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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
index f778eee8c21..730e89e15ff 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.8, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of July 2021.
+document preparation system, version of January 2022.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -18,7 +21,7 @@ latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert Dietze. (From these references no
text was directly copied.)
Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Karl Berry.
+2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 Karl Berry.
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
@@ -36,20 +39,20 @@ notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.7, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+
<link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
<link href="#Index" rel="index" title="Index">
<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
<link href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/" rel="up" title="(dir)">
+<link href="#About-this-document" rel="next" title="About this document">
<style type="text/css">
<!--
/* $Id: latex2e.css 935 2021-07-23 17:48:15Z jimhefferon $
@@ -57,11 +60,11 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
Originally written by Jim Hefferon and Karl Berry, 2018. */
+a.copiable-anchor {visibility: hidden; text-decoration: none; line-height: 0em}
a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
-div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
kbd {font-style: oblique}
pre.display {font-family: inherit}
pre.format {font-family: inherit}
@@ -70,6 +73,7 @@ pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
+span:hover a.copiable-anchor {visibility: visible}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
BODY {
margin-top: 1em;
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@ div.referenceinfo {font-size:small;}
</head>
<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)</h1>
@@ -115,8 +119,10 @@ href='https://ctan.org/topic/tut-latex'>this list</a>.</p>
<p>This manual has two versions. One has <a
href="https://latexref.xyz/">separate web pages for each section or
subsection</a>. It's also available as a <a
-href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">single web page</a> and
-as a <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.pdf">pdf</a>.</p>
+href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">single web page</a> and as
+a <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.pdf">pdf</a>. Note that
+there is also a separately-maintained <a
+href="https://latexref.xyz/fr/">French edition</a>.</p>
<p> This document is not official. It has not been reviewed by the
LaTeX maintainers. Our goal is to cover all (non-private) LaTeX
@@ -131,45 +137,21 @@ as well as
<!-- End of opening header -->
-<span id="SEC_Overview"></span>
-<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
-<div class="shortcontents">
-<ul class="no-bullet">
-<li><a id="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Command-line-interface-1" href="#toc-Command-line-interface-1">28 Command line interface</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
-<li><a id="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1" rel="index">Index</a></li>
-</ul>
+
+
+<div class="top" id="Top">
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
+<span id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></span><h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
+
+<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
+January 2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+</p>
-<span id="SEC_Contents"></span>
+<div class="Contents_element" id="SEC_Contents">
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
@@ -223,7 +205,10 @@ as well as
<li><a id="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">5.6 <code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.7 Floats</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.7 Floats</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccaption-1" href="#g_t_005ccaption">5.7.1 <code>\caption</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -314,7 +299,10 @@ as well as
<li><a id="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a id="toc-BibTeX-error-messages-1" href="#BibTeX-error-messages">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li>
@@ -356,7 +344,10 @@ as well as
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a id="toc-Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol" href="#Control-sequences">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
@@ -425,13 +416,14 @@ as well as
<li><a id="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cmathstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">16.6.3 <code>\mathstrut</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a id="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.7 Math miscellany</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-styles-1" href="#Math-styles">16.7 Math styles</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.8 Math miscellany</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.7.4 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.7.5 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.8.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.8.2 <code>\*</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.8.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.8.4 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.8.5 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
@@ -454,7 +446,7 @@ as well as
<li><a id="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
@@ -531,7 +523,7 @@ as well as
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents etc.</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-_005c_0040dottedtocline-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">25.1.1 <code>\@dottedtocline</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.2 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
@@ -542,9 +534,10 @@ as well as
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.2 Indexes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a id="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></a></li>
- <li><a id="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Produce-the-index-manually-1" href="#Produce-the-index-manually">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.2 <code>\index</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.3 <code>makeindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.4 <code>\printindex</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.3 Glossaries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -597,93 +590,57 @@ as well as
<li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
-
-
-
-
-<span id="Top"></span><div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></span><h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
-
-<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-July 2021) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What is LaTeX?
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="3">Document classes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="4">Fonts</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parts, Chapters, Sections, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environments" accesskey="8">Environments</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate &amp; itemize.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="9">Line breaking</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing page breaks.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to produce footnotes.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Internal counters used by LaTeX.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The length commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to create mathematical formulas.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various styles of page layout.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal and vertical space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color">Color</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining and using colors.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The <code>letter</code> class.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">User interaction.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Common command-line options.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Starter templates for various document classes.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<div class="Overview_element" id="SEC_Overview">
+<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
+<div class="shortcontents">
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+<li><a id="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Command-line-interface-1" href="#toc-Command-line-interface-1">28 Command line interface</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1" rel="index">Index</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
<hr>
-<span id="About-this-document"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="chapter" id="About-this-document">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview of LaTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="About-this-document-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>
<span id="index-home-page-for-manual"></span>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
-typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>).
+typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>).
</p>
<p>This document&rsquo;s home page is <a href="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</a>; it has
separate web pages for each topic. Alternatively.
@@ -714,22 +671,19 @@ of other information available about LaTeX, at all levels. Here
are a few introductions.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"></span>
-<p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
+<dt id='index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a><a href='#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"></span>
-<p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
+<dt id='index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a><a href='#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-lshort-document"></span>
-<p>A longer introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
+<dt id='index-lshort-document'><span><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a><a href='#index-lshort-document' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A longer introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><a href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt>
+<dt><span><a href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
references.
</p>
@@ -738,9 +692,11 @@ references.
<hr>
-<span id="Overview"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Overview">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Overview-of-LaTeX"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
@@ -779,26 +735,21 @@ LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document,
produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not
sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Files produced.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Programs that can compile TeX and LaTeX.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="5">Environment</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An area of the source with distinct behavior.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a></li>
+<li><a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a></li>
+<li><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Environment" accesskey="5">Environment</a></li>
+<li><a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Starting-and-ending"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Starting-and-ending">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Starting-and-ending-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
@@ -833,19 +784,21 @@ This area is called the <em>preamble</em>.
<p>The <code>\begin{document}</code>, <code>\end{document}</code> pair defines an
<span id="index-environment"></span>
<em>environment</em>; the &lsquo;<samp>document</samp>&rsquo; environment (and no others) is
-required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document">document</a>). LaTeX make
+required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document"><code>document</code></a>). LaTeX make
available to you many environments that are documented here
(see <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>). Many more are available to you from external
-packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>).
+packages, most importantly those available at CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
</p>
<p>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from
a LaTeX input file.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Output-files"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Output-files">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Output-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3>
@@ -853,9 +806,8 @@ Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous:
The main output file&rsquo;s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>.dvi</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_002edvi-file"></span>
-<span id="index-latex-command"></span>
+<dt id='index-_002edvi-file'><span><code>.dvi</code><a href='#index-_002edvi-file' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-latex-command"></span>
<span id="index-xdvi-command"></span>
<span id="index-dvips-command"></span>
<span id="index-dvipdfmx-command"></span>
@@ -870,9 +822,8 @@ The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
available (<a href="https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>.pdf</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_002epdf-file"></span>
-<span id="index-pdfTeX"></span>
+<dt id='index-_002epdf-file'><span><code>.pdf</code><a href='#index-_002epdf-file' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-pdfTeX"></span>
<span id="index-pdflatex-command"></span>
<span id="output-files-pdf"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
among other commands (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is
@@ -885,18 +836,16 @@ self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
<p>LaTeX always produces at least two additional files.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>.log</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-transcript-file"></span>
-<span id="index-log-file"></span>
+<dt id='index-transcript-file'><span><code>.log</code><a href='#index-transcript-file' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-log-file"></span>
<span id="index-_002elog-file"></span>
<span id="output-files-log"></span><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>.aux</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-auxiliary-file"></span>
-<span id="index-_002eaux-file"></span>
+<dt id='index-auxiliary-file'><span><code>.aux</code><a href='#index-auxiliary-file' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_002eaux-file"></span>
<span id="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></span>
<span id="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></span>
<span id="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></span>
@@ -924,14 +873,16 @@ location.
<p>LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of
figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
-<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). A particular class may create others; the list is
+<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). A particular class may create others; the list is
open-ended.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="TeX-engines"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="TeX-engines">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="TeX-engines-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
@@ -947,7 +898,7 @@ Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syn
<span id="index-format-files_002c-TeX"></span>
<span id="index-_002efmt-file"></span>
<p>LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX
-program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). Such a set of commands is called a
+program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>). Such a set of commands is called a
<em>format</em>, and is embodied in a binary <code>.fmt</code> file, which can
be read much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source.
</p>
@@ -955,12 +906,8 @@ be read much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source.
commonly available (see also <a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>latex</code>
-<span id="index-latex"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>pdflatex</code>
-<span id="index-pdflatex"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-latex'><span><code>latex</code><a href='#index-latex' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-pdflatex'><span><code>pdflatex</code><a href='#index-pdflatex' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-etex-command"></span>
<span id="index-pdfTeX-engine"></span>
<span id="index-e_002dTeX"></span>
@@ -982,9 +929,7 @@ rather than pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be
assumed to be available in LaTeX.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>lualatex</code>
-<span id="index-lualatex"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-lualatex'><span><code>lualatex</code><a href='#index-lualatex' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-LuaTeX"></span>
<span id="tex-engines-lualatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This
@@ -995,9 +940,7 @@ and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp>.pdf</samp> file by default.
There is also <code>dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp>.dvi</samp> file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>xelatex</code>
-<span id="index-xelatex"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-xelatex'><span><code>xelatex</code><a href='#index-xelatex' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-XeTeX"></span>
<span id="index-_002exdv-file"></span>
<span id="index-xdvipdfmx"></span>
@@ -1014,12 +957,8 @@ program, but this process is automatic. The <code>.xdv</code> file is only
useful for debugging.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>platex</code>
-<span id="index-platex"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>uplatex</code>
-<span id="index-uplatex"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-platex'><span><code>platex</code><a href='#index-platex' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-uplatex'><span><code>uplatex</code><a href='#index-uplatex' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and
other languages; the <code>u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a> and <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>.
@@ -1030,27 +969,13 @@ other languages; the <code>u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
all of the above:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>dvilualatex-dev</code>
-<span id="index-dvilualatex_002ddev"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>latex-dev</code>
-<span id="index-latex_002ddev"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>lualatex-dev</code>
-<span id="index-lualatex_002ddev"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>pdflatex-dev</code>
-<span id="index-pdflatex_002ddev"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>platex-dev</code>
-<span id="index-platex_002ddev"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>uplatex-dev</code>
-<span id="index-uplatex_002ddev"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>xelatex-dev</code>
-<span id="index-xelatex_002ddev"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-dvilualatex_002ddev'><span><code>dvilualatex-dev</code><a href='#index-dvilualatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-latex_002ddev'><span><code>latex-dev</code><a href='#index-latex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-lualatex_002ddev'><span><code>lualatex-dev</code><a href='#index-lualatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-pdflatex_002ddev'><span><code>pdflatex-dev</code><a href='#index-pdflatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-platex_002ddev'><span><code>platex-dev</code><a href='#index-platex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-uplatex_002ddev'><span><code>uplatex-dev</code><a href='#index-uplatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-xelatex_002ddev'><span><code>xelatex-dev</code><a href='#index-xelatex_002ddev' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-release-candidates"></span>
<span id="index-prerelease-testing"></span>
<p>These are candidates for an upcoming LaTeX release. The main
@@ -1076,9 +1001,11 @@ LaTeX <code>dev</code> formats&rdquo; by Frank Mittelbach, <cite>TUGboat</cite>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="LaTeX-command-syntax"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="LaTeX-command-syntax">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
@@ -1131,9 +1058,11 @@ syntax. We won&rsquo;t try to cover them in this document; see the related
package documentation and other LaTeX manuals.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Environment"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Environment">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Environment-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.5 Environment</h3>
@@ -1178,9 +1107,11 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
<hr>
-<span id="CTAN"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="CTAN">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview of LaTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></span><h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
@@ -1216,9 +1147,12 @@ site. The list of mirrors is at <a href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Document-classes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Document-classes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview of LaTeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Document-classes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>
@@ -1240,33 +1174,33 @@ normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
<span id="index-slides-class"></span>
<p>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into LaTeX.
(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
-see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>.)
+see <a href="#Overview">Overview of LaTeX</a>.)
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>article</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>article</code></span></dt>
<dd><span id="document-classes-article"></span><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>book</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>book</code></span></dt>
<dd><span id="document-classes-book"></span><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
(see <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>letter</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>letter</code></span></dt>
<dd><span id="document-classes-letter"></span><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
(see <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>report</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>report</code></span></dt>
<dd><span id="document-classes-report"></span><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>slides</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>slides</code></span></dt>
<dd><span id="document-classes-slides"></span><p>For slide presentations&mdash;rarely used nowadays. The
<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent
-(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>, for a
+(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a href="#beamer-template"><code>beamer</code> template</a>, for a
small template for a beamer document.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -1274,18 +1208,16 @@ small template for a beamer document.
<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bring in packages.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Create new classes and packages.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Document-class-options"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Document-class-options">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -1326,27 +1258,27 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
size (these show height by width):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>a4paper</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>a4paper</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75&nbsp;inches)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>a5paper</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>a5paper</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3&nbsp;inches)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>b5paper</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>b5paper</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8&nbsp;inches)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>executivepaper</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>executivepaper</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>7.25 by 10.5&nbsp;inches
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>legalpaper</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>legalpaper</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>8.5 by 14&nbsp;inches
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>letterpaper</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>letterpaper</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>8.5 by 11&nbsp;inches (the default)
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -1378,42 +1310,36 @@ area and physical page size.
<p>Miscellaneous other options:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
-<dt><code>final</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></span>
-<p>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
+<dt id='index-black-boxes_002c-omitting'><span><code>draft</code><a href='#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>final</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>fleqn</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-flush-left-equations"></span>
-<span id="index-centered-equations"></span>
+<dt id='index-flush-left-equations'><span><code>fleqn</code><a href='#index-flush-left-equations' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-centered-equations"></span>
<span id="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></span>
<p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>landscape</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-landscape-orientation"></span>
-<span id="index-portrait-orientation"></span>
+<dt id='index-landscape-orientation'><span><code>landscape</code><a href='#index-landscape-orientation' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-portrait-orientation"></span>
<p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>leqno</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span>
-<span id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span>
+<dt id='index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers'><span><code>leqno</code><a href='#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span>
<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></span>
<p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>openbib</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bibliography-format_002c-open"></span>
-<p>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.
+<dt id='index-bibliography-format_002c-open'><span><code>openbib</code><a href='#index-bibliography-format_002c-open' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>titlepage</code></dt>
-<dt><code>notitlepage</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></span>
-<p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
+<dt id='index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din'><span><code>titlepage</code><a href='#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>notitlepage</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
<code>notitlepage</code>.
@@ -1429,15 +1355,14 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<span id="index-openright-option"></span>
<span id="index-openany-option"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>onecolumn</code></dt>
-<dt><code>twocolumn</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>onecolumn</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>twocolumn</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>oneside</code></dt>
-<dt><code>twoside</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cevensidemargin"></span>
-<span id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin'><span><code>oneside</code><a href='#index-_005cevensidemargin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>twoside</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></span>
<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
</p>
@@ -1449,8 +1374,8 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
<code>\textwidth</code>, and <code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>openright</code></dt>
-<dt><code>openany</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>openright</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>openany</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is
<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>.
</p></dd>
@@ -1462,7 +1387,9 @@ the time at the bottom of each note.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Additional-packages"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Additional-packages">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -1491,7 +1418,9 @@ to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Class-and-package-construction"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Class-and-package-construction">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -1518,7 +1447,7 @@ SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>@</code> as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
containing that command with <code>\makeatletter</code> and
-<code>\makeatother</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>. This allow
+<code>\makeatother</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>. This allow
you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
@@ -1526,16 +1455,15 @@ others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
<code>\smc@tolist</code>, <code>\smc@fromlist</code>, etc.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of the file.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of commands.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Class-and-package-structure"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-structure">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -1601,7 +1529,9 @@ of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Class-and-package-commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Class-and-package-commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -1612,28 +1542,25 @@ Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class
<p>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cAtBeginDvi"></span>
-<p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp>.dvi</samp> file
+<dt id='index-_005cAtBeginDvi'><span><code>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code><a href='#index-_005cAtBeginDvi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp>.dvi</samp> file
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cAtEndOfClass"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cAtEndOfClass'><span><code>\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cAtEndOfClass' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></span>
<p>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
-called it. See also <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a>.
+called it. See also <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cCheckCommand"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cCheckCommand'><span><code>\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cCheckCommand' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></span>
<span id="index-new-command_002c-check"></span>
-<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) but does
+<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) but does
not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
<span id="index-long-command"></span>
@@ -1645,18 +1572,17 @@ redefining <code>cmd</code> yourself that no other package has already
redefined this command.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ClassError{<var>class name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\PackageError{<var>package name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\ClassWarning{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\PackageWarning{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\ClassWarningNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\PackageWarningNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\ClassInfo{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cClassError"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cPackageError"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\ClassError{<var>class name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\PackageError{<var>package name</var>}{<var>error text</var>}{<var>help text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\ClassWarning{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\PackageWarning{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\ClassWarningNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\PackageWarningNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>warning text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\ClassInfo{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cClassError'><span><code>\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cClassError' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cPackageError"></span>
<span id="index-_005cClassWarning"></span>
<span id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></span>
<span id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></span>
@@ -1685,17 +1611,15 @@ character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
appends a period to the messages.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\CurrentOption</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cCurrentOption"></span>
-<p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
+<dt id='index-_005cCurrentOption'><span><code>\CurrentOption</code><a href='#index-_005cCurrentOption' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareOption"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cDeclareOption'><span><code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cDeclareOption' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></span>
<span id="index-class-options-2"></span>
<span id="index-package-options-1"></span>
<span id="index-options_002c-class"></span>
@@ -1733,14 +1657,13 @@ passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand'><span><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></span>
<span id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></span>
-<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
+<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
-fragile commands see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>.) Use this command to define new
+fragile commands see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>.) Use this command to define new
robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
robust. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> these do not give an error if macro
<var>cmd</var> already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
@@ -1752,7 +1675,7 @@ command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></span>
<span id="index-etoolbox-package"></span>
-<p>The <samp>etoolbox</samp> package offers the commands
+<p>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers the commands
<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are
@@ -1773,10 +1696,9 @@ commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
</dd>
-<dt><code>\IfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cIfFileExists"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\IfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cIfFileExists'><span><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cIfFileExists' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></span>
<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp><var>file
name</var></samp> or <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
<var>true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
@@ -1795,13 +1717,12 @@ directory do something like <code>\IfFileExists{./filename}{<var>true
code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code>. If you ask for a filename without a
<code>.tex</code> extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by
appending the <code>.tex</code>; for more on how LaTeX handles file
-extensions see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>.
+extensions see <a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cLoadClass"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLoadClass'><span><code>\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cLoadClass' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></span>
<p>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
<code>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
@@ -1827,9 +1748,8 @@ that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ExecuteOptions{<var>options-list</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cExecuteOptions"></span>
-<p>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
+<dt id='index-_005cExecuteOptions'><span><code>\ExecuteOptions{<var>options-list</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cExecuteOptions' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
executes the command <code>\ds@<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not
defined then that option is silently ignored.
</p>
@@ -1839,9 +1759,8 @@ default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
<code>\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\NeedsTeXFormat{<var>format</var>}[<var>format date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"></span>
-<p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+<dt id='index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat'><span><code>\NeedsTeXFormat{<var>format</var>}[<var>format date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
<code>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is
processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
@@ -1861,18 +1780,16 @@ release `2016/02/01' is available.
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></span>
-<p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+<dt id='index-_005cOptionNotUsed'><span><code>\OptionNotUsed</code><a href='#index-_005cOptionNotUsed' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPassOptionsToClass'><span><code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cPassOptionsToClass' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></span>
<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
@@ -1911,10 +1828,9 @@ option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
<code>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ProcessOptions</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\ProcessOptions*<var>\@options</var></code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cProcessOptions"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\ProcessOptions</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cProcessOptions'><span><code>\ProcessOptions*<var>\@options</var></code><a href='#index-_005cProcessOptions' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></span>
<p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
existence of the starred command).
@@ -1953,12 +1869,11 @@ the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
means that the global options are processed first.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesClass"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cProvidesClass'><span><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cProvidesClass' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></span>
<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
the log file.
</p>
@@ -1991,9 +1906,8 @@ than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
include a date, and class users almost never do.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>filename</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesFile"></span>
-<p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
+<dt id='index-_005cProvidesFile'><span><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>filename</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cProvidesFile' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>filename</var> equal to
@@ -2001,10 +1915,9 @@ file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
&lsquo;<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cRequirePackage"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></span>
+<dt><span><code>\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cRequirePackage'><span><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code><a href='#index-_005cRequirePackage' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></span>
<p>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (see <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
these commands over Plain&nbsp;TeX&rsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class
Guide. An example is
@@ -2034,9 +1947,13 @@ causes LaTeX to give error like <code>\usepackage before
<hr>
-<span id="Fonts"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Fonts">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Fonts-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2>
<span id="Typefaces"></span>
@@ -2079,20 +1996,17 @@ alphabet free fonts available for easy use with LaTeX.
<p>More information is also available from the TeX Users Group, at
<a href="https://www.tug.org/fonts/">https://www.tug.org/fonts/</a>.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1">fontenc package</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Encoding of the font.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="2">Font styles</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="3">Font sizes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select point size.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="4">Low-level font commands</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1"><code>fontenc</code> package</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="2">Font styles</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="3">Font sizes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="4">Low-level font commands</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="fontenc-package"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="fontenc-package">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -2119,16 +2033,19 @@ Next: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font styles</a>, Up: <a hr
<p>Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the
character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fontspec"></span>
+<span id="index-fontspec-package"></span>
+
<p>This package only applies if you use the <code>pdflatex</code> engine
(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). If you use the <code>xelatex</code> or
-<code>lualatex</code> engine then instead use the <samp>fontspec</samp> package.
+<code>lualatex</code> engine then instead use the <code>fontspec</code> package.
</p>
<p>TeX&rsquo;s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use
-<code>\accent</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a>) but this disables hyphenation. TeX
+<code>\accent</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>) but this disables hyphenation. TeX
users have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of
characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using
-<code>pdflatex</code> then this in the preamble
+<code>pdflatex</code> then put this in the preamble
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
@@ -2148,7 +2065,7 @@ to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
<p>If you are using an encoding such as <code>T1</code> and the characters appear
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
sometimes called raster or Type&nbsp;3. You want vector fonts. Use a
-package such as <samp>lmodern</samp> or <samp>cm-super</samp> to get a font that
+package such as <code>lmodern</code> or <code>cm-super</code> to get a font that
extends LaTeX&rsquo;s default using vector fonts.
</p>
<p>For each <var>font_encoding</var> given as an option but not already
@@ -2159,21 +2076,21 @@ to be the last encoding in the option list.
<p>These are the common values for <var>font_encoding</var>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>OT1</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>OT1</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English characters.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>OMS, OML</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>OMS, OML</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Math symbols and math letters encoding.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>T1</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>T1</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users
Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European
accented characters. The most common option for this package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>TS1</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>TS1</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Text Companion encoding.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -2202,36 +2119,26 @@ them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
for one encoding but the current encoding is different then the command
is not in effect.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define an encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define an accent in the encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">New encoding-specific command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Run code in slot, in the encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a symbol in the encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for a symbol in the encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Save most recently declared encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Temporarily switch to another encoding.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextAccent</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4>
@@ -2248,7 +2155,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareText
<p>Declare the font encoding <var>encoding</var>. It also saves the value of
<var>encoding</var> in <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The file <samp>t1enc.def</samp> contains this line (followed by many others).
</p>
@@ -2258,7 +2165,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareText
<p>The <var>text-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will run every
time it switches from one encoding to another with the
-<code>\selectfont</code> or <code>\fontencoding</code> command. The
+<code>\selectfont</code> and <code>\fontencoding</code> commands. The
<var>math-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will use whenever the
font is accessed as a math alphabet.
</p>
@@ -2279,9 +2186,11 @@ should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareFontEncoding</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4>
@@ -2298,12 +2207,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\Decl
<p>Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding
<var>encoding</var> at the location <var>slot</var>.
</p>
+<span id="index-slot_002c-font"></span>
+<p>A <em>slot</em> is the number identifying a glyph within a font.
+</p>
<p>This line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> declares that to make a circumflex
accent as in <code>\^A</code>, the system will put the accent in slot&nbsp;2
over the &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo; character, which is represented in ASCII as&nbsp;65.
(This holds unless there is a relevant <code>DeclareTextComposite</code> or
<code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code> declaration;
-see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a>.)
+see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}
@@ -2315,9 +2227,11 @@ transcript file.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextAccent</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4>
@@ -2328,10 +2242,10 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" access
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>If there is an encoding-specific accent command <var>cmd</var> but there is
+<p>If there is an encoding-specific accent command \<var>cmd</var> but there is
no associated <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> for that encoding then this
command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for
<var>encoding</var>.
@@ -2347,11 +2261,11 @@ the accent <code>\&quot;</code>, declare this.
definition for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from
<code>OT1</code>
</p>
-<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a>).
+<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{<var>cmd</var>}
- {\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>cmd</var>}{#1}}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\<var>cmd</var>}
+ {\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}{#1}}
</pre></div>
<p>Note that <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code> works for any one-argument
@@ -2359,37 +2273,38 @@ definition for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4>
<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></span>
<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\DeclareTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn}</var>
-\DeclareTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn}</var>
+\DeclareTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\ProvideTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\ProvideTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\ProvideTextCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define the command <var>cmd</var>, which will be specific to one encoding.
-The command name <var>cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, \. These
-commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining <code>cmd</code> does
-not cause an error. The defined command will be robust even if the code
-in <var>defn</var> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Define the command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which will be specific to one
+encoding. The command name <var>cmd</var> must be preceded by a backslash,
+<code>\</code>. These commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining
+\<var>cmd</var> does not cause an error. The defined command will be robust
+even if the code in <var>defn</var> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>For example, the file <samp>t1enc.def</samp> contains this line.
</p>
@@ -2409,50 +2324,53 @@ Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand.
&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding
OT1</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span>
<p>The <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it
-does nothing if <var>cmd</var> is already defined. The
+does nothing if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined. The
<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple
-slot-to-glyph association (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>)
+slot-to-glyph association (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>)
</p>
-<p>The optional <var>nargs</var> and <var>optargsdefault</var> arguments play the
-same role here as in <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>). Briefly, <var>nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9
-specifying the number of arguments that the defined command <code>cmd</code>
-takes. This number includes any optional argument. Omitting this
-argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that <var>cmd</var> will have
-no arguments. And, if <var>optargsdefault</var> is present then the first
-argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value
-<var>optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string). If
-<var>optargsdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take
-an optional argument.
+<p>The optional <var>nargs</var> and <var>optargdefault</var> arguments play the same
+role here as in <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>). Briefly, <var>nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9
+specifying the number of arguments that the defined command
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> takes. This number includes any optional argument.
+Omitting this argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> will have no arguments. And, if <var>optargdefault</var>
+is present then the first argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional,
+with default value <var>optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string).
+If <var>optargdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not
+take an optional argument.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextComposite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4>
<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></span>
<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span>
<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommandDefault{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Give a default definition for <var>cmd</var>, for when that command is not
-defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should only use
-encodings known to be available.
+<p>Give a default definition for <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, for when that command
+is not defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should
+only use encodings known to be available.
</p>
<p>This makes <code>\copyright</code> available.
</p>
@@ -2469,14 +2387,16 @@ when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package.
<p>As with the related non-default commands, the
<code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code> has exactly the same behavior as
<code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> except that it does nothing if
-<var>cmd</var> is already defined (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks
that other packages can improve upon.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4>
@@ -2486,7 +2406,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\D
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>simple_object</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>simple_object</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an
@@ -2494,26 +2414,28 @@ accent over a separate character.
</p>
<p>This line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> means that <code>\^o</code> will cause
LaTeX to typeset lowercase&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>o</samp>&rsquo; by taking the character
-directly from location 224 in the font.
+directly from slot 224 in the font.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The
+<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The
<var>simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command.
The <var>slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in
decimal (although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally
-<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
+\<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
<code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument
<code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <samp>t1enc.def</samp>, the above line follows
the <code>\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}</code> command.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextComposite</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4>
@@ -2523,11 +2445,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareText
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>arg</var>}{<var>code</var>}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>arg</var>}{<var>code</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>A more general version of <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code> that runs
-arbitrary code with <var>cmd</var>.
+arbitrary code with <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>.
</p>
<p>This allows accents on &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo; to act like accents on dotless&nbsp;i,
<code>\i</code>.
@@ -2536,25 +2458,27 @@ arbitrary code with <var>cmd</var>.
<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a>, for a list of common encodings. Normally
-<var>cmd</var> will have already been declared with <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
+<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. Normally
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> will have already been declared with <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4>
<span id="index-symbol_002c-defining"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Define a symbol in the encoding <var>encoding</var> at the location
@@ -2569,39 +2493,41 @@ glyph to use for &#x00AB;, the left guillemet.
</pre></div>
<p>The command <code>\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char
-19}</code> has the same effect but is slower (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a>).
+19}</code> has the same effect but is slower (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The <var>slot</var>
+<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The <var>slot</var>
can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in <code>'023</code>), or
hexadecimal (as in <code>&quot;13</code>), although decimal has the advantage that
single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package.
</p>
-<p>If <var>cmd</var> has already been defined then <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code>
-does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the
-transcript file.
+<p>If <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> has already been defined then
+<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> does not give an error but it does log the
+redefinition in the transcript file.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4>
<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-5"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"></span>
<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <var>cmd</var> but there is no
-associated <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then this command
-will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for
-<var>encoding</var>.
+<p>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> but
+there is no associated <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then
+this command will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as
+described for <var>encoding</var>.
</p>
<p>For example, to declare that if the current encoding has no meaning for
<code>\textdollar</code> then use the one from <code>OT1</code>, declare this.
@@ -2610,11 +2536,11 @@ will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for
<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1}
</pre></div>
-<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a>).
+<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{<var>cmd</var>}
- {\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>cmd</var>}}
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\<var>cmd</var>}
+ {\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}}
</pre></div>
<p>Note that <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code> can be used to define a
@@ -2622,9 +2548,11 @@ default for any zero-argument <samp>fontenc</samp> command.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4>
@@ -2638,7 +2566,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" re
<p>Get the name of the most recently declared encoding. The
<code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code> command stores the name so that it can be
-retrieved with this command (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a>).
+retrieved with this command (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This relies on <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> rather than give the
name of the encoding explicitly.
@@ -2650,9 +2578,11 @@ name of the encoding explicitly.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>fontenc</code> package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code>\UseTextAccent</code></h4>
@@ -2662,13 +2592,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\Last
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>cmd</var>}
+<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>or:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
@@ -2707,9 +2637,12 @@ and only the accent is taken from <code>OT1</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Font-styles"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Font-styles">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev">fontenc package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>fontenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Font-styles-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Font styles</h3>
@@ -2737,7 +2670,7 @@ you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
<span id="index-_005cnocorrlist"></span>
<span id="index-_005cnocorr"></span>
<p>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
-corrections if needed (see <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>). Specifically, they insert the
+corrections if needed (see <a href="#g_t_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>). Specifically, they insert the
italic correction unless the following character is in the list
<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of period and comma.
To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
@@ -2745,63 +2678,53 @@ To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
<code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextrm"></span>
-<span id="index-_005crmfamily"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextrm'><span><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextrm' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005crmfamily"></span>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextit"></span>
-<span id="index-_005citshape"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextit'><span><code>\textit (\itshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextit' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005citshape"></span>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextmd"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cmdseries"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextmd'><span><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextmd' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmdseries"></span>
<p>Medium weight (default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextbf"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cbfseries"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbf'><span><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbf' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cbfseries"></span>
<p>Boldface.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextup"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cupshape"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextup'><span><code>\textup (\upshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cupshape"></span>
<p>Upright (default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsl"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cslshape"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsl'><span><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsl' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cslshape"></span>
<p>Slanted.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsf"></span>
-<span id="index-_005csffamily"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsf'><span><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsf' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005csffamily"></span>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsc"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cscshape"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsc'><span><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsc' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cscshape"></span>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctexttt"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cttfamily"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexttt'><span><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttt' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cttfamily"></span>
<p>Typewriter.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ctextnormal"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnormalfont"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextnormal'><span><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><a href='#index-_005ctextnormal' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cnormalfont"></span>
<p>Main document font.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2827,60 +2750,44 @@ circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is
needed.)
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\bf</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbf"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbf'><span><code>\bf</code><a href='#index-_005cbf' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bold-font"></span>
<p>Switch to bold face.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\cal</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccal"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccal'><span><code>\cal</code><a href='#index-_005ccal' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-script-letters-for-math"></span>
<span id="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></span>
<p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\it</code>
-<span id="index-_005cit"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cit'><span><code>\it</code><a href='#index-_005cit' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-italic-font"></span>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rm</code>
-<span id="index-_005crm"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crm'><span><code>\rm</code><a href='#index-_005crm' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-roman-font"></span>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sc</code>
-<span id="index-_005csc"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csc'><span><code>\sc</code><a href='#index-_005csc' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-small-caps-font"></span>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sf</code>
-<span id="index-_005csf"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csf'><span><code>\sf</code><a href='#index-_005csf' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-sans-serif-font"></span>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sl</code>
-<span id="index-_005csl"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csl'><span><code>\sl</code><a href='#index-_005csl' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-slanted-font"></span>
<span id="index-oblique-font"></span>
<p>Slanted (oblique).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\tt</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctt"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctt'><span><code>\tt</code><a href='#index-_005ctt' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-typewriter-font"></span>
<span id="index-monospace-font"></span>
<span id="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></span>
@@ -2898,39 +2805,33 @@ italics. This is because typically math symbols need consistent
typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\mathrm</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmathrm"></span>
-<p>Roman, for use in math mode.
+<dt id='index-_005cmathrm'><span><code>\mathrm</code><a href='#index-_005cmathrm' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Roman, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathbf</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmathbf"></span>
-<p>Boldface, for use in math mode.
+<dt id='index-_005cmathbf'><span><code>\mathbf</code><a href='#index-_005cmathbf' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathsf</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmathsf"></span>
-<p>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
+<dt id='index-_005cmathsf'><span><code>\mathsf</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsf' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathtt</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmathtt"></span>
-<p>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
+<dt id='index-_005cmathtt'><span><code>\mathtt</code><a href='#index-_005cmathtt' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathit</code></dt>
-<dt><code>(\mit)</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\mathit</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>(\mit)</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Italics, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathnormal</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmathnormal"></span>
-<p>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
+<dt id='index-_005cmathnormal'><span><code>\mathnormal</code><a href='#index-_005cmathnormal' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathcal</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cmathcal"></span>
-<p>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
+<dt id='index-_005cmathcal'><span><code>\mathcal</code><a href='#index-_005cmathcal' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -2958,7 +2859,9 @@ entry: <a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Font-sizes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Font-sizes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -3013,6 +2916,18 @@ since that is how they are typically used. For example.
style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it
in curly braces <code>{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}</code>.
</p>
+<p>Trying to use these commands in math, as with <code>$\small mv^2/2$</code>,
+results in &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small
+invalid in math mode</samp>&rsquo;, and the font size doesn&rsquo;t
+change. To work with a too-large formula, often the best option is to
+use the <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>), or
+one of the environments from the <code>amsmath</code> package. For inline
+mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative is something
+like <code>{\small $mv^2/2$}</code>. (Sometimes <code>\scriptsize</code> and
+<code>\scriptstyle</code> are confused. Both change the font size, but the
+latter also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is
+typeset. See <a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>.)
+</p>
<span id="index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands"></span>
<p>An <em>environment form</em> of each of these commands is also defined; for
instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. However, in practice
@@ -3029,7 +2944,9 @@ this particular use is not rare.)
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -3044,9 +2961,8 @@ ones.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cfontencoding"></span>
-<p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
+<dt id='index-_005cfontencoding'><span><code>\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontencoding' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
Knuth&rsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
<code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
@@ -3056,9 +2972,8 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>.
</p>
<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cfontfamily"></span>
-<span id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontfamily'><span><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontfamily' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<span id="index-font-catalogue"></span>
<p>Select the font family. The web page
<a href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
@@ -3090,9 +3005,8 @@ examples of some common families.
<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cfontseries"></span>
-<span id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontseries'><span><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontseries' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<p>Select the font series. A <em>series</em> combines a <em>weight</em> and a
<em>width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
@@ -3141,11 +3055,10 @@ relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
(&lsquo;<samp><code>m</code></samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cfontshape"></span>
-<span id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></span>
-<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></span><p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></span></dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontshape'><span><code>\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontshape' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
<table>
<tr><td><code>n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr>
@@ -3160,9 +3073,8 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
small caps are often missing as well.
</p>
<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cfontsize"></span>
-<span id="index-font-size"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cfontsize'><span><code>\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfontsize' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-font-size"></span>
<span id="index-_005cbaselineskip"></span>
<p>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
@@ -3171,31 +3083,26 @@ parameter <code>\baselineskip</code>. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> fo
the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
reset every time a size change happens; instead use
-<code>\baselinestretch</code>. (see <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a>).
+<code>\baselinestretch</code>. (see <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005clinespread"></span>
-<p>Equivalent to
-<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and
-therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
-Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
-just described.
+<dt id='index-_005clinespread'><span><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005clinespread' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>,
+and therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any
+effect. Best specified in the preamble. See <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, for using <code>setspace</code> package instead.
</p>
<span id="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\selectfont</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cselectfont"></span>
-<p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
+<dt id='index-_005cselectfont'><span><code>\selectfont</code><a href='#index-_005cselectfont' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code>\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
to put this in a macro:<br>
<code>\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cusefont"></span>
-<p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
+<dt id='index-_005cusefont'><span><code>\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cusefont' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
</p>
@@ -3208,9 +3115,12 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<hr>
-<span id="Layout"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Layout">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Layout-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>
@@ -3218,28 +3128,22 @@ Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <
<p>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1">\onecolumn</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use one-column layout.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2">\twocolumn</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use two-column layout.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3">\flushbottom</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make all text pages the same height.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow text pages of differing height.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="6">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space between lines.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Floats" accesskey="7">Floats</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Figures, tables, etc.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1"><code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2"><code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3"><code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="6"><code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#Floats" accesskey="7">Floats</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005conecolumn"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005conecolumn">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>
@@ -3255,13 +3159,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up:
<p>Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is
given the class option <code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default
behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctwocolumn">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>
@@ -3279,7 +3185,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>,
<p>Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is given
the class option <code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default
(see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument
is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
@@ -3288,18 +3194,14 @@ typesetting starts.
<p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccolumnsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep'><span><code>\columnsep</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnsep"></span><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code>. You must change
it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule'><span><code>\columnseprule</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnseprule"></span><p>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that
there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two
columns. Change it with a command such as
@@ -3307,9 +3209,7 @@ columns. Change it with a command such as
mode starts.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth'><span><code>\columnwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnwidth"></span><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the
width of each of the two columns, <code>\columnwidth</code>, to be half of
@@ -3320,15 +3220,13 @@ width of each of the two columns, <code>\columnwidth</code>, to be half of
<p>In a two-column document, the starred environments <code>table*</code> and
<code>figure*</code> are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments
-<code>table</code> and <code>figure</code> take up only one column (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>
-and see <a href="#table">table</a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page.
+<code>table</code> and <code>figure</code> take up only one column (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>
+and see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a page.
The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdbltopfraction'><span><code>\dbltopfraction</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltopfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
@@ -3351,17 +3249,13 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
<code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction'><span><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a href='#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></span><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
LaTeX&rsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdblfloatsep'><span><code>\dblfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cdblfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></span><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or
@@ -3369,17 +3263,13 @@ between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code>12pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdbltextfloatsep'><span><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></span><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dbltopnumber</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdbltopnumber"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdbltopnumber'><span><code>\dbltopnumber</code><a href='#index-_005cdbltopnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></span><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
default is <code>2</code>.
@@ -3412,9 +3302,11 @@ Two column text here.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cflushbottom"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cflushbottom">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>
@@ -3428,21 +3320,23 @@ differences in facing pages can be glaring.
<p>If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
then you get a message like &lsquo;<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;. If you get that, one option is to
-change to <code>\raggedbottom</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>). Alternatively,
+change to <code>\raggedbottom</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>). Alternatively,
you can adjust the <code>textheight</code> to make compatible pages, or you
can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs,
as in <code>\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}</code>. Your last option
is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> state is the default only if you select the
<code>twoside</code> document class option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005craggedbottom"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005craggedbottom">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>
@@ -3452,16 +3346,18 @@ Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout par
<p>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go
-at any point in the document body. See <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>.
+at any point in the document body. See <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>.
</p>
<p>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Page-layout-parameters"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Page-layout-parameters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" rel="next">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-layout-parameters-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
@@ -3473,36 +3369,26 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" r
<span id="index-running-header-and-footer"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccolumnsep-1"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnsep-1'><span><code>\columnsep</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnsep-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnseprule-1'><span><code>\columnseprule</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnseprule-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccolumnwidth-1'><span><code>\columnwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ccolumnwidth-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></span>
<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></span>
<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></span><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
-See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>.
+See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\headheight</code>
-<span id="index-_005cheadheight"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cheadheight'><span><code>\headheight</code><a href='#index-_005cheadheight' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cheadheight-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></span><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;,
at all type sizes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\headsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cheadsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cheadsep'><span><code>\headsep</code><a href='#index-_005cheadsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cheadsep-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></span><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
@@ -3511,9 +3397,7 @@ document is set at 10pt then it is &lsquo;<samp>0.25in</samp>&rsquo;, and at 11p
it is &lsquo;<samp>0.275in</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\footskip</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfootskip"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfootskip'><span><code>\footskip</code><a href='#index-_005cfootskip' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cfootskip-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></span><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
@@ -3522,26 +3406,18 @@ the type size is 10pt the default is &lsquo;<samp>0.35in</samp>&rsquo;, while at
&lsquo;<samp>0.38in</samp>&rsquo;, and at 12pt it is &lsquo;<samp>30pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\linewidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005clinewidth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clinewidth'><span><code>\linewidth</code><a href='#index-_005clinewidth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005clinewidth-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></span><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
-(see <a href="#list">list</a>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
+(see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
is decreased by the sum of that list&rsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
-<code>\rightmargin</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>).
