17 +7355,18 @@ determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (<pxref label="_ <pre xml:space="preserve">\frame{<var>contents</var>} </pre></example> -<para>Puts a rectangular frame around <var>contents</var>. The reference point is -the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to <code>\framebox</code> -(<pxref label="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\framebox (picture)</xrefnodename></pxref>), this command puts no extra space is put -between the frame and the object. It is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<para>Puts a rectangular frame around <var>contents</var>. The reference point +is the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to +<code>\framebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\framebox (picture)</xrefnodename></pxref>), this command puts no +extra space between the frame and the object. It is fragile +(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </subsection> <node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416" mergedindex="cp">\dashbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414" mergedindex="cp">\dashbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7379,14 +7407,16 @@ take. <node name="quotation-_0026-quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation & quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code> & <code>quote</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418" mergedindex="cp"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="quotation">quotation</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416" mergedindex="cp"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420" mergedindex="cp"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="quote">quote</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418" mergedindex="cp"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> @@ -7433,8 +7463,8 @@ between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>). <!-- c xx TODO align on the French which is more precise and has more illustrative examples. --> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex> @@ -7511,37 +7541,37 @@ done in LR mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref> They are all fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>End a tabbed line and typeset it. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="424" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425" mergedindex="cp">\> <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\> <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="426" mergedindex="cp">\></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423" mergedindex="cp">\> <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\> <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424" mergedindex="cp">\></indexterm></findex> <para>Advances to the next tab stop. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427" mergedindex="cp">\<</indexterm>\<</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425" mergedindex="cp">\<</indexterm>\<</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428" mergedindex="cp">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426" mergedindex="cp">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429" mergedindex="cp">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427" mergedindex="cp">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned to the right, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="431" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves @@ -7551,29 +7581,29 @@ of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="432" mergedindex="cp">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433" mergedindex="cp">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434" mergedindex="cp">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435" mergedindex="cp">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430" mergedindex="cp">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431" mergedindex="cp">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432" mergedindex="cp">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433" mergedindex="cp">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and <code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead, use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="436" mergedindex="cp">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="434" mergedindex="cp">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in effect. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="438" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="435" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm></findex> <para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439" mergedindex="cp">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437" mergedindex="cp">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440" mergedindex="cp">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438" mergedindex="cp">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -7627,8 +7657,8 @@ there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>, <node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="441" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442" mergedindex="cp"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="439" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="440" mergedindex="cp"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">creating tables</indexterm></cindex> @@ -7674,7 +7704,7 @@ float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnod </para> <para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross references</xrefnodename></pxref>). -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="441" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex> The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption text <var>title</var> for the table (<pxref label="_005ccaption"><xrefnodename>\caption</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default it is numbered. If its optional <var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is @@ -7702,8 +7732,8 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end. <node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="444" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex> @@ -7744,12 +7774,12 @@ illustrates many of the features. <para>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s argument <code>{l|l}</code>. -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446" mergedindex="cp">& <r>for table cells</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="444" mergedindex="cp">& <r>(for table cells)</r></indexterm></findex> Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand, <code>&</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with <code>\hline</code>. -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>tabular</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code> command follows to put a rule below the table. </para> @@ -7790,14 +7820,14 @@ column and intercolumn material. or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>If between two columns there is no &arobase;-expression then &latex;&textrsquo;s -<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on -either side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by -default is 6<dmn>pt</dmn>. That is, by default adjacent columns are +<para>If between two column specifiers there is no &arobase;-expression then +&latex;&textrsquo;s <code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will +put on either side of each column a space of width <code>\tabcolsep</code>, +which by default is 6<dmn>pt</dmn>. That is, by default adjacent columns are separated by 12<dmn>pt</dmn> (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly named since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In -addition, a space of 6<dmn>pt</dmn> also comes before the first column and -after the final column, unless you put a <code>&arobase;{...}</code> or <code>|</code> +addition, a space of <code>\tabcolsep</code> also comes before the first +column and after the final column, unless you put a <code>&arobase;{...}</code> there. </para> <para>If you override the default and use an &arobase;-expression then &latex; does @@ -7827,7 +7857,8 @@ arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it. \end{tabular} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="448" mergedindex="cp">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cextracolsep">\extracolsep</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446" mergedindex="cp">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex> <para>An <code>\extracolsep{<var>wd</var>}</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike @@ -7886,25 +7917,25 @@ are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment <!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --> </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449" mergedindex="cp">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447" mergedindex="cp">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-arrayrulewidth">tabular arrayrulewidth</anchor> <para>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments. The default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. Change it as in <code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450" mergedindex="cp">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448" mergedindex="cp">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-arraystrech">tabular arraystrech</anchor> <para>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is <samp>1</samp>, for no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451" mergedindex="cp">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449" mergedindex="cp">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-doublerulesep">tabular doublerulesep</anchor> <para>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the <code>||</code> specifier. The default is <samp>2pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452" mergedindex="cp">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450" mergedindex="cp">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-tabcolsep">tabular tabcolsep</anchor> <para>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is <samp>6pt</samp>. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>. @@ -7926,7 +7957,7 @@ lines: <node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453" mergedindex="cp">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="451" mergedindex="cp">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -8026,7 +8057,7 @@ in the first row here. That&textrsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the <node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454" mergedindex="cp">\vline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="452" mergedindex="cp">\vline</indexterm></findex> <para>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical @@ -8059,7 +8090,7 @@ the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the <node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455" mergedindex="cp">\cline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453" mergedindex="cp">\cline</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -8089,7 +8120,7 @@ height. <node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456" mergedindex="cp">\hline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454" mergedindex="cp">\hline</indexterm></findex> <para>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the @@ -8114,8 +8145,8 @@ is required. <node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458" mergedindex="cp"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456" mergedindex="cp"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex> @@ -8162,8 +8193,8 @@ as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code> commands. The tradition is to use <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459" mergedindex="cp">\bibname</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460" mergedindex="cp">\refname</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457" mergedindex="cp">\bibname</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458" mergedindex="cp">\refname</indexterm></findex> <para>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as <samp>Bibliography</samp>. To change it there are two cases. In the <file>book</file> and <file>report</file> classes, where the top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> and the @@ -8194,7 +8225,7 @@ language. <node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461" mergedindex="cp">\bibitem</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459" mergedindex="cp">\bibitem</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -8268,7 +8299,7 @@ recompiling. <node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462" mergedindex="cp">\cite</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460" mergedindex="cp">\cite</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -8331,7 +8362,7 @@ the fix may be to run &latex; again. <node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463" mergedindex="cp">\nocite</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461" mergedindex="cp">\nocite</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -8355,8 +8386,8 @@ have not explicitly cited them (<pxref label="_005ccite"><xrefnodename>\cite</xr <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography</indexterm></findex> <para>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (<pxref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></pxref>), a sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the @@ -8389,7 +8420,7 @@ Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically. </tableterm><tableitem><para>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<noindent></noindent><para>Many, many other Bib&tex; style files exist, +<noindent></noindent> <para>Many, many other Bib&tex; style files exist, tailored to the demands of various publications. See the CTAN topic <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty</urefurl></url>. </para> @@ -8423,7 +8454,7 @@ files, and rely on Bib&tex; to include in this document only those that you used. </para> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387"><samp>*</samp>, to <code>\nocite</code> all keys</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="466" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>{*}, for all keys</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>{*}, for all keys</r></indexterm></findex> <para>With Bib&tex;, the <var>keys</var> argument to <code>\nocite</code> can also be the single character <samp>*</samp>. This means to implicitly cite all entries from all given bibliographies. @@ -8437,7 +8468,7 @@ entries from all given bibliographies. <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">Bib&tex; error messages</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">error messages, from Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467" mergedindex="cp">.aux <r>file and Bib&tex; commands</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465" mergedindex="cp">.aux <r>file and Bib&tex; commands</r></indexterm></findex> <para>If you forget to use <code>\bibliography</code> or <code>\bibliographystyle</code> in your document (or, less likely, any <code>\cite</code> or <code>\nocite</code> @@ -8450,17 +8481,17 @@ file), rather than the user-level commands described above. errors, and the corresponding user-level commands. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468" mergedindex="cp">\bibdata</indexterm>\bibdata</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography <r>and internal <code>\bibdata</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466" mergedindex="cp">\bibdata</indexterm>\bibdata</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography <r>and internal <code>\bibdata</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para><code>\bibliography</code> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470" mergedindex="cp">\bibstyle</indexterm>\bibstyle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle <r>and internal <code>\bibstyle</code></r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468" mergedindex="cp">\bibstyle</indexterm>\bibstyle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle <r>and internal <code>\bibstyle</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para><code>\bibliographystyle</code> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472" mergedindex="cp">\citation</indexterm>\citation</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473" mergedindex="cp">\cite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470" mergedindex="cp">\citation</indexterm>\citation</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471" mergedindex="cp">\cite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para><code>\cite</code>, <code>\nocite</code> </para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -8478,8 +8509,8 @@ command, Bib&tex; complains as follows: <node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476" mergedindex="cp"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474" mergedindex="cp"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> @@ -8525,8 +8556,8 @@ such as styling options. <node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478" mergedindex="cp"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476" mergedindex="cp"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">making a title page</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex> @@ -8576,8 +8607,8 @@ environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnod <node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480" mergedindex="cp"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478" mergedindex="cp"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex> @@ -8653,7 +8684,7 @@ and <code>minted</code>. <node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481" mergedindex="cp">\verb</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479" mergedindex="cp">\verb</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -8734,8 +8765,8 @@ However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this. <node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483" mergedindex="cp"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481" mergedindex="cp"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex> @@ -8758,7 +8789,7 @@ However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this. On the fair daughter of rich Capulet. </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>verse</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. </para> @@ -8804,7 +8835,7 @@ text as you input it. Putting these off until the end prevents a lot of fiddling with breaks that will change anyway. <!-- c Alernative text proposed here: https://tug.org/pipermail/latexrefman/2021q3/000803.html --> <!-- c this text is that of the French version. --> -<ignore> +<ignore endspaces=" "> A common workflow with LaTeX is to get a final version of the document content before taking a final pass through and considering line breaks (and page breaks). Most people do not consider LaTeX as a word @@ -8835,7 +8866,7 @@ same time. <node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr & \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="485" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(force line break)</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> @@ -8920,8 +8951,10 @@ something like this. <node name="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" spaces=" "><nodename>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\\</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486" mergedindex="cp">\obeycr</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487" mergedindex="cp">\restorecr</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cobeycr">\obeycr</anchor> +<anchor name="_005crestorecr">\restorecr</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484" mergedindex="cp">\obeycr</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="485" mergedindex="cp">\restorecr</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (<samp>^^M</samp>, @@ -8972,7 +9005,7 @@ fff ggg <node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr & \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488" mergedindex="cp">\newline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486" mergedindex="cp">\newline</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex> <para>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify @@ -9005,7 +9038,7 @@ single cell of the table. <node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\discretionary</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489" mergedindex="cp">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487" mergedindex="cp">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Tell &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you @@ -9039,10 +9072,10 @@ in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column. better fit. </para> <para>The <code>\-</code> command only allows &latex; to break there, it does not -require that it break there. You can force a split with something like -<code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the text -then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires -care. +require that it break there. You can force a split with something +like <code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the +text then this forced break may look out of place, so this approach +requires care. </para> </section> @@ -9078,7 +9111,7 @@ automatically by &tex;&textrsquo;s hyphenation algorithm. <!-- c xxx TODO, complete this node, see LaTeX-fr (copied & pasted below, --> <!-- c with accented letter escaped) --> -<ignore> +<ignore endspaces=" "> @c Les arguments de @code{\discretionary} ne peuvent contenir que des @c caract@`eres, des bo@^{@dotless{i}}tes ou des cr@'enages. @c @@ -9121,8 +9154,10 @@ automatically by &tex;&textrsquo;s hyphenation algorithm. <node name="_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy & \sloppy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\discretionary</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fussy</code> & <code>\sloppy</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490" mergedindex="cp">\fussy</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491" mergedindex="cp">\sloppy</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cfussy">\fussy</anchor> +<anchor name="_005csloppy">\sloppy</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488" mergedindex="cp">\fussy</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489" mergedindex="cp">\sloppy</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">line breaks, changing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Declarations to make &tex; more picky or less picky about line @@ -9145,8 +9180,8 @@ that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command. <node name="sloppypar" spaces=" "><nodename>sloppypar</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">\fussy & \sloppy</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>sloppypar</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>sloppypar</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493" mergedindex="cp"><code>sloppypar</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>sloppypar</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491" mergedindex="cp"><code>sloppypar</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">sloppypar environment</indexterm></cindex> @@ -9185,7 +9220,7 @@ that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command. <node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fussy & \sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494" mergedindex="cp">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492" mergedindex="cp">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: @@ -9217,8 +9252,10 @@ commands accumulate. <node name="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495" mergedindex="cp">\linebreak</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496" mergedindex="cp">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005clinebreak">\linebreak</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cnolinebreak">\nolinebreak</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493" mergedindex="cp">\linebreak</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494" mergedindex="cp">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex> @@ -9273,12 +9310,13 @@ tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to understand how to influence its actions. </para> <!-- c credit: H Vogt https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563 --> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">badness</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex;&textrsquo;s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and outputting the result. Instead, &latex; typesets more material than would fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some -way (it has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this -approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be +way (it has the smallest <dfn>badness</dfn>). An example of the advantage of +this approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs, then &latex; can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts with the last line of a paragraph; &latex; can squeeze the extra line @@ -9308,11 +9346,13 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document. <node name="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newpage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code> & <code>\cleardoublepage</code> </sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497" mergedindex="cp">\clearpage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498" mergedindex="cp">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cclearpage">\clearpage</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495" mergedindex="cp">\clearpage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496" mergedindex="cp">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -9354,7 +9394,9 @@ page, use this command. <noindent></noindent> <para>If you want &latex;&textrsquo;s standard <code>\chapter</code> command to do this then -add the line <code>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</code>. +add the line <code>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</code>. (Of +course this affects all uses of <code>\cleardoublepage</code>, not just the +one in <code>\chapter</code>.) </para> <para>The command <code>\newpage</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewpage"><xrefnodename>\newpage</xrefnodename></pxref>) also ends the current page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if &latex; is in @@ -9367,9 +9409,9 @@ two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while <node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage & \cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499" mergedindex="cp">\newpage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497" mergedindex="cp">\newpage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -9412,14 +9454,14 @@ stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does. <node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500" mergedindex="cp">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498" mergedindex="cp">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\enlargethispage{size} -\enlargethispage*{size} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\enlargethispage{<var>size</var>} +\enlargethispage*{<var>size</var>} </pre></example> <para>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page. The required @@ -9446,10 +9488,12 @@ explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>. <node name="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501" mergedindex="cp">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502" mergedindex="cp">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cpagebreak">\pagebreak</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cnopagebreak">\nopagebreak</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499" mergedindex="cp">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500" mergedindex="cp">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -9474,8 +9518,8 @@ prevent the break. But for instance <code>\nopagebreak[1]</code> suggests to the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this -command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside +<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these +commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside commands. </para> <para>If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point following @@ -9499,8 +9543,8 @@ this can cause you to get <samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active</samp>. <xref label="_005cnewpage"><xrefnodename>\newpage</xrefnodename></xref>, for a command that does not have these effects. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503" mergedindex="cp">\samepage</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504" mergedindex="cp">samepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501" mergedindex="cp">\samepage</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502" mergedindex="cp">samepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>(There is an obsolete declaration <code>\samepage</code>, which tries to only allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment <code>samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For @@ -9513,7 +9557,7 @@ more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry <node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex> <para>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here. </para> @@ -9547,7 +9591,7 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><x <node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505" mergedindex="cp">\footnote</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503" mergedindex="cp">\footnote</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -9571,9 +9615,9 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><x the footnote. If you use this then &latex; does not increment the <code>footnote</code> counter. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="506" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="507" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex> <para>By default, &latex; uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change this with something like <code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which @@ -9584,11 +9628,11 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with </para> <para>&latex; determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508" mergedindex="cp">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506" mergedindex="cp">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="footnote-footnoterule">footnote footnoterule</anchor> <para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except @@ -9604,9 +9648,9 @@ Change the rule with something like this. \kern 2pt} % and this 2 </pre></example> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="footnote-footnotesep">footnote footnotesep</anchor> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">strut</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">strut</indexterm></cindex> <para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote (<pxref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (<pxref label="Font-sizes"><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></pxref>), therefore there is no @@ -9624,8 +9668,8 @@ sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer paragraph mode; <pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). There are some workarounds; see following sections. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex> <para>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the <code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the @@ -9637,7 +9681,7 @@ shown alphabetically. <xref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodenam <node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="510" mergedindex="cp">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="508" mergedindex="cp">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -9691,11 +9735,11 @@ Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver&rb Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby. </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <code>cleveref</code>. </para> @@ -9709,8 +9753,8 @@ The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers, Chance, 1990.} But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>It will work with the package <code>hyperref</code>. </para> @@ -9719,7 +9763,7 @@ But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE} <node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511" mergedindex="cp">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="509" mergedindex="cp">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -9742,8 +9786,8 @@ examples. <node name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in section headings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in section headings</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">footnote, in section headings</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">footnote, in section headings</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex> <para>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in: </para> @@ -9772,7 +9816,7 @@ what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument. <node name="Footnotes-in-a-table" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in a table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in a table</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">footnote, in a table</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">footnote, in a table</indexterm></cindex> <para>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but @@ -9825,8 +9869,8 @@ part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and \end{center} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463"><r>package</r>, <code>tablefootnote</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464"><code>tablefootnote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464"><r>package</r>, <code>tablefootnote</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465"><code>tablefootnote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (<pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>), use the <code>tablefootnote</code> package. @@ -9856,10 +9900,10 @@ other footnotes. <node name="Footnotes-of-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes of footnotes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes of footnotes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">footnote, of a footnote</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">footnote, of a footnote</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466"><r>package</r>, <code>bigfoot</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467"><code>bigfoot</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467"><r>package</r>, <code>bigfoot</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468"><code>bigfoot</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package @@ -9882,7 +9926,7 @@ second.\footnotefrom{% <node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">definitions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">definitions</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. </para> @@ -9906,13 +9950,17 @@ second.\footnotefrom{% <node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\providecommand</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512" mergedindex="cp">\newcommand</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cnewcommand">\newcommand</anchor> +<anchor name="_005crenewcommand">\renewcommand</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="510" mergedindex="cp">\newcommand</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511" mergedindex="cp">\renewcommand</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">redefining a command</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Synopses, one of: +<para>Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms): </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} @@ -9924,10 +9972,11 @@ second.\footnotefrom{% </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para>or one of these. +<para>or all the same possibilities with <code>\renewcommand</code> instead of +<code>\newcommand</code>: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} \renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} \renewcommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} \renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>} @@ -9935,26 +9984,26 @@ second.\footnotefrom{% \renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>} </pre></example> -<para>Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of -<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <ref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package commands</xrefnodename></ref>). + +<para>Define or redefine a command (see also <code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in +<ref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package commands</xrefnodename></ref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513" mergedindex="cp">\long</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512" mergedindex="cp">\long</indexterm></findex> <para>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing -multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms, the commands +multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms: the commands are not <code>\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be multiple paragraphs. </para> -<para>These are the parameters: +<para>These are the parameters (examples follow): </para> <table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cmd</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem> -<para>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>, -and must not begin with the four character string <code>\end</code>. For -<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined. For -<code>\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined. +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. It must begin with a +backslash, <code>\</code>, and must not begin with the four character string +<code>\end</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined. +For <code>\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">nargs</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments @@ -9964,38 +10013,54 @@ arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a different number of arguments than the old version. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargdefault</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">optional arguments, defining and using</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">arguments, optional, defining and using</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var> -(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargsdefault</var> is not present +(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">positional parameter</indexterm></cindex> -<para>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets, as in -<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the -parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the value of <var>optval</var>. On the -other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without the square brackets -then within <var>defn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set to the value of -<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, the required arguments start with -<code>#2</code>. -</para> -<para>Omitting <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is different from having the -square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former sets -<code>#1</code> to the value of <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter sets <code>#1</code> -to the empty string. +<para>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called with a following argument in +square brackets, as in <code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then +within <var>defn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set to <var>optval</var>. +On the other hand, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is called without following +square brackets then within <var>defn</var> the parameter <code>#1</code> is set +to <var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, the required arguments start +with <code>#2</code>. +</para> +<para>Omitting <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> from the definition is entirely +different from giving the square brackets with empty contents, as in +<code>[]</code>. The former says the command being defined takes no +optional argument, so <code>#1</code> is the first required argument (if +<math><var>nargs</var> ≥ 1</math>); the latter sets the optional argument +<code>#1</code> to the empty string as the default, if no optional argument +was given in the call. +</para> +<para>Similarly, omitting <code>[<var>optval</var>]</code> from a call is also entirely +different from giving the square brackets with empty contents. The +former sets <code>#1</code> to the value of <var>optval</var> (assuming the +command was defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets +<code>#1</code> to the empty string, just as with any other value. +</para> +<para>If a command is not defined to take an optional argument, but is +called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: there +may be a &latex; error, there may be incorrect typeset output, or both. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">defn</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">parameters, substituting</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, -... <code>#<var>nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values that you supply when -you call the command (or by the default value if there is an optional -argument and you don&textrsquo;t exercise the option). +&dots;, <code>#<var>nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values supplied when +the command is called (or by <var>optargdefault</var> in the case of an +optional argument not specified in the call, as just explained). </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">blanks, after control sequences</indexterm></cindex> <para>&tex; ignores blanks in the source following a control word -(<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), as in <samp>\cmd </samp>. If you actually want a -space there, one solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command -(<samp>\cmd{} </samp>, and another solution is to use an explicit control +(<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), as in <samp>\cmd </samp>. If you want a space +there, one solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command +(<samp>\cmd{} </samp>), and another solution is to use an explicit control space (<samp>\cmd\ </samp>). </para> <para>A simple example of defining a new command: @@ -10003,14 +10068,15 @@ space (<samp>\cmd\ </samp>). replaced by the longer text. Redefining an existing command is similar: <code>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</code>. </para> -<para>If you try to define a command and the name has already been used then -you get something like <samp>LaTeX Error: Command \fred already -defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>. If you try -to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get -something like <samp>LaTeX Error: \hank undefined</samp>. +<para>If you use <code>\newcommand</code> and the command name has already been +used then you get something like <samp>LaTeX Error: Command \fred +already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>. +Similarly, If you use <code>\renewcommand</code> and the command name has +not been defined then you get something like <samp>LaTeX Error: \hank +undefined</samp>. </para> <para>Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and the -second, one with one required argument. +second, a command with one required argument: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary} @@ -10046,12 +10112,12 @@ I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}. </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para>The output is <samp>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe</samp>. The optional -argument, the <code>Howe</code>, is associated with <code>#1</code>, while +<para>The output is <samp>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.</samp>. The optional +argument, <code>Howe</code>, is associated with <code>#1</code>, while <code>Dewey</code> and <code>Cheatem</code> are associated with <code>#2</code> and <code>#3</code>. Because of the optional argument, -<code>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</code> will give the output <samp>I employ -Dewey, Cheatem, and company</samp>. +<code>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</code> will give the output <samp>I +employ Dewey, Cheatem, and company.</samp>. </para> <para>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not define a group, that is, they do not delimit the scope of the result of expanding <var>defn</var>. For example, @@ -10062,9 +10128,9 @@ with <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</code>, </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para>the words <samp>met the</samp> would incorrectly be in italics. The solution -is to put another pair of braces inside the definition: -<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>. +<para>the words <samp>met the</samp>, and the period, would incorrectly be in +italics. The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the +definition: <code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Control sequences</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Control sequence, control word and control symbol. @@ -10073,30 +10139,37 @@ is to put another pair of braces inside the definition: <node name="Control-sequences" spaces=" "><nodename>Control sequences</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Control sequence, control word and control symbol</sectiontitle> -<para>When reading input &tex; converts the sequences of read characters into -a sequence of <dfn>tokens</dfn>. When &tex; sees a backslash <code>\</code>, it -will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">control sequences</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>When reading input &tex; converts the stream of read characters into a +sequence of <dfn>tokens</dfn>. When &tex; sees a backslash <code>\</code>, it will +handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a <dfn>control sequence</dfn> token. </para> <para>The control sequences fall into two categories: </para> -<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend>•</itemprepend> +<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend> <listitem><prepend>•</prepend> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">control word, defined</indexterm></cindex> <para><dfn>control word</dfn>, when the control sequence is gathered from a -<code>\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one -blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the -<dfn>control sequence name</dfn>. -</para></listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> +<code>\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter (<code>A-Z</code> and +<code>a-z</code>), followed by at least one non-letter. +</para> +</listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">control symbol, defined</indexterm></cindex> <para><dfn>control symbol</dfn>, when the control sequence is gathered from a <code>\</code> followed by one non-letter character. </para></listitem></itemize> +<para>The sequence of characters so found after the <code>\</code> is also called +the <dfn>control sequence name</dfn>. +</para> <para>Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any whitespace in the output (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref> and <ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE)</xrefnodename></ref>). </para> -<para>Just as the <code>\relax</code> command does nothing, the following will print -<samp>Hello!</samp><inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>tex</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt>: +<para>Just as the <code>\relax</code> command does nothing, the following input +will simply print <samp>Hello!</samp> <inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>tex</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt>: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">Hel\relax<w> </w><w> </w><w> </w> @@ -10104,7 +10177,7 @@ whitespace in the output (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para>This is because blanks after <code>\relax</code>, including the newline are +<para>This is because blanks after <code>\relax</code>, including the newline, are ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored (<pxref label="Leading-blanks"><xrefnodename>Leading blanks</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> @@ -10113,10 +10186,10 @@ ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored <node name="_005cprovidecommand" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\providecommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makeatletter & \makeatother</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\providecommand</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514" mergedindex="cp">\providecommand</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513" mergedindex="cp">\providecommand</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses, one of: </para> @@ -10145,14 +10218,19 @@ From \myaffiliation. </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para>outputs <samp>From Saint Michael's College</samp>. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code>, -the repeated use of <code>\providecommand</code> does not give an error. +<para>outputs <samp>From Saint Michael's College.</samp>. Unlike +<code>\newcommand</code>, the repeated use of <code>\providecommand</code> to (try +to) define <code>\myaffiliation</code> does not give an error. </para> - </section> <node name="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" spaces=" "><nodename>\makeatletter & \makeatother</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\&arobase;ifstar</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\providecommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makeatletter</code> & <code>\makeatother</code></sectiontitle> +<anchor name="_005cmakeatletter">\makeatletter</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cmakeatother">\makeatother</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514" mergedindex="cp">\makeatother</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515" mergedindex="cp">\makeatother</indexterm></findex> + <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -10168,9 +10246,9 @@ letter, code 11. The <code>\makeatother</code> declaration sets the category code of the at-sign to code 12, its default value. </para> <para>As &tex; reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">catcode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">character category code</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">category code, character</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">catcode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">character category code</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">category code, character</indexterm></cindex> <dfn>catcode</dfn>. For instance, it assigns the backslash character <samp><code>\</code></samp> the catcode 0. Command names consist of a category 0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed @@ -10192,8 +10270,8 @@ since the <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands alre arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter, catcode 11. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</urefurl></url>. @@ -10214,9 +10292,9 @@ three lines should go in the preamble, before the <node name="_005c_0040ifstar" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;ifstar</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makeatletter & \makeatother</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;ifstar</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="516" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -10284,11 +10362,11 @@ command and the star. Thus <code>\agentsecret*{Bond}</code> and <code>\agentsecret<w> *</w>{Bond}</code> are equivalent. However, the standard practice is not to insert any such spaces. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486"><r>package</r>, <code>suffix</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487"><code>suffix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494"><r>package</r>, <code>suffix</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495"><code>suffix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of <code>\&arobase;ifstar</code>. (1) The <code>suffix</code> package allows the @@ -10310,8 +10388,8 @@ this code: <node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;ifstar</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="516" mergedindex="cp">\newcounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="517" mergedindex="cp">\newcounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -10363,11 +10441,11 @@ defined.