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginparpush"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\marginsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginsep"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></span>
-</dt>
+<code>\rightmargin</code> (see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush'><span><code>\marginparpush</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparpush' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginsep'><span><code>\marginsep</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth'><span><code>\marginparwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></span>
<span id="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></span>
<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></span>
@@ -3570,12 +3446,8 @@ classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth
distance.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\oddsidemargin</code>
-<span id="index-_005coddsidemargin-1"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\evensidemargin</code>
-<span id="index-_005cevensidemargin-1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coddsidemargin-1'><span><code>\oddsidemargin</code><a href='#index-_005coddsidemargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cevensidemargin-1'><span><code>\evensidemargin</code><a href='#index-_005cevensidemargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></span>
<span id="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></span><p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> length is the extra distance between the left side of
@@ -3590,27 +3462,21 @@ difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\paperheight</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpaperheight"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpaperheight'><span><code>\paperheight</code><a href='#index-_005cpaperheight' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></span><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\paperwidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpaperwidth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpaperwidth'><span><code>\paperwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cpaperwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></span><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textheight</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextheight"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextheight'><span><code>\textheight</code><a href='#index-_005ctextheight' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005ctextheight-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></span><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
@@ -3620,9 +3486,7 @@ the default is &lsquo;<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;, while for a <code>boo
&lsquo;<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo; for all classes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textwidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextwidth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextwidth'><span><code>\textwidth</code><a href='#index-_005ctextwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></span><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is &lsquo;<samp>345pt</samp>&rsquo;
@@ -3632,30 +3496,26 @@ is &lsquo;<samp>4.5in</samp>&rsquo; at a type size of 10pt, and &lsquo;<samp>5in
</p>
<p>In multi-column output, <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
entire page body, while <code>\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>In lists (see <a href="#list">list</a>), <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
+<p>In lists (see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
entire page body (and <code>\columnwidth</code> the width of the entire
column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
</p>
-<p>Inside a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>) or <code>\parbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>), all the width-related parameters are set to the
+<p>Inside a minipage (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>) or <code>\parbox</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>), all the width-related parameters are set to the
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\hsize</code>
-<span id="index-_005chsize"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chsize'><span><code>\hsize</code><a href='#index-_005chsize' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005chsize-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></span><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal LaTeX documents.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\topmargin</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctopmargin"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctopmargin'><span><code>\topmargin</code><a href='#index-_005ctopmargin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-topmargin"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></span><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
@@ -3664,9 +3524,7 @@ based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in -
and then divided by two.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\topskip</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctopskip"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctopskip'><span><code>\topskip</code><a href='#index-_005ctopskip' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005ctopskip-1"></span>
<span id="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></span><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
@@ -3677,7 +3535,9 @@ same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; at a type size of 1
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -3692,7 +3552,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="
<span id="index-double-spacing"></span>
<p>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It gives
-the leading, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
+the <em>leading</em>, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
baseline to baseline.
</p>
<p>Ordinarily document authors do not directly change <code>\baselineskip</code>
@@ -3717,7 +3577,7 @@ entire paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph,
such as a single <code>{\Huge Q}</code>, will be squashed into its line.
TeX will make sure it doesn&rsquo;t scrape up against the line above but
won&rsquo;t change the <code>\baselineskip</code> for that one line to make extra
-room above. For the fix, use a <code>\strut</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>).
+room above. For the fix, use a <code>\strut</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The value of <code>\baselineskip</code> that TeX uses for the paragraph is
the value in effect at the blank line or command that ends the paragraph
@@ -3743,9 +3603,9 @@ lines would be too close together, closer than <code>\lineskiplimit</code>,
then TeX instead uses <code>\lineskip</code> as the interline glue. The
second is that TeX doesn&rsquo;t actually use the depth of the previous
line. Instead it uses <code>\prevdepth</code>, which usually contains that
-depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list)
-or just after a rule, <code>\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000pt and this
-special value tells TeX not to insert any interline glue at the
+depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or
+just after a rule, <code>\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000pt and
+this special value tells TeX not to insert any interline glue at the
paragraph start.
</p>
<p>In the standard classes <code>\lineskiplimit</code> is 0pt and
@@ -3765,7 +3625,7 @@ document is to put <code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code> in the preamble.
For double spacing, take <var>factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half
spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the
<code>\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by
-1.6 gives a font size to baseline ratio of about 2. (The
+1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The
<code>\linespread</code> command is defined as
<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code> so it won&rsquo;t
take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at
@@ -3775,7 +3635,7 @@ the start of a document, so there you don&rsquo;t need to follow it with
<span id="index-package_002c-setspace"></span>
<span id="index-setspace-package"></span>
-<p>A simpler approach is the <samp>setspace</samp> package. The basic example:
+<p>A simpler approach is the <code>setspace</code> package. The basic example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{setspace}
@@ -3791,12 +3651,16 @@ environments, such as <code>\begin{doublespace}
... \end{doublespace}</code>. The package also has commands to do
arbitrary spacing: <code>\setstretch{<var>factor</var>}</code> and
<code>\begin{spacing}{<var>factor</var>} ... \end{spacing}</code>.
+This package also keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
+where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
+captions. See the package documentation.
</p>
-
<hr>
-<span id="Floats"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Floats">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Floats-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.7 Floats</h3>
@@ -3805,9 +3669,9 @@ across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text,
for instance floating to the top of a later page.
</p>
<p>LaTeX can have a number of different classes of floating material.
-The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>) and
-<code>table</code> (see <a href="#table">table</a>), but you can create a new class with the
-package <samp>float</samp>.
+The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>) and
+<code>table</code> (see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>), but you can create a new class with the
+package <code>float</code>.
</p>
<p>Within any one float class LaTeX always respects the order, so that
the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second
@@ -3834,11 +3698,11 @@ letters below. The default for both <code>figure</code> and <code>table</code>,
both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Top)&mdash;at the top of a text page.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Bottom)&mdash;at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code>b</code> is not
allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column
output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp>stfloats</samp> or
@@ -3846,7 +3710,7 @@ output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp>stfloats</samp> or
FAQ: <a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>h</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>h</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Here)&mdash;at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment
appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
@@ -3861,13 +3725,12 @@ defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>p</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-float-page"></span>
-<p>(Page of floats)&mdash;on a separate <em>float page</em>, which is a page
+<dt id='index-float-page'><span><code>p</code><a href='#index-float-page' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>(Page of floats)&mdash;on a separate <em>float page</em>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>!</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>!</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear
and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page.
@@ -3900,7 +3763,7 @@ is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
-the <samp>flafter</samp> package or using the command
+the <code>flafter</code> package or using the command
<span id="index-_005csuppressfloats"></span>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
@@ -3910,34 +3773,26 @@ non-float text (change them with
<code>\renewcommand{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\bottomfraction</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbottomfraction"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbottomfraction'><span><code>\bottomfraction</code><a href='#index-_005cbottomfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></span>
<span id="floats-bottomfraction"></span><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default &lsquo;<samp>.3</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfloatpagefraction'><span><code>\floatpagefraction</code><a href='#index-_005cfloatpagefraction' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></span>
<span id="floats-floatpagefraction"></span><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default &lsquo;<samp>.5</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textfraction</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextfraction"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextfraction'><span><code>\textfraction</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></span>
<span id="floats-textfraction"></span><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is &lsquo;<samp>.2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\topfraction</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctopfraction"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctopfraction'><span><code>\topfraction</code><a href='#index-_005ctopfraction' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></span>
<span id="floats-topfraction"></span><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default &lsquo;<samp>.7</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -3949,26 +3804,20 @@ command of the form <code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>length
expression</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\floatsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfloatsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfloatsep'><span><code>\floatsep</code><a href='#index-_005cfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></span>
<span id="floats-floatsep"></span><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
&lsquo;<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\intextsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cintextsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cintextsep'><span><code>\intextsep</code><a href='#index-_005cintextsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></span>
<span id="floats-intextsep"></span><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
&lsquo;<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo; for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and &lsquo;<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo; for 12 point documents.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textfloatsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextfloatsep'><span><code>\textfloatsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfloatsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></span>
<span id="floats-textfloatsep"></span><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default &lsquo;<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -3980,33 +3829,25 @@ command of the form <code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{<var>natural
number</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>bottomnumber</code>
-<span id="index-bottomnumber"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-bottomnumber'><span><code>bottomnumber</code><a href='#index-bottomnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bottomnumber-1"></span>
<span id="floats-bottomnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dbltopnumber</code>
-<span id="index-dbltopnumber"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-dbltopnumber'><span><code>dbltopnumber</code><a href='#index-dbltopnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></span>
<span id="floats-dbltopnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>topnumber</code>
-<span id="index-topnumber"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-topnumber'><span><code>topnumber</code><a href='#index-topnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-topnumber-1"></span>
<span id="floats-topnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>totalnumber</code>
-<span id="index-totalnumber"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-totalnumber'><span><code>totalnumber</code><a href='#index-totalnumber' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-totalnumber-1"></span>
<span id="floats-totalnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
@@ -4022,10 +3863,115 @@ LaTeX?&rdquo;
(<a href="https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</a>).
</p>
+
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccaption" accesskey="1"><code>\caption</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Sectioning"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccaption">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="u" rel="up">Floats</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005ccaption-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.7.1 <code>\caption</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005ccaption"></span>
+<span id="index-captions"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\caption{<var>caption-text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\caption[<var>short-caption-text</var>]{<var>caption-text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a <code>figure</code> or
+<code>table</code> environment (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a> or <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>).
+</p>
+<p>In this example, LaTeX places a caption below the vertical blank
+space that is left by the author for the later inclusion of a picture.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
+ \vspace*{1cm}
+ \caption{Alonzo Cushing, Battery A, 4th US Artillery.}
+ \label{fig:CushingPic}
+\end{figure}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\caption</code> command will label the <var>caption-text</var> with
+something like &lsquo;<samp>Figure&nbsp;1:</samp>&rsquo; for an article or
+&lsquo;<samp>Figure&nbsp;1.1:</samp>&rsquo; for a book. The text is centered if it is
+shorter than the text width, or set as an unindented paragraph if it
+takes more than one line.
+</p>
+<p>In addition to placing the <var>caption-text</var> in the output, the
+<code>\caption</code> command also saves that information for use in a list of
+figures or list of tables (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Here the <code>\caption</code> command uses the optional
+<var>short-caption-text</var>, so that the shorter text appears in the list
+of tables, rather than the longer <var>caption-text</var>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{table}
+ \centering
+ \begin{tabular}{|*{3}{c}|}
+ \hline
+ 4 &amp;9 &amp;2 \\
+ 3 &amp;5 &amp;7 \\
+ 8 &amp;1 &amp;6 \\
+ \hline
+ \end{tabular}
+ \caption[\textit{Lo Shu} magic square]{%
+ The \textit{Lo Shu} magic square, which is unique among
+ squares of order three up to rotation and reflection.}
+ \label{tab:LoShu}
+\end{table}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX will label the <var>caption-text</var> with something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Table&nbsp;1:</samp>&rsquo; for an article or &lsquo;<samp>Table&nbsp;1.1:</samp>&rsquo; for a
+book.
+</p>
+<p>The caption can appear at the top of the <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code>.
+For instance, that would happen in the prior example by putting the
+<code>\caption</code> between the <code>\centering</code> and the
+<code>\begin{tabular}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Different floating environments are numbered separately, by default. It
+is <code>\caption</code> that updates the counter, and so any <code>\label</code>
+must come after the <code>\caption</code>. The counter for the <code>figure</code>
+environment is named <code>figure</code>, and similarly the counter for the
+<code>table</code> environment is <code>table</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The text that will be put in the list of figures or list of tables is
+moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>! Argument of
+\@caption has an extra }</samp>&rsquo; then you must put <code>\protect</code> in front
+of any fragile commands. See <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-caption"></span>
+<span id="index-caption-package"></span>
+
+<p>The <code>caption</code> package has many options to adjust how the caption
+appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be
+hanging text rather than set as a paragraph, or making the caption
+always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Sectioning">
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Sectioning-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>
@@ -4078,7 +4024,7 @@ not available in <code>article</code>.
but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code>. The
input <code>\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output &lsquo;<samp>A
-Appendix</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a>). You can lose the numbering&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo;
+Appendix</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#g_t_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>). You can lose the numbering&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo;
by instead entering <code>\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a
table of contents and have simple page headers so the other differences
from the <code>\section</code> command may not matter).
@@ -4109,22 +4055,20 @@ something like a subsection numbered &lsquo;<samp>3.0.1</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
letters with <code>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> in the
-preamble (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>). CTAN
+preamble (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). CTAN
has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably
-<samp>titlesec</samp>.
+<code>titlesec</code>.
</p>
<p>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>secnumdepth</code>
-<span id="index-secnumdepth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-secnumdepth'><span><code>secnumdepth</code><a href='#index-secnumdepth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></span>
<span id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></span>
<span id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
<code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> will suppress
numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than <var>level</var>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers.
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers.
For instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then
a <code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like
&lsquo;<samp>1 Introduction</samp>&rsquo; while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will
@@ -4133,15 +4077,13 @@ default <code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp>article</samp> class and
&nbsp;2 in the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>tocdepth</code>
-<span id="index-tocdepth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-tocdepth'><span><code>tocdepth</code><a href='#index-tocdepth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-tocdepth-counter"></span>
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></span>
<span id="sectioning-tocdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
The setting <code>\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> makes the
sectioning units at <var>level</var> be the smallest ones listed
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
instance, if <code>tocdepth</code> is&nbsp;1 then the table of contents will
list sections but not subsections. LaTeX&rsquo;s default
<code>tocdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp>article</samp> class and &nbsp;2 in the
@@ -4150,30 +4092,23 @@ list sections but not subsections. LaTeX&rsquo;s default
</dd>
</dl>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1">\part</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a part.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2">\chapter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a chapter.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3">\section</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a section.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4">\subsection</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a subsection.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Lower divisions.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6">\appendix</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start appendices.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The three parts of a book.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8">\@startsection</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sectional unit headings.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1"><code>\part</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2"><code>\chapter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3"><code>\section</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4"><code>\subsection</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6"><code>\appendix</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cpart"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpart">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\chapter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cpart-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\part</code></h3>
@@ -4218,10 +4153,10 @@ but it does not show the part number, does not increment the
<code>part</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the part title in
-the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>) and in running
+the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in running
headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then <var>title</var>
-will be there. This example puts a line break in <var>title</var> but leaves
-out the break in the table of contents.
+will be there. This example puts a line break in <var>title</var> but omits
+the break in the table of contents.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\part[Up from the bottom; my life]{Up from the bottom\\ my life}
@@ -4236,19 +4171,21 @@ the table of contents, the level number of a part is&nbsp;-1
<p>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
-<samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+<code>indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></span>
<span id="index-titlesec-package-1"></span>
-<p>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <samp>titlesec</samp>.
+<p>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <code>titlesec</code>.
See its documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cchapter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cchapter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\section</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\part</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\section</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\part</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cchapter-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></h3>
@@ -4283,7 +4220,7 @@ number such as &lsquo;<samp>Chapter 1</samp>&rsquo; in large boldface type (the
<code>\huge</code>). It then puts <var>title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface
type that is still larger (size <code>\Huge</code>). It also increments the
<code>chapter</code> counter, adds an entry to the table of contents
-(see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>), and sets the running header
+(see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>), and sets the running header
information (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form shows <var>title</var> on a fresh line, in boldface.
@@ -4298,7 +4235,7 @@ prior chapter.) This example illustrates.
</pre></div>
<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the chapter title
-in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>) and in
+in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in
running headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then
<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the chapter
title,
@@ -4324,12 +4261,12 @@ the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is&nbsp;0
<p>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
-<samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+<code>indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<p>You can change what is shown for the chapter number. To change it to
something like &lsquo;<samp>Lecture 1</samp>&rsquo;, put in the preamble either
<code>\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}</code> or this
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\makeatletter
@@ -4341,12 +4278,12 @@ something like &lsquo;<samp>Lecture 1</samp>&rsquo;, put in the preamble either
<span id="index-babel-package"></span>
<p>To make this change because of the primary language for
-the document, see the package <samp>babel</samp>.
+the document, see the package <code>babel</code>.
</p>
<p>In a two-sided document LaTeX puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if
necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
running headers. To make that page completely blank,
-see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>.
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></span>
<span id="index-titlesec-package-2"></span>
@@ -4354,7 +4291,7 @@ see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp
<p>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
definition from the LaTeX format file and make adjustments. But
there are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is
-<samp>titlesec</samp>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a
+<code>titlesec</code>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a
sense of what it can do.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -4372,9 +4309,11 @@ running headers.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csection"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csection">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\subsection</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\chapter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\subsection</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\chapter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\section</code></h3>
@@ -4421,10 +4360,10 @@ not affect the running header. (If you use the page style
prior section.)
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the section title
-in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>) and in
+in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>) and in
running headers (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). If it is not present then
<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the title of the
-section,
+section:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section[Elizabeth~II]{Elizabeth the Second,
@@ -4451,15 +4390,15 @@ the table of contents, the level number of a section is&nbsp;1
<p>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></span>
<span id="index-titlesec-package-3"></span>
<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there
are a number of options. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
-address this, including <samp>titlesec</samp>. See the documentation but the
+(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
+address this, including <code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -4477,9 +4416,11 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csubsection"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csubsection">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\section</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\section</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csubsection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></h3>
@@ -4520,9 +4461,9 @@ But it does not show the subsection number, does not increment the
<code>subsection</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title
-in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). If it is
-not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full text in
-the title of the subsection,
+in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is
+not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This
+shows the full text in the title of the subsection:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
@@ -4541,15 +4482,15 @@ the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is&nbsp;2
<p>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></span>
<span id="index-titlesec-package-4"></span>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
-address this, including <samp>titlesec</samp>. See the documentation but the
+(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
+address this, including <code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -4566,9 +4507,11 @@ text.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next">\appendix</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\subsection</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\appendix</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\subsection</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"></span><h3 class="section">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></h3>
@@ -4634,7 +4577,7 @@ associated counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not
show the number for <code>\subsubsection</code>).
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the division title
-in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). If it is
+in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). If it is
not present then <var>title</var> will be there.
</p>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
@@ -4647,21 +4590,23 @@ a paragraph is&nbsp;4, and of a subparagraph is&nbsp;5
<p>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
+package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-5"></span>
<span id="index-titlesec-package-5"></span>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
-One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a>).
+One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>).
There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
-<samp>titlesec</samp>. See the documentation on CTAN.
+<code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cappendix"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cappendix">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cappendix-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></h3>
@@ -4696,13 +4641,13 @@ book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and
<p>the first two will generate output numbered &lsquo;<samp>Chapter 1</samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp>Chapter 2</samp>&rsquo;. After the <code>\appendix</code> the numbering will be
-&lsquo;<samp>Appendix A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Appendix B</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>,
+&lsquo;<samp>Appendix A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Appendix B</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>,
for another example.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-appendix"></span>
<span id="index-appendix-package"></span>
-<p>The <samp>appendix</samp> package adds the command
+<p>The <code>appendix</code> package adds the command
<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate &lsquo;<samp>Appendices</samp>&rsquo; in the document
body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code>
to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name
@@ -4712,9 +4657,11 @@ number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@startsection</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\appendix</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\appendix</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"></span><h3 class="section">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></h3>
@@ -4762,13 +4709,15 @@ version, and resets the page number.
<p>The <code>\backmatter</code> command leaves the page numbering alone but
switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>, for an example using these three commands.
+<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for an example using these three commands.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040startsection">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings"></span><h3 class="section">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</h3>
@@ -4784,7 +4733,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmat
<p>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
divisions such as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
</p>
-<p>Note that the <samp>titlesec</samp> package makes manipulation of sectioning
+<p>Note that the <code>titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with <code>\@startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in
the standard LaTeX <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the commands
@@ -4822,7 +4771,7 @@ that when you write a command like
examples below.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>name</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>name</var></span></dt>
<dd><span id="startsection-name"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></span><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter
must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either
<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although in
@@ -4834,7 +4783,7 @@ itself, you don&rsquo;t have to use the same name.
example below.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>level</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>level</var></span></dt>
<dd><span id="startsection-level"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></span><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for the list of standard level numbers.
</p>
@@ -4853,14 +4802,14 @@ sectioning unit (see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>)
list sections but not subsections.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>indent</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>indent</var></span></dt>
<dd><span id="startsection-indent"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></span><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect
to the left margin. To have the title flush with the margin use
<code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as <code>-\parindent</code> will move
the title into the left margin.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>beforeskip</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>beforeskip</var></span></dt>
<dd><span id="startsection-beforeskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></span><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
is inserted before this sectioning unit&rsquo;s title. This space will be
discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a
@@ -4887,7 +4836,7 @@ where LaTeX would put the baseline of the first text line on that
page.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>afterskip</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>afterskip</var></span></dt>
<dd><span id="startsection-afterskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></span><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the
vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit&rsquo;s title header. If it
is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so that it
@@ -4911,7 +4860,7 @@ header&rsquo;s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
<code>afterskip</code> to cancel part of the <code>\parskip</code>.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>style</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>style</var></span></dt>
<dd><span id="startsection-style"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></span><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical
commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>,
<code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or <code>\newpage</code>. The last command
@@ -4949,7 +4898,7 @@ preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they
must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a
<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use
`\spacefactor' in vertical mode.</code> means that you forgot this.)
-See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>.
</p>
<p>This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It says
<code>\renewcommand</code> because LaTeX&rsquo;s standard classes have already
@@ -5003,9 +4952,12 @@ display that counter.
<hr>
-<span id="Cross-references"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Cross-references">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Cross-references-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>
@@ -5056,22 +5008,19 @@ cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
<code>\cref{th:Nerode}</code> will output &lsquo;<samp>Theorem 3.21</samp>&rsquo;, without you
having to enter the &ldquo;Theorem.&rdquo;
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2">\pageref</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a page number.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3">\ref</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="4">xr package</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">References from another document.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1"><code>\label</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2"><code>\pageref</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3"><code>\ref</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#xr-package" accesskey="4"><code>xr</code> package</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005clabel"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005clabel">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005clabel-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>
@@ -5089,7 +5038,7 @@ current sectional unit. Inside an environment with numbering, such as a
<code>table</code> or <code>theorem</code> environment, <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code>
assigns to <var>key</var> the number of that environment. Retrieve the
assigned number with the <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>).
</p>
<p>A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
@@ -5102,24 +5051,24 @@ accidentally creating two labels with the same name, and makes your
source more readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>ch</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>ch</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>for chapters
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>sec</code></dt>
-<dt><code>subsec</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>sec</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>subsec</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>for lower-level sectioning commands
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>fig</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>fig</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>for figures
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>tab</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>tab</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>for tables
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>eq</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>eq</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>for equations
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -5149,9 +5098,11 @@ See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cpageref"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpageref">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ref</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\label</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cpageref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></h3>
@@ -5187,9 +5138,11 @@ those.)
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cref"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cref">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xr package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>xr</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pageref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref</code></h3>
@@ -5208,7 +5161,7 @@ Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xr package</a>, Previous: <
<p>Produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, &hellip;, of the corresponding
-<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>). It does not produce any text,
+<code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>). It does not produce any text,
such as the word &lsquo;Section&rsquo; or &lsquo;Figure&rsquo;, just the bare number itself.
</p>
<p>If there is no <code>\label{<var>key</var>}</code> then you get something like
@@ -5231,19 +5184,25 @@ so this document would have to be compiled twice.
<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></span>
<span id="index-cleveref-package-1"></span>
-<p>The <samp>cleveref</samp> package includes text such as &lsquo;<samp>Theorem</samp>&rsquo; in the
+<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package includes text such as &lsquo;<samp>Theorem</samp>&rsquo; in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="xr-package"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="xr-package">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ref</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="xr-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.4 <code>xr</code> package</h3>
+<span id="index-package_002c-xr"></span>
<span id="index-xr-package"></span>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"></span>
<span id="index-xr_002dhyper-package"></span>
+
<span id="index-_005cexternaldocument"></span>
<span id="index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents"></span>
@@ -5262,9 +5221,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ref</a>, Up: <a href=
</pre></div>
<p>Make cross references to the external document
-<code><var>document-basename</var>.tex</code>.
+<samp><var>document-basename</var>.tex</samp>.
</p>
-<p>Here is an example. If <code>lectures.tex</code> has this in the preamble
+<p>Here is an example. If <samp>lectures.tex</samp> has this in the preamble
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr}
@@ -5274,20 +5233,20 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ref</a>, Up: <a href=
</pre></div>
<p>then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents.
-Suppose that <code>exercises.tex</code> has an enumerated list containing
+Suppose that <samp>exercises.tex</samp> has an enumerated list containing
this,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree?
</pre></div>
-<p>and <code>hints.tex</code> has an enumerated list with this,
+<p>and <samp>hints.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices.
</pre></div>
-<p>and <code>answers.tex</code> has an enumerated list with this.
+<p>and <samp>answers.tex</samp> has an enumerated list with this,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there
@@ -5295,7 +5254,7 @@ this,
</pre></div>
<p>After compiling the exercises, hints, and answers documents, entering
-this in the body of <code>lectures.tex</code> will result in the lectures
+this in the body of <samp>lectures.tex</samp> will result in the lectures
getting the reference numbers used in the other documents.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -5315,9 +5274,12 @@ uses <code>hyperref</code> then they all must use it.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Environments"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Environments">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Environments-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
@@ -5344,70 +5306,43 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<span id="index-group_002c-and-environments"></span>
<p>Environments are executed within a group.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Produce an abstract.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#array" accesskey="2">array</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math arrays.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#center" accesskey="3">center</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Centered lines.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#description" accesskey="4">description</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Labelled lists.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5">displaymath</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Formulas that appear on their own line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#document" accesskey="6">document</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enclose the whole document.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7">enumerate</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numbered lists.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8">eqnarray</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sequences of aligned equations.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#equation" accesskey="9">equation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Displayed equation.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#figure">figure</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating figures.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Writing multiple files from the source.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed left lines.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed right lines.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bulleted lists.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#letter">letter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Letters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#list">list</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generic list environment.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#math">math</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">In-line math.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Miniature page.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#picture">picture</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#table">table</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating tables.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text in columns.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bibliography or reference list.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For hand crafted title pages.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Simulating typed input.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#verse">verse</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For poetry and other things.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#abstract" accesskey="1"><code>abstract</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#array" accesskey="2"><code>array</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#center" accesskey="3"><code>center</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#description" accesskey="4"><code>description</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5"><code>displaymath</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#document" accesskey="6"><code>document</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7"><code>enumerate</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8"><code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#equation" accesskey="9"><code>equation</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#filecontents"><code>filecontents</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#flushright"><code>flushright</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#letter"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#list"><code>list</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#math"><code>math</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#tabbing"><code>tabbing</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#table"><code>table</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#theorem"><code>theorem</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#titlepage"><code>titlepage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#verse"><code>verse</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="abstract"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="abstract">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="abstract-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>
@@ -5470,9 +5405,11 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>).
<hr>
-<span id="array"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="array">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>center</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>abstract</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="array-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>
@@ -5500,10 +5437,10 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in math
-mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics environment
-such as <code>equation</code> (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). Inside of each row the
-column entries are separated by an ampersand, (<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are
-terminated with double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), and normally appears within a displayed
+mathematics environment such as <code>equation</code> (see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>).
+Inside of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand,
+(<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example shows a three by three array.
</p>
@@ -5524,13 +5461,13 @@ terminated with double-backslashes (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. For instance,
<code>\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}</code> gives three columns: the
first flush right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See
-<a href="#tabular">tabular</a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var> and of the
+<a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a> for the complete description of <var>cols</var> and of the
other common features of the two environments, including the optional
<var>pos</var> argument.
</p>
<p>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The
first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in
-textstyle (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies
+textstyle (see <a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a>) except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies
the column with <code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in
text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s parameter
<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX&rsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is
@@ -5543,7 +5480,7 @@ default for this is &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; so that between two columns c
<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath"></span>
<span id="index-amsmath-package"></span>
-<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <samp>amsmath</samp>
+<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <code>amsmath</code>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
surrounded by square brackets&nbsp;<code>[...]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
@@ -5555,7 +5492,7 @@ bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></span>
<span id="index-amsmath-package-1"></span>
-<p>The next example uses the <samp>amsmath</samp> package.
+<p>The next example uses the <code>amsmath</code> package.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
@@ -5568,22 +5505,24 @@ bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-array-_0028package_0029-package"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-array"></span>
+<span id="index-array-package"></span>
<span id="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></span>
<span id="index-dcolumn-package"></span>
-<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <samp>array</samp> package has
-many useful extensions, including more column types. The <samp>dcolumn</samp>
+<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <code>array</code> package has
+many useful extensions, including more column types. The <code>dcolumn</code>
package adds a column type to center on a decimal point. For both see
the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="center"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="center">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>description</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>array</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="center-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>
@@ -5604,14 +5543,14 @@ Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous:
<p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins. Use
-double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>).
<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></span>
If some text is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line
breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
interword space.
</p>
<p>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
-<a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
+<a href="#g_t_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
environment.
</p>
<p>This example produces three centered lines. There is extra vertical
@@ -5645,23 +5584,22 @@ doesn&rsquo;t add any vertical space.
<p>In a two-column document the text is centered in a column, not in the
entire page.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1"><code>\centering</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ccentering"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccentering">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>center</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ccentering-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>
<span id="index-_005ccentering"></span>
<span id="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></span>
-
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -5710,9 +5648,12 @@ centered lines &lsquo;<samp>xx</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>yy</samp>&rsquo;,
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="description"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="description">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>displaymath</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>center</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="description-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>
@@ -5751,7 +5692,7 @@ missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
left edge on the left margin.
</p>
<span id="index-_005citem"></span>
-<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Use the
+<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). Use the
optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
may contain multiple paragraphs.
@@ -5767,14 +5708,14 @@ example to get non-bold typewriter, is to use declarative style:
<code>\item[{\tt label text}]</code>. Similarly, get the standard roman
font with <code>\item[{\rm label text}]</code>.
</p>
-<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>
-and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. Unlike those environments, nesting
+<p>For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>
+and <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>. Unlike those environments, nesting
<code>description</code> environments does not change the default label; it is
boldface and flush left at all levels.
</p>
<p>For information about list layout parameters, including the default
values, and for information about customizing list layout, see
-<a href="#list">list</a>. The package <samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for customizing
+<a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing
lists.
</p>
<p>This example changes the description labels to small caps.
@@ -5786,9 +5727,11 @@ lists.
<hr>
-<span id="displaymath"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="displaymath">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>document</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>description</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="displaymath-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>
@@ -5810,14 +5753,14 @@ global option <code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document
</p>
<p>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
-<code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>).
+<code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></span>
<span id="index-amsmath-package-2"></span>
-<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has significantly more extensive
+<p>Note that the <code>amsmath</code> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</p>
@@ -5848,9 +5791,11 @@ consistency checks.)
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="document"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="document">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>enumerate</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>displaymath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="document-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>
@@ -5861,18 +5806,17 @@ Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a
<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1">\AtBeginDocument</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2">\AtEndDocument</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AtEndDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\AtEndDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>document</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
@@ -5896,9 +5840,11 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AtBeginDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>document</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
@@ -5923,9 +5869,12 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="enumerate"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="enumerate">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>eqnarray</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>document</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="enumerate-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>
@@ -5963,17 +5912,17 @@ As a top-level list the labels would come out as &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo; a
</pre></div>
<span id="index-_005citem-1"></span>
-<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
+<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
-will continue the interrupted sequence (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). That is, you
+will continue the interrupted sequence (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). That is, you
will get labels like &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo;, then &lsquo;<samp>Interstitial label</samp>&rsquo;, then
&lsquo;<samp>2.</samp>&rsquo;. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<p>Enumerations may be nested within other <code>enumerate</code> environments,
or within any paragraph-making environment such as <code>itemize</code>
-(see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX&rsquo;s
+(see <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX&rsquo;s
default for the format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level,
the outermost level.
</p>
@@ -5992,9 +5941,9 @@ the outermost level.
<code>\enumiv</code> (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
-<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>. For information about list layout
+<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> and <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>. For information about list layout
parameters, including the default values, and for information about
-customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The package <samp>enumitem</samp> is
+customizing list layout, see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is
useful for customizing lists.
</p>
<span id="index-_005clabelenumi"></span>
@@ -6002,7 +5951,7 @@ useful for customizing lists.
<span id="index-_005clabelenumiii"></span>
<span id="index-_005clabelenumiv"></span>
<span id="enumerate-labelenumi"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiv"></span><p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period.
@@ -6016,13 +5965,15 @@ period.
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<p>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>.
+<p>For a list of counter-labeling commands see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="eqnarray"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="eqnarray">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>equation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>enumerate</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="eqnarray-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>
@@ -6039,7 +5990,7 @@ Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a hr
including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
(See &ldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&rdquo; by Lars Madsen
<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents
-should include the <samp>amsmath</samp> package and use the displayed
+should include the <code>amsmath</code> package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
working with old documents.
@@ -6072,7 +6023,7 @@ within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
<span id="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
-equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
+equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-_005cnonumber"></span>
<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></span>
@@ -6099,9 +6050,11 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<hr>
-<span id="equation"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="equation">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>figure</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>eqnarray</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="equation-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>
@@ -6119,7 +6072,7 @@ Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>The same as a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>)
+<p>The same as a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath"><code>displaymath</code></a>)
except that LaTeX puts an equation number flush to the right margin.
The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
</p>
@@ -6130,14 +6083,16 @@ missing dollar sign.
<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></span>
<span id="index-amsmath-package-3"></span>
-<p>The package <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
+<p>The package <code>amsmath</code> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="figure"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="figure">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>filecontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>equation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="figure-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
@@ -6183,16 +6138,16 @@ place, such as the top of a following page (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>).
the float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
<p>The starred form <code>figure*</code> is used when a document is in
-double-column mode (see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>). It produces a figure that
+double-column mode (see <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>). It produces a figure that
spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code>
in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
-<span id="index-_005ccaption"></span>
-The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
-figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
-used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>).
+<span id="index-_005ccaption-1"></span>
+<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption
+text for the figure (see <a href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>). By default it is numbered.
+If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures
+instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
</p>
<p>This example makes a figure out of a graphic. LaTeX will place that
graphic and its caption at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the
@@ -6210,9 +6165,11 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<hr>
-<span id="filecontents"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="filecontents">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>flushleft</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>figure</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="filecontents-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></h3>
@@ -6253,21 +6210,18 @@ version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
<p>The possible options are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>force</code></dt>
-<dt><code>overwrite</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-force-option-for-filecontents"></span>
-<span id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></span>
+<dt id='index-force-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>force</code><a href='#index-force-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>overwrite</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></span>
<p>Overwrite an existing file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>noheader</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"></span>
-<p>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code>filecontents*</code>.
+<dt id='index-noheader-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>noheader</code><a href='#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code>filecontents*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nosearch</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"></span>
-<p>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
+<dt id='index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents'><span><code>nosearch</code><a href='#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -6309,9 +6263,11 @@ Article by \myname.
<hr>
-<span id="flushleft"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="flushleft">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">filecontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>flushright</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>filecontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="flushleft-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
@@ -6337,7 +6293,7 @@ left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
stretching or shrinking interword spaces. To force a new line use a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
-see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>.
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>.
</p>
<p>This creates a box of text that is at most 3 inches wide, with the text
flush left and ragged right.
@@ -6353,16 +6309,16 @@ flush left and ragged right.
</pre></div>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1"><code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005craggedright"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedright">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>flushleft</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005craggedright-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>
@@ -6388,7 +6344,7 @@ Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#
<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
ragged right. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code>
or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
-see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>.
+see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
@@ -6411,9 +6367,12 @@ delimit its effect.
<hr>
-<span id="flushright"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="flushright">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>itemize</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>flushleft</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="flushright-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>
@@ -6437,22 +6396,22 @@ right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
to fit the margins then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that
avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking inter-word spaces. To force a new
line use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
-see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a>.
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>,
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft"><code>flushleft</code></a>,
where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>flushleft</code> by
<code>flushright</code>.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1"><code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005craggedleft"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005craggedleft">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>flushright</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>
@@ -6478,7 +6437,7 @@ Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href=
<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
ragged left. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code>
or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
-see&nbsp;<a href="#flushright">flushright</a>.
+see&nbsp;<a href="#flushright"><code>flushright</code></a>.
</p>
<p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code>
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX
@@ -6486,15 +6445,18 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&rsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
-<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>,
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>,
where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by
<code>\raggedleft</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="itemize"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="itemize">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>flushright</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="itemize-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>
@@ -6530,23 +6492,23 @@ LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
-<p>With the default locale&mdash;without loading e.g. <samp>babel</samp> package
+<p>With the default locale&mdash;without loading e.g. <code>babel</code> package
with another language than USenglish&mdash;as a top-level list each label
would come out as a bullet, &bull;. The format of the labeling
depends on the nesting level; see below.
</p>
<span id="index-_005citem-3"></span>
-<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
+<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[<var>Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default
<var>Optional label</var> will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could
extend into the left margin. For labels that are flush left see the
-<a href="#description">description</a> environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is the text of
+<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is the text of
the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<p>Unordered lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
-as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
+as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-_005clabelitemi"></span>
<span id="index-_005clabelitemii"></span>
@@ -6592,11 +6554,11 @@ smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
<span id="index-enumitem-package"></span>
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
-<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. The <code>itemize</code>,
+<a href="#description"><code>description</code></a> and <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>. The <code>itemize</code>,
<code>enumerate</code> and <code>description</code> environment use the same list
layout parameters. For a description, including the default values, and
-for information about customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The
-package <samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for customizing lists.
+for information about customizing list layout, see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>. The
+package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</p>
<p>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized
lists.
@@ -6610,7 +6572,7 @@ lists.
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
-see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>):
+see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newenvironment{itemize*}%
@@ -6623,9 +6585,11 @@ see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a
<hr>
-<span id="letter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="letter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>list</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>itemize</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></span><h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
@@ -6637,9 +6601,11 @@ Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#ite
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="list"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="list">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>math</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="list-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>
@@ -6663,12 +6629,12 @@ Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#let
<p>Note that this environment does not typically appear in the document
body. Most lists created by LaTeX authors are the ones that come
standard: the <code>description</code>, <code>enumerate</code>, and <code>itemize</code>
-environments (see <a href="#description">description</a>, <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, and <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>).
+environments (see <a href="#description"><code>description</code></a>, <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>, and <a href="#itemize"><code>itemize</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Instead, the <code>list</code> environment is most often used in macros. For
example, many standard LaTeX environments that do not immediately
appear to be lists are in fact constructed using <code>list</code>, including
-<code>quotation</code>, <code>quote</code>, and <code>center</code> (see <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a>, see <a href="#center">center</a>).
+<code>quotation</code>, <code>quote</code>, and <code>center</code> (see <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote"><code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></a>, see <a href="#center"><code>center</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This uses the <code>list</code> environment to define a new custom
environment.
@@ -6698,11 +6664,11 @@ of width <code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the
additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
<code>list</code> you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an
optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the
-above <code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>.
+above <code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>.
</p>
<p>The mandatory second argument <var>spacing</var> has a list of commands.
This list can be empty. A command that can go in here is
-<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>). Use this
+<code>\usecounter{<var>countername</var>}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>). Use this
to tell LaTeX to number the items using the given counter. The
counter will be reset to zero each time LaTeX enters the environment,
and the counter is incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an
@@ -6734,16 +6700,12 @@ command such as <code>\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}</code>.
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
-<span id="index-_005citemindent"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005citemindent'><span><code>\itemindent</code><a href='#index-_005citemindent' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-itemindent"></span><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\itemsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005citemsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005citemsep'><span><code>\itemsep</code><a href='#index-_005citemsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-itemsep"></span><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;,
and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt
@@ -6756,17 +6718,13 @@ minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</co
<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\labelsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005clabelsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clabelsep'><span><code>\labelsep</code><a href='#index-_005clabelsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-labelsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
The default for LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;,
and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\labelwidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005clabelwidth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clabelwidth'><span><code>\labelwidth</code><a href='#index-_005clabelwidth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-labelwidth"></span><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
@@ -6788,9 +6746,7 @@ label&rsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\leftmargin</code>
-<span id="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftmargin-1'><span><code>\leftmargin</code><a href='#index-_005cleftmargin-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-leftmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
@@ -6808,18 +6764,14 @@ error message &lsquo;<samp>Too deeply nested</samp>&rsquo;.)
<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\listparindent</code>
-<span id="index-_005clistparindent"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clistparindent'><span><code>\listparindent</code><a href='#index-_005clistparindent' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-listparindent"></span><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an &ldquo;outdent&rdquo;. Its default value
is <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\parsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cparsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cparsep'><span><code>\parsep</code><a href='#index-_005cparsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-parsep"></span><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item.
The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt
@@ -6830,9 +6782,7 @@ size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\partopsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpartopsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpartopsep'><span><code>\partopsep</code><a href='#index-_005cpartopsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-partopsep"></span><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list
@@ -6848,19 +6798,15 @@ defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt
minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rightmargin</code>
-<span id="index-_005crightmargin"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightmargin'><span><code>\rightmargin</code><a href='#index-_005crightmargin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-rightmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\topsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctopsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctopsep'><span><code>\topsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctopsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-topsep"></span><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
-to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>). The defaults for
+to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a>). The defaults for
the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>,
<code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>. The
@@ -6883,47 +6829,47 @@ bracket for <var>h4</var>, so that the left edge of the label box is at
<var>h3</var>+<var>h4</var>-(<var>h0</var>+<var>h1</var>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>v0</var></dt>
-<dd><p><em><code>\topsep</code> + <code>\parskip</code></em> if
+<dt><span><var>v0</var></span></dt>
+<dd><p><em class='math'><code>\topsep</code> + <code>\parskip</code></em> if
the list environment does not start a new paragraph, and
<code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>+<code>\partopsep</code> if it does
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>v1</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>v1</var></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>\parsep</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>v2</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>v2</var></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>\itemsep</code>+<code>\parsep</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>v3</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>v3</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Same as <var>v0</var>. (This space is affected by whether a blank line
appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line
appears in the source below the environment does not matter.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>h0</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>h0</var></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>\labelwidth</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>h1</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>h1</var></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>\labelsep</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>h2</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>h2</var></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>\listparindent</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>h3</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>h3</var></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>\leftmargin</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>h4</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>h4</var></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>\itemindent</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>h5</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>h5</var></span></dt>
<dd><p><code>\rightmargin</code>
</p>
</dd>
@@ -6945,21 +6891,15 @@ e.g., <code>\@beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a
page break.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\@beginparpenalty</code>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty'><span><code>\@beginparpenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-beginparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\@itempenalty</code>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0040itempenalty'><span><code>\@itempenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040itempenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-itempenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\@endparpenalty</code>
-<span id="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0040endparpenalty'><span><code>\@endparpenalty</code><a href='#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="list-endparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -6972,7 +6912,7 @@ page break.
</p>
<p>This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left
edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{color}
@@ -6992,18 +6932,17 @@ See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>.
{\end{list}}
</pre></div>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1">\item</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An entry in a list.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2">trivlist</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
+<li><a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2"><code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005citem"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005citem">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>list</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
@@ -7050,9 +6989,11 @@ labelled&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>3.</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="trivlist"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="trivlist">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\item</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>list</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4>
@@ -7085,7 +7026,7 @@ adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list
environments.
</p>
<p>Specifically, <code>trivlist</code> uses the current values of the list
-parameters (see <a href="#list">list</a>), except that <code>\parsep</code> is set to the
+parameters (see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), except that <code>\parsep</code> is set to the
value of <code>\parskip</code>, and <code>\leftmargin</code>, <code>\labelwidth</code>,
and <code>\itemindent</code> are set to zero.
</p>
@@ -7101,9 +7042,12 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
<hr>
-<span id="math"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="math">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>minipage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>list</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="math-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>
@@ -7128,9 +7072,11 @@ See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="minipage"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="minipage">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>picture</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>math</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="minipage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>
@@ -7159,7 +7105,7 @@ Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href
small version of a page; it can contain its own footnotes, itemized
lists, etc. (There are some restrictions, including that it cannot have
floats.) This box will not be broken across pages. So <code>minipage</code>
-is similar to <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>) but here you can have
+is similar to <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>) but here you can have
paragraphs.
</p>
<p>This example will be 3&nbsp;inches wide, and has two paragraphs.
@@ -7191,21 +7137,19 @@ default <var>position</var> and set the <var>height</var> with
vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its
vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"></span>
-<p>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>).
+<dt id='index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX'><span><code>t</code><a href='#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the
+baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>b</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cvbox-plain-TeX"></span>
-<p>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>).
+<dt id='index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029'><span><code>b</code><a href='#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the
+baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>).
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -7230,19 +7174,19 @@ it to a height of zero or a negative value.
default is the value of <var>position</var>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Place <var>contents</var> at the top of the box.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Place it in the vertical center.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Place it at the box bottom.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Stretch <var>contents</var> out vertically; it must contain vertically
stretchable space.
</p>
@@ -7336,9 +7280,11 @@ are vertically centered.
<hr>
-<span id="picture"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="picture">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation &amp; quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>minipage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="picture-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
@@ -7427,7 +7373,7 @@ so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordi
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. It is a rigid
length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Change it with the <code>\setlength</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Make this change only outside of a <code>picture</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>). Make this change only outside of a <code>picture</code>
environment.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment supports using standard arithmetic
@@ -7438,7 +7384,7 @@ the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with <code>\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in
braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
-further up the page, for example, <em>y = 1</em> is <em>above</em> <em>y = 0</em>.
+further up the page, for example, <em class='math'>y = 1</em> is <em>above</em> <em class='math'>y = 0</em>.
</p>
<p>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code>\put</code>,
<code>\multiput</code>, <code>\qbezier</code>, and <code>\graphpaper</code>. The most
@@ -7449,11 +7395,11 @@ often used is <code>\put</code>. This
</pre></div>
<p>places the object with its reference point at coordinates
-<em>(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be
+<em class='math'>(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
<span id="index-LR-box"></span>
The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em> (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
-Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) can
+Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>) can
go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture
</p>
@@ -7493,46 +7439,31 @@ the left margin, and <code>0.35\textwidth</code> up from the bottom of the
picture. Another example of this usage is to put similar code in the
page header to get repeat material on each of a document&rsquo;s pages.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1">\put</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2">\multiput</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3">\qbezier</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a quadratic B&eacute;zier curve.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4">\graphpaper</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw graph paper.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5">\line</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6">\linethickness</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7">\thinlines</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A heavier line thickness.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9">\circle</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an oval.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a stack of objects.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1"><code>\put</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2"><code>\multiput</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3"><code>\qbezier</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4"><code>\graphpaper</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5"><code>\line</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6"><code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7"><code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8"><code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9"><code>\circle</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cput"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cput">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></h4>
@@ -7545,7 +7476,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Up: <a
</pre></div>
<p>Place <var>content</var> at the coordinate (<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>). See
-the discussion of coordinates and <code>\unitlength</code> in <a href="#picture">picture</a>.
+the discussion of coordinates and <code>\unitlength</code> in <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>.
The <var>content</var> is processed in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it cannot
contain line breaks.
</p>
@@ -7560,9 +7491,11 @@ text, at the bottom left of the &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmultiput"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmultiput">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next">\qbezier</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\qbezier</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\put</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
@@ -7576,10 +7509,10 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next">\qbezier</a>, Previous
<p>Copy <var>obj</var> a total of <var>num-copies</var> times, with an increment of
<var>delta_x,delta_y</var>. The <var>obj</var> first appears at position
-<em>(x,y)</em>, then at <em>(x+\delta_x,y+\delta_y)</em>, and so on.
+<em class='math'>(x,y)</em>, then at <em class='math'>(x+\delta_x,y+\delta_y)</em>, and so on.
</p>
<p>This draws a simple grid with every fifth line in bold (see also
-<a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a>).
+<a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(10,10)
@@ -7594,9 +7527,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next">\qbezier</a>, Previous
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cqbezier"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cqbezier">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next">\graphpaper</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\multiput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cqbezier-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></h4>
@@ -7648,9 +7583,11 @@ that curve.
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cgraphpaper"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphpaper">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\qbezier</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\line</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\qbezier</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></h4>
@@ -7665,7 +7602,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a h
<span id="index-package_002c-graphpap"></span>
<span id="index-graphpap-package"></span>
-<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <samp>graphpap</samp> package.
+<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code>graphpap</code> package.
The grid&rsquo;s origin is <code>(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)</code>.
Grid lines come every <var>spacing</var> units (the default is 10).
The grid extends <var>x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var>y_dimen</var> units up.
@@ -7685,9 +7622,11 @@ All arguments must be positive integers.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cline"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphpaper</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\linethickness</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\graphpaper</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></h4>
@@ -7702,9 +7641,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</
<p>Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for
every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The <var>travel</var> is the total horizontal
change&mdash;it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in
-<em>x</em>. In the special case of vertical lines, where
+<em class='math'>x</em>. In the special case of vertical lines, where
(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), the <var>travel</var> gives the change in
-<em>y</em>.
+<em class='math'>y</em>.
</p>
<p>This draws a line starting at coordinates (1,3).
</p>
@@ -7714,9 +7653,9 @@ change&mdash;it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in
<p>For every over 2, this line will go up 5. Because <var>travel</var>
specifies that this goes over 4, it must go up&nbsp;10. Thus its
-endpoint is <em>(1,3)+(4,10)=(5,13)</em>. In particular, note that
-<em><var>travel</var>=4</em> is not the length of the line, it is the change in
-<em>x</em>.
+endpoint is <em class='math'>(1,3)+(4,10)=(5,13)</em>. In particular, note that
+<em class='math'><var>travel</var>=4</em> is not the length of the line, it is the change in
+<em class='math'>x</em>.
</p>
<p>The arguments <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> are integers that can be
positive, negative, or zero. (If both are 0 then LaTeX treats the
@@ -7730,10 +7669,9 @@ then the line&rsquo;s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than
<p>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
\vector argument.</code>
</p>
-<span id="index-pict2e-package"></span>
<span id="index-graphics-packages"></span>
<span id="index-package_002c-pict2e"></span>
-<span id="index-pict2e-package-1"></span>
+<span id="index-pict2e-package"></span>
<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ"></span>
<span id="index-TikZ-package"></span>
@@ -7755,16 +7693,18 @@ relatively prime, so that <var>(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not
(4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences
of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines
of arbitrary slope and plenty of other shapes in a system like
-<code>picture</code>, see the package <samp>pict2e</samp>
+<code>picture</code>, see the package <code>pict2e</code>
(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>). Another solution
is to use a full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks,
MetaPost, or Asymptote.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005clinethickness"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005clinethickness">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thinlines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\line</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
@@ -7780,13 +7720,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Prev
picture to be <var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length
(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It differs from <code>\thinlines</code> and
<code>\thicklines</code> in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted
-lines, circles, or ovals.
+lines, circles, or ovals (see <a href="#g_t_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cthinlines"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthinlines">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thicklines</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\linethickness</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
@@ -7795,13 +7737,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Pr
<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.4pt. This is the default
thickness, so this command is unnecessary unless the thickness has been
-changed with either <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> or <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>.
+changed with either <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a> or <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cthicklines"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cthicklines">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\circle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\circle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thinlines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
@@ -7809,14 +7753,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\circle</a>, Previous:
<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.8pt. See also
-<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>. This command is illustrated
-in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a href="#picture">picture</a>.
+<a href="#g_t_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>. This command is illustrated
+in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier"><code>\qbezier</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ccircle"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccircle">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\oval</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thicklines</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ccircle-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></h4>
@@ -7844,9 +7790,11 @@ integers from 1 to 15.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005coval"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005coval">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\shortstack</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\circle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005coval-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></h4>
@@ -7859,21 +7807,22 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Pr
\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument
-<var>portion</var> allows you to produce only half or a quarter of the oval.
-For half an oval take <var>portion</var> to be one of these.
+<p>Produce a rectangle with rounded corners, hereinafter referred to as an
+<em>oval</em>. The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to produce
+only half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take <var>portion</var>
+to be one of these.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>top half
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>bottom half
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>right half
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>left half
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -7892,14 +7841,16 @@ top half.
</p>
<p>These shapes are not ellipses. They are rectangles whose corners are
made with quarter circles. These circles have a maximum radius of
-20pt (see <a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a> for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just
-boxes with a small amount of corner rounding.
+20pt (see <a href="#g_t_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a> for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just
+frames with a small amount of corner rounding.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cshortstack"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cshortstack">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vector</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\oval</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
@@ -7913,29 +7864,33 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous:
<p>Produce a vertical stack of objects.
</p>
-<p>This labels the <em>y</em> axis.
+<p>This labels the <em class='math'>y</em> axis by writing the word &lsquo;<samp><em class='math'>y</em></samp>&rsquo; above
+the word &lsquo;<samp>axis</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}} % x axis
-\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}} % y
-\put(-0.25,2){\makebox[0][r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\ axis}}}
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
+\begin{picture}(5,2.5)(-0.75,0)
+ \put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}} % x axis
+ \put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}} % y
+ \put(-0.2,2){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\ axis}}}
+\end{picture}
</pre></div>
<p>For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack.
-In the above example the <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a> puts the stack flush
-right in a zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to
-the left of the <em>y</em>&nbsp;axis.
+In the above example the <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>) puts
+the stack flush right in a zero width box so in total the short stack
+sits slightly to the left of the <em class='math'>y</em>&nbsp;axis.
</p>
<p>The valid positions are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make objects flush right
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make objects flush left
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Center objects (default)
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -7943,11 +7898,13 @@ the left of the <em>y</em>&nbsp;axis.
<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></span>
<p>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in
that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the
-rows are not spaced out to be of even heights. Thus, in
+rows are not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in
<code>\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}</code> the first and last rows are taller than
-the middle two. You can adjust row heights either by putting in the
-usual interline spacing with <code>\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}</code>,
-or by hand, via an explicit zero-width box <code>\shortstack{X \\
+the middle two, and therefore the baseline skip between the two middle
+rows is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can
+adjust row heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline
+spacing with <code>\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>),
+or explicitly, via an zero-width box <code>\shortstack{X \\
\rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}</code> or by using <code>\\</code>&rsquo;s optional
argument <code>\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>.
</p>
@@ -7956,9 +7913,11 @@ argument <code>\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cvector"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvector">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\shortstack</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cvector-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></h4>
@@ -7973,13 +7932,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\mak
<p>Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it
vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The
<var>travel</var> is the total horizontal change&mdash;it is not the
-length of the vector, it is the change in <em>x</em>. In the special case
+length of the vector, it is the change in <em class='math'>x</em>. In the special case
of vertical vectors, if (<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), then
-<var>travel</var> gives the change in <em>y</em>.
+<var>travel</var> gives the change in <em class='math'>y</em>.
</p>
-<p>For an example see <a href="#picture">picture</a>.
+<p>For an example see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>For elaboration on <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> see <a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>. As
+<p>For elaboration on <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> see <a href="#g_t_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>. As
there, the values of <var>x_run</var> and <var>y_rise</var> are limited. For
<code>\vector</code> you must chooses integers between -4 and 4,
inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be relatively prime. Thus,
@@ -7988,9 +7947,11 @@ not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vector</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vector</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
@@ -8006,9 +7967,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fr
<p>Make a box to hold <var>text</var>. This command fits with the
<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because <var>rec-width</var> and <var>rec-height</var> are numbers specifying
-distances in terms of the <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture">picture</a>). This
-command is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) except here that you must specify the width and height. This
-command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+distances in terms of the <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>). This
+command is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>) except here that you must specify the width and height. This
+command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This makes a box of length 3.5 times <code>\unitlength</code> and height 4
times <code>\unitlength</code>.
@@ -8023,19 +7984,19 @@ and vertically. To place it somewhere else, use a string with one or
two of these letters.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Puts <var>text</var> the top of the box.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>b</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>b</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> at the bottom.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> on the left.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put <var>text</var> on the right.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8043,9 +8004,11 @@ two of these letters.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frame</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
@@ -8058,13 +8021,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a
\framebox(<var>rec-width</var>,<var>rec-height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>This is the same as <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> except that it puts a frame
+<p>This is the same as <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> except that it puts a frame
around the outside of the box that it creates. The reference point is
the bottom left corner of the frame. This command fits with the
<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
-<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture">picture</a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example creates a frame 2.5&nbsp;inches by 3&nbsp;inches and puts
the text in the center.
@@ -8078,7 +8041,7 @@ the text in the center.
<var>rect-width</var> units and height <var>rect-height</var> units.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> specifies the position of
-<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> for the values that it can
+<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can
take.
</p>
<span id="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></span>
@@ -8088,13 +8051,15 @@ take.
</p>
<p>For this command, you must specify the <var>width</var> and <var>height</var>. If
you want to just put a frame around some contents whose dimension is
-determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>) or <code>\frame</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>).
+determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a>) or <code>\frame</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cframe"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cframe">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\dashbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cframe-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></h4>
@@ -8108,14 +8073,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous
<p>Puts a rectangular frame around <var>contents</var>. The reference point is
the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to <code>\framebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>), this command puts no extra space is put
-between the frame and the object. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>), this command puts no extra space is put
+between the frame and the object. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cdashbox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cdashbox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frame</code></a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>picture</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>
@@ -8131,14 +8098,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frame</a>, Up: <a h
<p>Create a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var>. This command fits with the
<code>picture</code> environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
-<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture">picture</a>).
+<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The required arguments are: dashes are <var>dash-len</var> units long, with
the same length gap, and the rectangle has overall width
<var>rect-width</var> units and height <var>rect-height</var> units.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> specifies the position of
-<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> for the values that it can
+<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a> for the values that it can
take.
</p>
<p>This shows that you can use non-integer value for <var>dash-len</var>.
@@ -8155,9 +8122,12 @@ take.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="quotation-_0026-quote"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="quotation-_0026-quote">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>tabbing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>picture</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></h3>
@@ -8209,9 +8179,11 @@ between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).
<hr>
-<span id="tabbing"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tabbing">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation &amp; quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>table</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="tabbing-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
@@ -8235,7 +8207,7 @@ Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#q
<p>Align text in columns, by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
was done on a typewriter. This is less often used than the environments
-<code>tabular</code> (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>) or <code>array</code> (see <a href="#array">array</a>) because
+<code>tabular</code> (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>) or <code>array</code> (see <a href="#array"><code>array</code></a>) because
in those the width of each column need not be constant and need not be
known in advance.
</p>
@@ -8278,12 +8250,12 @@ rows</em>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
</p>
<span id="index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing"></span>
<p>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a <em>current tab stop
-pattern</em>, a sequence of <em><var>n</var> &gt; 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
+pattern</em>, a sequence of <em class='math'><var>n</var> &gt; 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop&nbsp;0 is
always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab
stop number&nbsp;<var>i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal
position on the page. Tab stop number&nbsp;<var>i</var> can only be set if
-all the stops 0, &hellip;, <em>i-1</em> have already been set; normally
+all the stops 0, &hellip;, <em class='math'>i-1</em> have already been set; normally
later stops are to the right of earlier ones.
</p>
<p>By default any text typeset in a <code>tabbing</code> environment is typeset
@@ -8291,63 +8263,47 @@ ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is
done in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
-They are all fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+They are all fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005c_003e"></span>
<p>Advances to the next tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\&lt;</code>
-<span id="index-_005c_003c"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003c'><span><code>\&lt;</code><a href='#index-_005c_003c' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\+</code>
-<span id="index-_005c_002b"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_002b'><span><code>\+</code><a href='#index-_005c_002b' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\-</code>
-<span id="index-_005c_002d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_002d'><span><code>\-</code><a href='#index-_005c_002d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>, <code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>,
<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
to the right, flush against the current column&rsquo;s tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&rsquo;t move text to the right of the last
column because there&rsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves
@@ -8358,9 +8314,7 @@ of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or
<code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029'><span><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
<span id="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
<span id="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
@@ -8369,32 +8323,24 @@ of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or
use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\kill</code>
-<span id="index-_005ckill"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ckill'><span><code>\kill</code><a href='#index-_005ckill' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in
effect.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\poptabs</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpoptabs"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpoptabs'><span><code>\poptabs</code><a href='#index-_005cpoptabs' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></span>
<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\pushtabs</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpushtabs"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpushtabs'><span><code>\pushtabs</code><a href='#index-_005cpushtabs' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\tabbingsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctabbingsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctabbingsep'><span><code>\tabbingsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctabbingsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -8438,15 +8384,17 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
<p>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
-(see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code,
+(see <a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a>) would normally be best. For pretty-printed code,
there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>,
<code>fancyvrb</code>, <code>listings</code>, and <code>minted</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="table"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="table">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>tabular</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>tabbing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="table-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>
@@ -8495,11 +8443,11 @@ typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
-<span id="index-_005ccaption-1"></span>
-The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption text
-<var>title</var> for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
-<var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is used in the list of tables
-instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>).
+<span id="index-_005ccaption-2"></span>
+The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption
+text <var>title</var> for the table (see <a href="#g_t_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>). By default it is
+numbered. If its optional <var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is
+used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>).
</p>
<p>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page,
unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
@@ -8519,9 +8467,11 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<hr>
-<span id="tabular"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tabular">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>table</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="tabular-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
@@ -8577,7 +8527,7 @@ command follows to put a rule below the table.
<p>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>pos</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>pos</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Optional. Specifies the table&rsquo;s vertical position. The default is to
align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the
surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: <code>t</code>
@@ -8589,32 +8539,32 @@ text, and <code>b</code> aligns on the bottom row.
no difference.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>cols</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>cols</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Required. Specifies the formatting of columns. It consists of a
sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the types of
column and intercolumn material.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A column of left-aligned items.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A column of right-aligned items.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A column of centered items.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>|</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>|</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>@{<var>text or space</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>@{<var>text or space</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Insert <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The <var>text
or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>If between two columns there is no @-expression then LaTeX&rsquo;s
<code>book</code>, <code>article</code>, and <code>report</code> classes will put on
@@ -8675,7 +8625,7 @@ column, load the <code>array</code> package and use the <code>&gt;{...}</code>
specifier.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>, as if
it were the argument of a <code>\parbox[t]{wd}{...}</code> command.
</p>
@@ -8687,10 +8637,10 @@ declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\
..}</code>). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
ending the tabular row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
-<code>\newline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>).
+<code>\newline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a
positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus the
specifier <code>\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}</code> is equivalent to
@@ -8701,7 +8651,7 @@ the specifier <code>\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}</code>. Note that
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><var>width</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>width</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies
the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
should be rubber, as with <code>@{\extracolsep{\fill}}</code>, to allow
@@ -8715,33 +8665,25 @@ are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
<p>Parameters that control formatting:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carrayrulewidth'><span><code>\arrayrulewidth</code><a href='#index-_005carrayrulewidth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></span><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is &lsquo;<samp>.4pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it as in
<code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\arraystretch</code>
-<span id="index-_005carraystretch"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carraystretch'><span><code>\arraystretch</code><a href='#index-_005carraystretch' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="tabular-arraystrech"></span><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\doublerulesep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdoublerulesep'><span><code>\doublerulesep</code><a href='#index-_005cdoublerulesep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="tabular-doublerulesep"></span><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is &lsquo;<samp>2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\tabcolsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctabcolsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctabcolsep'><span><code>\tabcolsep</code><a href='#index-_005ctabcolsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="tabular-tabcolsep"></span><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
&lsquo;<samp>6pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
</p>
@@ -8752,22 +8694,19 @@ no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between
lines:
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1">\multicolumn</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make an item spanning several columns.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2">\vline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a vertical line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3">\cline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4">\hline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1"><code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2"><code>\vline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3"><code>\cline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4"><code>\hline</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmulticolumn">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>
@@ -8851,7 +8790,7 @@ range en-dash.
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}
- &amp;multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline
+ &amp;\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline
Baroque &amp;1600 &amp;1760 \\
Classical &amp;1730 &amp;1820 \\
Romantic &amp;1780 &amp;1910 \\
@@ -8866,9 +8805,11 @@ in the first row here. That&rsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cvline"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cvline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cvline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>
@@ -8879,7 +8820,7 @@ used in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical
bar&nbsp;<code>|</code> is more common. This command is rarely used in the
body of a table; typically a table&rsquo;s vertical lines are specified in
<code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and overridden as needed with
-<code>\multicolumn</code> (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).
+<code>\multicolumn</code> (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The example below illustrates some pitfalls. In the first row&rsquo;s second
entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the
@@ -8902,9 +8843,11 @@ the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ccline"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ccline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4>
@@ -8935,9 +8878,11 @@ height.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005chline"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005chline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>tabular</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005chline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4>
@@ -8962,9 +8907,12 @@ is required.
<hr>
-<span id="thebibliography"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="thebibliography">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>theorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>tabular</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="thebibliography-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>
@@ -9030,28 +8978,25 @@ as with <code>\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code>, after
<span id="index-package_002c-babel-1"></span>
<span id="index-babel-package-1"></span>
-<p>Language support packages such as <samp>babel</samp> will automatically
+<p>Language support packages such as <code>babel</code> will automatically
redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected
language.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#list">list</a>, for the list layout control parameters.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify a bibliography item.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2">\cite</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a bibliography item.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3">\nocite</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include an item in the bibliography.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<p>See <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>, for the list layout control parameters.
+</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1"><code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2"><code>\cite</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3"><code>\nocite</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cbibitem"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cbibitem">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>
@@ -9075,7 +9020,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#
<var>cite_key</var> can be any string of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>, for an example.
+<p>See <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, for an example.
</p>
<p>When provided, the optional <var>label</var> becomes the entry label and the
<code>enumi</code> counter is not incremented. With this
@@ -9096,7 +9041,7 @@ letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
<p>the first entry will be styled as &lsquo;<samp>[Lamport 1993] Leslie ...</samp>&rsquo; (The
amount of horizontal space that LaTeX leaves for the label depends on
the <var>widest-label</var> argument of the <code>thebibliography</code>
-environment; see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>.) Similarly, <code>... based on
+environment; see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>.) Similarly, <code>... based on
\cite{latexdps}</code> will produce &lsquo;<samp>... based on [Lamport 1994]</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>If you mix <code>\bibitem</code> entries having a <var>label</var> with those that
@@ -9124,9 +9069,11 @@ recompiling.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ccite"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccite">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\nocite</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bibitem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ccite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>
@@ -9146,7 +9093,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous:
<p>Generate as output a citation to the references associated with
<var>keys</var>. The mandatory <var>keys</var> is a citation key, or a
-comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>).
+comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This
</p>
@@ -9175,7 +9122,7 @@ information to the auxiliary file <samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp>
(see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, <code>\cite{latexdps}</code> writes
&lsquo;<samp>\citation{latexdps}</samp>&rsquo; to that file. This information is used by
BibTeX to include in your reference list only those works that you
-have actually cited; see <a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a> also.
+have actually cited; see <a href="#g_t_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a> also.
</p>
<p>If <var>keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get
&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>&rsquo;, and in the output
@@ -9183,14 +9130,16 @@ the citation shows as a boldface question mark between square brackets.
There are two possible causes. If you have mistyped something, as in
<code>\cite{texbok}</code> then you need to correct the spelling. On the
other hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic
-information and so changed the <samp>.aux</samp> file (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>) then
+information and so changed the <samp>.aux</samp> file (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>) then
the fix may be to run LaTeX again.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnocite"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnocite">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnocite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>
@@ -9206,15 +9155,17 @@ Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previou
<samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>).
</p>
<p>The mandatory argument <var>keys</var> is a comma-separated list of one or
-more citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>). This information is used by
+more citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>). This information is used by
BibTeX to include these works in your reference list even though you
-have not explicitly cited them (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>).
+have not explicitly cited them (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Using-BibTeX"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Using-BibTeX">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\nocite</code></a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>thebibliography</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Using-BibTeX-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
@@ -9224,13 +9175,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a
<span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></span>
<span id="index-_005cbibliography"></span>
-<p>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>), a
+<p>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>), a
sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full
-documentation on CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>).
+documentation on CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
</p>
-<p>With BibTeX, you don&rsquo;t use <code>thebibliography</code>
-(see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead, include these lines.
+<p>With BibTeX, you don&rsquo;t use the <code>thebibliography</code> environment
+directly (see <a href="#thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>). Instead, include these lines:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>}
@@ -9242,25 +9193,25 @@ defines how your citations will look. The standard <var>bibstyle</var>&rsquo;s
distributed with BibTeX are:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>alpha</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>alpha</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication.
The bibliographic items are sorted alphabetically.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>plain</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Labels are integers.
Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>unsrt</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>unsrt</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation.
</p></dd>
-<dt><code>abbrv</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>abbrv</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Many, many other BibTeX style files exist,
-tailored to the demands of various publications. See CTAN&rsquo;s listing
-<a href="https://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">https://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>.
+tailored to the demands of various publications. See the CTAN topic
+<a href="https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty">https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty</a>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to
@@ -9291,11 +9242,72 @@ can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of
files, and rely on BibTeX to include in this document only those that
you used.
</p>
+<span id="index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"></span>
+<p>With BibTeX, the <var>keys</var> argument to <code>\nocite</code> can also be
+the single character &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;. This means to implicitly cite all
+entries from all given bibliographies.
+</p>
+
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages" accesskey="1">BibTeX error messages</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<div class="subsubsection" id="BibTeX-error-messages">
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using BibTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="BibTeX-error-messages-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages</h4>
+
+<span id="index-BibTeX-error-messages"></span>
+<span id="index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"></span>
+
+<p>If you forget to use <code>\bibliography</code> or <code>\bibliographystyle</code>
+in your document (or, less likely, any <code>\cite</code> or <code>\nocite</code>
+command), BibTeX will issue an error message. Because BibTeX
+can be used with any program, not just LaTeX, the error messages
+refer to the internal commands read by BibTeX (from the <samp>.aux</samp>
+file), rather than the user-level commands described above.
+</p>
+<p>Here is a table showing internal commands mentioned in the BibTeX
+errors, and the corresponding user-level commands.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt id='index-_005cbibdata'><span><code>\bibdata</code><a href='#index-_005cbibdata' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"></span>
+<p><code>\bibliography</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt id='index-_005cbibstyle'><span><code>\bibstyle</code><a href='#index-_005cbibstyle' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"></span>
+<p><code>\bibliographystyle</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt id='index-_005ccitation'><span><code>\citation</code><a href='#index-_005ccitation' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"></span>
+<p><code>\cite</code>, <code>\nocite</code>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>For example, if your document has no <code>\bibliographystyle</code>
+command, BibTeX complains as follows:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file <var>document</var>.aux
+</pre></div>
+
<hr>
-<span id="theorem"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="theorem">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>titlepage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>thebibliography</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="theorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>
@@ -9314,7 +9326,7 @@ Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a
<p>Produces &lsquo;<samp>Theorem <var>n</var></samp>&rsquo; in boldface followed by <var>theorem
body</var> in italics. The numbering possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under
-<code>\newtheorem</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>).
+<code>\newtheorem</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble
@@ -9343,9 +9355,11 @@ such as styling options.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="titlepage"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="titlepage">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>verbatim</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>theorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="titlepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>
@@ -9393,13 +9407,15 @@ the author.
</pre></div>
<p>To instead produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code>
-environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>).
+environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="verbatim"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="verbatim">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>verse</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>titlepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="verbatim-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>
@@ -9441,7 +9457,7 @@ the string <code>\end{verbatim}</code>.
<p>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for
instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as
-commands being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot work,
+commands being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work,
as the <code>verbatim</code> environment changes the catcode regime before
processing its contents, and restore it immediately afterward,
nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has
@@ -9470,18 +9486,18 @@ and <code>minted</code>.
<p>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>.
</p>
-<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>).
+<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>).
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1"><code>\verb</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cverb"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cverb">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>verbatim</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cverb-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>
@@ -9543,14 +9559,14 @@ it allows line breaks.
<span id="index-minted-package-2"></span>
<p>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-<code>\verb</code>. One is <samp>listings</samp>, another is <samp>minted</samp>.
+<code>\verb</code>. One is <code>listings</code>, another is <code>minted</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></span>
<span id="index-cprotect-package-1"></span>
<p>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code>
-being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot work, as the
+being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>), instead it just cannot work, as the
<code>\verb</code> command changes the catcode regime before reading its
argument, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a
macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a
@@ -9559,9 +9575,12 @@ However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="verse"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="verse">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>verbatim</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="verse-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>
@@ -9612,9 +9631,12 @@ are not indented, and the text is not right-justified.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Line-breaking"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Line-breaking">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Line-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2>
@@ -9635,30 +9657,23 @@ breaks). This differs from word processing, where you are formatting
text as you input it. Putting these off until the end prevents a lot of
fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make each input line start a new output line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3">\newline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Break the line
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Explicit control of the hyphen character.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be more or less particular with line breaking.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1"><code>\\</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2"><code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3"><code>\newline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6"><code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7"><code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8"><code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_005c"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_005c">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005c_005c-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3>
@@ -9684,16 +9699,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\o
extra vertical space to be inserted before the next line. This is a
rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>) and can be negative. The text before
the line break is set at its normal length, that is, it is not stretched
-to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
-</p>
-<p>The starred form, <code>\\*</code>, tells LaTeX not to start a new page
-between the two lines, by issuing a <code>\nobreak</code>.
+to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\title{My story: \\[0.25in]
a tale of woe}
</pre></div>
+<p>The starred form, <code>\\*</code>, tells LaTeX not to start a new page
+between the two lines, by issuing a <code>\nobreak</code>.
+</p>
<p>Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In
particular, don&rsquo;t start new paragraphs with <code>\\</code>. Instead leave a
blank line between the two paragraphs. And don&rsquo;t put in a sequence of
@@ -9701,16 +9716,16 @@ blank line between the two paragraphs. And don&rsquo;t put in a sequence of
<code>\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code>, or
<code>\leavevmode\vspace{<var>length</var>}</code>, or
<code>\vspace*{<var>length</var>}</code> if you want the space to not be thrown
-out at the top of a new page (see <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>).
+out at the top of a new page (see <a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\\</code> command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text
such as in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment or in an
equation environment.
</p>
<p>The <code>\\</code> command is a synonym for <code>\newline</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>) under ordinary circumstances (an example of an
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>) under ordinary circumstances (an example of an
exception is the <code>p{...}</code> column in a <code>tabular</code>
-environment; see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).
+environment; see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\\</code> command is a macro, and its definition changes by context
so that its definition in normal text, a <code>center</code> environment, a
@@ -9740,9 +9755,11 @@ something like this.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\\</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></h3>
@@ -9756,7 +9773,7 @@ new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. The
<code>\restorecr</code> command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
</p>
<p>This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use
-<code>verbatim</code> (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>) instead.
+<code>verbatim</code> (see <a href="#verbatim"><code>verbatim</code></a>) instead.
</p>
<p>With LaTeX&rsquo;s usual defaults, this
</p>
@@ -9793,9 +9810,11 @@ fff ggg
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewline"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewline-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>
@@ -9803,10 +9822,10 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\-
<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></span>
<p>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
-the line, so the prior text is not stretched. That is, in paragraph mode
-(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), the <code>\newline</code> command is equivalent to
-double-backslash (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+it, so the text before the end of line is not stretched. That is, in
+paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>), the <code>\newline</code> command is
+equivalent to double-backslash (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>However, the two commands are different inside a <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. In a column with a specifier producing a
@@ -9819,7 +9838,7 @@ equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
single cell of the table.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{p{1in}{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}}
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{p{1in}@{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}}
Name: \newline Address: &amp;Date: \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
@@ -9828,9 +9847,11 @@ single cell of the table.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
@@ -9839,8 +9860,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</
<p>Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
-those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX
-might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+those points and not at any of the other hyphenation points that
+LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX is good at hyphenating and usually finds most of the correct
hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The
@@ -9866,16 +9888,18 @@ in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column.
better fit.
</p>
<p>The <code>\-</code> command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not
-require that it break there. You can insist on a split with something
-like <code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the
-text then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires
+require that it break there. You can force a split with something like
+<code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the text
+then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires
care.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cdiscretionary"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cdiscretionary">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></span>
@@ -9893,10 +9917,10 @@ LaTeX documents.
<p>If a line break occurs at the point where <code>\discretionary</code> appears
then TeX puts <var>pre-break</var> at the end of the current line and puts
<var>post-break</var> at the start of the next line. If there is no line
-break here then TeX puts <var>no-break</var>
+break here then TeX puts <var>no-break</var>.
</p>
<p>In &lsquo;<samp>difficult</samp>&rsquo; the three letters <code>ffi</code> form a ligature. But
-TeX can nonetheless break between the two f&rsquo;s with this.
+TeX can nonetheless break between the two &lsquo;<samp>f</samp>&rsquo;&rsquo;s with this.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult
@@ -9906,10 +9930,13 @@ TeX can nonetheless break between the two f&rsquo;s with this.
automatically by TeX&rsquo;s hyphenation algorithm.
</p>
+
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\discretionary</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
@@ -9924,25 +9951,27 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely,
spacing.
</p>
<p>The default is <code>\fussy</code>. Line breaking in a paragraph is
-controlled by whichever declaration is current at the blank line, or
-<code>\par</code>, or displayed equation ending that paragraph. So to affect
-the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in the scope of
-the command.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1">sloppypar</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of \sloppy command.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+controlled by whichever declaration is current at the end of the
+paragraph, i.e., at the blank line or <code>\par</code> or displayed
+equation ending that paragraph. So to affect the line breaks, include
+that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
+</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1"><code>sloppypar</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="sloppypar"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="sloppypar">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="sloppypar-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></h4>
-<span id="index-sloppypar"></span>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-sloppypar"></span>
+<span id="index-sloppypar-environment-1"></span>
+
<span id="index-sloppypar-environment"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -9953,7 +9982,7 @@ Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up">\fussy &am
\end{sloppypar}
</pre></div>
-<p>Typeset the paragraphs with <code>\sloppy</code> in effect (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid
+<p>Typeset the paragraphs with <code>\sloppy</code> in effect (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"><code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></a>). Use this to locally adjust line breaking, to avoid
&lsquo;<samp>Overfull box</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>Underfull box</samp>&rsquo; errors.
</p>
<p>The example is simple.
@@ -9975,9 +10004,12 @@ Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up">\fussy &am
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005chyphenation"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005chyphenation">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
@@ -10001,13 +10033,17 @@ hyphenation with a dash character, <code>-</code>.
</pre></div>
<p>Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate.
+exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code>
+commands accumulate.
</p>
+
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
@@ -10031,12 +10067,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</
</pre></div>
<p>Encourage or discourage a line break. The optional <var>zero-to-four</var>
-is an integer that allows you to soften the instruction. The default is
-4, so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force
-or prevent the break. But for instance, <code>\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a
-suggestion that another place may be better. The higher the number, the
-more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+is an integer lying between 0 and 4 that allows you to soften the
+instruction. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument
+these commands entirely force or prevent the break. But for instance,
+<code>\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a suggestion that another place may be better.
+The higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands
+are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Here we tell LaTeX that a good place to put a linebreak is after the
standard legal text.
@@ -10048,15 +10084,17 @@ underrepresented groups.
</pre></div>
<p>When you issue <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched
-out so that it extends to the right margin. See <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>
-and&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>, to have the spaces not stretched out.
+out so that the break point reaches the right margin. See <a href="#g_t_005c_005c"><code>\\</code></a>
+and&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>, to have the spaces not stretched out.
</p>
-
<hr>
-<span id="Page-breaking"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Page-breaking">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2>
@@ -10092,22 +10130,19 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Layout">Layout</a>, for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page; eject floats.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2">\newpage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3">\enlargethispage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1"><code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2"><code>\newpage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4"><code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
@@ -10135,7 +10170,7 @@ page then LaTeX will put in extra pages containing only floats. In
two-sided printing, <code>\cleardoublepage</code> also makes the next page of
content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting
a blank page. The <code>\clearpage</code> command is robust while
-<code>\cleardoublepage</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<code>\cleardoublepage</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
@@ -10156,7 +10191,7 @@ page, use this command.
<p>If you want LaTeX&rsquo;s standard <code>\chapter</code> command to do this then
add the line <code>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</code>.
</p>
-<p>The command <code>\newpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>) also ends the current
+<p>The command <code>\newpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>) also ends the current
page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if LaTeX is in
two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while
<code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> end the current page.
@@ -10164,9 +10199,11 @@ two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewpage"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewpage">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
@@ -10180,7 +10217,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispa
<pre class="example">\newpage
</pre></div>
-<p>End the current page. This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>End the current page. This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s page breaks are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
@@ -10188,12 +10225,12 @@ commands.
</p>
<p>While the commands <code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> also
end the current page, in addition they clear pending floats
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>). And, if LaTeX is in
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>). And, if LaTeX is in
two-column mode then <code>\clearpage</code> and <code>\cleardoublepage</code> end
the current page, possibly leaving an empty column, while
<code>\newpage</code> only ends the current column.
</p>
-<p>In contrast with <code>\pagebreak</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>),
+<p>In contrast with <code>\pagebreak</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a>),
the <code>\newpage</code> command will cause the new page to start right where
requested. This
</p>
@@ -10211,9 +10248,11 @@ stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cenlargethispage">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newpage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
@@ -10229,7 +10268,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="nex
<p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page. The required
argument <var>size</var> must be a rigid length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It may be
-positive or negative. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+positive or negative. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>A common strategy is to wait until you have the final text of a
document, and then pass through it tweaking line and page breaks. This
@@ -10248,9 +10287,11 @@ explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
@@ -10279,7 +10320,7 @@ so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or
prevent the break. But for instance <code>\nopagebreak[1]</code> suggests to
LaTeX that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number,
the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
@@ -10302,14 +10343,25 @@ addition, with <code>\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is
stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom
margin. This can look strange, and if <code>\flushbottom</code> is in effect
this can cause you to get &lsquo;<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>, for a command that
+occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>, for a command that
does not have these effects.
</p>
+<span id="index-_005csamepage"></span>
+<span id="index-samepage-environment"></span>
+<p>(There is an obsolete declaration <code>\samepage</code>, which tries to only
+allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
+<code>samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
+more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
+<a href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk">https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</a>.)
+</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Footnotes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Footnotes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Footnotes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2>
@@ -10334,26 +10386,21 @@ circumstances.
<p>To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to
include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>).
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert a footnote.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2">\footnotemark</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote mark only.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote text only.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter or section titles.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table footnotes.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Multiple classes of footnotes.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1"><code>\footnote</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2"><code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3"><code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cfootnote"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnote">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>
@@ -10387,7 +10434,7 @@ the footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the
<p>By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
this with something like
<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which
-uses a sequence of symbols (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If
+uses a sequence of symbols (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If
you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
<code>\setcounter{footnote}{0}</code>.
</p>
@@ -10397,9 +10444,7 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
<span id="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\footnoterule</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfootnoterule"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfootnoterule'><span><code>\footnoterule</code><a href='#index-_005cfootnoterule' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="footnote-footnoterule"></span><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&rsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
@@ -10414,11 +10459,10 @@ Change the rule with something like this.
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\footnotesep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfootnotesep"></span>
-</dt>
-<dd><span id="footnote-footnotesep"></span><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
+<dt id='index-_005cfootnotesep'><span><code>\footnotesep</code><a href='#index-_005cfootnotesep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="footnote-footnotesep"></span><span id="index-strut"></span>
+<p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no
extra space between footnotes. This is &lsquo;<samp>6.65pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>7.7pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>8.4pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change
@@ -10427,7 +10471,7 @@ it as with <code>\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}</code>.
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>The <code>\footnote</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>The <code>\footnote</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
<code>\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
@@ -10441,13 +10485,15 @@ following sections.
<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
environment, not at the bottom of the page. And by default they are
-shown alphabetically. See <a href="#minipage">minipage</a> and <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>.
+shown alphabetically. See <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a> and <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotemark">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnote</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>
@@ -10461,15 +10507,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>
</pre></div>
<p>Put the current footnote mark in the text. To specify associated text
-for the footnote see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>. The optional argument
+for the footnote see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>. The optional argument
<var>number</var> causes the command to use that number to determine the
footnote mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode
(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
-increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional <var>number</var>
-then it does not. The next example produces several consecutive footnote
-markers referring to the same footnote.
+increments the <code>footnote</code> counter, but if you use the optional
+<var>number</var> then it does not. The next example produces several
+consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.}
@@ -10477,10 +10523,11 @@ and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
</pre></div>
-<p>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of the
-common mark. This example gives the same institutional affiliation to
-both the first and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of
-<code>footnote</code>), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
+<p>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of
+the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
+institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors
+(<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>\footnote</code>), by-hand giving the
+number of the footnote.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
@@ -10510,7 +10557,7 @@ Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref"></span>
<span id="index-hyperref-package"></span>
-<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <samp>cleveref</samp>.
+<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <code>cleveref</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble
@@ -10524,13 +10571,15 @@ But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></span>
<span id="index-hyperref-package-1"></span>
-<p>It will work with the package <samp>hyperref</samp>.
+<p>It will work with the package <code>hyperref</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfootnotetext">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>
@@ -10544,19 +10593,21 @@ Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnote
</pre></div>
<p>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. It pairs with
-<code>\footnotemark</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>) and can come anywhere after
+<code>\footnotemark</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>) and can come anywhere after
that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the number of the footnote
mark.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a> and&nbsp;<a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>, for usage
+<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a> and&nbsp;<a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>, for usage
examples.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Footnotes-in-section-headings"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Footnotes-in-section-headings">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
@@ -10585,7 +10636,9 @@ what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Footnotes-in-a-table"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Footnotes-in-a-table">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -10596,7 +10649,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of fo
<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a
-<code>minipage</code> environment as here (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
+<code>minipage</code> environment as here (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
@@ -10607,7 +10660,7 @@ the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a
\textit{HMS Polychrest} &amp;Post Captain \\
\textit{HMS Lively} &amp;Post Captain \\
\textit{HMS Surprise} &amp;A number of books\footnote{%
- Starting with HMS Surprise.}
+ Starting with \textit{HMS Surprise}.}
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
@@ -10616,7 +10669,7 @@ the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a
<p>Inside a <code>minipage</code>, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change
that with something like
<code>\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>).
</p>
<p>The footnotes in the prior example appear at the bottom of the
<code>minipage</code>. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as
@@ -10644,8 +10697,11 @@ part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (see <a href="#table">table</a>), use the
-<samp>tablefootnote</samp> package.
+<span id="index-package_002c-tablefootnote"></span>
+<span id="index-tablefootnote-package"></span>
+
+<p>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>), use the
+<code>tablefootnote</code> package.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble
@@ -10668,7 +10724,9 @@ other footnotes.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Footnotes-of-footnotes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Footnotes-of-footnotes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -10681,7 +10739,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in
<p>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
-<samp>bigfoot</samp> extends LaTeX&rsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
+<code>bigfoot</code> extends LaTeX&rsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -10691,14 +10749,17 @@ ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the
second.\footnotefrom{%
- First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
+ Noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<span id="Definitions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Definitions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2>
@@ -10706,40 +10767,28 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr
<p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">(Re)define a new command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2">\providecommand</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new command, if name not used.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4">\@ifstar</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5">\newcounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6">\newlength</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7">\newsavebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9">\newtheorem</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discard extra spaces.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a macro, conditionally.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2"><code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3"><code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4"><code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6"><code>\newlength</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7"><code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8"><code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9"><code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>
@@ -10785,15 +10834,15 @@ multiple paragraphs.
<p>These are the parameters:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>cmd</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>cmd</var></span></dt>
<dd>
-<p>Required; the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>,
-and must not begin with the four letter string <code>\end</code>. For
+<p>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>,
+and must not begin with the four character string <code>\end</code>. For
<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined. For
<code>\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>nargs</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments
that the command takes, including any optional argument. Omitting this
argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that the command has no
@@ -10801,7 +10850,7 @@ arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a
different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>optargdefault</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>optargdefault</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargsdefault</var> is not present
@@ -10822,7 +10871,7 @@ square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former sets
to the empty string.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>defn</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>defn</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code>. The parameters <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>,
... <code>#<var>nargs</var></code> are replaced by the values that you supply when
@@ -10832,10 +10881,11 @@ argument and you don&rsquo;t exercise the option).