</samp> <node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="517" mergedindex="cp">\newlength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="518" mergedindex="cp">\newlength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -10400,8 +10478,8 @@ Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>. <node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="518" mergedindex="cp">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="519" mergedindex="cp">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -10438,11 +10516,13 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}. <node name="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" spaces=" "><nodename>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="519" mergedindex="cp">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="520" mergedindex="cp">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cnewenvironment">\newenvironment</anchor> +<anchor name="_005crenewenvironment">\renewenvironment</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="520" mergedindex="cp">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="521" mergedindex="cp">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses, one of: </para> @@ -10470,7 +10550,7 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}. <para>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the construct <code>\begin{<var>env</var>} ... <var>body</var> ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these environments can contain multiple paragraphs. @@ -10602,12 +10682,12 @@ the document, use the environment like this. <node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="521" mergedindex="cp">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="522" mergedindex="cp">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -10737,9 +10817,9 @@ by <samp>Theorem 2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition 2.2</samp>. <node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="522" mergedindex="cp">\newfont</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="523" mergedindex="cp">\newfont</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex> <!-- c @findex .fd @r{file} --> <para>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old @@ -10760,8 +10840,8 @@ boldface with a roman (<pxref label="Fonts"><xrefnodename>Fonts</xrefnodename></ The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional <dfn>at clause</dfn>. &latex; will look on your system for a file named <file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. The at clause can have the form either @@ -10785,9 +10865,9 @@ relative to the font&textrsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the <node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="523" mergedindex="cp">\protect</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">robust commands</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="524" mergedindex="cp">\protect</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">robust commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>. A fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain @@ -10805,7 +10885,7 @@ name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is referred to as a -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex> <dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{...}</code> @@ -10851,10 +10931,12 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>. <node name="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" spaces=" "><nodename>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">xspace package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\protect</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="524" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="525" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cignorespaces">\ignorespaces</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespacesafterend</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="525" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="526" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -10872,7 +10954,7 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>. <para>Both commands cause &latex; to ignore blanks (that is, characters of catcode 10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the command up to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a -command from plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific. +primitive command of &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific. </para> <para>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via <code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The @@ -10949,12 +11031,12 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to <node name="xspace-package" spaces=" "><nodename>xspace package</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>xspace package</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="526" mergedindex="cp">\xspace</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513"><r>package</r>, <code>xspace</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514"><code>xspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="527" mergedindex="cp">\xspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521"><r>package</r>, <code>xspace</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522"><code>xspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -10986,7 +11068,7 @@ braces or else there would be no space separating <samp>Vermont</samp> from <code>\ </code> for this. <xref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE)</xrefnodename></xref>.) </para> <para>The <code>xspace</code> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing -commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place +commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be placed at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed. @@ -11018,8 +11100,8 @@ error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces. <node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex> <para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the @@ -11031,23 +11113,23 @@ track of the chapter number. <para>Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document classes to control numbering. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="527" mergedindex="cp">part counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="528" mergedindex="cp">chapter counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="529" mergedindex="cp">section counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="530" mergedindex="cp">subsection counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="531" mergedindex="cp">subsubsection counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="532" mergedindex="cp">paragraph counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="533" mergedindex="cp">subparagraph counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="534" mergedindex="cp">page counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="535" mergedindex="cp">equation counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="536" mergedindex="cp">figure counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="537" mergedindex="cp">table counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="538" mergedindex="cp">footnote counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="539" mergedindex="cp">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="540" mergedindex="cp">enumi counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="541" mergedindex="cp">enumii counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="542" mergedindex="cp">enumiii counter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="543" mergedindex="cp">enumiv counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="528" mergedindex="cp">part counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="529" mergedindex="cp">chapter counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="530" mergedindex="cp">section counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="531" mergedindex="cp">subsection counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="532" mergedindex="cp">subsubsection counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="533" mergedindex="cp">paragraph counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="534" mergedindex="cp">subparagraph counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="535" mergedindex="cp">page counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="536" mergedindex="cp">equation counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="537" mergedindex="cp">figure counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="538" mergedindex="cp">table counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="539" mergedindex="cp">footnote counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="540" mergedindex="cp">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="541" mergedindex="cp">enumi counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="542" mergedindex="cp">enumii counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="543" mergedindex="cp">enumiii counter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="544" mergedindex="cp">enumiv counter</indexterm></findex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii @@ -11081,7 +11163,7 @@ up to four levels of nesting (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</ <node name="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usecounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a @@ -11093,30 +11175,30 @@ instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name d start with a backslash. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544" mergedindex="cp">\alph{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545" mergedindex="cp">\alph{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545" mergedindex="cp">\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546" mergedindex="cp">\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546" mergedindex="cp">\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547" mergedindex="cp">\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in Arabic numbers such as <samp>5</samp> or <samp>-2</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547" mergedindex="cp">\roman{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548" mergedindex="cp">\roman{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but &latex; does not print anything in the output. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548" mergedindex="cp">\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549" mergedindex="cp">\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but &latex; does not print anything in the output. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</indexterm>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of <var>counter</var> should be between 1 and 9, inclusive. If the @@ -11126,22 +11208,22 @@ warning but &latex; does not output anything. </para> <para>Here are the symbols: </para> -<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".11 .30 .30 .29"><columnfraction value=".11"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".29"></columnfraction></columnfractions> -<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Number</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Symbol +<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions spaces=" " line=".11 .30 .30 .29"><columnfraction value=".11"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".29"></columnfraction></columnfractions> +<thead><row><entry command="headitem"> <para>Number</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Symbol </para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item"> -<para>1</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>*<!-- c --> +<para>1</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>*<!-- c --> </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>2</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>dagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\dagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2020</U> +<para>2</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>dagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\dagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2020</U> </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>3</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>ddagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ddagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2021</U> +<para>3</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>ddagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ddagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2021</U> </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>4</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>section-sign</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\S</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>00A7</U> +<para>4</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>section-sign</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\S</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>00A7</U> </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>5</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>paragraph-sign</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\P</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>00B6</U> +<para>5</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>paragraph-sign</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\P</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>00B6</U> </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>6</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>double-vert</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\parallel</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2016</U> +<para>6</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>double-vert</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\parallel</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2016</U> </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>7</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>double-asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>**<!-- c --> +<para>7</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>double-asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>**<!-- c --> </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para>8</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>double-dagger</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\dagger\dagger</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><U>2020</U><U>2020</U> @@ -11157,9 +11239,9 @@ warning but &latex; does not output anything. <node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="550" mergedindex="cp">\usecounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="551" mergedindex="cp">\usecounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11194,8 +11276,8 @@ enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>: <node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="551" mergedindex="cp">\value</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="552" mergedindex="cp">\value</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11238,9 +11320,9 @@ preceded by <code>\protect</code> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\pr <node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="552" mergedindex="cp">\setcounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">setting counters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="553" mergedindex="cp">\setcounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">setting counters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11266,7 +11348,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}. <node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="553" mergedindex="cp">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="554" mergedindex="cp">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11290,7 +11372,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}. <node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="554" mergedindex="cp">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="555" mergedindex="cp">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11314,7 +11396,7 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group. <node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day & \month & \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="555" mergedindex="cp">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="556" mergedindex="cp">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11336,9 +11418,12 @@ not influence references; that is, it does not define the current <node name="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" spaces=" "><nodename>\day & \month & \year</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\day</code> & <code>\month</code> & <code>\year</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="556" mergedindex="cp">\day</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="557" mergedindex="cp">\month</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="558" mergedindex="cp">\year</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cday">\day</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cmonth">\month</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cyear">\year</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="557" mergedindex="cp">\day</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="558" mergedindex="cp">\month</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="559" mergedindex="cp">\year</indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month (nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of @@ -11367,16 +11452,16 @@ command line. <node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex> <para>A <dfn>length</dfn> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a length as an argument. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">rigid lengths</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">rubber lengths</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">dimen <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">skip <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">glue <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">rigid lengths</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535">rubber lengths</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">dimen <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">skip <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">glue <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Lengths come in two types. A <dfn>rigid length</dfn> such as <code>10pt</code> does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain &tex; calls this a <dfn>dimen</dfn>.) A <dfn>rubber length</dfn> (what plain @@ -11504,57 +11589,57 @@ that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in&rbrace <node name="Units-of-length" spaces=" "><nodename>Units of length</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setlength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Units of length</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">units, of length</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">units, of length</indexterm></cindex> <para>&tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of math mode. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559" mergedindex="cp">pt</indexterm>pt </itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">point</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560" mergedindex="cp">pt</indexterm>pt </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">point</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-pt">units of length pt</anchor> <para>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = .35146<dmn>mm</dmn> = .035146<dmn>cm</dmn>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560" mergedindex="cp">pc</indexterm>pc</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">pica</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561" mergedindex="cp">pc</indexterm>pc</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">pica</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-pc">units of length pc</anchor> <para>Pica, 12 pt </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561" mergedindex="cp">in</indexterm>in </itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">inch</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562" mergedindex="cp">in</indexterm>in </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">inch</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-in">units of length in</anchor> <para>Inch, 72.27 pt </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562" mergedindex="cp">bp</indexterm>bp </itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535">big point</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">PostScript point</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563" mergedindex="cp">bp</indexterm>bp </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">big point</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">PostScript point</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-bp">units of length bp</anchor> <para>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563" mergedindex="cp">mm</indexterm>mm </itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">millimeter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564" mergedindex="cp">mm</indexterm>mm </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">millimeter</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-mm">units of length mm</anchor> -<para>Millimeter, 2.845 pt +<para>Millimeter, 2.845<dmn>pt</dmn> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564" mergedindex="cp">cm</indexterm>cm </itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">centimeter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565" mergedindex="cp">cm</indexterm>cm </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">centimeter</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-cm">units of length cm</anchor> -<para>Centimeter, 10 mm +<para>Centimeter, 10<dmn>mm</dmn> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565" mergedindex="cp">dd</indexterm>dd </itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">didot point</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566" mergedindex="cp">dd</indexterm>dd </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">didot point</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-dd">units of length dd</anchor> <para>Didot point, 1.07 pt </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566" mergedindex="cp">cc</indexterm>cc </itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">cicero</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567" mergedindex="cp">cc</indexterm>cc </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">cicero</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-cc">units of length cc</anchor> <para>Cicero, 12 dd </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567" mergedindex="cp">sp</indexterm>sp </itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">scaled point</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568" mergedindex="cp">sp</indexterm>sp </itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">scaled point</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-sp">units of length sp</anchor> <para>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt </para> @@ -11564,18 +11649,18 @@ PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. than being an absolute dimension. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568" mergedindex="cp">ex</indexterm>ex</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">x-height</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">ex</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569" mergedindex="cp">ex</indexterm>ex</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">x-height</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">ex</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="Lengths_002fex">Lengths/ex</anchor> <anchor name="units-of-length-ex">units of length ex</anchor> <para>The x-height of the current font <dfn>ex</dfn>, traditionally the height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical lengths. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569" mergedindex="cp">em</indexterm>em</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">m-width</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">em</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570" mergedindex="cp">em</indexterm>em</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">m-width</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">em</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</anchor> <anchor name="units-of-length-em">units of length em</anchor> <para>Similarly <dfn>em</dfn>, traditionally the width of the capital @@ -11584,8 +11669,8 @@ the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10<dmn>pt</dmn> font will have 1<dmn>em</dmn> = 10<dmn>pt</dmn>. &latex; has several commands to produce horizontal spaces based on the em (<pxref label="_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><xrefnodename>\enspace & \quad & \qquad</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570" mergedindex="cp">mu</indexterm>mu</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571" mergedindex="cp">mu</indexterm>mu</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="units-of-length-mu">units of length mu</anchor> <para>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit <dfn>mu</dfn>, defined by 1<dmn>em</dmn> = 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, where the @@ -11604,8 +11689,8 @@ than a definition given in points. <node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Units of length</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="571" mergedindex="cp">\setlength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="572" mergedindex="cp">\setlength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11641,8 +11726,8 @@ then you get an error like <samp>Missing number, treated as zero.</samp>. <node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="572" mergedindex="cp">\addtolength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="573" mergedindex="cp">\addtolength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11685,7 +11770,7 @@ If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var>len</var>, as in <node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="573" mergedindex="cp">\settodepth</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="574" mergedindex="cp">\settodepth</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11718,7 +11803,7 @@ then you get something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. <argument> <node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="574" mergedindex="cp">\settoheight</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="575" mergedindex="cp">\settoheight</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11752,7 +11837,7 @@ you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in <node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stretch</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="575" mergedindex="cp">\settowidth</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="576" mergedindex="cp">\settowidth</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11786,7 +11871,7 @@ you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in <node name="_005cstretch" spaces=" "><nodename>\stretch</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Expressions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stretch</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="576" mergedindex="cp">\stretch</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="577" mergedindex="cp">\stretch</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -11833,7 +11918,7 @@ We dedicate this book to our wives. <node name="Expressions" spaces=" "><nodename>Expressions</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stretch</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Expressions</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="577" mergedindex="cp">expressions</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="578" mergedindex="cp">expressions</indexterm></findex> <!-- c Much from Joseph Wright's https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/245663/339 --> <para>Synopsis, one of: @@ -11945,8 +12030,8 @@ because it rounds <code>3/2</code> to <code>2</code>, while <node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> <para>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the @@ -11965,12 +12050,12 @@ of some one or other of their daughters. ``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?'' </pre></example> -<para>A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank -line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank -line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as -space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code>%</code> and -span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns -are identical: +<para>A paragraph separator can be made of a sequence of at least one blank +line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank line +is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as space +or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code>%</code> and span up +to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are +identical: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} @@ -12029,8 +12114,8 @@ complete</samp>. <node name="_005cpar" spaces=" "><nodename>\par</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\indent & \noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\par</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="578" mergedindex="cp">\par</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">paragraph, ending</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="579" mergedindex="cp">\par</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">paragraph, ending</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis (note that while reading the input &tex; converts any sequence of one or more blank lines to a <code>\par</code>, <ref label="Making-paragraphs"><xrefnodename>Making paragraphs</xrefnodename></ref>): @@ -12094,10 +12179,11 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then <node name="_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\indent & \noindent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parindent & \parskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\par</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\indent</code> & <code>\noindent</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="579" mergedindex="cp">\indent</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="580" mergedindex="cp">\noindent</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="581" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cindent">\indent</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cnoindent">\noindent</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="580" mergedindex="cp">\indent</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="581" mergedindex="cp">\noindent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -12105,7 +12191,7 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3 inches and then <pre xml:space="preserve">\indent </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent><para>or +<noindent></noindent> <para>or </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent @@ -12145,13 +12231,14 @@ because &latex; is already in horizontal mode there. The \noindent shows this clearly. </pre></example> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="582" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex> <para>To omit indentation in the entire document put <code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. If you do that, you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs, <code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parindent & \parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Default &latex; styles have the first paragraph after a section that is not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that, @@ -12162,11 +12249,13 @@ look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>. <node name="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\parindent & \parskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Marginal notes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\indent & \noindent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parindent</code> & <code>\parskip</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="582" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="583" mergedindex="cp">\parskip</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">horizontal paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cparindent">\parindent</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cparskip">\parskip</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="583" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="584" mergedindex="cp">\parskip</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564">horizontal paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -12210,10 +12299,10 @@ classes is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. <node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parindent & \parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="584" mergedindex="cp">\marginpar</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="585" mergedindex="cp">\marginpar</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -12234,8 +12323,8 @@ two-sided layout (document option <code>twoside</code>) then it goes in the outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option <code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="585" mergedindex="cp">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="586" mergedindex="cp">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="586" mergedindex="cp">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="587" mergedindex="cp">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex> <para>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then &latex; will place subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with @@ -12252,18 +12341,18 @@ hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with <para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparpush">marginal notes marginparpush</anchor> <para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else. See also <ref label="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"><xrefnodename>page layout parameters marginparpush</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588" mergedindex="cp">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589" mergedindex="cp">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparsep">marginal notes marginparsep</anchor> <para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default <samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparwidth">marginal notes marginparwidth</anchor> <para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for @@ -12284,17 +12373,17 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. <node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561">math formulas</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="590" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="591" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569">math formulas</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="591" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="592" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="592" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="593" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="593" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="594" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="594" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="595" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="595" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="596" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Produce mathematical text by putting &latex; into math mode or display @@ -12368,14 +12457,14 @@ equivalent to <code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> \end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics, @@ -12400,11 +12489,13 @@ see their documentation on CTAN. <node name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" spaces=" "><nodename>Subscripts & superscripts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Subscripts & superscripts</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">superscript</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">subscript</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="596" mergedindex="cp">^ <r>superscript</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="597" mergedindex="cp">_ <r>subscript</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572">exponent</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="superscript">superscript</anchor> +<anchor name="subscript">subscript</anchor> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578">superscript</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579">subscript</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="597" mergedindex="cp">^ <r>superscript</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="598" mergedindex="cp">_ <r>subscript</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">exponent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of: </para> @@ -12449,8 +12540,9 @@ for the exponent. subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So, expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and <code>x_{i_0}</code> give correct output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the -<var>base</var> a determined <var>exp</var>. If you enter <code>\(3^3^3\)</code> then -you get <samp>Double superscript</samp>. +<var>base</var> a determined <var>exp</var>. If you enter <code>\(3^3^3\)</code>, this +interpreted as <code>\(3^{3}^{3}\)</code> and then you get &tex; error +<samp>Double superscript</samp>. </para> <para>&latex; does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in @@ -12463,7 +12555,7 @@ the correct place without any author intervention. </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para>Note the parentheses around <code>x=a</code> to make the entire expression a +<para>Note the curly braces around <code>x=a</code> to make the entire expression a subscript. </para> <para>To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like @@ -12473,10 +12565,10 @@ attaching to a prior symbols. </para> <para>Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you -the error <samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>. +the &tex; error <samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573"><r>package</r>, <code>mhchem</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574"><code>mhchem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581"><r>package</r>, <code>mhchem</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582"><code>mhchem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as @@ -12487,12 +12579,12 @@ typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as <node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts & superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">math symbols</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577">greek letters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">math symbols</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">greek letters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578"><r>package</r>, <code>comprehensive</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579"><code>comprehensive</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586"><r>package</r>, <code>comprehensive</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587"><code>comprehensive</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that @@ -12512,184 +12604,185 @@ mode, see <ref label="_005censuremath"><xrefnodename>\ensuremath</xrefnodename>< <!-- c Useful: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-math-970515/section6.html --> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598" mergedindex="cp">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599" mergedindex="cp">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\parallel</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599" mergedindex="cp">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600" mergedindex="cp">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2135</U> Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600" mergedindex="cp">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601" mergedindex="cp">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B1</U> Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601" mergedindex="cp">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602" mergedindex="cp">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A3F</U> Disjoint union (binary) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602" mergedindex="cp">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603" mergedindex="cp">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2220</U> Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than sign <code><</code> and angle bracket <code>\langle</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603" mergedindex="cp">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604" mergedindex="cp">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2248</U> Almost equal to (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604" mergedindex="cp">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605" mergedindex="cp">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2217</U> Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed (binary). Synonym: <code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: <code>\star</code>, which is five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and sometimes reserved for cross-correlation. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605" mergedindex="cp">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606" mergedindex="cp">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptotically equivalent (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606" mergedindex="cp">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607" mergedindex="cp">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus <code>\setminus</code>, and <code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607" mergedindex="cp">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608" mergedindex="cp">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B2</U> Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608" mergedindex="cp">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609" mergedindex="cp">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C2</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar: binary intersection <code>\cap</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609" mergedindex="cp">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610" mergedindex="cp">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>26AA</U> Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function composition <code>\circ</code>. <!-- c bb Best unicode symbol for this? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610" mergedindex="cp">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611" mergedindex="cp">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary union <code>\cup</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611" mergedindex="cp">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612" mergedindex="cp">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A00</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612" mergedindex="cp">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613" mergedindex="cp">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A01</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613" mergedindex="cp">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614" mergedindex="cp">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A02</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down -(operator). +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle +pointing down (binary). Synonym: <var>\varbigtriangledown</var>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator). +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle +pointing up (binary). Synonym: <var>\varbigtriangleup</var>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616" mergedindex="cp">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617" mergedindex="cp">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A06</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617" mergedindex="cp">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618" mergedindex="cp">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A04</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus (operator). (Note that the name has only one p.) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618" mergedindex="cp">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619" mergedindex="cp">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619" mergedindex="cp">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620" mergedindex="cp">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620" mergedindex="cp">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621" mergedindex="cp">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U>, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also <code>\top</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621" mergedindex="cp">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622" mergedindex="cp">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C8</U> Natural join of two relations (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622" mergedindex="cp">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623" mergedindex="cp">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. <!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623" mergedindex="cp">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624" mergedindex="cp">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2022</U> Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication dot <code>\cdot</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624" mergedindex="cp">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625" mergedindex="cp">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2229</U> Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator <code>\bigcap</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625" mergedindex="cp">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626" mergedindex="cp">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C5</U> Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot <code>\bullet</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626" mergedindex="cp">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627" mergedindex="cp">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C7</U> Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627" mergedindex="cp">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628" mergedindex="cp">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2218</U> Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator <code>\bigcirc</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628" mergedindex="cp">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629" mergedindex="cp">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2663</U> Club card suit (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629" mergedindex="cp">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630" mergedindex="cp">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U>, Set complement, used as a superscript as in <code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. Also used: <code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or <code>$\bar{S}$</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630" mergedindex="cp">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631" mergedindex="cp">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2245</U> Congruent (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631" mergedindex="cp">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632" mergedindex="cp">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2210</U> Coproduct (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632" mergedindex="cp">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633" mergedindex="cp">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222A</U> Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator <code>\bigcup</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633" mergedindex="cp">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634" mergedindex="cp">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2020</U> Dagger relation (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634" mergedindex="cp">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635" mergedindex="cp">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A3</U> Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar: turnstile <code>\vdash</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635" mergedindex="cp">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636" mergedindex="cp">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2021</U> Double dagger relation (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636" mergedindex="cp">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637" mergedindex="cp">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0394</U> Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637" mergedindex="cp">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638" mergedindex="cp">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B4</U> Greek lowercase delta (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638" mergedindex="cp">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639" mergedindex="cp">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639" mergedindex="cp">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640" mergedindex="cp">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C4</U> Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large diamond <code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet <code>\bullet</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640" mergedindex="cp">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641" mergedindex="cp">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2662</U> Diamond card suit (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641" mergedindex="cp">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642" mergedindex="cp">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00F7</U> Division sign (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642" mergedindex="cp">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643" mergedindex="cp">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2250</U> Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal to <code>\Doteq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643" mergedindex="cp">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644" mergedindex="cp">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2193</U> Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: <code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644" mergedindex="cp">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645" mergedindex="cp">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D3</U> Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: <code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645" mergedindex="cp">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646" mergedindex="cp">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646" mergedindex="cp">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647" mergedindex="cp">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is <code>\varnothing</code>. <!-- c bb Why Unicode has \revemptyset but no \emptyset? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647" mergedindex="cp">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648" mergedindex="cp">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code> <U>03B5</U>. Related: @@ -12697,205 +12790,205 @@ the set membership relation <code>\in</code> <U>2208</U>. <!-- c src: David Carlisle http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/98018/339 and --> <!