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>TeX ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
-sequence, as in &lsquo;<samp>\cmd </samp>&rsquo;. If you actually want a space there, one
-solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd{} </samp>&rsquo;, and
-another solution is to use an explicit control space (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd\ </samp>&rsquo;).
+<p>TeX ignores blanks in the source following a control word
+(see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), as in &lsquo;<samp>\cmd </samp>&rsquo;. If you actually want a
+space there, one solution is to type <code>{}</code> after the command
+(&lsquo;<samp>\cmd{} </samp>&rsquo;, and another solution is to use an explicit control
+space (&lsquo;<samp>\cmd\ </samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
<p>A simple example of defining a new command:
<code>\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}</code> results in <code>\RS</code> being
@@ -10848,8 +10898,8 @@ defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;. If you
to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get
something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: \hank undefined</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>Here the first command definition has no arguments, and the second has
-one required argument.
+<p>Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and the
+second, one with one required argument.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary}
@@ -10857,7 +10907,7 @@ one required argument.
</pre></div>
<p>Use the first as in <code>I highly recommend \student{} to you</code>. The
-second has a variable, so that <code>\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to
+second has a variable argument, so that <code>\defref{def:basis}</code> expands to
<code>Definition~\ref{def:basis}</code>, which ultimately expands to
something like &lsquo;<samp>Definition~3.14</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -10902,10 +10952,56 @@ is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
<code>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</code>.
</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Control-sequences" accesskey="1">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Control-sequences">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Control-sequence_002c-control-word-and-control-symbol"></span><h4 class="subsection">12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol</h4>
+
+<p>When reading input TeX converts the sequences of read characters into
+a sequence of <em>tokens</em>. When TeX sees a backslash <code>\</code>, it
+will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a
+<em>control sequence</em> token.
+</p>
+<p>The control sequences fall into two categories:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> <em>control word</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<code>\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one
+blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the
+<em>control sequence name</em>.
+</li><li> <em>control symbol</em>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<code>\</code> followed by one non-letter character.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any
+whitespace in the output (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a> and
+<a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>).
+</p>
+<p>Just as the <code>\relax</code> command does nothing, the following will print
+&lsquo;<samp>Hello!</samp>&rsquo;:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->
+ <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->lo!
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This is because blanks after <code>\relax</code>, including the newline are
+ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
+(see <a href="#Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cprovidecommand">
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>
@@ -10917,12 +11013,12 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand*{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
-\providecommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+<pre class="example">\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\providecommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
@@ -10930,14 +11026,14 @@ If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
as <code>\newcommand</code>. If a command of this name already exists then
this definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file
that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, for the description of the arguments.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>, for the description of the arguments.
</p>
<p>This example
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
-\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
-&gt;From \myaffiliation.
+\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV}
+From \myaffiliation.
</pre></div>
<p>outputs &lsquo;<samp>From Saint Michael's College</samp>&rsquo;. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code>,
@@ -10945,9 +11041,11 @@ the repeated use of <code>\providecommand</code> does not give an error.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@ifstar</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\providecommand</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></h3>
@@ -11009,9 +11107,11 @@ three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></h3>
@@ -11049,7 +11149,7 @@ arguments. In the synopsis these two are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and
different number, or no arguments at all. As always, in a LaTeX
document a command using an at-sign&nbsp;<code>@</code> in its name must be
enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
@@ -11092,11 +11192,11 @@ standard practice is not to insert any such spaces.
<span id="index-xparse-package-1"></span>
<p>There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of
-<code>\@ifstar</code>. (1)&nbsp;The <samp>suffix</samp> package allows the
+<code>\@ifstar</code>. (1)&nbsp;The <code>suffix</code> package allows the
construct <code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred-variant</var>}</code>
followed by
<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred-variant</var>}</code>.
-(2)&nbsp;LaTeX provides the <samp>xparse</samp> package, which allows
+(2)&nbsp;LaTeX provides the <code>xparse</code> package, which allows
this code:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -11108,9 +11208,11 @@ this code:
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewcounter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewcounter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@ifstar</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newlength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></span><h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
@@ -11136,8 +11238,8 @@ counter <var>countername</var> will be reset to zero whenever
<var>supercounter</var> is incremented. For example, ordinarily
<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code> so that any time you
increment <var>section</var>, either with <code>\stepcounter</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>), then LaTeX will reset <var>subsection</var> to
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>), then LaTeX will reset <var>subsection</var> to
zero.
</p>
<p>This example
@@ -11164,9 +11266,11 @@ defined.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewlength"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewlength">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
@@ -11179,15 +11283,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Pr
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newlength{<var>arg</var>}
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\<var>len</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Allocate a new length register (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The required argument
-<var>arg</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The new register holds
-rubber lengths such as <code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code>
-(a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code>
-register). The initial value is zero. The control sequence
-<code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not be already defined.
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as
+<code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (a LaTeX length
+register is what plain TeX calls a <code>skip</code> register). The
+initial value is zero. The control sequence <code>\<var>len</var></code> must not
+be already defined.
</p>
<p>An example:
</p>
@@ -11196,15 +11301,17 @@ register). The initial value is zero. The control sequence
</pre></div>
<p>If you forget the backslash then you get &lsquo;<samp>Missing control sequence
-inserted</samp>&rsquo;. If the command sequence already exists then you get
+inserted</samp>&rsquo;. If the control sequence already exists then you get
something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined.
Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewsavebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
@@ -11222,7 +11329,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n
material that has been typeset, to use multiple times or to measure or
manipulate (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). The bin name \<var>cmd</var> is required, must
start with a backslash, \, and must not already be a defined command.
-This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This allocates a bin and then puts typeset material into it.
</p>
@@ -11242,9 +11349,11 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
@@ -11285,7 +11394,7 @@ contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
environments can contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>env</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>env</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the
<code>*</code> character, and thus does not begin with backslash, <code>\</code>.
It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For
@@ -11295,7 +11404,7 @@ must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be t
name of an existing environment.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>nargs</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>nargs</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
that the environment takes. When you use the environment these
arguments appear after the <code>\begin</code>, as in
@@ -11305,7 +11414,7 @@ arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have a
different number of arguments than the old version.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>optargdefault</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>optargdefault</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; if this is present then the first argument of the defined
environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var> (which
may be the empty string). If this is not in the definition then the
@@ -11326,7 +11435,7 @@ in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>begdef</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>begdef</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
<code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>. Within <var>begdef</var>, the parameters
<code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, ... <code>#<var>nargs</var></code>, are replaced by the
@@ -11334,7 +11443,7 @@ values that you supply when you call the environment; see the examples
below.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>enddef</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>enddef</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
<code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. This may not contain any parameters, that is,
you cannot use <code>#1</code>, <code>#2</code>, etc., here (but see the final
@@ -11397,7 +11506,7 @@ the document, use the environment like this.
</pre></div>
<p>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in
-<var>enddef</var>, in this case in a box (see <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>).
+<var>enddef</var>, in this case in a box (see <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}
@@ -11412,9 +11521,11 @@ the document, use the environment like this.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewtheorem">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\newfont</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
@@ -11454,26 +11565,26 @@ environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
<p>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>. In addition, unless
the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, inside of the
theorem-like environment the current <code>\ref</code> value will be that of
-<code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>).
+<code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>This declaration is global. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>This declaration is global. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Arguments:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>name</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>name</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the environment. It is a string of letters. It must not
begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. It must not be the name of an
existing environment, and the command name <code>\<var>name</var></code> must not
already be defined.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>title</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>title</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>The text to be printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
number. For example, &lsquo;<samp>Theorem</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>numbered_within</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>numbered_within</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a sectional
unit such as <code>chapter</code> or <code>section</code>. When the
<var>numbered_within</var> counter is reset then the <var>name</var> environment&rsquo;s
@@ -11483,7 +11594,7 @@ counter will also be reset.
<code>\the<var>name</var></code> is set to <code>\arabic{<var>name</var>}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>numbered_like</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>numbered_like</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; the name of an already defined theorem-like environment. The
new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var>numbered_like</var>.
</p>
@@ -11554,9 +11665,11 @@ by &lsquo;<samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewfont"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cnewfont">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\protect</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
@@ -11601,9 +11714,11 @@ relative to the font&rsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cprotect"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cprotect">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newfont</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cprotect-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.11 <code>\protect</code></h3>
@@ -11631,9 +11746,9 @@ referred to as a
<em>moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of
moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{...}</code>
-command (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>), in the <code>\thanks{...}</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>), and in @-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and
-<code>array</code> environments (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>).
+command (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>), in the <code>\thanks{...}</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>), and in @-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and
+<code>array</code> environments (see <a href="#tabular"><code>tabular</code></a>).
</p>
<p>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
preceding it with <code>\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be
@@ -11670,9 +11785,11 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\protect</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
@@ -11693,11 +11810,12 @@ Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Pre
<pre class="example">\ignorespacesafterend
</pre></div>
-<p>Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the
-command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command
-from plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
+<p>Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore blanks (that is, characters of
+catcode&nbsp;10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the
+command up to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a
+command from plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
</p>
-<p>The <code>ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
+<p>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The
example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values
for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as
@@ -11719,7 +11837,7 @@ the command and the question text.
\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}
</pre></div>
-<p>A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The
+<p>A second example shows blanks being removed from the front of text. The
commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But,
as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that.
@@ -11742,7 +11860,7 @@ at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, as in
<code>\begin{newenvironment}{<var>env
name</var>}{... \ignorespaces}{...}</code>.
</p>
-<p>To strip spaces off the end of an environment use
+<p>To strip blanks off the end of an environment use
<code>\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much
larger vertical space between the first and second environments than
between the second and third.
@@ -11767,13 +11885,18 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="xspace-package"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="xspace-package">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="xspace-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.13 xspace package</h3>
<span id="index-_005cxspace"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-xspace"></span>
+<span id="index-xspace-package"></span>
+
<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1"></span>
<span id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1"></span>
@@ -11785,13 +11908,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" access
\newcommand{...}{...\xspace}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command, adds a
-space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation characters.
+<p>The <code>\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command definition,
+adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
+characters.
</p>
-<p>After a command name that uses letters (as opposed to single character
-command names using non-letters such as <code>\$</code>), TeX gobbles white
-space. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output has &lsquo;<samp>Vermont</samp>&rsquo;
-placed snugly against the period, without any intervening space.
+<p>After a command control sequence that is a control word (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code>\$</code>), TeX
+gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
+has &lsquo;<samp>Vermont</samp>&rsquo; placed snugly against the period, without any
+intervening space.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
@@ -11799,15 +11923,16 @@ Our college is in \VT .
The \VT{} summers are nice.
</pre></div>
-<p>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the dummy curly
+<p>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly
braces or else there would be no space separating &lsquo;<samp>Vermont</samp>&rsquo; from
-&lsquo;<samp>summers</samp>&rsquo;. (Many authors instead instead use a backslash-space
-<code>\ </code> for this. See <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a>.)
+&lsquo;<samp>summers</samp>&rsquo;. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space
+<code>\ </code> for this. See <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>.)
</p>
-<p>The <samp>xspace</samp> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing
-commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It inserts a
-space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
-exceptions. In this example, the dummy braces are not needed.
+<p>The <code>xspace</code> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing
+commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place
+at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space
+after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
+exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace}
@@ -11818,21 +11943,25 @@ Our college is in \VT .
<p>The default exception list contains the characters <code>,.'/?;:!~-)</code>,
the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
and the commands <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotemark</code>. Add to that
-list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code> and remove
-from that list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>.
+list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code> which adds
+<code>\myfni</code> and&nbsp;<code>\myfnii</code> to the list, and remove from that
+list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>.
</p>
<p>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code>\xspace</code>. Putting it in
a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
-But it isn&rsquo;t easy to predict when to enter dummy braces because
+But it isn&rsquo;t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
<code>\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so <code>\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more
-error-prone than instead always remembering the dummy braces.
+error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Counters"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Counters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Counters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2>
@@ -11849,6 +11978,23 @@ track of the chapter number.
<p>Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX&rsquo;s standard document
classes to control numbering.
</p>
+<span id="index-part-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-chapter-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-section-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-subsection-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-subsubsection-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-subparagraph-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-page-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-figure-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-table-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-footnote-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-mpfootnote-counter-1"></span>
+<span id="index-enumi-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-enumii-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-enumiii-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-enumiv-counter"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
@@ -11858,39 +12004,32 @@ subsubsection
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code>\footnote</code> command
-inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>). The counters <code>enumi</code>
+inside of a minipage (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>). The counters <code>enumi</code>
through <code>enumiv</code> are used in the <code>enumerate</code> environment, for
-up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
+up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Counters can have any integer value but they are typically positive.
</p>
-<p>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.
-</p>
-
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print value of a counter.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a counter.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a counter.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<p>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.
+</p>
+
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2"><code>\usecounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3"><code>\value</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4"><code>\setcounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5"><code>\addtocounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7"><code>\stepcounter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8"><code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></span><h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
@@ -11906,47 +12045,35 @@ instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. Note that the counter name does not
start with a backslash.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &lsquo;a&rsquo;, &lsquo;b&rsquo;,
<small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter&rsquo;s value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter
too large.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as &lsquo;<samp>5</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>-2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &lsquo;i&rsquo;, &lsquo;ii&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &lsquo;I&rsquo;, &lsquo;II&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d'><span><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
<var>counter</var> should be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive. If the
@@ -11957,16 +12084,16 @@ warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
<p>Here are the symbols:
</p>
<table>
-<thead><tr><th width="10%">Number</th><th width="30%">Name</th><th width="30%">Command</th><th width="30%">Symbol</th></tr></thead>
-<tr><td width="10%">1</td><td width="30%">asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast</code></td><td width="30%">*</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">2</td><td width="30%">dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2020;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">3</td><td width="30%">ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2021;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">4</td><td width="30%">section-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\S</code></td><td width="30%">&#x00A7;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">5</td><td width="30%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\P</code></td><td width="30%">&#x00B6;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">6</td><td width="30%">double-vert</td><td width="30%"><code>\parallel</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2016;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">7</td><td width="30%">double-asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast\ast</code></td><td width="30%">**</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">8</td><td width="30%">double-dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2020;&#x2020;</td></tr>
-<tr><td width="10%">9</td><td width="30%">double-ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="30%">&#x2021;&#x2021;</td></tr>
+<thead><tr><th width="11%">Number</th><th width="30%">Name</th><th width="30%">Command</th><th width="28%">Symbol</th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="11%">1</td><td width="30%">asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast</code></td><td width="28%">*</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">2</td><td width="30%">dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">&#x2020;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">3</td><td width="30%">ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">&#x2021;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">4</td><td width="30%">section-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\S</code></td><td width="28%">&#x00A7;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">5</td><td width="30%">paragraph-sign</td><td width="30%"><code>\P</code></td><td width="28%">&#x00B6;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">6</td><td width="30%">double-vert</td><td width="30%"><code>\parallel</code></td><td width="28%">&#x2016;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">7</td><td width="30%">double-asterisk</td><td width="30%"><code>\ast\ast</code></td><td width="28%">**</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">8</td><td width="30%">double-dagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\dagger\dagger</code></td><td width="28%">&#x2020;&#x2020;</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">9</td><td width="30%">double-ddagger</td><td width="30%"><code>\ddagger\ddagger</code></td><td width="28%">&#x2021;&#x2021;</td></tr>
</table>
</dd>
@@ -11974,9 +12101,11 @@ warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cusecounter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cusecounter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\value</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cusecounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></h3>
@@ -11991,12 +12120,12 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a
</pre></div>
<p>Used in the second argument of the <code>list</code> environment
-(see <a href="#list">list</a>), this declares that list items will be numbered by
+(see <a href="#list"><code>list</code></a>), this declares that list items will be numbered by
<var>counter</var>. It initializes <var>counter</var> to zero, and arranges that
when <code>\item</code> is called without its optional argument then
<var>counter</var> is incremented by <code>\refstepcounter</code>, making its value
-be the current <code>ref</code> value (see <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>). This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+be the current <code>ref</code> value (see <a href="#g_t_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>). This command is fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Put in the document preamble, this example makes a new list environment
enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>:
@@ -12014,9 +12143,11 @@ enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>:
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cvalue"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvalue">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\setcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\usecounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cvalue-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value</code></h3>
@@ -12045,12 +12176,12 @@ Other counter is \arabic{other}.
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the
-counter. For that, see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>.
+counter. For that, see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>.
</p>
<p>It is often used in <code>\setcounter</code> or <code>\addtocounter</code> but
<code>\value</code> can be used anywhere that LaTeX expects a number, such
as in <code>\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}</code>. It must not be
-preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example inserts <code>\hspace{4\parindent}</code>.
</p>
@@ -12061,9 +12192,11 @@ preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csetcounter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csetcounter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\value</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csetcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></h3>
@@ -12092,9 +12225,11 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005caddtocounter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddtocounter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\setcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></h3>
@@ -12119,9 +12254,11 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005crefstepcounter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></h3>
@@ -12134,9 +12271,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>,
</pre></div>
<p>Globally increments the value of <var>counter</var> by one, as does
-<code>\stepcounter</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>). The difference is that this
+<code>\stepcounter</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>). The difference is that this
command resets the value of any counter numbered within it. (For the
-definition of &ldquo;counters numbered within&rdquo;, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
+definition of &ldquo;counters numbered within&rdquo;, see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.)
</p>
<p>In addition, this command also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value
to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.
@@ -12146,9 +12283,11 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cstepcounter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstepcounter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></h3>
@@ -12162,18 +12301,20 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel=
<p>Globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and resets all counters numbered
within it. (For the definition of &ldquo;counters numbered within&rdquo;,
-see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
+see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a>.)
</p>
<p>This command differs from <code>\refstepcounter</code> in that this one does
not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
<code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></h3>
@@ -12183,10 +12324,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stepcounter</
<p>LaTeX defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month
(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of
-the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and year <code>\year</code>.
-When TeX starts up, they are set from the current values on the
-system. The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string
-representing the current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
+the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and <code>\year</code> for
+the year. When TeX starts up, they are set from the current values
+on the system. The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string
+representing the current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>).
</p>
<p>They counters are not updated as the job progresses so in principle they
could be incorrect by the end. In addition, TeX does no sanity
@@ -12199,11 +12340,16 @@ check:
<p>gives no error or warning and results in the output &lsquo;<samp>-2, -4</samp>&rsquo; (the
bogus month value produces no output).
</p>
-
+<p>See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a>, to force the date to a given value from the
+command line.
+</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Lengths"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Lengths">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Lengths-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2>
@@ -12315,40 +12461,33 @@ the page.
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
-<p>TeX actually has three levels of infinity for glue components:
-<code>fil</code>, <code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more
-infinite than the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use
-the middle one (see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>).
+<p>TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: <code>fil</code>,
+<code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than
+the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one
+(see <a href="#g_t_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so
that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and
<code>\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}</code> then the value of
<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The units that LaTeX knows.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2">\setlength</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a length.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3">\addtolength</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a length.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4">\settodepth</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the depth of something.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5">\settoheight</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the height of something.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6">\settowidth</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the width of something.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="7">\stretch</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add infinite stretchability.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="8">Expressions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Compute with lengths and integers.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2"><code>\setlength</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3"><code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4"><code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5"><code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6"><code>\settowidth</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="7"><code>\stretch</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#Expressions" accesskey="8">Expressions</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Units-of-length"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Units-of-length">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Units-of-length-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3>
@@ -12358,93 +12497,99 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setlength</a>, Up:
math mode.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>pt</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-pt"></span>
-<span id="index-point"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-pt"></span><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units
-is 1point = 2.845mm = .2845cm.
+<dt id='index-pt'><span><code>pt</code><a href='#index-pt' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-point"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-pt"></span><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units
+is 1point = .35146mm = .035146cm.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>pc</code></dt>
+<dt id='index-pc'><span><code>pc</code><a href='#index-pc' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-pica"></span>
-<span id="index-pc"></span>
<span id="units-of-length-pc"></span><p>Pica, 12 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>in</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-in"></span>
-<span id="index-inch"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-in"></span><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
+<dt id='index-in'><span><code>in</code><a href='#index-in' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-inch"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-in"></span><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>bp</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-bp"></span>
-<span id="index-big-point"></span>
+<dt id='index-bp'><span><code>bp</code><a href='#index-bp' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-big-point"></span>
+<span id="index-PostScript-point"></span>
<span id="units-of-length-bp"></span><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>cm</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-centimeter"></span>
-<span id="index-cm"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-cm"></span><p>Centimeter
+<dt id='index-mm'><span><code>mm</code><a href='#index-mm' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-millimeter"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-mm"></span><p>Millimeter, 2.845 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>mm</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-millimeter"></span>
-<span id="index-mm"></span>
-<span id="units-of-length-mm"></span><p>Millimeter
+<dt id='index-cm'><span><code>cm</code><a href='#index-cm' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-centimeter"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-cm"></span><p>Centimeter, 10 mm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dd</code></dt>
+<dt id='index-dd'><span><code>dd</code><a href='#index-dd' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-didot-point"></span>
-<span id="index-dd"></span>
<span id="units-of-length-dd"></span><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>cc</code></dt>
+<dt id='index-cc'><span><code>cc</code><a href='#index-cc' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-cicero"></span>
-<span id="index-cc"></span>
<span id="units-of-length-cc"></span><p>Cicero, 12 dd
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>sp</code></dt>
+<dt id='index-sp'><span><code>sp</code><a href='#index-sp' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-scaled-point"></span>
-<span id="index-sp"></span>
<span id="units-of-length-sp"></span><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<p>Three other units are defined according to the current font, rather
+than being an absolute dimension.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt id='index-ex-1'><span><code>ex</code><a href='#index-ex-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-x_002dheight"></span>
<span id="index-ex"></span>
-<span id="index-x_002dheight"></span>
-<span id="index-ex-1"></span>
-<span id="index-m_002dwidth"></span>
-<span id="index-em"></span>
-<span id="index-em-1"></span>
-<span id="Lengths_002fem"></span><span id="Lengths_002fen"></span><span id="Lengths_002fex"></span><span id="units-of-length-em"></span><span id="units-of-length-en"></span><span id="units-of-length-ex"></span><p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
-the font. The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the
+<span id="Lengths_002fex"></span><span id="units-of-length-ex"></span><p>The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the
height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
-lengths. Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
-letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths (there is also
-<code>\enspace</code>, which is <code>0.5em</code>). Use of these can help make a
-definition work better across font changes. For example, a definition
-of the vertical space between list items given as
-<code>\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}</code> is more
-likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
-given in points.
+lengths.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt id='index-em-1'><span><code>em</code><a href='#index-em-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-m_002dwidth"></span>
+<span id="index-em"></span>
+<span id="Lengths_002fem"></span><span id="units-of-length-em"></span><p>Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
+letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths. This is also often
+the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10pt font will
+have 1em = 10pt. LaTeX has several commands to produce
+horizontal spaces based on the em (see <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></span>
-<span id="index-mu"></span>
-<p>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
-<em>mu</em> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
-math symbols family. See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
+</dd>
+<dt id='index-mu'><span><code>mu</code><a href='#index-mu' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-mu"></span><p>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms
+of the math unit <em>mu</em>, defined by 1em = 18mu, where the
+em is taken from the current math symbols family. See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Using these units can help make a definition work better across font
+changes. For example, a definition of the vertical space between list
+items given as <code>\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus
+0.01ex}</code> is more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed
+than a definition given in points.
+</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csetlength"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csetlength">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtolength</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csetlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>
@@ -12454,13 +12599,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>,
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name <var>len</var>
-must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The <code>amount</code> can be a
-rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero,
-and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> can be a rubber length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
+any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
</p>
<p>Below, with LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults the first paragraph will be indented
while the second will not.
@@ -12472,19 +12618,19 @@ while the second will not.
He said stop going to those places.
</pre></div>
-<p>If you did not declare <var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
-you mistype the above as
+<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+you mistype it as in
<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
then you get an error like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
\sepcindent</samp>&rsquo;. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name
-then you get an error like &lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be
-read again&gt; \relax l.19 \setlength{specparindent}{0.6\parindent}</samp>&rsquo;
+then you get an error like &lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero.</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005caddtolength"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddtolength">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settodepth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\setlength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>
@@ -12494,13 +12640,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Pr
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtolength{<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
+<pre class="example">\addtolength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Increment the length <var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name
-<var>len</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The <code>amount</code> is a
-rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero,
-and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
+<p>Increment the length \<var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> is a rubber length
+(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
+any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>).
</p>
<p>Below, if <code>\parskip</code> starts with the value <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>
</p>
@@ -12513,19 +12660,24 @@ Nurse: no change.
<p>then it has the value <code>1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph.
</p>
-<p>If you did not declare the length <var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if
-for example you mistype the above as
+<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+you mistype it as in
+<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
+then you get an error like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
+\sepcindent</samp>&rsquo;. If the <var>amount</var> uses some length that has not been
+declared, for instance if for example you mistype the above as
<code>\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}</code>, then you get
something like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \praindent</samp>&rsquo;.
-If you leave off the backslash at the start of <var>len</var>, as in
+If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}</code>, then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csettodepth"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettodepth">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settoheight</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtolength</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>
@@ -12534,14 +12686,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>,
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settodepth{<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\settodepth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
-<p>This will show how low the character descenders go.
+<p>This will print how low the character descenders go.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetdepth}
@@ -12549,18 +12702,20 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetdepth
</pre></div>
-<p>If you did not set aside the length <var>len</var>, if for example you
+<p>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if for example you
mistype the above as <code>\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}</code>,
then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
-\aplhabetdepth</samp>&rsquo;. If you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+\aplhabetdepth</samp>&rsquo;. If you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}</code> then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csettoheight"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettoheight">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\settowidth</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settodepth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>
@@ -12569,14 +12724,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Pr
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settoheight{<var>len</var>}{text}
+<pre class="example">\settoheight{\<var>len</var>}{text}
</pre></div>
-<p>Sets the length <var>len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<p>Sets the length \<var>len</var> to the height of box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
-<p>This will show how high the characters go.
+<p>This will print how high the characters go.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetheight}
@@ -12584,19 +12740,21 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetheight
</pre></div>
-<p>If no such length <var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if
+<p>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if
for example you mistype as
<code>\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetheight</samp>&rsquo;. If
-you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}</code> then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csettowidth"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csettowidth">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stretch</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stretch</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settoheight</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csettowidth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></h3>
@@ -12605,14 +12763,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stretch</a>, Previous
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\settowidth{<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+<pre class="example">\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Set the length <var>len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
-typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<p>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on
+typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (see <a href="#Control-sequences">Control sequence, control word and control symbol</a>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</p>
-<p>This measures the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
+<p>This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
@@ -12620,18 +12779,21 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetwidth
</pre></div>
-<p>If no such length <var>len</var> has been set aside, if for example you
-mistype the above as <code>\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>,
-then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
-\aplhabetwidth</samp>&rsquo;. If you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<p>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>,
+if for example you mistype the above as
+<code>\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
+like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \aplhabetwidth</samp>&rsquo;. If
+you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}</code> then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cstretch"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstretch">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settowidth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\settowidth</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cstretch-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.7 <code>\stretch</code></h3>
@@ -12646,7 +12808,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous:
<p>Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and <var>number</var> times
<code>\fill</code> units of stretchability (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The
<var>number</var> can be positive or negative. This command is robust
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>It works for both vertical and horizontal spacing. In this horizontal
example, LaTeX produces three tick marks, and the distance between
@@ -12679,9 +12841,11 @@ We dedicate this book to our wives.
<hr>
-<span id="Expressions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Expressions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stretch</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\stretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Expressions-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.8 Expressions</h3>
@@ -12766,17 +12930,18 @@ parentheses to be affected by a factor. So <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus
<p>TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when
doing register assignment. Thus <code>\the\numexpr\dimexpr
1pt\relax\relax</code> will result in &lsquo;<samp>65536</samp>&rsquo;, which is <code>1pt</code>
-converted to scaled points (TeX&rsquo;s internal unit) and then coerced
-into an integer. With a <code>\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink
-would be dropped. Going the other way, a <code>\numexpr</code> inside a
-<code>\dimexpr</code> or <code>\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in
+converted to scaled points (see <a href="#units-of-length-sp"><code>sp</code></a>,
+TeX&rsquo;s internal unit) and then coerced into an integer. With a
+<code>\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink would be dropped. Going
+the other way, a <code>\numexpr</code> inside a <code>\dimexpr</code> or
+<code>\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in
<code>\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax</code>, which produces
&lsquo;<samp>3.0pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>The details of the arithmetic: each factor is checked to be in the
-allowed range, numbers must be less than <em>2^{31}</em> in absolute
+allowed range, numbers must be less than <em class='math'>2^{31}</em> in absolute
value, and dimensions or glue components must be less than
-<em>2^{14}</em> points, or <code>mu</code>, or <code>fil</code>, etc. The
+<em class='math'>2^{14}</em> points, or <code>mu</code>, or <code>fil</code>, etc. The
arithmetic operations are performed individually, except for a scaling
operation (a multiplication immediately followed by a division) which
is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit product as
@@ -12791,9 +12956,12 @@ because it rounds <code>3/2</code> to <code>2</code>, while
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Making-paragraphs"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Making-paragraphs">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Making-paragraphs-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
@@ -12801,8 +12969,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previ
<span id="index-paragraphs"></span>
<p>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
-paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by
-two empty lines.
+paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the
+separation of which is made by two empty lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
@@ -12817,15 +12985,35 @@ of some one or other of their daughters.
``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
</pre></div>
-<p>The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
-character, <code>%</code>.
+<p>A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank
+line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank
+line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as
+space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code>%</code> and
+span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns
+are identical:
</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+\begin{document}
+First paragraph.
+
+Second paragraph.
+\newpage
+First paragraph.
+
+ % separator lines may contain blank characters.
+
+Second paragraph.
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+
<p>Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph&rsquo;s contents it divides that
content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
(see <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>).
</p>
<p>There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don&rsquo;t put a
-blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the line before the
+blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the blank line before the
<code>\end{equation}</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -12836,7 +13024,7 @@ blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the line before t
</pre></div>
<p>will get you the error &lsquo;<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>&rsquo;. Similarly, the blank
-line in this <code>section</code> argument
+line in this <code>\section</code> argument
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\section{aaa
@@ -12848,30 +13036,27 @@ bbb}
complete</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1">\par</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">End the current paragraph.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put remarks in the margin.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1"><code>\par</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2"><code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3"><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cpar"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpar">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\indent &amp; \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cpar-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3>
<span id="index-_005cpar"></span>
<span id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></span>
-<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two
-consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
+<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts any sequence
+of one or more blank lines to a <code>\par</code>, <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\par
@@ -12879,7 +13064,7 @@ consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
<p>End the current paragraph. The usual way to separate paragraphs is with
a blank line but the <code>\par</code> command is entirely equivalent. This
-command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example uses <code>\par</code> rather than a blank line simply for
readability.
@@ -12889,23 +13074,24 @@ readability.
\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
</pre></div>
-<p>In LR mode or a vertical mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing but
-it terminates paragraph mode, switching LaTeX to vertical mode
-(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
+<p>In LR mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing and is ignored. In
+paragraph mode, the <code>\par</code> command terminates paragraph mode,
+switching LaTeX to vertical mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
<p>You cannot use the <code>\par</code> command in a math mode. You also cannot
-use it in the argument of many commands, such as the <code>\section</code>
-command (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).
+use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectioning
+commands, e.g. <code>\section</code> (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and
+<a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as the <code>\paragraph</code>
command. The latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a
-sectioning unit used by the standard LaTeX documents
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>).
+sectioning command used by the LaTeX document standard classes
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as <code>\newline</code> or the line
break double backslash, <code>\\</code>. The difference is that <code>\par</code>
ends the paragraph, not just the line, and also triggers the addition of
-the between-paragraph vertical space <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>).
+the between-paragraph vertical space <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The output from this example
</p>
@@ -12926,9 +13112,11 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3&nbsp;inches and then
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\par</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\par</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></h3>
@@ -12951,10 +13139,10 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\
<p>Go into horizontal mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The <code>\indent</code> command
first outputs an empty box whose width is <code>\parindent</code>. These
-commands are robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+commands are robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a>, for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
+See <a href="#g_t_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>, for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
paragraph, use <code>\noindent</code>.
</p>
@@ -12985,7 +13173,7 @@ because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The
<p>To omit indentation in the entire document put
<code>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</code> in the preamble. If you do that,
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
-<code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>).
+<code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></span>
<span id="index-indentfirst-package-5"></span>
@@ -12996,9 +13184,11 @@ look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent &amp; \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></h3>
@@ -13017,7 +13207,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Pre
<p>Both are rubber lengths (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They affect the
indentation of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside
-minipages (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>), and the vertical space between
+minipages (see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>), and the vertical space between
paragraphs, respectively.
</p>
<p>For example, if this is put in the preamble:
@@ -13030,23 +13220,27 @@ paragraphs, respectively.
<p>The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead
are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase &lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<p>In standard LaTeX documents, the default value for <code>\parindent</code>
-in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the default text size is
-<code>10pt</code>, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for
-<code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. (These values
-are set before LaTeX calls <code>\normalfont</code> so <code>em</code> is derived
-from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a different font
-then to set <code>\parindent</code> in units matching that font, do
-<code>\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}</code>.)
+<p>In LaTeX standard class documents, the default value for
+<code>\parindent</code> in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the
+default text size is <code>10pt</code>, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and
+<code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>.
+(These values are set before LaTeX calls <code>\normalfont</code> so
+<code>em</code> is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use
+a different font then to set <code>\parindent</code> to 1em matching
+that font, put
+<code>\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}</code> in the
+preamble.)
</p>
<p>The default value for <code>\parskip</code> in LaTeX&rsquo;s standard document
-styles is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
+classes is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Marginal-notes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Marginal-notes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Marginal-notes-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
@@ -13092,23 +13286,17 @@ hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with
<p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginparpush-2"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparpush-2'><span><code>\marginparpush</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparpush-2' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></span><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<samp>7pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;
documents, &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; else. See also&nbsp;<a href="#page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\marginparsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginparsep"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparsep'><span><code>\marginparsep</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparsep' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
&lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; else.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarginparwidth-2'><span><code>\marginparwidth</code><a href='#index-_005cmarginparwidth-2' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></span><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; document
is &lsquo;<samp>90pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>83pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>68pt</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<samp>17pt</samp>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document.
@@ -13122,9 +13310,12 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Math-formulas"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Math-formulas">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Math-formulas-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>
@@ -13200,41 +13391,13 @@ either:
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>(see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>, see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). The only difference is that
+<p>(see <a href="#displaymath"><code>displaymath</code></a>, see <a href="#equation"><code>equation</code></a>). The only difference is that
with the <code>equation</code> environment, LaTeX puts a formula number
alongside the formula. The construct <code>\[ <var>math</var> \]</code> is
equivalent to <code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var>
\end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph
mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<span id="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></span>
-<p>The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences.
-One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display
-math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer
-together.
-</p>
-<p>Sometimes you want the display math typographical treatment to happen in
-the inline math mode. For this, the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration
-forces the size and style of the formula to be that of
-<code>displaymath</code>. Thus <code>\(\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty
-x_n\)</code> will have the limits above and below the summation sign, not next
-to it. Another example is that
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
- \textsc{Name} &amp;\textsc{Series} &amp;\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline
- Arithmetic &amp;\( a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b) \)
- &amp;\( na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}\) \\
- Geometric &amp;\( a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1} \)
- &amp;\(\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}\) \\
-\end{tabular}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>because it has no <code>\displaystyle</code>, the &lsquo;<samp>Arithmetic</samp>&rsquo; line&rsquo;s
-fraction will be scrunched. But, because of its <code>\displaystyle</code>,
-the &lsquo;<samp>Geometric</samp>&rsquo; line&rsquo;s fraction will be easy to read, with
-characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
-</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></span>
<span id="index-amsmath-package-5"></span>
@@ -13246,32 +13409,27 @@ characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
<p>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
-<samp>amsmath</samp> and <samp>amssymb</samp> (also be aware of the <samp>mathtools</samp>
-package that is an extension to, and loads, <samp>amsmath</samp>). New
+<code>amsmath</code> and <code>amssymb</code> (also be aware of the <code>mathtools</code>
+package that is an extension to, and loads, <code>amsmath</code>). New
documents that will have mathematical text should use these packages.
Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various mathematical squiggles.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math function names like sin and exp.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Things over or under formulas.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="7">Math miscellany</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn&rsquo;t fit anywhere else.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="7">Math styles</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="8">Math miscellany</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -13355,11 +13513,13 @@ the error &lsquo;<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
-<samp>mhchem</samp>; see CTAN.
+<code>mhchem</code>; see CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Math-symbols"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Math-symbols">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -13384,50 +13544,36 @@ Each symbol is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class,
which determines the spacing around it, is given in parenthesis. Unless
said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can be used only in math
mode. To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current
-mode, see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath">\ensuremath</a>.
+mode, see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath"><code>\ensuremath</code></a>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\|</code>
-<span id="index-_005c_007c"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005c_007c'><span><code>\|</code><a href='#index-_005c_007c' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2225; Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\aleph</code>
-<span id="index-_005caleph"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005caleph'><span><code>\aleph</code><a href='#index-_005caleph' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2135; Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\alpha</code>
-<span id="index-_005calpha"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005calpha'><span><code>\alpha</code><a href='#index-_005calpha' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B1; Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\amalg</code>
-<span id="index-_005camalg"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005camalg'><span><code>\amalg</code><a href='#index-_005camalg' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A3F; Disjoint union (binary)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\angle</code>
-<span id="index-_005cangle"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cangle'><span><code>\angle</code><a href='#index-_005cangle' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2220; Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\approx</code>
-<span id="index-_005capprox"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005capprox'><span><code>\approx</code><a href='#index-_005capprox' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2248; Almost equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ast</code>
-<span id="index-_005cast"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cast'><span><code>\ast</code><a href='#index-_005cast' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2217; Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code>\star</code>, which is
@@ -13435,646 +13581,452 @@ five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\asymp</code>
-<span id="index-_005casymp"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005casymp'><span><code>\asymp</code><a href='#index-_005casymp' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x224D; Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\backslash</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbackslash"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbackslash'><span><code>\backslash</code><a href='#index-_005cbackslash' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\beta</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbeta"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbeta'><span><code>\beta</code><a href='#index-_005cbeta' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B2; Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigcap</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigcap"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigcap'><span><code>\bigcap</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcap' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C2; Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigcirc</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigcirc"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigcirc'><span><code>\bigcirc</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcirc' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x26AA; Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigcup</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigcup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigcup'><span><code>\bigcup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigcup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigodot</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigodot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigodot'><span><code>\bigodot</code><a href='#index-_005cbigodot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A00; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigoplus</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigoplus"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigoplus'><span><code>\bigoplus</code><a href='#index-_005cbigoplus' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A01; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigotimes</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigotimes"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigotimes'><span><code>\bigotimes</code><a href='#index-_005cbigotimes' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A02; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangledown'><span><code>\bigtriangledown</code><a href='#index-_005cbigtriangledown' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25BD; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigtriangleup'><span><code>\bigtriangleup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigtriangleup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigsqcup</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigsqcup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigsqcup'><span><code>\bigsqcup</code><a href='#index-_005cbigsqcup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A06; Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\biguplus</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbiguplus"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbiguplus'><span><code>\biguplus</code><a href='#index-_005cbiguplus' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A04; Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigvee</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigvee"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigvee'><span><code>\bigvee</code><a href='#index-_005cbigvee' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C1; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bigwedge</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigwedge"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigwedge'><span><code>\bigwedge</code><a href='#index-_005cbigwedge' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C0; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bot</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbot'><span><code>\bot</code><a href='#index-_005cbot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A5;, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bowtie</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbowtie"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbowtie'><span><code>\bowtie</code><a href='#index-_005cbowtie' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C8; Natural join of two relations (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Box</code>
-<span id="index-_005cBox"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cBox'><span><code>\Box</code><a href='#index-_005cBox' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25A1; Modal operator for necessity; square open box
-(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bullet</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbullet"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbullet'><span><code>\bullet</code><a href='#index-_005cbullet' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bullet-symbol"></span>
<p>&#x2022; Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\cap</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccap"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccap'><span><code>\cap</code><a href='#index-_005ccap' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2229; Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\cdot</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccdot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccdot'><span><code>\cdot</code><a href='#index-_005ccdot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C5; Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\chi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cchi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cchi'><span><code>\chi</code><a href='#index-_005cchi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C7; Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\circ</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccirc"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccirc'><span><code>\circ</code><a href='#index-_005ccirc' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2218; Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\clubsuit</code>
-<span id="index-_005cclubsuit"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cclubsuit'><span><code>\clubsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cclubsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2663; Club card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\complement</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccomplement"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccomplement'><span><code>\complement</code><a href='#index-_005ccomplement' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2201;, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
-<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. Also used:
+<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. Also used:
<code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar{S}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\cong</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccong"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccong'><span><code>\cong</code><a href='#index-_005ccong' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2245; Congruent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\coprod</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccoprod"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccoprod'><span><code>\coprod</code><a href='#index-_005ccoprod' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2210; Coproduct (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\cup</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccup'><span><code>\cup</code><a href='#index-_005ccup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x222A; Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dagger</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdagger"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdagger'><span><code>\dagger</code><a href='#index-_005cdagger' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2020; Dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dashv</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdashv"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdashv'><span><code>\dashv</code><a href='#index-_005cdashv' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A3; Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ddagger</code>
-<span id="index-_005cddagger"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cddagger'><span><code>\ddagger</code><a href='#index-_005cddagger' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2021; Double dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Delta</code>
-<span id="index-_005cDelta"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cDelta'><span><code>\Delta</code><a href='#index-_005cDelta' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x0394; Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\delta</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdelta"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdelta'><span><code>\delta</code><a href='#index-_005cdelta' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B4; Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Diamond</code>
-<span id="index-_005cDiamond"></span>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x25C7; Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<dt id='index-_005cDiamond'><span><code>\Diamond</code><a href='#index-_005cDiamond' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>&#x25C7; Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\diamond</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdiamond"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdiamond'><span><code>\diamond</code><a href='#index-_005cdiamond' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C4; Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\diamondsuit</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdiamondsuit'><span><code>\diamondsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cdiamondsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2662; Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\div</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdiv"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdiv'><span><code>\div</code><a href='#index-_005cdiv' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00F7; Division sign (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\doteq</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdoteq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdoteq'><span><code>\doteq</code><a href='#index-_005cdoteq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2250; Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\downarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdownarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdownarrow'><span><code>\downarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2193; Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Downarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cDownarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cDownarrow'><span><code>\Downarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cDownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D3; Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ell</code>
-<span id="index-_005cell"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cell'><span><code>\ell</code><a href='#index-_005cell' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2113; Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\emptyset</code>
-<span id="index-_005cemptyset"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cemptyset'><span><code>\emptyset</code><a href='#index-_005cemptyset' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varnothing</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\epsilon</code>
-<span id="index-_005cepsilon"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cepsilon'><span><code>\epsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cepsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03F5; Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03B5;. Related:
the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\equiv</code>
-<span id="index-_005cequiv"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cequiv'><span><code>\equiv</code><a href='#index-_005cequiv' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2261; Equivalence (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\eta</code>
-<span id="index-_005ceta"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ceta'><span><code>\eta</code><a href='#index-_005ceta' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B7; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\exists</code>
-<span id="index-_005cexists"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cexists'><span><code>\exists</code><a href='#index-_005cexists' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2203; Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\flat</code>
-<span id="index-_005cflat"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cflat'><span><code>\flat</code><a href='#index-_005cflat' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x266D; Musical flat (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\forall</code>
-<span id="index-_005cforall"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cforall'><span><code>\forall</code><a href='#index-_005cforall' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2200; Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\frown</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfrown"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfrown'><span><code>\frown</code><a href='#index-_005cfrown' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2322; Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Gamma</code>
-<span id="index-_005cGamma"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cGamma'><span><code>\Gamma</code><a href='#index-_005cGamma' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x0393; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\gamma</code>
-<span id="index-_005cgamma"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgamma'><span><code>\gamma</code><a href='#index-_005cgamma' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B3; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ge</code>
-<span id="index-_005cge"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cge'><span><code>\ge</code><a href='#index-_005cge' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2265; Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\geq</code>
-<span id="index-_005cgeq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgeq'><span><code>\geq</code><a href='#index-_005cgeq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2265; Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\gets</code>
-<span id="index-_005cgets"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgets'><span><code>\gets</code><a href='#index-_005cgets' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2190; Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\gg</code>
-<span id="index-_005cgg"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgg'><span><code>\gg</code><a href='#index-_005cgg' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x226B; Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\hbar</code>
-<span id="index-_005chbar"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chbar'><span><code>\hbar</code><a href='#index-_005chbar' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x210F; Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\heartsuit</code>
-<span id="index-_005cheartsuit"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cheartsuit'><span><code>\heartsuit</code><a href='#index-_005cheartsuit' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2661; Heart card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005chookleftarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chookleftarrow'><span><code>\hookleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005chookleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21A9; Hooked left arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005chookrightarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chookrightarrow'><span><code>\hookrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005chookrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21AA; Hooked right arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\iff</code>
-<span id="index-_005ciff"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ciff'><span><code>\iff</code><a href='#index-_005ciff' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F7; If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Im</code>
-<span id="index-_005cIm"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cIm'><span><code>\Im</code><a href='#index-_005cIm' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2111; Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\imath</code>
-<span id="index-_005cimath"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cimath'><span><code>\imath</code><a href='#index-_005cimath' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></span>
<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\in</code>
-<span id="index-_005cin"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cin'><span><code>\in</code><a href='#index-_005cin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2208; Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code>&#x03F5; and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\infty</code>
-<span id="index-_005cinfty"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cinfty'><span><code>\infty</code><a href='#index-_005cinfty' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x221E; Infinity (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\int</code>
-<span id="index-_005cint"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cint'><span><code>\int</code><a href='#index-_005cint' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x222B; Integral (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\iota</code>
-<span id="index-_005ciota"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ciota'><span><code>\iota</code><a href='#index-_005ciota' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B9; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Join</code>
-<span id="index-_005cJoin"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cJoin'><span><code>\Join</code><a href='#index-_005cJoin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A1D; Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
TeX.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\jmath</code>
-<span id="index-_005cjmath"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cjmath'><span><code>\jmath</code><a href='#index-_005cjmath' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></span>
<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\kappa</code>
-<span id="index-_005ckappa"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ckappa'><span><code>\kappa</code><a href='#index-_005ckappa' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BA; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Lambda</code>
-<span id="index-_005cLambda"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLambda'><span><code>\Lambda</code><a href='#index-_005cLambda' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x039B; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lambda</code>
-<span id="index-_005clambda"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clambda'><span><code>\lambda</code><a href='#index-_005clambda' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BB; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\land</code>
-<span id="index-_005cland"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cland'><span><code>\land</code><a href='#index-_005cland' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
See also logical&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\langle</code>
-<span id="index-_005clangle"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clangle'><span><code>\langle</code><a href='#index-_005clangle' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27E8; Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lbrace</code>
-<span id="index-_005clbrace"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clbrace'><span><code>\lbrace</code><a href='#index-_005clbrace' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x007B; Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\{</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lbrack</code>
-<span id="index-_005clbrack"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clbrack'><span><code>\lbrack</code><a href='#index-_005clbrack' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x005B; Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lceil</code>
-<span id="index-_005clceil"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clceil'><span><code>\lceil</code><a href='#index-_005clceil' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2308; Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\le</code>
-<span id="index-_005cle"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cle'><span><code>\le</code><a href='#index-_005cle' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2264; Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\leadsto</code>
-<span id="index-_005cleadsto"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleadsto'><span><code>\leadsto</code><a href='#index-_005cleadsto' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21DD; Squiggly right arrow (relation).
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Leftarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cLeftarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLeftarrow'><span><code>\Leftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cLeftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D0; Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\leftarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cleftarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftarrow'><span><code>\leftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2190; Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code>
-<span id="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoondown'><span><code>\leftharpoondown</code><a href='#index-_005cleftharpoondown' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BD; Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code>
-<span id="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftharpoonup'><span><code>\leftharpoonup</code><a href='#index-_005cleftharpoonup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BC; Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLeftrightarrow'><span><code>\Leftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cLeftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D4; Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleftrightarrow'><span><code>\leftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cleftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2194; Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\leq</code>
-<span id="index-_005cleq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cleq'><span><code>\leq</code><a href='#index-_005cleq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2264; Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lfloor</code>
-<span id="index-_005clfloor"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clfloor'><span><code>\lfloor</code><a href='#index-_005clfloor' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x230A; Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lhd</code>
-<span id="index-_005clhd"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clhd'><span><code>\lhd</code><a href='#index-_005clhd' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
-<samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
+<code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ll</code>
-<span id="index-_005cll"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cll'><span><code>\ll</code><a href='#index-_005cll' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x226A; Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lnot</code>
-<span id="index-_005clnot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clnot'><span><code>\lnot</code><a href='#index-_005clnot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00AC; Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\longleftarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005clongleftarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clongleftarrow'><span><code>\longleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F5; Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clongleftrightarrow'><span><code>\longleftrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongleftrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F7; Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\longmapsto</code>
-<span id="index-_005clongmapsto"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clongmapsto'><span><code>\longmapsto</code><a href='#index-_005clongmapsto' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27FC; Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\longrightarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005clongrightarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clongrightarrow'><span><code>\longrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005clongrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F6; Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lor</code>
-<span id="index-_005clor"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clor'><span><code>\lor</code><a href='#index-_005clor' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\vee</code>.
See also logical&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>\land</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mapsto</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmapsto"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmapsto'><span><code>\mapsto</code><a href='#index-_005cmapsto' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21A6; Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mho</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmho"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmho'><span><code>\mho</code><a href='#index-_005cmho' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2127; Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mid</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmid"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmid'><span><code>\mid</code><a href='#index-_005cmid' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2223; Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>.
</p>
@@ -14085,229 +14037,161 @@ ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\models</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmodels"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmodels'><span><code>\models</code><a href='#index-_005cmodels' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A8; Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mp</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmp"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmp'><span><code>\mp</code><a href='#index-_005cmp' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2213; Minus or plus (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mu</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmu"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmu'><span><code>\mu</code><a href='#index-_005cmu' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BC; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\nabla</code>
-<span id="index-_005cnabla"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnabla'><span><code>\nabla</code><a href='#index-_005cnabla' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2207; Hamilton&rsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\natural</code>
-<span id="index-_005cnatural"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnatural'><span><code>\natural</code><a href='#index-_005cnatural' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x266E; Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ne</code>
-<span id="index-_005cne"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cne'><span><code>\ne</code><a href='#index-_005cne' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2260; Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\nearrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cnearrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnearrow'><span><code>\nearrow</code><a href='#index-_005cnearrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2197; North-east arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\neg</code>
-<span id="index-_005cneg"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cneg'><span><code>\neg</code><a href='#index-_005cneg' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00AC; Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\neq</code>
-<span id="index-_005cneq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cneq'><span><code>\neq</code><a href='#index-_005cneq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2260; Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ni</code>
-<span id="index-_005cni"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cni'><span><code>\ni</code><a href='#index-_005cni' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x220B; Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\not</code>
-<span id="index-_005cnot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnot'><span><code>\not</code><a href='#index-_005cnot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x0020;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
</p>
<p>Many negated operators are available that don&rsquo;t require <code>\not</code>,
-particularly with the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
+particularly with the <code>amssymb</code> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\notin</code>
-<span id="index-_005cnotin"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnotin'><span><code>\notin</code><a href='#index-_005cnotin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2209; Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\nu</code>
-<span id="index-_005cnu"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnu'><span><code>\nu</code><a href='#index-_005cnu' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BD; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\nwarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cnwarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cnwarrow'><span><code>\nwarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cnwarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2196; North-west arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\odot</code>
-<span id="index-_005codot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005codot'><span><code>\odot</code><a href='#index-_005codot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2299; Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\oint</code>
-<span id="index-_005coint"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coint'><span><code>\oint</code><a href='#index-_005coint' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x222E; Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Omega</code>
-<span id="index-_005cOmega"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cOmega'><span><code>\Omega</code><a href='#index-_005cOmega' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A9; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\omega</code>
-<span id="index-_005comega"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005comega'><span><code>\omega</code><a href='#index-_005comega' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C9; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ominus</code>
-<span id="index-_005cominus"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cominus'><span><code>\ominus</code><a href='#index-_005cominus' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2296; Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\oplus</code>
-<span id="index-_005coplus"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coplus'><span><code>\oplus</code><a href='#index-_005coplus' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2295; Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\oslash</code>
-<span id="index-_005coslash"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coslash'><span><code>\oslash</code><a href='#index-_005coslash' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2298; Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\otimes</code>
-<span id="index-_005cotimes"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cotimes'><span><code>\otimes</code><a href='#index-_005cotimes' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2297; Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\owns</code>
-<span id="index-_005cowns"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cowns'><span><code>\owns</code><a href='#index-_005cowns' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x220B; Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\parallel</code>
-<span id="index-_005cparallel"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cparallel'><span><code>\parallel</code><a href='#index-_005cparallel' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2225; Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\partial</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpartial"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpartial'><span><code>\partial</code><a href='#index-_005cpartial' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2202; Partial differential (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\perp</code>
-<span id="index-_005cperp"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cperp'><span><code>\perp</code><a href='#index-_005cperp' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27C2; Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Phi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cPhi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPhi'><span><code>\Phi</code><a href='#index-_005cPhi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A6; Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\phi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cphi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cphi'><span><code>\phi</code><a href='#index-_005cphi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D5; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C6;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Pi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cPi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPi'><span><code>\Pi</code><a href='#index-_005cPi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A0; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\pi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpi'><span><code>\pi</code><a href='#index-_005cpi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C0; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D6;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\pm</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpm"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpm'><span><code>\pm</code><a href='#index-_005cpm' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00B1; Plus or minus (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\prec</code>
-<span id="index-_005cprec"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cprec'><span><code>\prec</code><a href='#index-_005cprec' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x227A; Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\preceq</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpreceq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpreceq'><span><code>\preceq</code><a href='#index-_005cpreceq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2AAF; Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\prime</code>
-<span id="index-_005cprime"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cprime'><span><code>\prime</code><a href='#index-_005cprime' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2032; Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
@@ -14318,248 +14202,176 @@ single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
(apostrophe).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\prod</code>
-<span id="index-_005cprod"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cprod'><span><code>\prod</code><a href='#index-_005cprod' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x220F; Product (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\propto</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpropto"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpropto'><span><code>\propto</code><a href='#index-_005cpropto' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x221D; Is proportional to (relation)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Psi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cPsi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPsi'><span><code>\Psi</code><a href='#index-_005cPsi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A8; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\psi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpsi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpsi'><span><code>\psi</code><a href='#index-_005cpsi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C8; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rangle</code>
-<span id="index-_005crangle"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crangle'><span><code>\rangle</code><a href='#index-_005crangle' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x27E9; Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
Similar: greater than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rbrace</code>
-<span id="index-_005crbrace"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crbrace'><span><code>\rbrace</code><a href='#index-_005crbrace' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x007D; Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\}</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rbrack</code>
-<span id="index-_005crbrack"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crbrack'><span><code>\rbrack</code><a href='#index-_005crbrack' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x005D; Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rceil</code>
-<span id="index-_005crceil"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crceil'><span><code>\rceil</code><a href='#index-_005crceil' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2309; Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Re</code>
-<span id="index-_005cRe"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cRe'><span><code>\Re</code><a href='#index-_005cRe' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x211C; Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb{R}</code>; to access
-this, load the <samp>amsfonts</samp> package.
+this, load the <code>amsfonts</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\restriction</code>
-<span id="index-_005crestriction"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crestriction'><span><code>\restriction</code><a href='#index-_005crestriction' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE;, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
-<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\revemptyset</code>
-<span id="index-_005crevemptyset"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crevemptyset'><span><code>\revemptyset</code><a href='#index-_005crevemptyset' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x29B0;, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>stix</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rfloor</code>
-<span id="index-_005crfloor"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crfloor'><span><code>\rfloor</code><a href='#index-_005crfloor' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x230B; Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rhd</code>
-<span id="index-_005crhd"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crhd'><span><code>\rhd</code><a href='#index-_005crhd' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
-load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+load <code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rho</code>
-<span id="index-_005crho"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crho'><span><code>\rho</code><a href='#index-_005crho' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C1; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;&#x03F1;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Rightarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cRightarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cRightarrow'><span><code>\Rightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cRightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D2; Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rightarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005crightarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightarrow'><span><code>\rightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005crightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code>
-<span id="index-_005crightharpoondown"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightharpoondown'><span><code>\rightharpoondown</code><a href='#index-_005crightharpoondown' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21C1; Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code>
-<span id="index-_005crightharpoonup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightharpoonup'><span><code>\rightharpoonup</code><a href='#index-_005crightharpoonup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21C0; Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code>
-<span id="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crightleftharpoons'><span><code>\rightleftharpoons</code><a href='#index-_005crightleftharpoons' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21CC; Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
(relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\searrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005csearrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csearrow'><span><code>\searrow</code><a href='#index-_005csearrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2198; Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\setminus</code>
-<span id="index-_005csetminus"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csetminus'><span><code>\setminus</code><a href='#index-_005csetminus' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x29F5; Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
like \ (binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sharp</code>
-<span id="index-_005csharp"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csharp'><span><code>\sharp</code><a href='#index-_005csharp' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x266F; Musical sharp (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Sigma</code>
-<span id="index-_005cSigma"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cSigma'><span><code>\Sigma</code><a href='#index-_005cSigma' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A3; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sigma</code>
-<span id="index-_005csigma"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csigma'><span><code>\sigma</code><a href='#index-_005csigma' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C3; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C2;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sim</code>
-<span id="index-_005csim"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csim'><span><code>\sim</code><a href='#index-_005csim' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x223C; Similar, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\simeq</code>
-<span id="index-_005csimeq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csimeq'><span><code>\simeq</code><a href='#index-_005csimeq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2243; Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\smallint</code>
-<span id="index-_005csmallint"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csmallint'><span><code>\smallint</code><a href='#index-_005csmallint' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x222B; Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\smile</code>
-<span id="index-_005csmile"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csmile'><span><code>\smile</code><a href='#index-_005csmile' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2323; Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\spadesuit</code>
-<span id="index-_005cspadesuit"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cspadesuit'><span><code>\spadesuit</code><a href='#index-_005cspadesuit' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2660; Spade card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sqcap</code>
-<span id="index-_005csqcap"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqcap'><span><code>\sqcap</code><a href='#index-_005csqcap' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2293; Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sqcup</code>
-<span id="index-_005csqcup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqcup'><span><code>\sqcup</code><a href='#index-_005csqcup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2294; Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sqsubset</code>
-<span id="index-_005csqsubset"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqsubset'><span><code>\sqsubset</code><a href='#index-_005csqsubset' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x228F;, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
-subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code>
-<span id="index-_005csqsubseteq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqsubseteq'><span><code>\sqsubseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csqsubseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2291; Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sqsupset</code>
-<span id="index-_005csqsupset"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqsupset'><span><code>\sqsupset</code><a href='#index-_005csqsupset' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2290;, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
-superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code>
-<span id="index-_005csqsupseteq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csqsupseteq'><span><code>\sqsupseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csqsupseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2292; Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
Similar: superset or equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\star</code>
-<span id="index-_005cstar"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cstar'><span><code>\star</code><a href='#index-_005cstar' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C6; Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
Similar: the synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which
@@ -14567,324 +14379,236 @@ are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
as with the Kleene star.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\subset</code>
-<span id="index-_005csubset"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csubset'><span><code>\subset</code><a href='#index-_005csubset' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2282; Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\subseteq</code>
-<span id="index-_005csubseteq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csubseteq'><span><code>\subseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csubseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2286; Subset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\succ</code>
-<span id="index-_005csucc"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csucc'><span><code>\succ</code><a href='#index-_005csucc' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x227B; Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\succeq</code>
-<span id="index-_005csucceq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csucceq'><span><code>\succeq</code><a href='#index-_005csucceq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2AB0; Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sum</code>
-<span id="index-_005csum"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csum'><span><code>\sum</code><a href='#index-_005csum' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2211; Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\supset</code>
-<span id="index-_005csupset"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csupset'><span><code>\supset</code><a href='#index-_005csupset' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2283; Superset (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\supseteq</code>
-<span id="index-_005csupseteq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csupseteq'><span><code>\supseteq</code><a href='#index-_005csupseteq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2287; Superset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\surd</code>
-<span id="index-_005csurd"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csurd'><span><code>\surd</code><a href='#index-_005csurd' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x221A; Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command
<code>\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\swarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cswarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cswarrow'><span><code>\swarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cswarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2199; Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\tau</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctau"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctau'><span><code>\tau</code><a href='#index-_005ctau' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C4; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\theta</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctheta"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctheta'><span><code>\theta</code><a href='#index-_005ctheta' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B8; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;&#x03D1;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\times</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctimes"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctimes'><span><code>\times</code><a href='#index-_005ctimes' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x00D7; Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\to</code>
-<span id="index-_005cto"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cto'><span><code>\to</code><a href='#index-_005cto' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\top</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctop"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctop'><span><code>\top</code><a href='#index-_005ctop' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A4; Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\triangle</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctriangle"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctriangle'><span><code>\triangle</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangle' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B3; Triangle (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\triangleleft</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctriangleleft"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctriangleleft'><span><code>\triangleleft</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangleleft' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
-should load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
+should load <code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\triangleright</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctriangleright"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctriangleright'><span><code>\triangleright</code><a href='#index-_005ctriangleright' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B7; Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
-<samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+<code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\unlhd</code>
-<span id="index-_005cunlhd"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cunlhd'><span><code>\unlhd</code><a href='#index-_005cunlhd' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22B4; Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
-normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
+normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\unrhd</code>
-<span id="index-_005cunrhd"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cunrhd'><span><code>\unrhd</code><a href='#index-_005cunrhd' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22B5; Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
-normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
+normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Uparrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cUparrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cUparrow'><span><code>\Uparrow</code><a href='#index-_005cUparrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D1; Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\uparrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cuparrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cuparrow'><span><code>\uparrow</code><a href='#index-_005cuparrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2191; Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Updownarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cUpdownarrow'><span><code>\Updownarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cUpdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D5; Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\updownarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005cupdownarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cupdownarrow'><span><code>\updownarrow</code><a href='#index-_005cupdownarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2195; Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\upharpoonright</code>
-<span id="index-_005cupharpoonright"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cupharpoonright'><span><code>\upharpoonright</code><a href='#index-_005cupharpoonright' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BE;, Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\restriction</code>.
-Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\uplus</code>
-<span id="index-_005cuplus"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cuplus'><span><code>\uplus</code><a href='#index-_005cuplus' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x228E; Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Upsilon</code>
-<span id="index-_005cUpsilon"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cUpsilon'><span><code>\Upsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cUpsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A5; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\upsilon</code>
-<span id="index-_005cupsilon"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cupsilon'><span><code>\upsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cupsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C5; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\varepsilon</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvarepsilon"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarepsilon'><span><code>\varepsilon</code><a href='#index-_005cvarepsilon' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B5; Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;&#x03F5;. Related: set
membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\vanothing</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvanothing"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvanothing'><span><code>\vanothing</code><a href='#index-_005cvanothing' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2205;, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
-<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\varphi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvarphi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarphi'><span><code>\varphi</code><a href='#index-_005cvarphi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C6; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D5;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\varpi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvarpi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarpi'><span><code>\varpi</code><a href='#index-_005cvarpi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D6; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C0;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\varrho</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvarrho"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarrho'><span><code>\varrho</code><a href='#index-_005cvarrho' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03F1; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\varsigma</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvarsigma"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvarsigma'><span><code>\varsigma</code><a href='#index-_005cvarsigma' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C2; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C3;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\vartheta</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvartheta"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvartheta'><span><code>\vartheta</code><a href='#index-_005cvartheta' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D1; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;&#x03B8;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\vdash</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvdash"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvdash'><span><code>\vdash</code><a href='#index-_005cvdash' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A2; Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\vee</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvee"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvee'><span><code>\vee</code><a href='#index-_005cvee' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Vert</code>
-<span id="index-_005cVert"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cVert'><span><code>\Vert</code><a href='#index-_005cVert' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2016; Vertical double bar (ordinary). See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>,
-for how to use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package to create flexibly-sized
+for how to use the <code>mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized
norm symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\vert</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvert"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvert'><span><code>\vert</code><a href='#index-_005cvert' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x007C; Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For &ldquo;such
that&rdquo;, as in the definition of a set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it
-is a relation. See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <samp>mathtools</samp>
+is a relation. See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <code>mathtools</code>
package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\wedge</code>
-<span id="index-_005cwedge"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cwedge'><span><code>\wedge</code><a href='#index-_005cwedge' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>. See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\wp</code>
-<span id="index-_005cwp"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cwp'><span><code>\wp</code><a href='#index-_005cwp' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2118; Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\wr</code>
-<span id="index-_005cwr"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cwr'><span><code>\wr</code><a href='#index-_005cwr' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x2240; Wreath product (binary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Xi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cXi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cXi'><span><code>\Xi</code><a href='#index-_005cXi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x039E; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\xi</code>
-<span id="index-_005cxi"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cxi'><span><code>\xi</code><a href='#index-_005cxi' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BE; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\zeta</code>
-<span id="index-_005czeta"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005czeta'><span><code>\zeta</code><a href='#index-_005czeta' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B6; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -14894,60 +14618,44 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\mathdollar</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmathdollar"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathdollar'><span><code>\mathdollar</code><a href='#index-_005cmathdollar' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathparagraph</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmathparagraph"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathparagraph'><span><code>\mathparagraph</code><a href='#index-_005cmathparagraph' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, &#x00B6;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathsection</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmathsection"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathsection'><span><code>\mathsection</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsection' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Section sign in math mode &#x00A7;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathsterling</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmathsterling"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathsterling'><span><code>\mathsterling</code><a href='#index-_005cmathsterling' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathunderscore</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmathunderscore"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathunderscore'><span><code>\mathunderscore</code><a href='#index-_005cmathunderscore' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="1">Arrows</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of arrows.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbols in boldface.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="3">Blackboard bold</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Doublestruck characters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="4">Calligraphic</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Cursive characters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="5">Delimiters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parentheses, braces, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Dots" accesskey="6">Dots</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ellipses, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="7">Greek letters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of Greek letters.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Arrows" accesskey="1">Arrows</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2"><code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="3">Blackboard bold</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="4">Calligraphic</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="5">Delimiters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Dots" accesskey="6">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="7">Greek letters</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Arrows"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Arrows">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Arrows-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Arrows</h4>
@@ -14962,7 +14670,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next"
<span id="index-latexsym-package"></span>
<p>These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The
-<samp>latexsym</samp> and <samp>amsfonts</samp> packages contain many more.
+<code>latexsym</code> and <code>amsfonts</code> packages contain many more.
</p>
<table>
<thead><tr><th width="10%">Symbol</th><th width="40%">Command</th><th width="50%"></th></tr></thead>
@@ -15004,11 +14712,13 @@ is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
<span id="index-tikz_002dcd-package"></span>
<p>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including
-<samp>tikz-cd</samp> and <samp>amscd</samp>.
+<code>tikz-cd</code> and <code>amscd</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="n" rel="next">Blackboard bold</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrows</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -15037,7 +14747,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="n" rel="next">Blackboard bold</a>, P
a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
<code>\mbox</code>,
@@ -15060,7 +14770,7 @@ Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
<span id="index-bm-package"></span>
<p>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
-the <samp>bm</samp> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete
+the <code>bm</code> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete
description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
</p>
@@ -15074,9 +14784,11 @@ we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Blackboard-bold"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Blackboard-bold">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Blackboard-bold-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4>
@@ -15112,7 +14824,9 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Calligraphic"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Calligraphic">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Delimiters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -15142,9 +14856,11 @@ an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance,
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Delimiters"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Delimiters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="n" rel="next">Dots</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="n" rel="next">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Delimiters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4>
@@ -15189,32 +14905,31 @@ parentheses delimiting the three subformulas.
<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></span>
<span id="index-mathtools-package-1"></span>
-<p>The <samp>mathtools</samp> package allows you to create commands for paired
+<p>The <code>mathtools</code> package allows you to create commands for paired
delimiters. For instance, if you put
<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> in your preamble
then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work
-in math mode). The starred version, such as
+in math mode). The starred form, such as
<code>\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the height of the vertical bars
-match the height of the argument. The unstarred version, such as
+match the height of the argument. The unstarred form, such as
<code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height.
-This version accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size
+This form accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size
command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, where the height of the bars is given in
-<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using <code>\lVert</code> and
-<code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same
-behavior.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1">\left &amp; \right</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatically sized delimiters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="2">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Manually sized delimiters.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using instead <code>\lVert</code>
+and <code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the
+same behavior.
+</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1"><code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="2"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></h4>
@@ -15276,9 +14991,9 @@ case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
</pre></div>
<p>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
-backslash, <code>\{</code>. (The packages <samp>amsmath</samp> and
-<samp>mathtools</samp> allow you to get the above construct through in a
-<code>cases</code> environment.)
+backslash, <code>\{</code> (see <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>). (The packages
+<code>amsmath</code> and <code>mathtools</code> allow you to get the above
+construct through in a <code>cases</code> environment.)
</p>
<p>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair make a group. One consequence is that
the formula enclosed in the <code>\left ... \right</code> pair cannot have
@@ -15323,7 +15038,7 @@ form a group, the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural
width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better.
</p>
<p>TeX scales the delimiters according to the height and depth of the
-contained formula. Here LaTeX grows the brackets to extend the full
+enclosed formula. Here LaTeX grows the brackets to extend the full
height of the integral.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -15357,13 +15072,15 @@ one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing
delimiter; you can&rsquo;t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
<code>\right</code> on the last because they must be paired.
</p>
-<p>To size the delimiters manually, see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a>.
+<p>To size the delimiters manually, see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsubsection" id="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\left &amp; \right</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</h4>
@@ -15398,7 +15115,7 @@ paired, see below), or one of:
<p>(as with <code>\big[</code>).
</p>
<p>Produce manually-sized delimiters. For delimiters that are
-automatically sized see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a>).
+automatically sized see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This produces slightly larger outer vertical bars.
</p>
@@ -15412,8 +15129,8 @@ causing LaTeX to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant
for displayed equations.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters. In the family of
-commands with &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo;, <var>delimiter1</var> and
-<var>delimiter2</var> need not be the same.
+commands with &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; or&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo;, <var>delimiter1</var> and
+<var>delimiter2</var> need not match together.
</p>
<p>The &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; commands produce open and close delimiters
that insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the
@@ -15445,7 +15162,7 @@ some circumstances, as with this large vertical line
<span id="index-amsmath-package-7"></span>
<p>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command
-from the <samp>amsmath</samp> package), and as with this larger slash.
+from the <code>amsmath</code> package), and as with this larger slash.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
@@ -15453,8 +15170,8 @@ from the <samp>amsmath</samp> package), and as with this larger slash.
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>Unlike the <code>\left...\right</code> pair (see <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a>), the
-commands here with &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; and&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; do not make a group.
+<p>Unlike the <code>\left...\right</code> pair (see <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></a>), the
+commands here with &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; or&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; do not make a group.
Strictly speaking they need not be matched so you can write something
like this.
</p>
@@ -15476,7 +15193,10 @@ formulas, as here.
<hr>
-<span id="Dots"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Dots">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Greek letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Delimiters</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -15500,27 +15220,21 @@ continues.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="ellipses-cdots"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\cdots</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccdots"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccdots'><span><code>\cdots</code><a href='#index-_005ccdots' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
in &#x22EF;. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
\)</code>.
</p>
<span id="ellipses-ddots"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\ddots</code>
-<span id="index-_005cddots"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cddots'><span><code>\ddots</code><a href='#index-_005cddots' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Diagonal ellipsis, &#x22F1;. See the above array example for a
usage.
</p>
<span id="ellipses-ldots"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\ldots</code>
-<span id="index-_005cldots"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cldots'><span><code>\ldots</code><a href='#index-_005cldots' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, &#x2026;. Used as: <code>\(
x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A
-synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <samp>amsmath</samp>
+synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <code>amsmath</code>
package is <code>\hdots</code>.
</p>
<p>You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in
@@ -15528,9 +15242,7 @@ package is <code>\hdots</code>.
mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.)
</p>
<span id="ellipses-vdots"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\vdots</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvdots"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvdots'><span><code>\vdots</code><a href='#index-_005cvdots' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Vertical ellipsis, &#x22EE;. See the above array example for a
usage.
</p>
@@ -15540,7 +15252,7 @@ usage.
<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></span>
<span id="index-amsmath-package-8"></span>
-<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
+<p>The <code>amsmath</code> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
for the first two uses of the <code>\dots</code> command.
</p>
@@ -15566,9 +15278,11 @@ or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Greek-letters"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Greek-letters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Dots</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Dots, horizontal or vertical</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Greek-letters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4>
@@ -15609,7 +15323,7 @@ differ from Roman upper case letters.
<p>For omicron, if you are using LaTeX&rsquo;s default Computer Modern font
then enter omicron just as &lsquo;<samp>o</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>O</samp>&rsquo;. If you like having the
name or if your font shows a difference then you can use something like
-<code>\newcommand\omicron{o}</code>. The package <samp>unicode-math</samp> has
+<code>\newcommand\omicron{o}</code>. The package <code>unicode-math</code> has
<code>\upomicron</code> for upright omicron and <code>\mitomicron</code> for math
italic.
</p>
@@ -15618,7 +15332,10 @@ italic.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Math-functions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Math-functions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -15631,207 +15348,139 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previou
spacing.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\arccos</code>
-<span id="index-_005carccos"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carccos'><span><code>\arccos</code><a href='#index-_005carccos' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\arcsin</code>
-<span id="index-_005carcsin"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carcsin'><span><code>\arcsin</code><a href='#index-_005carcsin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\arctan</code>
-<span id="index-_005carctan"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carctan'><span><code>\arctan</code><a href='#index-_005carctan' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Inverse tangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\arg</code>
-<span id="index-_005carg"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005carg'><span><code>\arg</code><a href='#index-_005carg' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bmod</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbmod"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbmod'><span><code>\bmod</code><a href='#index-_005cbmod' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\cos</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccos"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccos'><span><code>\cos</code><a href='#index-_005ccos' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\cosh</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccosh"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccosh'><span><code>\cosh</code><a href='#index-_005ccosh' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cosine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\cot</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccot'><span><code>\cot</code><a href='#index-_005ccot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cotangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\coth</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccoth"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccoth'><span><code>\coth</code><a href='#index-_005ccoth' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cotangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\csc</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccsc"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccsc'><span><code>\csc</code><a href='#index-_005ccsc' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Cosecant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\deg</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdeg"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdeg'><span><code>\deg</code><a href='#index-_005cdeg' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Degrees
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\det</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdet"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdet'><span><code>\det</code><a href='#index-_005cdet' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Determinant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dim</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdim"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdim'><span><code>\dim</code><a href='#index-_005cdim' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Dimension
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\exp</code>
-<span id="index-_005cexp"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cexp'><span><code>\exp</code><a href='#index-_005cexp' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Exponential
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\gcd</code>
-<span id="index-_005cgcd"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgcd'><span><code>\gcd</code><a href='#index-_005cgcd' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Greatest common divisor
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\hom</code>
-<span id="index-_005chom"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chom'><span><code>\hom</code><a href='#index-_005chom' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Homomorphism
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\inf</code>
-<span id="index-_005cinf"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cinf'><span><code>\inf</code><a href='#index-_005cinf' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Infinum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ker</code>
-<span id="index-_005cker"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cker'><span><code>\ker</code><a href='#index-_005cker' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Kernel
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lg</code>
-<span id="index-_005clg"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clg'><span><code>\lg</code><a href='#index-_005clg' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Base 2 logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lim</code>
-<span id="index-_005clim"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clim'><span><code>\lim</code><a href='#index-_005clim' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\liminf</code>
-<span id="index-_005climinf"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005climinf'><span><code>\liminf</code><a href='#index-_005climinf' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit inferior
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\limsup</code>
-<span id="index-_005climsup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005climsup'><span><code>\limsup</code><a href='#index-_005climsup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Limit superior
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ln</code>
-<span id="index-_005cln"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cln'><span><code>\ln</code><a href='#index-_005cln' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Natural logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\log</code>
-<span id="index-_005clog"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clog'><span><code>\log</code><a href='#index-_005clog' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Logarithm
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\max</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmax"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmax'><span><code>\max</code><a href='#index-_005cmax' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Maximum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\min</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmin"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmin'><span><code>\min</code><a href='#index-_005cmin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Minimum
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\pmod</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpmod"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpmod'><span><code>\pmod</code><a href='#index-_005cpmod' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\Pr</code>
-<span id="index-_005cPr"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cPr'><span><code>\Pr</code><a href='#index-_005cPr' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Probability
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sec</code>
-<span id="index-_005csec"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csec'><span><code>\sec</code><a href='#index-_005csec' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Secant
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sin</code>
-<span id="index-_005csin"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csin'><span><code>\sin</code><a href='#index-_005csin' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sinh</code>
-<span id="index-_005csinh"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csinh'><span><code>\sinh</code><a href='#index-_005csinh' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic sine
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\sup</code>
-<span id="index-_005csup"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csup'><span><code>\sup</code><a href='#index-_005csup' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>sup
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\tan</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctan"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctan'><span><code>\tan</code><a href='#index-_005ctan' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Tangent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\tanh</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctanh"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctanh'><span><code>\tanh</code><a href='#index-_005ctanh' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic tangent
</p>
</dd>
@@ -15840,7 +15489,7 @@ spacing.
<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></span>
<span id="index-amsmath-package-9"></span>
-<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
+<p>The <code>amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
briefly, you can define an identity operator with
<code>\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</code> that is like the ones
@@ -15850,7 +15499,9 @@ below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\ma
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Math-accents"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Math-accents">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="n" rel="next">Over- and Underlining</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -15864,96 +15515,70 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
(see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\acute</code>
-<span id="index-_005cacute"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cacute'><span><code>\acute</code><a href='#index-_005cacute' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math acute accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\bar</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbar"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbar'><span><code>\bar</code><a href='#index-_005cbar' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></span>
<span id="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math bar-over accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\breve</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbreve"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbreve'><span><code>\breve</code><a href='#index-_005cbreve' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math breve accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\check</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccheck"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccheck'><span><code>\check</code><a href='#index-_005ccheck' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-check-accent_002c-math"></span>
<span id="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math h&aacute;&#269;ek (check) accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ddot</code>
-<span id="index-_005cddot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cddot'><span><code>\ddot</code><a href='#index-_005cddot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math dieresis accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dot</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdot"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdot'><span><code>\dot</code><a href='#index-_005cdot' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></span>
<span id="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math dot accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\grave</code>
-<span id="index-_005cgrave"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cgrave'><span><code>\grave</code><a href='#index-_005cgrave' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math grave accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\hat</code>
-<span id="index-_005chat"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005chat'><span><code>\hat</code><a href='#index-_005chat' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></span>
<span id="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\mathring</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmathring"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmathring'><span><code>\mathring</code><a href='#index-_005cmathring' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math ring accent </p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\tilde</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctilde"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctilde'><span><code>\tilde</code><a href='#index-_005ctilde' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\vec</code>
-<span id="index-_005cvec"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cvec'><span><code>\vec</code><a href='#index-_005cvec' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math vector symbol
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\widehat</code>
-<span id="index-_005cwidehat"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cwidehat'><span><code>\widehat</code><a href='#index-_005cwidehat' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math wide hat accent
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\widetilde</code>
-<span id="index-_005cwidetilde"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cwidetilde'><span><code>\widetilde</code><a href='#index-_005cwidetilde' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math wide tilde accent
</p>
@@ -15965,7 +15590,9 @@ one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (see <a href="#Math
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Over_002d-and-Underlining"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Over_002d-and-Underlining">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -15978,34 +15605,28 @@ Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math m
putting braces over or under some material.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d'><span><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in <code>\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in
-<code>\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<code>\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-ulem"></span>
<span id="index-ulem-package"></span>
-<p>Note that the package <samp>ulem</samp> does text mode underlining and allows
+<p>Note that the package <code>ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows
line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
-documentation on CTAN. See also&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a> for
+documentation on CTAN. See also&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></a> for
producing a line, for such things as a signature.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coverline_007btext_007d'><span><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
outside. For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>.
Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this
<code>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript,
@@ -16022,9 +15643,7 @@ Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript,
unconnected to the underbrace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d'><span><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with
<code>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also
<code>\underbrace</code>.
@@ -16035,14 +15654,16 @@ unconnected to the underbrace.
<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></span>
<span id="index-mathtools-package-3"></span>
-<p>The package <samp>mathtools</samp> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
+<p>The package <code>mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
@@ -16052,7 +15673,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, P
<p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x,
-as <em>y=mx</em>.
+as <em class='math'>y=mx</em>.
</p>
<p>But LaTeX&rsquo;s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
@@ -16070,44 +15691,44 @@ current math symbols family (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>)
a&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>M</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\;</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_003b"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cthickspace"></span>
-<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+<dt id='index-_005c_003b'><span><code>\;</code><a href='#index-_005c_003b' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cthickspace"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></span><span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-10"></span>
+
+<p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With
+the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release,
+can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode
+only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\negthickspace</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cnegthickspace"></span>
-<p>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+<dt id='index-_005cnegthickspace'><span><code>\negthickspace</code><a href='#index-_005cnegthickspace' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code>
+package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text
+mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\:</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\&gt;</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_003a"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c_003e-1"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003a'><span><code>\:</code><a href='#index-_005c_003a' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\&gt;</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003e-1"></span>
<span id="index-_005cmedspace"></span>
-<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus
+4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
+LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before
+that, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\negmedspace</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cnegmedspace"></span>
-<p>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+<dt id='index-_005cnegmedspace'><span><code>\negmedspace</code><a href='#index-_005cnegmedspace' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code>
+package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text
+mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\,</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_002c"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cthinspace"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_002c'><span><code>\,</code><a href='#index-_005c_002c' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cthinspace"></span>
<span id="index-thin-space"></span>
<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></span><span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em.
-Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>).
+Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the
infinitesimal in an integral <code>\int f(x)\,dx</code> and, if an author does
@@ -16121,47 +15742,43 @@ this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
</pre></div>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_0021"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0021'><span><code>\!</code><a href='#index-_005c_0021' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></span>
<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></span>
-<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></span><p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that,
-The <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code>
-command has always worked in text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>).
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally
+<code>-3mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
+LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode;
+otherwise, the <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the
+<code>\negthinspace</code> command has always also worked in text mode
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\quad</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-quad"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cquad"></span>
+<dt id='index-quad'><span><code>\quad</code><a href='#index-quad' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cquad"></span>
<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></span><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\qquad</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cqquad"></span>
-<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></span><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
+<dt id='index-_005cqquad'><span><code>\qquad</code><a href='#index-_005cqquad' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></span><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1">\smash</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make empty box same size as argument.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="3">\mathstrut</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add some vertical space to a formula.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1"><code>\smash</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2"><code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="3"><code>\mathstrut</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csmash"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005csmash">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csmash-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></h4>
@@ -16217,7 +15834,7 @@ extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline.
</pre></div>
<p>Note the use of <code>\vphantom</code> to give the <code>\sqrt</code> command an
-argument with the height of the <code>\sum</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>).
+argument with the height of the <code>\sum</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a>).
</p>
<p>While most often used in mathematics, the <code>\smash</code> command can
appear in other contexts. However, it doesn&rsquo;t change into horizontal
@@ -16240,9 +15857,11 @@ control over smashing a subformula box.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\mathstrut</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\smash</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\mathstrut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\smash</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></h4>
@@ -16274,11 +15893,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\mathstrut</a>, Prev
<p>The <code>\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth,
and width as <var>subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes
LaTeX to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here
-LaTeX will put a box of the right size for the quotation, but empty.
+LaTeX will put a blank line that is the correct width for the answer,
+but will not show that answer.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\fbox{\phantom{Conservatism is the fear-filled worship of dead radicals.
- --- Mark Twain}}
+<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+ \int x^2\,dx=\mbox{\underline{$\phantom{(1/3)x^3+C}$}}
+\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>\vphantom</code> variant produces an invisible box with the same
@@ -16301,26 +15922,26 @@ two expressions come out at the same level.
</pre></div>
<p>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code>\smash</code>.
-See <a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>.
+See <a href="#g_t_005csmash"><code>\smash</code></a>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-5"></span>
<span id="index-mathtools-package-5"></span>
<p>The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides
a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
-convenient, including <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) as well
-as <code>\settodepth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>), <code>\settoheight</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>), and <code>\settowidth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>).
-In addition, the <samp>mathtools</samp> package has many commands that offer
+convenient, including <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>) as well
+as <code>\settodepth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>), <code>\settoheight</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>), and <code>\settowidth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>).
+In addition, the <code>mathtools</code> package has many commands that offer
fine-grained control over spacing.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-10"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-11"></span>
<p>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
should give it such a status, for example with the <code>\operatorname</code>
-command from the package <samp>amsmath</samp>.
+command from the package <code>amsmath</code>.
</p>
<p>While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other
contexts. However, they don&rsquo;t cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
@@ -16329,9 +15950,11 @@ with <code>\leavevmode</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmathstrut"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmathstrut">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmathstrut-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.3 <code>\mathstrut</code></h4>
@@ -16341,6 +15964,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" acc
<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2"></span>
<span id="index-invisible-character-1"></span>
<span id="index-character_002c-invisible-1"></span>
+<span id="index-strut_002c-math"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16348,7 +15972,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" acc
<pre class="example">\mathstrut
</pre></div>
-<p>The analogue of <code>\strut</code> for mathematics. See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>.
+<p>The analogue of <code>\strut</code> for mathematics. See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>.
</p>
<p>The input <code>$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$</code> gives output where the
second radical is taller than the first. To add extra vertical space
@@ -16357,45 +15981,137 @@ without any horizontal space, so that the two have the same height, use
</p>
<p>The <code>\mathstrut</code> command adds the vertical height of an open
parenthesis, <code>(</code>, but no horizontal space. It is defined as
-<code>\vphantom{(}</code>, so see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a> for
+<code>\vphantom{(}</code>, so see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a> for
more. An advantage over <code>\strut</code> is that <code>\mathstrut</code> adds no
depth, which is often the right thing for formulas. Using the height of
an open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the
-amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. See <a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>.
+amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. See <a href="#g_t_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Math-styles">
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Math-styles-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.7 Math styles</h3>
+
+<span id="index-math-styles"></span>
+
+<p>TeX&rsquo;s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
+example, inside a displayed equation, the input <code>\sum_{0\leq
+i&lt;n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}</code> will give
+output with the summation index centered below the summation symbol.
+But if that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right
+rather than below, so it won&rsquo;t push the lines apart. Similarly, in a
+displayed context, the symbols in the numerator and denominator will be
+larger than for an inline context, and in display math subscripts and
+superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
+</p>
+<p>TeX uses four math styles.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> <span id="index-display-style"></span>
+Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such as
+with <code>\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}</code>.
+
+</li><li> <span id="index-text-style"></span>
+Text style is for an inline formula, as with &lsquo;<samp>so we have $ ... $</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> <span id="index-script-style"></span>
+Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or superscript.