-- c Unicode referenced there asserts varepsilon is much more widely used. --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648" mergedindex="cp">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649" mergedindex="cp">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2261</U> Equivalence (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649" mergedindex="cp">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650" mergedindex="cp">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B7</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650" mergedindex="cp">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651" mergedindex="cp">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2203</U> Existential quantifier (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651" mergedindex="cp">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652" mergedindex="cp">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266D</U> Musical flat (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652" mergedindex="cp">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653" mergedindex="cp">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2200</U> Universal quantifier (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653" mergedindex="cp">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654" mergedindex="cp">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2322</U> Downward curving arc (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654" mergedindex="cp">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655" mergedindex="cp">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0393</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655" mergedindex="cp">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656" mergedindex="cp">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B3</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656" mergedindex="cp">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657" mergedindex="cp">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for <code>\geq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657" mergedindex="cp">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658" mergedindex="cp">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for <code>\ge</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658" mergedindex="cp">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659" mergedindex="cp">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Is assigned the value (relation). Synonym: <code>\leftarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659" mergedindex="cp">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660" mergedindex="cp">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226B</U> Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less than <code>\ll</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660" mergedindex="cp">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661" mergedindex="cp">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>210F</U> Planck constant over two pi (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661" mergedindex="cp">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662" mergedindex="cp">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2661</U> Heart card suit (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662" mergedindex="cp">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663" mergedindex="cp">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A9</U> Hooked left arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663" mergedindex="cp">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664" mergedindex="cp">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21AA</U> Hooked right arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664" mergedindex="cp">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665" mergedindex="cp">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code> with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665" mergedindex="cp">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666" mergedindex="cp">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2111</U> Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part <code>\Re</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666" mergedindex="cp">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667" mergedindex="cp">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667" mergedindex="cp">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668" mergedindex="cp">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate epsilon <code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and small letter script epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668" mergedindex="cp">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669" mergedindex="cp">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221E</U> Infinity (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669" mergedindex="cp">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670" mergedindex="cp">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670" mergedindex="cp">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671" mergedindex="cp">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B9</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671" mergedindex="cp">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672" mergedindex="cp">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A1D</U> Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain &tex;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672" mergedindex="cp">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673" mergedindex="cp">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673" mergedindex="cp">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674" mergedindex="cp">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BA</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674" mergedindex="cp">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675" mergedindex="cp">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039B</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675" mergedindex="cp">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676" mergedindex="cp">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BB</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676" mergedindex="cp">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677" mergedindex="cp">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code>\wedge</code>. See also logical or <code>\lor</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677" mergedindex="cp">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678" mergedindex="cp">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E8</U> Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar: less-than <code><</code>. Matches <code>\rangle</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678" mergedindex="cp">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679" mergedindex="cp">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007B</U> Left curly brace (opening). Synonym: <code>\{</code>. Matches <code>\rbrace</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679" mergedindex="cp">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680" mergedindex="cp">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005B</U> Left square bracket (opening). Synonym: <code>[</code>. Matches <code>\rbrack</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680" mergedindex="cp">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681" mergedindex="cp">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2308</U> Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom shaved off (opening). Matches <code>\rceil</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681" mergedindex="cp">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682" mergedindex="cp">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for <code>\leq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682" mergedindex="cp">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683" mergedindex="cp">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation). To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put <code>\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead. <!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683" mergedindex="cp">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684" mergedindex="cp">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D0</U> Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar: single-line left arrow <code>\leftarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684" mergedindex="cp">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685" mergedindex="cp">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Single-line left arrow (relation). Synonym: <code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left arrow <code>\Leftarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BD</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BC</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687" mergedindex="cp">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688" mergedindex="cp">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D4</U> Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: single-line double headed arrow <code>\leftrightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688" mergedindex="cp">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689" mergedindex="cp">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2194</U> Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: double-line double headed arrow <code>\Leftrightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689" mergedindex="cp">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690" mergedindex="cp">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for <code>\le</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690" mergedindex="cp">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691" mergedindex="cp">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: <code>\floor</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691" mergedindex="cp">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692" mergedindex="cp">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692" mergedindex="cp">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693" mergedindex="cp">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226A</U> Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater than <code>\gg</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693" mergedindex="cp">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694" mergedindex="cp">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: <code>\neg</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694" mergedindex="cp">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695" mergedindex="cp">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F5</U> Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line left arrow <code>\Longleftarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695" mergedindex="cp">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696" mergedindex="cp">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line double-headed arrow <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696" mergedindex="cp">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697" mergedindex="cp">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27FC</U> Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). Similar: shorter version <code>\mapsto</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697" mergedindex="cp">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698" mergedindex="cp">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F6</U> Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line right arrow <code>\Longrightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698" mergedindex="cp">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699" mergedindex="cp">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym: <code>\vee</code>. See also logical and <code>\land</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699" mergedindex="cp">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700" mergedindex="cp">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). Similar: longer version <code>\longmapsto</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700" mergedindex="cp">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701" mergedindex="cp">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2127</U> Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701" mergedindex="cp">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702" mergedindex="cp">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2223</U> Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of <code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>. </para> @@ -12905,42 +12998,42 @@ ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry for <code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for <code>\Vert</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702" mergedindex="cp">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703" mergedindex="cp">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A8</U> Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash (relation). Similar: long double dash <code>\vDash</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703" mergedindex="cp">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704" mergedindex="cp">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2213</U> Minus or plus (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704" mergedindex="cp">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705" mergedindex="cp">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BC</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705" mergedindex="cp">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706" mergedindex="cp">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2207</U> Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706" mergedindex="cp">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707" mergedindex="cp">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266E</U> Musical natural notation (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707" mergedindex="cp">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708" mergedindex="cp">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\neq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708" mergedindex="cp">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709" mergedindex="cp">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2197</U> North-east arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709" mergedindex="cp">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710" mergedindex="cp">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: <code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for negation: <code>\sim</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710" mergedindex="cp">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711" mergedindex="cp">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym: <code>\ne</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711" mergedindex="cp">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712" mergedindex="cp">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). Synonym: <code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member of <code>\in</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712" mergedindex="cp">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713" mergedindex="cp">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><!-- c the "@ "s put in spaces so the not slash doesn't hit the next char. --> <para><U>0020</U><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/>Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator (relation). @@ -12949,85 +13042,85 @@ following operator (relation). particularly with the <code>amssymb</code> package. For example, <code>\notin</code> is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713" mergedindex="cp">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714" mergedindex="cp">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2209</U> Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset of <code>\nsubseteq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714" mergedindex="cp">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715" mergedindex="cp">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BD</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715" mergedindex="cp">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716" mergedindex="cp">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2196</U> North-west arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716" mergedindex="cp">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717" mergedindex="cp">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2299</U> Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator <code>\bigodot</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717" mergedindex="cp">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718" mergedindex="cp">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222E</U> Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718" mergedindex="cp">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719" mergedindex="cp">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A9</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719" mergedindex="cp">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720" mergedindex="cp">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C9</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720" mergedindex="cp">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721" mergedindex="cp">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2296</U> Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721" mergedindex="cp">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722" mergedindex="cp">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2295</U> Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator <code>\bigoplus</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722" mergedindex="cp">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723" mergedindex="cp">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2298</U> Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723" mergedindex="cp">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724" mergedindex="cp">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2297</U> Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator <code>\bigotimes</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724" mergedindex="cp">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725" mergedindex="cp">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). Synonym: <code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member of <code>\in</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725" mergedindex="cp">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726" mergedindex="cp">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym: <code>\|</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726" mergedindex="cp">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727" mergedindex="cp">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2202</U> Partial differential (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727" mergedindex="cp">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728" mergedindex="cp">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27C2</U> Perpendicular (relation). Similar: <code>\bot</code> uses the same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class ordinary. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728" mergedindex="cp">\Phi</indexterm>\Phi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729" mergedindex="cp">\Phi</indexterm>\Phi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A6</U> Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729" mergedindex="cp">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730" mergedindex="cp">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D5</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is <code>\varphi</code> <U>03C6</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730" mergedindex="cp">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731" mergedindex="cp">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A0</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731" mergedindex="cp">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732" mergedindex="cp">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C0</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is <code>\varpi</code> <U>03D6</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732" mergedindex="cp">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733" mergedindex="cp">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00B1</U> Plus or minus (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733" mergedindex="cp">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734" mergedindex="cp">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Precedes (relation). Similar: less than <code><</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734" mergedindex="cp">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735" mergedindex="cp">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or equals <code>\leq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735" mergedindex="cp">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736" mergedindex="cp">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code> and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second @@ -13037,334 +13130,334 @@ typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right single quote <code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character (apostrophe). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736" mergedindex="cp">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737" mergedindex="cp">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220F</U> Product (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737" mergedindex="cp">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738" mergedindex="cp">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221D</U> Is proportional to (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738" mergedindex="cp">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739" mergedindex="cp">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A8</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739" mergedindex="cp">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740" mergedindex="cp">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C8</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740" mergedindex="cp">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741" mergedindex="cp">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater than <code>></code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741" mergedindex="cp">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742" mergedindex="cp">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007D</U> Right curly brace (closing). Synonym: <code>\}</code>. Matches <code>\lbrace</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742" mergedindex="cp">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743" mergedindex="cp">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005D</U> Right square bracket (closing). Synonym: <code>]</code>. Matches <code>\lbrack</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743" mergedindex="cp">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744" mergedindex="cp">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2309</U> Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches <code>\lceil</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744" mergedindex="cp">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745" mergedindex="cp">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>211C</U> Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related: double-line, or blackboard bold, R <code>\mathbb{R}</code>; to access this, load the <code>amsfonts</code> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745" mergedindex="cp">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746" mergedindex="cp">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U>, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym: <code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746" mergedindex="cp">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747" mergedindex="cp">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29B0</U>, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: <code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>stix</file> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747" mergedindex="cp">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748" mergedindex="cp">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230B</U> Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut off (closing). Matches <code>\lfloor</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748" mergedindex="cp">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749" mergedindex="cp">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749" mergedindex="cp">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750" mergedindex="cp">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C1</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is <code>\varrho</code> <U>03F1</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750" mergedindex="cp">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751" mergedindex="cp">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D2</U> Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar: right single-line arrow <code>\rightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751" mergedindex="cp">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752" mergedindex="cp">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: <code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line arrow <code>\Rightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C1</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C0</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754" mergedindex="cp">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755" mergedindex="cp">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21CC</U> Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755" mergedindex="cp">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756" mergedindex="cp">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2198</U> Arrow pointing southeast (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756" mergedindex="cp">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757" mergedindex="cp">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29F5</U> Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash, like \ (binary). Similar: backslash <code>\backslash</code> and also <code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757" mergedindex="cp">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758" mergedindex="cp">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266F</U> Musical sharp (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758" mergedindex="cp">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759" mergedindex="cp">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A3</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759" mergedindex="cp">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760" mergedindex="cp">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C3</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is <code>\varsigma</code> <U>03C2</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760" mergedindex="cp">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761" mergedindex="cp">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>223C</U> Similar, in a relation (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761" mergedindex="cp">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762" mergedindex="cp">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2243</U> Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762" mergedindex="cp">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763" mergedindex="cp">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a display (operator). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763" mergedindex="cp">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764" mergedindex="cp">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764" mergedindex="cp">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765" mergedindex="cp">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2660</U> Spade card suit (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765" mergedindex="cp">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766" mergedindex="cp">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2293</U> Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar: intersection <code>cap</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766" mergedindex="cp">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767" mergedindex="cp">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2294</U> Square union symbol (binary). Similar: union <code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized operator <code>\bigsqcup</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U>, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset <code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2291</U> Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or equal to <code>\subseteq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U>, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: superset <code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2292</U> Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or equal <code>\supseteq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771" mergedindex="cp">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772" mergedindex="cp">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C6</U> Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the synonyms asterisk <code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene star. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772" mergedindex="cp">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773" mergedindex="cp">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2282</U> Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773" mergedindex="cp">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774" mergedindex="cp">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2286</U> Subset or equal to (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774" mergedindex="cp">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775" mergedindex="cp">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227B</U> Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less than <code>></code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775" mergedindex="cp">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776" mergedindex="cp">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AB0</U> Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less than or equal to <code>\leq</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776" mergedindex="cp">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777" mergedindex="cp">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2211</U> Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital sigma <code>\Sigma</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777" mergedindex="cp">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778" mergedindex="cp">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2283</U> Superset (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778" mergedindex="cp">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779" mergedindex="cp">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2287</U> Superset or equal to (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779" mergedindex="cp">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780" mergedindex="cp">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221A</U> Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command <code>\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar that extends to cover the argument. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780" mergedindex="cp">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781" mergedindex="cp">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2199</U> Southwest-pointing arrow (relation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781" mergedindex="cp">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="782" mergedindex="cp">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C4</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="782" mergedindex="cp">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783" mergedindex="cp">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B8</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is <code>\vartheta</code> <U>03D1</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783" mergedindex="cp">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784" mergedindex="cp">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00D7</U> Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See also <code>\cdot</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784" mergedindex="cp">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785" mergedindex="cp">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: <code>\rightarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785" mergedindex="cp">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786" mergedindex="cp">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set (ordinary). See also <code>\bot</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786" mergedindex="cp">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787" mergedindex="cp">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Triangle (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787" mergedindex="cp">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788" mergedindex="cp">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Not-filled triangle pointing left (binary). Similar: <code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788" mergedindex="cp">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789" mergedindex="cp">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789" mergedindex="cp">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790" mergedindex="cp">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790" mergedindex="cp">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791" mergedindex="cp">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and use <code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives better spacing). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791" mergedindex="cp">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792" mergedindex="cp">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing arrow <code>\uparrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792" mergedindex="cp">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793" mergedindex="cp">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing arrow <code>\Uparrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793" mergedindex="cp">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794" mergedindex="cp">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow <code>\updownarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794" mergedindex="cp">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795" mergedindex="cp">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2195</U> Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow <code>\Updownarrow</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795" mergedindex="cp">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796" mergedindex="cp">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U>, Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation). Synonym: <code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796" mergedindex="cp">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797" mergedindex="cp">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle (binary). Similar: union <code>\cup</code>. Related: variable-sized operator <code>\biguplus</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797" mergedindex="cp">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798" mergedindex="cp">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A5</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798" mergedindex="cp">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799" mergedindex="cp">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C5</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799" mergedindex="cp">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800" mergedindex="cp">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form <code>\epsilon</code> <U>03F5</U>. Related: set membership <code>\in</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800" mergedindex="cp">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801" mergedindex="cp">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U>, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related: <code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801" mergedindex="cp">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802" mergedindex="cp">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code> <U>03D5</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802" mergedindex="cp">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803" mergedindex="cp">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code> <U>03C0</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803" mergedindex="cp">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804" mergedindex="cp">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code> <U>03C1</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804" mergedindex="cp">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805" mergedindex="cp">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is <code>\sigma</code> <U>03C3</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805" mergedindex="cp">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806" mergedindex="cp">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is <code>\theta</code> <U>03B8</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806" mergedindex="cp">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807" mergedindex="cp">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a half-circle <code>\dashv</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807" mergedindex="cp">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808" mergedindex="cp">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical and <code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized operator <code>\bigvee</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808" mergedindex="cp">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809" mergedindex="cp">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to use the <code>mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809" mergedindex="cp">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810" mergedindex="cp">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For &textldquo;such that&textrdquo;, as in the definition of a set, use <code>\mid</code> because it is a relation. <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to use the <code>mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810" mergedindex="cp">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811" mergedindex="cp">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym: <code>\land</code>. See also logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized operator <code>\bigwedge</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811" mergedindex="cp">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812" mergedindex="cp">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2118</U> Weierstrass p (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812" mergedindex="cp">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813" mergedindex="cp">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2240</U> Wreath product (binary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813" mergedindex="cp">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814" mergedindex="cp">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039E</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814" mergedindex="cp">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815" mergedindex="cp">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BE</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815" mergedindex="cp">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816" mergedindex="cp">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B6</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -13373,19 +13466,19 @@ operator <code>\bigwedge</code>. provides versions to use in mathematical text. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816" mergedindex="cp">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817" mergedindex="cp">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Dollar sign in math mode: $. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817" mergedindex="cp">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818" mergedindex="cp">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, <U>00B6</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818" mergedindex="cp">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Section sign in math mode <U>00A7</U>. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819" mergedindex="cp">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Section sign in math mode: <U>00A7</U>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819" mergedindex="cp">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820" mergedindex="cp">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sterling sign in math mode: £. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820" mergedindex="cp">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821" mergedindex="cp">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Underscore in math mode: _. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -13404,83 +13497,83 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text. <node name="Arrows" spaces=" "><nodename>Arrows</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\boldmath & \unboldmath</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Arrows</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">arrows</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">symbols, arrows</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821" mergedindex="cp">math, arrows</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591">arrows</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592">symbols, arrows</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822" mergedindex="cp">math, arrows</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587"><r>package</r>, <code>latexsym</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588"><code>latexsym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595"><r>package</r>, <code>latexsym</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596"><code>latexsym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>These are the arrows that come with standard &latex;. The <code>latexsym</code> and <code>amsfonts</code> packages contain many more. </para> -<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".10 .40 .50"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".50"></columnfraction></columnfractions> -<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Symbol</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions spaces=" " line=".10 .40 .50"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".50"></columnfraction></columnfractions> +<thead><row><entry command="headitem"> <para>Symbol</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021D3</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Downarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021D3</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Downarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02193</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\downarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02193</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\downarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021A9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\hookleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021A9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\hookleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021AA</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\hookrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021AA</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\hookrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>2190</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\leftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>2190</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\leftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021D0</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Leftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021D0</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Leftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021D4</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Leftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021D4</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Leftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02194</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\leftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02194</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\leftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>027F5</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\longleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>027F5</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\longleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>027F8</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Longleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>027F8</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Longleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>027F7</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\longleftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>027F7</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\longleftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>027FA</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Longleftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>027FA</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Longleftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>027FC</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\longmapsto</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>027FC</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\longmapsto</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>027F9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Longrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>027F9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Longrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>027F6</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\longrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>027F6</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\longrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021A6</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\mapsto</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021A6</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\mapsto</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02197</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\nearrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02197</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\nearrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02196</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\nwarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02196</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\nwarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021D2</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Rightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021D2</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Rightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02192</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rightarrow</code>, or <code>\to</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02192</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\rightarrow</code>, or <code>\to</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02198</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\searrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02198</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\searrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02199</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\swarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02199</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\swarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02191</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\uparrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02191</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\uparrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021D1</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Uparrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021D1</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Uparrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>02195</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\updownarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>02195</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\updownarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>021D5</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Updownarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>021D5</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\Updownarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row></tbody></multitable> <para>An example of the difference between <code>\to</code> and <code>\mapsto</code> is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589"><r>package</r>, <code>amscd</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590"><code>amscd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597"><r>package</r>, <code>amscd</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598"><code>amscd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591"><r>package</r>, <code>tikz-cd</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592"><code>tikz-cd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599"><r>package</r>, <code>tikz-cd</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600"><code>tikz-cd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including <code>tikz-cd</code> and <code>amscd</code>. @@ -13490,10 +13583,12 @@ is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>. <node name="_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" spaces=" "><nodename>\boldmath & \unboldmath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Blackboard bold</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Arrows</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\boldmath</code> & <code>\unboldmath</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593">boldface mathematics</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594">symbols, boldface</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cboldmath">\boldmath</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cunboldmath">\unboldmath</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="824" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601">boldface mathematics</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602">mathematics, boldface</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode): </para> @@ -13508,13 +13603,13 @@ is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>. <pre xml:space="preserve">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \) </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="824" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex> <para>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular -(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display -math mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). Both commands are fragile -(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). +(non-bold) default, respectively. They must be used when <emph>not</emph> in +math mode or display math mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). Both commands are +fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> <para>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an <code>\mbox</code>, @@ -13525,22 +13620,36 @@ math mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). Bot <noindent></noindent> <para>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR -mode, and explains why &latex; must switch to math mode to set <code>v</code> -and <code>u</code>. +mode, and explains why we must switch &latex; into math mode to set +<code>v</code> and <code>u</code>. </para> <para>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \( \boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like <samp>LaTeX Font Warning: -Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp> and <samp>LaTeX -Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line -11</samp>. +Command \boldmath invalid in math mode</samp> and <samp>LaTeX Font Warning: +Command \mathversion invalid in math mode</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595"><r>package</r>, <code>bm</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596"><code>bm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<menu endspaces=" "> +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">bm</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The <code>bm</code> package for individual bold symbols. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">OpenType bold math</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>FakeBold</code> or <code>\symbf</code>. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> + +<node name="bm" spaces=" "><nodename>bm</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">OpenType bold math</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\boldmath & \unboldmath</nodeup></node> +<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>bm</code>: Individual bold math symbols</sectiontitle> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603"><r>package</r>, <code>bm</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604"><code>bm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">symbols, boldface</indexterm></cindex> -<para>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use -the <code>bm</code> package provided by the &latex; Project team. A complete -description is outside the scope of this document (see the full -documentation on CTAN) but even this small example +<!