+
+</li><li> <span id="index-scriptscript-style"></span>
+Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or more)
+of subscript or superscript.
+
+</li></ul>
+
+<span id="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ctextstyle"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cscriptstyle"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"></span>
+<p>TeX determines a default math style but you can override it with a
+declaration of <code>\displaystyle</code>, or <code>\textstyle</code>, or
+<code>\scriptstyle</code>, or <code>\scriptscriptstyle</code>.
+</p>
+<p>In this example, the &lsquo;<samp>Arithmetic</samp>&rsquo; line&rsquo;s fraction will look
+scrunched.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
+ \textsc{Name} &amp;\textsc{Series} &amp;\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline
+ Arithmetic &amp;$a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b)$
+ &amp;$na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}$ \\
+ Geometric &amp;$a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1}$
+ &amp;$\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}$ \\
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>But because of the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration,
+the &lsquo;<samp>Geometric</samp>&rsquo; line&rsquo;s fraction will be easy to read, with
+characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
+</p>
+<p>Another example is that, compared to the same input without the
+declaration, the result of
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">we get
+$\pi=2\cdot{\displaystyle\int_{x=0}^1 \sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx}$
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will have an integral sign that is much taller. Note that here the
+<code>\displaystyle</code> applies to only part of the formula, and it is
+delimited by being inside curly braces, as &lsquo;<samp>{\displaystyle ...}</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The last example is a continued fraction.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+a_0+\frac{1}{
+ \displaystyle a_1+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{
+ \displaystyle a_2+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{
+ \displaystyle a_3}}}
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without the <code>\displaystyle</code> declarations, the denominators would be
+set in script style and scriptscript style. (The <code>\mathstrut</code>
+improves the height of the denominators; see <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut"><code>\mathstrut</code></a>.)
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Math-miscellany"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Math-miscellany">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Math-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Math-miscellany-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.7 Math miscellany</h3>
+<span id="Math-miscellany-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.8 Math miscellany</h3>
<span id="index-math-miscellany"></span>
<p>LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are
some that don&rsquo;t fit into other categories.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Colon.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2">\*</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discretionary multiplication.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3">\frac</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fraction.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4">\sqrt</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Radicals.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5">\stackrel</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Text over a relation.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2"><code>\*</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3"><code>\frac</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4"><code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5"><code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></h4>
+<span id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></h4>
<span id="index-colon-character"></span>
<span id="index-_003a-for-math"></span>
@@ -16414,27 +16130,29 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Ma
<pre class="example">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-11"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-12"></span>
<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
<code>\{x\colon 0\leq x&lt;1\}</code>.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></span>
-<span id="index-amsmath-package-12"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-13"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-13"></span>
-<p>But the widely-used <samp>amsmath</samp> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
+<p>But the widely-used <code>amsmath</code> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct{:}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_002a"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_002a">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frac</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character &amp; \colon</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frac</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005c_002a-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005c_002a-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.2 <code>\*</code></h4>
<span id="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></span>
<span id="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span>
@@ -16460,11 +16178,13 @@ break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cfrac"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrac">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sqrt</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\sqrt</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\*</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfrac-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cfrac-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.3 <code>\frac</code></h4>
<span id="index-fraction"></span>
<span id="index-_005cfrac"></span>
@@ -16482,11 +16202,13 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code>
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csqrt"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005csqrt">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stackrel</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frac</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\stackrel</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frac</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005csqrt-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.4 <code>\sqrt</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005csqrt-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.4 <code>\sqrt</code></h4>
<span id="index-square-root"></span>
<span id="index-roots"></span>
@@ -16511,11 +16233,13 @@ a large enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cstackrel"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cstackrel">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sqrt</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\sqrt</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.5 <code>\stackrel</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.8.5 <code>\stackrel</code></h4>
<span id="index-stack-math"></span>
<span id="index-relation_002c-text-above"></span>
@@ -16532,9 +16256,13 @@ arrow enter <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Modes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Modes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Modes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>
@@ -16548,9 +16276,11 @@ the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="modes-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="index-paragraph-mode"></span>
-<em>Paragraph mode</em> is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
-text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
-pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time.
+<em>Paragraph mode</em> (in plain TeX this is called <em>horizontal
+mode</em>) is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks
+the input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so that
+in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode LaTeX is
+in most of the time.
<span id="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></span>
<span id="index-LR-mode"></span>
@@ -16575,13 +16305,15 @@ ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
differs in the two situations.)
</p>
</li><li> <span id="index-vertical-mode"></span>
-<span id="modes-vertical-mode"></span><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
-other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is in
-when it starts a document.
+<span id="modes-vertical-mode"></span><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is
+building the list of lines and other material making the output page,
+which comprises insertion of page breaks. This is the mode LaTeX is
+in when it starts a document.
<span id="index-internal-vertical-mode"></span>
<span id="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></span><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
-<code>\vbox</code>. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
+<code>\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
+vertical analogue of LR mode.
</p>
</li></ul>
@@ -16601,13 +16333,13 @@ will not put a page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a
situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em>outer paragraph mode</em>
(see <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>).
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1"><code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005censuremath"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005censuremath">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -16641,9 +16373,12 @@ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Page-styles"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Page-styles">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Page-styles-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2>
@@ -16659,25 +16394,22 @@ the first page of an article.
<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></span>
<span id="index-fancyhdr-package"></span>
-<p>The package <samp>fancyhdr</samp> is very helpful for constructing page
+<p>The package <code>fancyhdr</code> is very helpful for constructing page
styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2">\pagenumbering</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the style used for page numbers.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3">\pagestyle</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4">\thispagestyle</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1"><code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3"><code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmaketitle"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmaketitle">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>
@@ -16725,9 +16457,7 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the
<code>\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d'><span><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code><a href='#index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></span>
<span id="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></span>
@@ -16739,19 +16469,15 @@ the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: No
\author given</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdate_007btext_007d'><span><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
<p>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document&rsquo;s date. The <var>text</var>
doesn&rsquo;t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
-omit <code>\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
+omit <code>\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>).
To have no date, instead use <code>\date{}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d'><span><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
<span id="index-credit-footnote"></span>
<p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
@@ -16761,9 +16487,7 @@ all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
address.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d'><span><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></span>
<p>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
@@ -16774,7 +16498,7 @@ omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error:
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>To make your own title page, see&nbsp;<a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>. You can either
+<p>To make your own title page, see&nbsp;<a href="#titlepage"><code>titlepage</code></a>. You can either
create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
<code>\maketitle</code> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
in place of <code>article</code> that formats the title according to their
@@ -16782,9 +16506,11 @@ house requirements.)
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagenumbering">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\maketitle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>
@@ -16814,37 +16540,36 @@ are numbered &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;, etc.
</pre></div>
<p>The argument <var>number-style</var> is one of the following (see
-also&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>).
+also&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>arabic</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>arabic</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Arabic numerals: 1, 2, &hellip;
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>roman</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>roman</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii, &hellip;
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>Roman</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>Roman</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>uppercase Roman numerals: I, II, &hellip;
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>alph</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>alph</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>lowercase letters: a, b, &hellip; If you have more than 26 pages then you
get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>Alph</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>Alph</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>uppercase letters: A, B, &hellip; If you have more than 26 pages then you
get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>gobble</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-2"></span>
-<span id="index-hyperref-package-2"></span>
+<dt id='index-package_002c-hyperref-2'><span><code>gobble</code><a href='#index-package_002c-hyperref-2' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-hyperref-package-2"></span>
<p>LaTeX does not output a page number, although it
does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
-work with the popular package <samp>hyperref</samp> so to have the page number
+work with the popular package <code>hyperref</code> so to have the page number
not appear you may want to instead use <code>\pagestyle{empty}</code> or
<code>\thispagestyle{empty}</code>.)
</p>
@@ -16853,18 +16578,19 @@ not appear you may want to instead use <code>\pagestyle{empty}</code> or
<p>Traditionally, if a document has front matter&mdash;preface, table of
contents, etc.&mdash;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
-main matter of a document uses arabic. See <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>.
+main matter of a document uses arabic. See <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>.
</p>
-<p>If you want to address where the page number appears on the page,
-see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>. If you want to change the value of page
-number then you will manipulate the <code>page</code> counter
-(see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
+<p>If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>. If you want to change the value of the page
+number, then you manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cpagestyle"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cpagestyle">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>
@@ -16886,7 +16612,7 @@ from the current page onwards.
<span id="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></span>
<p>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
-<samp>fancyhdr</samp> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
+<code>fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
on CTAN.
@@ -16894,20 +16620,20 @@ on CTAN.
<p>Values for <var>style</var>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>plain</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The header is empty. The footer contains only a page number, centered.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>empty</code></dt>
-<dd><p>The header and footer is empty.
+<dt><span><code>empty</code></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The header and footer are both empty.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>headings</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>headings</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put running headers and footers on each page. The document style
specifies what goes in there; see the discussion below.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>myheadings</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>myheadings</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the
<code>\markright</code> commands.
</p>
@@ -16959,9 +16685,7 @@ setting <code>\rightmark</code> to &lsquo;<samp>Subsection&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo
<p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d'><span><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page
heading <var>left-head</var> is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code>
@@ -16971,9 +16695,7 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
the last one that came before that page.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d'><span><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -16981,9 +16703,11 @@ the last one that came before that page.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cthispagestyle">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></h3>
@@ -16996,7 +16720,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagestyle</a>,
<pre class="example">\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Works in the same way as the <code>\pagestyle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>),
+<p>Works in the same way as the <code>\pagestyle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>),
except that it changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. This
declaration has global scope, so its effect is not delimited by braces
or environments.
@@ -17022,64 +16746,47 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Spaces"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Spaces">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Spaces-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>
<span id="index-spaces"></span>
<span id="index-white-space"></span>
-<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Some of
-these are best suited to mathematical text; see&nbsp;<a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>. Some spacing commands are suitable for both regular text
-and mathematical text; versions of some of these commands are in this
-chapter.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Horizontal space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Traditional horizontal spaces.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2">\hspace</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Any horizontal space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3">\hfill</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4">\hss</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5">\spacefactor</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">\(SPACE)</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Backslash-space, and explicit space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7">~</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tie, an unbreakable space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9">\/</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic correction.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
-
-Vertical space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure height of a line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Vertical space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable vertical space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-
+<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white space, or filled space. Some of
+these are best suited to mathematical text; for these
+see&nbsp;<a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1"><code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2"><code>\hspace</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3"><code>\hfill</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4"><code>\hss</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5"><code>\spacefactor</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7"><code>~</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8"><code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9"><code>\/</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></h3>
@@ -17117,9 +16824,11 @@ in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005chspace"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005chspace">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005chspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
@@ -17132,11 +16841,12 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Previous: <a
\hspace*{<var>length</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Insert the horizontal space <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> can be
-positive, negative, or zero; adding negative space is like backspacing.
-It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or
-<code>minus</code> component, or both (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Because the space is
-stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called <em>glue</em>.
+<p>Insert the amount <var>length</var> of horizontal space. The <var>length</var> can
+be positive, negative, or zero; adding a negative amount of space is
+like backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a
+<code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component, or both (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
+Because the space is stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called
+<em>glue</em>.
</p>
<p>This makes a line with &lsquo;<samp>Name:</samp>&rsquo; an inch from the right margin.
</p>
@@ -17144,10 +16854,10 @@ stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called <em>glue</em>.
<pre class="example">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>*</code>-version inserts horizontal space that non-discardable.
-More precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white
+<p>The <code>*</code>-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
+precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white
space&mdash;glues and kerns&mdash;that come at a line break are discarded. The
-<code>*</code>-version avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
+<code>*</code>-form avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space).
</p>
<p>In this example
@@ -17179,9 +16889,11 @@ space won&rsquo;t shrink more than 0.25cm (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005chfill"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005chfill">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hss</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hss</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005chfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
@@ -17209,7 +16921,7 @@ of the page and &lsquo;<samp>Quiz One</samp>&rsquo; on the right.
<span id="index-_005cfill"></span>
<p>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code> and
so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
-<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>).
+<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Here the graphs are evenly spaced in the middle of the figure.
</p>
@@ -17229,9 +16941,11 @@ so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005chss"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005chss">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005chss-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\hss</code></h3>
@@ -17249,7 +16963,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>,
<p>Produce a horizontal space that is infinitely shrinkable as well as
infinitely stretchable (this command is a TeX primitive). LaTeX
authors should reach first for the <code>\makebox</code> command to get the
-effects of <code>\hss</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>).
+effects of <code>\hss</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Here, the first line&rsquo;s <code>\hss</code> makes the Z stick out to the right,
overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
@@ -17265,9 +16979,11 @@ X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cspacefactor"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cspacefactor">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hss</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hss</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
@@ -17283,7 +16999,7 @@ documents do not use this command.
</p>
<p>While LaTeX is laying out the material, it may stretch or shrink the
gaps between words. (This space is not a character; it is called the
-<em>interword glue</em>; see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>). The <code>\spacefactor</code> command
+<em>interword glue</em>; see <a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>). The <code>\spacefactor</code> command
(from Plain&nbsp;TeX) allows you to, for instance, have the space
after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
</p>
@@ -17304,8 +17020,8 @@ font&rsquo;s normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is
3.3333&nbsp;points). Otherwise, if the space factor <var>f</var> is greater
than 2000 then TeX adds the font&rsquo;s extra space value (for Computer
Modern Roman 10 point this is 1.11111&nbsp;points), and then the font&rsquo;s
-normal stretch value is multiplied by <em>f /1000</em> and the normal
-shrink value is multiplied by <em>1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman
+normal stretch value is multiplied by <em class='math'>f /1000</em> and the normal
+shrink value is multiplied by <em class='math'>1000/f</em> (for Computer Modern Roman
10 point these are 1.66666 and 1.11111&nbsp;points).
</p>
<p>For example, consider the period ending <code>A man's best friend is his
@@ -17321,7 +17037,7 @@ period carries through those characters (that is, the following glue
will have increased stretch and shrink). Second, if
punctuation comes after a capital letter then its effect is not in place
so you get an ordinary space. This second case also affects abbreviations
-that do not end in a capital letter (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
+that do not end in a capital letter (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>).
</p>
<p>You can only use <code>\spacefactor</code> in paragraph mode or LR mode
(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). You can see the current value with
@@ -17331,23 +17047,21 @@ that do not end in a capital letter (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
like &lsquo;<samp>You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>You
can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode.</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>Improper \spacefactor</samp>&rsquo;
then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>.)
+See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>.)
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\@</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3">\normalsfcodes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Restore space factor settings to the default.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1"><code>\@</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="2"><code>\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0040"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005c_0040-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></h4>
@@ -17369,7 +17083,7 @@ abbreviation if the period comes after a capital letter, and otherwise
thinks the period ends the sentence. By default, in justifying a line
LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question
mark, exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than it adjusts the space
-between words (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>).
+between words (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example shows the two cases to remember.
</p>
@@ -17410,11 +17124,13 @@ Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\normalsfcodes</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></span><span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></h4>
<span id="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></span>
<span id="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></span>
@@ -17427,10 +17143,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</
\nonfrenchspacing
</pre></div>
-<p>The first declaration causes LaTeX to treat spacing between sentences
-in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a sentence.
-The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>); this is the default.
+<p>The first declaration causes LaTeX to handle spacing between
+sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
+sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
+spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
@@ -17441,9 +17158,11 @@ spaces are treated equally.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\spacefactor</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
@@ -17456,28 +17175,31 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspaci
<pre class="example">\normalsfcodes
</pre></div>
-<p>Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>).
+<p>Reset the LaTeX space factors to the default values
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next">~</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>~</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></span><h3 class="section">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3>
<span id="index-_005cNEWLINE"></span>
<span id="index-_005cSPACE"></span>
-<span id="index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></span>
<span id="index-_005cTAB"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c--_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></span>
<span id="index-_005cSPACE-1"></span>
<p>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
-backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
+backslash followed by a space.<br>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\
+<pre class="example">\ <!-- /@w -->
</pre></div>
<p>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
@@ -17487,40 +17209,57 @@ backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l}
-One blank: makes some space \\
-Three blanks: in a row \\
-Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{rl}
+One blank:&amp; makes some space \\
+Three blanks:&amp; in a row \\
+Three spaces:&amp;\ \ \ in a row \\
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
<p>On the first line LaTeX puts some space after the colon. On the
second line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one
whitespace, so you end with the same space after the colon as in the
-first line. LaTeX would similarly collapse a blank followed by a
-tab, or a blank and a newline and a blank. However, the bottom line
-asks for three spaces so the white area is wider. That is, the
-backslash-space command creates a fixed amount of horizontal space.
-(Note that you can define a horizontal space of any width at all with
-<code>\hspace</code>; see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>.)
+first line. LaTeX would similarly collapse them to a single
+whitespace if one, two or all of the three blanks were replaced by a
+tab, or by a newline. However, the bottom line asks for three spaces so
+the white area is wider. That is, the backslash-space command creates a
+fixed amount of horizontal space. (Note that you can define a
+horizontal space of any width at all with <code>\hspace</code>;
+see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>.)
</p>
<p>The backslash-space command has two main uses. It is often used after
-control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that follows, as
-in <code>\TeX\ is nice</code>. (But using curly parentheses, as in
-<code>\TeX{} is best</code>, has the advantage of still working if the next
-character is a period.) The other common use is that it marks a period
-as ending an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>So
-says Prof.\ Smith</code> or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
-</p>
-<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt>
+control sequences to keep them from gobbling the blank that follows, as
+after <code>\TeX</code> in <code>\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)</code>. (But using curly braces
+has the advantage of still working whether the next character is a blank
+or any other non-letter, as in <code>\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})</code> in which
+<code>{}</code> can be added after <code>\LaTeX</code> as well as after
+<code>\TeX</code>.) The other common use is that it marks a period as ending
+an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>Prof.\ Smith</code>
+or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>).
+</p>
+<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">TAB</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">NEWLINE</tt>
are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
</p>
+<span id="Leading-blanks"></span><p>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
+normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So the
+following prints &lsquo;<samp>one word</samp>&rsquo;:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">one
+ word
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>where the white space between &lsquo;<samp>one</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>word</samp>&rsquo; is produced by
+the newline after &lsquo;<samp>one</samp>&rsquo;, not by the space before &lsquo;<samp>word</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_007e"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_007e">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE)</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_007e-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.7 <code>~</code></h3>
@@ -17537,31 +17276,36 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="ne
<pre class="example"><var>before</var>~<var>after</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>The tie character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var> and
+<p>The <em>tie</em> character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var> and
<var>after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus
1.11111pt (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words.
+<p>Note that the word &lsquo;<samp>tie</samp>&rsquo; has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo
+community; this differs from the typographic term &ldquo;tie&rdquo;, which
+is a diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a &ldquo;tie-after&rdquo; accent
+in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
+</p>
+<p>Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
</pre></div>
<p>In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the
-end-of-sentence spacing (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
+end-of-sentence spacing (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
-words in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>).
+words in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>).
</p>
<p>They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
from <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
</p>
<ul>
-<li> Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references:
+<li> Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
<code>Chapter~12</code>, or <code>Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</code>, or
<code>Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>.
@@ -17572,13 +17316,13 @@ from <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
<span id="index-siunitx-package-1"></span>
</li><li> Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
-<samp>siunitx</samp> package has a special facility for this) or
-<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and a date:
-<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions
-where numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
+<code>siunitx</code> package has a special facility for this) or
+<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and day number in a date:
+<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where
+numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
<code>AD~565</code>, or <code>2:50~pm</code>, or <code>Boeing~747</code>, or
<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>. Other common
-choices here are a thin space (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>) and
+choices here are a thin space (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a>) and
no space at all.
</li><li> When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code>equals~$n$</code>, or
@@ -17603,9 +17347,11 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">~</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\/</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>~</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></h3>
@@ -17642,16 +17388,21 @@ think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another
style-specific use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\
Knuth</code>.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands
-(see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the
-2020-10-01 LaTeX release, they can be used in text mode as well as
-math mode, including <code>\!</code> for <code>\negthinspace</code>; before that,
-they were available only in math mode.
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-14"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-14"></span>
+
+<p>LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode
+(see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as
+of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, they can be used in text mode as
+well as math mode, including <code>\!</code> for <code>\negthinspace</code>; but
+otherwise, they are available only in math mode.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_002f"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005c_002f">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005c_002f-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\/</code></h3>
@@ -17700,8 +17451,8 @@ do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts.
<span id="index-_005cfontdimen1"></span>
<span id="index-font-dimension_002c-slant"></span>
<p>Technically, LaTeX uses another font-specific value, the so-called
-slant parameter (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether to
-possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
+<em>slant parameter</em> (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether
+to possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
particular font commands.
</p>
<p>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; math spacing is
@@ -17709,9 +17460,11 @@ done in a different way.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\/</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></h3>
@@ -17751,7 +17504,7 @@ here
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%
- \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern\z@}
+ \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern0pt }
</pre></div>
<p>which changes the default thickness of 0.4pt to 1pt.
@@ -17759,7 +17512,7 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\dotfill}{%
- \leavevmode\cleaders\hb@xt@1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern\z@}
+ \leavevmode\cleaders\hbox to 1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern0pt }
</pre></div>
<p>which changes the default length of 0.33em to 1.00em.
@@ -17778,9 +17531,11 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></h3>
@@ -17793,7 +17548,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" acce
</pre></div>
<p>Produce an amount of vertical space, large or medium-sized or
-small. These commands are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+small. These commands are fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Here the skip suggests the passage of time (from <i>The Golden Ocean</i> by
O&rsquo;Brian).
@@ -17812,27 +17567,21 @@ file.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="bigskip"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\bigskip</code>
-<span id="index-_005cbigskip"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cbigskip'><span><code>\bigskip</code><a href='#index-_005cbigskip' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cbigskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</p>
<span id="medskip"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\medskip</code>
-<span id="index-_005cmedskip"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cmedskip'><span><code>\medskip</code><a href='#index-_005cmedskip' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005cmedskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a
line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</p>
<span id="smallskip"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\smallskip</code>
-<span id="index-_005csmallskip"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005csmallskip'><span><code>\smallskip</code><a href='#index-_005csmallskip' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-_005csmallskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
@@ -17841,20 +17590,22 @@ quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>Because each command is a <code>\vspace</code>, if you use on in mid-paragraph
+<p>Because each command is a <code>\vspace</code>, if you use it in mid-paragraph
then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use
it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So
these are best between paragraphs.
</p>
<p>The commands <code>\bigbreak</code>, <code>\medbreak</code>, and <code>\smallbreak</code>
are similar but also suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to
-put a page break (see <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>.
+put a page break (see <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"><code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\strut</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\strut</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></h3>
@@ -17870,7 +17621,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\strut</a>, Previous: <a
suggest to LaTeX that this is a good place to break the page. (The
associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.)
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, for more. These commands
+<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></a>, for more. These commands
produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a
preceding vertical space if it is less than what they would insert (as
with <code>\addvspace</code>). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where
@@ -17888,14 +17639,16 @@ with &lsquo;<samp>def</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cstrut"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cstrut">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cstrut-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3>
<span id="index-_005cstrut"></span>
-<span id="index-strut"></span>
+<span id="index-strut-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17906,8 +17659,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous:
<p>Ensure that the current line has height at least <code>0.7\baselineskip</code>
and depth at least <code>0.3\baselineskip</code>. Essentially, LaTeX
inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width,
-<code>\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>).
-The <code>\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font and fontsize.
+<code>\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>).
+The <code>\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font or fontsize.
</p>
<p>In this example the <code>\strut</code> keeps the box inside the frame from
having zero height.
@@ -17954,10 +17707,10 @@ item&rsquo;s second line.
</pre></div>
<p>The final two lists use <code>\fbox</code> to show what&rsquo;s happening. The
-third list&rsquo;s <code>\parbox</code> goes only to the bottom of its second
-&lsquo;<samp>test</samp>&rsquo;, which happens not have any characters that descend below
-the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed
-extra below-baseline space.
+first item <code>\parbox</code> of the third list goes only to the bottom of
+its second &lsquo;<samp>test</samp>&rsquo;, which happens not have any characters that
+descend below the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives
+the needed extra below-baseline space.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></span>
<span id="index-TikZ-package-1"></span>
@@ -17965,7 +17718,7 @@ extra below-baseline space.
<span id="index-Asymptote-package-1"></span>
<p>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
-<samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>. For instance, you may have a command
+<code>TikZ</code> or <code>Asymptote</code>. For instance, you may have a command
such as <code>\graphnode{<var>node-name</var>}</code> that fits a circle around
<var>node-name</var>. However, unless you are careful the <var>node-name</var>&rsquo;s
&lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>y</samp>&rsquo; will produce different-diameter circles because
@@ -17987,16 +17740,18 @@ second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
</pre></div>
<p>(Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available
-optional argument to put in more vertical room, that won&rsquo;t work here.
-Changing the first double backslash to something like <code>\\[2.5ex]</code>
-will put the room between the header line and the <code>\hline</code>, and the
-integral would still hit the line.)
+optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won&rsquo;t
+solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like
+<code>\\[2.5ex]</code> will put more room between the header line and the
+<code>\hline</code> rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.)
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cvspace"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvspace">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\strut</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\vfill</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\strut</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
@@ -18024,12 +17779,12 @@ or <code>minus</code> component (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
The new day dawned cold.
</pre></div>
-<p>(See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, for common inter-paragraph
+<p>(See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></a>, for common inter-paragraph
spaces.)
</p>
-<p>The <code>*</code>-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More
+<p>The <code>*</code>-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More
precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break and the
-<code>*</code>-version causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
+<code>*</code>-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
between the two questions.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -18062,9 +17817,11 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cvfill"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cvfill">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addvspace</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vspace</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cvfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
@@ -18088,7 +17845,7 @@ infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far as needed
adds the infinite vertical space below its line, irrespective of the
paragraph structure. In both cases that space will disappear at a page
boundary; to circumvent this see the starred option
-in&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>.
+in&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>.
</p>
<p>In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines contain
the text &lsquo;<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>&rsquo; and the second &lsquo;<samp>Lost Dog!</samp>&rsquo; is exactly
@@ -18106,9 +17863,11 @@ Lost Dog!
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005caddvspace"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddvspace">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\vfill</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
@@ -18126,13 +17885,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a h
more <code>\addvspace</code>&rsquo;s in a sequence then together they only add the
space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
<var>vert-length</var>&rsquo;s in that sequence. This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). The <var>vert-length</var> is a rubber length
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). The <var>vert-length</var> is a rubber length
(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
-<p>This example illustrates. The <code>picture</code> draws a scale. In a
-standard LaTeX article the length <code>\baselineskip</code> is 12pt.
-The two rules here are 22pt apart: the sum of the
-<code>\baselineskip</code> and the 10pt from the first <code>addvspace</code>.
+<p>This example illustrates. The <code>picture</code> draws a scale over which
+to rules are placed. In a standard LaTeX article the length
+<code>\baselineskip</code> is 12pt. As shown by the scale, the two
+rules are 22pt apart: the sum of the <code>\baselineskip</code> and the
+10pt from the first <code>\addvspace</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
@@ -18164,13 +17924,16 @@ space, not two.
<p>A error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo; pointing to an
<code>\addvspace</code> means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit
this command. One way to change that is to precede <code>\addvspace</code>
-with a <code>\par</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a>), as in the above example.
+with a <code>\par</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cpar"><code>\par</code></a>), as in the above example.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Boxes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Boxes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Boxes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>
@@ -18183,30 +17946,24 @@ page. So these commands are central.
<span id="index-adjustbox-package"></span>
<p>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes.
-One useful adjunct to the commands here is <samp>adjustbox</samp>.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3">\parbox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4">\raisebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code> but save the text for later.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6">lrbox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of <code>\sbox</code>.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7">\usebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code>adjustbox</code>.
+</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2"><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3"><code>\parbox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4"><code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5"><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6"><code>lrbox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7"><code>\usebox</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></h3>
@@ -18228,7 +17985,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox
<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is typeset in
LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines. The
<code>\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code>\makebox</code> is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Because <code>text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code>\mbox</code>
to prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate
@@ -18270,19 +18027,19 @@ gives position of the text within the box. It may take the following
values:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>c</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is centered (default).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>l</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>l</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The <var>text</var> is flush left.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>r</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Flush right.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>s</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>s</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>.
The <var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
instance, this could head a press release:
@@ -18309,29 +18066,31 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
<p>The right edge of the output &lsquo;<samp>10 points </samp>&rsquo; (note the ending space
after &lsquo;<samp>points</samp>&rsquo;) will be just before the &lsquo;<samp>What</samp>&rsquo;. You can use
-<code>\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <samp>TikZ</samp>
-or <samp>Asymptote</samp>, where you put the edge of the text at a known
+<code>\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <code>TikZ</code>
+or <code>Asymptote</code>, where you put the edge of the text at a known
location, regardless of the length of that text.
</p>
-<p>For boxes with frames see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>. For colors
+<p>For boxes with frames see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a>. For colors
see&nbsp;<a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>.
</p>
<p>There is a related version of <code>\makebox</code> that is used within the
<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
-<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>).
+<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a>).
</p>
<p>As <var>text</var> is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash
<code>\\</code> nor <code>\par</code> will give you a new line; for instance
<code>\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code> outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc defghi</samp>&rsquo; while
<code>\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code> outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc def ghi</samp>&rsquo;, both on
-a single line. To get multiple lines see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>
-and&nbsp;<a href="#minipage">minipage</a>.
+a single line. To get multiple lines see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>
+and&nbsp;<a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\parbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></h3>
@@ -18347,60 +18106,56 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous:
\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four lines surrounding the space.
+<p>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the <var>text</var>.
These commands are the same as <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code> except
-for the frame (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>). The <code>\fbox</code> command is
-robust, the <code>\framebox</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+for the frame (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>). The <code>\fbox</code> command is
+robust, the <code>\framebox</code> command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
</pre></div>
-<p>LaTeX puts the text into a box that cannot be split or hyphenated.
-Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four lines making
+<p>LaTeX puts the text into a box, the text cannot be hyphenated.
+Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four rules making
a frame.
</p>
<p>The first two command invocations, <code>\fbox{...}</code> and
<code>\framebox{...}</code>, are roughly the same. As to the third and
fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box
width as <var>width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as
-<var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>, for the full description but
+<var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>, for the full description but
here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4in wide.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\strut</code> inserts a vertical height of <code>\baselineskip</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>).
+<p>The <code>\strut</code> ensures a total height of <code>\baselineskip</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>).
</p>
<p>These parameters determine the frame layout.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\fboxrule</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfboxrule-2"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfboxrule-2'><span><code>\fboxrule</code><a href='#index-_005cfboxrule-2' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-line-width"></span>
<span id="index-frame-rule-width"></span>
<span id="index-_005cfboxrule"></span>
-<p>The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
+<p>The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is
0.2pt. Change it with a command such as
-<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>).
+<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>\fboxsep</code>
-<span id="index-_005cfboxsep-2"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cfboxsep-2'><span><code>\fboxsep</code><a href='#index-_005cfboxsep-2' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></span>
<span id="index-_005cfboxsep"></span>
<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3pt.
Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes:
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes:
this will put a frame around the picture with no white border.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
+<pre class="example">{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}%
\framebox{%
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}
</pre></div>
@@ -18424,14 +18179,17 @@ paragraph, and then frame the result.
<p>See <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>, for colors other than black and white.
</p>
-<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of this command where the
-units depend on <code>picture</code>&rsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>).
+<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of the <code>\framebox</code>
+command where the units depend on <code>picture</code>&rsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cparbox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cparbox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\raisebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cparbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
@@ -18450,7 +18208,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previo
<p>Produce a box of text that is <var>width</var> wide. Use this command to make
a box of small pieces of text, of a single paragraph. This command is
-fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(0,0)
@@ -18464,11 +18222,11 @@ fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
<p>The <var>contents</var> are processed in a text mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so
LaTeX will break lines to make a paragraph. But it won&rsquo;t make
multiple paragraphs; for that, use a <code>minipage</code> environment
-(see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>).
+(see <a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The options for <code>\parbox</code> (except for <var>contents</var>) are the same
as those for <code>minipage</code>. For convenience a summary of the options
-is here but see&nbsp;<a href="#minipage">minipage</a> for a complete description.
+is here but see&nbsp;<a href="#minipage"><code>minipage</code></a> for a complete description.
</p>
<p>There are two required arguments. The <var>width</var> is a rigid length
(see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It sets the width of the box into which LaTeX
@@ -18496,9 +18254,11 @@ stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must contain vertically
stretchable space).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005craisebox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005craisebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\parbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005craisebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
@@ -18512,7 +18272,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox
\raisebox{<var>distance</var>}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Raise or lower <var>text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Raise or lower <var>text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This example makes a command for denoting the restriction of a function
by lowering the vertical bar symbol.
@@ -18557,9 +18317,11 @@ second is the height of <samp>meta.png</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>lrbox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\raisebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></h3>
@@ -18576,12 +18338,12 @@ Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g
\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Typeset <var>text</var> just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it
+<p>Typeset <var>text</var> just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it
in a box register referred to by a variable named <var>box-cmd</var>. The
variable name <var>box-cmd</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must
have previously allocated the box register <var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). The <code>\sbox</code> command is robust while
-<code>\savebox</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>). The <code>\sbox</code> command is robust while
+<code>\savebox</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This creates and uses a box register.
</p>
@@ -18603,7 +18365,7 @@ repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below.
<code>\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, are roughly equivalent.
As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify
the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that
-box as <var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>, for the full
+box as <var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a>, for the full
description.
</p>
<p>In the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> commands the <var>text</var> is
@@ -18616,7 +18378,8 @@ enter <code>\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}</code> and
warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\savebox{\areg}{%
+<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\areg}
+\savebox{\areg}{%
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
@@ -18655,9 +18418,11 @@ header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="lrbox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="lrbox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\usebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="lrbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
@@ -18672,14 +18437,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous:
</pre></div>
<p>This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code>
-commands, and is equivalent to them. for the full description,
-See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>.
+commands, and is equivalent to them. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a>, for the
+full description.
</p>
<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box register
referred to by variable <code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The variable name
<var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must allocate
this box register in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). In this example the environment is convenient
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>). In this example the environment is convenient
for entering the <code>tabular</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -18696,9 +18461,11 @@ for entering the <code>tabular</code>.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cusebox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cusebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>lrbox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cusebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></h3>
@@ -18713,14 +18480,17 @@ Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Box
<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the box register <var>box-cmd</var> by
the commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
-environment. For more information and examples, See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>. (Note that the variable name <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a
-backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+environment. For more information and examples, see <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a>. (Note that the variable name <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a
+backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Color"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Color">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Color-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
@@ -18738,18 +18508,16 @@ Particularly worth mentioning is <samp>xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and
significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
&lsquo;<samp>HTML</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Hsb</samp>&rsquo; color models.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1">Color package options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the standard package.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How colors are represented.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1"><code>color</code> package options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Color-package-options"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Color-package-options">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -18785,18 +18553,18 @@ systems are: <samp>dvipdf</samp>, <samp>dvipdfm</samp>, <samp>dviwin</samp>,
<p>The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>monochrome</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>monochrome</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but do
not generate color either.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>dvipsnames</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>dvipsnames</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used,
particularly in legacy documents. These color names were originally
provided by the <samp>dvips</samp> driver, giving the option name.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>nodvipsnames</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>nodvipsnames</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of
memory space.
</p>
@@ -18805,9 +18573,11 @@ memory space.
<hr>
-<span id="Color-models"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Color-models">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>color</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Color-models-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
@@ -18828,7 +18598,7 @@ and yellow makes black.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="color-models-cmyk"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>cmyk</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>cmyk</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
@@ -18836,12 +18606,12 @@ minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
</p>
<span id="color-models-gray"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>gray</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>gray</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
</p>
<span id="color-models-rgb"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>rgb</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>rgb</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
@@ -18849,7 +18619,7 @@ none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
This is an additive model.
</p>
<span id="color-models-RGB"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>RGB</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>RGB</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>(<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
convenience for using <code>rgb</code> since outside of LaTeX colors are
@@ -18858,19 +18628,21 @@ The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
dividing by 255.
</p>
<span id="color-models-named"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>named</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>named</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as &lsquo;<samp>PrussianBlue</samp>&rsquo;. The list of
names depends on the driver, but all support the names &lsquo;<samp>black</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>blue</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>cyan</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>green</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>magenta</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>red</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>white</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>yellow</samp>&rsquo; (See the <code>dvipsnames</code> option in
-<a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a>).
+<a href="#Color-package-options"><code>color</code> package options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Commands-for-color"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Commands-for-color">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -18880,20 +18652,17 @@ Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up:
<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>color</samp> package.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a color a name.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Text or rules in color.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A box of color, to write over.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A whole page colored.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Define-colors"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="Define-colors">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -18931,7 +18700,9 @@ or style, rather than in the document body.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Colored-text"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Colored-text">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -19031,7 +18802,9 @@ numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
<hr>
-<span id="Colored-boxes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Colored-boxes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -19072,7 +18845,7 @@ puts white text on a blue background.
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>\fcolorbox</code> commands use the same parameters as <code>\fbox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a>), <code>\fboxrule</code> and <code>\fboxsep</code>, to
set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
and the surrounding rule. LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults are <code>0.4pt</code> and
<code>3pt</code>, respectively.
@@ -19088,7 +18861,9 @@ of the second line.
<hr>
-<span id="Colored-pages"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="Colored-pages">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -19123,9 +18898,13 @@ rather than the default transparent background.)
<hr>
-<span id="Graphics"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Graphics">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Graphics-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
@@ -19144,12 +18923,12 @@ This example is the short how-to.
<p>To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain
either <code>\usepackage{graphicx}</code> or
-<code>\usepackage{graphics}</code>. Most of the time, <samp>graphicx</samp> is the
+<code>\usepackage{graphics}</code>. Most of the time, <code>graphicx</code> is the
better choice.
</p>
<p>Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use
both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location
-in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph,
+in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph
in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of
instructions such as &lsquo;<samp>draw a circle with this radius and that
center</samp>&rsquo;. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote
@@ -19160,7 +18939,7 @@ and because they often have a smaller size.
<p>There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a
LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts
as in your document. LaTeX comes with a <code>picture</code> environment
-(see <a href="#picture">picture</a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are
+(see <a href="#picture"><code>picture</code></a>) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are
other ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two
such systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems
external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the
@@ -19169,20 +18948,18 @@ Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig.
Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2">Graphics package configuration</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Where to look for files, which file types.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1"><code>graphics</code> package options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Graphics-package-options"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Graphics-package-options">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="graphics-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</h3>
@@ -19204,7 +18981,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphic
<p>The <code>graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the
<code>\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value
format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load
-the <samp>graphics</samp> or <samp>graphicx</samp> package with <code>\usepackage</code>
+the <code>graphics</code> or <code>graphicx</code> package with <code>\usepackage</code>
there are two kinds of available options.
</p>
<p>The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different
@@ -19227,34 +19004,34 @@ alias for <samp>dvipsone</samp>). These are stored in files with a
<p>The second kind of options are below.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>demo</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>demo</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150&nbsp;pt by 100&nbsp;pt
rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
<code>\includegraphics</code> command).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>draft</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is
printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
the file must be present.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>final</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>final</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Default) Override any previous <code>draft</code> option, so that the
document shows the contents of the graphic files.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>hiderotate</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>hiderotate</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a
previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>hidescale</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>hidescale</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a
previewer does not have the capability to scale.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>hiresbb</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. The
<code>%%BoundingBox</code> lines describe the graphic size using integer
multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72
@@ -19267,9 +19044,11 @@ option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
<hr>
-<span id="Graphics-package-configuration"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Graphics-package-configuration">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>graphics</code> package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="graphics-package-configuration"></span><h3 class="section">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
@@ -19286,20 +19065,18 @@ those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult
the documentation in <samp>grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your
TeX distribution&rsquo;s documentation.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1">\graphicspath</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Directories to search.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle file types.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1"><code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgraphicspath">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
@@ -19377,9 +19154,11 @@ instead in <samp>book/plots</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphicspath</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
@@ -19407,7 +19186,7 @@ files.
<p>Because the filename <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses
the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order
given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories
and extensions then it reports &lsquo;<samp>! LaTeX Error: File `<samp>lion</samp>'
not found</samp>&rsquo;. Note that you must include the periods at the start of the
@@ -19436,9 +19215,11 @@ than once. Show its value with
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
@@ -19452,7 +19233,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">
<p>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var>extension</var>.
</p>
-<p>This example declares that all files with names have the form
+<p>This example declares that all files with names of the form
<samp>filename-without-dot.mps</samp> will be treated as output from MetaPost,
meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
input the file.
@@ -19474,13 +19255,13 @@ extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp>filename.1</samp>,
<p>This describes the four arguments.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>extension</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>extension</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
<code>*</code>, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>type</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>type</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined
in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions <samp>.ps</samp>,
<samp>.eps</samp>, or <samp>.ps.gz</samp> may all be classed as type <code>eps</code>.
@@ -19490,7 +19271,7 @@ recognizes are: <code>jpg</code>, <code>jbig2</code>, <code>mps</code>, <code>pd
<code>png</code>, <code>tif</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>size-file extension</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>size-file extension</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the
graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as <var>extension</var>
but it may be different.
@@ -19508,7 +19289,7 @@ files in a file with a PostScript style <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line if no
other format is available.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>command</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>command</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the
file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a
single backward quote. Thus,
@@ -19527,34 +19308,34 @@ See the documentation for your TeX distribution.
</dl>
<hr>
-<span id="Commands-for-graphics"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Commands-for-graphics">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Commands-for-graphics-1"></span><h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
<span id="index-graphics-package-commands"></span>
<span id="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></span>
-<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>graphics</samp> and
-<samp>graphicx</samp> packages.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1">\includegraphics</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a graphic in your document.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2">\rotatebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3">\scalebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4">\resizebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<p>These are the commands available with the <code>graphics</code> and
+<code>graphicx</code> packages.
+</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1"><code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2"><code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3"><code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4"><code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cincludegraphics">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
@@ -19569,7 +19350,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up:
<span id="index-PNG-files"></span>
<span id="index-_005cincludegraphics"></span>
-<p>Synopses for <samp>graphics</samp> package:
+<p>Synopses for <code>graphics</code> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}
@@ -19580,7 +19361,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up:
\includegraphics*[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Synopses for <samp>graphicx</samp> package:
+<p>Synopses for <code>graphicx</code> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}
@@ -19607,7 +19388,7 @@ over-print the surrounding area.
<p>will incorporate into the document the graphic in <samp>plot.pdf</samp>,
centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file,
as with <code>\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}</code>. To specify a list
-of locations to search for the file, see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>.
+of locations to search for the file, see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath"><code>\graphicspath</code></a>.
</p>
<p>If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes. An example
is <code>\includegraphics{&quot;sister picture.jpg&quot;}</code>.
@@ -19617,18 +19398,18 @@ type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can
instead use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in
<code>\includegraphics{turing}</code>, and then LaTeX tries a sequence of
extensions such as <code>.png</code> and <code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file
-with that extension (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>).
+with that extension (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>).
</p>
<p>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
them with curly braces, as in
<code>\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}</code>. Or, if you use
-the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and
+the <code>graphicx</code> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and
<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
with the package <samp>grffile</samp>.
</p>
<p>This example puts a graphic in a <code>figure</code> environment so LaTeX can
move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
-(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>).
+(see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{figure}
@@ -19669,8 +19450,8 @@ text, with the two vertically centered.
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the only options involve the
-size of the graphic (but see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a>).