-- c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/974 --> +<para>Specifying <code>\boldmath</code> is the best method for typesetting a whole +math expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an +expression in bold, the <code>bm</code> package provided by the &latex; +Project team is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this +document (see its documentation at <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/bm</urefurl></url> or in +your installation) but the spacing in the output of this small example +will show that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code> within an +expression: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble @@ -13548,16 +13657,51 @@ documentation on CTAN) but even this small example we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$ </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent> -<para>shows that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>. +</subsubsection> +<node name="OpenType-bold-math" spaces=" "><nodename>OpenType bold math</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">bm</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\boldmath & \unboldmath</nodeup></node> +<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>OpenType bold math</sectiontitle> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606"><r>package</r>, <code>fontspec</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607"><code>fontspec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> + + +<para>Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (Xe&latex;, +Lua&latex;), neither <code>\boldmath</code> nor <code>bm</code> usually work +well, because the OpenType math fonts normally used with those engines +rarely come with a bold companion, and both <code>\boldmath</code> and +<code>bm</code> require this. (The implementation of <code>bm</code> relies +on <code>\boldmath</code>, so the requirements are the same.) If you do have +a bold math font, though, then <code>\boldmath</code> and <code>bm</code> work +fine. +</para> +<para>If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake +bold fonts with the <code>fontspec</code> package&textrsquo;s <code>FakeBold=1</code> +parameter (see its documentation, +<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec</urefurl></url>). This may be acceptable for +drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a true +bold font. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827" mergedindex="cp">\symbf</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="828" mergedindex="cp">\symbfit</indexterm></findex> +<para>Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to use +the <code>\symbf</code> (bold), <code>\symbfit</code> (bold italic), and related +commands from the <code>unicode-math</code> package. These do not change +the current font, but rather change the (Unicode) &textldquo;alphabet&textrdquo; used, +which in practice is more widely supported than a separate bold font. +Many variations are possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the +desired output. As usual, see the package documentation +(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math</urefurl></url>). </para> - +</subsubsection> </subsection> <node name="Blackboard-bold" spaces=" "><nodename>Blackboard bold</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\boldmath & \unboldmath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Blackboard bold</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597">blackboard bold</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598">doublestruck</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">blackboard bold</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">doublestruck</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -13581,8 +13725,9 @@ integers, etc. <para>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol <U>2115</U>, representing the natural numbers. </para> -<para>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error -but you get strange results, including unexpected characters. +<para>If the argument contains something other than an uppercase letter, you +do not get an error but you do get strange results, including +unexpected characters. </para> <para>There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the capital letters; look on CTAN. @@ -13592,9 +13737,9 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN. <node name="Calligraphic" spaces=" "><nodename>Calligraphic</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Delimiters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Blackboard bold</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Calligraphic</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599">calligraphic fonts</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600">script fonts</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601">fonts, script</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">calligraphic fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">script fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614">fonts, script</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -13619,11 +13764,11 @@ an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance, <node name="Delimiters" spaces=" "><nodename>Delimiters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Dots</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Delimiters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602">delimiters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603">parentheses</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604">braces</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">curly braces</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606">brackets</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">delimiters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">parentheses</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">braces</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618">curly braces</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">brackets</indexterm></cindex> <para>Delimiters are parentheses, braces, or other characters used to mark the start and end of subformulas. This formula has three sets of @@ -13638,44 +13783,44 @@ parentheses delimiting the three subformulas. </para> <para>Here are the common delimiters: </para> -<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".11 .20 .40 .29"><columnfraction value=".11"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".20"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".29"></columnfraction></columnfractions> -<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Delimiter</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Name +<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions spaces=" " line=".11 .20 .40 .29"><columnfraction value=".11"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".20"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".29"></columnfraction></columnfractions> +<thead><row><entry command="headitem"> <para>Delimiter</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Name </para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item"> -<para>( </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>(</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left parenthesis +<para>( </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>(</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Left parenthesis </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>) </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>)</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right parenthesis +<para>) </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>)</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Right parenthesis </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>\} </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>{</code> or <code>\lbrace</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left brace +<para>\} </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>{</code> or <code>\lbrace</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Left brace </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>\{ </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>}</code> or <code>\rbrace</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right brace +<para>\{ </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>}</code> or <code>\rbrace</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Right brace </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>[ </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>[</code> or <code>\lbrack</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left bracket +<para>[ </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>[</code> or <code>\lbrack</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Left bracket </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>] </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>]</code> or <code>\rbrack</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right bracket +<para>] </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>]</code> or <code>\rbrack</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Right bracket </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>230A</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\lfloor</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left floor bracket +<para><U>230A</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\lfloor</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Left floor bracket </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>230B</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rfloor</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right floor bracket +<para><U>230B</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\rfloor</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Right floor bracket </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>2308</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\lceil</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left ceiling bracket +<para><U>2308</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\lceil</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Left ceiling bracket </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>2309</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rceil</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right ceiling bracket +<para><U>2309</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\rceil</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Right ceiling bracket </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>27E8</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\langle</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left angle bracket +<para><U>27E8</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\langle</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Left angle bracket </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>27E9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rangle</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right angle bracket +<para><U>27E9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\rangle</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Right angle bracket </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>/ </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>/</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Slash, or forward slash +<para>/ </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>/</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Slash, or forward slash </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>\ </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\backslash</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Reverse slash, or backslash +<para>\ </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\backslash</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Reverse slash, or backslash </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para>| </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>|</code> or <code>\vert</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Vertical bar +<para>| </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>|</code> or <code>\vert</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Vertical bar </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>2016</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Double vertical bar +<para><U>2016</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Double vertical bar </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>mathtools</code> package allows you to create commands for paired delimiters. For instance, if you put @@ -13700,13 +13845,15 @@ same behavior. <node name="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" spaces=" "><nodename>\left & \right</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigl & \bigr etc.</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeup></node> <subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\left</code> & <code>\right</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">delimiters, paired</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">paired delimiters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">matching parentheses</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">matching brackets</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826" mergedindex="cp">\left</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827" mergedindex="cp">\right</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cleft">\left</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cright">\right</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829" mergedindex="cp">\left</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830" mergedindex="cp">\right</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">delimiters, paired</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623">paired delimiters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">matching parentheses</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625">matching brackets</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex> <!-- c Credit: SE userPhilipp https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/12793 --> @@ -13739,15 +13886,15 @@ example, leaving out the <code>\left(</code> gets the error message <samp>Extra \right</samp>. Leaving out the <code>\right)</code> gets <samp>You can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>However, <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need not match. A common case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period, -<samp>.</samp>, as a null delimiter. +<samp>.</samp>, as a <dfn>null delimiter</dfn>. </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{equation} @@ -13852,6 +13999,11 @@ delimiter; you can&textrsquo;t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and <node name="_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" spaces=" "><nodename>\bigl & \bigr etc.</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\left & \right</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeup></node> <subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</sectiontitle> +<anchor name="_005cbigl">\bigl</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cbigr">\bigr</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831" mergedindex="cp">\bigl</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832" mergedindex="cp">\bigr</indexterm></findex> + <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -13931,8 +14083,8 @@ some circumstances, as with this large vertical line \end{equation} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <noindent></noindent> <para>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command @@ -13973,8 +14125,8 @@ formulas, as here. <node name="Dots" spaces=" "><nodename>Dots</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Greek letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Dots, horizontal or vertical</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">ellipses</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">dots</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633">ellipses</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634">dots</indexterm></cindex> <para>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern continues. @@ -13991,36 +14143,37 @@ continues. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem><anchor name="ellipses-cdots">ellipses cdots</anchor> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828" mergedindex="cp">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833" mergedindex="cp">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as in <U>22EF</U>. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1} \)</code>. </para> <anchor name="ellipses-ddots">ellipses ddots</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="829" mergedindex="cp">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834" mergedindex="cp">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Diagonal ellipsis, <U>22F1</U>. See the above array example for a usage. </para> <anchor name="ellipses-ldots">ellipses ldots</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836" mergedindex="cp">\mathellipsis</indexterm>\mathellipsis</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Ellipsis on the baseline, <U>2026</U>. Used as: <code>\( -x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A -synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <code>amsmath</code> -package is <code>\hdots</code>. +x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. +Synonyms are <code>\mathellipsis</code> and <code>\dots</code>. A synonym from +the <code>amsmath</code> package is <code>\hdots</code>. </para> <para>You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in -<code>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>. (In a paragraph -mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.) +<code>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>. </para> <anchor name="ellipses-vdots">ellipses vdots</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831" mergedindex="cp">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838" mergedindex="cp">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical ellipsis, <U>22EE</U>. See the above array example for a usage. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>amsmath</code> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs @@ -14035,6 +14188,10 @@ Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \). </pre></example> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839" mergedindex="cp">\dotsc</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840" mergedindex="cp">\dotsb</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841" mergedindex="cp">\dotsi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm></findex> <noindent></noindent> <para>In the first line &latex; looks to the comma following <code>\dots</code> to determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second @@ -14047,70 +14204,92 @@ the ellipses that fits when the dots are followed by a binary operator or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or <code>\dotso</code> for others. </para> +<!-- c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/976 --> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> + +<para>The <code>\dots</code> command from <code>amsmath</code> differs from the +&latex; kernel&textrsquo;s <code>\dots</code> command in another way: it outputs a +thin space after the ellipsis. Furthermore, the <code>unicode-math</code> +package automatically loads <code>amsmath</code>, so <code>amsmath</code>&textrsquo;s +<code>\dots</code> may be active even when you did not explicitly load it, +thus changing the output from <code>\dots</code> in both text and math mode. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639">ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode +engines (<code>lualatex</code>, <code>xelatex</code>), &latex; will use the +Unicode ellipsis character (U+2026) in the font if it&textrsquo;s available; +under traditional &tex; engines (<code>pdflatex</code>, <code>latex</code>), it +will typeset three spaced periods. Generally, the Unicode +single-character ellipsis has almost no space between the three +periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis is looser, more +in accordance with traditional typography. +</para> </subsection> <node name="Greek-letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Greek letters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Dots</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Greek letters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">Greek letters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">Greek letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>The upper case versions of these Greek letters are only shown when they differ from Roman upper case letters. </para> -<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".10 .30 .15 .45"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".15"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".45"></columnfraction></columnfractions> -<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Symbol</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions spaces=" " line=".10 .30 .15 .45"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".15"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".45"></columnfraction></columnfractions> +<thead><row><entry command="headitem"> <para>Symbol</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab"> </entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03B1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\alpha</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Alpha +<para><U>03B1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\alpha</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Alpha </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03B2</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\beta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Beta +<para><U>03B2</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\beta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Beta </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03B3</U>, <U>0393</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\gamma</code>, <code>\Gamma</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Gamma +<para><U>03B3</U>, <U>0393</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\gamma</code>, <code>\Gamma</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Gamma </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03B4</U>, <U>0394</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\delta</code>, <code>\Delta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Delta +<para><U>03B4</U>, <U>0394</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\delta</code>, <code>\Delta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Delta </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><U>03B5</U>, <U>03F5</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> - <para><code>\varepsilon</code>, <code>\epsilon</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Epsilon + <para><code>\varepsilon</code>, <code>\epsilon</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Epsilon </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03B6</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\zeta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Zeta +<para><U>03B6</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\zeta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Zeta </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03B7</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\eta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Eta +<para><U>03B7</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\eta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Eta </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03B8</U>, <U>03D1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\theta</code>, <code>\vartheta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>03B8</U>, <U>03D1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\theta</code>, <code>\vartheta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Theta </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03B9</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\iota</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Iota +<para><U>03B9</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\iota</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Iota </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03BA</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\kappa</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Kappa +<para><U>03BA</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\kappa</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Kappa </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03BB</U>, <U>039B</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\lambda</code>, <code>\Lambda</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> +<para><U>03BB</U>, <U>039B</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\lambda</code>, <code>\Lambda</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Lambda </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03BC</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\mu</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Mu +<para><U>03BC</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\mu</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Mu </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03BD</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\nu</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Nu +<para><U>03BD</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\nu</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Nu </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03BE</U>, <U>039E</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\xi</code>, <code>\Xi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Xi +<para><U>03BE</U>, <U>039E</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\xi</code>, <code>\Xi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Xi </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03C0</U>, <U>03A0</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\pi</code>, <code>\Pi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Pi +<para><U>03C0</U>, <U>03A0</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\pi</code>, <code>\Pi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Pi </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03C1</U>, <U>03F1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rho</code>, <code>\varrho</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Rho +<para><U>03C1</U>, <U>03F1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\rho</code>, <code>\varrho</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Rho </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03C3</U>, <U>03A3</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\sigma</code>, <code>\Sigma</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Sigma +<para><U>03C3</U>, <U>03A3</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\sigma</code>, <code>\Sigma</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Sigma </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03C4</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\tau</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Tau +<para><U>03C4</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\tau</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Tau </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> <para><U>03D5</U>, <U>03C6</U>, <U>03A6</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> - <para><code>\phi</code>, <code>\varphi</code>, <code>\Phi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Phi + <para><code>\phi</code>, <code>\varphi</code>, <code>\Phi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Phi </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03C7</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\chi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>chi +<para><U>03C7</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\chi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>chi </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03C8</U>, <U>03A8</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\psi</code>, <code>\Psi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Psi +<para><U>03C8</U>, <U>03A8</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\psi</code>, <code>\Psi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Psi </para></entry></row><row><entry command="item"> -<para><U>03C9</U>, <U>03A9</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Omega +<para><U>03C9</U>, <U>03A9</U></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"> <para>Omega </para></entry></row></tbody></multitable> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>For omicron, if you are using &latex;&textrsquo;s default Computer Modern font then enter omicron just as <samp>o</samp> or <samp>O</samp>. If you like having the @@ -14128,198 +14307,200 @@ italic. <node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627">math functions</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628">functions, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644">math functions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645">functions, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="832" mergedindex="cp">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843" mergedindex="cp">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse cosine </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833" mergedindex="cp">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844" mergedindex="cp">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse sine </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834" mergedindex="cp">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845" mergedindex="cp">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse tangent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835" mergedindex="cp">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846" mergedindex="cp">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836" mergedindex="cp">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847" mergedindex="cp">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837" mergedindex="cp">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="848" mergedindex="cp">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Cosine </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838" mergedindex="cp">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="849" mergedindex="cp">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic cosine </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="839" mergedindex="cp">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="850" mergedindex="cp">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Cotangent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="840" mergedindex="cp">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="851" mergedindex="cp">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic cotangent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="841" mergedindex="cp">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="852" mergedindex="cp">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Cosecant </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="842" mergedindex="cp">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="853" mergedindex="cp">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Degrees </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843" mergedindex="cp">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="854" mergedindex="cp">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Determinant </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844" mergedindex="cp">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="855" mergedindex="cp">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Dimension </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845" mergedindex="cp">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856" mergedindex="cp">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Exponential </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846" mergedindex="cp">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="857" mergedindex="cp">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Greatest common divisor </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847" mergedindex="cp">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="858" mergedindex="cp">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Homomorphism </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="848" mergedindex="cp">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Infinum +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="859" mergedindex="cp">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Infimum </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="849" mergedindex="cp">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="860" mergedindex="cp">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Kernel </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="850" mergedindex="cp">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="861" mergedindex="cp">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Base 2 logarithm </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="851" mergedindex="cp">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="862" mergedindex="cp">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="852" mergedindex="cp">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="863" mergedindex="cp">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit inferior </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="853" mergedindex="cp">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="864" mergedindex="cp">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit superior </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="854" mergedindex="cp">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="865" mergedindex="cp">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Natural logarithm </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="855" mergedindex="cp">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="866" mergedindex="cp">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Logarithm </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856" mergedindex="cp">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="867" mergedindex="cp">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="857" mergedindex="cp">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="868" mergedindex="cp">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="858" mergedindex="cp">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="869" mergedindex="cp">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="859" mergedindex="cp">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="870" mergedindex="cp">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Probability </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="860" mergedindex="cp">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="871" mergedindex="cp">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Secant </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="861" mergedindex="cp">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="872" mergedindex="cp">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sine </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="862" mergedindex="cp">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="873" mergedindex="cp">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic sine </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="863" mergedindex="cp">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>sup +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="874" mergedindex="cp">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Supremum +sup <!-- c don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a --> <!-- c Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions --> <!-- c when it's just three roman letters anyway. --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="864" mergedindex="cp">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="875" mergedindex="cp">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Tangent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="865" mergedindex="cp">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="876" mergedindex="cp">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic tangent </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<para>The <code>amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and also -allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but -briefly, you can define an identity operator with +<para>The <code>amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and +also allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, +but briefly, you can define an identity operator with <code>\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</code> that is like the ones above but prints as <samp>id</samp>. The starred form -<code>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</code> sets any limits above and -below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\max</code>. +<code>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</code> sets any superscript or +subscript to be above and below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, +<code>\sup</code>, or <code>\max</code>. </para> </section> <node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631">math accents</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">math accents</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="866" mergedindex="cp">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="877" mergedindex="cp">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math acute accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="867" mergedindex="cp">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878" mergedindex="cp">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math bar-over accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="868" mergedindex="cp">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="879" mergedindex="cp">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math breve accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="869" mergedindex="cp">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="880" mergedindex="cp">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="870" mergedindex="cp">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881" mergedindex="cp">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dieresis accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="871" mergedindex="cp">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882" mergedindex="cp">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dot accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="872" mergedindex="cp">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="883" mergedindex="cp">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math grave accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="873" mergedindex="cp">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="884" mergedindex="cp">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math hat (circumflex) accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="874" mergedindex="cp">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="885" mergedindex="cp">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math ring accent <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="875" mergedindex="cp">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="886" mergedindex="cp">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math tilde accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="876" mergedindex="cp">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="887" mergedindex="cp">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math vector symbol </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="877" mergedindex="cp">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="888" mergedindex="cp">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math wide hat accent </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878" mergedindex="cp">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="889" mergedindex="cp">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math wide tilde accent </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -14332,39 +14513,39 @@ one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (<pxref label="Math <node name="Over_002d-and-Underlining" spaces=" "><nodename>Over- and Underlining</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Over- and Underlining</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650">overlining</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651">underlining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667">overlining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668">underlining</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or putting braces over or under some material. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="879" mergedindex="cp">\underline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\underline{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="890" mergedindex="cp">\underline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\underline{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside. The line is always completely below the text, taking account of descenders, so in <code>\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in <code>\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652"><r>package</r>, <code>ulem</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653"><code>ulem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669"><r>package</r>, <code>ulem</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670"><code>ulem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Note that the package <code>ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN. See also <ref label="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><xrefnodename>\hrulefill & \dotfill</xrefnodename></ref> for producing a line, for such things as a signature. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="880" mergedindex="cp">\overline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overline{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="891" mergedindex="cp">\overline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overline{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside. For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>. Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881" mergedindex="cp">\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</indexterm>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="892" mergedindex="cp">\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</indexterm>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this <code>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part. -Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript, -<code>^</code>, as here. +Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, <code>_</code>, or +superscript, <code>^</code>, as here. </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{displaymath} @@ -14376,15 +14557,15 @@ Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript, <para>The superscript appears on top of the expression, and so can look unconnected to the underbrace. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882" mergedindex="cp">\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</indexterm>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="893" mergedindex="cp">\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</indexterm>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with <code>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also <code>\underbrace</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The package <code>mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN. @@ -14394,8 +14575,8 @@ some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN. <node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> <para>When typesetting mathematics, &latex; puts in spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then @@ -14419,11 +14600,11 @@ a <samp>M</samp>. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="883" mergedindex="cp">\;</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="884" mergedindex="cp">\thickspace</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894" mergedindex="cp">\;</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895" mergedindex="cp">\thickspace</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace">spacing in math mode thickspace</anchor> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, @@ -14431,16 +14612,16 @@ can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\negthickspace</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="885" mergedindex="cp">\negthickspace</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896" mergedindex="cp">\negthickspace</indexterm></findex> <para>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="886" mergedindex="cp">\:</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="887" mergedindex="cp">\></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="888" mergedindex="cp">\medspace</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897" mergedindex="cp">\:</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898" mergedindex="cp">\></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899" mergedindex="cp">\medspace</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace">spacing in math mode medspace</anchor> <para>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 @@ -14448,15 +14629,15 @@ mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only. that, in math mode only. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\negmedspace</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="889" mergedindex="cp">\negmedspace</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900" mergedindex="cp">\negmedspace</indexterm></findex> <para>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="890" mergedindex="cp">\,</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="891" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">thin space</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901" mergedindex="cp">\,</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677">thin space</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</anchor> <anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace">spacing in math mode thinspace</anchor> <para>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6<dmn>em</dmn>. @@ -14475,9 +14656,9 @@ this, before punctuation in a displayed equation. </pre></example> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="892" mergedindex="cp">\!</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="893" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903" mergedindex="cp">\!</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace">spacing in math mode negthinspace</anchor> <para>Synonym: <code>\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 @@ -14487,8 +14668,8 @@ otherwise, the <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the (<pxref label="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace & \negthinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\quad</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">quad</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679">quad</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-quad">spacing in math mode quad</anchor> <para>This is 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, that is, 1<dmn>em</dmn>. This is often used for space surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between @@ -14496,7 +14677,7 @@ two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available in both text and math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\qquad</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad">spacing in math mode qquad</anchor> <para>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<dmn>mu</dmn> = 2<dmn>em</dmn>. It is available in both text and math mode. @@ -14512,8 +14693,8 @@ both text and math mode. <node name="_005csmash" spaces=" "><nodename>\smash</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\smash</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663">vertical spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664">math mode, vertical space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">vertical spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">math mode, vertical space</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -14580,8 +14761,8 @@ mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a \leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer control over smashing a subformula box. @@ -14591,12 +14772,19 @@ control over smashing a subformula box. <node name="_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" spaces=" "><nodename>\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\mathstrut</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\smash</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\phantom</code> & <code>\vphantom</code> & <code>\hphantom</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668">horizontal spacing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671">invisible character</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cphantom">\phantom</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cvphantom">\vphantom</anchor> +<anchor name="_005chphantom">\hphantom</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907" mergedindex="cp">\phantom</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="908" mergedindex="cp">\vphantom</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909" mergedindex="cp">\hphantom</indexterm></findex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">horizontal spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">invisible character</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -14650,8 +14838,8 @@ two expressions come out at the same level. <para>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code>\smash</code>. <xref label="_005csmash"><xrefnodename>\smash</xrefnodename></xref>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The three phantom commands appear often but note that &latex; provides a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more @@ -14661,8 +14849,8 @@ as <code>\settodepth</code> (<pxref label="_005csettodepth"><xrefnodename>\setto In addition, the <code>mathtools</code> package has many commands that offer fine-grained control over spacing. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you @@ -14679,13 +14867,13 @@ with <code>\leavevmode</code>. <node name="_005cmathstrut" spaces=" "><nodename>\mathstrut</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mathstrut</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896" mergedindex="cp"><code>\mathstrut</code></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">invisible character</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682">strut, math</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910" mergedindex="cp"><code>\mathstrut</code></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697">invisible character</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699">strut, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -14714,7 +14902,7 @@ amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. <xref label="_005 <node name="Math-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Math styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math styles</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683">math styles</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700">math styles</indexterm></cindex> <para>&tex;&textrsquo;s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For example, inside a displayed equation, the input <code>\sum_{0\leq @@ -14730,30 +14918,30 @@ superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math. </para> <itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> <beforefirstitem> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">display style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701">display style</indexterm></cindex> </beforefirstitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> <para>Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such as with <code>\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">text style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702">text style</indexterm></cindex> </listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> <para>Text style is for an inline formula, as with <samp>so we have $ ... $</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686">script style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703">script style</indexterm></cindex> </listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> <para>Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or superscript. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">scriptscript style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704">scriptscript style</indexterm></cindex> </listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> <para>Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or more) of subscript or superscript. </para> </listitem></itemize> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897" mergedindex="cp">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898" mergedindex="cp">\textstyle</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899" mergedindex="cp">\scriptstyle</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900" mergedindex="cp">\scriptscriptstyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="911" mergedindex="cp">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="912" mergedindex="cp">\textstyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="913" mergedindex="cp">\scriptstyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914" mergedindex="cp">\scriptscriptstyle</indexterm></findex> <para>&tex; determines a default math style but you can override it with a declaration of <code>\displaystyle</code>, or <code>\textstyle</code>, or <code>\scriptstyle</code>, or <code>\scriptscriptstyle</code>. @@ -14810,7 +14998,7 @@ improves the height of the denominators; <pxref label="_005cmathstrut"><xrefnode <node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Math styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories. @@ -14824,12 +15012,13 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> -<node name="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">Colon character & \colon</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\*</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node> +<node name="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" spaces=" "><nodename>Colon character & \colon</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\*</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colon character <code>:</code> & <code>\colon</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689">colon character</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901" mergedindex="cp">: <r>for math</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902" mergedindex="cp">\colon</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="colon">colon</anchor> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706">colon character</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="915" mergedindex="cp">: <r>(for math)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916" mergedindex="cp">\colon</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -14844,16 +15033,16 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories. <pre xml:space="preserve">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right. </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <noindent></noindent> <para>Ordinary &latex; defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation <code>\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>But the widely-used <code>amsmath</code> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want @@ -14864,11 +15053,11 @@ the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct{:}< <node name="_005c_002a" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\*</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frac</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colon character & \colon</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\*</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694">multiplication, discretionary</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695">breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697">discretionary breaks, multiplication</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903" mergedindex="cp">\*</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">multiplication, discretionary</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712">breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">discretionary breaks, multiplication</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="917" mergedindex="cp">\*</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -14891,8 +15080,8 @@ break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>. <node name="_005cfrac" spaces=" "><nodename>\frac</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sqrt</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\*</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frac</code> </sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698">fraction</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904" mergedindex="cp">\frac</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">fraction</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="918" mergedindex="cp">\frac</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -14910,10 +15099,10 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code> <node name="_005csqrt" spaces=" "><nodename>\sqrt</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stackrel</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frac</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sqrt</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699">square root</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700">roots</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701">radical</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905" mergedindex="cp">\sqrt</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716">square root</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717">roots</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718">radical</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919" mergedindex="cp">\sqrt</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -14925,22 +15114,23 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code> <para>The square root, or optionally other roots, of <var>arg</var>. The optional argument <var>root-number</var> gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of <code>x+y</code> as <code>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</code>. -The radical grows with the size of <var>arg</var> (as the height of the -radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until for -a large enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical). +The size of the radical grows with that of <var>arg</var> (as the height of +the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until +for a tall enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical). </para> -<para>&latex; has a separate <code>\surd</code> character (<pxref label="Math-symbols"><xrefnodename>Math symbols</xrefnodename></pxref>). +<para>&latex; has a separate <code>\surd</code> symbol for making a square root +without <var>arg</var> (<pxref label="Math-symbols"><xrefnodename>Math symbols</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </subsection> <node name="_005cstackrel" spaces=" "><nodename>\stackrel</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sqrt</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stackrel</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702">stack math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703">relation, text above</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906" mergedindex="cp">\stackrel</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="719">stack math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="720">relation, text above</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920" mergedindex="cp">\stackrel</indexterm></findex> -<para>Synopsis, one of: +<para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>} @@ -14956,7 +15146,7 @@ arrow enter <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</cod <node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704">modes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="721">modes</indexterm></cindex> <para>As &latex; processes your document, at any point it is in one of six modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal @@ -14964,18 +15154,18 @@ modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of the math modes), and error messages will refer to these. </para> -<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend>•</itemprepend> +<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet" automatic="on"/></itemprepend> <listitem><prepend>•</prepend> <anchor name="modes-paragraph-mode">modes paragraph mode</anchor> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="722">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> <para><dfn>Paragraph mode</dfn> (in plain &tex; this is called <dfn>horizontal mode</dfn>) is what &latex; is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks the input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so that in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode &latex; is in most of the time. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707">LR mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="723">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="724">LR mode</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="modes-lr-mode">modes lr mode</anchor> <para><dfn>LR mode</dfn> (for left-to-right mode; in plain &tex; this is called <dfn>restricted horizontal mode</dfn>) is in effect when &latex; starts @@ -14984,28 +15174,28 @@ making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode, in paragraph mode, in LR mode &latex; never starts a new line, it just keeps going from left to right. (Although &latex; will not complain that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put -that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR +that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished LR box won&textrsquo;t fit there.) </para> </listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708">math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="725">math mode</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="modes-math-mode">modes math mode</anchor> <para><dfn>Math mode</dfn> is when &latex; is generating an inline mathematical formula. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709">display math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="726">display math mode</indexterm></cindex> <para><dfn>Display math mode</dfn> is when &latex; is generating a displayed mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code> differs in the two situations.) </para> </listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710">vertical mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="727">vertical mode</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="modes-vertical-mode">modes vertical mode</anchor> <para><dfn>Vertical mode</dfn> is when &latex; is building the list of lines and other material making the output page, which comprises insertion of page breaks. This is the mode &latex; is in when it starts a document. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">internal vertical mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="728">internal vertical mode</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="modes-internal-vertical-mode">modes internal vertical mode</anchor> <para><dfn>Internal vertical mode</dfn> is in effect when &latex; starts making a <code>\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the @@ -15021,8 +15211,8 @@ mode, then the next switch happens at the <samp>\(</samp> where &latex; changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops back to paragraph mode. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712">inner paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713">outer paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="729">inner paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="730">outer paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode">modes inner paragraph mode</anchor> <anchor name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode">modes outer paragraph mode</anchor> <para>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command @@ -15072,8 +15262,8 @@ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf. <node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">styles, page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">page styles</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="731">styles, page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="732">page styles</indexterm></cindex> <para>The style of a page determines where &latex; places the components of that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This @@ -15081,11 +15271,11 @@ includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or the first page of an article. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="733"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="734"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<para>The package <code>fancyhdr</code> is very helpful for constructing page -styles. See its documentation on CTAN. +<para>The package <code>fancyhdr</code> is commonly used for constructing page +styles. See its documentation. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\maketitle</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generate a title page. @@ -15098,8 +15288,8 @@ styles. See its documentation on CTAN. <node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718">titles, making</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907" mergedindex="cp">\maketitle</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="735">titles, making</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921" mergedindex="cp">\maketitle</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -15142,10 +15332,10 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the <code>\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="908" mergedindex="cp">\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</indexterm>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="719">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910" mergedindex="cp">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="922" mergedindex="cp">\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</indexterm>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="736">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\author</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924" mergedindex="cp">\and <r>(for <code>\author</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry, for instance to give the author&textrsquo;s @@ -15153,29 +15343,29 @@ institution or address, use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you omit the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get <samp>LaTeX Warning: No \author given</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911" mergedindex="cp">\date{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\date{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="720">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="925" mergedindex="cp">\date{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\date{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="737">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> <para>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s date. The <var>text</var> doesn&textrsquo;t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you omit <code>\date</code> then &latex; uses the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>). To have no date, instead use <code>\date{}</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="912" mergedindex="cp">\thanks{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="721">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="722">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="926" mergedindex="cp">\thanks{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="738">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="739">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in -the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at -all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email +the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text +at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email address. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913" mergedindex="cp">\title{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\title{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="723">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="927" mergedindex="cp">\title{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\title{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="740">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\title</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you -omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get <samp>LaTeX Error: No -\title given</samp>. +omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then the <code>\maketitle</code> command +yields error <samp>LaTeX Error: No \title given</samp>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -15190,8 +15380,8 @@ house requirements.) <node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="915" mergedindex="cp">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="724">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929" mergedindex="cp">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="741">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -15202,11 +15392,13 @@ house requirements.) <para>Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope -so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments. +so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace +or an end of environment. </para> -<para>In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered -<samp>a</samp>, etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages -are numbered <samp>1</samp>, etc. +<para>In this example, before the <samp>Main</samp> section the pages are numbered +<samp>a</samp>, etc. Starting on the page containing the +<code>\pagenumbering</code> call in that section, the pages are numbered +<samp>1</samp>, etc. </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph} @@ -15237,8 +15429,8 @@ get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>. get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">gobble</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="725"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="726"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="742"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="743"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; does not output a page number, although it does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not work with the popular package <code>hyperref</code> so to have the page number @@ -15261,10 +15453,10 @@ number, then you manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (<pxref label="Counter <node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916" mergedindex="cp">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="727">header style</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="728">footer style</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="729">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930" mergedindex="cp">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="744">header style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="745">footer style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="746">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -15275,8 +15467,8 @@ number, then you manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (<pxref label="Counter <para>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset, from the current page onwards. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="730"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="731"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="747"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="748"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package <code>fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and @@ -15341,15 +15533,15 @@ title of the last subsection to start, that is, the one in effect during the right hand page. </para> <para>To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, &latex; has <code>\section</code> -issue a command <code>\markboth</code>, setting <code>\leftmark</code> -to <samp>Section 2</samp> and setting <code>\rightmark</code> to blank. +issue a command <code>\markboth</code>, setting <code>\leftmark</code> to +<samp>Section 2</samp> and setting <code>\rightmark</code> to an empty content. And, &latex; has <code>\subsection</code> issue a command <code>\markright</code>, setting <code>\rightmark</code> to <samp>Subsection 2.1</samp>, etc. </para> <para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="917" mergedindex="cp">\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</indexterm>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="931" mergedindex="cp">\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</indexterm>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page heading <var>left-head</var> is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> @@ -15358,7 +15550,7 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading <code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one that came before that page. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="918" mergedindex="cp">\markright{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markright{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="932" mergedindex="cp">\markright{<var>right-head</var>}</indexterm>\markright{<var>right-head</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -15368,8 +15560,8 @@ the last one that came before that page. <node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919" mergedindex="cp">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="732">page style, this page</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933" mergedindex="cp">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="749">page style, this page</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -15409,8 +15601,8 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command <node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="733">spaces</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="734">white space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="750">spaces</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="751">white space</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has many ways to produce white space, or filled space. Some of these are best suited to mathematical text; for these @@ -15442,9 +15634,12 @@ Vertical space <node name="_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" spaces=" "><nodename>\enspace & \quad & \qquad</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hspace</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enspace</code> & <code>\quad</code> & <code>\qquad</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920" mergedindex="cp">\enspace</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005censpace">\enspace</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cquad">\quad</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cqquad">\qquad</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934" mergedindex="cp">\enspace</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -15480,7 +15675,7 @@ in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with <node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\enspace & \quad & \qquad</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923" mergedindex="cp">\hspace</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937" mergedindex="cp">\hspace</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -15542,10 +15737,10 @@ space won&textrsquo;t shrink more than 0.25<dmn>cm</dmn> (<pxref label="Lengths" <node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hss</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924" mergedindex="cp">\hfill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938" mergedindex="cp">\hfill</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="735">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="736">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="752">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="753">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -15563,7 +15758,7 @@ of the page and <samp>Quiz One</samp> on the right. <pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="925" mergedindex="cp">\fill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939" mergedindex="cp">\fill</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code> and so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use <code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (<pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>). @@ -15590,10 +15785,10 @@ so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use <node name="_005chss" spaces=" "><nodename>\hss</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hss</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926" mergedindex="cp">\hss</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="737">horizontal space</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="738">horizontal space, stretchable</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="739">space, inserting horizontal</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940" mergedindex="cp">\hss</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="754">horizontal space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="755">horizontal space, stretchable</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="756">space, inserting horizontal</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -15630,7 +15825,7 @@ X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y <pre xml:space="preserve">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var> </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927" mergedindex="cp">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941" mergedindex="cp">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex> <para>Influence &latex;&textrsquo;s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level documents do not use this command. </para> @@ -15697,11 +15892,11 @@ then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command. <node name="_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;</code> </sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929" mergedindex="cp">at-sign</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="740">period, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="741">period, abbreviation-ending</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="742">period, spacing after</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943" mergedindex="cp">at-sign</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="757">period, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="758">period, abbreviation-ending</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="759">period, spacing after</indexterm></cindex> <anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name --> <para>Synopsis: @@ -15763,9 +15958,10 @@ Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <anchor name="_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</anchor><!-- c old node name --> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code> & <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930" mergedindex="cp">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931" mergedindex="cp">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="743">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cnonfrenchspacing">\nonfrenchspacing</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944" mergedindex="cp">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945" mergedindex="cp">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="760">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -15792,8 +15988,8 @@ spaces are treated equally. <node name="_005cnormalsfcodes" spaces=" "><nodename>\normalsfcodes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\normalsfcodes</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932" mergedindex="cp">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="744">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946" mergedindex="cp">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="761">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -15810,11 +16006,11 @@ spaces are treated equally. <node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\(SPACE)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">~</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="745">\<key>NEWLINE</key></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="746">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="747">\<key>TAB</key></indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933" mergedindex="cp">\<w> </w> <r>(backslash-space)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934" mergedindex="cp">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="762">\<key>NEWLINE</key></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="763">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="764">\<key>TAB</key></indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947" mergedindex="cp">\<w> </w> <r>(backslash-space)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948" mergedindex="cp">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></findex> <para>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a backslash followed by a space.&linebreak;Synopsis: @@ -15885,12 +16081,12 @@ the newline after <samp>one</samp>, not by the space before <samp>word</samp>. <node name="_007e" spaces=" "><nodename>~</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace & \negthinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>~</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935" mergedindex="cp">~</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="748">tie</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="749">space, unbreakable</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="750">hard space</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="751">unbreakable space</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="752">NBSP</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949" mergedindex="cp">~</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="765">tie</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="766">space, unbreakable</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="767">hard space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="768">unbreakable space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="769">NBSP</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -15939,8 +16135,8 @@ from <cite>The &tex;book</cite>. <para>When cases are enumerated inline: <code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="753"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="754"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="770"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="771"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> </listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> <para>Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the @@ -15981,12 +16177,14 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>. <node name="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace & \negthinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">~</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code> & <code>\negthinspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="755">thin space</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="756">space, thin</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="757">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="758">space, negative thin</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cthinspace">\thinspace</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cnegthinspace">\negthinspace</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="772">thin space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="773">space, thin</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="774">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="775">space, negative thin</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -16015,8 +16213,8 @@ think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another style-specific use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="759"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="760"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="776"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="777"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode (<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></pxref>). With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as @@ -16028,8 +16226,8 @@ otherwise, they are available only in math mode. <node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill & \dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace & \negthinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938" mergedindex="cp">\/</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="761">italic correction</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952" mergedindex="cp">\/</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="778">italic correction</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -16071,8 +16269,8 @@ where this is needed is the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939" mergedindex="cp">\fontdimen1</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="762">font dimension, slant</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953" mergedindex="cp">\fontdimen1</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="779">font dimension, slant</indexterm></cindex> <para>Technically, &latex; uses another font-specific value, the so-called <dfn>slant parameter</dfn> (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether to possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to @@ -16086,8 +16284,10 @@ done in a different way. <node name="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill & \dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill</code> & <code>\dotfill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940" mergedindex="cp">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941" mergedindex="cp">\dotfill</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cdotfill">\dotfill</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954" mergedindex="cp">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955" mergedindex="cp">\dotfill</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -16156,6 +16356,13 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with <node name="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hrulefill & \dotfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bigskip</code> & <code>\medskip</code> & <code>\smallskip</code></sectiontitle> +<anchor name="_005cbigskip">\bigskip</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cmedskip">\medskip</anchor> +<anchor name="_005csmallskip">\smallskip</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="956" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="957" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="958" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm></findex> + <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -16184,22 +16391,22 @@ file. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem><anchor name="bigskip">bigskip</anchor> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="942" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943" mergedindex="cp">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="959" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="960" mergedindex="cp">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>. </para> <anchor name="medskip">medskip</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="944" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945" mergedindex="cp">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="961" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="962" mergedindex="cp">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>. </para> <anchor name="smallskip">smallskip</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="946" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947" mergedindex="cp">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="963" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964" mergedindex="cp">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>. @@ -16220,6 +16427,13 @@ put a page break (<pxref label="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csma <node name="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\strut</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bigbreak</code> & <code>\medbreak</code> & <code>\smallbreak</code></sectiontitle> +<anchor name="_005cbigbreak">\bigbreak</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cmedbreak">\medbreak</anchor> +<anchor name="_005csmallbreak">\smallbreak</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965" mergedindex="cp">\bigbreak</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966" mergedindex="cp">\medbreak</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967" mergedindex="cp">\smallbreak</indexterm></findex> + <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -16230,7 +16444,8 @@ put a page break (<pxref label="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csma <para>Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and suggest to &latex; that this is a good place to break the page. (The -associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.) +associated penalties are respectively −200, −100, and +−50.) </para> <para><xref label="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><xrefnodename>\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip</xrefnodename></xref>, for more. These commands produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a @@ -16254,8 +16469,8 @@ with <samp>def</samp>. <node name="_005cstrut" spaces=" "><nodename>\strut</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\strut</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948" mergedindex="cp">\strut</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="763">strut</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968" mergedindex="cp">\strut</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="780">strut</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -16320,10 +16535,10 @@ its second <samp>test</samp>, which happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra below-baseline space. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="764"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="765"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> - <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="766"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="767"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="781"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="782"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> + <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="783"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="784"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in <code>TikZ</code> or <code>Asymptote</code>. For instance, you may have a command @@ -16359,9 +16574,9 @@ solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like <node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\strut</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949" mergedindex="cp">\vspace</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="768">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="769">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969" mergedindex="cp">\vspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="785">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="786">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -16426,10 +16641,10 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each. <node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950" mergedindex="cp">\vfill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970" mergedindex="cp">\vfill</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="770">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="771">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="787">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="788">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -16467,9 +16682,9 @@ Lost Dog! <node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951" mergedindex="cp">\addvspace</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="772">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="773">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971" mergedindex="cp">\addvspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="789">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="790">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -16529,14 +16744,14 @@ with a <code>\par</code> command (<pxref label="_005cpar"><xrefnodename>\par</xr <node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="774">boxes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="791">boxes</indexterm></cindex> <!-- c xx Expand on boxes and glue, for xref from elsewhere. --> <para>At its core, &latex; puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a page. So these commands are central. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="775"><r>package</r>, <code>adjustbox</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="776"><code>adjustbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="792"><r>package</r>, <code>adjustbox</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="793"><code>adjustbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes. One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code>adjustbox</code>. @@ -16555,11 +16770,13 @@ One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code>adjustbox</code>. <node name="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\mbox & \makebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fbox & \framebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mbox</code> & <code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952" mergedindex="cp">\mbox</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953" mergedindex="cp">\makebox</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="777">box</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="778">make a box</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="779">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005cmbox">\mbox</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cmakebox">\makebox</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972" mergedindex="cp">\mbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973" mergedindex="cp">\makebox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="794">box</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="795">make a box</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="796">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -16583,9 +16800,10 @@ the tank name, <samp>T-34</samp>. <pre xml:space="preserve">The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism. </pre></example> -<para>The first two command synopsis versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are -roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the -<var>text</var>. (They are like plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\hbox</code>.) +<para>The first two command invocations shown, <code>\mbox</code> and +<code>\makebox</code>, are roughly the same. They create a box just wide +enough to contain the <var>text</var>. (They are like plain &tex;&textrsquo;s +<code>\hbox</code>.) </para> <para>In the third version the optional argument <var>width</var> specifies the width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not @@ -16652,11 +16870,11 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions. </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="780"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="781"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -</para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="782"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="783"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="797"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="798"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="799"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="800"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The right edge of the output <samp>10 points </samp> (note the ending space after <samp>points</samp>) will be just before the <samp>What</samp>. You can use @@ -16683,8 +16901,10 @@ and <ref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></ref>. <node name="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\fbox & \framebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\mbox & \makebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fbox</code> & <code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954" mergedindex="cp">\fbox</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cfbox">\fbox</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cframebox">\framebox</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974" mergedindex="cp">\fbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopses, one of: </para> @@ -16728,18 +16948,18 @@ here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<dmn>in</dmn> wide. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem><anchor name="fbox-framebox-fboxrule">fbox framebox fboxrule</anchor> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="956" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm>\fboxrule</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="957" mergedindex="cp">frame, line width</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="958" mergedindex="cp">frame rule width</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="784">\fboxrule</indexterm></cindex> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="976" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm>\fboxrule</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977" mergedindex="cp">frame, line width</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978" mergedindex="cp">frame rule width</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="801">\fboxrule</indexterm></cindex> <para>The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is 0.2<dmn>pt</dmn>. Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> <anchor name="fbox-framebox-fboxsep">fbox framebox fboxsep</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="959" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm>\fboxsep</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="960" mergedindex="cp">frame, separation from contents</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="785">\fboxsep</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="979" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm>\fboxsep</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980" mergedindex="cp">frame, separation from contents</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="802">\fboxsep</indexterm></cindex> <para>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3<dmn>pt</dmn>. Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code> (<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>). Setting it to 0<dmn>pt</dmn> is useful sometimes: @@ -16779,9 +16999,9 @@ command where the units depend on <code>picture</code>&textrsquo;s <code>\unitle <node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox & \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="961" mergedindex="cp">\parbox</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="786">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="787">paragraph, in a box</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981" mergedindex="cp">\parbox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="803">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="804">paragraph, in a box</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses, one of: </para> @@ -16843,7 +17063,7 @@ stretchable space). <node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox & \savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="962" mergedindex="cp">\raisebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982" mergedindex="cp">\raisebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -16908,9 +17128,11 @@ second is the height of <file>meta.png</file>. <node name="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\sbox & \savebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">lrbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raisebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sbox</code> & <code>\savebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="963" mergedindex="cp">\sbox</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964" mergedindex="cp">\savebox</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="788">box, save</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005csbox">\sbox</anchor> +<anchor name="_005csavebox">\savebox</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="983" mergedindex="cp">\sbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984" mergedindex="cp">\savebox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="805">box, save</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -16945,13 +17167,13 @@ There goes \usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da. <code>\newcommand</code> macro variable is efficiency, that &latex; need not repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below. </para> -<para>The first two command invocations, +<para>The first two command invocations shown above, <code>\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code> and -<code>\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, are roughly equivalent. -As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify -the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that -box as <var>position</var>. <xref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox & \makebox</xrefnodename></xref>, for the full -description. +<code>\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, are roughly the same. +As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to +specify the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text +inside that box as <var>position</var>. <xref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox & \makebox</xrefnodename></xref>, for the +full description. </para> <para>In the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> commands the <var>text</var> is typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). If @@ -17008,7 +17230,7 @@ header. &latex; only typesets it once. <node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox & \savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965" mergedindex="cp">lrbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="985" mergedindex="cp">lrbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -17046,8 +17268,8 @@ for entering the <code>tabular</code>. <node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966" mergedindex="cp">\usebox</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="789">box, use saved box</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986" mergedindex="cp">\usebox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="806">box, use saved box</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -17067,7 +17289,7 @@ backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect" <node name="Color" spaces=" "><nodename>Color</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="790">color</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="807">color</indexterm></cindex> <para>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box or on an entire page and write text on top of it. @@ -17091,8 +17313,8 @@ significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding <node name="Color-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Color package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color models</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>color</code> package options</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="791">color package options</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="792">options, color package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="808">color package options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="809">options, color package</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): </para> @@ -17142,7 +17364,7 @@ memory space. <node name="Color-models" spaces=" "><nodename>Color models</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color models</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="793">color models</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="810">color models</indexterm></cindex> <para>A <dfn>color model</dfn> is a way of representing colors. &latex;&textrsquo;s capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <file>pdftex</file>, @@ -17203,7 +17425,7 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>, <node name="Commands-for-color" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for color</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Color models</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for color</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="794">color package commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="811">color package commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>These are the commands available with the <file>color</file> package. </para> @@ -17218,9 +17440,9 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>, <node name="Define-colors" spaces=" "><nodename>Define colors</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored text</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Define colors</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="795">color</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="796">define color</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="797">color, define</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="812">color</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="813">define color</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="814">color, define</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -17254,8 +17476,8 @@ or style, rather than in the document body. <node name="Colored-text" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored text</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Define colors</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored text</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="798">color</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="799">colored text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="815">color</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="816">colored text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -17269,13 +17491,13 @@ or style, rather than in the document body. </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\color{<var>name</var>} -\color[<var>color model</var>]{<var>specification</var>} +\color[<var>color model</var>]{<var>color specification</var>} </pre></example> <para>The affected text gets the color. This line </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! </pre></example> @@ -17356,9 +17578,9 @@ numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one. <node name="Colored-boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored pages</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored text</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored boxes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="800">color</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="801">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="802">box, colored</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="817">color</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="818">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="819">box, colored</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -17412,10 +17634,10 @@ of the second line. <node name="Colored-pages" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored pages</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored pages</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="803">color</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="804">colored page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="805">page, colored</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="806">background, colored</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="820">color</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="821">colored page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="822">page, colored</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="823">background, colored</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -17446,8 +17668,8 @@ rather than the default transparent background.) <node name="Graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Graphics</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="807">graphics</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="808">graphics package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="824">graphics</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="825">graphics package</indexterm></cindex> <para>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your &latex; document. You need an additional package, which comes standard with &latex;. @@ -17496,8 +17718,8 @@ see their documentation on CTAN. <node name="Graphics-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>graphics</code> package options</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="809">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="810">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="826">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="827">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): </para> @@ -17577,9 +17799,9 @@ option has &latex; to read the size from the latter. <node name="Graphics-package-configuration" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package configuration</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>graphics</code> package configuration</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="811">graphics</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="812">graphics package</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="813">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="828">graphics</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="829">graphics package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="830">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex> <para>These commands configure the way &latex; searches the file system for the graphic. @@ -17600,7 +17822,7 @@ the documentation in <file>grfguide.pdf</file>, or the &latex; source, or your <node name="_005cgraphicspath" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphicspath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphicspath</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967" mergedindex="cp">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="987" mergedindex="cp">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -17678,7 +17900,7 @@ instead in <file>book/plots</file>. <node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphicspath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="988" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -17721,8 +17943,8 @@ the most recent <file>pdftex.def</file> has this extension list. <pre xml:space="preserve">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2 </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="814"><r>package</r>, <code>grfext</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="815"><code>grfext</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="831"><r>package</r>, <code>grfext</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="832"><code>grfext</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>To change the order, use the <code>grfext</code> package. </para> @@ -17735,7 +17957,7 @@ than once. Show its value with <node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="989" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -17800,9 +18022,8 @@ files in a file with a PostScript style <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line if no other format is available.) </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">command</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>A command that will be applied to the -file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a -single backward quote. Thus, +</tableterm><tableitem><para>A command that will be applied to the file. This is often left +empty. This command must start with a single backward quote. Thus, <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <file>.eps.gz</file> should be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the BoundingBox information @@ -17821,8 +18042,8 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution. <node name="Commands-for-graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for graphics</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for graphics</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="816">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="817">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="833">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="834">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex> <para>These are the commands available with the <code>graphics</code> and <code>graphicx</code> packages. @@ -17838,16 +18059,16 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution. <node name="_005cincludegraphics" spaces=" "><nodename>\includegraphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\includegraphics</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="818">graphics</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="819">graphics package</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="820">including graphics</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="821">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="822">EPS files</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="823">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="824">JPG files</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="825">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="826">PNG files</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970" mergedindex="cp">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="835">graphics</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="836">graphics package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="837">including graphics</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="838">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="839">EPS files</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="840">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="841">JPG files</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="842">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="843">PNG files</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="990" mergedindex="cp">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopses for <code>graphics</code> package: </para> @@ -17982,8 +18203,8 @@ two will end with different widths and heights. </para> <para>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="827">bounding box</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="828">box, bounding</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="844">bounding box</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="845">box, bounding</indexterm></cindex> <para>Note that a graphic is placed by &latex; into a box, which is traditionally referred to as its <dfn>bounding box</dfn> (distinct from the PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic&textrsquo;s printed area may @@ -18239,10 +18460,10 @@ external commands. <node name="_005crotatebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\rotatebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\scalebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\includegraphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rotatebox</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="829">rotation</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="830">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="831">rotating text</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971" mergedindex="cp">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="846">rotation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="847">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="848">rotating text</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="991" mergedindex="cp">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis if you use the <code>graphics</code> package: </para> @@ -18330,14 +18551,14 @@ setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise. <node name="_005cscalebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\scalebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\resizebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\scalebox</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="832">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="833">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="834">scaling</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="835">resizing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="836">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="837">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972" mergedindex="cp">\scalebox</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973" mergedindex="cp">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="849">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="850">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="851">scaling</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="852">resizing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="853">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="854">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="992" mergedindex="cp">\scalebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="993" mergedindex="cp">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -18380,13 +18601,13 @@ immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis. <node name="_005cresizebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\resizebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\scalebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\resizebox</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="838">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="839">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="840">scaling</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="841">resizing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="842">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="843">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974" mergedindex="cp">\resizebox</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="855">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="856">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="857">scaling</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="858">resizing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="859">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="860">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="994" mergedindex="cp">\resizebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -18425,8 +18646,8 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with <node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special insertions</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="844">special insertions</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="845">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="861">special insertions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="862">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. @@ -18447,10 +18668,10 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. <node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="846">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="847">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="848">special characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="849">characters, special</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="863">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="864">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="865">special characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="866">characters, special</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For example, the percent sign <code>%</code> is for comments. They are called <dfn>reserved characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>. They are @@ -18460,21 +18681,21 @@ all discussed elsewhere in this manual. <pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \ </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975" mergedindex="cp">\#</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="976" mergedindex="cp">\$</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977" mergedindex="cp">\%</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978" mergedindex="cp">\&</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="979" mergedindex="cp">\_</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980" mergedindex="cp">\{</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981" mergedindex="cp">\}</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="995" mergedindex="cp">\#</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="996" mergedindex="cp">\$</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="997" mergedindex="cp">\%</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="998" mergedindex="cp">\&</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="999" mergedindex="cp">\_</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1000" mergedindex="cp">\{</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1001" mergedindex="cp">\}</indexterm></findex> <para>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply put a backslash <code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus, typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce <code>$1.23</code> in your output. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982" mergedindex="cp">\~</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="983" mergedindex="cp">\^</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1002" mergedindex="cp">\~</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1003" mergedindex="cp">\^</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1004" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex> <para>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body @@ -18482,8 +18703,8 @@ font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>. </para> <para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use -<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash <code>\\</code> is only -there to split the lines in the output). +<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash <code>\\</code> in the +example is only there to split the lines in the output). </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{center} @@ -18497,10 +18718,10 @@ there to split the lines in the output). <node name="Upper-and-lower-case" spaces=" "><nodename>Upper and lower case</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Upper and lower case</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="850">uppercase</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="851">lowercase</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="852">characters, case of</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="853">changing case of characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="867">uppercase</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="868">lowercase</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="869">characters, case of</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="870">changing case of characters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -18543,23 +18764,23 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces <w> </w>\expandafter{\schoolname}} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="854"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="855"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="871"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="872"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>textcase</code> package brings some of the missing feature of the standard &latex; commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowerCase</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="856"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="857"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="873"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="874"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package <code>mfirstuc</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="858"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="859"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="875"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="876"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="860">Wright, Joseph</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="877">Wright, Joseph</indexterm></cindex> <para>Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in the original &tex; and &latex;. It has been implemented in the @@ -18574,9 +18795,9 @@ good overview of the topic, past and present. <node name="Symbols-by-font-position" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbols by font position</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbols by font position</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="985" mergedindex="cp">\symbol</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="861">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="862">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1005" mergedindex="cp">\symbol</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="878">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="879">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex> <para>You can access any character of the current font using its number with the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character @@ -18594,11 +18815,13 @@ visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as <node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="863">text symbols</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="864">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="880">text symbols</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="881">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="882"><r>package</r>, <code>textcomp</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="883"><code>textcomp</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986" mergedindex="cp">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="865">TS1 encoding</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="884">TS1 encoding</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1. As of the &latex; February 2020 release, all @@ -18607,172 +18830,183 @@ the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the <code>TS1</code> font encoding). </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="987" mergedindex="cp">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="988" mergedindex="cp">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="866">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1006" mergedindex="cp">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1007" mergedindex="cp">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="885">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>©right; The copyright symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="989" mergedindex="cp">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="867">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1008" mergedindex="cp">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="886">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2020</U> The dagger symbol (in text). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="990" mergedindex="cp">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="868">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1009" mergedindex="cp">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="887">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2021</U> The double dagger symbol (in text). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="991" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="869">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="870">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1010" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="888">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="889">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex> <para>The &latex; logo. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="992" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="871">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="872">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1011" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="890">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="891">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex> <para>The &latex;2e logo. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="993" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="994" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="995" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="996" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="873">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="874">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="875">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="876">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="877">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="878">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="879">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="880">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1012" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1013" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1014" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1015" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="892">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="893">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="894">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="895">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="896">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="897">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="898">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="899">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex> <para>&guillemotleft;, &guillemotright;, ‹, › Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="997" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="998" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="999" mergedindex="cp">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="881">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex> -<para>&dots; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code> -and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode. -</para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1000" mergedindex="cp">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="882">left quote</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="883">opening quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1016" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1017" mergedindex="cp">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1018" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="900">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex> +<para>&dots; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code> and +<code>\dots</code> also work in math mode (<pxref label="Dots"><xrefnodename>Dots</xrefnodename></pxref>). See that math +mode ellipsis description for additional general information. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1019" mergedindex="cp">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="901">left quote</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="902">opening quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textlsquo; Left (opening) quote. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1001" mergedindex="cp">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1002" mergedindex="cp">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="884">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="885">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1020" mergedindex="cp">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1021" mergedindex="cp">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="903">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="904">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>00B6</U> Paragraph sign (pilcrow). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1003" mergedindex="cp">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1004" mergedindex="cp">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="886">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="887">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1022" mergedindex="cp">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1023" mergedindex="cp">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="905">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="906">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>£ English pounds sterling. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1005" mergedindex="cp">\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1006" mergedindex="cp">\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="888">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="889">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="890">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1024" mergedindex="cp">\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1025" mergedindex="cp">\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="907">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="908">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="909">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex> <para>„ and ‚ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1007" mergedindex="cp">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="891">right quote</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="892">closing quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1026" mergedindex="cp">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="910">right quote</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="911">closing quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textrsquo; Right (closing) quote. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1008" mergedindex="cp">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1009" mergedindex="cp">\textsection</indexterm>\textsection</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="893">section symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1027" mergedindex="cp">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1028" mergedindex="cp">\textsection</indexterm>\textsection</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="912">section symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>00A7</U> Section sign. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1010" mergedindex="cp">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="894">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="895">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1029" mergedindex="cp">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="913">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="914">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> <para>The &tex; logo. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1011" mergedindex="cp">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="896">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="897">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1030" mergedindex="cp">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="915">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="916">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>^ ASCII circumflex. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1012" mergedindex="cp">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="898">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="899">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1031" mergedindex="cp">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="917">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="918">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>~ ASCII tilde. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1013" mergedindex="cp">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="900">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="901">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1032" mergedindex="cp">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="919">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="920">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>* Centered asterisk. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1014" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="902">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<para>\ Backslash. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1033" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="921">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<para>\ Backslash. However, <code>\texttt{\textbackslash}</code> produces a roman +(not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, it +is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding, as +in: </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1015" mergedindex="cp">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="903">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="904">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +</pre></example> +<!-- c https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/824 --> + +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1034" mergedindex="cp">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="922">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="923">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>| Vertical bar. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1016" mergedindex="cp">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="905">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="906">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="907">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1035" mergedindex="cp">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="924">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="925">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="926">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>23F8</U> Double vertical bar. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1017" mergedindex="cp">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="908">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="909">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1036" mergedindex="cp">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="927">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="928">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>25EF</U>, Big circle symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1018" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="910">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="911">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<para>{ Left brace. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1037" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="929">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="930">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<para>{ Left brace. See remarks at <code>\textbackslash</code> above about +making <code>\texttt{\textbraceleft}</code> produce a typewriter brace. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1019" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="912">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="913">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<para>} Right brace. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1038" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="931">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="932">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<para>} Right brace. See remarks at <code>\textbackslash</code> above about +making <code>\texttt{\textbraceright}</code> produce a typewriter brace. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1020" mergedindex="cp">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="914">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1039" mergedindex="cp">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="933">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>• Bullet. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1021" mergedindex="cp">\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</indexterm>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="915">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1040" mergedindex="cp">\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</indexterm>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="934">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>24B6</U>, Circle around <var>letter</var>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1022" mergedindex="cp">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1023" mergedindex="cp">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1024" mergedindex="cp">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="916">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="917">cap height</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="918">ascender height</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1041" mergedindex="cp">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1042" mergedindex="cp">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1043" mergedindex="cp">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="935">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="936">cap height</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="937">ascender height</indexterm></cindex> <para>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example, <code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces <samp>fi</samp> without a ligature. This is most useful in non-English languages. The <code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1025" mergedindex="cp">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="919">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1044" mergedindex="cp">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="938">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2020</U> Dagger. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1026" mergedindex="cp">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="920">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="921">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1045" mergedindex="cp">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="939">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="940">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2021</U> Double dagger. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1027" mergedindex="cp">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="922">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="923">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1046" mergedindex="cp">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="941">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="942">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex> <para>$ Dollar sign. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1028" mergedindex="cp">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="924">em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1047" mergedindex="cp">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="943">em-dash</indexterm></cindex> <raggedright endspaces=" "> <para>&textmdash; Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or parentheses, as in &textlsquo;<code>The playoffs---if you're lucky @@ -18780,145 +19014,145 @@ enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>&textrsquo; Conventi for spacing around em-dashes vary widely. </para></raggedright> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1029" mergedindex="cp">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="925">e-dash</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1048" mergedindex="cp">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="944">e-dash</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textndash; En-dash. Used for ranges, as in &textlsquo;<code>see pages 12--14</code>&textrsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1030" mergedindex="cp">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="926">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="927">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="928"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="929"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1049" mergedindex="cp">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="945">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="946">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="947"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="948"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The Euro currency symbol: €. -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="930"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="931"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="949"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="950"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> </para> <para>For an alternative glyph design, try the <code>eurosym</code> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1031" mergedindex="cp">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="932">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1050" mergedindex="cp">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="951">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> <para>¡ Upside down exclamation point. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1032" mergedindex="cp">\textfiguredash</indexterm>\textfiguredash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="933">figure dash character</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1051" mergedindex="cp">\textfiguredash</indexterm>\textfiguredash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="952">figure dash character</indexterm></cindex> <para>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021 release of &latex;. When used in pdf&tex;, approximated by an en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if available in the current font, or writes the usual &textldquo;Missing character&textrdquo; warning to the log file. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1033" mergedindex="cp">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="934">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1052" mergedindex="cp">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="953">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>> Greater than symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1034" mergedindex="cp">\texthorizontalbar</indexterm>\texthorizontalbar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="935">horizontal bar character</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1053" mergedindex="cp">\texthorizontalbar</indexterm>\texthorizontalbar</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="954">horizontal bar character</indexterm></cindex> <para>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021 release of &latex;. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above; the pdf&tex; approximation is an em-dash. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1035" mergedindex="cp">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="936">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1054" mergedindex="cp">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="955">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>< Less than symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1036" mergedindex="cp">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="937">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="938">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1055" mergedindex="cp">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="956">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="957">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2190</U>, Left arrow. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1037" mergedindex="cp">\textnonbreakinghyphen</indexterm>\textnonbreakinghyphen</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="939">non-breaking hyphen character</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="940">hyphen character, non-breaking</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1056" mergedindex="cp">\textnonbreakinghyphen</indexterm>\textnonbreakinghyphen</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="958">non-breaking hyphen character</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="959">hyphen character, non-breaking</indexterm></cindex> <para>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June 2021 release of &latex;. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above; the pdf&tex; approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with breaks disallowed after). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1038" mergedindex="cp">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1039" mergedindex="cp">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="941">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="942">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="943">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="944">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1057" mergedindex="cp">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1058" mergedindex="cp">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="960">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="961">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="962">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="963">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> <para>ª, º Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1040" mergedindex="cp">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="945">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="946">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1059" mergedindex="cp">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="964">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="965">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>00B7</U> Centered period. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1041" mergedindex="cp">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="947">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1060" mergedindex="cp">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="966">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> <para>¿ Upside down question mark. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1042" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="948">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="949">double left quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1061" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="967">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="968">double left quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textldquo; Double left quote. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1043" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="950">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="951">double right quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1062" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="969">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="970">double right quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textrdquo; Double right quote. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1044" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="952">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="953">single left quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1063" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="971">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="972">single left quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textlsquo; Single left quote. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1045" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="954">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="955">single right quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1064" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="973">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="974">single right quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textrsquo; Single right quote. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1046" mergedindex="cp">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="956">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="957">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="958">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1065" mergedindex="cp">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="975">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="976">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="977">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>0027</U>, Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1047" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1048" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="959">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="960">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="961">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="962">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1066" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1067" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="978">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="979">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="980">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="981">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex> <!-- c Unicode doesn't have these https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark --> <para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1049" mergedindex="cp">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="963">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1068" mergedindex="cp">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="982">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>®istered; Registered symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1050" mergedindex="cp">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="964">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="965">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1069" mergedindex="cp">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="983">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="984">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2192</U>, Right arrow. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1051" mergedindex="cp">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="966">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="967">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1070" mergedindex="cp">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="985">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="986">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>FE58</U>, &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1052" mergedindex="cp">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="968">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1071" mergedindex="cp">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="987">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2122</U> Trademark symbol. </para> <!-- c ?? Diff from \textthreequartersemdash? In Unicode? --> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1053" mergedindex="cp">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="969">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="970">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1072" mergedindex="cp">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="988">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="989">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>FE58</U>, &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1054" mergedindex="cp">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="971">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1073" mergedindex="cp">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="990">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>_ Underscore. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1055" mergedindex="cp">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="972">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1074" mergedindex="cp">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="991">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><U>2423</U>, Visible space symbol. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -18928,17 +19162,17 @@ breaks disallowed after). <node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="973">accents</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="974">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="975">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="992">accents</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="993">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="994">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="976"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="977"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="995"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="996"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="978"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="979"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="997"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="998"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="980">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="999">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and languages, provided through the core <code>babel</code> package, which supports pdf&latex;, Xe&latex; and Lua&latex;. The @@ -18953,12 +19187,12 @@ use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1. <para>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with lowercase <samp>o</samp>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1056" mergedindex="cp">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="981">dotless i</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1075" mergedindex="cp">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1000">dotless i</indexterm></cindex> <para>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i, <!-- c @dotless{i}, --> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1057" mergedindex="cp">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="982">dotless j</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1076" mergedindex="cp">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1001">dotless j</indexterm></cindex> and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j. <!