+<p>If you use the <code>graphics</code> package then the only options involve the
+size of the graphic (but see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a> and <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>).
When one optional argument is present then it is
<code>[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top
right corner of the image, as a pair of TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). If the units are omitted they default to <code>bp</code>. In
@@ -19681,7 +19462,7 @@ lower left. Thus, <code>\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}</code> calls for
the graphic to be placed so it is 1&nbsp;inch wide and 0.618&nbsp;inches
tall and so its origin is at (0,0).
</p>
-<p>The <samp>graphicx</samp> package gives you many more options. Specify them
+<p>The <code>graphicx</code> package gives you many more options. Specify them
in a key-value form, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -19710,7 +19491,7 @@ graphic.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="includegraphics-width"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>width</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>width</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard
TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is
@@ -19721,7 +19502,7 @@ the width of the text with
<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>height</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>height</code></span></dt>
<dd><span id="includegraphics-height"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also
convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, the command
@@ -19729,14 +19510,14 @@ convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a hre
graphic a quarter of the height of the text area.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>totalheight</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>totalheight</code></span></dt>
<dd><span id="includegraphics-totalheight"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
but a large depth.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>keepaspectratio</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>keepaspectratio</code></span></dt>
<dd><span id="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></span><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -19750,21 +19531,21 @@ is the graphic wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code>
<code>totalheight</code>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>scale</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>scale</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its
nominal size, enter <code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code>. This
number may be any value; a number between 0 and&nbsp;1 will shrink the
graphic and a negative number will reflect it.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>angle</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>angle</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Rotate the graphic. The angle is taken in degrees and counterclockwise.
The graphic is rotated about its <code>origin</code>; see that option. For a
complete description of how rotated material is typeset,
-see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>.
+see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>origin</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>origin</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. Possible
values are any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for left,
<code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center, <code>t</code>
@@ -19776,7 +19557,7 @@ picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character <code>c</code>
gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code>, but gives the
vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
</p>
-<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a>.
+<p>To rotate about an arbitrary point, see <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -19785,7 +19566,7 @@ vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="includegraphics-viewport"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>viewport</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>viewport</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. When
@@ -19794,7 +19575,7 @@ points,&nbsp;<code>bp</code>. They are taken relative to the origin specified
by the bounding box. See also the <code>trim</code> option.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-trim"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>trim</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>trim</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
<code>\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}</code>.
@@ -19804,7 +19585,7 @@ the bottom, 0.2&nbsp;inches on the right, and 0.3&nbsp;inches on the
top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-clip"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>clip</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>clip</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -19816,12 +19597,12 @@ using the starred form of the command,
<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-page"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>page</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>page</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is
<code>page=1</code>.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-pagebox"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>pagebox</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>pagebox</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or
<code>artbox</code>. PDF files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript
@@ -19836,7 +19617,7 @@ present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-interpolate"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>interpolate</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>interpolate</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
</p>
@@ -19845,13 +19626,13 @@ set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
</pre></div>
<span id="includegraphics-quiet"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>quiet</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>quiet</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
<code>\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}</code>,
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-draft"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>draft</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specify it with
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -19868,8 +19649,8 @@ size with the filename printed in it.
<p>These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript
graphic files, which have a size specified with a line
<code>%%BoundingBox</code> that appears in the file. It has four values,
-giving the lower <em>x</em> coordinate, lower <em>y</em> coordinate, upper
-<em>x</em> coordinate, and upper <em>y</em> coordinate. The units are
+giving the lower <em class='math'>x</em> coordinate, lower <em class='math'>y</em> coordinate, upper
+<em class='math'>x</em> coordinate, and upper <em class='math'>y</em> coordinate. The units are
PostScript points, equivalent to TeX&rsquo;s big points, 1/72&nbsp;inch.
For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10
20 40 80</code> then its natural size is 30/72&nbsp;inch wide by
@@ -19877,7 +19658,7 @@ For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="includegraphics-bb"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>bb</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>bb</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb=
0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. Usually <code>\includegraphics</code> reads the
@@ -19886,12 +19667,12 @@ only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
to change it.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-bbllx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bblly"></span><span id="includegraphics-bburx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bbury"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for
compatibility with old packages.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-natwidth"></span><span id="includegraphics-natheight"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>natwidth, natheight</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>natwidth, natheight</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -19901,7 +19682,7 @@ compatibility with old packages.
<p>is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-hiresbb"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>hiresbb</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -19921,25 +19702,25 @@ override a prior setting of <code>true</code>, you can set it to <code>false</co
choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example
is that <code>\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}</code>
will read the file <samp>lion.xxx</samp> as though it were
-<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>.
+<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="includegraphics-type"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>type</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>type</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics type.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-ext"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>ext</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>ext</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics extension.
Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-read"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>read</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>read</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file.
Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
</p>
<span id="includegraphics-command"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>command</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>,
for a discussion of enabling the <code>\write18</code> functionality to run
@@ -19950,9 +19731,11 @@ external commands.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005crotatebox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005crotatebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includegraphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\scalebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
@@ -19961,13 +19744,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previo
<span id="index-rotating-text"></span>
<span id="index-_005crotatebox"></span>
-<p>Synopsis if you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package:
+<p>Synopsis if you use the <code>graphics</code> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Synopses if you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package:
+<p>Synopses if you use the <code>graphicx</code> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
@@ -20003,15 +19786,15 @@ from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new
bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when
typesetting this material.
</p>
-<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the rotation is about the
-reference point of the box. If you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package
+<p>If you use the <code>graphics</code> package then the rotation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use the <code>graphicx</code> package
then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>,
but note that you can get the same effect without needing this
package, except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>origin</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>origin</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>The point of the <var>material</var>&rsquo;s box about which the rotation happens.
Possible value is any string containing one or two of: <code>l</code> for
left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for center,
@@ -20029,14 +19812,14 @@ the vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>, and gives both in
<code>c</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>x, y</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>x, y</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with
<code>\rotatebox[x=<var>TeX dimension</var>,y=<var>TeX
dimension</var>]{...}</code> (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). These give the offset
from the box&rsquo;s reference point.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>units</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>units</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>This key allows you to change the default of degrees counterclockwise.
Setting <code>units=-360</code> changes the direction to degrees clockwise and
setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
@@ -20046,9 +19829,11 @@ setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cscalebox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cscalebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\resizebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\resizebox</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\rotatebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
@@ -20087,20 +19872,22 @@ defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>.
<pre class="example">\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}
</pre></div>
-<p>If you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can accomplish the same
+<p>If you use the <code>graphicx</code> package then you can accomplish the same
thing with optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>).
</p>
<p>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates
<code>\scalebox{-1}[1]{<var>material</var>}</code>. Thus, <code>Able was
I\reflectbox{Able was I}</code> will show the phrase &lsquo;<samp>Able was I</samp>&rsquo;
-immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
+immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cresizebox"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cresizebox">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\scalebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\scalebox</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
@@ -20134,7 +19921,7 @@ vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
<p>The unstarred form <code>\resizebox</code> takes <var>vertical length</var> to be
the box&rsquo;s height while the starred form <code>\resizebox*</code> takes it to
be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a
-quarter inch with <code>\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This
+quarter-inch with <code>\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This
box has both height and depth.}}</code>.
</p>
<p>You can use <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\totalheight</code>, and
@@ -20144,9 +19931,13 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Special-insertions"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Special-insertions">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Special-insertions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
@@ -20156,30 +19947,22 @@ Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the inpu
<p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting &lsquo;<samp># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \</samp>&rsquo;
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make text upper or lower case.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting font symbols by number.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="7">inputenc package</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the input file text encoding.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="8">\rule</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="9">\today</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today&rsquo;s date.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a></li>
+<li><a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="7"><code>inputenc</code> package</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="8"><code>\rule</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="9"><code>\today</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Reserved-characters"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Reserved-characters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -20232,7 +20015,9 @@ there to split the lines in the output).
<hr>
-<span id="Upper-and-lower-case"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Upper-and-lower-case">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -20258,7 +20043,7 @@ only with the 26 letters a&ndash;z and A&ndash;Z. The LaTeX commands
<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change
characters accessed by commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The
commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust
-but they have moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+but they have moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
@@ -20287,7 +20072,7 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
<span id="index-package_002c-textcase"></span>
<span id="index-textcase-package"></span>
-<p>The <samp>textcase</samp> package brings some of the missing feature of the
+<p>The <code>textcase</code> package brings some of the missing feature of the
standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
</p>
@@ -20295,7 +20080,7 @@ standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<span id="index-mfirstuc-package"></span>
<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
-<samp>mfirstuc</samp>.
+<code>mfirstuc</code>.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-expl3-1"></span>
<span id="index-expl3-package-1"></span>
@@ -20312,7 +20097,9 @@ good overview of the topic, past and present.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Symbols-by-font-position"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Symbols-by-font-position">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -20335,7 +20122,9 @@ visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Text-symbols"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Text-symbols">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -20354,58 +20143,38 @@ the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the
<code>TS1</code> font encoding).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\copyright</code>
-<span id="index-_005ccopyright"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textcopyright</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextcopyright"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ccopyright'><span><code>\copyright</code><a href='#index-_005ccopyright' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextcopyright'><span><code>\textcopyright</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcopyright' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-copyright-symbol"></span>
<p>&copy; The copyright symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dag</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdag"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdag'><span><code>\dag</code><a href='#index-_005cdag' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x2020; The dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ddag</code>
-<span id="index-_005cddag"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cddag'><span><code>\ddag</code><a href='#index-_005cddag' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x2021; The double dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\LaTeX</code>
-<span id="index-_005cLaTeX"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLaTeX'><span><code>\LaTeX</code><a href='#index-_005cLaTeX' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-LaTeX-logo"></span>
<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></span>
<p>The LaTeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\LaTeXe</code>
-<span id="index-_005cLaTeXe"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cLaTeXe'><span><code>\LaTeXe</code><a href='#index-_005cLaTeXe' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></span>
<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></span>
<p>The LaTeX2e logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(&laquo;)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(&raquo;)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(&lsaquo;)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(&rsaquo;)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029'><span><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(&laquo;)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029'><span><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(&raquo;)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029'><span><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(&lsaquo;)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029'><span><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(&rsaquo;)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-double-guillemets"></span>
<span id="index-single-guillemets"></span>
<span id="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
@@ -20418,56 +20187,36 @@ the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ldots</code>
-<span id="index-_005cldots-1"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\dots</code>
-<span id="index-_005cdots"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textellipsis</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextellipsis"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cldots-1'><span><code>\ldots</code><a href='#index-_005cldots-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cdots'><span><code>\dots</code><a href='#index-_005cdots' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextellipsis'><span><code>\textellipsis</code><a href='#index-_005ctextellipsis' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-ellipsis"></span>
<p>&hellip; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\lq</code>
-<span id="index-_005clq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005clq'><span><code>\lq</code><a href='#index-_005clq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-left-quote"></span>
<span id="index-opening-quote"></span>
<p>&lsquo; Left (opening) quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\P</code>
-<span id="index-_005cP"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textparagraph</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextparagraph"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cP'><span><code>\P</code><a href='#index-_005cP' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextparagraph'><span><code>\textparagraph</code><a href='#index-_005ctextparagraph' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-paragraph-symbol"></span>
<span id="index-pilcrow"></span>
<p>&#x00B6; Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\pounds</code>
-<span id="index-_005cpounds"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textsterling</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextsterling"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cpounds'><span><code>\pounds</code><a href='#index-_005cpounds' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsterling'><span><code>\textsterling</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsterling' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-pounds-symbol"></span>
<span id="index-sterling-symbol"></span>
<p>&pound; English pounds sterling.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(&bdquo;)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(&sbquo;)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029'><span><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(&bdquo;)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029'><span><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(&sbquo;)</span></code><a href='#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span>
<span id="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span>
<span id="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></span>
@@ -20475,127 +20224,91 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\rq</code>
-<span id="index-_005crq"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005crq'><span><code>\rq</code><a href='#index-_005crq' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-right-quote"></span>
<span id="index-closing-quote"></span>
<p>&rsquo; Right (closing) quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\S</code>
-<span id="index-_005cS"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textsection</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextsection"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cS'><span><code>\S</code><a href='#index-_005cS' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextsection'><span><code>\textsection</code><a href='#index-_005ctextsection' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-section-symbol"></span>
<p>&#x00A7; Section sign.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\TeX</code>
-<span id="index-_005cTeX"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005cTeX'><span><code>\TeX</code><a href='#index-_005cTeX' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-TeX-logo"></span>
<span id="index-logo_002c-TeX"></span>
<p>The TeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textasciicircum</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextasciicircum'><span><code>\textasciicircum</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasciicircum' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>^ ASCII circumflex.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textasciitilde</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextasciitilde'><span><code>\textasciitilde</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasciitilde' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>~ ASCII tilde.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textasteriskcentered</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextasteriskcentered'><span><code>\textasteriskcentered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>* Centered asterisk.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textbackslash</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbackslash-1'><span><code>\textbackslash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbackslash-1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>\ Backslash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textbar</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextbar"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbar'><span><code>\textbar</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbar' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>| Vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textbardbl</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextbardbl"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbardbl'><span><code>\textbardbl</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbardbl' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x23F8; Double vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textbigcircle</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbigcircle'><span><code>\textbigcircle</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbigcircle' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x25EF;, Big circle symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textbraceleft</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceleft'><span><code>\textbraceleft</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbraceleft' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>{ Left brace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textbraceright</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextbraceright"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbraceright'><span><code>\textbraceright</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbraceright' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>} Right brace.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textbullet</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextbullet"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextbullet'><span><code>\textbullet</code><a href='#index-_005ctextbullet' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&bull; Bullet.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d'><span><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x24B6;, Circle around <var>letter</var>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextcompwordmark'><span><code>\textcompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark'><span><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark'><span><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code><a href='#index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-cap-height"></span>
<span id="index-ascender-height"></span>
@@ -20606,32 +20319,24 @@ is most useful in non-English languages. The
while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textdagger</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextdagger"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextdagger'><span><code>\textdagger</code><a href='#index-_005ctextdagger' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span>
<p>&#x2020; Dagger.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textdaggerdbl</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextdaggerdbl'><span><code>\textdaggerdbl</code><a href='#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span>
<p>&#x2021; Double dagger.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029'><span><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-dollar-sign"></span>
<span id="index-currency_002c-dollar"></span>
<p>$ Dollar sign.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029'><span><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-em_002ddash"></span>
<p>&mdash; Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
parentheses, as in &lsquo;<code>The playoffs---if you're lucky
@@ -20639,16 +20344,12 @@ enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>&rsquo; Conventions
for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029'><span><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-e_002ddash"></span>
<p>&ndash; En-dash. Used for ranges, as in &lsquo;<code>see pages 12--14</code>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\texteuro</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctexteuro"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexteuro'><span><code>\texteuro</code><a href='#index-_005ctexteuro' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-euro-symbol"></span>
<span id="index-currency_002c-euro"></span>
<span id="index-package_002c-eurosym"></span>
@@ -20659,20 +20360,16 @@ for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
<span id="index-eurosym-package-1"></span>
</p>
<p>For an alternative glyph design, try the
-<samp>eurosym</samp> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
+<code>eurosym</code> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029'><span><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></span>
<p>&iexcl; Upside down exclamation point.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textfiguredash</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextfiguredash"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextfiguredash'><span><code>\textfiguredash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextfiguredash' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-figure-dash-character"></span>
<p>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021
release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an
@@ -20681,40 +20378,30 @@ in the current font, or writes the usual &ldquo;Missing character&rdquo; warning
to the log file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textgreater</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextgreater"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextgreater'><span><code>\textgreater</code><a href='#index-_005ctextgreater' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&gt; Greater than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\texthorizontalbar</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexthorizontalbar'><span><code>\texthorizontalbar</code><a href='#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-horizontal-bar-character"></span>
<p>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021
release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above;
the pdfTeX approximation is an em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textless</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextless"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextless'><span><code>\textless</code><a href='#index-_005ctextless' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&lt; Less than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textleftarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextleftarrow'><span><code>\textleftarrow</code><a href='#index-_005ctextleftarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x2190;, Left arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen'><span><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code><a href='#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character"></span>
<span id="index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking"></span>
<p>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June
@@ -20723,12 +20410,8 @@ above; the pdfTeX approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with
breaks disallowed after).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textordfeminine</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textordmasculine</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextordfeminine'><span><code>\textordfeminine</code><a href='#index-_005ctextordfeminine' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextordmasculine'><span><code>\textordmasculine</code><a href='#index-_005ctextordmasculine' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></span>
<span id="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></span>
<span id="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span>
@@ -20736,68 +20419,50 @@ breaks disallowed after).
<p>&ordf;, &ordm; Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textperiodcentered</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextperiodcentered'><span><code>\textperiodcentered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextperiodcentered' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x00B7; Centered period.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></span>
<p>&iquest; Upside down question mark.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-double"></span>
<span id="index-double-left-quote"></span>
<p>&ldquo; Double left quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029'><span><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-double"></span>
<span id="index-double-right-quote"></span>
<p>&rdquo; Double right quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029'><span><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-single"></span>
<span id="index-single-left-quote"></span>
<p>&lsquo; Single left quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029'><span><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code><a href='#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-single"></span>
<span id="index-single-right-quote"></span>
<p>&rsquo; Single right quote.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textquotesingle</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextquotesingle"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotesingle'><span><code>\textquotesingle</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotesingle' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></span>
<span id="index-straight-single-quote"></span>
<span id="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></span>
<p>&#x0027;, Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></span>
-</dt>
-<dt><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightbase'><span><code>\textquotestraightbase</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase'><span><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code><a href='#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></span>
<span id="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></span>
<span id="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></span>
@@ -20805,54 +20470,40 @@ breaks disallowed after).
<p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textregistered</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextregistered"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextregistered'><span><code>\textregistered</code><a href='#index-_005ctextregistered' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-registered-symbol"></span>
<p>&reg; Registered symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textrightarrow</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextrightarrow'><span><code>\textrightarrow</code><a href='#index-_005ctextrightarrow' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span>
<span id="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x2192;, Right arrow.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash'><span><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code><a href='#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></span>
<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></span>
<p>&#xFE58;, &ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\texttrademark</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctexttrademark"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexttrademark'><span><code>\texttrademark</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttrademark' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-trademark-symbol"></span>
<p>&#x2122; Trademark symbol.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctexttwelveudash'><span><code>\texttwelveudash</code><a href='#index-_005ctexttwelveudash' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></span>
<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></span>
<p>&#xFE58;, &ldquo;Two-thirds&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textunderscore</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextunderscore"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextunderscore'><span><code>\textunderscore</code><a href='#index-_005ctextunderscore' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>_ Underscore.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\textvisiblespace</code>
-<span id="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-_005ctextvisiblespace'><span><code>\textvisiblespace</code><a href='#index-_005ctextvisiblespace' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><span id="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x2423;, Visible space symbol.
</p>
@@ -20861,7 +20512,9 @@ breaks disallowed after).
<hr>
-<span id="Accents"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Accents">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -20881,7 +20534,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional La
<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world&rsquo;s scripts and
languages, provided through the core <code>babel</code> package, which
supports pdfLaTeX, XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The
-<samp>polyglossia</samp> package provides similar support with the latter
+<code>polyglossia</code> package provides similar support with the latter
two engines.
</p>
<p>This section does not cover that support. It only lists the core
@@ -20902,68 +20555,60 @@ These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
accented.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\&quot;</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitaldieresis</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code>\&quot;</code><a href='#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitaldieresis</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></span>
<span id="index-umlaut-accent"></span>
<span id="index-dieresis-accent"></span>
<p>&ouml; Umlaut (dieresis).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalacute</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029'><span><code>\'</code><a href='#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalacute</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></span>
<span id="index-acute-accent"></span>
<p>&oacute; Acute accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\.</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-dot-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029'><span><code>\.</code><a href='#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-dot-accent"></span>
<span id="index-dot_002dover-accent"></span>
<p>&#559; Dot accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\=</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalmacron</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029'><span><code>\=</code><a href='#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalmacron</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></span>
<span id="index-macron-accent"></span>
<span id="index-overbar-accent"></span>
<span id="index-bar_002dover-accent"></span>
<p>&#333; Macron (overbar) accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\^</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029'><span><code>\^</code><a href='#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></span>
<span id="index-circumflex-accent"></span>
<span id="index-hat-accent"></span>
<p>&ocirc; Circumflex (hat) accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\`</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalgrave</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029'><span><code>\`</code><a href='#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalgrave</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></span>
<span id="index-grave-accent"></span>
<p>&ograve; Grave accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\~</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitaltilde</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029'><span><code>\~</code><a href='#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitaltilde</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></span>
<span id="index-tilde-accent"></span>
<p>&ntilde; Tilde accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code>\b</code><a href='#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></span>
<p>o_ Bar accent underneath.
</p>
<span id="index-_005cunderbar"></span>
@@ -20975,71 +20620,64 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in
<a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalcedilla</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029'><span><code>\c</code><a href='#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalcedilla</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></span>
<span id="index-cedilla-accent"></span>
<p>&ccedil; Cedilla accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029'><span><code>\d</code><a href='#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></span>
<span id="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></span>
<p>&#7885; Dot accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029'><span><code>\H</code><a href='#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></span>
<span id="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></span>
<p>&#337; Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\k</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalogonek</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029'><span><code>\k</code><a href='#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalogonek</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></span>
<span id="index-ogonek"></span>
<p>&#491; Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalring</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalring"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029'><span><code>\r</code><a href='#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalring</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalring"></span>
<span id="index-ring-accent"></span>
<p>o* Ring accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitaltie</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\newtie</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalnewtie</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029'><span><code>\t</code><a href='#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitaltie</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\newtie</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalnewtie</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></span>
<span id="index-_005cnewtie"></span>
<span id="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></span>
<span id="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></span>
-<p>oo[ Tie-after accent. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in
-its box.
+<p>Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the
+ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two characters.
+The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalbreve</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code>\u</code><a href='#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalbreve</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></span>
<span id="index-breve-accent"></span>
<p>&#335; Breve accent.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\capitalcaron</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029'><span><code>\v</code><a href='#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\capitalcaron</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></span>
<span id="index-hacek-accent"></span>
<span id="index-check-accent"></span>
<span id="index-caron-accent"></span>
@@ -21048,14 +20686,14 @@ its box.
</dd>
</dl>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1">\accent</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Low level command to produce an accented character.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1"><code>\accent</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005caccent"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caccent">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Accents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -21069,9 +20707,9 @@ Up: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Accents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_
</pre></div>
<p>A TeX primitive command used to generate accented characters from
-accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var>number</var>,
-a numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var>character</var> argument
-constructs the accented character in the current font.
+accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var>number</var>, a
+numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var>character</var>
+argument to construct the accented character in the current font.
</p>
<p>These are accented &lsquo;<samp>e</samp>&rsquo; characters.
</p>
@@ -21083,7 +20721,8 @@ constructs the accented character in the current font.
\accent23 e
</pre></div>
-<p>The first is a grave, the second is breve, etc.
+<p>The first is a grave, the second a caron, the third a breve, the fourth
+a macron, and the fifth a ring above.
</p>
<p>The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so the
outcome of <code>\accent</code> use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is
@@ -21095,7 +20734,7 @@ encoding where accented glyphs are absent).
</p>
<p>There can be an optional font change between <var>number</var> and
<var>character</var>. Note also that this command sets the
-<code>\spacefactor</code> to 1000 (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>).
+<code>\spacefactor</code> to 1000 (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>).
</p>
<p>An unavoidable characteristic of some Cyrillic letters and
the majority of accented Cyrillic letters is that they must be
@@ -21109,9 +20748,12 @@ cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Additional-Latin-letters"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Additional-Latin-letters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">inputenc package</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>inputenc</code> package</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
@@ -21127,26 +20769,23 @@ A&ndash;Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
than English.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>\aa</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\AA</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029'><span><code>\aa</code><a href='#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\AA</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></span>
<span id="index-aring"></span>
<p>&aring; and &Aring;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ae</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\AE</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029'><span><code>\ae</code><a href='#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\AE</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></span>
<span id="index-ae-ligature"></span>
<p>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dh</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\DH</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029'><span><code>\dh</code><a href='#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\DH</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></span>
<span id="index-Icelandic-eth"></span>
<span id="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span>
<p>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
@@ -21154,67 +20793,59 @@ encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\dj</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\DJ</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cdj"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cDJ"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cdj'><span><code>\dj</code><a href='#index-_005cdj' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\DJ</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cDJ"></span>
<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
available with <small>OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ij</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\IJ</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029'><span><code>\ij</code><a href='#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\IJ</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></span>
<span id="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></span>
<p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\L</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cl-_0028l_0029'><span><code>\l</code><a href='#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\L</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></span>
<span id="index-polish-l"></span>
<p>&#322; and &#321;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ng</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\NG</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cng"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cNG"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cng'><span><code>\ng</code><a href='#index-_005cng' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\NG</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cNG"></span>
<p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\o</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\O</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005co-_0028o_0029'><span><code>\o</code><a href='#index-_005co-_0028o_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\O</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></span>
<span id="index-oslash"></span>
<p>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\oe</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\OE</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029'><span><code>\oe</code><a href='#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\OE</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></span>
<span id="index-oe-ligature"></span>
<p>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ss</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\SS</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005css-_0028ss_0029'><span><code>\ss</code><a href='#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\SS</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></span>
<span id="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></span>
<span id="index-sharp-S-letters"></span>
<p>&szlig; and SS.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\th</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\TH</code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></span>
-<span id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></span>
+<dt id='index-_005cth-_0028th_0029'><span><code>\th</code><a href='#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>\TH</code></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></span>
<span id="index-Icelandic-thorn"></span>
<span id="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span>
<p>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
@@ -21226,9 +20857,11 @@ font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
<hr>
-<span id="inputenc-package"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="inputenc-package">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\rule</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="inputenc-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.7 <code>inputenc</code> package</h3>
@@ -21252,7 +20885,7 @@ useful to omit it.
called the <em>encoding</em>. There are many different encodings. The
simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
for most of the world&rsquo;s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character &auml; in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
+a-umlaut character &lsquo;<samp>&auml;</samp>&rsquo; in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
sequence <code>\&quot;a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
encoding is more convenient.
@@ -21286,7 +20919,8 @@ LaTeX input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
LaTeX equivalent command or character.
</p>
-<p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+<span id="index-_005cinputencoding"></span>
+<span id="g_t_005cinputencoding"></span><p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
necessary. Use the command
<code>\inputencoding{<var>encoding-name</var>}</code>. The most common values
@@ -21296,9 +20930,11 @@ for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>,
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005crule"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005crule">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev">inputenc package</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\today</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>inputenc</code> package</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005crule-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\rule</code></h3>
@@ -21325,7 +20961,7 @@ or just &ldquo;qed&rdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof:
<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></span>
<span id="index-amsthm-package-1"></span>
-<p>The <samp>amsthm</samp> package includes this command, with a somewhat
+<p>The <code>amsthm</code> package includes this command, with a somewhat
different-looking symbol.
</p>
<p>The mandatory arguments give the horizontal <var>width</var> and vertical
@@ -21345,13 +20981,15 @@ thickness is common in LaTeX.
</p>
<p>A rule that has zero width, or zero thickness, will not show up in the
output, but can cause LaTeX to change the output around it.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>, for examples.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>, for examples.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ctoday"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctoday">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\rule</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ctoday-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.9 <code>\today</code></h3>
@@ -21375,7 +21013,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a hre
<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></span>
<span id="index-polyglossia-package-1"></span>
-<p>Multilingual packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>, or
+<p>Multilingual packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>, or
classes such as <samp>lettre</samp>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example,
the following will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
</p>
@@ -21389,12 +21027,12 @@ the following will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
</pre></div>
<p><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
-<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a>).
+<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-datetime"></span>
<span id="index-datetime-package"></span>
-<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <samp>datetime</samp> package
+<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <code>datetime</code> package
which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
</p>
<p>The date is not updated as the LaTeX process runs, so in principle the
@@ -21402,9 +21040,12 @@ date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Splitting-the-input"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Splitting-the-input">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Splitting-the-input-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
@@ -21454,23 +21095,21 @@ LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
your output correctly.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>, for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
+<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1">\endinput</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stop including material from a file.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include files.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unconditionally include a file.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1"><code>\endinput</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2"><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3"><code>\input</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cendinput"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cendinput">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cendinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></h3>
@@ -21513,9 +21152,11 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\endinput</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\input</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\endinput</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
@@ -21538,7 +21179,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a
LaTeX document.
</p>
<p>The <code>\include</code> command does three things: it executes
-<code>\clearpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>), then it
+<code>\clearpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>), then it
inputs the material from <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into the document,
and then it does another <code>\clearpage</code>. This command can only
appear in the document body.
@@ -21593,10 +21234,10 @@ LaTeX will include all the files you call for with <code>\include</code>
commands.
</p>
<p>The <code>\include</code> command makes a new page. To avoid that, see
-<a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary
+<a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary
information).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>, for another example using <code>\include</code>
+<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for another example using <code>\include</code>
and <code>\includeonly</code>. That example also uses <code>\input</code> for some
material that will not necessarily start on a new page.
</p>
@@ -21617,6 +21258,7 @@ should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name &lsquo;<samp>amo amas amat</samp>&rsquo;,
this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
</p>
+<span id="index-_005cspace"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
@@ -21658,9 +21300,11 @@ also delete the file <samp><var>root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cinput"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cinput">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
@@ -21674,7 +21318,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="p
<p>LaTeX processes the file as if its contents were inserted in the
current file. For a more sophisticated inclusion mechanism see
-<a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>.
+<a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a>.
</p>
<p>If <var>filename</var> does not end in &lsquo;<samp>.tex</samp>&rsquo; then LaTeX first tries
the filename with that extension; this is the usual case. If
@@ -21698,6 +21342,7 @@ should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name &lsquo;<samp>amo amas amat</samp>&rsquo;,
this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
</p>
+<span id="index-_005cspace-1"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\input{&quot;amo\space amas\space amat&quot;}
</pre></div>
@@ -21710,28 +21355,28 @@ this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
<hr>
-<span id="Front_002fback-matter"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Front_002fback-matter">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Front_002fback-matter-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents etc.</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate an index.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a glossary.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents etc.</h3>
+<span id="Table-of-contents_002c-list-of-figures_002c-list-of-tables"></span><h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</h3>
<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></span>
@@ -21780,7 +21425,7 @@ and section listings but not subsection listings, because the
numbers of the sectioning units. For more on the <code>tocdepth</code>
see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>.
</p>
-<p>Another example of the use of <code>\tableofcontents</code> is in <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>.
+<p>Another example of the use of <code>\tableofcontents</code> is in <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>.
</p>
<p>If you want a page break after the table of contents, write a
<code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command, as
@@ -21807,11 +21452,11 @@ auxiliary file named <samp><var>root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a href="#Splitt
<span id="index-_005ccontentsline"></span>
<p>Each line contains a single command, <code>\contentsline</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or
+(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or
<code>subsection</code>, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two
components. The hook <code>\numberline</code> determines how the sectioning
number, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>, appears in the table of contents
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a>). The remainder of the second argument of
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>). The remainder of the second argument of
<code>\contentsline</code>, &lsquo;<samp>First section</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>First subsection</samp>&rsquo;,
is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, &lsquo;<samp>2</samp>&rsquo;, is
the page number on which this sectioning unit starts.
@@ -21821,7 +21466,7 @@ the page number on which this sectioning unit starts.
<code>\l@section{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}</code> and
<code>\l@subsection{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}</code>. These commands
often use the <code>\@dottedtocline</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>).
</p>
<p>A consequence of LaTeX&rsquo;s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
get the correct information in the document you must run LaTeX twice,
@@ -21841,10 +21486,10 @@ for most examples.
figures, and the list of tables. For instance, add a line about a
section to the table of contents with
<code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{<var>text</var>}</code>.
-(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line
+(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line
material, with <code>\addtocontents</code>, as with the command
<code>\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}</code>, which adds
-vertical space to the list of figures (see <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a>).
+vertical space to the list of figures (see <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>).
</p>
<p>Lines in the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of
tables, have four parts. First is an indent. Next is a box into which
@@ -21852,7 +21497,7 @@ sectioning numbers are placed, and then the third box holds the title
text, such as &lsquo;<samp>First section</samp>&rsquo;. Finally there is a box up against
the right margin, inside of which LaTeX puts the page number box.
For the indent and the width of the number box,
-see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a>. The right margin box has width
+see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>. The right margin box has width
<code>\@tocrmarg</code> and the page number is flush right in that space,
inside a box of width <code>\@pnumwidth</code>. By default
<code>\@tocrmarg</code> is <code>2.55em</code> and <code>\@pnumwidth</code> is
@@ -21866,9 +21511,9 @@ inside a box of width <code>\@pnumwidth</code>. By default
<span id="index-tocbibbind-package"></span>
<p>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
-and tables (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>). The package <samp>tocloft</samp> is convenient for
+and tables (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a>). The package <code>tocloft</code> is convenient for
adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And,
-<samp>tocbibbind</samp> will automatically add the bibliography, index,
+<code>tocbibbind</code> will automatically add the bibliography, index,
etc. to the table of contents.
</p>
<p>To change the header for the table of contents page, do something like
@@ -21886,29 +21531,24 @@ these commands before you call <code>\tableofcontents</code>, etc.
<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></span>
<span id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></span>
-<p>Internationalization packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>
+<p>Internationalization packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>
will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="1">\@dottedtocline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Format entry line in table of contents, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="2">\addcontentsline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="3">\addtocontents</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="4">\contentsline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set line in table of contents, etc.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="5">\nofiles</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="6">\numberline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put its number argument flush left in a box.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="1"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="2"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="3"><code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="4"><code>\contentsline</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="5"><code>\nofiles</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="6"><code>\numberline</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\@dottedtocline</code></h4>
@@ -21938,25 +21578,27 @@ file contains these definitions:
<p>In this example, <code>\@dottedcline</code> appears to have been given only
three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up
the final <var>text</var> and <var>pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis
-from a call to <code>\contentsline</code>.
+from a call to <code>\contentsline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents"></span>
<p>Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin
box, these <code>\@dottedtocline</code> commands insert <em>leaders</em>, that
is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command
-<code>\@dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, which
-are <code>1/18</code>&nbsp;em. Change it using <code>\renewcommand</code>, as
-in <code>\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}</code>.
+<code>\@dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka.
+<code>mu</code>, which are <code>1/18</code>&nbsp;em. Change it using
+<code>\renewcommand</code>, as in <code>\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}</code>.
</p>
-<p>In the default book class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for
-the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the default article class
-it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
+<p>In the standard <samp>book</samp> class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders
+for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard
+<samp>article</samp> class it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddcontentsline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@dottedtocline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
@@ -21981,74 +21623,79 @@ contents.
<p>It will appear at the same indentation level as the sections, will be in
boldface, and will be assigned the page number associated with the point
-where it appears in the input file.
+where the command appears in the input file.
</p>
<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command writes information to the file
-<samp><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></samp>. It writes that information as the
-text of the command
+<samp><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></samp>, where <var>root-name</var> is the file name
+of the root file (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). It writes that
+information as the text of the command
<code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>num</var>}</code>, where
<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a>). The most common case is the table of contents
+(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>). The most common case is the table of contents
and there <var>num</var> is the page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>.
</p>
<p>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code>\chapter</code>,
-etc., and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float environment. But it is
-also used by authors. For example, an author writing a book whose style
-is to have an unnumbered preface may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>.
-But that command leaves out table of contents information, which can be
-entered manually, as here.
+etc. (see <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>), and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float
+environment (see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>). But it is also directly used by authors.
+For example, an author writing a book whose style is to have an
+unnumbered preface may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>. But that
+command leaves out table of contents information, which can be entered
+manually, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\chapter*{Preface}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface}
</pre></div>
-<p>In the <samp>.toc</samp> file LaTeX will put the line <code>\contentsline
-{chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note that the page number
-&lsquo;<samp>3</samp>&rsquo; is automatically generated by the system, not entered manually.
+<p>In the <samp><var>root-name</var>.toc</samp> file LaTeX will put the line
+<code>\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note
+that the page number &lsquo;<samp>3</samp>&rsquo; is automatically generated by the system,
+not entered manually.
</p>
<p>All of the arguments for <code>\addcontentsline</code> are required.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>ext</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Typically one of the strings <code>toc</code> for the table of contents,
<code>lof</code> for the list of figures, or <code>lot</code> for the list of
tables. The filename extension of the information file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>unit</var></dt>
-<dd><p>A string that depends on the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
+<dt><span><var>unit</var></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A string that depends on the value of the <var>ext</var> argument, typically
+one of:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>toc</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>toc</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>For the table of contents, this is the name of a sectional unit:
<code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, etc.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>lof</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>lof</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>For the list of figures: <code>figure</code>.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>lot</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>lot</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>For the list of tables: <code>table</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
-<dt><var>text</var></dt>
-<dd><p>The text of the entry. You must <code>\protect</code> any commands that are
-fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<dt><span><var>text</var></span></dt>
+<dd><p>The text of the entry. You must <code>\protect</code> any fragile commands
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>) used in it.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command has an interaction with
-<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>). If you use them at
+<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at
the same level, as with
<code>\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines
in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution
is to move <code>\addcontentsline</code> into the file being included.
</p>
-<p>If you use a <var>unit</var> that LaTeX does not recognize, as here
+<p>If you use a <var>unit</var> that LaTeX does not recognize, as with the
+typo here
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
@@ -22059,9 +21706,11 @@ will not make sense.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005caddtocontents"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005caddtocontents">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\contentsline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\contentsline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.3 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
@@ -22112,13 +21761,13 @@ examples show, <code>\addtocontents</code> is for material such as spacing.
required.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><var>ext</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>ext</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>Typically one of: <samp>toc</samp> for the table of contents, <samp>lof</samp> for
the list of figures, or <samp>lot</samp> for the list of tables. The
extension of the file holding the information.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><var>text</var></dt>
+<dt><span><var>text</var></span></dt>
<dd><p>The text, and possibly commands, to be written.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -22126,11 +21775,11 @@ extension of the file holding the information.
<p>The sectioning commands such as <code>\chapter</code> use the
<code>\addcontentsline</code> command to store information. This command
creates lines in the <samp>.toc</samp> auxiliary file containing the
-<code>\contentsline</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>). In contrast,
+<code>\contentsline</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>). In contrast,
the command <code>\addtocontents</code> puts material directly in that file.
</p>
<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has an interaction with
-<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>). If you use them at
+<code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a>). If you use them at
the same level, as with
<code>\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}</code> then lines in the
table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to
@@ -22138,9 +21787,11 @@ move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ccontentsline"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005ccontentsline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nofiles</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\nofiles</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\addtocontents</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ccontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.4 <code>\contentsline</code></h4>
@@ -22163,13 +21814,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nofiles</a>, Previous
</pre></div>
<p>Used internally by LaTeX to typeset an entry of the table of
-contents, list of figures, or list of tables (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). Authors do not directly enter <code>\contentsline</code> commands.
+contents, list of figures, or list of tables (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>). Authors do not directly enter <code>\contentsline</code> commands.
</p>
<p>Usually adding material to these lists is done automatically by the
commands <code>\chapter</code>, <code>\section</code>, etc. for the table of
contents, or by the <code>\caption</code> command inside of a <code>\figure</code>
-or <code>\table</code> environment (see <a href="#figure">figure</a> and see <a href="#table">table</a>). Thus,
-where the base file is <samp>thesis.tex</samp>, and contains the declaration
+or <code>\table</code> environment (see <a href="#figure"><code>figure</code></a> and see <a href="#table"><code>table</code></a>). Thus,
+where the root file is <samp>thesis.tex</samp>, and contains the declaration
<code>\tableofcontents</code>, the command <code>\chapter{Chapter One}</code>
produces something like this in the file <samp>thesis.toc</samp>.
</p>
@@ -22188,23 +21839,32 @@ something like this in <samp>thesis.lof</samp>.
<p>To manually add material, use
<code>\addcontentsline{<var>filetype</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>,
where <var>filetype</var> is <code>toc</code>, <code>lof</code>, or <code>lot</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>).
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-tocloft-1"></span>
+<span id="index-tocloft-package-1"></span>
+
<p>For manipulating how the <code>\contentline</code> material is typeset, see
-the <samp>tocloft</samp> package.
+the <code>tocloft</code> package.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package-3"></span>
+
<p>Note that the <code>hyperref</code> package changes the definition of
<code>\contentsline</code> (and <code>\addcontentsline</code>) to add more
arguments, to make hyperlinks. This is the source of the error
-<code>Argument of \contentsline has an extra }</code>. Fix this error by
-deleting the <samp>.toc</samp> or <samp>.lof</samp> or <samp>.lot</samp> file, and running
-LaTeX again.
+<code>Argument of \contentsline has an extra }</code> when one adds/remove
+the use of package <code>hyperref</code> and a compilation was already run.
+Fix this error by deleting the <samp>.toc</samp> or <samp>.lof</samp> or <samp>.lot</samp>
+file, and running LaTeX again.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnofiles"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnofiles">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\numberline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\contentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\numberline</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\contentsline</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnofiles-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.5 <code>\nofiles</code></h4>
@@ -22239,9 +21899,11 @@ the old information.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnumberline"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnumberline">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nofiles</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\nofiles</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnumberline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.6 <code>\numberline</code></h4>
@@ -22255,9 +21917,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nofiles</a>, Up:
<p>Typeset its argument flush left in a box. This is used in a
<code>\contentsline</code> command to typeset the section number
-(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>).
</p>
-<p>For example, this line in a <samp>.toc</samp> file causes the <code>1</code> to be
+<p>For example, this line in a <samp>.toc</samp> file causes the <code>1.1</code> to be
typeset flush left.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -22268,22 +21930,30 @@ typeset flush left.
<code>\@tempdima</code>. That length is set by the commands
<code>\l@section</code>, <code>\l@subsection</code>, etc. Put section numbers
inside a natural-width box with
-<code>\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}</code>.
+<code>\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}</code> before
+<code>\tableofcontents</code>.
</p>
-<p>This command is fragile, so you may need to precede it with
-<code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). An example is the use of
-<code>\protect</code> in the command
-<code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}</code>
-to get the <code>\numberline</code> into this command in the <samp>.toc</samp> file:
-<code>\contentsline {section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}</code> (the
-page number &lsquo;<samp>6</samp>&rsquo; is automatically added by LaTeX;
-see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>).
+<p>This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with
+<code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). An example is the use of
+<code>\protect</code> in this command,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>to get the <code>\numberline</code> into the <code>\contentsline</code>
+command in the <samp>.toc</samp> file: <code>\contentsline
+{section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}</code> (the page number &lsquo;<samp>6</samp>&rsquo;
+is automatically added by LaTeX; see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Indexes"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Indexes">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Table of contents etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Indexes-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.2 Indexes</h3>
@@ -22293,34 +21963,52 @@ Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <
<span id="index-_005cindex"></span>
<span id="index-_002eidx-file"></span>
-<p>This document has an index.
+<p>If you tell LaTeX what terms you want to appear in an index then it
+can produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers
+automatically maintained. This illustrates the basics.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
-\usepackage{makeidx} \makeindex
+\usepackage{makeidx} % Provide indexing commands
+ \makeindex
+% \usepackage{showidx} % Show marginal notes of index entries
...
\begin{document}
...
-Recall Wilson's Theorem: \index{Wilson's Theorem}
-a number \( n&gt;1 \) is prime if and only if the factorial of \( n-1 \)
-is congruent to \( -1 \) modulo~\( n \).
+Wilson's Theorem\index{Wilson's Theorem}
+says that a number $n&gt;1$ is prime if and only if the factorial
+of $n-1$ is congruent to $-1$
+modulo~$n$.\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}
...