-- c @dotless{j}. --> These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are @@ -18967,131 +19201,131 @@ accented. <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\"</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1058" mergedindex="cp">\" <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1059" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="983">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="984">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1077" mergedindex="cp">\" <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1078" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1002">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1003">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="uml">o</accent> Umlaut (dieresis). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1060" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1061" mergedindex="cp">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="985">acute accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1079" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1080" mergedindex="cp">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1004">acute accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="acute">o</accent> Acute accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1062" mergedindex="cp">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="986">dot accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="987">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1081" mergedindex="cp">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1005">dot accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1006">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="dotaccent">o</accent> Dot accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1063" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1064" mergedindex="cp">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="988">macron accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="989">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="990">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1082" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1083" mergedindex="cp">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1007">macron accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1008">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1009">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="macr">o</accent> Macron (overbar) accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1065" mergedindex="cp">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1066" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="991">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="992">hat accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1084" mergedindex="cp">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1085" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1010">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1011">hat accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="circ">o</accent> Circumflex (hat) accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1067" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1068" mergedindex="cp">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="993">grave accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1086" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1087" mergedindex="cp">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1012">grave accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="grave">o</accent> Grave accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1069" mergedindex="cp">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1070" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="994">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1088" mergedindex="cp">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1089" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1013">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="tilde">n</accent> Tilde accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1071" mergedindex="cp">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="995">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1090" mergedindex="cp">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1014">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent> Bar accent underneath. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1072" mergedindex="cp">\underbar</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="996">underbar</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1091" mergedindex="cp">\underbar</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1015">underbar</indexterm></cindex> <para>Related to this, <code>\underbar{<var>text</var>}</code> produces a bar under <var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in -<ref label="Math-miscellany"><xrefnodename>Math miscellany</xrefnodename></ref>. +<ref label="Over_002d-and-Underlining"><xrefnodename>Over- and Underlining</xrefnodename></ref>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1073" mergedindex="cp">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1074" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="997">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1092" mergedindex="cp">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1093" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1016">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="cedil">c</accent> Cedilla accent underneath. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1075" mergedindex="cp">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1076" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="998">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1094" mergedindex="cp">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1095" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1017">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="udotaccent">o</accent> Dot accent underneath. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1077" mergedindex="cp">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1078" mergedindex="cp">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="999">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1096" mergedindex="cp">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1097" mergedindex="cp">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1018">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="doubleacute">o</accent> Long Hungarian umlaut accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1079" mergedindex="cp">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1080" mergedindex="cp">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1000">ogonek</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1098" mergedindex="cp">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1099" mergedindex="cp">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1019">ogonek</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="ogon">o</accent> Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1081" mergedindex="cp">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1082" mergedindex="cp">\capitalring</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1001">ring accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1100" mergedindex="cp">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1101" mergedindex="cp">\capitalring</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1020">ring accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="ring">o</accent> Ring accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1083" mergedindex="cp">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1084" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1085" mergedindex="cp">\newtie</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1086" mergedindex="cp">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1002">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1102" mergedindex="cp">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1103" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1104" mergedindex="cp">\newtie</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1105" mergedindex="cp">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1021">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two characters. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1087" mergedindex="cp">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1088" mergedindex="cp">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1003">breve accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1106" mergedindex="cp">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1107" mergedindex="cp">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1022">breve accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="breve">o</accent> Breve accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1089" mergedindex="cp">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1090" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1004">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1005">check accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1006">caron accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1108" mergedindex="cp">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1109" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1023">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1024">check accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1025">caron accent</indexterm></cindex> <para><accent type="caron">o</accent> H<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -19103,7 +19337,7 @@ The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. <node name="_005caccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\accent</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Accents</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\accent</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1091" mergedindex="cp">\accent</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1110" mergedindex="cp">\accent</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -19159,12 +19393,12 @@ cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case. <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional Latin letters</sectiontitle> <anchor name="Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</anchor> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1007">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1008">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1009">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1010">special characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1011">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1012">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1026">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1027">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1028">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1029">special characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1030">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1031">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> <para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting letters beyond A&textndash;Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other @@ -19173,84 +19407,84 @@ than English. <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1092" mergedindex="cp">\aa <r>(å)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1093" mergedindex="cp">\AA <r>(Å)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1013">aring</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1111" mergedindex="cp">\aa <r>(å)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1112" mergedindex="cp">\AA <r>(Å)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1032">aring</indexterm></cindex> <para>å and Å. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1094" mergedindex="cp">\ae <r>(æ)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1095" mergedindex="cp">\AE <r>(Æ)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1014">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1113" mergedindex="cp">\ae <r>(æ)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1114" mergedindex="cp">\AE <r>(Æ)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1033">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex> <para>æ and Æ. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1096" mergedindex="cp">\dh <r>(ð)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1097" mergedindex="cp">\DH <r>(Ð)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1015">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1016">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1115" mergedindex="cp">\dh <r>(ð)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1116" mergedindex="cp">\DH <r>(Ð)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1034">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1035">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc> encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1098" mergedindex="cp">\dj</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1099" mergedindex="cp">\DJ</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1117" mergedindex="cp">\dj</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1118" mergedindex="cp">\DJ</indexterm></findex> <para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc> encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1100" mergedindex="cp">\ij <r>(ij)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1101" mergedindex="cp">\IJ <r>(IJ)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1017">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1119" mergedindex="cp">\ij <r>(ij)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1120" mergedindex="cp">\IJ <r>(IJ)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1036">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex> <para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1102" mergedindex="cp">\l <r>(&lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1103" mergedindex="cp">\L <r>(&Lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1018">polish l</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1121" mergedindex="cp">\l <r>(&lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1122" mergedindex="cp">\L <r>(&Lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1037">polish l</indexterm></cindex> <para>&lslash; and &Lslash;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1104" mergedindex="cp">\ng</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1105" mergedindex="cp">\NG</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1123" mergedindex="cp">\ng</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1124" mergedindex="cp">\NG</indexterm></findex> <para>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1106" mergedindex="cp">\o <r>(ø)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1107" mergedindex="cp">\O <r>(Ø)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1019">oslash</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1125" mergedindex="cp">\o <r>(ø)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1126" mergedindex="cp">\O <r>(Ø)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1038">oslash</indexterm></cindex> <para>ø and Ø. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1108" mergedindex="cp">\oe <r>(œ)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1109" mergedindex="cp">\OE <r>(Œ)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1020">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1127" mergedindex="cp">\oe <r>(œ)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1128" mergedindex="cp">\OE <r>(Œ)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1039">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex> <para>œ and Œ. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1110" mergedindex="cp">\ss <r>(ß)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1111" mergedindex="cp">\SS <r>(SS)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1021">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1022">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1129" mergedindex="cp">\ss <r>(ß)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1130" mergedindex="cp">\SS <r>(SS)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1040">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1041">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>ß and SS. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1112" mergedindex="cp">\th <r>(þ)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1113" mergedindex="cp">\TH <r>(Þ)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1023">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1024">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1131" mergedindex="cp">\th <r>(þ)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1132" mergedindex="cp">\TH <r>(Þ)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1042">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1043">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc> encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>. @@ -19262,7 +19496,7 @@ font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>. <node name="inputenc-package" spaces=" "><nodename>inputenc package</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>inputenc</code> package</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1114" mergedindex="cp">inputenc</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1133" mergedindex="cp">inputenc</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -19275,9 +19509,9 @@ default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically, specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not useful to omit it. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1025">encoding, of input files</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1026">character encoding</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1027">Unicode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1044">encoding, of input files</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1045">character encoding</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1046">Unicode</indexterm></cindex> <para>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme called the <dfn>encoding</dfn>. There are many different encodings. The simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough @@ -19316,7 +19550,7 @@ is a left single quote from a web page using <code>latin1</code> inside a replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a &latex; equivalent command or character. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1115" mergedindex="cp">\inputencoding</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1134" mergedindex="cp">\inputencoding</indexterm></findex> <anchor name="_005cinputencoding">\inputencoding</anchor> <para>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be @@ -19331,7 +19565,7 @@ for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>, <node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">inputenc package</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1116" mergedindex="cp">\rule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1135" mergedindex="cp">\rule</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -19342,8 +19576,8 @@ for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>, <para>Produce a <dfn>rule</dfn>, a filled-in rectangle. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1028">Halmos symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1029">tombstone</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1047">Halmos symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1048">tombstone</indexterm></cindex> <para>This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol, or just &textldquo;qed&textrdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof: </para> @@ -19351,8 +19585,8 @@ or just &textldquo;qed&textrdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof: <pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1030"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1031"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1049"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1050"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <noindent></noindent> <para>The <code>amsthm</code> package includes this command, with a somewhat @@ -19383,9 +19617,9 @@ output, but can cause &latex; to change the output around it. <node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1117" mergedindex="cp">\today</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1032">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1033">today&textrsquo;s date</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1136" mergedindex="cp">\today</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1051">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1052">today&textrsquo;s date</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -19397,11 +19631,11 @@ output, but can cause &latex; to change the output around it. <var>yyyy</var></samp>. An example of a date in that format is <samp>July 4, 1976</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1034"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1035"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1053"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1054"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1036"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1037"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1055"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1056"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Multilingual packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>, or classes such as <file>lettre</file>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example, @@ -19420,8 +19654,8 @@ the following will output <samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>: <para><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and <code>\year</code> (<pxref label="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><xrefnodename>\day & \month & \year</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1038"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1039"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1057"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1058"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <code>datetime</code> package which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards. @@ -19435,16 +19669,16 @@ date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes. <node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1040">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1041">input file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1059">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1060">input file</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; lets you split a large document into several smaller ones. This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the document. It can also speed processing. </para> <para>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1042">root file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1043">file, root</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1061">root file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1062">file, root</indexterm></cindex> <dfn>root file</dfn>, on which &latex; compilation starts. This shows such a file with five included files. </para> @@ -19495,7 +19729,7 @@ your output correctly. <node name="_005cendinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\endinput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\include & \includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\endinput</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1118" mergedindex="cp">\endinput</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1137" mergedindex="cp">\endinput</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -19537,8 +19771,10 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a <node name="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" spaces=" "><nodename>\include & \includeonly</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\endinput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\include</code> & <code>\includeonly</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1119" mergedindex="cp">\include</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1120" mergedindex="cp">\includeonly</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cinclude">\include</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1138" mergedindex="cp">\include</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1139" mergedindex="cp">\includeonly</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -19637,7 +19873,7 @@ should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name <samp>amo amas amat</samp>, this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux: </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1121" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1140" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{book} \includeonly{ @@ -19660,7 +19896,7 @@ this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux: \end{document} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1044">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1063">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex> <para>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or you get <samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp> The <code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will @@ -19682,7 +19918,7 @@ also delete the file <file><var>root</var>.aux</file> and rerun &latex;. <node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\include & \includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\input</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1122" mergedindex="cp">\input</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1141" mergedindex="cp">\input</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -19717,7 +19953,7 @@ should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name <samp>amo amas amat</samp>, this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux: </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1123" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1142" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\input{"amo\space amas\space amat"} </pre></example> @@ -19744,14 +19980,14 @@ this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux: <node name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e" spaces=" "><nodename>Table of contents etc.</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1045">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1064">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1124" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1125" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1126" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1127" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1128" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1129" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1143" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1144" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1145" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1146" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1147" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1148" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -19820,7 +20056,7 @@ input</xrefnodename></pxref>). For example, this &latex; file <file>test.tex</f \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}First subsection}{2} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1130" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1149" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> <noindent></noindent> <para>Each line contains a single command, <code>\contentsline</code> (<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or @@ -19875,11 +20111,11 @@ inside a box of width <code>\&arobase;pnumwidth</code>. By default <code>1.55em</code>. Change these as with <code>\renewcommand{\&arobase;tocrmarg}{3.5em}</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1046"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1047"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1065"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1066"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1048"><r>package</r>, <code>tocbibbind</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1049"><code>tocbibbind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1067"><r>package</r>, <code>tocbibbind</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1068"><code>tocbibbind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures and tables (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>). The package <code>tocloft</code> is convenient for @@ -19897,11 +20133,11 @@ these commands before you call <code>\tableofcontents</code>, etc. </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1050"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1051"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -</para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1052"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1053"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1069"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1070"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1071"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1072"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Internationalization packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code> will change these headers depending on the chosen base language. @@ -19919,8 +20155,8 @@ will change these headers depending on the chosen base language. <node name="_005c_0040dottedtocline" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;dottedtocline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1131" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;dottedtocline</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1054">table of contents entry, create dotted line</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1150" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;dottedtocline</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1073">table of contents entry, create dotted line</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -19948,7 +20184,7 @@ three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up the final <var>text</var> and <var>pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis from a call to <code>\contentsline</code> (<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1055">leaders, dots in table of contents</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1074">leaders, dots in table of contents</indexterm></cindex> <para>Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin box, these <code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code> commands insert <dfn>leaders</dfn>, that is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command @@ -19965,8 +20201,8 @@ for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard <node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;dottedtocline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addcontentsline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1132" mergedindex="cp">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1056">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1151" mergedindex="cp">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1075">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -19974,7 +20210,7 @@ for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard <pre xml:space="preserve">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1133" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1152" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> <para>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>. </para> <para>The following will result in an <samp>Appendices</samp> line in the table of @@ -20069,7 +20305,7 @@ will not make sense. <node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\contentsline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocontents</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1134" mergedindex="cp">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1153" mergedindex="cp">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -20145,17 +20381,17 @@ move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included. <node name="_005ccontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\contentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nofiles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\contentsline</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1057">table of contents</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1135" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1136" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1137" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1138" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1139" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1140" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1141" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1142" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;chapter</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1143" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;section</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1144" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;subsection</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1076">table of contents</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1154" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1155" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1156" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1157" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1158" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1159" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1160" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1161" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;chapter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1162" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;section</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1163" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;subsection</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -20192,14 +20428,14 @@ something like this in <file>thesis.lof</file>. where <var>filetype</var> is <code>toc</code>, <code>lof</code>, or <code>lot</code> (<pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnodename>\addcontentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1058"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1059"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1077"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1078"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>For manipulating how the <code>\contentline</code> material is typeset, see the <code>tocloft</code> package. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1060"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1061"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1079"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1080"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Note that the <code>hyperref</code> package changes the definition of <code>\contentsline</code> (and <code>\addcontentsline</code>) to add more @@ -20214,7 +20450,7 @@ file, and running &latex; again. <node name="_005cnofiles" spaces=" "><nodename>\nofiles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\numberline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\contentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nofiles</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1145" mergedindex="cp">\nofiles</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1164" mergedindex="cp">\nofiles</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -20249,7 +20485,7 @@ the old information. <node name="_005cnumberline" spaces=" "><nodename>\numberline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nofiles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\numberline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1146" mergedindex="cp">\numberline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1165" mergedindex="cp">\numberline</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -20295,11 +20531,11 @@ is automatically added by &latex;; <pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnode <node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1062">indexes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1081">indexes</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1147" mergedindex="cp">\makeindex</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1148" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1063"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1166" mergedindex="cp">\makeindex</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1167" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1082"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>If you tell &latex; what terms you want to appear in an index then it can produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers @@ -20349,14 +20585,14 @@ Leaving out the <code>\makeindex</code> will stop &latex; from saving the index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code>\printindex</code> will cause &latex; to not show the index in the document output. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1064"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1065"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1083"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1084"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1066"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1067"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1085"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1086"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1068">index, multiple</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1069">multiple indexes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1087">index, multiple</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1088">multiple indexes</indexterm></cindex> <para>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the <code>\index</code> appears. This can help in preparing the index. @@ -20376,15 +20612,15 @@ See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, <node name="Produce-the-index-manually" spaces=" "><nodename>Produce the index manually</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\index</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Produce the index manually</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1070">index, producing manually</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1149" mergedindex="cp">theindex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1089">index, producing manually</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1168" mergedindex="cp">theindex</indexterm></findex> <para>Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index. This will make a separate page labeled <samp>Index</samp>, in twocolumn format. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1150" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theindex</code></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1151" mergedindex="cp"><code>theindex</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1169" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theindex</code></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1170" mergedindex="cp"><code>theindex</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{theindex} @@ -20401,10 +20637,10 @@ which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is why in most cases automated methods such as <command>makeindex</command> are best. <xref label="Indexes"><xrefnodename>Indexes</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1152" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1153" mergedindex="cp">\subitem</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1154" mergedindex="cp">\subsubitem</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1155" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1171" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1172" mergedindex="cp">\subitem</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1173" mergedindex="cp">\subsubitem</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1174" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex> <para>However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses <code>\item</code>, @@ -20419,8 +20655,8 @@ with a new letter. <node name="_005cindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\index</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">makeindex</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Produce the index manually</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\index</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1071">index entry</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1156" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1090">index entry</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1175" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -20446,7 +20682,7 @@ Ackermann function\index{Ackermann!function} rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1072">index entries, subentries</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1091">index entries, subentries</indexterm></cindex> <noindent></noindent> <para>All three index entries will get a page number, such as <samp>Ackermann, 22</samp>. &latex; will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the @@ -20466,7 +20702,7 @@ document as above will give an index entry like <samp>Ackermann, 22, instance <code>\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before <code>\index{Ackermann}</code>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1073">index, page range</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1092">index, page range</indexterm></cindex> <para>Get a page range in the output, like <samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>, as here. </para> <example endspaces=" "> @@ -20487,14 +20723,14 @@ the output is the item <samp>Jones</samp> with no comma or page number, followed by two subitems, like <samp>program, 50</samp> and <samp>results, 51</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1074">see and see also index entries</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1075">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1157" mergedindex="cp">\seename</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1158" mergedindex="cp">\alsoname</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1076"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1077"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> - <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1078"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1079"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1093">see and see also index entries</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1094">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1176" mergedindex="cp">\seename</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1177" mergedindex="cp">\alsoname</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1095"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1096"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> + <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1097"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1098"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Generate a index entry that says <samp>see</samp> by using a vertical bar @@ -20551,8 +20787,8 @@ would naturally give it. an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, <code>"</code>. (The double quote gets deleted before alphabetization.) </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1080"><r>package</r>, <code>index</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1081"><code>index</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1099"><r>package</r>, <code>index</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1100"><code>index</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that provided by <code>makeidx</code>. One is <code>index</code>, which allows for @@ -20560,8 +20796,8 @@ multiple indices and contains a command <code>\index*{<var>index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the <var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1159" mergedindex="cp">\indexentry</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1082">idx file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1178" mergedindex="cp">\indexentry</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1101">idx file</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file <file><var>root-name</var>.idx</file> file. Specifically, it writes text of the command @@ -20583,11 +20819,11 @@ message like this. <node name="makeindex" spaces=" "><nodename>makeindex</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\printindex</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\index</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><command>makeindex</command></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1083">index, processing</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1160" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, <r>program</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1084"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1085"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1086"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1102">index, processing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1179" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, <r>program</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1103"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1104"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1105"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -20603,9 +20839,9 @@ raw index files, <file><var>filename</var>.idx</file> files, and produces the actual index file, the <file><var>filename</var>.ind</file> file that is input by <code>\printindex</code> (<pxref label="_005cprintindex"><xrefnodename>\printindex</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1087"><file>.isty</file> file</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1161" mergedindex="cp">index, style file</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1162" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, style file</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1106"><file>.isty</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1180" mergedindex="cp">index, style file</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1181" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, style file</indexterm></findex> <para>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows you to format the index by using an <dfn>index style file</dfn>, a <file>.isty</file> file. The third form is the most general; see the full @@ -20643,17 +20879,17 @@ comment. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem><anchor name="makeindex-preamble">makeindex preamble</anchor> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1163" mergedindex="cp">preamble</indexterm>preamble</itemformat></item> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1182" mergedindex="cp">preamble</indexterm>preamble</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which the index is formatted. Default: <code>"\\begin{theindex}\n"</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-postamble">makeindex postamble</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1164" mergedindex="cp">postamble</indexterm>postamble</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1183" mergedindex="cp">postamble</indexterm>postamble</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code>"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-group-skip">makeindex group skip</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1165" mergedindex="cp">group_skip</indexterm>group_skip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1166" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1184" mergedindex="cp">group_skip</indexterm>group_skip</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1185" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex> <para>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for entries starting with letter <samp>a</samp>, etc. This specifier gives what is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>"\n\n @@ -20661,7 +20897,7 @@ is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>"\n\n length, by default <code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>). </para> <anchor name="makeindex-letheadflag">makeindex letheadflag</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1167" mergedindex="cp">lethead_flag</indexterm>lethead_flag</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1186" mergedindex="cp">lethead_flag</indexterm>lethead_flag</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new @@ -20671,93 +20907,93 @@ then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default is 0. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-lethead-prefix">makeindex lethead prefix</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1168" mergedindex="cp">lethead_prefix</indexterm>lethead_prefix</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1187" mergedindex="cp">lethead_prefix</indexterm>lethead_prefix</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>""</code> </para> <anchor name="makeindex-lethead-suffix">makeindex lethead suffix</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1169" mergedindex="cp">lethead_suffix</indexterm>lethead_suffix</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1188" mergedindex="cp">lethead_suffix</indexterm>lethead_suffix</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>""</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-item-0">makeindex item 0</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1170" mergedindex="cp">item_0</indexterm>item_0 </itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1189" mergedindex="cp">item_0</indexterm>item_0 </itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between two level 0 items. Default: <code>"\n \\item "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-item-1">makeindex item 1</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1171" mergedindex="cp">item_1</indexterm>item_1</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1190" mergedindex="cp">item_1</indexterm>item_1</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Put between two level 1 items. Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-item-2">makeindex item 2</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1172" mergedindex="cp">item_2</indexterm>item_2</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1191" mergedindex="cp">item_2</indexterm>item_2</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>put between two level 2 items. Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-item-01">makeindex item 01</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1173" mergedindex="cp">item_01</indexterm>item_01</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1192" mergedindex="cp">item_01</indexterm>item_01</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item. Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-item-x1">makeindex item x1</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1174" mergedindex="cp">item_x1</indexterm>item_x1</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1193" mergedindex="cp">item_x1</indexterm>item_x1</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level 0 item and a level 1 item in the case that the level 0 item doesn&textrsquo;t have any page numbers (as in <code>\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code>"\n \\subitem "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-item-12">makeindex item 12</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1175" mergedindex="cp">item_12</indexterm>item_12</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1194" mergedindex="cp">item_12</indexterm>item_12</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item. Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-item-x2">makeindex item x2</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1176" mergedindex="cp">item_x2</indexterm>item_x2</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1195" mergedindex="cp">item_x2</indexterm>item_x2</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, if the level 1 item doesn&textrsquo;t have page numbers. Default: <code>"\n \\subsubitem "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-delim-0">makeindex delim 0</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1177" mergedindex="cp">delim_0</indexterm>delim_0</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1196" mergedindex="cp">delim_0</indexterm>delim_0</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter put between a level 0 key and its first page number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-delim-1">makeindex delim 1</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1178" mergedindex="cp">delim_1</indexterm>delim_1</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1197" mergedindex="cp">delim_1</indexterm>delim_1</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter put between a level 1 key and its first page number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-delim-2">makeindex delim 2</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1179" mergedindex="cp">delim_2</indexterm>delim_2</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1198" mergedindex="cp">delim_2</indexterm>delim_2</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter between a level 2 key and its first page number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-delim-n">makeindex delim n</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1180" mergedindex="cp">delim_n</indexterm>delim_n</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1199" mergedindex="cp">delim_n</indexterm>delim_n</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>", "</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-delim-r">makeindex delim r</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1181" mergedindex="cp">delim_r</indexterm>delim_r</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1200" mergedindex="cp">delim_r</indexterm>delim_r</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range. Default: <code>"--"</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-line-max">makeindex line max</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1182" mergedindex="cp">line_max</indexterm>line_max</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1201" mergedindex="cp">line_max</indexterm>line_max</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry&textrsquo;s line in the output, beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-indent-space">makeindex indent space</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1183" mergedindex="cp">indent_space</indexterm>indent_space</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1202" mergedindex="cp">indent_space</indexterm>indent_space</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default: <code>"\t\t"</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-indent-length">makeindex indent length</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1184" mergedindex="cp">indent_length</indexterm>indent_length</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1203" mergedindex="cp">indent_length</indexterm>indent_length</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default <code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the default here is <code>16</code>. </para> <anchor name="makeindex-page-precedence">makeindex page precedence</anchor> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1185" mergedindex="cp">page_precedence</indexterm>page_precedence</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1204" mergedindex="cp">page_precedence</indexterm>page_precedence</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which @@ -20769,7 +21005,7 @@ roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default: </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1186" mergedindex="cp">xindy <r>program</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1205" mergedindex="cp">xindy <r>program</r></indexterm></findex> <para>There are a number of other programs that do the job <command>makeindex</command> does. One is <command>xindy</command> (<uref><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy</urefurl></uref>), which does internationalization and can @@ -20778,7 +21014,7 @@ other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as described in its documentation. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1187" mergedindex="cp">xindex <r>program</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1206" mergedindex="cp">xindex <r>program</r></indexterm></findex> <para>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code>xindex</code>, written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>). </para> @@ -20787,8 +21023,8 @@ written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>). <node name="_005cprintindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\printindex</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">makeindex</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><command>\printindex</command></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1088">index, printing</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1188" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1107">index, printing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1207" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -20798,8 +21034,8 @@ written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>). <para>Place the index into the output. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1089"><r>package</r>, <code>makeidx</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1090"><code>makeidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1108"><r>package</r>, <code>makeidx</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1109"><code>makeidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>To get an index you must first include <code>\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and @@ -20813,11 +21049,11 @@ discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>. <node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Indexes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1091">glossary</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1092">glossaries</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1093">acronyms, list of</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1189" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1190" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1110">glossary</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1111">glossaries</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1112">acronyms, list of</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1208" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1209" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -20861,9 +21097,9 @@ of a Turing machine</samp>. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed <samp>Turing machine</samp> and the rest of the item says in normal type <samp>A model of a machine &dots; Computer Science</samp>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1191" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1192" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1094"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1210" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1211" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1113"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the entry information, <file><var>root-file</var>.glo</file>. Put the <code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear @@ -20883,8 +21119,8 @@ CTAN. <node name="_005cnewglossaryentry" spaces=" "><nodename>\newglossaryentry</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\gls</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newglossaryentry</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1095">glossary, entries</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1193" mergedindex="cp">\newglossaryentry</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1114">glossary, entries</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1212" mergedindex="cp">\newglossaryentry</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -20930,22 +21166,22 @@ paragraph. here are a few. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1194" mergedindex="cp">name</indexterm>name</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1213" mergedindex="cp">name</indexterm>name</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1195" mergedindex="cp">description</indexterm>description</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1214" mergedindex="cp">description</indexterm>description</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary. If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command form given in the synopsis. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1196" mergedindex="cp">plural</indexterm>plural</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1215" mergedindex="cp">plural</indexterm>plural</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using <code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (<pxref label="_005cgls"><xrefnodename>\gls</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1197" mergedindex="cp">sort</indexterm>sort</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1216" mergedindex="cp">sort</indexterm>sort</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1198" mergedindex="cp">symbol</indexterm>symbol</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1217" mergedindex="cp">symbol</indexterm>symbol</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -20955,8 +21191,8 @@ form given in the synopsis. <node name="_005cgls" spaces=" "><nodename>\gls</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newglossaryentry</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\gls</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1096">glossary, entry reference</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1199" mergedindex="cp">\gls</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1115">glossary, entry reference</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1218" mergedindex="cp">\gls</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -20997,8 +21233,8 @@ which also takes the plural. <node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1097">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1098">writing letters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1116">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1117">writing letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21048,7 +21284,7 @@ such as <code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a <code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1200" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1219" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for letters)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc{the Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There&textrsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for @@ -21102,7 +21338,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you. <node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\address</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1201" mergedindex="cp">\address</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1220" mergedindex="cp">\address</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21135,8 +21371,8 @@ is formatted as a personal letter. <node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1202" mergedindex="cp">\cc</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1099">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1221" mergedindex="cp">\cc</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1118">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21160,9 +21396,9 @@ with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in: <node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1203" mergedindex="cp">\closing</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1100">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1101">closing letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1222" mergedindex="cp">\closing</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1119">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1120">closing letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21182,8 +21418,8 @@ at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example: <node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1204" mergedindex="cp">\encl</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1102">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1223" mergedindex="cp">\encl</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1121">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21206,7 +21442,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. <node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1205" mergedindex="cp">\location</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1224" mergedindex="cp">\location</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21222,7 +21458,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>. <node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1206" mergedindex="cp">\makelabels</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1225" mergedindex="cp">\makelabels</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21279,8 +21515,8 @@ columns having two labels each. <para>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column contains the address for each recipient. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1103"><r>package</r>, <code>envlab</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1104"><code>envlab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1122"><r>package</r>, <code>envlab</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1123"><code>envlab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines @@ -21292,7 +21528,7 @@ are all that you need to print envelopes. <node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1207" mergedindex="cp">\name</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1226" mergedindex="cp">\name</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21308,8 +21544,8 @@ with the return address. <node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1208" mergedindex="cp">\opening</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1105">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1227" mergedindex="cp">\opening</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1124">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21328,8 +21564,8 @@ with the return address. </section> <node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1209" mergedindex="cp">\ps</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1106">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1228" mergedindex="cp">\ps</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1125">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21356,7 +21592,7 @@ with the return address. ... } </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1210" mergedindex="cp">\signature</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1229" mergedindex="cp">\signature</indexterm></findex> <para>The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is usual. @@ -21397,7 +21633,7 @@ the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a <node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1211" mergedindex="cp">\telephone</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1230" mergedindex="cp">\telephone</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21416,9 +21652,9 @@ page. <node name="Input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line interface</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Input/output</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1107">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1108">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1109">input/output</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1126">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1127">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1128">input/output</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; uses the ability to write to a file and later read it back in to build document components such as a table of contents or index. You @@ -21438,13 +21674,17 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system. <node name="_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" spaces=" "><nodename>\openin & \openout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\read</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\openin</code> & <code>\openout</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1212" mergedindex="cp">\openin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1213" mergedindex="cp">\openout</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1214" mergedindex="cp">\closein</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1215" mergedindex="cp">\closeout</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1110">file, opening</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1111">file, closing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1112">open a file</indexterm></cindex> +<anchor name="_005copenin">\openin</anchor> +<anchor name="_005copenout">\openout</anchor> +<anchor name="_005cclosein">\closein</anchor> +<anchor name="_005ccloseout">\closeout</anchor> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1231" mergedindex="cp">\openin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1232" mergedindex="cp">\openout</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1233" mergedindex="cp">\closein</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1234" mergedindex="cp">\closeout</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1129">file, opening</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1130">file, closing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1131">open a file</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21526,9 +21766,9 @@ Bad number (16). <to be read again> = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>. <node name="_005cread" spaces=" "><nodename>\read</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typein</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\openin & \openout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\read</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1216" mergedindex="cp">\read</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1113">file, reading</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1114">read a file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1235" mergedindex="cp">\read</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1132">file, reading</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1133">read a file</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21561,10 +21801,10 @@ is <code>\typein</code> (<pxref label="_005ctypein"><xrefnodename>\typein</xrefn <code>\input</code> (<pxref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></pxref>) or <code>\include</code> (<pxref label="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><xrefnodename>\include & \includeonly</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1115"><r>package</r>, <code>datatool</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1116"><code>datatool</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1134"><r>package</r>, <code>datatool</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1135"><code>datatool</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1117">mail merges</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1136">mail merges</indexterm></cindex> <para>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges. CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code>datatool</code>. </para> @@ -21573,7 +21813,7 @@ CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code>datatool</code>. <node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\read</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1217" mergedindex="cp">\typein</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1236" mergedindex="cp">\typein</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis, one of: </para> @@ -21636,7 +21876,7 @@ Recommendation for John Dee. <node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\write</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1218" mergedindex="cp">\typeout</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1237" mergedindex="cp">\typeout</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21659,7 +21899,7 @@ Recommendation for John Dee. <code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1219" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1238" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex> <para>&latex;&textrsquo;s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. Use the command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of surrounding @@ -21682,7 +21922,7 @@ spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent character with <node name="_005cwrite" spaces=" "><nodename>\write</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typeout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1220" mergedindex="cp">\write</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1239" mergedindex="cp">\write</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21707,7 +21947,7 @@ it, and closes that file. \immediate\closeout\myfile </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1221" mergedindex="cp">\newwrite</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1240" mergedindex="cp">\newwrite</indexterm></findex> <noindent></noindent> <para>The <code>\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic name to make life easier, so that <code>stream @@ -21716,9 +21956,9 @@ Then <code>\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file name. &tex; ultimately executed <code>\write3</code> which puts the string in the file. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1118">log file, writing to</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1119">terminal, writing to</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1120"><math>-1</math>, write stream number</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1137">log file, writing to</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1138">terminal, writing to</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1139"><math>-1</math>, write stream number</indexterm></cindex> <para>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and 15, because typically &latex; authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated by the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or @@ -21733,12 +21973,12 @@ puts the same in the log file but also puts <samp>Hello World!</samp> followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are special as <var>number</var>; see below.) </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1121">Lua&tex;, 256 output streams in</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1140">Lua&tex;, 256 output streams in</indexterm></cindex> <para>In Lua&tex;, instead of 16 output streams there are 256 (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1222" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;auxout</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1223" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;mainaux</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1241" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;auxout</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1242" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;mainaux</indexterm></findex> <para>Use <code>\write\&arobase;auxout{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the current <file>.aux</file> file, which is associated with either the root file or with the current include file; and use @@ -21761,8 +22001,8 @@ in one of three contexts: <enumerate first="1" endspaces=" "> <listitem> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1122">immediate <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1224" mergedindex="cp">\immediate\write</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1141">immediate <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1243" mergedindex="cp">\immediate\write</indexterm></findex> <para>With the first, &latex; writes <var>string</var> to the file immediately. Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in <code>\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code>\noexpand</code>, @@ -21770,16 +22010,16 @@ Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in <code>##</code>). </para> </listitem><listitem> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1123">delayed <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1124">whatsit item</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1225" mergedindex="cp">\shipout <r>and expansion</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1142">delayed <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1143">whatsit item</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1244" mergedindex="cp">\shipout <r>and expansion</r></indexterm></findex> <para>With the second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things (as a &tex; &textldquo;whatsit&textrdquo; item) and kept until the page is shipped out and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code>\shipout</code>. At <code>\shipout</code>, <var>string</var> is fully expanded. </para> </listitem><listitem> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1226" mergedindex="cp">\protected&arobase;write</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1245" mergedindex="cp">\protected&arobase;write</indexterm></findex> <para>The third, <code>\protected&arobase;write</code>, is like the second except that you can use <code>\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more @@ -21802,7 +22042,7 @@ the text <samp>XYZ</samp>: <para>This results in the file <file>test.jh</file> containing the text <samp>test XYZtest</samp> followed by a newline. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1125"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1144"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</indexterm></cindex> <para>The cases where <var>number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of <code>\write</code>&textrsquo;s behavior when <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 described above, in Plain &tex; <code>\write16</code> and @@ -21812,8 +22052,8 @@ terminal; however, in &latex;, the natural way to do that is with even more special; modern &tex; systems use it for giving commands to the operating system (<pxref label="_005cwrite18"><xrefnodename>\write18</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1126">newline, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1127"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1145">newline, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1146"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> <para>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a newline with <code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log file: @@ -21822,8 +22062,8 @@ file: <pre xml:space="preserve">\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1128"><r>package</r>, <code>answers</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1129"><code>answers</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1147"><r>package</r>, <code>answers</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1148"><code>answers</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write @@ -21841,8 +22081,8 @@ packages for this; one is <code>answers</code>. <node name="_005cwrite-and-security" spaces=" "><nodename>\write and security</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\message</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write</code> and security</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1130">security and <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1131"><code>\write</code> and security</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1149">security and <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1150"><code>\write</code> and security</indexterm></cindex> <para>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a downloaded &latex; file and it overwrote your password file then you @@ -21865,7 +22105,7 @@ those. So, this code ! I can't write on file `../test.jh' </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1132">parent directories, cannot write to</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1151">parent directories, cannot write to</indexterm></cindex> <para>You can get just such an error when using commands such as <code>\include{../filename}</code> because &latex; will try to open <file>../filename.aux</file>. The simplest solution is to put the included @@ -21876,7 +22116,7 @@ files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories. <node name="_005cmessage" spaces=" "><nodename>\message</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\wlog</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\write and security</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\message</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1227" mergedindex="cp">\message</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1246" mergedindex="cp">\message</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21937,7 +22177,7 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line. <node name="_005cwlog" spaces=" "><nodename>\wlog</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\write18</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\message</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\wlog</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1228" mergedindex="cp">\wlog</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1247" mergedindex="cp">\wlog</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -21965,11 +22205,11 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line. <node name="_005cwrite18" spaces=" "><nodename>\write18</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\wlog</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write18</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1229" mergedindex="cp">\write18</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1133">external commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1134">commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1135">system commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1136">shell access</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1248" mergedindex="cp">\write18</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1152">external commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1153">commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1154">system commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1155">shell access</indexterm></cindex> <!-- c Derived from: Joseph Wright: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/20446/121234 --> <para>Synopsis: @@ -21982,8 +22222,8 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line. runs the command and &latex;&textrsquo;s execution is blocked until that finishes. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1137"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1138"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1156"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1157"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>This sequence (on Unix) </para> @@ -21992,7 +22232,7 @@ finishes. ... \newcommand{\fignum}{1} \immediate\write18{cd pix && asy figure\fignum} -\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf} +\includegraphics{pix/figure\fignum.pdf} </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> @@ -22032,7 +22272,7 @@ safe, by compiling with <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code> (<pxref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></pxref>). (The <code>--shell-escape</code> option is a synonym, in &tex; Live.) </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1139">restricted shell access</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1158">restricted shell access</indexterm></cindex> <para>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use @@ -22041,33 +22281,33 @@ commands is short and features only commands that are under the control of the distribution maintainers (<pxref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1230" mergedindex="cp">/bin/sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1231" mergedindex="cp">sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1232" mergedindex="cp">cmd.exe<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1233" mergedindex="cp">SHELL<r>, environment variables</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1249" mergedindex="cp">/bin/sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1250" mergedindex="cp">sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1251" mergedindex="cp">cmd.exe<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1252" mergedindex="cp">SHELL<r>, environment variables</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <var>shell_command</var> text is always passed to <file>/bin/sh</file> on Unix-like operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter <file>cmd.exe</file> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1140"><r>package</r>, <code>texosquery</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1141"><code>texosquery</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1159"><r>package</r>, <code>texosquery</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1160"><code>texosquery</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1142">system information</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1143">operating system information</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1144">locale information, from system</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1145">directory listings, from system</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1161">system information</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1162">operating system information</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1163">locale information, from system</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1164">directory listings, from system</indexterm></cindex> <para>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the <code>texosquery</code> package, which provides a convenient and secure interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw <code>\write18</code>: <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</urefurl></url>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1146"><r>package</r>, <code>shellesc</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1147"><code>shellesc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1165"><r>package</r>, <code>shellesc</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1166"><code>shellesc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1234" mergedindex="cp">\ShellEscape</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1235" mergedindex="cp">\DelayedShellEscape</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1253" mergedindex="cp">\ShellEscape</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1254" mergedindex="cp">\DelayedShellEscape</indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; provides a package <code>shellesc</code> on top of the primitive <code>\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command <code>\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all &tex; engines; @@ -22085,9 +22325,9 @@ same reason. <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line interface</sectiontitle> <anchor name="Command-line">Command line</anchor><!-- c old name --> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1148">command line interface</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1149">interface, command line</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1150">CLI</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1167">command line interface</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1168">interface, command line</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1169">CLI</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis (from a terminal command line): </para> @@ -22108,8 +22348,8 @@ creating the output <file>thesis.pdf</file>. </pre></example> <noindent></noindent> -<para><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1236" mergedindex="cp">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex> -Note that <file>.tex</file> is the default file name extension. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1255" mergedindex="cp">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>Note that <file>.tex</file> is the default file name extension. </para> <para>pdf&tex; is an extension of the original &tex; program, as are Xe&tex; and Lua&tex; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). The first two are @@ -22121,8 +22361,8 @@ such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run <command>pdflatex</command> or <command>xelatex</command> or <command>lualatex</command> then you will by default get PDF and have access to all its modern features. -If you run <command>latex</command>, or <code>dvilualatex</code>, then you will get -DVI. The description here assumes pdf&latex;. +If you run <command>latex</command>, or <command>dvilualatex</command>, then you will get +DVI. The description here assumes <command>pdflatex</command>. </para> <para><xref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></xref>, for a selection of the most useful command line options. As to <var>argument</var>, the usual case is that it @@ -22151,7 +22391,7 @@ to do. <node name="Command-line-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line input</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line options</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1151">options, command line</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1170">options, command line</indexterm></cindex> <para>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document authoring. For a full list, try running <samp>latex --help</samp> from the @@ -22166,23 +22406,23 @@ argument with an <samp>=</samp> sign (<samp>--foo=val</samp>), but there can be spaces around the <samp>=</samp>. We will generally use the <samp>=</samp> syntax. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1237" mergedindex="cp">--version <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1256" mergedindex="cp">--version <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> </beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-version</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Show the current version, like <samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX Live 2015/Debian)</samp> along with a small amount of additional information, and exit. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1238" mergedindex="cp">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1257" mergedindex="cp">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-help</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit. </para> <anchor name="interaction-modes">interaction modes</anchor> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1239" mergedindex="cp">--interaction <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1258" mergedindex="cp">--interaction <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-interaction=<var>mode</var></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1152">batchmode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1153">scrollmode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1154">errorstopmode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1155">nonstopmode</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1171">batchmode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1172">scrollmode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1173">errorstopmode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1174">nonstopmode</indexterm></cindex> <para>&tex; compiles a document in one of four interaction modes: <code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>, <code>errorstopmode</code>. In <dfn>errorstopmode</dfn> (the default), &tex; @@ -22203,17 +22443,17 @@ input, but nothing else. <noindent></noindent> <para>eliminates most terminal output. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1156">jobname</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1157">filename for current job</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1240" mergedindex="cp">--jobname <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1175">jobname</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1176">filename for current job</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1259" mergedindex="cp">--jobname <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-jobname=<var>string</var></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Set the value of &tex;&textrsquo;s <dfn>jobname</dfn> to the string. The log file and output file will then be named <file><var>string</var>.log</file> and <file><var>string</var>.pdf</file>. <pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>. </para> <anchor name="output-directory">output directory</anchor> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1158">output directory for all external files</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1241" mergedindex="cp">--output-directory <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1177">output directory for all external files</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1260" mergedindex="cp">--output-directory <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-output-directory=<var>directory</var></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist. This applies to all external files created by &tex; or &latex;, such @@ -22227,12 +22467,12 @@ external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current directory (in which &latex; was run) remains unchanged, and is also checked for input files. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1159">shell escape</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1160"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1242" mergedindex="cp">--enable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1243" mergedindex="cp">--disable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1244" mergedindex="cp">--shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1245" mergedindex="cp">--no-shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1178">shell escape</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1179"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1261" mergedindex="cp">--enable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1262" mergedindex="cp">--disable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1263" mergedindex="cp">--shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1264" mergedindex="cp">--no-shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--enable-write18</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--disable-write18</itemformat></itemx> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--shell-escape</itemformat></itemx> @@ -22253,12 +22493,12 @@ a limited number of &tex;-related programs, which they distribute.) <code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an error but the log file says <samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1246" mergedindex="cp">--halt-on-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1265" mergedindex="cp">--halt-on-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-halt-on-error</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Stop processing at the first error. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1247" mergedindex="cp">--file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1248" mergedindex="cp">--no-file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1266" mergedindex="cp">--file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1267" mergedindex="cp">--no-file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-file-line-error</itemformat></item> </tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-no-file-line-error</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Enable or disable <code><var>filename</var>:<var>lineno</var>:<var>error</var></code>-style @@ -22270,7 +22510,7 @@ error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;. <node name="Command-line-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Jobname</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line input</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1161">input, on command line</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1180">input, on command line</indexterm></cindex> <para>As part of the command line invocation </para> @@ -22278,12 +22518,12 @@ error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;. <pre xml:space="preserve"><var>latex-engine</var> <var>options</var> <var>argument</var> </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent><para>you can specify arbitrary &latex; input by starting +<noindent></noindent> <para>you can specify arbitrary &latex; input by starting <var>argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This allows you to do some special effects. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1162"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1163"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1181"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1182"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>For example, this file (which uses the <code>hyperref</code> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online. @@ -22309,7 +22549,7 @@ compiling it with <pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex "\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex" </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent><para>has the link in black. We use double quotes to prevent +<noindent></noindent> <para>has the link in black. We use double quotes to prevent interpretation of the symbols by the command line shell. (This usually works on both Unix and Windows systems, but there are many peculiarities to shell quoting, so read your system documentation if @@ -22359,12 +22599,12 @@ chapter. <xref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the input</xr <node name="Jobname" spaces=" "><nodename>Jobname</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Recovering from errors</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line input</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Jobname</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1249" mergedindex="cp"><code>\jobname</code></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1164">jobname</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1165">document root name</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1166">name of document root</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1167">root file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1168">file, root</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1268" mergedindex="cp"><code>\jobname</code></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1183">jobname</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1184">document root name</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1185">name of document root</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1186">root file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1187">file, root</indexterm></cindex> <para>Running &latex; creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the @@ -22389,16 +22629,16 @@ and the jobname is the argument to <code>\input</code>. specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex -jobname=myname</code> (<pxref label="Command-line-input"><xrefnodename>Command line input</xrefnodename></pxref> for a real example). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1250" mergedindex="cp">texput<r>, jobname default</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1169">fallback jobname</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1269" mergedindex="cp">texput<r>, jobname default</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1188">fallback jobname</indexterm></cindex> <para>The final possibility is <file>texput</file>, which is the final fallback default if no other name is available to &tex;. That is, if no <code>-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before any input file is met, then the log file will be named <file>texput.log</file>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1251" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1252" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1270" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1271" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex> <para>A special case of this is that in &latex; versions of (approximately) 2020 or later, the jobname is also <file>texput</file> if the first <code>\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either @@ -22420,7 +22660,7 @@ a file named <file>texput.pdf</file>: <para>the output file is <file>lipsum.pdf</file>, as <code>\usepackage</code> calls <code>\input</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1253" mergedindex="cp">\jobname</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1272" mergedindex="cp">\jobname</indexterm></findex> <para>Within the document, the macro <code>\jobname</code> expands to the jobname. (When you run &latex; on a file whose name contains spaces, the string returned by <code>\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.) @@ -22428,9 +22668,9 @@ In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of catcode 12 (other) except that spaces are category 10, including letters that are normally catcode 11. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1254" mergedindex="cp">\IfBeginWith*<r> macro from <file>xstring</file></r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1170"><r>package</r>, <code>xstring</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1171"><code>xstring</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1273" mergedindex="cp">\IfBeginWith*<r> macro from <file>xstring</file></r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1189"><r>package</r>, <code>xstring</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1190"><code>xstring</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro @@ -22479,9 +22719,9 @@ l.5 The \PN typo. You could instead enter <kbd>?</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> to see other options. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1172"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1173">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1255" mergedindex="cp">\stop</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1191"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1192">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1274" mergedindex="cp">\stop</indexterm></findex> <para>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to include the <code>\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case &latex; gives you a <samp>*</samp> prompt. You can get back to the command @@ -22509,8 +22749,8 @@ keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line. <node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1174">document templates</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1175">templates, document</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1193">document templates</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1194">templates, document</indexterm></cindex> <para>Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed at @@ -22527,16 +22767,16 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">article template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1176"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1177">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1178"><r>package</r>, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1179"><code>beamer</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1195"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1196">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1197"><r>package</r>, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1198"><code>beamer</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of features, but here is a basic template: </para> -<verbatim xml:space="preserve"> +<verbatim xml:space="preserve" endspaces=" "> \documentclass{beamer} \title{Beamer Class template} @@ -22567,11 +22807,11 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template: <node name="article-template" spaces=" "><nodename>article template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>article</code> template</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1180">template (simple), <code>article</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1199">template (simple), <code>article</code></indexterm></cindex> <para>A simple template for an article. </para> -<verbatim xml:space="preserve"> +<verbatim xml:space="preserve" endspaces=" "> \documentclass{article} \title{Article Class Template} \author{Alex Author} @@ -22596,12 +22836,12 @@ Some more text. <node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Larger book template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">article template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1181">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1200">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex> <para>This is a straightforward template for a book. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>, for a more elaborate one. </para> -<verbatim xml:space="preserve"> +<verbatim xml:space="preserve" endspaces=" "> \documentclass{book} \title{Book Class Template} \author{Alex Author} @@ -22626,7 +22866,7 @@ The end. <node name="Larger-book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>Larger book template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Larger <code>book</code> template</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1182">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1201">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex> <para>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. <xref label="book-template"><xrefnodename>book template</xrefnodename></xref>, for a simpler one. @@ -22645,7 +22885,7 @@ need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of <code>\include</code>. You don&textrsquo;t get the cross-reference benefit with <code>\input</code>.) </para> -<verbatim xml:space="preserve"> +<verbatim xml:space="preserve" endspaces=" "> \documentclass[titlepage]{book} \usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex @@ -22694,7 +22934,7 @@ need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of <!-- c Keep `Command Index' working for ltx-help.el. --> <anchor name="Command-Index">Command Index</anchor> -<printindex value="cp" line="cp"></printindex> +<printindex spaces=" " value="cp" line="cp"></printindex> </unnumbered> <bye></bye> |