\printindex
- ...
+\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> and <code>\makeindex</code> in the preamble
-bring in the relevant commands.
-</p>
-<p>Producing an index is a three stage process. First, in the document
-body you declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a>). When you run LaTeX, the <code>\index</code> writes its
-information to an auxiliary file <samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp>. Next, to
-alphabetize and to do other manipulations you run an external command,
-typically <code>makeindex</code> or <code>xindy</code> (see <a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a>).
-These output a file <samp><var>root-name</var>.ind</samp>. Finally, you bring the
-information back into your document and typeset it with the
-<code>\printindex</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
+<p>As that shows, declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>). When you run LaTeX, the <code>\index</code> writes its
+information, such as &lsquo;<samp>Wilson's Theorem</samp>&rsquo; and the page number, to an
+auxiliary file whose name ends in <samp>.idx</samp>. Next, to alphabetize and
+do other manipulations, run an external command, typically
+<code>makeindex</code> (see <a href="#makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>), which writes a file whose name
+ends in <samp>.ind</samp>. Finally, <code>\printindex</code> brings this
+manipulated information into the output (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>).
+</p>
+<p>Thus, if the above example is in the file <samp>numth.tex</samp> then running
+&lsquo;<samp>pdflatex numth</samp>&rsquo; will save index entry and page number information
+to <samp>numth.idx</samp>. Then running &lsquo;<samp>makeindex numth</samp>&rsquo; will
+alphabetize and save the results to <samp>numth.ind</samp>. Finally, again
+running &lsquo;<samp>pdflatex numth</samp>&rsquo; will show the desired index, at the place
+where the <code>\printindex</code> command is in the source file.
+</p>
+<p>There are many options for the output. An example is that the
+exclamation point in <code>\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}</code>
+produces a main entry of &lsquo;<samp>congruence</samp>&rsquo; with a subentry of &lsquo;<samp>and
+Wilson's Theorem</samp>&rsquo;. For more, see <a href="#makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\makeindex</code> and <code>\printindex</code> commands are independent.
+Leaving out the <code>\makeindex</code> will stop LaTeX from saving the
+index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code>\printindex</code>
+will cause LaTeX to not show the index in the document output.
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-showidx"></span>
<span id="index-showidx-package"></span>
@@ -22332,28 +22020,75 @@ information back into your document and typeset it with the
<span id="index-multiple-indexes"></span>
<p>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code>showidx</code>
package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the
-page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index.
+page where the <code>\index</code> appears. This can help in preparing the index.
The <code>multind</code> package, among others, supports multiple indexes.
See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind</a>, and the CTAN topic,
<a href="https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi">https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</a>.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="1">\index</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare an index entry.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="2">makeindex</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetize index entries.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="3">\printindex</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put the index here.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="1">Produce the index manually</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="2"><code>\index</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#makeindex" accesskey="3"><code>makeindex</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="4"><code>\printindex</code></a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<div class="subsection" id="Produce-the-index-manually">
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Produce-the-index-manually-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 Produce the index manually</h4>
+
+<span id="index-index_002c-producing-manually"></span>
+<span id="index-theindex"></span>
+
+<p>Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index.
+This will make a separate page labeled &lsquo;<samp>Index</samp>&rsquo;, in twocolumn
+format.
+</p>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-theindex"></span>
+<span id="index-theindex-environment"></span>
+
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{theindex}
+\item acorn squash, 1
+\subitem maple baked, 2
+\indexspace
+\item bacon, 3
+\subitem maple baked, 4
+\end{theindex}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note that the author must enter the page numbers, which is tedious and
+which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is why
+in most cases automated methods such as <code>makeindex</code> are best.
+See <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-_005citem-4"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubitem"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubsubitem"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cindexspace"></span>
+<p>However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the
+automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels
+of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses <code>\item</code>,
+subentries use <code>\subitem</code>, and the lowest level uses
+<code>\subsubitem</code>. Blank lines between entries have no effect. The
+example above includes <code>\indexspace</code> to produce vertical space in
+the output that some index styles use before the first entry starting
+with a new letter.
+</p>
+
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cindex"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cindex">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>makeindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#Produce-the-index-manually" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Produce the index manually</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>\index</code></h4>
<span id="index-index-entry"></span>
<span id="index-_005cindex-1"></span>
@@ -22365,7 +22100,7 @@ Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="
</pre></div>
<p>Declare an entry in the index. This command is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>).
</p>
<p>For example, as described in <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, one way to get an index from
what&rsquo;s below is to compile the document with <code>pdflatex test</code>, then
@@ -22373,20 +22108,24 @@ process the index entries with <code>makeindex test</code>, and then compile
again with <code>pdflatex test</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
+<pre class="example">% file test.tex
+ ...
+W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
...
Ackermann function\index{Ackermann!function}
...
rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate}
</pre></div>
+<span id="index-index-entries_002c-subentries"></span>
<p>All three index entries will get a page number, such as &lsquo;<samp>Ackermann,
22</samp>&rsquo;. LaTeX will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the
line below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second.
Three levels deep is as far as you can nest subentries. (If you add
<code>\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}</code> then
<code>makeindex</code> says &lsquo;<samp>Scanning input file test.idx....done (4
-entries accepted, 1 rejected)</samp>&rsquo; and nothing appears in the index).
+entries accepted, 1 rejected)</samp>&rsquo; and the fourth level is silently missing
+from the index.)
</p>
<p>If you enter a second <code>\index</code> with the same
<var>index-entry-string</var> then you will get a single index entry with two
@@ -22403,13 +22142,13 @@ instance <code>\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
...
-D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert\(}
+D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|(}
...
-disapproved of his marriage.\index{Ackermann!Hilbert\)}
+disapproved of his marriage.\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|)}
</pre></div>
<p>If the beginning and ending of the page range are equal then the system
-just gives a single page entry, not a range.
+just gives a single page number, not a range.
</p>
<p>If you index subentries but not a main entry, as with
<code>\index{Jones!program}</code> and <code>\index{Jones!results}</code>, then
@@ -22427,16 +22166,15 @@ followed by two subitems, like &lsquo;<samp>program, 50</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo
<span id="index-polyglossia-package-3"></span>
-<p>Generate a index entry that says &lsquo;<samp>See</samp>&rsquo; by using a vertical bar
+<p>Generate a index entry that says &lsquo;<samp>see</samp>&rsquo; by using a vertical bar
character: <code>\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's
-function}}</code>. You can instead get &lsquo;<samp>See also</samp>&rsquo; with <code>seealso</code>.
-(The text &lsquo;<samp>See</samp>&rsquo; is defined by <code>\seename</code>, and &lsquo;<samp>See also</samp>&rsquo;
+function}}</code>. You can instead get &lsquo;<samp>see also</samp>&rsquo; with <code>seealso</code>.
+(The text &lsquo;<samp>see</samp>&rsquo; is defined by <code>\seename</code>, and &lsquo;<samp>see also</samp>&rsquo;
by <code>\alsoname</code>. You can redefine these either by using an
-internationalization package such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>,
-or directly as with <code>\renewcommand{\alsoname}[1]{Also see
-#1}</code>.)
+internationalization package such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>,
+or directly as with <code>\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also see}</code>.)
</p>
-<p>The &lsquo;<samp>See</samp>&rsquo; feature is part of a more general functionality. After
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>see</samp>&rsquo; feature is part of a more general functionality. After
the vertical bar you can put the name of a one-input command, as in
<code>\index{group|textit}</code> (note the missing backslash on the
<code>\textit</code> command) and the system will apply that command to the
@@ -22475,15 +22213,15 @@ then <var>pos</var> gives the alphabetical position of the entry while
&lsquo;<samp>SMC</samp>&rsquo; alphabetized into a different location than its spelling
would naturally give it.
</p>
-<p>To put a <code>!</code>, or <code>@</code>, or <code>|</code> character in an index
-entry, preceding it with a double quote, <code>&quot;</code>. (The double quote
-gets deleted before alphabetization.)
+<p>To put a <code>!</code>, or <code>@</code>, or <code>|</code>, or <code>&quot;</code> character in
+an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, <code>&quot;</code>.
+(The double quote gets deleted before alphabetization.)
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-index"></span>
<span id="index-index-package"></span>
<p>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that
-provided by <samp>makeidx</samp>. One is <samp>index</samp>, which allows for
+provided by <code>makeidx</code>. One is <code>index</code>, which allows for
multiple indices and contains a command
<code>\index*{<var>index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the
<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
@@ -22508,14 +22246,16 @@ message like this.
<hr>
-<span id="makeindex"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="makeindex">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">\printindex</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\printindex</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\index</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="makeindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></h4>
+<span id="makeindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>makeindex</code></h4>
<span id="index-index_002c-processing"></span>
-<span id="index-makeindex"></span>
+<span id="index-makeindex_002c-program"></span>
<span id="index-makeindex-program"></span>
<span id="index-_002eind-file"></span>
<span id="index-_002eidx-file-1"></span>
@@ -22532,7 +22272,7 @@ makeindex <var>options</var> <var>filename0</var> ...
<var>filename</var>. This is a command line program. It takes one or more
raw index files, <samp><var>filename</var>.idx</samp> files, and produces the
actual index file, the <samp><var>filename</var>.ind</samp> file that is input by
-<code>\printindex</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
+<code>\printindex</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-_002eisty-file"></span>
<span id="index-index_002c-style-file"></span>
@@ -22565,7 +22305,7 @@ on CTAN.
</p>
<p>A style file consists of a list of pairs: <var>specifier</var> and
<var>attribute</var>. These can appear in the file in any order. All of the
-<var>attributes</var> are strings, except where noted. Strings are
+<var>attribute</var>s are strings, except where noted. Strings are
surrounded with double quotes, <code>&quot;</code>, and the maximum length of a
string is 144 characters. The <code>\n</code> is for a newline and <code>\t</code>
is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with another backslash,
@@ -22574,33 +22314,25 @@ comment.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="makeindex-preamble"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>preamble</code>
-<span id="index-preamble"></span>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Preamble of the output file. Defines the context in which the index is
+<dt id='index-preamble'><span><code>preamble</code><a href='#index-preamble' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which the index is
formatted. Default: <code>&quot;\\begin{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-postamble"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>postamble</code>
-<span id="index-postamble"></span>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>Postamble of the output file. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n\\end{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
+<dt id='index-postamble'><span><code>postamble</code><a href='#index-postamble' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n\\end{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-group-skip"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>group_skip</code>
-<span id="index-group_005fskip"></span>
-</dt>
-<dd><span id="index-_005cindexspace"></span>
+<dt id='index-group_005fskip'><span><code>group_skip</code><a href='#index-group_005fskip' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cindexspace-1"></span>
<p>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
-entries starting with &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, etc. This specifier gives what is
-inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n \\indexspace\n&quot;</code>
-(<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber length, by default
-<code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
+entries starting with letter &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, etc. This specifier gives what
+is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n
+\\indexspace\n&quot;</code> (<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber
+length, by default <code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</p>
<span id="makeindex-letheadflag"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>lethead_flag</code>
-<span id="index-lethead_005fflag"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-lethead_005fflag'><span><code>lethead_flag</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fflag' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new
@@ -22610,129 +22342,93 @@ then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is&nbsp;0.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>lethead_prefix</code>
-<span id="index-lethead_005fprefix"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-lethead_005fprefix'><span><code>lethead_prefix</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fprefix' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>
</p>
<span id="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>lethead_suffix</code>
-<span id="index-lethead_005fsuffix"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-lethead_005fsuffix'><span><code>lethead_suffix</code><a href='#index-lethead_005fsuffix' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-item-0"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>item_0</code>
-<span id="index-item_005f0"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-item_005f0'><span><code>item_0</code><a href='#index-item_005f0' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between two level&nbsp;0 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\item
&quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-item-1"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>item_1</code>
-<span id="index-item_005f1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-item_005f1'><span><code>item_1</code><a href='#index-item_005f1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Put between two level&nbsp;1 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-item-2"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>item_2</code>
-<span id="index-item_005f2"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-item_005f2'><span><code>item_2</code><a href='#index-item_005f2' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>put between two level&nbsp;2 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-item-01"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>item_01</code>
-<span id="index-item_005f01"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-item_005f01'><span><code>item_01</code><a href='#index-item_005f01' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-item-x1"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>item_x1</code>
-<span id="index-item_005fx1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-item_005fx1'><span><code>item_x1</code><a href='#index-item_005fx1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item in the
case that the level&nbsp;0 item doesn&rsquo;t have any page numbers (as in
<code>\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-item-12"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>item_12</code>
-<span id="index-item_005f12"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-item_005f12'><span><code>item_12</code><a href='#index-item_005f12' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-item-x2"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>item_x2</code>
-<span id="index-item_005fx2"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-item_005fx2'><span><code>item_x2</code><a href='#index-item_005fx2' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item, if the
level&nbsp;1 item doesn&rsquo;t have page numbers. Default: <code>&quot;\n
\\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-delim-0"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>delim_0</code>
-<span id="index-delim_005f0"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-delim_005f0'><span><code>delim_0</code><a href='#index-delim_005f0' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;0 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-delim-1"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>delim_1</code>
-<span id="index-delim_005f1"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-delim_005f1'><span><code>delim_1</code><a href='#index-delim_005f1' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;1 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-delim-2"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>delim_2</code>
-<span id="index-delim_005f2"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-delim_005f2'><span><code>delim_2</code><a href='#index-delim_005f2' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between a level&nbsp;2 key and its first page number. Default:
a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-delim-n"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>delim_n</code>
-<span id="index-delim_005fn"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-delim_005fn'><span><code>delim_n</code><a href='#index-delim_005fn' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-delim-r"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>delim_r</code>
-<span id="index-delim_005fr"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-delim_005fr'><span><code>delim_r</code><a href='#index-delim_005fr' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
Default: <code>&quot;--&quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-line-max"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>line_max</code>
-<span id="index-line_005fmax"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-line_005fmax'><span><code>line_max</code><a href='#index-line_005fmax' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry&rsquo;s line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-indent-space"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>indent_space</code>
-<span id="index-indent_005fspace"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-indent_005fspace'><span><code>indent_space</code><a href='#index-indent_005fspace' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
<code>&quot;\t\t&quot;</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-indent-length"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>indent_length</code>
-<span id="index-indent_005flength"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-indent_005flength'><span><code>indent_length</code><a href='#index-indent_005flength' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
default here is <code>16</code>.
</p>
<span id="makeindex-page-precedence"></span></dd>
-<dt><code>page_precedence</code>
-<span id="index-page_005fprecedence"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-page_005fprecedence'><span><code>page_precedence</code><a href='#index-page_005fprecedence' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which
@@ -22748,7 +22444,7 @@ roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default:
<span id="index-xindy-program"></span>
<p>There are a number of other programs that do the job
<code>makeindex</code> does. One is <code>xindy</code>
-(https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy), which does internationalization and can
+(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy</a>), which does internationalization and can
process indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of
other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in
markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as
@@ -22760,11 +22456,13 @@ written in Lua (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex">https://ctan.org/pkg/xinde
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cprintindex"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cprintindex">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>makeindex</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<span id="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.4 <code>\printindex</code></h4>
<span id="index-index_002c-printing"></span>
<span id="index-_005cprintindex"></span>
@@ -22775,9 +22473,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">makeindex</a>, Up: <a hr
<pre class="example">\printindex
</pre></div>
-<span id="index-_005cprintindex-1"></span>
<p>Place the index into the output.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-makeidx"></span>
+<span id="index-makeidx-package"></span>
+
<p>To get an index you must first include
<code>\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and
compile the document, then run the system command <code>makeindex</code>,
@@ -22786,7 +22486,10 @@ discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Glossaries"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Glossaries">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -22852,18 +22555,17 @@ the commands <code>\newglossaryentry</code> and <code>\gls</code>, there are sim
commands for a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on
CTAN.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1">\newglossaryentry</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare the content of a glossary entry.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2">\gls</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a page reference for a glossary entry.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2"><code>\gls</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next">\gls</a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\gls</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
@@ -22914,36 +22616,26 @@ paragraph.
here are a few.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>name</code>
-<span id="index-name"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-name'><span><code>name</code><a href='#index-name' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>description</code>
-<span id="index-description"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-description'><span><code>description</code><a href='#index-description' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
form given in the synopsis.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>plural</code>
-<span id="index-plural"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-plural'><span><code>plural</code><a href='#index-plural' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
-<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a>).
+<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cgls"><code>\gls</code></a>).
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>sort</code>
-<span id="index-sort"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-sort'><span><code>sort</code><a href='#index-sort' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>symbol</code>
-<span id="index-symbol"></span>
-</dt>
+<dt id='index-symbol'><span><code>symbol</code><a href='#index-symbol' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -22951,9 +22643,11 @@ form given in the synopsis.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cgls"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cgls">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newglossaryentry</a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cgls-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></h4>
@@ -22970,7 +22664,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newgloss
</pre></div>
<p>Refer to a glossary entry. The entries are declared with
-<code>\newglossaryentry</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a>).
+<code>\newglossaryentry</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>).
</p>
<p>This
</p>
@@ -22993,9 +22687,13 @@ which also takes the plural.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Letters"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Letters">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Letters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
@@ -23086,36 +22784,26 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1">\address</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s return address.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2">\cc</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Carbon copy list.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3">\closing</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying goodbye.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of enclosed material.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s organizational location.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make address labels.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7">\name</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s name, for the return address.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8">\opening</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying hello.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9">\ps</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Adding a postscript.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s signature.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s phone number.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1"><code>\address</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2"><code>\cc</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3"><code>\closing</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4"><code>\encl</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5"><code>\location</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6"><code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7"><code>\name</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8"><code>\opening</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9"><code>\ps</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005caddress"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005caddress">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005caddress-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
@@ -23149,9 +22837,11 @@ is formatted as a personal letter.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ccc"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005ccc">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\closing</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\address</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ccc-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
@@ -23177,9 +22867,11 @@ with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in:
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cclosing"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cclosing">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\encl</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\cc</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cclosing-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
@@ -23202,9 +22894,11 @@ at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example:
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cencl"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cencl">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\location</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\closing</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cencl-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
@@ -23229,9 +22923,11 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>.
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005clocation"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005clocation">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\makelabels</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\encl</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005clocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
@@ -23248,9 +22944,11 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmakelabels"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cmakelabels">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\name</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\location</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
@@ -23320,9 +23018,11 @@ are all that you need to print envelopes.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cname"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cname">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\opening</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\makelabels</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cname-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
@@ -23339,9 +23039,11 @@ with the return address.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005copening"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005copening">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\ps</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\name</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005copening-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
@@ -23363,9 +23065,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href=
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cps"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cps">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\signature</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\opening</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cps-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
<span id="index-_005cps"></span>
@@ -23386,9 +23090,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Prev
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005csignature"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005csignature">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\telephone</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\ps</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005csignature-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
@@ -23436,9 +23142,11 @@ the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ctelephone"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctelephone">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\signature</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
@@ -23457,9 +23165,12 @@ page.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Input_002foutput"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Input_002foutput">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line interface</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line interface</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Input_002foutput-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">27 Input/output</h2>
@@ -23473,24 +23184,20 @@ can also read a file that other programs written, or write a file for
others to read. You can communicate with users through the terminal.
And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Open a file.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2">\read</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from a file.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3">\typein</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4">\typeout</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5">\write</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to a file or terminal.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1"><code>\openin</code> &amp; <code>\openout</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2"><code>\read</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3"><code>\typein</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4"><code>\typeout</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5"><code>\write</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next">\read</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\openin</code> &amp; <code>\openout</code></h3>
@@ -23514,9 +23221,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next">\read</a>, Up: <a href="#
<pre class="example">\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. The <var>number</var>
-must be between 0 and 15, as in <code>\openin3</code> (in LuaLaTeX
-<var>number</var> can be between 0 and 255).
+<p>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. In most engines,
+the <var>number</var> must be between 0 and 15, as in <code>\openin3</code>; in
+LuaLaTeX, <var>number</var> can be between 0 and 127.
</p>
<p>Here TeX opens the file <samp>presidents.tex</samp> for reading.
</p>
@@ -23577,9 +23284,11 @@ Bad number (16). &lt;to be read again&gt; = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>&rsquo
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cread"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cread">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typein</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\openin &amp; \openout</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\typein</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\openin</code> &amp; <code>\openout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cread-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\read</code></h3>
@@ -23612,23 +23321,25 @@ of that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code>\read</code>
will take input from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not
allowed, e.g., <code>\nonstopmode</code>; see <a href="#interaction-modes">interaction modes</a>).
(However, the natural way in LaTeX to take input from the terminal
-is <code>\typein</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>.)
+is <code>\typein</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>.)
</p>
<p>To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use
-<code>\input</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>) or <code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>).
+<code>\input</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>) or <code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-package_002c-datatool"></span>
<span id="index-datatool-package"></span>
<span id="index-mail-merges"></span>
<p>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges.
-CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <samp>datatool</samp>.
+CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code>datatool</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ctypein"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctypein">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\read</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\typeout</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\read</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ctypein-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.3 <code>\typein</code></h3>
@@ -23688,9 +23399,11 @@ Recommendation for John Dee.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005ctypeout"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005ctypeout">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\write</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\typein</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005ctypeout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></h3>
@@ -23716,11 +23429,12 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write</a>, Previous: <a
<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
</p>
+<span id="index-_005cspace-2"></span>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
-and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. As above,
-use the command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of
-surrounding spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent
-character with <code>\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>.
+and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. Use the
+command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of surrounding
+spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent character with
+<code>\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>.
</p>
<p>This command can be useful for simple debugging, as here:
</p>
@@ -23734,9 +23448,11 @@ character with <code>\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cwrite"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="g_t_005cwrite">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\typeout</code></a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cwrite-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.5 <code>\write</code></h3>
@@ -23785,7 +23501,7 @@ addition LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the terminal.
</p>
<p>Thus, <code>test \write-1{Hello World!}</code> puts &lsquo;<samp>Hello World!</samp>&rsquo;
followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the <code>\wlog</code>
-command does; see <a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a>). And <code>\write100{Hello World!}</code>
+command does; see <a href="#g_t_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>). And <code>\write100{Hello World!}</code>
puts the same in the log file but also puts &lsquo;<samp>Hello World!</samp>&rsquo;
followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are
special as <var>number</var>; see below.)
@@ -23860,9 +23576,9 @@ the text &lsquo;<samp>XYZ</samp>&rsquo;:
to 15 described above, in Plain&nbsp;TeX <code>\write16</code> and
<code>\write17</code> were sometimes used to write to the log file and the
terminal; however, in LaTeX, the natural way to do that is with
-<code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>). The <code>\write18</code> command is
+<code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>). The <code>\write18</code> command is
even more special; modern TeX systems use it for giving commands to
-the operating system (see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>).
+the operating system (see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>).
</p>
<span id="index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span>
<span id="index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span>
@@ -23880,24 +23596,21 @@ file:
<p>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write
out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of
-packages for this; one is <samp>answers</samp>.
-</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="1">\write and security</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Security.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="2">\message</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the log file and terminal.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="3">\wlog</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the log file.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="4">\write18</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Run an operating system command.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+packages for this; one is <code>answers</code>.
+</p>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="1"><code>\write</code> and security</a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="2"><code>\message</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="3"><code>\wlog</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="4"><code>\write18</code></a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\message</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</h4>
@@ -23932,9 +23645,11 @@ files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cmessage"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cmessage">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next">\wlog</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\write and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\wlog</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\write</code> and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cmessage-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></h4>
@@ -23948,9 +23663,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next">\wlog</a>, Previous: <a h
<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file and the terminal.
</p>
-<p>Typically, LaTeX authors use <code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>). It
+<p>Typically, LaTeX authors use <code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>). It
allows you to use <code>\protect</code> on any fragile commands in
-<var>string</var> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). But <code>\typeout</code> always inserts a
+<var>string</var> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>). But <code>\typeout</code> always inserts a
newline at the end of <var>string</var> while <code>\message</code> does not, so
the latter can be useful.
</p>
@@ -23994,9 +23709,11 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cwlog"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwlog">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write18</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\message</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>\write18</code></a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\message</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cwlog-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></h4>
@@ -24025,9 +23742,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write18</a>, Previous
<hr>
-<span id="g_t_005cwrite18"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="subsection" id="g_t_005cwrite18">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\wlog</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>\wlog</code></a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up"><code>\write</code></a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="g_t_005cwrite18-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></h4>
@@ -24062,7 +23781,7 @@ finishes.
<p>will run Asymptote (the <code>asy</code> program) on <samp>pix/figure1.asy</samp>,
so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>). Like any <code>\write</code>, here LaTeX
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>). Like any <code>\write</code>, here LaTeX
expands macros in <var>shell_command</var> so that <code>\fignum</code> is
replaced by &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -24075,7 +23794,7 @@ in which case this is the option argument.
</p>
<p>You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information
that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files
-in the current directory (but see <samp>texosquery</samp> below):
+in the current directory (but see <code>texosquery</code> below):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf &gt; tmp.dat}
@@ -24084,7 +23803,7 @@ in the current directory (but see <samp>texosquery</samp> below):
<p>The standard behavior of any <code>\write</code> is to wait until a page is
being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
<code>\immediate\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>.
</p>
<p>There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands inside
@@ -24122,7 +23841,7 @@ the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored.
<span id="index-directory-listings_002c-from-system"></span>
<p>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
-<samp>texosquery</samp> package, which provides a convenient and secure
+<code>texosquery</code> package, which provides a convenient and secure
interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw
<code>\write18</code>: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery">https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</a>.
</p>
@@ -24142,9 +23861,13 @@ same reason.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Command-line-interface"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" id="Command-line-interface">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Command-line-interface-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">28 Command line interface</h2>
@@ -24201,20 +23924,17 @@ input from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering
asks you about it. See <a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a>, for an outline of what
to do.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commonly used command line options.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify LaTeX code on the command line.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="3">Jobname</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How TeX sets the current job name.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="4">Recovering from errors</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">When something goes wrong.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Jobname" accesskey="3">Jobname</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="4">Recovering from errors</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="Command-line-options"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="Command-line-options">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -24237,21 +23957,20 @@ spaces around the &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;. We will generally use the &lsquo
<dl compact="compact">
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-version</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-version</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Show the current version, like &lsquo;<samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</samp>&rsquo; along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</p>
<span id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-help</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-help</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</p>
<span id="interaction-modes"></span><span id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-interaction=<var>mode</var></code></dt>
-<dd><span id="index-batchmode"></span>
-<span id="index-scrollmode"></span>
+<dt id='index-batchmode'><span><code>-interaction=<var>mode</var></code><a href='#index-batchmode' class='copiable-anchor'> &para;</a></span></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-scrollmode"></span>
<span id="index-errorstopmode"></span>
<span id="index-nonstopmode"></span>
<p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
@@ -24277,7 +23996,7 @@ input, but nothing else.
<span id="index-filename-for-current-job"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the value of TeX&rsquo;s <em>jobname</em> to the string. The log file
and output file will then be named <samp><var>string</var>.log</samp> and
<samp><var>string</var>.pdf</samp>. see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.
@@ -24285,7 +24004,7 @@ and output file will then be named <samp><var>string</var>.log</samp> and
<span id="output-directory"></span><span id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-output-directory=<var>directory</var></code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-output-directory=<var>directory</var></code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such
as the <samp>.log</samp> file for the run, the <samp>.aux</samp>, <samp>.toc</samp>,
@@ -24305,12 +24024,12 @@ checked for input files.
<span id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--enable-write18</code></dt>
-<dt><code>--disable-write18</code></dt>
-<dt><code>--shell-escape</code></dt>
-<dt><code>--no-shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--enable-write18</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--disable-write18</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--shell-escape</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>--no-shell-escape</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable <code>\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>). The first two options are supported by both
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>). The first two options are supported by both
TeX Live and MiKTeX, while the second two are synonyms supported
by TeX Live.
</p>
@@ -24327,14 +24046,14 @@ file says &lsquo;<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<span id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-halt-on-error</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-halt-on-error</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Stop processing at the first error.
</p>
<span id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>-file-line-error</code></dt>
-<dt><code>-no-file-line-error</code></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-file-line-error</code></span></dt>
+<dt><span><code>-no-file-line-error</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable <code><var>filename</var>:<var>lineno</var>:<var>error</var></code>-style
error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX.
</p></dd>
@@ -24342,7 +24061,9 @@ error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX.
<hr>
-<span id="Command-line-input"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Command-line-input">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="n" rel="next">Jobname</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line options</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -24360,10 +24081,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="n" rel="next">Jobname</a>, Previous: <a href
<var>argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This
allows you to do some special effects.
</p>
-<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></span>
-<span id="index-hyperref-package-3"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-4"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package-4"></span>
<p>For example, this file (which uses the
-<samp>hyperref</samp> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
+<code>hyperref</code> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -24401,23 +24122,37 @@ pdflatex -jobname=teachers &quot;\def\teachers{}\input{main}&quot;
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
-called <samp>main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the first. (See
-the next section.)
+called <samp>main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the
+first. (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.)
+</p>
+<p>In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
+document to include. For a book named <samp>mybook.tex</samp> and structured
+like this.
</p>
-<p>In this example, we pass the <code>draft</code> option to the
-<samp>graphicx</samp> package:
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
+\begin{document}
+ ...
+\include{chap1}
+\include{chap2}
+ ...
+\end{document}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>the command line
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex &quot;\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}&quot;
+<pre class="example">pdflatex &quot;\includeonly{chap1}\input{mybook}&quot;
</pre></div>
-<p>so the graphic files are read for their bounding box size information
-but replaced in the PDF by a box with same size and that contains only
-the file name, which speeds up compilation time and saves printer ink.
+<p>will give output that has the first chapter but no other
+chapter. See <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Jobname"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Jobname">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from errors</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -24427,6 +24162,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from
<span id="index-jobname-1"></span>
<span id="index-document-root-name"></span>
<span id="index-name-of-document-root"></span>
+<span id="index-root-file-1"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-root-1"></span>
<p>Running LaTeX creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or
DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the
@@ -24438,13 +24175,14 @@ Here the job name is <code>thesis</code>.
<p>In general, LaTeX is invoked as <code><var>latex-engine</var>
<var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, where <var>latex-engine</var> is
<code>pdflatex</code>, <code>lualatex</code>, etc. (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
-If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case
-above with <code>thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the name of
-the file to input as the main document. The name of that root file,
-without the <samp>.tex</samp> extension, is the jobname. If <var>argument</var>
-does start with a backslash, or if TeX is in interactive mode, then
-it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command, and the jobname is the
-argument to <code>\input</code>.
+If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above
+with <code>thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the name of the file
+to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <em>root
+file</em> (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>). The name of
+that root file, without the <samp>.tex</samp> extension if any, is the
+jobname. If <var>argument</var> does start with a backslash, or if TeX is
+in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command,
+and the jobname is the argument to <code>\input</code>.
</p>
<p>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex
@@ -24453,10 +24191,10 @@ specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex
<span id="index-texput_002c-jobname-default"></span>
<span id="index-fallback-jobname"></span>
<p>The final possibility is <samp>texput</samp>, which is the final fallback
-default if no other name is available to TeX. For example, if no
+default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no
<code>-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before
-there is any output, then the log file will be named
-<samp>texput.log</samp>.
+any input file is met, then the log file will be named
+<samp>texput.log</samp>.
</p>
<span id="index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"></span>
<span id="index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"></span>
@@ -24511,7 +24249,9 @@ change the name of the output file or the log file.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Recovering-from-errors"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Recovering-from-errors">
+<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Jobname</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
@@ -24564,9 +24304,12 @@ keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="Document-templates"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="appendix" id="Document-templates">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line interface</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line interface</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Document-templates-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
@@ -24577,22 +24320,19 @@ Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#C
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<a href="https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#article-template" accesskey="2">article template</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#book-template" accesskey="3">book template</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger book template</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
-</td></tr>
-</table>
+<ul class="section-toc">
+<li><a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1"><code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
+<li><a href="#article-template" accesskey="2"><code>article</code> template</a></li>
+<li><a href="#book-template" accesskey="3"><code>book</code> template</a></li>
+<li><a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
+</ul>
<hr>
-<span id="beamer-template"></span><div class="header">
+<div class="section" id="beamer-template">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">article template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="beamer-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>
@@ -24631,9 +24371,11 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
</p>
<hr>
-<span id="article-template"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="article-template">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">book template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next"><code>book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>beamer</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="article-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3>
@@ -24661,15 +24403,17 @@ Some more text.
</pre>
<hr>
-<span id="book-template"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="book-template">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger book template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">article template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>article</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.3 <code>book</code> template</h3>
<span id="index-template_002c-book"></span>
-<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>, for a more elaborate one.
+<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger <code>book</code> template</a>, for a more elaborate one.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
@@ -24691,20 +24435,22 @@ The end.
</pre>
<hr>
-<span id="Larger-book-template"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="Larger-book-template">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code>book</code> template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Larger-book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3>
<span id="index-template_002c-book-1"></span>
-<p>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See <a href="#book-template">book template</a>,
+<p>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See <a href="#book-template"><code>book</code> template</a>,
for a simpler one.
</p>
<p>This template uses <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and
<code>\backmatter</code> to control the typography of the three main areas
-of a book (see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>). The
+of a book (see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a>). The
book has a bibliography and an index.
</p>
<p>Also notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
@@ -24756,9 +24502,12 @@ need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
</pre>
<hr>
-<span id="Index"></span><div class="header">
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="unnumbered" id="Index">
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
@@ -24853,6 +24602,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002c-to-_005cnocite-all-keys">&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, to <code>\nocite</code> all keys</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
@@ -24870,10 +24620,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em>-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em class='math'>-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file-and-BibTeX-commands"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file and BibTeX commands</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
@@ -24910,7 +24661,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029">\ (backslash-space)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c--_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"><code>\&nbsp;<!-- /@w --> <span class="roman">(backslash-space)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\&quot; <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -24949,8 +24700,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa (&aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA (&Aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa <span class="roman">(&aring;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA <span class="roman">(&Aring;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
@@ -24959,8 +24710,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae (&aelig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE (&AElig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae <span class="roman">(&aelig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE <span class="roman">(&AElig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25000,10 +24751,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibdata</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography-and-internal-_005cbibdata"><code>\bibliography <span class="roman">and internal <code>\bibdata</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle-and-internal-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibliographystyle <span class="roman">and internal <code>\bibstyle</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibstyle"><code>\bibstyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25046,8 +24801,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-1"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption-2"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
@@ -25060,7 +24816,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccitation"><code>\citation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\cite <span class="roman">and internal <code>\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassError"><code>\ClassError</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfo"><code>\ClassInfo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"><code>\ClassInfoNoLine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -25125,25 +24883,25 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-1"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-2"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"><code>\DelayedShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh (&eth;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH (&ETH;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh <span class="roman">(&eth;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH <span class="roman">(&ETH;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -25214,7 +24972,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrenchspacing"><code>\frenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrontmatter"><code>\frontmatter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td></tr>
@@ -25260,8 +25018,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespacesafterend"><code>\ignorespacesafterend</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij <span class="roman">(ij)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ <span class="roman">(IJ)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
@@ -25273,10 +25031,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex-1"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexspace-1"><code>\indexspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinputencoding"><code>\inputencoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cInputIfFileExists"><code>\InputIfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
@@ -25287,6 +25047,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-3"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-4"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -25299,8 +25060,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l (&#322;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L (&#321;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l <span class="roman">(&#322;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L <span class="roman">(&#321;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040chapter"><code>\l@chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040section"><code>\l@section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040subsection"><code>\l@subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
@@ -25454,7 +25215,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewglossaryentry"><code>\newglossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\NEWLINE</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE">\<tt class="key">NEWLINE</tt></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
@@ -25464,12 +25225,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-and-internal-_005ccitation"><code>\nocite <span class="roman">and internal <code>\citation</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite-_007b_002a_007d_002c-for-all-keys"><code>\nocite <span class="roman">{*}, for all keys</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnofiles">\nofiles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"><code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -25481,15 +25244,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o (&oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O (&Oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o <span class="roman">(&oslash;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O <span class="roman">(&Oslash;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-1"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin-2"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe (&oelig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE (&OElig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe <span class="roman">(&oelig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE <span class="roman">(&OElig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coldstylenums"><code>\oldstylenums</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25558,7 +25321,6 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintindex-1"><code>\printindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions"><code>\ProcessOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"><code>\ProcessOptions*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25626,11 +25388,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csamepage"><code>\samepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscalebox"><code>\scalebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptscriptstyle"><code>\scriptscriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptstyle"><code>\scriptstyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -25665,8 +25430,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\SPACE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\<tt class="key">SPACE</tt></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\<span class="key">SPACE</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace-1"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspace-2"><code>\space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25676,20 +25444,22 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss (&szlig;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS (SS)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss <span class="roman">(&szlig;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS <span class="roman">(SS)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel"><code>\stackrel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstretch"><code>\stretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstretch">\stretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubitem"><code>\subitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubitem"><code>\subsubitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection-1"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -25703,7 +25473,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\TAB</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB">\<tt class="key">TAB</tt></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
@@ -25773,6 +25543,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextstyle"><code>\textstyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -25782,8 +25553,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth-1"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th (&thorn;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH (&THORN;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th <span class="roman">(&thorn;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH <span class="roman">(&THORN;)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr>
@@ -25846,7 +25617,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-plain-TeX"><code>\vbox <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-_0028plain-TeX_0029"><code>\vbox <span class="roman">(plain TeX)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -25878,7 +25649,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="roman">display math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>flushright</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>flushleft</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
@@ -25951,9 +25722,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-12"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-13"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-14"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
@@ -25962,8 +25735,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code>appendix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-_0028package_0029-package"><code>array (package)</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code><code>array</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-package"><code>array</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -26006,6 +25779,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-point">big point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
@@ -26052,6 +25826,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caption-package"><code>caption</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-captions">captions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-catcode">catcode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-category-code_002c-character">category code, character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
@@ -26068,6 +25844,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-counter"><code>chapter counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
@@ -26199,6 +25976,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-style">display style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code><code>displaymath</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
@@ -26258,8 +26036,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code>enumerate</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumi-counter"><code>enumi counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumii-counter"><code>enumii counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumiii-counter"><code>enumiii counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumiv-counter"><code>enumiv counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
@@ -26287,10 +26069,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-picture"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>picture</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quotation"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quotation</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-quote"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>quote</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-sloppypar"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>sloppypar</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabbing"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabbing</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-table"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>table</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-tabular"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>tabular</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-thebibliography"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>thebibliography</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theindex"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theindex</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>theorem</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike">environment, theorem-like</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-titlepage"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>titlepage</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
@@ -26301,6 +26085,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code>envlab</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code>eqnarray</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-counter"><code>equation counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
@@ -26309,6 +26094,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-messages_002c-from-BibTeX">error messages, from BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#BibTeX-error-messages">BibTeX error messages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
@@ -26337,6 +26123,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-counter"><code>figure counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code>figure</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
@@ -26346,6 +26133,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-opening">file, opening</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-reading">file, reading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root-1">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code>filecontents</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code>filecontents*</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
@@ -26374,8 +26162,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontspec-package"><code>fontspec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-counter"><code>footnote counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-in-a-table">footnote, in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
@@ -26455,7 +26245,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-4"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking">hyphen character, non-breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
@@ -26471,7 +26262,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch"><code>inch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch">inch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
@@ -26483,6 +26274,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentfirst-package-5"><code>indentfirst</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005flength"><code>indent_length</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_005fspace"><code>indent_space</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-subentries">index entries, subentries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, &lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-package"><code>index</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
@@ -26490,6 +26282,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-producing-manually">index, producing manually</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-style-file"><code>index, style file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
@@ -26634,8 +26427,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-main-matter-of-a-book">main matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-program"><code>makeindex, <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex_002c-style-file"><code>makeindex, style file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
@@ -26655,6 +26449,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-styles">math styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-arrows"><code>math, arrows</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -26679,6 +26474,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter">mpfootnote counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mpfootnote-counter-1"><code>mpfootnote counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu"><code>mu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mu_002c-math-unit">mu, math unit</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
@@ -26768,14 +26564,16 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-12"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-13"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-14"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-answers"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>answers</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>array (package)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-array"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>array</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
@@ -26789,6 +26587,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-caption"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>caption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccaption">\caption</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
@@ -26813,6 +26612,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-flafter"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>flafter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fontspec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fontspec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-graphpap"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>graphpap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
@@ -26820,7 +26620,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
@@ -26834,6 +26635,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>lmodern</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-makeidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>makeidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
@@ -26859,6 +26661,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-suffix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>suffix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tablefootnote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tablefootnote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>texosquery</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
@@ -26873,17 +26676,22 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocbibbind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocloft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocloft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>ulem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>url</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xparse</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xparse</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xr_002dhyper"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xr-hyper</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xstring"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xstring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-counter"><code>page counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
@@ -26894,6 +26702,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paired-delimiters">paired delimiters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph">paragraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-1">paragraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-counter"><code>paragraph counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation">paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
@@ -26910,6 +26719,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-counter"><code>part counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
@@ -26923,8 +26733,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-sentence_002dending">period, sentence-ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-spacing-after">period, spacing after</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pica">pica</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package-1"><code>pict2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture-environment"><code><code>picture</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -26944,6 +26753,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-position_002c-in-picture">position, in picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-positional-parameter">positional parameter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postamble"><code>postamble</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PostScript-point">PostScript point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
@@ -27000,6 +26810,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-file-1">root file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roots">roots</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-graphics">rotating graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
@@ -27011,17 +26822,21 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-samepage-environment"><code>samepage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaled-point">scaled point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-style">script style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scriptscript-style">scriptscript style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-1">section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-counter"><code>section counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -27056,8 +26871,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar"><code>sloppypar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment-1"><code><code>sloppypar</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slot_002c-font">slot, font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained">source files, making self-contained</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
@@ -27073,7 +26889,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
@@ -27098,16 +26914,21 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut">strut</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut-1">strut</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strut_002c-math">strut, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph">subparagraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-1">subparagraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subparagraph-counter"><code>subparagraph counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-counter"><code>subsection counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-counter"><code>subsubsection counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code>suffix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
@@ -27123,6 +26944,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-counter"><code>table counter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code>table</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
@@ -27131,6 +26953,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tablefootnote-package"><code>tablefootnote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code>tabular</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code>article</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
@@ -27144,6 +26967,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code>texosquery</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texput_002c-jobname-default"><code>texput<span class="roman">, jobname default</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-style">text style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-styles">Math styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
@@ -27153,6 +26977,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code>thebibliography</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theindex"><code>theindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theindex-environment"><code><code>theindex</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Produce-the-index-manually">Produce the index manually</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code>theorem</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem_002dlike-environment">theorem-like environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
@@ -27188,6 +27014,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocloft-package"><code>tocloft</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocloft-package-1"><code>tocloft</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-today_0027s-date">today&rsquo;s date</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tombstone">tombstone</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topmargin"><code>topmargin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
@@ -27274,8 +27101,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xparse-package"><code>xparse</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xparse-package-1"><code>xparse</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code><code>xr</code> package</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code><code>xr-hyper</code> package</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code>xr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code>xr-hyper</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xspace-package"><code>xspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xstring-package"><code>xstring</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
@@ -27358,7 +27186,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
&nbsp;
</td></tr></table>
-<hr>
+</div>
+</div>
<hr/><div class='referenceinfo'> <a href='https://latexref.xyz/'> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div>